romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Berlin starts National Cyber Defense Initiative: On June 16, 2011, the German Minister for Home Affairs, officially opened the new German NCAZ (National Center for Cyber Defense) Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum located in Bonn. The NCAZ closely cooperates with BSI (Federal Office for Information Security) Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BKA (Federal Police Organisation) Bundeskriminalamt (Deutschland), BND (Federal Intelligence Service) Bundesnachrichtendienst, MAD (Military Intelligence Service) Amt für den Militärischen Abschirmdienst and other national organisations in Germany taking care of national security aspects. According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23, 2011, is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does NCAZ stand for?
A: Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum', '
Q: What does NCAZ take care of?
A: national security aspects', '
Q: When was NCAZ opened?
A: June 16, 2011', '
Q: Whan was NCAZ founded?
A: February 23, 2011', '
Q: What is the purpose of NCAZ?
A: to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure']
Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim. These texts were subsequently developed and applied by later authorities, known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. Orthodox Judaism generally includes Modern Orthodox Judaism (אורתודוקסיה מודרנית) and Ultra-Orthodox or Haredi Judaism (יהדות חרדית), but complete within is a wide range of philosophies. Although Orthodox Judaism would probably be considered the mainstream expression of Judaism prior to the 19th century, for some Orthodox Judaism is a modern self-identification that distinguishes it from traditional pre-modern Judaism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation?
A: Orthodox', '
Q: What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism?
A: Torah', '
Q: what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim?
A: Talmudic', '
Q: What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of?
A: Haredi Judaism', '
Q: Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what?
A: pre-modern Judaism']
According to the New Jersey Press Association, several media entities refrain from using the term "ultra-Orthodox", including the Religion Newswriters Association; JTA, the global Jewish news service; and the Star-Ledger, New Jersey’s largest daily newspaper. The Star-Ledger was the first mainstream newspaper to drop the term. Several local Jewish papers, including New York's Jewish Week and Philadelphia's Jewish Exponent have also dropped use of the term. According to Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer, spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center in Cliffside Park and former executive editor of Jewish Week, this leaves "Orthodox" as "an umbrella term that designates a very widely disparate group of people very loosely tied together by some core beliefs."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the global Jewish news service known as?
A: JTA', '
Q: What term do media entities refrain from using?
A: "ultra-Orthodox', "
Q: What is New Jersey's largest daily paper?
A: the Star-Ledger", '
Q: Who is the spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center?
A: Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer', '
Q: Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located?
A: Cliffside Park']
Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with contemporary society. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can "be enriched" by its intersection with modernity; further, "modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of halakha, any area of "powerful inconsistency and conflict" between Torah and modern culture must be avoided. Modern Orthodoxy, additionally, assigns a central role to the "People of Israel".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies? 
A: Modern Orthodoxy', '
Q: Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?
A: People of Israel', '
Q: What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?
A: halakha', '
Q: What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?
A: Divine work', '
Q: What is modern cutlture in conflict with?
A: Torah']
Externally, Orthodox Jews can be identified by their manner of dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called "tzitzit". Haredi men often grow beards and always wear black hats and suits, indoors and outdoors. However, Modern Orthodox Jews are commonly indistinguishable in their dress from those around them.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do orthodox women dress mosly?
A: covered', '
Q: what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?
A: hair', '
Q: What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?
A: kipa', '
Q: What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?
A: tzitzit', '
Q: What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?
A: Haredi']
Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah, including both the Written Law (Pentateuch) and those parts of the Oral Law which are "halacha leMoshe m'Sinai", were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how to apply and interpret them, the Oral Law. Although Orthodox Jews believe that many elements of current religious law were decreed or added as "fences" around the law by the rabbis, all Orthodox Jews believe that there is an underlying core of Sinaitic law and that this core of the religious laws Orthodox Jews know today is thus directly derived from Sinai and directly reflects the Divine will. As such, Orthodox Jews believe that one must be extremely careful in interpreting Jewish law. Orthodox Judaism holds that, given Jewish law's Divine origin, no underlying principle may be compromised in accounting for changing political, social or economic conditions; in this sense, "creativity" and development in Jewish law is limited.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the written law of the Torah known as?
A: Pentateuch', '
Q: Who dictated the oral law to Moses?
A: God', '
Q: What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called?
A: Oral Law', '
Q: What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today?
A: Sinaitic law', '
Q: What is the origin of Jewish Law?
A: Divine']
In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamburg , as reflected in the booklet "Ele Divrei HaBerit". As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig, Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael" in German and Hebrew, having 177 Rabbis sign on. At this time the first Orthodox Jewish periodical, "Der Treue Zions Waechter", was launched with the Hebrew supplement "Shomer Zion HaNe'eman" [1845 - 1855]. In later years it was Rav Ettlinger's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch commented in 1854:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?
A: Berlin', '
Q: what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?
A: Jacob Ettlinger', '
Q: What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?
A: Shlomei Emunei Yisrael', "
Q: How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?
A: 177", '
Q: Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?
A: Berlin']
Jewish historians also note that certain customs of today's Orthodox are not continuations of past practice, but instead represent innovations that would have been unknown to prior generations. For example, the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy's hair for the first time on his third birthday (upshirin or upsheerin, Yiddish for "haircut") "originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice," and "Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context." The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot (grains and legumes such as rice, corn, beans, and peanuts) during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud, has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter, but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?
A: third birthday", "
Q: What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?
A: burned", '
Q: What are grains and legumes known as?
A: kitniyot', '
Q: What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?
A: Ashkenazi', '
Q: What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?
A: Talmud']
Haredi Judaism advocates segregation from non-Jewish culture, although not from non-Jewish society entirely. It is characterised by its focus on community-wide Torah study. Haredi Orthodoxy's differences with Modern Orthodoxy usually lie in interpretation of the nature of traditional halakhic concepts and in acceptable application of these concepts. Thus, engaging in the commercial world is a legitimate means to achieving a livelihood, but individuals should participate in modern society as little as possible. The same outlook is applied with regard to obtaining degrees necessary to enter one's intended profession: where tolerated in the Haredi society, attending secular institutions of higher education is viewed as a necessary but inferior activity. Academic interest is instead to be directed toward the religious education found in the yeshiva. Both boys and girls attend school and may proceed to higher Torah study, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18. A significant proportion of students, especially boys, remain in yeshiva until marriage (which is often arranged through facilitated dating – see shiduch), and many study in a kollel (Torah study institute for married men) for many years after marriage. Most Orthodox men (including many Modern Orthodox), even those not in Kollel, will study Torah daily.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of Judaism advocated segregation from non-Jewish culture?
A: Haredi Judaism', '
Q: What should individuals participate as little as possible in?
A: modern society', '
Q: Attending secular institution of higher education is viewed as necessary but inferior in what society?
A: Haredi', '
Q: What do a significant portion of boys remain in until marriage?
A: yeshiva', '
Q: What is a Torah study institute for married men called?
A: kollel']
Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the "Mitzvot", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret them. Furthermore, the Oral law includes principles designed to create new rules. The Oral law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy. Jewish theologians, who choose to emphasize the more evolutionary nature of the Halacha point to a famous story in the Talmud, where Moses is miraculously transported to the House of Study of Rabbi Akiva and is clearly unable to follow the ensuing discussion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?
A: Mount Sinai', '
Q: Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?
A: God', '
Q: What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?
A: Mitzvot', '
Q: Where is Moses miraculously transported to?
A: House of Study of Rabbi Akiva', '
Q: What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?
A: Oral law']
Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity. A Jew is someone who was born to a Jewish mother, or who converts to Judaism in accordance with Jewish law and tradition. Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity. Similarly, Orthodoxy strongly condemns intermarriage. Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community. However, some Orthodox Jewish organizations do reach out to intermarried Jews.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?
A: Orthodox Judaism', '
Q: What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?
A: patrilineal descent', '
Q: What is intermarriage typically seen as?
A: rejection of Judaism', '
Q: What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?
A: intermarriage', '
Q: What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?
A: cut off']
However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: "Deracheha Darchei Noam" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, "Kavod Habriyot" - basic respect for human beings, "Pikuach Nefesh" - the sanctity of human life.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?
A: Halakha', "
Q: what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?
A: God's Law,", '
Q: Basic respect for human beings is known as what?
A: "Kavod Habriyot"', '
Q: The sanctiy of human life is known as what?
A: "Pikuach Nefesh"', '
Q: What does halakha guide?
A: structure of daily life']
According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the "will of God", either directly, or as closely to directly as possible. The laws are from the word of God in the Torah, using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care, and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God. If some of the details of Jewish law may have been lost over the millennia, they were reconstructed in accordance with internally consistent rules; see The 13 rules by which Jewish law was derived.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is jewish law today based on?
A: Torah', '
Q: what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?
A: will of God', '
Q: Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?
A: Mount Sinai', '
Q: How many rules are jewish law derived from?
A: 13', '
Q: What law is considered to be no less the word of god?
A: Oral Law']
Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world, and in regard to social issues. It precedes the later and differs in its genesis and emerged focus. The movement originated in Eastern Europe (what is now Belarus and Ukraine) in the 18th century. Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov (1698–1760), it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews. In addition to bridging this class gap, Hasidic teachings sought to reintroduce joy in the performance of the commandments and in prayer through the popularisation of Jewish mysticism (this joy had been suppressed in the intense intellectual study of the Talmud). The Ba'al Shem Tov sought to combine rigorous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance. In a practical sense, what distinguishes Hasidic Judaism from other forms of Haredi Judaism is the close-knit organization of Hasidic communities centered on a Rebbe (sometimes translated as "Grand Rabbi"), and various customs and modes of dress particular to each community. In some cases, there are religious ideological distinctions between Hasidic groups, as well. Another phenomenon that sets Hasidic Judaism apart from general Haredi Judaism is the strong emphasis placed on speaking Yiddish; in (many) Hasidic households and communities, Yiddish is spoken exclusively.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?
A: Haredi Judaism', '
Q: What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?
A: Chasidic Judaism', '
Q: Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?
A: Israel ben Eliezer', "
Q: What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?
A: Ba'al Shem Tov", '
Q: What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?
A: Yiddish']
In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews, and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent, standing at about 2%, in contrast to a 71% intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews. In addition, Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism, that number is declining. According to The New York Times, the high growth rate of Orthodox Jews will eventually render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??
A: 1.9 children', '
Q: What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?
A: 4.1 children', '
Q: What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?
A: 2%', '
Q: What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?
A: 71%', '
Q: how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?
A: half']
On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews. While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative, with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives, and are mostly Republican Party supporters. Modern Orthodox Jews, compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry, also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?
A: right-wing', '
Q: half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?
A: conservative', '
Q: What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?
A: Republican', '
Q: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?
A: Israel', '
Q: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?
A: Zionism']
Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond "outreach (Kiruv)" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other "core beliefs" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?
A: Modern Orthodoxy', '
Q: What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?
A: "outreach (Kiruv)"', '
Q: What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?
A: secular studies', '
Q: what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?
A: support oneself']
However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what is the name of the movement of liberalism?
A: Haskalah', '
Q: what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?
A: Talmud', '
Q: previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?
A: dietary laws', '
Q: What are dietary laws known as?
A: halachic practices']
The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?
A: 19th century', '
Q: When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?
A: early 19th century', '
Q: what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?
A: education', '
Q: what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?
A: absolute divine authorship']