romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?
A: December 2012', '
Q: Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?
A: the Asia-Pacific region', '
Q: At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?
A: between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N']
In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?
A: December 2011', '
Q: When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?
A: by 2020', '
Q: As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?
A: 16', '
Q: Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?
A: 14']
The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?
A: 2007', '
Q: How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?
A: nine', '
Q: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?
A: functional regional coverage', '
Q: How many satellites were launched since 2007?
A: 16']
In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?
A: 2015', '
Q: How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?
A: with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites']
On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?
A: July 25, 2015', '
Q: Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?
A: the Xichang Satellite Launch Center', '
Q: What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?
A: Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket', '
Q: What is the Expedition-1?
A: an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits']
The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?
A: navigation services', '
Q: What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?
A: testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links', '
Q: How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?
A: three']
Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?
A: Canon law', '
Q: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?
A: Christian', '
Q: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?
A: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches', '
Q: What body was first responsible for creating canon?
A: church council', '
Q: What does canon law consist of?
A: canons']
Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Greek term for canon?
A: kanon', '
Q: What is the Hebrew term for canon?
A: kaneh', '
Q: What is the Arabic term meaning canon?
A: Qanun', '
Q: What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?
A: reed', '
Q: Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?
A: cane']
The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?
A: eighty-five', '
Q: How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?
A: fifty', '
Q: What is another term for Apostolic Canons?
A: Ecclesiastical Canons', '
Q: When was the First Council of Nicaea held?
A: 325', '
Q: What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?
A: a rule']
In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?
A: the Church's hierarchical authorities", '
Q: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?
A: canon law', '
Q: What does management of canon law aim to regulate?
A: external organization and government', "
Q: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?
A: order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church"]
The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?
A: rites', '
Q: How many major rites exist?
A: five', '
Q: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?
A: the Supreme Pontiff', '
Q: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?
A: full union', '
Q: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?
A: Roman Catholic']
In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
A: immutable divine and natural law', '
Q: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
A: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law', '
Q: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?
A: formal authority and promulgation', "
Q: What is the pope's official title?
A: Supreme Pontiff", '
Q: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?
A: legislative, executive, and judicial']
The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?
A: The Catholic Church', '
Q: What is a legal system older than Catholic law?
A: Roman law', '
Q: What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?
A: canons', '
Q: When was the Council of Jerusalem held?
A: first century', '
Q: Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?
A: Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic']
The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which period followed the jus antiquum?
A: the jus novum', '
Q: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?
A: the Code of Canon Law', '
Q: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?
A: the jus vetus']
The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?
A: different disciplines and practices", '
Q: What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?
A: process of codification', '
Q: When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?
A: 1990', '
Q: Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?
A: Pope John Paul II', '
Q: What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?
A: the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches']
It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?
A: lawyers, judges', '
Q: What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?
A: civilly-binding force', '
Q: What does J.C.B. stand for?
A: Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus', '
Q: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?
A: Bachelor of Canon Law', '
Q: What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?
A: Juris Canonici Licentiatus']
Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?
A: Roman Law Code of Justinian', '
Q: What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?
A: adversarial', '
Q: What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?
A: inquisitorial', '
Q: What is the English meaning of inquirere?
A: to enquire']
The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?
A: Europe", '
Q: In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?
A: modern civil law and common law', '
Q: Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?
A: Edson Luiz Sampel', '
Q: What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?
A: Europe and Latin American', '
Q: What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?
A: contemporary society']
Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?
A: Aristotelian-Thomistic', '
Q: Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?
A: Aquinas', '
Q: What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?
A: law', '
Q: What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?
A: the common good', '
Q: What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?
A: a rule of conduct']
The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?
A: the Latin or Western Church', '
Q: What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?
A: more diversity in legislation', '
Q: What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?
A: custom', '
Q: When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?
A: 1929', '
Q: During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?
A: 1949 through 1958']
The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the original Code of Canon Law published?
A: 1917', '
Q: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?
A: the Roman Rite', '
Q: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?
A: 1962 - 1965', '
Q: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?
A: the Roman Rite', '
Q: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?
A: 1990']
The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?
A: Greek', '
Q: What are the constituents of the Pēdálion?
A: canons and commentaries upon them', '
Q: What does Pēdálion mean in English?
A: Rudder', '
Q: Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?
A: bishops', '
Q: Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?
A: the Ecumenical Councils']
In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "Doctors Commons", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?
A: the Church of England', '
Q: In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?
A: 12th', '
Q: What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?
A: common law', '
Q: At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?
A: Oxford and Cambridge', '
Q: Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?
A: Henry VIII']
Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?
A: the Anglican Communion', '
Q: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?
A: the Episcopal Church', '
Q: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?
A: the Anglican Church of Canada', '
Q: What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?
A: their own private systems of canon law']
Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?
A: principles of canon law', '
Q: What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?
A: factually', '
Q: Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? 
A: its own legal system', '
Q: What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?
A: living', '
Q: What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?
A: unity']
In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as "practice and procedure" or "church order", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?
A: "practice and procedure" or "church order"', '
Q: In what types of institutions are canon rules called "practice and procedure"?
A: Presbyterian and Reformed churches', '
Q: What aspect of management is covered by church order?
A: government', '
Q: What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?
A: discipline', '
Q: What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?
A: worship']
Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group took issue with the Roman canons?
A: the Presbyterians', '
Q: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?
A: 1572', '
Q: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?
A: Parliament', '
Q: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?
A: 1500 years', '
Q: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?
A: bishops']