romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Unlike the papabile cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, he was not identified with either the left or right, nor was he seen as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the Second Vatican Council, which already, without any tangible results, had lasted longer than anticipated by John XXIII, who had a vision but "did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s." When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What role was Montini not perceived to fill unlike some of his fellow cardinals?
A: reformer', '
Q: In what year did Pope John XXIII die?
A: 1963', "
Q: What role did Pope John XXIII's death precipitate the election of?
A: pope", '
Q: What illness caused the death of Pope John XXIII
A: stomach cancer', '
Q: What organization did the church expect Montini to continue?
A: Second Vatican Council']
Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy. He was the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?
A: Papal Tiara', '
Q: What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?
A: Archdiocese of Milan', '
Q: Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?
A: Washington, DC', '
Q: Who was the last pope to be crowned?
A: Paul VI', '
Q: What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?
A: Papal Coronation']
During Vatican II, the Council Fathers avoided statements which might anger Christians of other faiths.[page needed] Cardinal Augustin Bea, the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations with the Jewish faith and members of other religions.[d]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was President of the Christian Unity Secretariat?
A: Cardinal Augustin Bea', '
Q: What did Paul VI believe in keeping friendly to people of other Christian faiths?
A: Council language', '
Q: Who insisted that Protestant and Orthodox Christians be invited to all Counsel meetings?
A: Pope John XXIII', '
Q: Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate?
A: Cardinal Augustin Bea', '
Q: Which Vatican strove to avoid offending other Christian faiths with counsel session language?
A: Vatican II']
After his election as Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new dioceses. He told them that in Milan he started a dialogue with the modern world and asked them to seek contact with all people from all walks of life. Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963. In a radio address to the world, Paul VI recalled the uniqueness of his predecessors, the strength of Pius XI, the wisdom and intelligence of Pius XII and the love of John XXIII. As "his pontifical goals" he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the reform of the Canon Law and improved social peace and justice in the world. The Unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life?
A: a dialogue', '
Q: How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?
A: Six', '
Q: On what date was Vatican II re convened?
A: 29 September', '
Q: Six days after he was elected, what did Paul VI announce he would continue? 
A: Vatican II', '
Q: What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope?
A: Canon Law']
He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to explain in simple words how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church is guilty for the separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?
A: Mystici corporis', '
Q: How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?
A: mystical', '
Q: What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?
A: simple', '
Q: From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?
A: the east', '
Q: What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?
A: separation']
Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism. The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?
A: Church', '
Q: What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?
A: religious freedom', '
Q: What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?
A: Mary', '
Q: Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?
A: papacy', '
Q: In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?
A: 1964']
Between the third and fourth sessions the pope announced reforms in the areas of Roman Curia, revision of Canon Law, regulations for mixed marriages involving several faiths, and birth control issues. He opened the final session of the council, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed. But all texts were finally agreed upon. The Council was concluded on 8 December 1965, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Paul VI enact between the third and fourth ecumenical sessions?
A: reforms', '
Q: What does the Catholic church considered "mixed" in a "mixed marriage"?
A: faiths', '
Q: What is celebrated in the Catholic calendar the 8 of December? 
A: the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.', "
Q: In what year was Paul Vi's final counsel session?
A: 1965", '
Q: With whom did Paul VI celebrate surviving persecution in other countries?
A: bishops']
Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages, rather than in one fell swoop. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with Pontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?
A: Roman Curia', '
Q: In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?
A: 1968', '
Q: With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?
A: Pontificalis Domus', "
Q: What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?
A: bureaucracy", '
Q: Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?
A: non-Italians']
Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves. In Ecclesiae Sanctae, his motu proprio of 6 August 1966, he further invited all bishops to offer their retirement to the pontiff no later than the completion of their 75th year of age. This requirement was extended to all Cardinals of the Catholic Church on 21 November 1970. With these two stipulations, the Pope filled several positions with younger bishops and cardinals, and further internationalized the Roman Curia in light of several resignations due to age.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?
A: eighty', '
Q: At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?
A: 75', '
Q: At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?
A: 75', '
Q: What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?
A: papal elections', "
Q: When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?
A: 1966"]
Reform of the liturgy had been a part of the liturgical movements in the 20th century mainly in France, and Germany which were officially recognized by Pius XII in his encyclical Mediator Dei. During the pontificate of Pius XII, the Vatican eased regulations on the use of Latin in Roman Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals and other events. In 1951 and 1955, the Easter liturgies underwent revision, most notably including the reintroduction of the Easter Triduum. The Second Vatican Council made no changes to the Roman Missal, but in the document Sacrosanctum Concilium mandated that a general revision of it take place. After the Vatican Council, in April 1969, Paul VI approved the "new Order of Mass" promulgated in 1970, as stated in the Acta Apostolica Sedis to "end experimentation" with the Mass and which included the introduction of three new Eucharistic Prayers to what was up to then a single Roman Canon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language was traditionally used in Roman Catholic services?
A: Latin', '
Q: What were revised between 1951 and 1955?
A: Easter liturgies', '
Q: What was re instated to the Easter liturgy by reform?
A: Easter Triduum', '
Q: What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969?
A: Mass', '
Q: How many new prayers were included in the official mass reforms of 1969?
A: three']
The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages. There had been other instructions issued by the Pope in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 which centered on the reform of all liturgies of the Roman Church. These major reforms were not welcomed by all and in all countries. The sudden apparent "outlawing" of the 400-year-old Mass, the last typical edition of which being promulgated only a few years earlier in 1962 by Paul's predecessor, Pope John XXIII, was not always explained well. Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists, such as the usage of pop/folk music (as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X), along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries, was viewed by some as vandalism. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite, the first, which had never been "juridically abrogated", now being an "extraordinary form of the Roman Rite", while the other "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the Forma ordinaria – of the Eucharistic Liturgy".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What type of language did Paul Vi's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass?
A: vernacular", '
Q: How old was the mass reformed by Paul VI?
A: 400-year', '
Q: What type of music was used in traditional mass?
A: Gregorian Chant', '
Q: Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass?
A: Pope Benedict XVI', '
Q: In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized? 
A: 2007']
In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and a year later a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the Pontifical Council for Culture, which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of good will, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on January first of every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the Iron Curtain, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church in Hungary, Poland and Romania, improved during his pontificate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who established the Pontifical Council for Culture?
A: Pope John Paul II', '
Q: What organization did Paul VI create to address non believers by the church?
A: Secretariat for non-Christians', '
Q: What was the Secretariat for non-believers eventually renamed?
A: Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue', '
Q: What Prime Minister did Paul VI attempt to interact with in order to help Catholics in Communist countries?
A: Andrei Gromyko', '
Q: What is celebrated by the Catholic church on January 1 of every year?
A: peace day']
In 1976 Montini became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality. Published by his order in January 1976 was a homily Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, which outlawed pre or extra-marital sex, condemned homosexuality, and forbade masturbation. It provoked French author and former diplomat Roger Peyrefitte, in an interview published by the magazine Tempo, to accuse Montini of hypocrisy, and of having a longtime lover who was a movie actor. According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society, this was Paolo Carlini, who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday. Peyrefitte had previously published the accusation in two books, but the interview (previously published in a French gay magazine) brought the rumors to a wider public and caused an uproar. In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peters Square on April 18, Montini called the charges "horrible and slanderous insinuations" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for Montini were said in all Italian Roman Catholic churches in "a day of consolation". In 1984 a New York Times correspondent repeated the allegations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was pre and extra marital sex outlawed by the Catholic church?
A: 1976', '
Q: Who was accused of being a homosexual in 1976?
A: Montini', "
Q: Who brought allegations of Montini's homosexuality?
A: Roger Peyrefitte", '
Q: On what date did Montini publicly address charges of homosexuality?
A: April 18', "
Q: Who was Montini's alleged lover?
A: Paolo Carlini"]
Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI. He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogotá, Colombia. In 1966, however, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. In 1967, however, fifty years after the first apparition, he visited Fátima in Portugal. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores, who was subdued by the pope's personal bodyguard and trip organizer, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope?
A: six', "
Q: What was Paul Vi's nickname during his papacy?
A: the Pilgrim Pope", '
Q: In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land?
A: 1964', '
Q: In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI?
A: Manila', "
Q: Who organized Paul Vi's visit to Manila?
A: Msgr. Paul Marcinkus"]
Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations. As a gesture of goodwill, the pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewelry, a diamond cross and ring, with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering. During the pope's visit, as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965?
A: United Nations', '
Q: Who was the first pope to visit the United States?
A: Pope Paul VI', '
Q: To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally?
A: United Nations', '
Q: What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?
A: peace', '
Q: What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time?
A: President Johnson']
Like his predecessor Pius XII, Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations. The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate. This was a reflection of a new understanding between Church and State, which had been formulated first by Pius XI and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II. The pastoral constitution Gaudium et spes stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and willing to cooperate with all forms. The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What number doubled during Paul Vi's papacy?
A: foreign embassies", '
Q: Who did Paul Vi want to maintain a continuing dialogue with?
A: nations', '
Q: What document states that the Catholic church is not subject to any particlar government?
A: Gaudium et spes', '
Q: Who did the church retain the right to elect without interference from the state in its constitutional document?
A: bishops', "
Q: What organization officially outlined the church's relationship to state?
A: Vatican II"]
Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, 6 August 1964, the second year of his Pontificate. It is considered an important document, identifying the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ. A later Council document Lumen Gentium stated that the Church subsists in the Body of Christ, raising questions as to the difference between "is" and "subsists in". Paul VI appealed to "all people of good will" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church and between the Churches and with atheism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What catholic document compares the Catholic church to the body of Christ?
A: Ecclesiam suam', '
Q: What document declares that the Roman Catholic church lives within the body of Christ?
A: Lumen Gentium', '
Q: What was being celebrated in the Catholic calendar when the Eccelsiam suam was given in 1964?
A: Feast of the Transfiguration', '
Q: On what date is the Feat of Transfiguration celebrated?
A: 6 August', "
Q: In what city  is the cathedral of St Peter's  located?
A: Rome"]
Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church?
A: Celibacy', '
Q: What is seen as symbolizing the reality of living in the modern world as Roman Catholic priest?
A: Celibacy', "
Q: What document  of 1967 promotes the church's stance of celibacy in the priesthood?
A: Sacerdotalis caelibatus", "
Q: What type of law locked down the Catholic church's stance on celibacy in the priesthood?
A: Canon", '
Q: In what year was Canon Law issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?
A: 1983']
Of his eight encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968. In this encyclical he reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control. There were two Papal committees and numerous independent experts looking into the latest advancement of science and medicine on the question of artificial birth control. which were noted by the Pope in his encyclical The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially Pius XI, Pius XII and John XXIII and never changed, as he repeatedly stated them in the first few years of his Pontificate

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which one of Paul Vi's encyclicals best known in Catholic history?
A: Humanae vitae", "
Q: What did Paul VI's Humanae Vitae condemn?
A: artificial birth control", '
Q: What type of birth control is condemned by the Catholic church?
A: artificial', '
Q: How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish?
A: eight', '
Q: What does Humanae Vitae mean?
A: Of Human Life']