romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, jump onto a spring filled board or perform a roundoff, or handspring entry onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then propel themselves forward or backward, off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a Yurchenko, is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics. When performing a yurchenko, gymnasts "round-off" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard). From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards and executes a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long is the run way in vaulting?
A: 25 metres (82 ft)', '
Q: How man feet do vaulters land on?
A: a two footed landing', '
Q: What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway?
A: their height and strength', '
Q: What is a round-off entry vault called?
A: Yurchenko', '
Q: What is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics?
A: yurchenko']
A gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus; this score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score. Since 2007, the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are gymnasts scored?
A: from deductions taken from their start value', '
Q: How is the start vaule determined?
A: e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements', '
Q: What is this score called?
A: D score', '
Q: Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score?
A: 10.0', '
Q: What were added to scoring in 2007?
A: adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score']
The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring floor. Points are awarded based a 10-point scale that measures the level of difficulty of the tumbling and apparatus handling. On November 27–29, 2003, Japan hosted first edition of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men's rhythmic gymnastics formed?
A: 1970s", '
Q: How many apparatuses are used?
A: only four types', '
Q: What are the types of apparatuses used?
A: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs', '
Q: What apparatuses do groups use?
A: Groups do not use any apparatus', "
Q: When did Japan hold the first of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Champtionship?
A: November 27–29, 2003"]
The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked", by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos "fond of or skilled in bodily exercise," from gymnazein "to exercise or train" (see gymnasium).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Greek word did gymnastics derive from?
A: γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked"', '
Q: What does the  verb gymnazo mean?
A: to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise"', '
Q: Why was this verb used?
A: because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing', '
Q: When did the word come into use?
A: 1570s']
By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comăneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Béla Károlyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise. Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the Olympic Games apparatus and events standardized?
A: 1954', '
Q: What is the grading structure?
A: a point system from 1 to 15', '
Q: Who set the first precedent that continues this day?
A: Soviet gymnasts', '
Q: Who recieved the first perfect score?
A: Nadia Comăneci', '
Q: What year and where was the first perfect score given?
A: 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada']
A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (Flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand. This requires back muscles to do any sort of skill. From handstands being easy to back or front flips being a little difficult.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does a typical pommel horse exercise consist of?
A: both single leg and double leg work', '
Q: Single leg skills are found in the form of what normally?
A: form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels', '
Q: What is the main staple of this event?
A: Double leg work', '
Q: When does the routine end?
A: when the gymnast performs a dismount', '
Q: What are two ways that a gymnist dismounts?
A: by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand']
In a tumbling pass, dismount or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight  This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. "The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing."  A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores?
A: landing', '
Q: Where do most injuries happen?
A: the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures', '
Q: How do you avoid injuries?
A: proper technique must be used by the gymnast', '
Q: What is a successful landing?
A: soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion']
Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Individual routines start with what phases?
A: build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height', '
Q: What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces.
A: a sequence of aerial skills', '
Q: What is the maximum scroe for routines?
A: 10 points', '
Q: How can additional points be earned?
A: depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills', '
Q: In high level competitions how many preliminary rountines are there?
A: two preliminary routines']
On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The width and height of the bars may be adjusted. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. They've been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves, that may pass over, under, and between the two bars. At the Elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the Uneven Bars using a springboard, or a small mat. Chalk and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) may be used while doing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnast's hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to the skin of the hands), dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the uneven bars?
A: two horizontal bars set at different heights', '
Q: What are these bars made out of?
A: fiberglass covered in wood laminate', '
Q: Why are the bars not made of wood anymore?
A: the bars were prone to breaking,', "
Q: How have the bars changed over the years?
A: They've been moved increasingly further apart", '
Q: How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars?
A: using a springboard, or a small mat']
A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does a higher flight phase result in?
A: a higher vertical ground reaction force', '
Q: What is vertical ground reaction force?
A: s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum', '
Q: What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements?
A: time the landing takes Gymnasts']
Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills. Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12–14 and 15-17 trios and mixed pairs. From 2009, all senior trios and mixed pairs were required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups also perform on this floor. Routines generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was aerobic gymnastics called orginally?
A: Sport Aerobics', '
Q: What does aerobic gymnastiscs involve?
A: the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness', '
Q: How many people can be in a routine?
A: individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people', '
Q: What is the size of the mat?
A: 7x7m', '
Q: How long do the routines last?
A: Routines generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category']
General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform?
A: synchronized, choreographed routines', '
Q: What do the troupes consist of?
A: of both genders and are not separated into age divisions', '
Q: When was the first World Gymnaestrada held?
A: 1939', '
Q: What was the first Sport Program recongized by FIG?
A: Gymnastics for All', '
Q: How many participants are there?
A: 30 million']
Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control. Internationally, all events are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic events. It typically involves the women's events of vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise. Men's events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and the high bar. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is gymnastics?
A: Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control', '
Q: Who governs all events in gymnastics?
A: Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG)', '
Q: What does each country have?
A: Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG', '
Q: What are the best known gymnastic events?
A: Competitive artistic gymnastics', '
Q: What events does this normally consist of for women?
A: vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise.']
In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses?
A: Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852)', '
Q: What did the exercises lead to?
A: to what is considered modern gymnastics', '
Q: Who introduced educative gymnastics in France?
A: Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano', '
Q: What did Jahn promote the use of?
A: parallel bars, rings and high bar']
In 2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the "execution score" was the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct this score only. A fall, on or off the event, is a 1.00 deduction, in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are the most common deduction from a difficulty score, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as the difficulty of the skills increase.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did FIG decide that scores are no longer limited to 10 points?
A: 2006', '
Q: What are the two different scores?
A: an execution score and a difficulty score', '
Q: What score was added?
A: difficulty score', '
Q: How much is a fall deduction?
A: 1.00 deduction', "
Q: What is a gymnast's difficulty score based on?
A: what elements they perform"]
In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. Today, the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event; Depending on the level, they may choose their own, or, if known as a "compulsory gymnast," default music must be played. In some gymnastic associations such as United States Association of Gymnastic Clubs (USAIGC), gymnasts are allowed to have vocals in their music but at USA Gymnastics competitions a large deduction is taken from the score for having vocals in the music. The routine should consist of tumbling lines, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or piviots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling lines that usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2–3, and in levels 8–10, at least 3–4 tumbling passes are required.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the floor exercise events performed on now?
A: a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood', '
Q: What was the floor exercise even on before?
A: the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats', '
Q: Why helps add an extra bounce to the floor?
A: springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor', '
Q: What is the maximum for floor events?
A: up to 90 seconds']
In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline World Championships. Since the recognition of Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics as FIG disciplines in 1999, official Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do athletes perform for tumbling?
A: an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track', '
Q: When was tumbling orginally contested at the Olympics?
A: 1932', '
Q: Where are offical tumbling competitions allowed?
A: only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets', '
Q: What year did FIG reconginze Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics?
A: 1999']
Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body-eye co-ordination, but tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus, as opposed to flexibility and dance in women's rhythmic gymnastics. There are a growing number of participants, competing alone and on a team; it is most popular in Asia, especially in Japan where high school and university teams compete fiercely. As of 2002[update], there were 1000 men's rhythmic gymnasts in Japan.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?
A: both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts", "
Q: Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?
A: stick gymnastics", '
Q: What is the aim of stick gymnastics?
A: improving physical strength and health', '
Q: What are the main focus?
A: tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus', "
Q: How many mens' rhythmic gymnasts were in Japan in 2002?
A: 1000"]