romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic. Most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century Partitions of Poland, were ceded to the Second Polish Republic according to the Treaty of Versailles. East Prussia became an exclave, being separated from mainland Germany. After the Treaty of Versailles, East Prussia was separated from Germany as an exclave; the Memelland was also separated from the province. Because most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor, the formerly West Prussian Marienwerder region became part of East Prussia (as Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen). Also Soldau district in Allenstein region was part of Second Polish Republic. The Seedienst Ostpreußen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Germany become a republic?
A: 1918', '
Q: What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?
A: Treaty of Versailles', '
Q: What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?
A: The Seedienst Ostpreußen']
Erich Koch headed the East Prussian Nazi party from 1928. He led the district from 1932. This period was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants. In 1932 the local paramilitary SA had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats in Königsberg, the Otto-Braun-House. The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed; the executive editor of the Social Democrat "Königsberger Volkszeitung", Otto Wyrgatsch, and the German People's Party politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured. Members of the Reichsbanner were attacked and the local Reichsbanner Chairman of Lötzen, Kurt Kotzan, was murdered on 6 August 1932.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party?
A: Erich Koch', '
Q: What large plans did Koch have?
A: mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province', '
Q: What even occurred during the summer of 1932 in Konigsberg?
A: attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats', '
Q: Who was killed in the attack of the Social Democrats?
A: Gustav Sauf']
Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia, a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich. Koch's industrialization plans led him into conflict with R. Walther Darré, who held the office of the Reich Peasant Leader (Reichsbauernführer) and Minister of Agriculture. Darré, a neopaganist rural romantic, wanted to enforce his vision of an agricultural East Prussia. When his "Land" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch had them arrested.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction?
A: publicly funded emergency relief programs', '
Q: What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?
A: Erich Koch Plan', '
Q: What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933?
A: that unemployment had been banished entirely']
In 1938 the Nazis altered about one-third of the toponyms of the area, eliminating, Germanizing, or simplifying a number of Old Prussian names, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from colonists and refugees to Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation. More than 1,500 places were ordered to be renamed by 16 July 1938 following a decree issued by Gauleiter and Oberpräsident Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler. Many who would not cooperate with the rulers of Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps and held prisoner there until their death or liberation.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?
A: 1938", '
Q: Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?
A: 1,500', "
Q: What would happen if some didn't comply with the Nazi's with their demands?
A: sent to concentration camps"]
In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans, the others Poles in the south who, according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350,000, the Latvian speaking Kursenieki, and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast. Most German East Prussians, Masurians, Kursieniki, and Lietuvininkai were Lutheran, while the population of Ermland was mainly Roman Catholic due to the history of its bishopric. The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9,000 in 1933 to 3,000 in 1939, as most fled from Nazi rule. Those who remained were later deported and killed in the Holocaust.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?
A: 2.49 million', '
Q: Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?
A: 85%', '
Q: How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?
A: 3,000', '
Q: What happened to those Jews who remained?
A: deported and killed in the Holocaust.']
In 1939 the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau was annexed by Germany and incorporated into East Prussia. Parts of it were transferred to other regions, e.g. Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein. Despite Nazi propaganda presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant German populations that wanted reunification with Germany, the Reich's statistics of late 1939 show that only 31,000 out of 994,092 people in this territory were ethnic Germans.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?
A: 1939', '
Q: What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?
A: Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein', '
Q: Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country?
A: reunification with Germany']
Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, East Prussia was partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Conference. Southern East Prussia was placed under Polish administration, while northern East Prussia was divided between the Soviet republics of Russia (the Kaliningrad Oblast) and Lithuania (the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region). The city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province largely evacuated during the war, but several hundreds of thousands died during the years 1944–46 and the remainder were subsequently expelled.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II?
A: Poland and the Soviet Union', '
Q: What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946?
A: Kaliningrad', '
Q: What happened to most of the German population during the war in what is current day Kaliningrad?
A: evacuated during the war']
Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely expelled by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system. The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau (Iława). Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?
A: 800,000', '
Q: Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?
A: 45 camps', '
Q: How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?
A: 48,000', '
Q: What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?
A: Wolf children']
Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945. Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia, now the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. In 1950 the Olsztyn Voivodeship counted 689,000 inhabitants, 22.6% of them coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union, 10% Ukrainians, and 18.5% of them pre-war inhabitants. The remaining pre-war population was treated as Germanized Poles and a policy of re-Polonization was pursued throughout the country Most of these "Autochthones" chose to emigrate to West Germany from the 1950s through 1970s (between 1970 and 1988 55,227 persons from Warmia and Masuria moved to Western Germany). Local toponyms were Polonised by the Polish Commission for the Determination of Place Names.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?
A: 1945', '
Q: How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as?
A: Germanized Poles', '
Q: How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?
A: 18.5%']
In April 1946, northern East Prussia became an official province of the Russian SFSR as the "Kyonigsbergskaya Oblast", with the Memel Territory becoming part of the Lithuanian SSR. In June 1946 114,070 German and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered in the Oblast, with an unknown number of disregarded unregistered persons. In July of that year, the historic city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad to honour Mikhail Kalinin and the area named the Kaliningrad Oblast. Between 24 August and 26 October 1948 21 transports with in total 42,094 Germans left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation Zone (which became East Germany). The last remaining Germans left in November 1949 (1,401 persons) and January 1950 (7 persons).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did East Prussia become an official province of Russia?
A: 1946', "
Q: In who's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from  Konigsberg? 
A: Mikhail Kalinin", "
Q: Between August 24th and October 26th how many German's left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation zone?
A: 42,094"]
A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in 1958, where the majority of Curonians now live.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?
A: expelled by the Soviet Union', '
Q: What did the Russians consider Curonians?
A: fascists', '
Q: Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?
A: West Germany']
After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part. In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names. The exclave was a military zone, which was closed to foreigners; Soviet citizens could only enter with special permission. In 1967 the remnants of Königsberg Castle were demolished on the orders of Leonid Brezhnev to make way for a new "House of the Soviets".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Once the German populations was removed, what three groups  settled into the nothern area?
A: ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians', '
Q: In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?
A: eliminating all remnants of German history', '
Q: What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area?
A: names were replaced by new Russian names']
Although the 1945–1949 expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg. The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt, as British bombs in 1944 and the Soviet siege in 1945 had left it in nothing but ruins.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?
A: reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg", '
Q: What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?
A: Kaliningrad', '
Q: How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians?
A: violent and aggressive']
Since 1875, with the strengthening of self-rule, the urban and rural districts (Kreise) within each province (sometimes within each governorate) formed a corporation with common tasks and assets (schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails etc.) called the Provinzialverband (provincial association). Initially the assemblies of the urban and rural districts elected representatives for the provincial diets (Provinziallandtage), which were thus indirectly elected. As of 1919 the provincial diets (or as to governorate diets, the so-called Kommunallandtage) were directly elected by the citizens of the provinces (or governorates, respectively). These parliaments legislated within the competences transferred to the provincial associations. The provincial diet of East Prussia elected a provincial executive body (government), the provincial committee (Provinzialausschuss), and a head of province, the Landeshauptmann ("Land Captain"; till the 1880s titled Landdirektor, land director).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?
A: schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails', '
Q: What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task?
A: Provinzialverband', '
Q: What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets?
A: elected by the citizens of the provinces']
The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه‎ Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?
A: Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey', '
Q: When was the Ottoman empire founded?
A: 1299', '
Q: Who founded the Ottoman empire?
A: Oghuz Turks', '
Q: Where was the Ottoman empire founded?
A: northwestern Anatolia', '
Q: Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?
A: Murad I']
During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.[dn 4]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?
A: Suleiman the Magnificent', '
Q: During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?
A: 16th and 17th centuries', '
Q: How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century?
A: 32 provinces', '
Q: Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over?
A: vassal states', '
Q: What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire?
A: North Africa, and the Horn of Africa']
With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?
A: Constantinople', '
Q: What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?
A: lands around the Mediterranean basin', '
Q: When did the Ottoman empire decline?
A: into the late nineteenth century', '
Q: What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?
A: Germany', '
Q: What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?
A: military setbacks against European powers']
The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name ʿUthmān عثمان of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه), (literally "The Supreme State of the Ottomans") or alternatively Osmanlı Devleti (عثمانلى دولتى).[dn 5] In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ("Ottoman Empire") or Osmanlı Devleti ("The Ottoman State").

Questions and answers:
['
Q: An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?
A: Ottoman', '
Q: What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?
A: House of Osman', '
Q: What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty? 
A: House of Osman', "
Q: What is the origin of Osman's name?
A: Arabic", '
Q: In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as?
A: The Supreme State of the Ottomans']
Ertuğrul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines. After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258–1326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived. Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the father of Osman I?
A: Ertuğrul', "
Q: How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?
A: 400 horsemen", '
Q: When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise?
A: 14th century', '
Q: What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as?
A: Ghazi emirates', '
Q: To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?
A: Byzantine Empire']
In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. This Ottoman conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which city did Osman's son capture?
A: Bursa", "
Q: In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city?
A: 1324", '
Q: What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city?
A: Orhan', '
Q: What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387?
A: Thessaloniki', "
Q: In what year did the Ottoman's have a victory at Kosovo?
A: 1389"]
With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?
A: conquest of Constantinople', '
Q: What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?
A: Byzantine', '
Q: What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?
A: Timur', '
Q: Timur was the founder of what?
A: Timurid Empire', '
Q: What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?
A: Battle of Ankara']