romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what?
A: a Samaritan synagogue', '
Q: What does the mosaic at Huldah contain?
A: typical Jewish symbols', '
Q: What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah?
A: Greek', "
Q: The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic?
A: cultic", "
Q: The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic?
A: the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue"]
Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire?
A: Muslim', '
Q: What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration?
A: tile', '
Q: In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work?
A: Roman', '
Q: The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture?
A: remained a flourishing art form']
The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work?
A: the Umayyad Mosque', '
Q: Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located?
A: Damascus', '
Q: What was the significance of Damascus during this time period?
A: capital of the Arab Caliphate', '
Q: What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque?
A: the "Barada Panel"', '
Q: What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque?
A: a fire']
Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what?
A: floor panels', '
Q: What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?
A: Roman country villas', "
Q: Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?
A: the bath house of Hisham's Palace", '
Q: In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?
A: Jordan', '
Q: At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?
A: Umayyad mosaics']
Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found?
A: Moorish Spain', '
Q: The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style?
A: Byzantine', '
Q: Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?
A: the Byzantine Emperor', '
Q: When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created?
A: between 965 and 970', '
Q: Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba?
A: local craftsmen']
Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by Edward Burne-Jones at St Pauls within the Walls in Rome. Another modern mosaic of note is the world's largest mosaic installation located at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, located in St. Louis, Missouri. A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics.) Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the rest areas along some Texas interstate highways.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what?
A: mosaic installation', '
Q: What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics?
A: the rest areas', '
Q: Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic?
A: the Museum of Natural History station', '
Q: Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century?
A: 19th']
In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork?
A: street art', '
Q: Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?
A: the French Invader', '
Q: What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?
A: 8 bit video game character', '
Q: The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?
A: Rubikcubism', '
Q: How does the French Invader create "Rubikcubism" styled mosaics?
A: grids of scrambled Rubik\'s Cubes']
Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement?
A: Lisbon', '
Q: What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?
A: geometric', '
Q: Portuguese pavement is known by what other name?
A: Calçada Portuguesa', '
Q: What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement?
A: streets', '
Q: What is Portuguese pavement?
A: two-tone stone mosaic paving']
The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How were larger mosaics usually constructed?
A: face-down to a backing paper', '
Q: Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?
A: gives the maker time to rework', '
Q: What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?
A: the indirect method', '
Q: What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?
A: murals', '
Q: The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?
A: repetitive']
The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?
A: when it is important to see the work', '
Q: What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?
A: directly controlling the final result of the work', '
Q: When was the double indirect method invented?
A: 1989', '
Q: Who invented the double indirect method?
A: Maurizio Placuzzi', '
Q: What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?
A: sticky plastic']
A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in × 1 in (25 mm × 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile?
A: 1 in × 1 in', '
Q: What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools?
A: express text', '
Q: Where is the most common application of tile mosaics?
A: on a shower room or bathing pool floor', '
Q: How should the tiles be aligned next to each other?
A: in a non-overlapping fashion']
With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why has production automation become popular?
A: high cost of labor in developed countries', '
Q: Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?
A: CAD', '
Q: How much faster is automated creation over handmade?
A: 10 times faster', '
Q: How does the robot pick the tiles it places?
A: a command file', '
Q: What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics?
A: different look']
The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From what language does Universitas come from?
A: Latin', '
Q: What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?
A: they were self-regulating', '
Q: Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?
A: urban town life and medieval guilds', '
Q: Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?
A: princes, prelates']
An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom". This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a university?
A: academic freedom', '
Q: What was the first university?
A: University of Bologna', '
Q: What charter is said to be the first establishing academic freedom in a university?
A: the Constitutio Habita', '
Q: What did the Constitutio Habita say students were allowed?
A: unhindered passage in the interests of education', '
Q: On what date was the Magna Carta Universitatum signed?
A: 18 September 1988']
European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and perhaps from cathedral schools. It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were also founded by Kings (University of Naples Federico II, Charles University in Prague, Jagiellonian University in Kraków) or municipal administrations (University of Cologne, University of Erfurt). In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?
A: monks and nuns', '
Q: What is a scholae monasticae?
A: monastic schools', '
Q: What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?
A: Latin Church', '
Q: In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?
A: immediate forerunners', '
Q: During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?
A: early medieval period']
All over Europe rulers and city governments began to create universities to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge, and the belief that society would benefit from the scholarly expertise generated from these institutions. Princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to this understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which ancient texts began to see more study after universities were formed?
A: Greek', '
Q: What outlook developed the creation of the university system?
A: humanism', '
Q: Why did rulers and governments in Europe form universities?
A: to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge', '
Q: What type of governments were involved in creating universities?
A: city governments']
The rediscovery of Aristotle's works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated –fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these works represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotle's works "a turning point in the history of Western thought." After Aristotle re-emerged, a community of scholars, primarily communicating in Latin, accelerated the process and practice of attempting to reconcile the thoughts of Greek antiquity, and especially ideas related to understanding the natural world, with those of the church. The efforts of this "scholasticism" were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason. This became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Roughly how many pages of the works of Aristotle were translated by the 12th century?
A: more than 3000 pages', '
Q: Richard Dales believes that the work of Aristotle represents the turning point of what?
A: Western thought', '
Q: What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Aristotle?
A: scholasticism', '
Q: What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle?
A: reason', '
Q: What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in?
A: Latin']
The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, although the northern (primarily Germany, France and Great Britain) and southern universities (primarily Italy) did have many elements in common. Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics; while Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna were used for medicine. Outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter. Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology. There were distinct differences in the quality of instruction in these areas which were congruent with their focus, so scholars would travel north or south based on their interests and means. There was also a difference in the types of degrees awarded at these universities. English, French and German universities usually awarded bachelor's degrees, with the exception of degrees in theology, for which the doctorate was more common. Italian universities awarded primarily doctorates. The distinction can be attributed to the intent of the degree holder after graduation – in the north the focus tended to be on acquiring teaching positions, while in the south students often went on to professional positions. The structure of northern universities tended to be modeled after the system of faculty governance developed at the University of Paris. Southern universities tended to be patterned after the student-controlled model begun at the University of Bologna. Among the southern universities, a further distinction has been noted between those of northern Italy, which followed the pattern of Bologna as a "self-regulating, independent corporation of scholars" and those of southern Italy and Iberia, which were "founded by royal and imperial charter to serve the needs of government."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which language was used in lectures in early European universities?
A: Latin', '
Q: For what subjects did professors use the work of Hippocrates?
A: medicine', '
Q: What type of subjects did the universities of northern Europe focus on?
A: arts and theology', "
Q: What type of degree was given out at a English university?
A: bachelor's degrees"]