romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?
A: University of Massachusetts Amherst', '
Q: The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?
A: external debts', '
Q: What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?
A: political instability']
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is corruption most noticeable?
A: countries with the smallest per capita incomes', '
Q: These countries rely on foreign aid for what?
A: health services', '
Q: In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?
A: Local', '
Q: Which report described this corruption? 
A: the 2006 World Bank Report', '
Q: How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?
A: about half']
Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of employees received payments?
A: ghost employees', '
Q: Where were drugs siphoned off to?
A: the black market', '
Q: In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?
A: counterfeit drugs', '
Q: If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?
A: money']
Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?
A: environmental destruction', '
Q: Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?
A: bribed', '
Q: Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?
A: social rights worker protection', '
Q: When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?
A: illegitimate economic advantage']
The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?
A: Amartya Sen', '
Q: What can trigger famine conditions?
A: drought', '
Q: While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?
A: government action or inaction']
Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good. Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, India, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen by corrupt officials. Similarly, food aid is often robbed at gunpoint by governments, criminals, and warlords alike, and sold for a profit. The 20th century is full of many examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations – sometimes intentionally.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?
A: kleptocracy']
The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?
A: construction', '
Q: How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?
A: physically diverted', '
Q: Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?
A: assessments']
In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?
A: workmanship', '
Q: What happens with contracts to aid corruption?
A: kickbacks', '
Q: Recipients of aid are concerned about what?
A: exclusion', '
Q: Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?
A: forced to give sexual favors', '
Q: Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?
A: statistics']
Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the "social and culture fund" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless. These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: These types of corruption can harm what?
A: the public health', '
Q: Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?
A: social relationships']
Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?
A: sports', '
Q: Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?
A: anti-doping controls']
Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?
A: artificial', '
Q: What needs to stay away from loopholes?
A: national anti-corruption initiatives']
In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?
A: a bribe', '
Q: What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?
A: two', '
Q: What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?
A: culture of corruption', '
Q: Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?
A: harm']
In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?
A: active and passive bribery']
This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?
A: mutual understanding', '
Q: A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?
A: accepting', '
Q: Bribes can be direct or what?
A: indirect']
Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Selling or trading government position influence is called what?
A: influence peddling', '
Q: Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation?
A: tri-lateral', '
Q: In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what?
A: an accessory', '
Q: Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?
A: distinctive criteria', '
Q: What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence?
A: article 12']
Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?
A: Patronage', '
Q: What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?
A: Romania']
Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?
A: nepotism', '
Q: What is it called when friends are favored over other people?
A: cronyism', '
Q: Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?
A: old boy network']
Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?
A: enemies', '
Q: False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?
A: politically sensitive issues']
Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?
A: Gombeenism', '
Q: Parish pump politics is also called what?
A: parochialism', '
Q: Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?
A: Irish Banking crisis', '
Q: Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?
A: senior management or committee position']
Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Illegal interference with an election is called what?
A: Electoral fraud', '
Q: Another term for electoral fraud is what?
A: voter fraud', '
Q: Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?
A: intimidation']
Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovate his own house.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?
A: Embezzlement', '
Q: It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?
A: public', '
Q: One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?
A: personal']
A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?
A: kickback", '
Q: A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?
A: bidder']
Kickbacks are not limited to government officials; any situation in which people are entrusted to spend funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is not limited to just government officials?
A: Kickbacks']
An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patronage, by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources, an unholy alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest. An early use of the term was by former US President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?
A: unholy alliance', '
Q: While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?
A: patronage']
An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?
A: 1920s and 1930s', '
Q: Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?
A: Du Yuesheng', '
Q: In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?
A: a gang boss']
The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Noriega's government accused of being?
A: narcokleptocracy", '
Q: What country did Noriega rule?
A: Panama', '
Q: What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?
A: United States', '
Q: What is a narcokleptocracy?
A: government profiting on illegal drug trade', "
Q: What is Noriega's first name?
A: Manuel"]
Thomas Jefferson observed a tendency for "The functionaries of every government ... to command at will the liberty and property of their constituents. There is no safe deposit [for liberty and property] ... without information. Where the press is free, and every man able to read, all is safe."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what?
A: safe']
Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption." Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?
A: Brunetti and Weder', '
Q: Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?
A: Adserà, Boix, and Payne', '
Q: About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?
A: different states in the US.']