romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of modern history and early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?
A: Italy', '
Q: What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?
A: classical antiquity', '
Q: What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?
A: the Renaissance', '
Q: What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of?
A: modern history and early modern Europe']
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Ann Arbor founded?
A: 1824', '
Q: Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?
A: University of Michigan', "
Q: During  the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?
A: center for left-wing politics", "
Q: Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?
A: Bur Oak"]
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as "Annarbour;" this represents the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's sawmill.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who founded Ann Arbor?
A: John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey', '
Q: What was the profession of the founders of Ann arbor?
A: land speculators', '
Q: Which tribe named the settlement as kaw-goosh-kaw-nick?
A: Ojibwa', '
Q: For how much money did the founders purchase the land from the federal government?
A: $800', '
Q: What were the names of the founders wives?
A: Ann']
Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north—south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland. Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Ann Arbor has been linked with which university?
A: University of Michigan', '
Q: Which town became the regional transport hub in 1878?
A: Ann Arbor', '
Q: Who were the early settlers of Ann Arbor?
A: British', '
Q: In which year was Ann Arbor chartered as a city?
A: 1851', '
Q: In 1916, what was the name of the Synagogue that was establish?
A: Beth Israel Congregation']
During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War. During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city. These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance; many of these remain in effect in modified form. Alongside these liberal and left-wing efforts, a small group of conservative institutions were born in Ann Arbor. These include Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement; and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999), a religious-conservative advocacy group.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Thomas More Law center established?
A: 1999', '
Q: What was the Thomas More law group?
A: a religious-conservative advocacy group', "
Q: During the early & mid 70's, which party won the city council seats?
A: Human Rights Party"]
In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On 4 November 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits. Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year. In 2008, it was ranked by CNNMoney.com 27th out of 100 "America's best small cities". And in the year 2010, Forbes listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the United States of America.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which magazine listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the USA?
A: Forbes', '
Q: For the past few years, what effects has the city Ann Arbor grappled with?
A: sharply rising land values', '
Q: What plan did the city voters approve in 2003?
A: greenbelt plan']
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.70 square miles (74.33 km2), of which, 27.83 square miles (72.08 km2) of it is land and 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is water, much of which is part of the Huron River. Ann Arbor is about 35 miles (56 km) west of Detroit. Ann Arbor Charter Township adjoins the city's north and east sides. Ann Arbor is situated on the Huron River in a productive agricultural and fruit-growing region. The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd. Generally, the west-central and northwestern parts of the city and U-M's North Campus are the highest parts of the city; the lowest parts are along the Huron River and in the southeast. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at 42°13.38′N 83°44.74′W﻿ / ﻿42.22300°N 83.74567°W﻿ / 42.22300; -83.74567, has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On which river is the city of Ann Arbor situated?
A: Huron', '
Q: What is the landscape of Ann Arbor like?
A: hills and valleys', "
Q: What is the name of the city's airport?
A: Ann Arbor Municipal Airport"]
Ann Arbor's "Tree Town" nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees. The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as?
A: Tree Town', '
Q: How many parks are there in the city of Ann Arbor?
A: 157', '
Q: What is the name of the Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan?
A: Nichols Arboretum', '
Q: How big is the Matthaei botanical garden?
A: 300 acres']
The Kerrytown Shops, Main Street Business District, the State Street Business District, and the South University Business District are commercial areas in downtown Ann Arbor. Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side. Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which district has the farmers market in the city?
A: Kerrytown district', '
Q: Which districts compose mostly of 2-4 story structures?
A: commercial districts', '
Q: Which area in the city contains 19th&20th century as well as modern structures?
A: Downtown']
Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th-century and early-20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown, is the tallest building in Ann Arbor. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which century does the Kit houses belong to?
A: 20th century', '
Q: Who primarily occupies the complexes surrounding the University?
A: student renters', '
Q: Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?
A: Tower Plaza', '
Q: When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places?
A: 1972']
Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold with moderate to heavy snowfall, while summers are very warm and humid, and spring and autumn are short but mild. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter. The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72.6 °F (22.6 °C), while the same figure for January is 24.5 °F (−4.2 °C). Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 10 days, and drop to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages 58 inches (147 cm) per season. The lowest recorded temperature was −23 °F (−31 °C) on 11 February 1885 and the highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on 24 July 1934.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many seasons are experienced in the city of Ann Arbor?
A: four', '
Q: When is the precipitation highest in Ann Arbor?
A: summer', '
Q: What is the average snowfall for the city?
A: 58 inches']
As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 113,394 people, 45,634 households, and 21,704 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,270.33 people per square mile (2653.47/km²). There were 49,982 housing units at an average density of 1,748.0 per square mile (675.0/km²), making it less densely populated than inner-ring Detroit suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale (and than Detroit proper), but more densely populated than outer-ring suburbs like Livonia or Troy. The racial makeup of the city was 73.0% White (70.4% non-Hispanic White), 7.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 14.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 4.1% of the population.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the population density of the city?
A: 4,270.33 people per square mile', '
Q: What percentage makes up for the whites living in the city?
A: 73.0%', '
Q: Which parts of the city of Detroit are densely populated?
A: Oak Park and Ferndale']
In 2000, out of 45,693 households, 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.5% were nonfamilies. 35.5% of households were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.90. The age distribution was 16.8% under 18, 26.8% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% were 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 97.7 males; while for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the average household size in the city of Ann Arbor?
A: 2.22', '
Q: What is the average family size in the city of Ann Arbor?
A: 2.90', '
Q: What is the median age for the city of Ann Arbor?
A: 28']
The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors and Visteon, also employ residents.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Name some automobile manufacturers in the city of Ann Arbor
A: General Motors and Visteon', '
Q: What is the employee count of the University of Michigan?
A: 30,000', "
Q: Nam the major components for the City's growth.
A: High tech, health services and biotechnology"]
High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933). The Argus camera company, originally a subsidiary of International Radio, manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to the 1960s. Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), MediaSpan (provider of software and online services for the media industries), Truven Health Analytics, and ProQuest, which includes UMI. Ann Arbor Terminals manufactured a video-display terminal called the Ann Arbor Ambassador during the 1980s. Barracuda Networks, which provides networking, security, and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services, opened an engineering office in Ann Arbor in 2008 on Depot St. and recently announced it will move downtown to occupy the building previously used as the Borders headquarters.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which company manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to 1960's?
A: Argus camera company", '
Q: Which network company opened up in 2008 providing security, storage & networking?
A: Barracuda Networks', '
Q: International Radio introduced which mass produced product from the city of Ann Arbor?
A: AC/DC radio']
Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street, which once housed the Michigan Information Technology Center Foundation. The city is also home to the headquarters of Google's AdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream. The recent surge in companies operating in Ann Arbor has led to a decrease in its office and flex space vacancy rates. As of 31 December 2012, the total market vacancy rate for office and flex space is 11.80%, a 1.40% decrease in vacancy from one year previous, and the lowest overall vacancy level since 2003. The office vacancy rate decreased to 10.65% in 2012 from 12.08% in 2011, while the flex vacancy rate decreased slightly more, with a drop from 16.50% to 15.02%.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which company's adwords program is headquartered at Ann Arbor?
A: Google", '
Q: Name some website or media companies located in Ann Arbor.
A: All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo', '
Q: What company is Merit network?
A: education computer network']
Pfizer, once the city's second largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. On 22 January 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008. The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. In December 2008, the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities, and the university anticipates hiring 2,000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of Lotus Engineering, General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and the Toyota Technical Center. The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who is the city's 2nd largest employer?
A: Pfizer", '
Q: Which non-profit non-governmental organization is located in Ann Arbor?
A: National Sanitation Foundation International', '
Q: How many researchers does the University of Michigan expect to hire?
A: 2,000']
Borders Books, started in Ann Arbor, was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books. The Borders chain was based in the city, as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011. Domino's Pizza's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a 271-acre (110 ha) Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city. Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Zingerman's has grown into a family of companies which offers a variety of products (bake shop, mail order, creamery, coffee) and services (business education). Flint Ink Corp., another Ann Arbor-based company, was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer until it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions in October 2005. Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is also headquartered in Ann Arbor. Aastrom Biosciences, a publicly traded company that develops stem cell treatments for cardiovascular diseases, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Borders Books open up in Ann Arbor?
A: 1971', '
Q: Who opened the Borders Books store in Ann Arbor?
A: Tom and Louis Borders', "
Q: Which pizza chain is headquartered at Ann Arbor?
A: Domino's Pizza's", "
Q: Which company was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer till 2005?
A: Flint Ink Corp", '
Q: Avfuel, a global supplier of what services is headquartered in Ann Arbor?
A: aviation fuels']
Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown. Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater, the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (established in 1954 as Michigan's first chartered ballet company), The Ark, and Performance Network Theatre. Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors. These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the University Musical Society founded?
A: 1879', '
Q: How many events does the University Musical Society present in a year?
A: over 60', '
Q: When was the Ann Arbor civic Ballet established?
A: 1954', "
Q: Name Michigan's first Civic chartered company.
A: Ann Arbor Civic Ballet"]
The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station. Multiple art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus. Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street, South State Street, and South University Avenue areas, Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita. The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which museum is located at Ann Arbors historic downtown fire station?
A: The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum', '
Q: Ann Arbor ranks 1st among what goods sold?
A: books', '
Q: Which presidential library is located in Ann Arbor?
A: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library']