romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics. In his unpublished autobiographical notes, Hayek recalled a division between him and his younger brothers who were only few years younger than him, but he believed that they were somehow of a different generation. He preferred to associate with adults.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?
A: they were somehow of a different generation', '
Q: With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?
A: adults', "
Q: Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?
A: read fluently and frequently", '
Q: Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?
A: his father', '
Q: Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?
A: Aristotle']
At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the "sense data" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates?
A: University of Vienna', "
Q: Where did Hayek learn about the brain?
A: Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy", "
Q: What was the name of Hayek's first work?
A: The Sensory Order", '
Q: With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis?
A: Herbert Furth', '
Q: Where did first show his work?
A: the Geistkreis']
During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What work did Hayek begin in 1923?
A: research assistant', '
Q: Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek?
A: University of Vienna', '
Q: For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises?
A: the Austrian government', '
Q: What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant?
A: macroeconomic data', '
Q: What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant?
A: Jeremiah Jenks']
Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What ideology was Hayek originally in support of?
A: democratic socialism', "
Q: What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?
A: reading von Mises' book Socialism", "
Q: During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?
A: Eric Voegelin", '
Q: What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?
A: classical liberalism', '
Q: Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?
A: Carl Menger']
With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?
A: director', '
Q: Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?
A: Lionel Robbins', '
Q: What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?
A: one of the leading economic theorists in the world', "
Q: What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?
A: modern microeconomics", '
Q: In what year did Hayek come to London?
A: 1931']
Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to servitude." It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book," also due in part to wartime paper rationing. When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year, it achieved greater popularity than in Britain. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest also published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics. The book is widely popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?
A: The Road to Serfdom', '
Q: Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?
A: Alexis de Tocqueville', '
Q: When was the Road to Serfdom published?
A: March 1944', '
Q: Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?
A: United States', "
Q: Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?
A: Max Eastman"]
In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicago faculty over departmental autonomy and control, and Hayek got caught in the middle of that battle. Hutchins had been attempting to force all departments to adopt the neo-Thomist Great Books program of Mortimer Adler, and the U. of Chicago economists were sick of Hutchins' meddling. As the result the Economics department rejected Hutchins' pressure to hire Hayek, and Hayek became a part of the new Committee on Social Thought.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?
A: University of Chicago', "
Q: Who supplied Hayek's salary?
A: an outside foundation", '
Q: What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?
A: departmental autonomy and control', "
Q: Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?
A: sick of Hutchins' meddling", '
Q: What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?
A: Committee on Social Thought']
Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?
A: The Road to Serfdom", '
Q: Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?
A: Aaron Director', '
Q: What group did Hayek form with three other people?
A: Mont Pèlerin Society', '
Q: What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?
A: Intercollegiate Studies Institute']
After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned "with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society". Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as The Road to Serfdom had sixteen years before.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover?
A: the liberal order", "
Q: Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom?
A: The Constitution of Liberty", '
Q: As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released?
A: sixteen years', "
Q: What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter?
A: The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization", '
Q: How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960?
A: disappointed']
From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty, teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Primary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country did Hayek move to in 1962?
A: West Germany', '
Q: What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?
A: Law, Legislation and Liberty', '
Q: Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?
A: University of California, Los Angeles', '
Q: When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?
A: 1979', '
Q: During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?
A: philosophy of social science']
In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on why the "middle way" was the pragmatic path the Conservative Party should take, avoiding the extremes of left and right. Before he had finished, Thatcher "reached into her briefcase and took out a book. It was Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. Interrupting our pragmatist, she held the book up for all of us to see. 'This', she said sternly, 'is what we believe', and banged Hayek down on the table".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975?
A: British Conservative Party', '
Q: Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party?
A: Hayek', '
Q: What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher\'s party by a speaker?
A: the "middle way"', "
Q: Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department?
A: The Constitution of Liberty"]
In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a socialist government in power has lost all title to the name 'Liberal'. Certainly no liberal can in future vote 'Liberal'". Hayek was criticised by Liberal politicians Gladwyn Jebb and Andrew Phillips, who both claimed that the purpose of the pact was to discourage socialist legislation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977?
A: Lib-Lab pact', '
Q: What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do?
A: discourage socialist legislation', '
Q: The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party?
A: British Liberal Party', "
Q: What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government?
A: all title to the name 'Liberal'"]
In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy. Hayek claimed that a limited democracy might be better than other forms of limited government at protecting liberty but that an unlimited democracy was worse than other forms of unlimited government because "its government loses the power even to do what it thinks right if any group on which its majority depends thinks otherwise".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy?
A: the Conservative Party', '
Q: With which political group was David Steel affiliated?
A: Liberal Party', "
Q: Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978
A: Hayek", '
Q: Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek?
A: limited democracy', '
Q: Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives?
A: unlimited']
In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a letter to his friends requesting that he be called the English version of Friedrich (Frederick) from now on. After his 20 min audience with the Queen, he was "absolutely besotted" with her according to his daughter-in-law, Esca Hayek. Hayek said a year later that he was "amazed by her. That ease and skill, as if she'd known me all my life." The audience with the Queen was followed by a dinner with family and friends at the Institute of Economic Affairs. When, later that evening, Hayek was dropped off at the Reform Club, he commented: "I've just had the happiest day of my life."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England?
A: Order of the Companions of Honour', '
Q: Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order?
A: Margaret Thatcher', "
Q: In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government?
A: Prime Minister", '
Q: How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award?
A: Frederick', '
Q: At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say?
A: "I\'ve just had the happiest day of my life."']
In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the northern outskirts of Vienna according to the Catholic rite. In 2011, his article The Use of Knowledge in Society was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in the American Economic Review during its first 100 years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the reason given for Hayek\'s 1991 award from the President?
A: a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon"', '
Q: Which President presented the award to Hayek?
A: George H. W. Bush', '
Q: Where was Hayek when he died?
A: Freiburg, Germany', '
Q: Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna?
A: northern outskirts', '
Q: Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published?
A: American Economic Review']
Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old British Currency School and of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell. Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle, elaborating what later became known as the "Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle". Hayek spelled out the Austrian approach in more detail in his book, published in 1929, an English translation of which appeared in 1933 as Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle. There he argued for a monetary approach to the origins of the cycle. In his Prices and Production (1931), Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the central bank's inflationary credit expansion and its transmission over time, leading to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates. Hayek claimed that "the past instability of the market economy is the consequence of the exclusion of the most important regulator of the market mechanism, money, from itself being regulated by the market process".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of Mises' 1912 book?
A: Theory of Money and Credit", '
Q: Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else?
A: capital', "
Q: What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book?
A: Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle", '
Q: What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929?
A: Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle', "
Q: According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds?
A: artificially low interest rates"]
In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work of Alfred Marshall), Robbins invited Hayek to join the faculty at LSE, which he did in 1931. According to Nicholas Kaldor, Hayek's theory of the time-structure of capital and of the business cycle initially "fascinated the academic world" and appeared to offer a less "facile and superficial" understanding of macroeconomics than the Cambridge school's.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929?
A: London School of Economics', '
Q: In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what?
A: narrow approach', "
Q: Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''?
A: Alfred Marshall", '
Q: Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE?
A: Lionel Robbins', '
Q: What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?
A: less "facile and superficial" understanding']
Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a previous, unsustainable episode of easy money and artificially low interest rates. Keynes asked his friend Piero Sraffa to respond. Sraffa elaborated on the effect of inflation-induced "forced savings" on the capital sector and about the definition of a "natural" interest rate in a growing economy. Others who responded negatively to Hayek's work on the business cycle included John Hicks, Frank Knight, and Gunnar Myrdal. Kaldor later wrote that Hayek's Prices and Production had produced "a remarkable crop of critics" and that the total number of pages in British and American journals dedicated to the resulting debate "could rarely have been equalled in the economic controversies of the past."

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title?
A: Prices and Production", '
Q: Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by?
A: artificially low interest rates', '
Q: Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek?
A: Piero Sraffa', '
Q: According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek\'s book created?
A: "a remarkable crop of critics"']
Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored, except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor. Lionel Robbins himself, who had embraced the Austrian theory of the business cycle in The Great Depression (1934), later regretted having written the book and accepted many of the Keynesian counter-arguments.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production?
A: works were largely ignored", "
Q: Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production?
A: Nicholas Kaldor", '
Q: What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production?
A: Profits, Interest and Investment', "
Q: Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what?
A: the Austrian theory of the business cycle", "
Q: Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence?
A: Lionel Robbins"]