romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Although Mali has enjoyed a reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group. This conflict also plays a role in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who are trying to establish sharia law.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Ethnic tension are between what two groups of people?
A: Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs', '
Q: Radical Islam and the Tuaregs are both considered problematic according to whom?
A: Malian government', '
Q: What group of people are trying to establish sharia law?
A: radical Islamists', '
Q: What type of hereditary relationships still exist today?
A: servitude and bondage', '
Q: Songhai and Tuaregs both complain about what same issue towards each other?
A: discrimination']
Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation. Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012. In 2000, 62–65 percent of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69 percent to sanitation services of some kind. In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totalled about US$4 per capita at an average exchange rate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What four main health problems do the Malian people currently have?
A: poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation', '
Q: How does Malian Health and development rank globally?
A: among the worst in the world', '
Q: As of 2012 50.3 years is considered the Malian peoples averages of what statistic?
A: Life expectancy', '
Q: In 2000 what percentage of the population had access to safe drinking water?
A: 62–65', '
Q: In 2000 roughly how much of the population had access to sanitation services?
A: 69']
Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does ICRISTAT stand for?
A: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics', '
Q: What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made?
A: improve nutrition', '
Q: The local communities have accepted equinut because it is similar to what native recipe?
A: recipe di-dèguè', '
Q: ICRISTAT had success in teaching women how to make what product of nutritional value?
A: equinut', '
Q: What ingredients are in both the traditional and nutritional version of this dish?
A: peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour']
Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply. Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization. An estimated 1.9 percent of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 85–91 percent of Mali's girls and women have had female genital mutilation (2006 and 2001 data).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali?
A: cholera and tuberculosis', '
Q: what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation?
A: Malaria', '
Q: According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated?
A: 85–91', '
Q: What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population?
A: HIV/AIDS', '
Q: Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need?
A: immunization']
Malian musical traditions are derived from the griots, who are known as "Keepers of Memories". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabaté, the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Touré, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, and several Afro-pop artists such as Salif Keita, the duo Amadou et Mariam, Oumou Sangare, and Habib Koité. Dance also plays a large role in Malian culture. Dance parties are common events among friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the translation or meaning of a griot?
A: Keepers of Memories', '
Q: Aside from music what other activity plays a significant role in culture?
A: Dance', '
Q: What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held?
A: mask', '
Q: What is the name of the musician that was a part of the roots and was also a blues guitarist?
A: Ali Farka Touré', '
Q: What is a well known Afro-pop artist?
A: Salif Keita']
A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the distribution constraint. The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the purpose of an NPO?
A: A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit.', "
Q: What does an NPO do with it's surplus income?
A: In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission", "
Q: What is the constraint's upon an NPO's financial distributions called?
A: the distribution constraint", '
Q: What is the definition of a non-profit organization?
A: purposes are other than making a profit', '
Q: What is an NPO also known as?
A: non-business entity', '
Q: What is the purpose of an NPO?
A: furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view', "
Q: What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?
A: further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit", "
Q: What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?
A: distribution constraint"]
The nonprofit landscape is highly varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do comprise an often high profile or visible aspect of the sector, there are many other types of nonprofits. Overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving organizations include mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit unions, industry associations, sports clubs, retired serviceman's clubs and peak bodies – organizations that benefit a particular group of people i.e. the members of the organization. Typically, community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally: organizations delivering human services programs or projects, aid and development programs, medical research, education and health services, and so on. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members (by directly supporting them) and the broader community (through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?
A: charitable', '
Q: Who does an NPO usually serve?
A: member-serving or community-serving', '
Q: What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?
A: providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally', '
Q: What are member serving NPOs really focused on?
A: by directly supporting them', '
Q: What are community serving NPOs focused on?
A: a helping service for fellow citizens']
Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors. Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). In some countries, where there is a token fee, in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?
A: they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans', '
Q: Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?
A: controlling members or a board of directors', '
Q: How do NPOs handle staffing?
A: Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation', '
Q: What are token fees used for?
A: to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization']
Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?
A: profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally', '
Q: What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?
A: a supporting organization', '
Q:  What is a major function of a foundation?
A: giving value to the groups of people they administer to']
The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as "members"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the two top types of NPOs?
A: membership and board-only', '
Q: How is a membership organization run?
A: elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws', '
Q: How is a board only organization run?
A: self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board', '
Q: What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?
A: financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned', '
Q: What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?
A: Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation']
Canada allows nonprofits to be incorporated or unincorporated. Nonprofits may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations; particularly with regards to corporate governance. Federal, and in some provinces (such as Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do by-law changes. Other provinces (such as Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are NPOs classified in Canada?
A: incorporated or unincorporated', "
Q: How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?
A: nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations", '
Q: How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?
A: formal approval by the appropriate government', '
Q: How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?
A: by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association', '
Q: How is incorporation handled in Ontario?
A: Letters Patent']
During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013. It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011,[dated info] the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?
A: 2009', '
Q: What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?
A: incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation', '
Q: When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?
A: 2010', '
Q: When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?
A: 1 July 2013', '
Q: When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?
A: 10 October 2011']
Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investments and fixed assets) and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status. In determining whether an organization can become a charity, CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities. These must be:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?
A: Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)', '
Q: What are donors to receive from a NPO?
A: income tax receipts', '
Q: How does an NPO keep their charitable status?
A: file annual reports', '
Q: How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status?
A: a common law test to its stated objects and activities', "
Q: What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it's charitable status?
A: cash, investments and fixed assets"]
In South Africa, charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor. Non Profit Organisations are registered under Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs) but may voluntarily register with The Nonprofit Companies Directorate. Trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court. Section 21 Companies are registered under the Company's Act. All are classified as Voluntary Organisations and all must be registered with the South Africa Revenue Services "SARS".[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?
A: a tax certificate', '
Q: What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?
A: a tax deduction by the donor', '
Q: Where are South Africian NPOs registered?
A: Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)', '
Q: Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?
A: Master of the High Court', '
Q: Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?
A: South Africa Revenue Services "SARS"']
A charity is a nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances. For example, a charity is generally not allowed to pay its Trustees. In England and Wales, charities may be registered with the Charity Commission. In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function. Other organizations which are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations, and are not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the definition of a charity?
A: nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances', '
Q: Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales?
A: Charity Commission', '
Q: Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland?
A: Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator', '
Q: What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets?
A: generally not allowed to pay its Trustees', '
Q: Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?
A: not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense']
After a nonprofit organization has been formed at the state level, the organization may seek recognition of tax exempt status with respect to U.S. federal income tax. That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organizations. The IRS, after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization (such as the purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity), may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax exempt status for income tax payment, filing, and deductibility purposes. The exemption does not apply to other Federal taxes such as employment taxes. Additionally, a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose. Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in an organization losing its tax exempt status.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status?
A: applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)', '
Q: What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status?
A: purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity', '
Q: Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes?
A: must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose', '
Q: What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?
A: losing its tax exempt status', '
Q: Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status?
A: Internal Revenue Service (IRS)']
Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What form must an NPO make available to the public?
A: 990 forms', '
Q: Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?
A: generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements', '
Q: What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?
A: IRS Form 990', '
Q: What is one example of an NPO in the United States?
A: Project Vote Smart', '
Q: What can states or cities offer to NPOs?
A: exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax']
The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these "board-only" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks "members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is in control of the organization?
A: board of directors', '
Q: Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?
A: executive director', '
Q: How is the board of directors most often chosen?
A: self-perpetuating', '
Q: How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?
A: elected by a membership', '
Q: Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?
A: Part VI, section A, question 7a']