romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)
2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulfate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is added to wood in order to preserve it?
A: Zinc chloride', '
Q: What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens?
A: luminescent pigments', '
Q: What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in?
A: mid-infrared', '
Q: Where is zinc pyrithion used?
A: antifouling paints.']
64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn before use, this is called depleted zinc oxide. For the same reason, zinc has been proposed as a salting material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn would be irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, forming a large amount of 65Zn significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. 65Zn is also used as a tracer to study how alloys that contain zinc wear out, or the path and the role of zinc in organisms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most abundant zinc isotope?
A: 64Zn', '
Q: What does 65Zn produce?
A: intense gamma radiation', '
Q: Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors?
A: anti-corrosion agent', '
Q: What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out?
A: 65Zn']
Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ as to its effectiveness. Zinc also helps speed up the healing process after an injury. It is also suspected of being beneficial to the body's immune system. Indeed, zinc deficiency may have effects on virtually all parts of the human immune system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What consumable product is zinc included in?
A: vitamin and mineral supplements', '
Q: What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging?
A: antioxidant', '
Q: What is the benefit of zinc after injury?
A: speed up the healing']
Although not yet tested as a therapy in humans, a growing body of evidence indicates that zinc may preferentially kill prostate cancer cells. Because zinc naturally homes to the prostate and because the prostate is accessible with relatively non-invasive procedures, its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent in this type of cancer has shown promise. However, other studies have demonstrated that chronic use of zinc supplements in excess of the recommended dosage may actually increase the chance of developing prostate cancer, also likely due to the natural buildup of this heavy metal in the prostate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill?
A: prostate', '
Q: What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer?
A: chemotherapeutic', '
Q: What could overuse of zinc possibly cause?
A: prostate cancer', '
Q: Where does zinc naturally buildup in the body?
A: prostate.']
There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochloric acid to the α-hydroxycarboxylic esters RR'COHCOOR, the Reformatskii reaction which converts α-halo-esters and aldehydes to β-hydroxy-esters, the Simmons–Smith reaction in which the carbenoid (iodomethyl)zinc iodide reacts with alkene(or alkyne) and converts them to cyclopropane, the Addition reaction of organozinc compounds to carbonyl compounds. The Barbier reaction (1899) is the zinc equivalent of the magnesium Grignard reaction and is better of the two. In presence of just about any water the formation of the organomagnesium halide will fail, whereas the Barbier reaction can even take place in water. On the downside organozincs are much less nucleophilic than Grignards, are expensive and difficult to handle. Commercially available diorganozinc compounds are dimethylzinc, diethylzinc and diphenylzinc. In one study the active organozinc compound is obtained from much cheaper organobromine precursors:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does organozinc chemisty describe?
A: physical properties, synthesis and reactions.', '
Q: What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction?
A: The Barbier reaction', '
Q: When will organomagnesium halide formation fail?
A: presence of just about any water', '
Q: What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc?
A: Commercially available diorganozinc compounds']
Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor. The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?
A: structural', '
Q: What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?
A: transcription factors,', '
Q: How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to?
A: four', '
Q: What does the transcription factor wrap around?
A: DNA helix']
Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most common supplement in the US?
A: zinc oxide', '
Q: Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?
A: nearly insoluble', '
Q: What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults?
A: 20 mg/day', '
Q: What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc?
A: 40 mg/day']
For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended zinc oxide in cereals as cheap, stable, and as easily absorbed as more expensive forms. A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas. A 1987 study found that zinc picolinate was better absorbed than zinc gluconate or zinc citrate. However, a study published in 2008 determined that zinc glycinate is the best absorbed of the four dietary supplement types available.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?
A: cereals', '
Q: In what product did  various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption?
A: maize tortillas', '
Q: What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate?
A: zinc picolinate', '
Q: What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound?
A: zinc glycinate']
Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?
A: mild zinc deficiency', '
Q: What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?
A: depresses immunity', '
Q: What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?
A: twice as much food']
Despite some concerns, western vegetarians and vegans have not been found to suffer from overt zinc deficiencies any more than meat-eaters. Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soyfoods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many foods may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects. The zinc chelator phytate, found in seeds and cereal bran, can contribute to zinc malabsorption. There is some evidence to suggest that more than the US RDA (15 mg) of zinc daily may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates, such as some vegetarians. These considerations must be balanced against the fact that there is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosing zinc deficiency is a persistent challenge.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?
A: plant sources', '
Q: What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption?
A: phytates', '
Q: Where is zinc chelator phytate found?
A: seeds and cereal bran,', '
Q: What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily?
A: diet is high in phytates,']
Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are two billion people in the world deficient in?
A: zinc', '
Q: 800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?
A: deficient in zinc', '
Q: What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?
A: zinc supplementation', "
Q: Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?
A: zinc interacts with other micronutrients."]
Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?
A: high-pH soils', '
Q: Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?
A: disease.', '
Q: Excess zinc has what effect on plants?
A: toxic', '
Q: How is zinc primarily added to soil?
A: weathering of rocks']
There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100–300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100–300 mg may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or "zinc chills" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. There have been claims of disability, and even death, due to excessive use of these products.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?
A: copper', '
Q: What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?
A: urinary', '
Q: Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?
A: ability of plants to absorb other essential metals', '
Q: What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?
A: zinc shakes or "zinc chills"', '
Q: People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?
A: denture cream']
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it. Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?
A: nerve receptors', "
Q: Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?
A: polio infections", '
Q: What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?
A: zinc-based intranasal cold products', '
Q: What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?
A: antimicrobial zinc pyrithione']
In 1982, the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc. With the new zinc pennies, there is the potential for zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsis, whereas another patient, who ingested 12 grams of zinc, only showed lethargy and ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements). Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?
A: pennies', '
Q: What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?
A: zinc toxicosis', '
Q: Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what?
A: ataxia', '
Q: Why have people reported zinc intoxication?
A: ingestion of zinc coins']
Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms. Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal. The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are dogs known to ingest?
A: Pennies', '
Q: What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?
A: zinc toxicity', '
Q: In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?
A: parrots', '
Q: What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?
A: juices stored in galvanized cans']
Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?
A: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux', '
Q: What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?
A: eternality', "
Q: What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?
A: sublime", '
Q: What concept did Ledoux address?
A: architectural character', '
Q: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?
A: building should immediately communicate its function']
The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What century were most four influential books published?
A: 18th century', '
Q: Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?
A: Colen Campbell', '
Q: In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?
A: 18th-century', '
Q: When was "The Designs of Inigo Jones" book published?
A: 1727']
At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the "architect earl"?
A: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington', '
Q: When was Chiswick House designed?
A: 1729', "
Q: What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?
A: Palladio's Villa Capra", '
Q: What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?
A: Holkham Hall']
By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?
A: Ancient Greece', '
Q: What englishman excavated pompeii?
A: Sir William Hamilton', '
Q: In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?
A: Rome', '
Q: What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?
A: Sweden and Russia.']
A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?
A: Napoleonic Empire', '
Q: What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?
A: Louis XVI style', '
Q: What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?
A: "Directoire" or Empire', '
Q: Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?
A: The Rococo style']
Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?
A: Pompeii and Herculaneum.', '
Q: What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?
A: Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).', '
Q: What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?
A: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts', "
Q: What were William Kent's interior designs based from?
A: basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in"]