romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result was the Act of Mediation which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons. Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons' tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who refused to fight alongside the Helvetic Republic when it was invaded by the Russians and Austrians?
A: The Swiss', '
Q: During the Helvetic Republic, which forces invaded Switzerland when war broke out between France and its rivals?
A: Russian and Austrian', '
Q: What Act was the result of a meeting of Swiss politicians organized by Napolean?
A: Act of Mediation', '
Q: What was the Act of Mediation responsible for restoring?
A: Swiss autonomy', '
Q: How many cantons were introduced as a Confederation by the Act of Mediation?
A: 19']
The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. Yet however minor the Sonderbundskrieg appears compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century, it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839?
A: a separate alliance (the Sonderbund)', '
Q: What was the name of the Swiss civil war in 1839?
A: the Sonderbundskrieg', '
Q: How big was the impact the Sonderbundskrieg had on the psychology and society of the Swiss and Switzerland?
A: major', '
Q: What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839?
A: friendly fire', '
Q: How long did the Swiss civil war in 1839 last?
A: less than a month']
Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States, two representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council, with representatives elected from across the country). Referenda were made mandatory for any amendment of this constitution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout?
A: American', '
Q: Under the new Swiss constitution, what did the cantons have the right to self-govern?
A: local issues', '
Q: How many houses was the Swiss national assembly divided into?
A: two', '
Q: What was the name of the upper house, which included 2 representatives from each canton?
A: Council of States', '
Q: What was the name of the lower house, whose representatives were elected throughout the country?
A: National Council']
During World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. Under General Henri Guisan central command, a general mobilisation of the armed forces was ordered. The Swiss military strategy was changed from one of static defence at the borders to protect the economic heartland, to one of organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps known as the Reduit. Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides in the conflict and often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Though invasion plans were drawn up the the Germans, which war did Switzerland escape attack during?
A: World War II', '
Q: Who was the head of the Swiss central command during World War II?
A: General Henri Guisan', '
Q: What did General Henry Guisan order a general mobilisation of during World War II?
A: armed forces', '
Q: What was the original goal of the Swiss military strategy?
A: protect the economic heartland', '
Q: What were the Reduit?
A: strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps']
Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross, based in Geneva, played an important part during the conflict. Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the end of the 20th century.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?
A: by both the Allies and by the Axis", '
Q: What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?
A: a crucial rail link through Vichy France', '
Q: How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?
A: over 300,000', '
Q: When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?
A: end of the 20th century', '
Q: Where was the International Red Cross based?
A: Geneva']
Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984–1989, and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?
A: women', '
Q: When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?
A: 1971', '
Q: Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?
A: Elisabeth Kopp', '
Q: In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president?
A: 1999', "
Q: Who was Switzerland's first female president?
A: Ruth Dreifuss"]
In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving the Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, but is not a member of the European Economic Area. An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but not advanced since the EEA was rejected in December 1992 when Switzerland was the only country to launch a referendum on the EEA. There have since been several referenda on the EU issue; due to a mixed reaction from the population the membership application has been frozen. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to conform with that of the EU, and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been completely surrounded by the EU since Austria's entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that was regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland, a country that is traditionally perceived as independent and reluctant to enter supranational bodies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations?
A: 2002', '
Q: What did Swiss voters agree to join on June 5, 2005?
A: Schengen treaty', '
Q: What percentage of Swiss voters voted to join the Schengen treaty?
A: 55%', '
Q: Though Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, what are they not a member of?
A: European Economic Area', '
Q: What has completely surrounded Switzerland and Liechtenstein since 1995?
A: the EU']
Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi). The population is about 8 million, resulting in an average population density of around 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi). The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half. In the largest Canton of Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km² (70 /sq mi).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How large is Switzerland?
A: 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi)', '
Q: What is the average population density of Switzerland?
A: 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi)', '
Q: What is the population density of the largest Canton of Graubunden, located in the Alps?
A: 27 /km² (70 /sq mi)', '
Q: Which half of Switzerland is more mountainous?
A: southern', '
Q: Which mountain range does Switzerland extend over on both the north and south sides?
A: Alps']
Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country, comprising about 60% of the country's total area. The majority of the Swiss population live in the Swiss Plateau. Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps many glaciers are found, totalling an area of 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe, among which are included Lake Geneva (also called le Lac Léman in French), Lake Constance (known as Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and contains 6% of Europe's stock of fresh water. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. The largest lake is Lake Geneva, in western Switzerland shared with France. The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest Swiss lake and, like the Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border to Austria and Germany. While the Rhône flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camarque region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam in the Netherlands, about 1000 km apart, both springs are only about 22 km apart from each other in the Swiss Alps.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which basic topographical area is in the south of Switzerland?
A: Swiss Alps', '
Q: Which basic topographical area is in central Switzerland?
A: Swiss Plateau', '
Q: Which basic topographical area is in western Switzerland?
A: Jura mountains', "
Q: How much of Switzerland's total area do the Alps comprise?
A: 60%", '
Q: What is the largest lake in Switzerland?
A: Lake Geneva']
48 of Switzerland's mountains are 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea in altitude or higher. At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is often regarded as the most famous. Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais. The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau (4,158 m or 13,642 ft) Eiger and Mönch, and the many picturesque valleys in the region. In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing the St. Moritz area in canton of Graubünden, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m or 13,284 ft).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the highest mountain in Switzerland?
A: Monte Rosa', '
Q: What is often regarded as the most famous mountain in Switzerland?
A: Matterhorn', "
Q: How many of Switzerland's mountains are at least 4000 meters above sea level?
A: 48", '
Q: Where are both Monte Rosa and Matterhorn located?
A: Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais']
The Swiss climate is generally temperate, but can vary greatly between the localities, from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the often pleasant near Mediterranean climate at Switzerland's southern tip. There are some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland where some cold-hardy palm trees are found. Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall so they are ideal for pastures and grazing. The less humid winters in the mountains may see long intervals of stable conditions for weeks, while the lower lands tend to suffer from inversion, during these periods, thus seeing no sun for weeks.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where are Switzerland's glacial conditions located?
A: mountaintops", '
Q: What is typical weather in Switzerland during the summer months?
A: warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall', '
Q: What can the lower lands, suffering from inversion, sometimes lack for weeks?
A: sun', "
Q: What is the climate on Switzerland's southern tip?
A: Mediterranean"]
A weather phenomenon known as the föhn (with an identical effect to the chinook wind) can occur at all times of the year and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing air of very low relative humidity to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the southern face of the Alps. This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind from the south. Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect. The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas. Large alpine areas such as Graubünden remain drier than pre-alpine areas and as in the main valley of the Valais wine grapes are grown there.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the weather phenomena characterized by an unexpected warm wind bringing low reletive humidity to the northern Alps during rainfall in the southern Alps?
A: föhn', '
Q: At what time of year can the fohn occur?
A: all times', '
Q: Where do clouds lose most of their content before getting to the inner alpine valleys?
A: crossing the mountains', '
Q: What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais?
A: wine', '
Q: During the fohn, from which direction is the blowing wind more efficient?
A: the south']
Switzerland's ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable, with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes, and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change. Nevertheless, according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its control of greenhouse gas emissions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index?
A: first among 132 nations', '
Q: What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile?
A: plants not found at other altitudes', '
Q: What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to?
A: climate change', '
Q: What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?
A: renewable']
The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state. It is among the oldest constitutions in the world. A new Constitution was adopted in 1999, but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines basic and political rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. There are three main governing bodies on the federal level: the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was Switzerland's Federal Constitution adopted?
A: 1848", '
Q: When was a new Constitution adopted in Switzerland?
A: 1999', '
Q: How many main governing bodies are on the federal level in Switzerland?
A: three', '
Q: What is the legislative body of the Swiss government called?
A: bicameral parliament', '
Q: What is the executive body of the Swiss government called?
A: Federal Council']
The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, depending on the population of each canton. Members of both houses serve for 4 years. When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many members are on the National Council?
A: 200', '
Q: How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve?
A: 4 years', '
Q: What are both houses of the Swiss Parliament collectively known as when both are in joint session?
A: Federal Assembly', '
Q: What can citizens use to challenge any law passed by Parliament?
A: referendums', '
Q: What can citizens use to introduce amendments to the federal constitution?
A: initiatives']
The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What serves as the collective Head of State?
A: The Federal Council', '
Q: How many members are in the Federal Council?
A: seven', '
Q: Who elects the members of the Federal Council?
A: Federal Assembly', '
Q: What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation?
A: one-year', '
Q: Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members?
A: the Assembly']
Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system. Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the commune, canton and federal levels. The 1848 federal constitution defines a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it is aided by the more commonplace institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as civic rights (Volksrechte, droits civiques), include the right to submit a constitutional initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to?
A: three', '
Q: What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to?
A: commune, canton and federal levels', '
Q: What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution?
A: direct', '
Q: What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions?
A: a constitutional initiative and a referendum', '
Q: What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system?
A: Direct democracy and federalism']
Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[note 8] Parliament can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal, and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in Parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular votes.[note 9]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many voters are needed to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote?
A: 100,000', '
Q: How long do citizens have to collect enough votes for a national vote on a constitutional amendment?
A: 18 months', '
Q: What can Parliament supplement the amendment proposed by the citizens with?
A: a counter-proposal', '
Q: What must voters do on the ballot when Parliament adds a supplement?
A: indicate a preference', '
Q: How much of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular vote is needed to pass a constitutional amendment?
A: a double majority']
The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status. Each canton has its own constitution, and its own parliament, government and courts. However, there are considerable differences between the individual cantons, most particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Zürich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Graubünden). The Cantons comprise a total of 2,485 municipalities. Within Switzerland there are two enclaves: Büsingen belongs to Germany, Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to the Federal Constitution, how many cantons are equal in status?
A: all 26', '
Q: What are the two major differences between cantons?
A: population and geographical area', '
Q: What is the population of the largest canton?
A: 1,253,500 (Zürich)', '
Q: What is the population of the smallest canton?
A: 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden)', '
Q: How large is the smallest canton?
A: 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt)']