romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
A: 87%', '
Q: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?
A: 85%', '
Q: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?
A: 80%', '
Q: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?
A: 76%', '
Q: How related is Sardinian to Catalan?
A: 75%']
During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has Catalan often been considered?
A: dialect of Spanish', '
Q: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?
A: Francoist']
There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
A: rest of Roman Hispania', '
Q: What language branch did Catalan share a history with?
A: Occitan', '
Q: What is Occitan a branch of?
A: Western Romance']
The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?
A: Germanic', '
Q: What is the origin of some Spanish words?
A: Latin origin', '
Q: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?
A: Germanic superstrate']
The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?
A: Arabic element', '
Q: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?
A: Arabic loanwords', '
Q: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?
A: Spanish', '
Q: Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?
A: of Arabic origin', '
Q: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?
A: Latin origin']
Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?
A: Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance', '
Q: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?
A: unique', '
Q: What type of unique choices does Catalan have?
A: lexical', '
Q: What is the Catalan to miss somebody?
A: enyorar']
These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the Paisos Catalans
A: Catalan Countries', '
Q: What is that determination based on?
A: cultural affinity and common heritage', '
Q: What status does Catalan Countries have?
A: no official status', '
Q: What is the interpretation of the term?
A: Various interpretations', '
Q: What is the term for Catalan Countries?
A: Països Catalans']
In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?
A: many monosyllabic words', '
Q: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?
A: consonant clusters', '
Q: What kind of final devoicing does the language have?
A: obstruent', '
Q: What do many words feature?
A: couplets']
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
A: Central Catalan', '
Q: What is Central Catalan?
A: standard pronunciation', '
Q: What are the descriptions for?
A: standard pronunciation', '
Q: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?
A: section pronunciation']
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does Catalan get its vowel system?
A: Vulgar Latin', '
Q: How many stressed phenoms are there?
A: seven', '
Q: Where is this a common feature?
A: Western Romance', '
Q: What is the exception to this common characteristic?
A: Spanish', '
Q: What differs in vowel reduction?
A: Dialects', '
Q: What is the vowel system of Catalan?
A: Vulgar Latin', '
Q: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?
A: seven', '
Q: Where is this system common?
A: Western Romance', '
Q: What language is the exception?
A: Spanish', '
Q: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?
A: Dialects']
In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?
A: three', '
Q: What vowel stays distinct?
A: /i/', '
Q: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?
A: different', '
Q: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
A: In Central Catalan', '
Q: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?
A: section pronunciation']
Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?
A: Catalan sociolinguistics', '
Q: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
A: Catalan sociolinguistics', '
Q: What is this a subdiscipline of?
A: Catalan philology', '
Q: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?
A: analyse the relation', '
Q: What outside affects does this study include?
A: other languages in contact']
The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do the dialects of Catalan feature?
A: uniformity', '
Q: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?
A: other Romance languages', '
Q: What is high among dialects?
A: intelligibility', '
Q: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?
A: 90% to 95%', '
Q: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
A: Alguerese']
Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the major difference between the two blocks?
A: treatment of unstressed a and e', '
Q: How are a and e in western dialects?
A: distinct', '
Q: What have a and e done in eastern dialects?
A: merged']
Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two dialects does Western Catalan include?
A: Northwestern Catalan and Valencian', '
Q: How many dialects are in the eastern group?
A: four', '
Q: To what division does Central Catalan belong?
A: Eastern block', '
Q: What other divisions can be made of dialects?
A: subdialects', '
Q: What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?
A: Western Catalan']
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
A: Central Catalan', '
Q: Where are the most speakers found?
A: Central Catalan', '
Q: In what densely populated area is it spoken?
A: Barcelona province', '
Q: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?
A: eastern half']
In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
A: Eastern Catalan', '
Q: What is the exception to this reduction?
A: Majorcan', '
Q: Which vowel remains distinct?
A: /i/']
In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?
A: Majorcan', '
Q: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?
A: Eastern Catalan', '
Q: What other pattern do other vowels follow?
A: Western Catalan', '
Q: What letter remains distinct?
A: /u/', '
Q: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
A: Western Catalan']
In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?
A: five', '
Q: Which letters remain distinct?
A: /a u i/', '
Q: Where did this pattern come from?
A: Proto-Romance', '
Q: In what other languages is this pattern found?
A: Italian and Portuguese', '
Q: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?
A: further reduction']
Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
A: Balearic', '
Q: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?
A: /e/', '
Q: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?
A: higher incidence']
In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language is parle or tem ?
A: Valencian', '
Q: What language  is parlo or temo ?
A: Northwestern', '
Q: What language is parl?
A: Balearic', '
Q: What language form is parli?
A: Northern']
In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do you find medieval plurals?
A: nouns and adjectives', '
Q: What letter is lost in some words?
A: /n/', '
Q: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?
A: homes', '
Q: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
A: joves', '
Q: What kind of plural words lose /n/?
A: proparoxytone']
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?
A: word choices', '
Q: How can you explain differences in the language groups?
A: as an archaism', '
Q: What form is innovative?
A: Central Catalan', '
Q: What are the two blocks of Catalan?
A: Eastern and Western', '
Q: What does an archaism explain?
A: lexical divergence', '
Q: As what can divergence in the groups be shown?
A: as an archaism', '
Q: How does central Catalan behave with the groups?
A: as an innovative element', '
Q: What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?
A: Eastern and Western', '
Q: What language has a lexical unity?
A: Catalan']
Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Standard based on?
A: Eastern Catalan', '
Q: What form is excepted by most speakers?
A: Standard Catalan', '
Q: What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?
A: traditional ones']
The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is jo compro changed to ?
A: jo compre', '
Q: What common Valencian forms are used?
A: many verbal forms', '
Q: What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?
A: verbal forms']
In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where is IEC's standard used?
A: the Balearic Islands", '
Q: How is the standard used there?
A: adapted for the Balearic dialect', '
Q: What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?
A: non-ending']
In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?
A: Alghero', '
Q: What definite article is found rather than el?
A: lo', '
Q: What is -v- used for?
A: imperfect tense', '
Q: What dialect employs many archaic words?
A: Alguerese', '
Q: What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?
A: weak pronouns']
In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?
A: La Franja', '
Q: When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?
A: 2011', '
Q: What language is the regulator meant to standardize?
A: Catalan', '
Q: Where is the language to be regulated located?
A: La Franja']
Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is Valencian classified?
A: Western dialect', '
Q: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?
A: northwestern varieties', '
Q: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
A: Western Catalonia', '
Q: What forms are mutually intelligible?
A: Catalan and Valencian', '
Q: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?
A: 90% to 95%']
Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?
A: as the same language', '
Q: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
A: as the same language', '
Q: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
A: the Valencian Academy of Language', '
Q: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
A: Valencian Academy of Language']
The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who established the AVL?
A: Valencian parliament', '
Q: Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?
A: use of Valencian', '
Q: What is the AVL standard based on?
A: Norms of Castelló', '
Q: Who uses this standard?
A: everyone who writes', '
Q: Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?
A: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture']
Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?
A: different', '
Q: When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?
A: between 2001 and 2004', '
Q: Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?
A: younger generations', '
Q: Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?
A: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture', '
Q: How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?
A: A minority']
This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has produced a great deal of controversy?
A: clash of opinions', '
Q: When did the EU create the European Constitution?
A: 2004', '
Q: Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?
A: Spanish government']
Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can use words from different dialects?
A: Literary Catalan', '
Q: What kind of words are excepted from literary use?
A: restricted use', '
Q: When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?
A: 19th century', '
Q: What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?
A: detriment of others', '
Q: What kind of choice is now available in word choice?
A: greater freedom of choice']
Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?
A: Greek and Latin', '
Q: When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?
A: very early', '
Q: In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?
A: Ramon Llull', '
Q: When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?
A: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries', '
Q: Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?
A: Roís de Corella']