romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In India, the legislation subjects are divided into 3 lists -Union List, State List and Concurrent List . In the normal legislation process, the subjects in Union list can only be legislated upon by central legislative body called Parliament of India, for subjects in state list only respective state legislature can legislate. While for Concurrent subjects, both center and state can make laws. But to implement international treaties, Parliament can legislate on any subject overriding the general division of subject lists.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Into what 3 lists are legislation subjects divided in India?
A: Union List, State List and Concurrent List', '
Q: What type of legislative subjects can both the central legislative body and state legislatures make laws?
A: Concurrent subjects', '
Q: What is the central legislative body in India?
A: Parliament of India', '
Q: In order to implement international treaties, for what subjects can the Parliament of India legislate to override the general division of subject lists?
A: any subject', '
Q: What subjects can only be legislated by the central legislative body in India?
A: the subjects in Union list']
Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and, in many parts of the world, Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples. In most cases these treaties were in extremely disadvantageous terms to the native people, who often did not appreciate the implications of what they were signing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What formed an important part of European colonization?
A: Treaties', '
Q: With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization?
A: indigenous peoples', '
Q: What terms in relation to Europeans did most indigenous people enjoy under treaties?
A: extremely disadvantageous terms', '
Q: What aspect of the treaties that indigenous people signed with Europeans did the indigenous people typically not understand?
A: the implications', '
Q: What did Europeans try to legitimize all over the world by signing treaties with indigenous people?
A: their sovereignty']
In some rare cases, such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China, the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of European colonization. This involved learning the intricacies of European diplomatic customs and then using the treaties to prevent a power from overstepping their agreement or by playing different powers against each other.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what two rare cases were local governments able to mitigate the impact of of European colonization through treaties?
A: Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China', '
Q: What did Ethiopians learn in order to use treaties to prevent a European power from overstepping their agreement?
A: the intricacies of European diplomatic customs', '
Q: Both Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China learned the intricacies of European diplomatic customs to mitigate what through treaties?
A: the impact of European colonization', '
Q: In addition to preventing a power from overstepping their agreement, how was Ethiopia able to mitigate the impact of European colonization?
A: by playing different powers against each other', '
Q: Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China were both able to prevent European powers from doing what to their agreements?
A: overstepping']
In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the Māori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine of terra nullius (later overturned by Mabo v Queensland, establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli). Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?
A: autonomy', '
Q: What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?
A: Māori', '
Q: What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title?
A: terra nullius', '
Q: The concept of native title was established by what court case?
A: Mabo v Queensland', '
Q: Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century?
A: colonizers']
Prior to 1871, the government of the United States regularly entered into treaties with Native Americans but the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871 (ch. 120, 16 Stat. 563) had a rider (25 U.S.C. § 71) attached that effectively ended the President’s treaty making by providing that no Indian nation or tribe shall be acknowledged as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. The federal government continued to provide similar contractual relations with the Indian tribes after 1871 by agreements, statutes, and executive orders.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What legislative act provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as an independent nation with whom the United States may contract by treaty?
A: Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871', '
Q: By what did the US federal government provide contractual relations with Indian tribes following the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871?
A: agreements, statutes, and executive orders', '
Q: Prior to what year did the United States regularly enter into treaties with Native Americans?
A: 1871', '
Q: A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as what?
A: an independent nation, tribe, or power', '
Q: A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that the US government could not do what with an Indian nation?
A: contract by treaty']
Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz tîto]; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892[nb 1] – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Josip Broz Tito die?
A: 1980', '
Q: During World War II what resistance movement did he lead?
A: the Partisans,', '
Q: For what country is Tito viewed as  unifying figure?
A: Yugoslavia', '
Q: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Egyptian leader did Tito work with?
A: Gamal Abdel Nasser', '
Q: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Indonesian leader did Tito work with?
A: Sukarno']
He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–45). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–63), President (later President for Life) (1953–80) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, Josip Broz Tito received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What position in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was Tito?
A: General Secretary', "
Q: What position in Yugoslavia's government did Tito hold from 1944-63?
A: Prime Minister", '
Q: How many foreign decorations did he receive?
A: 98', '
Q: What foreign decorations did Tito recieve?
A: Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath', '
Q: During what years did Tito lead the Partisans?
A: 1941–45']
Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Croatia. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What ethnicity was Tito's mother?
A: Slovene", "
Q: What ethnicity was Tito's father?
A: Croat", '
Q: Who captured him during World War I?
A: the Imperial Russians', '
Q: Tito joined which unit in Omsk?
A: Red Guard', '
Q: What party in Yugoslavia did he join?
A: Communist Party']
Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from 1943 to 1991–92. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, soon he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony and the only one to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program. Tito was a backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as "national communism"). In 1951 he implemented a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist countries. A turn towards a model of market socialism brought economic expansion in the 1950s and 1960s and a decline during the 1970s. His internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment and the promotion of the "brotherhood and unity" of the six Yugoslav nations. After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade, and which continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics. He remains a very controversial figure in the Balkans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the second Yugoslavia start?
A: 1943', '
Q: What group did Tito found?
A: Cominform', '
Q: When did Tito implement a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist coutnries?
A: 1951', '
Q: When did Tito die?
A: 1980', '
Q: When did Yugoslavia disintegrate?
A: 1991']
Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec, in the northern Croatian region of Hrvatsko Zagorje in Austria-Hungary.[nb 1] He was the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz. His father, Franjo Broz (26 November 1860 – 16 December 1936), was a Croat, while his mother Marija (25 March 1864 – 14 January 1918), was a Slovene. His parents were married on 21 January 1891. After spending part of his childhood years with his maternal grandfather Martin Javeršek in the Slovenian village of Podsreda, he entered primary school in 1900 at Kumrovec, he failed the 2nd grade and graduated in 1905. In 1907 he moved out of the rural environment and started working as a machinist's apprentice in Sisak. There, he became aware of the labour movement and celebrated 1 May – Labour Day for the first time. In 1910, he joined the union of metallurgy workers and at the same time the Social-Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia. Between 1911 and 1913, Broz worked for shorter periods in Kamnik (1911–1912, factory "Titan"), Cenkov, Munich and Mannheim, where he worked for the Benz car factory; then he went to Wiener Neustadt, Austria, and worked as a test driver for Daimler.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was Josip Broz born?
A: Kumrovec', '
Q: In what year was Broz born?
A: 1892', "
Q: What ethnicity was Broz's father?
A: Croat", "
Q: What ethnicity was Broz's mother?
A: Slovene", '
Q: What grade did he fail?
A: 2nd']
In the autumn of 1913, he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was sent to a school for non-commissioned officers and became a sergeant, serving in the 25th Croatian Regiment based in Zagreb. In May 1914, Broz won a silver medal at an army fencing competition in Budapest. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he was sent to Ruma, where he was arrested for anti-war propaganda and imprisoned in the Petrovaradin fortress. In January 1915, he was sent to the Eastern Front in Galicia to fight against Russia. He distinguished himself as a capable soldier, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army. For his bravery in the face of the enemy, he was recommended for the Silver Bravery Medal but was taken prisoner of war before it could be formally presented. On 25 March 1915, while in Bukovina, he was seriously wounded and captured by the Russians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was he conscripted into the army?
A: 1913', '
Q: What position in the army did he become after office school?
A: sergeant', '
Q: What competition did he win a silver medal in?
A: fencing', '
Q: For what crime was he arrested?
A: anti-war propaganda', '
Q: Where was Tito serioiusly wounded and captured by the Russians at?
A: Bukovina']
After 13 months at the hospital, Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader. In February 1917, revolting workers broke into the prison and freed the prisoners. Broz subsequently joined a Bolshevik group. In April 1917, he was arrested again but managed to escape and participate in the July Days demonstrations in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) on 16–17 July 1917. On his way to Finland, Broz was caught and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for three weeks. He was again sent to Kungur, but escaped from the train. He hid with a Russian family in Omsk, Siberia where he met his future wife Pelagija Belousova. After the October Revolution, he joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Following a White counteroffensive, he fled to Kirgiziya and subsequently returned to Omsk, where he married Belousova. In the spring of 1918, he joined the Yugoslav section of the Russian Communist Party. By June of the same year, Broz left Omsk to find work and support his family, and was employed as a mechanic near Omsk for a year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long was Broz in the hospital?
A: 13 months', "
Q: Where was Broz's work camp?
A: Ural Mountains", '
Q: What position was he selected for at work camp?
A: camp leader', '
Q: Where did Broz flee to after a White counteroffensive?
A: Kirgiziya', '
Q: Where did Broz marry Belousova?
A: Omsk']
In January 1920, Tito and his wife made a long and difficult journey home to Yugoslavia where he arrived in September. Upon his return, Broz joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. The CPY's influence on the political life of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was growing rapidly. In the 1920 elections the Communists won 59 seats in the parliament and became the third strongest party. Winning numerous local elections, they gained a stronghold in the second largest city of Zagreb, electing Svetozar Delić for mayor. After the assassination of Milorad Drašković, the Yugoslav Minister of the Interior, by a young communist on 2 August 1921, the CPY was declared illegal under the Yugoslav State Security Act of 1921. During 1920 and 1921 all Communist-won mandates were nullified. Broz continued his work underground despite pressure on Communists from the government. As 1921 began he moved to Veliko Trojstvo near Bjelovar and found work as a machinist. In 1925, Broz moved to Kraljevica where he started working at a shipyard. He was elected as a union leader and a year later he led a shipyard strike. He was fired and moved to Belgrade, where he worked in a train coach factory in Smederevska Palanka. He was elected as Workers' Commissary but was fired as soon as his CPY membership was revealed. Broz then moved to Zagreb, where he was appointed secretary of Metal Workers' Union of Croatia. In 1928, he became the Zagreb Branch Secretary of the CPY. In the same year he was arrested, tried in court for his illegal communist activities, and sent to jail. During his five years at Lepoglava prison he met Moša Pijade, who became his ideological mentor. After his release, he lived incognito and assumed numerous noms de guerre, among them "Walter" and "Tito".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many seats did the Communists win in 1920 Yugoslavia?
A: 59', '
Q: Who was elected mayor of Zagreb after the Communists won 59 parliamentary seats?
A: Svetozar Delić', '
Q: Where did Broz move in 1921?
A: Veliko Trojstvo', '
Q: How long was he in prison at Lepoglava for?
A: five years', '
Q: Who became his ideological mentor in prison?
A: Moša Pijade,']
In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan Đilas, Aleksandar Ranković and Boris Kidrič. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). Tito was also involved in recruiting for the Dimitrov Battalion, a group of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the Comintern sent "Comrade Walter" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorkić, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Tito sent to Vienna?
A: 1934', '
Q: Who did Stalin have murdered in 1937?
A: Milan Gorkić', '
Q: Where was the Secretary-General of the CPY murdered?
A: Moscow', '
Q: Who became Secretary-General of the CPY after the prior one was murdered?
A: Tito', '
Q: Who is known as "Comrade Walter"?
A: Tito']
On 6 April 1941, German forces, with Hungarian and Italian assistance, launched an invasion of Yugoslavia. On 10 April 1941, Slavko Kvaternik proclaimed the Independent State of Croatia, and Tito responded by forming a Military Committee within the Central Committee of the Yugoslav Communist Party. Attacked from all sides, the armed forces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia quickly crumbled. On 17 April 1941, after King Peter II and other members of the government fled the country, the remaining representatives of the government and military met with the German officials in Belgrade. They quickly agreed to end military resistance. On 1 May 1941, Tito issued a pamphlet calling on the people to unite in a battle against the occupation. On 27 June 1941, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia appointed Tito Commander in Chief of all project national liberation military forces. On 1 July 1941, the Comintern sent precise instructions calling for immediate action.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did German forces launch an invasion of Yugoslavia?
A: 6 April 1941', '
Q: Which king fled the country in 1941?
A: King Peter II', '
Q: What did Tito use to get the people to unit in a battle against the occupation in 1941?
A: pamphlet', '
Q: What position was Tito appointed to in 1941 by the Central Committee?
A: Chief of all project national liberation military forces.', '
Q: In 1941, where did representatives of the government and military meet with German officials?
A: Belgrade']
Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the "Republic of Užice". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović on 19 September and 27 October 1941. It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews, and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who succeeded in liberating territory despite conflicts?
A: Partisans', '
Q: Who did the Partisans have conflicts with?
A: Chetnik movement', '
Q: Which Chetnik leader did Tito hold talks with?
A: Draža Mihailović', '
Q: Which group did Tito order his forces to assist?
A: escaping Jews,', '
Q: 2000 of what group fought directly for Tito?
A: Jews']
On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by Koča Popović) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade. In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as civilian government. The Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) convened in Bihać on 26–27 November 1942 and in Jajce on 29 November 1943. In the two sessions, the resistance representatives established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, deciding on a federation of the Yugoslav nations. In Jajce, a 67-member "presidency" was elected and established a nine-member National Committee of Liberation (five communist members) as a de facto provisional government. Tito was named President of the National Committee of Liberation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Partisans create the First Proletarian Brigade?
A: 1941', '
Q: When did Tito create the Second Proletarian Brigade?
A: 1942', '
Q: What position was Tito named to for the National Committee of LIberation?
A: President', '
Q: Where was the 67-member "presidency" located?
A: Jajce', '
Q: How many members were in the "presidency" in Jajce?
A: 67']
With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the Balkans, the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command. This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans after the Raid on Drvar (Operation Rösselsprung), an airborne assault outside his Drvar headquarters in Bosnia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who diverted resources to the destruction of the Partisans?
A: Axis', '
Q: Who was the opponent of the Allies?
A: Axis', '
Q: Which group of people wanted to capture Tito personally?
A: German', '
Q: In 1944 where did Tito manage to avoid the Germans?
A: Drvar', '
Q: What type of assault was there in Bosnia?
A: airborne']
After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from Draža Mihailović to Tito. King Peter II, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the Tehran Conference. This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the Partisans. On 17 June 1944 on the Dalmatian island of Vis, the Treaty of Vis (Viški sporazum) was signed in an attempt to merge Tito's government (the AVNOJ) with the government in exile of King Peter II. The Balkan Air Force was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was attacking the Partisans in 1943?
A: Axis', '
Q: From whom did Allied leaders switch their support from to Tito?
A: Draža Mihailović', '
Q: Who was the Soviet Premier who recognized Tito?
A: Stalin', '
Q: At what event was Tito recognized by Stalin?
A: Tehran Conference', '
Q: When was the Balkan air force formed?
A: 1944']