romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Although provision is made in Title 10 of the United States Code for the Secretary of the Air Force to appoint warrant officers, the Air Force does not currently use warrant officer grades, and is the only one of the U.S. Armed Services not to do so. The Air Force inherited warrant officer ranks from the Army at its inception in 1947, but their place in the Air Force structure was never made clear.[citation needed] When the Congress authorized the creation of two new senior enlisted ranks in 1958, Air Force officials privately concluded that these two new "super grades" could fill all Air Force needs then performed at the warrant officer level, although this was not publicly acknowledged until years later.[citation needed] The Air Force stopped appointing warrant officers in 1959, the same year the first promotions were made to the new top enlisted grade, Chief Master Sergeant. Most of the existing Air Force warrant officers entered the commissioned officer ranks during the 1960s, but small numbers continued to exist in the warrant officer grades for the next 21 years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What section in the US Code for the Secretary of the Air Force allows for the appointment of warrant officers?
A: Title 10', '
Q: When did the USAF inherit warrant officer ranks from the Army?
A: 1947', '
Q: When did Congress authorize the creation of two new senior officer grades?
A: 1958', '
Q: When did the USAF stop appointing warrant officers?
A: 1959', '
Q: What is the newest top enlisted grade in the USAF?
A: Chief Master Sergeant']
Enlisted members of the USAF have pay grades from E-1 (entry level) to E-9 (senior enlisted). While all USAF military personnel are referred to as Airmen, the term also refers to the pay grades of E-1 through E-4, which are below the level of non-commissioned officers (NCOs). Above the pay grade of E-4 (i.e., pay grades E-5 through E-9) all ranks fall into the category of NCO and are further subdivided into "NCOs" (pay grades E-5 and E-6) and "Senior NCOs" (pay grades E-7 through E-9); the term "Junior NCO" is sometimes used to refer to staff sergeants and technical sergeants (pay grades E-5 and E-6).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the lowest pay grade in the USAF?
A: E-1 (entry level)', '
Q: What is the highest pay grade in the USAF?
A: E-9 (senior enlisted)', '
Q: What pay grades are included in the USAF for Senior NCOs?
A: pay grades E-7 through E-9', '
Q: What does junior NCO refer to in the USAF pay grade system?
A: staff sergeants and technical sergeants']
The USAF is the only branch of the U.S. military where NCO status is achieved when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5. In all other branches, NCO status is generally achieved at the pay grade of E-4 (e.g., a Corporal in the Army and Marine Corps, Petty Officer Third Class in the Navy and Coast Guard). The Air Force mirrored the Army from 1976 to 1991 with an E-4 being either a Senior Airman wearing three stripes without a star or a Sergeant (referred to as "Buck Sergeant"), which was noted by the presence of the central star and considered an NCO. Despite not being an NCO, a Senior Airman who has completed Airman Leadership School can be a supervisor according to the AFI 36-2618.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When does NCO status happen in all other branches of the US Military?
A: pay grade of E-4', '
Q: When does NCO status occur in the USAF?
A: when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5', '
Q: What must a Senior Airman do to become a supervisor in the USAF?
A: completed Airman Leadership School', '
Q: What rank is NCO status achieved in the US Army?
A: Corporal']
The first USAF dress uniform, in 1947, was dubbed and patented "Uxbridge Blue" after "Uxbridge 1683 Blue", developed at the former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company. The current Service Dress Uniform, which was adopted in 1993 and standardized in 1995, consists of a three-button, pocketless coat, similar to that of a men's "sport jacket" (with silver "U.S." pins on the lapels, with a silver ring surrounding on those of enlisted members), matching trousers, and either a service cap or flight cap, all in Shade 1620, "Air Force Blue" (a darker purplish-blue). This is worn with a light blue shirt (Shade 1550) and Shade 1620 herringbone patterned necktie. Enlisted members wear sleeve insignia on both the jacket and shirt, while officers wear metal rank insignia pinned onto the coat, and Air Force Blue slide-on epaulet loops on the shirt. USAF personnel assigned to Base Honor Guard duties wear, for certain occasions, a modified version of the standard service dress uniform, but with silver trim on the sleeves and trousers, with the addition of a ceremonial belt (if necessary), wheel cap with silver trim and Hap Arnold Device, and a silver aiguillette placed on the left shoulder seam and all devices and accoutrement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed?
A: former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company', '
Q: When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?
A: 1947', '
Q: When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized? 
A: 1995', '
Q: Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia? 
A: pinned onto the coat']
In addition to basic uniform clothing, various badges are used by the USAF to indicate a billet assignment or qualification-level for a given assignment. Badges can also be used as merit-based or service-based awards. Over time, various badges have been discontinued and are no longer distributed. Authorized badges include the Shields of USAF Fire Protection, and Security Forces, and the Missile Badge (or "pocket rocket"), which is earned after working in a missile system maintenance or missile operations capacity for at least one year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is worn by USAF members to indicate a billet assignment? 
A: various badges', '
Q: What else can Badges be used to designate in the USAF? 
A: merit-based or service-based awards', '
Q: What is one of the types of Authorized Badges in the USAF? 
A: Shields of USAF Fire Protection', '
Q: When is the special "pocket rocket" badge given to USAF personnel working in a missile system operation? 
A: at least one year']
Officers may be commissioned upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy, upon graduation from another college or university through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC) program, or through the Air Force Officer Training School (OTS). OTS, previously located at Lackland AFB, Texas until 1993 and located at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama since 1993, in turn encompasses two separate commissioning programs: Basic Officer Training (BOT), which is for line-officer candidates of the active-duty Air Force and the U.S. Air Force Reserve; and the Academy of Military Science (AMS), which is for line-officer candidates of the Air National Guard. (The term "line officer" derives from the concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the "Line of the Air", meaning combat or combat-support operations within the scope of legitimate combatants as defined by the Geneva Conventions.)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: USAF Officers can be commissioned after graduation from what school? 
A: United States Air Force Academy', '
Q: What is another program that allows officers to become commissioned in the USAF?
A: Air Force Officer Training School', '
Q: Where is the OTS in the US currently located?
A: Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama', '
Q: What is a line officer in the USAF? 
A: concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the "Line of the Air"', '
Q: How many commissioning programs does the OTS offer the USAF?
A: two']
The Air Force also provides Commissioned Officer Training (COT) for officers of all three components who are direct-commissioned to non-line positions due to their credentials in medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration. Originally viewed as a "knife and fork school" that covered little beyond basic wear of the uniform, COT in recent years has been fully integrated into the OTS program and today encompasses extensive coursework as well as field exercises in leadership, confidence, fitness, and deployed-environment operations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the Air Force provide for officers of direct to non-line positions?
A: Commissioned Officer Training', '
Q: What fields of study in the COT are included in this area of the USAF? 
A: medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration', '
Q: What is an example of the coursework now offered in the COT in the USAF? 
A: deployed-environment operations']
The US Air Force Fitness Test (AFFT) is designed to test the abdominal circumference, muscular strength/endurance and cardiovascular respiratory fitness of airmen in the USAF. As part of the Fit to Fight program, the USAF adopted a more stringent physical fitness assessment; the new fitness program was put into effect on 1 June 2010. The annual ergo-cycle test which the USAF had used for several years had been replaced in 2004. In the AFFT, Airmen are given a score based on performance consisting of four components: waist circumference, the sit-up, the push-up, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Airmen can potentially earn a score of 100, with the run counting as 60%, waist circumference as 20%, and both strength test counting as 10% each. A passing score is 75 points. Effective 1 July 2010, the AFFT is administered by the base Fitness Assessment Cell (FAC), and is required twice a year. Personnel may test once a year if he or she earns a score above a 90%. Additionally, only meeting the minimum standards on each one of these tests will not get you a passing score of 75%, and failing any one component will result in a failure for the entire test.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the more strict program that the USAF adopted in 2010 called?
A: Fit to Fight program', '
Q: What test is designed to test the fitness of airmen in the USAF? 
A: US Air Force Fitness Test', '
Q: How long is the run that the USAF airmen are tested on for the fitness program? 
A: 1.5-mile', '
Q: What is a passing score on the US Air Force Fitness Test? 
A: 75 points', '
Q: What score must an airman get on the US Air Force Fitness test to be able to opt out of one of the mandatory twice a year retests? 
A: 90%']
The ground-attack aircraft of the USAF are designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as close air support for, and in proximity to, U.S. ground forces. The proximity to friendly forces require precision strikes from these aircraft that are not possible with bomber aircraft listed below. They are typically deployed as close air support to ground forces, their role is tactical rather than strategic, operating at the front of the battle rather than against targets deeper in the enemy's rear.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the ground-attack aircraft in the USAF usually deployed in support for? 
A: U.S. ground forces', '
Q: What does the closeness to friendly troops require of these US Air Force aircraft?
A: precision strikes', '
Q: What part of a battle line are the precision strike aircraft of the USAF deployed?
A: front of the battle', '
Q: What type of aircraft is not appropriate to be used in close proximity of US ground troops? 
A: bomber aircraft']
In the US Air Force, the distinction between bombers, fighters that are actually fighter-bombers, and attack aircraft has become blurred. Many attack aircraft, even ones that look like fighters, are optimized to drop bombs, with very little ability to engage in aerial combat. Many fighter aircraft, such as the F-16, are often used as 'bomb trucks', despite being designed for aerial combat. Perhaps the one meaningful distinction at present is the question of range: a bomber is generally a long-range aircraft capable of striking targets deep within enemy territory, whereas fighter bombers and attack aircraft are limited to 'theater' missions in and around the immediate area of battlefield combat. Even that distinction is muddied by the availability of aerial refueling, which greatly increases the potential radius of combat operations. The US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China operate strategic bombers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do? 
A: drop bombs', '
Q: What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks? 
A: bomber', '
Q: What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF? 
A: fighter bombers and attack aircraft', '
Q: What increases the radius of combat missions by the US Air Force?
A: aerial refueling', "
Q: What countries utilize strategic bomber aircraft in their missions? 
A: US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China"]
The service's B-2A aircraft entered service in the 1990s, its B-1B aircraft in the 1980s and its current B-52H aircraft in the early 1960s. The B-52 Stratofortress airframe design is over 60 years old and the B-52H aircraft currently in the active inventory were all built between 1960 and 1962. The B-52H is scheduled to remain in service for another 30 years, which would keep the airframe in service for nearly 90 years, an unprecedented length of service for any aircraft. The B-21 is projected to replace the B-52 and parts of the B-1B force by the mid-2020s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the B-2A aircraft enter into service of the US Air Force? 
A: 1990s', '
Q: When did the USAF introduce the B-1B aircraft? 
A: 1980s', '
Q: What aircraft in the USAF was introduced in the 1960s?
A: B-52H', '
Q: How long is the B-52H scheduled to remain in service of the USAF? 
A: 30 years', '
Q: What aircraft is scheduled to replace the B-52 in the USAF?
A: B-21']
Cargo and transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops, weapons and other military equipment by a variety of methods to any area of military operations around the world, usually outside of the commercial flight routes in uncontrolled airspace. The workhorses of the USAF Air Mobility Command are the C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy. These aircraft are largely defined in terms of their range capability as strategic airlift (C-5), strategic/tactical (C-17), and tactical (C-130) airlift to reflect the needs of the land forces they most often support. The CV-22 is used by the Air Force for the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). It conducts long-range, special operations missions, and is equipped with extra fuel tanks and terrain-following radar. Some aircraft serve specialized transportation roles such as executive/embassy support (C-12), Antarctic Support (LC-130H), and USSOCOM support (C-27J, C-145A, and C-146A). The WC-130H aircraft are former weather reconnaissance aircraft, now reverted to the transport mission.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations? 
A: Cargo and transport', '
Q: What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force?
A: C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy', '
Q: The CV-22 aircraft is used by what section of the USAF?
A: U.S. Special Operations Command', '
Q: What aircraft offers Antarctic Support to the US Air Force?
A: LC-130H', '
Q: What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions? 
A: weather reconnaissance aircraft']
The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS and ensure friendly, unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. Electronic warfare aircraft are used to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it. They are often called "The Eye in the Sky." The roles of the aircraft vary greatly among the different variants to include Electronic Warfare/Jamming (EC-130H), Psychological Operations/Communications (EC-130J), Airborne Early Warning and Control (E-3), Airborne Command Post (E-4B), ground targeting radar (E-8C), range control (E-9A), and communications relay (E-11A)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the purpose of electronic warfare?
A: deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS', '
Q: What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?
A: The Eye in the Sky', '
Q: What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for?
A: to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it', '
Q: What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force? 
A: Electronic Warfare/Jamming', '
Q: What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for?
A: Airborne Command Post']
The fighter aircraft of the USAF are small, fast, and maneuverable military aircraft primarily used for air-to-air combat. Many of these fighters have secondary ground-attack capabilities, and some are dual-roled as fighter-bombers (e.g., the F-16 Fighting Falcon); the term "fighter" is also sometimes used colloquially for dedicated ground-attack aircraft. Other missions include interception of bombers and other fighters, reconnaissance, and patrol. The F-16 is currently used by the USAF Air Demonstration squadron, the Thunderbirds, while a small number of both man-rated and non-man-rated F-4 Phantom II are retained as QF-4 aircraft for use as Full Scale Aerial Targets (FSAT) or as part of the USAF Heritage Flight program. These extant QF-4 aircraft are being replaced in the FSAT role by early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration. The USAF has 2,025 fighters in service as of September 2012.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft?
A: air-to-air combat', '
Q: What is the name of a type of dual purpose fighter-bomber aircraft used by the US Air Force?
A: F-16 Fighting Falcon', '
Q: What aircraft is used by the US Air Demonstration group The Thunderbirds?
A: F-16', '
Q: What kind of aircraft is utilized by the USAF in Full Scale Aerial Targets?
A: F-4 Phantom II', '
Q: What are the QF-4 aircraft being replaced by the US Air Force? 
A: early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration']
The USAF's KC-135 and KC-10 aerial refueling aircraft are based on civilian jets. The USAF aircraft are equipped primarily for providing the fuel via a tail-mounted refueling boom, and can be equipped with "probe and drogue" refueling systems. Air-to-air refueling is extensively used in large-scale operations and also used in normal operations; fighters, bombers, and cargo aircraft rely heavily on the lesser-known "tanker" aircraft. This makes these aircraft an essential part of the Air Force's global mobility and the U.S. force projection. The KC-46A Pegasus is undergoing testing and is projected to be delivered to USAF units starting in 2017.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What kind of aircraft is the USAF's KC-135?
A: aerial refueling aircraft", '
Q: How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight?
A: tail-mounted refueling boom', '
Q: When is air-to-air refueling primarily used by the US Air Force?
A: large-scale operations', '
Q: What aircraft will be available for use by the US Air Force in 2017?
A: KC-46A Pegasus']
In response to the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley. Moseley's successor, General Norton A. Schwartz, a former tactical airlift and special operations pilot was the first officer appointed to that position who did not have a background as a fighter or bomber pilot. The Washington Post reported in 2010 that General Schwartz began to dismantle the rigid class system of the USAF, particularly in the officer corps.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What US Secretary of Defense accepted resignations of top US Air Force officials in June of 2009?
A: Robert Gates', '
Q: What US Secretary of the Air Force resigned following a nuclear weapons problem ?
A: Michael Wynne', "
Q: Who was appointed to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force following Mosley's resignation?
A: General Norton A. Schwartz", "
Q: What newspaper reported on Schwartz's dismantlement of the US Air Force's class system?
A: The Washington Post"]
Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their service's principal "warriors" working with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or the onboard crew of their aircraft. Air Force officers have never felt they needed the formal social "distance" from their enlisted force that is common in the other U.S. armed services. Although the paradigm is changing, for most of its history, the Air Force, completely unlike its sister services, has been an organization in which mostly its officers fought, not its enlisted force, the latter being primarily a rear echelon support force. When the enlisted force did go into harm's way, such as members of multi-crewed aircraft, the close comradeship of shared risk in tight quarters created traditions that shaped a somewhat different kind of officer/enlisted relationship than exists elsewhere in the military.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture?
A: Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.', '
Q: How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military?
A: an organization in which mostly its officers fought', '
Q: How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen?
A: primarily a rear echelon support force']
Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them until the last year of that war and in 2014 changed its RPA training syllabus again, in the face of large aircraft losses in training, and in response to a GAO report critical of handling of drone programs. Paul Scharre has reported that the cultural divide between the USAF and US Army has kept both services from adopting each other's drone handing innovations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force?
A: Cultural and career issues', '
Q: During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?
A: Iraq War', '
Q: Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014?
A: large aircraft losses in training', '
Q: What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols?
A: US Army']
Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range from "Friday Name Tags" in flying units to an annual "Mustache Month." The use of "challenge coins" is a recent innovation that was adopted from the U.S. Army while another cultural tradition unique to the Air Force is the "roof stomp", practiced by Air Force members to welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from? 
A: Royal Air Force', '
Q: What traditions does the US Air Force have? 
A: "Friday Name Tags" in flying units', '
Q: What organization did the US Air Force adopt "Challenge Coins" from?
A: U.S. Army', '
Q: What does the roof stomp tradition signify in the US Air Force?
A: welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement']