romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
U.S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009, he stated "Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred." In March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from "Global War on Terror" to "Overseas Contingency Operation" (OCO). In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid use of the term, instead using "Overseas Contingency Operation". Basic objectives of the Bush administration "war on terror", such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. In December 2012, Jeh Johnson, the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, stated that the military fight will be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University, predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened to be ineffective, and has been "effectively destroyed", and thus the conflict will not be an armed conflict under international law. In May 2013, Obama stated that the goal is "to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America"; which coincided with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget having changed the wording from "Overseas Contingency Operations" to "Countering Violent Extremism" in 2010.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Obama say the US is at war with, in 2009?
A: a far-reaching network of violence and hatred', '
Q: What was the "Global War on Terror" officially renamed to in March 2009?
A: Overseas Contingency Operation', '
Q: What term did Obama want the government to stop using?
A: war on terror', '
Q: Who said in 2012 that the fight would change from military to law enforcement?
A: Jeh Johnson', '
Q: What was the  "Overseas Contingency Operations" renamed to in 2010?
A: Countering Violent Extremism']
Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives—it is an entire language or discourse." Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that "the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage". Administration officials also described "terrorists" as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, and, most commonly, evil. Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who said the 'war on terrorism' is 'an entire language of discourse'?
A: Richard Jackson", "
Q: Who said that 9/11 drew a line between 'the civil and the savage'?
A: John Ashcroft", '
Q: What did the Bush administration describe as parasitical?
A: terrorists', '
Q: What did the Bush administration describe as heroic?
A: Americans']
The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of "Afghan Arab" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatwā, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?
A: the Soviet war in Afghanistan', '
Q: When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan?
A: February 1989', "
Q: Which countries supported Afghan islamists against the Soviets?
A: United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China", '
Q: Who did Osama bin Laden volunteer to help fight in the 80s?
A: Soviets', '
Q: Which group later became al-Qaeda?
A: World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders']
On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans. In retaliation, U.S. President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted were associated with WIFJAJC, although others have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan was used as a chemical warfare plant. The plant produced much of the region's antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudan's pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did al-Qaeda attack the US embassy in Kenya?
A: 7 August 1998', '
Q: How many people were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?
A: 224', '
Q: How many Americans were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?
A: 12', '
Q: What operation did Bill Clinton start to retaliate for the 1998 embassy attacks?
A: Operation Infinite Reach', "
Q: How much of Sudan's medicines were produced by a pharmaceutical plant Clinton's operation bombed?
A: around 50%"]
On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history. The hijackers – members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell – intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White House, or the U.S. Capitol. No flights had survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many planes were hijacked on 9/11?
A: four', '
Q: Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of?
A: Hamburg', '
Q: Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?
A: California', '
Q: How many al-Qaeda operatives hijacked planes on 9/11?
A: 19', '
Q: How soon after planes crashed into them did the WTC towers collapse?
A: within two hours']
The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or "AUMF" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What law was signed on Sep 14, 2001?
A: Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists', '
Q: Who did the AUMF authorize the US military attacking?
A: those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001', '
Q: What law did Congress refer to as a basic for the AUMF?
A: section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution', '
Q: When was the War Powers Resolution passed?
A: 1973']
Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the US invade Afghanistan?
A: October 2001', '
Q: Who helped the US invade Afghanistan?
A: UK and coalition allies', '
Q: What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?
A: oust the Taliban regime', '
Q: When did the US begin airstrikes on Afghanistan?
A: 7 October 2001', '
Q: Where did bin Laden escape to in Dec 2001?
A: Pakistan']
The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name "Operation Freedom's Sentinel".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the Taliban regroup in 2002?
A: western Pakistan', '
Q: In what parts of Afghanistan did the Taliban attack Coalition forces in 2002?
A: southern and eastern', '
Q: What operation began in Feb 2010?
A: Operation Moshtarak', '
Q: Where did Operation Moshtarak take place?
A: southern Afghanistan', '
Q: When did Afghanistan sign a security agreement with the US?
A: September 2014']
In January 2002, the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups. The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the island of Basilan. The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called "Operation Smiles". The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part of a "Hearts and Minds" program. Joint Special Operations Task Force – Philippines disbanded in June 2014, ending a 14-year mission. After JSOTF-P disbanded, as late as November 2014, American forces continued to operate in the Philippines under the name "PACOM Augmentation Team".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the USSOC Pacific deploy to in Jan 2002?
A: Philippines', '
Q: What was the goal of the 2002 Philippines deployment?
A: combating Filipino Islamist groups', '
Q: What was the main Filipino Islamist group being attacked?
A: Abu Sayyaf', '
Q: What humanitarian effort followed the 2002 military operation in the Philippines?
A: Operation Smiles', '
Q: What did Operation Smiles do for the Philippines?
A: provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan']
On 14 September 2009, U.S. Special Forces killed two men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe. Witnesses claim that helicopters used for the operation launched from French-flagged warships, but that could not be confirmed. A Somali-based al-Qaida affiliated group, the Al-Shabaab, has confirmed the death of "sheik commander" Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan along with an unspecified number of militants. Nabhan, a Kenyan, was wanted in connection with the 2002 Mombasa attacks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people were killed by US Special Forces on Sep 14, 2009?
A: two', '
Q: Where was the Sep 14, 2009 action?
A: near the Somali village of Baarawe', "
Q: What country's ships did some witnesses say were involved in the Baarawe attack?
A: French", '
Q: What Somali group is affiliated with al-Qaeda?
A: Al-Shabaab', '
Q: What nationality was Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan?
A: Kenyan']
The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic militants. In January 2013, France intervened on behalf of the Malian government's request and deployed troops into the region. They launched Operation Serval on 11 January 2013, with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did a Mali conflict begin?
A: January 2012', '
Q: What group were the Mali radicals affiliated with?
A: al-Qaeda', '
Q: When did France provide troops in Mali?
A: January 2013', '
Q: What did France call its Mali operation?
A: Operation Serval', "
Q: What was Operation Serval's goal?
A: dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali"]
Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War—in Iraq's northern and southern regions, respectively. U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands of "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the first Gulf War begin?
A: 1991', '
Q: How did the first Gulf War end?
A: ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended)', "
Q: Who did the US try to protect in Iraq after the first Gulf War?
A: Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population", '
Q: Which region of Iraq do the Kurds live in?
A: northern', "
Q: Which region of Iraq do the Shi'a live in?
A: southern"]
The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003 when a combined force of British, American and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr. Baghdad, Iraq's capital city, fell to American forces in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein's government quickly dissolved. On 1 May 2003, Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended. However, an insurgency arose against the U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military and post-Saddam government. The insurgency, which included al-Qaeda affiliated groups, led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion. Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders are Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past. Iraq's former president, Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He was executed in 2006.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the first ground attack in the post-9/11 Iraq war?
A: 21 March 2003', '
Q: Which nationalities worked together in the Battle of Umm Qasr?
A: British, American and Polish', '
Q: When did the US capture Baghdad?
A: April 2003', "
Q: When did Bush say 'major combat operations' were complete in Iraq?
A: 1 May 2003", "
Q: What regime were Hussein loyalists part of?
A: Ba'ath"]
In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda's organization, the Iraqi franchise, known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War, gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL), taking over much of the country in a blitzkrieg-like action and combining the Iraq insurgency and Syrian Civil War into a single conflict. Due to their extreme brutality and a complete change in their overall ideology, Al Qaeda's core organization in Central Asia eventually denounced ISIS and directed their affiliates to cut off all ties with this organization. Many analysts[who?] believe that because of this schism, Al Qaeda and ISIL are now in a competition to retain the title of the world's most powerful terrorist organization.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which civil war did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda begin fighting in?
A: Syrian', '
Q: With support from Syrians, what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to?
A: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL)', '
Q: What part of Iraq did ISIS invade?
A: western', "
Q: Who denounced ISIS?
A: Al Qaeda's core organization", '
Q: What relationship do Al Qaeda and ISIS now have?
A: competition']
The Obama administration began to reengage in Iraq with a series of airstrikes aimed at ISIS beginning on 10 August 2014. On 9 September 2014 President Obama said that he had the authority he needed to take action to destroy the militant group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, citing the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, and thus did not require additional approval from Congress. The following day on 10 September 2014 President Barack Obama made a televised speech about ISIL, which he stated "Our objective is clear: We will degrade, and ultimately destroy, ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counter-terrorism strategy". Obama has authorized the deployment of additional U.S. Forces into Iraq, as well as authorizing direct military operations against ISIL within Syria. On the night of 21/22 September the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar started air attacks against ISIS in Syria.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Obama launch airstrikes on ISIS?
A: 10 August 2014', '
Q: What law did Obama cite on Sep 9, 2014?
A: the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists', '
Q: When did Obama make a speech about ISIS on TV?
A: 10 September 2014', '
Q: Which countries worked together to bomb ISIS on Sep 21-22, 2014?
A: the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar', '
Q: Where were the Sep 21-22 airstrikes?
A: Syria']
Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf sided with the U.S. against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by then U.S. President George W. Bush. Musharraf agreed to give the U.S. the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom. United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and other U.S. administration officials met with Musharraf. On 19 September 2001, Musharraf addressed the people of Pakistan and stated that, while he opposed military tactics against the Taliban, Pakistan risked being endangered by an alliance of India and the U.S. if it did not cooperate. In 2006, Musharraf testified that this stance was pressured by threats from the U.S., and revealed in his memoirs that he had "war-gamed" the United States as an adversary and decided that it would end in a loss for Pakistan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Pakistan president supported the US attacking the Taliban?
A: Pervez Musharraf', '
Q: How many Pakistan airbases did Musharraf let the US use?
A: three', "
Q: What was the name of the US's Afghanistan operation?
A: Operation Enduring Freedom", '
Q: Who was the US Secretary of State in 2001?
A: Colin Powell', "
Q: Who said he had 'war-gamed' the US?
A: Musharraf"]
On 12 January 2002, Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism. He unequivocally condemned all acts of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan itself. He stated that his government was committed to rooting out extremism and made it clear that the banned militant organizations would not be allowed to resurface under any new name. He said, "the recent decision to ban extremist groups promoting militancy was taken in the national interest after thorough consultations. It was not taken under any foreign influence".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Musharraf give an anti-Islamism speech?
A: 12 January 2002', "
Q: What did Musharraf say he'd combat?
A: Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan", '
Q: What did Musharraf ban?
A: militant organizations', "
Q: What did Musharraf say his ban wasn't influenced by?
A: foreign influence"]
In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar, head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and took dozens of activists into custody. An official ban was imposed on the groups on 12 January. Later that year, the Saudi born Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was arrested by Pakistani officials during a series of joint U.S.-Pakistan raids. Zubaydah is said to have been a high-ranking al-Qaeda official with the title of operations chief and in charge of running al-Qaeda training camps. Other prominent al-Qaeda members were arrested in the following two years, namely Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who is known to have been a financial backer of al-Qaeda operations, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who at the time of his capture was the third highest-ranking official in al-Qaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for the 11 September attacks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Musharraf arrest Maulana Masood Azhar?
A: 2002', '
Q: What group did Maulana Masood Azhar lead?
A: Jaish-e-Mohammed', '
Q: What group did Hafiz Muhammad Saeed lead?
A: Lashkar-e-Taiba', '
Q: What nationality is Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah?
A: Saudi', '
Q: Which third-highest-ranking al-Qaeda officer was captured?
A: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed']
The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by[according to whom?] a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What controversial technology did the US use in Pakistan?
A: drones', '
Q: Which US agency runs its drones in Pakistan?
A: the Central Intelligence Agency', '
Q: Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones?
A: to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion', '
Q: Abuse of what term allowed a lack of a formal war declaration?
A: Global War on Terror']