romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Uprisings and demands by African leaders led the UN to assume direct responsibility over the territory. It recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973. Namibia, however, remained under South African administration during this time as South-West Africa. Following internal violence, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990, with the exception of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, which remained under South African control until 1994.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What does SWAPO stand for?
A: South West Africa People's Organisation", '
Q: When was SWAPO designated as the representative of Namibian people?
A: 1973', '
Q: When Namibia was under South African administration, what was it called?
A: South-West Africa.', '
Q: Why did South Africa install an interim administration in Namibia?
A: internal violence', '
Q: When did Namibia obtain full independence?
A: 1990']
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, Nama and, since about the 14th century AD, by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia. Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries accompanying the Orlams were well received by them, the right to use waterholes and grazing was granted against an annual payment. On their way further northwards, however, the Orlams encountered clans of the Herero tribe at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja which were less accommodating. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only when Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama, Orlams, and Herero.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Orlam clans crossed which river to migrate to Namibia?
A: Orange River', '
Q: What area of Namibia did Orlam clans settle in?
A: southern Namibia', '
Q: When did Orlam clans settle in Namibia?
A: 18th century', '
Q: When did the Nama-Herero war begin?
A: 1880', '
Q: Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war?
A: Imperial Germany']
The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from? 
A: Portuguese', '
Q: When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia? 
A: 1486', '
Q: When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia?
A: 1485', '
Q: Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?
A: Angola', "
Q: Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?
A: Germany"]
From 1904 to 1907, the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans and in calculated punitive action by the German occupiers, the 'first genocide of the Twentieth Century' was committed. In the Herero and Namaqua genocide, 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Hereros (about 80% of the population) were systematically murdered. The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation and discrimination in a system that in many ways anticipated apartheid.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Herero and what other group took action against German occupiers?
A: Namaqua', '
Q: When did two clans take up action against the German occupiers?
A: 1904 to 1907', '
Q: What was the war against the German occupiers considered?
A: first genocide of the Twentieth Century', "
Q: How many Herero's were killed in the war against German occupiers?
A: 65,000", "
Q: How many Nama's were killed in the war against German occupiers?
A: 10,000"]
South Africa occupied the colony in 1915 after defeating the German force during World War I and administered it from 1919 onward as a League of Nations mandate territory. Although the South African government desired to incorporate 'South-West Africa' into its territory, it never officially did so, although it was administered as the de facto 'fifth province', with the white minority having representation in the whites-only Parliament of South Africa, as well as electing their own local administration the SWA Legislative Assembly. The South African government also appointed the SWA administrator, who had extensive powers. Following the League's replacement by the United Nations in 1946, South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement, requiring closer international monitoring of the territory's administration (along with a definite independence schedule). The Herero Chief's Council submitted a number of petitions to the UN calling for it to grant Namibia independence during the 1950s. During the 1960s, when European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa, pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia. In 1966 the International Court of Justice dismissed a complaint brought by Ethiopia and Liberia against South Africa's continued presence in the territory, but the U.N. General Assembly subsequently revoked South Africa's mandate, while in 1971 the International Court of Justice issued an "advisory opinion" declaring South Africa's continued administration to be illegal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did South Africa refuse to surrender Namibia? 
A: 1946', '
Q: When did South Africa occupy Namibia? 
A: 1915', "
Q: Which council submitted petitions for Namibia's independence?
A: Herero Chief's Council", '
Q: When was the League replaced by the United Nations?
A: 1946', '
Q: When did European powers grant independence to their colonies in Africa?
A: 1960s']
In response to the 1966 ruling by the International Court of Justice, South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) military wing, People's Liberation Army of Namibia, a guerrilla group began their armed struggle for independence, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia, in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. During the South African occupation of Namibia, white commercial farmers, most of whom came as settlers from South Africa and represented 0.2% of the national population, owned 74% of the arable land. Outside the central-southern area of Namibia (known as the "Police Zone" since the German era and which contained the main towns, industries, mines and best arable land), the country was divided into "homelands", the version of South African bantustan applied to Namibia, although only a few were actually established because indigenous Namibians often did not cooperate.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which guerrilla group fought for Namibia's independence? 
A: People's Liberation Army of Namibia", "
Q: When did a guerrilla group fight for Namibia's independence? 
A: 1966", '
Q: When did South Africa end occupation of Namibia?
A: 1988', '
Q: Why did South Africa end occupation in Namibia?
A: UN peace plan', '
Q: What is the central-southern area of Namibia known as?
A: Police Zone']
South West Africa became known as Namibia by the UN when the General Assembly changed the territory's name by Resolution 2372 (XXII) of 12 June 1968. In 1978 the UN Security Council passed UN Resolution 435 which planned a transition toward independence for Namibia. Attempts to persuade South Africa to agree to the plan's implementation were not successful until 1988 when the transition to independence finally started under a diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola and Cuba, with the USSR and the USA as observers, under which South Africa agreed to withdraw and demobilise its forces in Namibia. As a result, Cuba agreed to pull back its troops in southern Angola sent to support the MPLA in its war for control of Angola with UNITA.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Namibia previously called?
A: South West Africa', "
Q: What date did Namibia get it's official name?
A: 12 June 1968", "
Q: What was the resolution that granted Namibia it's name?
A: Resolution 2372 (XXII)", "
Q: How long did it take for South Africa to agree to the implantation of Namibia's new name? 
A: 1988", '
Q: The diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola, and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country?
A: USA']
A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG (United Nations Transition Assistance Group) under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process, elections and supervise military withdrawals. As UNTAG began to deploy peacekeepers, military observers, police, and political workers, hostilities were briefly renewed on the day the transition process was supposed to begin. After a new round of negotiations, a second date was set and the elections process began in earnest. After the return of SWAPO exiles (over 46,000 exiles), Namibia's first one-person one-vote elections for the constitutional assembly took place in November 1989. The official election slogan was "Free and Fair Elections". This was won by SWAPO although it did not gain the two-thirds majority it had hoped for; the South African-backed Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) became the official opposition. The elections were peaceful and declared free and fair.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does UNTAG stand for?
A: United Nations Transition Assistance Group', '
Q: Who was the diplomat for UNTAG?
A: Martti Ahtisaari', '
Q: When was the diplomat for UNTAG deployed to supervise withdrawals from Namibia?
A: April 1989 to March 1990', '
Q: What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG?
A: Finnish', '
Q: What was the official election slogan in the first Namibia election?
A: Free and Fair Elections']
The Namibian Constitution adopted in February 1990 incorporated protection for human rights, compensation for state expropriations of private property, an independent judiciary and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990. Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia watched by Nelson Mandela (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state. Walvis Bay was ceded to Namibia in 1994 upon the end of Apartheid in South Africa.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Namibian Constitution adopted?
A: February 1990', '
Q: Who was the first President of Namibia?
A: Sam Nujoma', '
Q: When did the country of Namibia officially become a country?
A: 21 March 1990', '
Q: Who swore in the first President of Namibia?
A: Nelson Mandela', '
Q: What was ceded to Namibia in 1994? 
A: Walvis Bay']
Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the Swapo Party has won every election since independence. The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Namibia transition to after white minority apartheid rule?
A: parliamentary democracy', '
Q: What type of independence was introduced in Namibia after independence? 
A: Multiparty democracy', '
Q: What party has won every election in Namibia?
A: Swapo Party', '
Q: Who succeeded Sam Nujoma?
A: Hifikepunye Pohamba', '
Q: How long did president Same Nujoma rule?
A: 15-year']
The Kalahari Desert, an arid region shared with South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. One of these, known as the Succulent Karoo, is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them endemic; Approximately 10 percent of the world's succulents are found in the Karoo. The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Desert is shared between South Africa and Botswana?
A: Kalahari Desert', '
Q: How many plants species are found in Succulent Karoo?
A: 5,000', '
Q: How many plants are endemic to the Succulent Karoo?
A: half', '
Q: How many of the worlds succulents are found in Karoo?
A: 10 percent', '
Q: What is probably the reason there are so many unique plants in Karoo?
A: stable nature of precipitation']
Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid (mean rain above 500 mm) through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid from 150 to 300 mm (these three regions are inland from the western escarpment) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, Warmbad for instance, are mid-40 °C maxima recorded.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the climate range for Namibia?
A: 17°S to 25°S', '
Q: What is the overall climate description for Namibia? 
A: arid', '
Q: What is the mean rain above in Namibia?
A: 500 mm', '
Q: What is the semi-arid measurements in Namibia?
A: 300 and 500 mm', '
Q: What is the arid measurement in Namibia?
A: 150 to 300 mm']
Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year. It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the Tropic of Capricorn cuts the country about in half. The winter (June – August) is generally dry, both rainy seasons occur in summer, the small rainy season between September and November, the big one between February and April. Humidity is low, and average rainfall varies from almost zero in the coastal desert to more than 600 mm in the Caprivi Strip. Rainfall is however highly variable, and droughts are common. The last[update] bad rainy season with rainfall far below the annual average occurred in summer 2006/07.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the typical amount of sunshine days in Tropical high pressure belt?
A: 300 days', '
Q: What feature cuts Namibia in half?
A: the Tropic of Capricorn', '
Q: What is the winter in Namibia like?
A: dry', '
Q: When is the rainiest season in Namibia?
A: between February and April', '
Q: What is humidity like in Namibia?
A: low']
Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation (50 mm per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country. In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German: Mountain breeze) or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What current dominates the coastal area of Namibia?
A: Benguela', '
Q: What direction does the current in the coastal area flow?
A: north', '
Q: Which ocean is on the coastal area of Namibia?
A: Atlantic', '
Q: What is the condition that happens in winter in Namibia?
A: Bergwind', '
Q: What do hot dry winds blowing inland to the coast create?
A: sand storms']
Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi in the northeast (about 600 mm per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi. In the interior of the country surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their runoff. Thus, where people don’t live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. The advantage of using groundwater sources is that even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources such as mining, agriculture, and tourism can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa?
A: Namibia', '
Q: What is the average rainfall in Namibia?
A: 350 mm per annum', '
Q: Where does the highest rainfall occur in Namibia?
A: Caprivi', '
Q: How much of the country does dam water supply the rest of the country with? 
A: 80%']
Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address conservation and protection of natural resources in its constitution. Article 95 states, "The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future."

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What does Namibia protect in it's constitution? 
A: natural resources", '
Q: What article in the Namibia constitution supports natural conservation?
A: Article 95', '
Q: What do Namibians believe sustains them?
A: utilisation of living natural resources']
In 1993, the newly formed government of Namibia received funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through its Living in a Finite Environment (LIFE) Project. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism with the financial support from organisations such as USAID, Endangered Wildlife Trust, WWF, and Canadian Ambassador's Fund, together form a Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) support structure. The main goal of this project is promote sustainable natural resource management by giving local communities rights to wildlife management and tourism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Namibia receive funding from USAID?
A: 1993', '
Q: What does LIFE project stand for?
A: Living in a Finite Environment', '
Q: What does CBNRM stand for?
A: Community Based Natural Resource Management', '
Q: What does USAID stands for?
A: United States Agency for International Development']
Namibia follows a largely independent foreign policy, with persisting affiliations with states that aided the independence struggle, including Cuba. With a small army and a fragile economy, the Namibian Government's principal foreign policy concern is developing strengthened ties within the Southern African region. A dynamic member of the Southern African Development Community, Namibia is a vocal advocate for greater regional integration. Namibia became the 160th member of the UN on 23 April 1990. On its independence it became the fiftieth member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who does Namibia have affiliation with in their foreign policy?
A: states that aided the independence', '
Q: What ties does Namibia want to strengthen?
A: Southern African', '
Q: Which number member is Namibia in the UN?
A: 160th', '
Q: When did Namibia join the UN?
A: 23 April 1990', '
Q: Which number member is Namibia in the Commonwealth of Nations?
A: fiftieth']
According to the Namibia Labour Force Survey Report 2012, conducted by the Namibia Statistics Agency, the country's unemployment rate is 27.4%. "Strict unemployment" (people actively seeking a full-time job) stood at 20.2% in 2000, 21.9% in 2004 and spiraled to 29.4% in 2008. Under a broader definition (including people that have given up searching for employment) unemployment rose to 36.7% in 2004. This estimate considers people in the informal economy as employed. Labour and Social Welfare Minister Immanuel Ngatjizeko praised the 2008 study as "by far superior in scope and quality to any that has been available previously", but its methodology has also received criticism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the highest unemployment rate in Namibia?
A: 36.7%', '
Q: Who is the Labour and Social Welfare Minister?
A: Immanuel Ngatjizeko', '
Q: When was the lowest unemployment rate in Namibia?
A: 20.2%', "
Q: What is Namibian's unemployment rate?
A: 27.4%"]
In 2013, global business and financial news provider, Bloomberg, named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world. Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine, and Namibia was rated ahead of Morocco (19th), South Africa (15th) and Zambia (14th). Worldwide, Namibia also fared better than Hungary, Brazil and Mexico. Bloomberg Markets magazine ranked the top 20 based on more than a dozen criteria. The data came from Bloomberg's own financial-market statistics, IMF forecasts and the World Bank. The countries were also rated on areas of particular interest to foreign investors: the ease of doing business, the perceived level of corruption and economic freedom. In order to attract foreign investment, the government has made improvement in reducing red tape resulted from excessive government regulations making the country one of the least bureaucratic places to do business in the region. However, facilitation payments are occasionally demanded by customs due to cumbersome and costly customs procedures. Namibia is also classified as an Upper Middle Income country by the World Bank, and ranks 87th out of 185 economies in terms of ease of doing business.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Bloomberg name Namibia?
A: top emerging market economy in Africa', "
Q: What rank did Bloomberg name Namibia's economy?
A: 13th best in the world", '
Q: How many African countries made the list for top Emerging Markets?
A: four']
About half of the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood, but Namibia must still import some of its food. Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorest countries, the majority of Namibia's people live in rural areas and exist on a subsistence way of life. Namibia has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world, due in part to the fact that there is an urban economy and a more rural cash-less economy. The inequality figures thus take into account people who do not actually rely on the formal economy for their survival. Although arable land accounts for only 1% of Namibia, nearly half of the population is employed in agriculture.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much of the population depends on agriculture?
A: half', "
Q: How much more is the per capita GDP in Namibia compared to the rest of Africa's countries?
A: five times", '
Q: Namibia has one of the highest rates of what type of income problems in the world?
A: inequality', "
Q: Where does a majority of Namibia's people live?
A: rural", "
Q: How much of Namibia's land is arable?
A: 1%"]