romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word แสดง  [sa dɛːŋ] "perform" starts with a consonant cluster "สด" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant "ส"), the vowel แ-, in spoken order would come after the ด, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the ส.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language? 
A: Thai Industrial Standard 620', '
Q: Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? 
A: its ordering of Thai characters', '
Q: How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly? 
A: Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order']
Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, ḗ (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and ḗ (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) should be rendered identically, both appearing as an e with a macron and acute accent, but in practice, their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters. Similarly, underdots, as needed in the romanization of Indic, will often be placed incorrectly[citation needed]. Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases, thus avoiding the problem, but where no precomposed character has been encoded the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as Charis SIL that uses Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies for advanced rendering features.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are characters with diacritical marks represented? 
A: either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks', '
Q: What encoding does Charis SIL use? 
A: Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies', '
Q: What is the issue with underdots and their placement? 
A: often be placed incorrectly', '
Q: Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence? 
A: diacritical marks', '
Q: How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed? 
A: identically']
Detroit (/dᵻˈtrɔɪt/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What city has the biggest population in Michigan?
A: Detroit', '
Q: What is the name of the county that Detroit is a part of?
A: Wayne County', '
Q: How many people inhabit metro Detroit?
A: 5.3 million', '
Q: What is the name of the river that runs through Detroit?
A: Detroit River', '
Q: In what region of the country is Detroit located?
A: Midwest']
Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (population 3,734,090, area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2), a 2010 United States Census) six-county metropolitan statistical area (2010 Census population of 4,296,250, area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2]), and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area (2010 Census population of 5,218,852, area of 5,814 square miles [15,060 km2]). The Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000. The Detroit metropolitan region holds roughly one-half of Michigan's population.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How much of Michigan's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area? 
A: one-half", '
Q: How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area?
A: 5,700,000', "
Q: How many square miles is is Detroit's urban area?
A: 1,337 square miles", '
Q: In which census are these numbers coming from?
A: 2010']
Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to present. Between 2000 and 2010 the city's population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nation's 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777, more than a 60 percent drop from a peak population of over 1.8 million at the 1950 census. This resulted from suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and the decline of Detroit's auto industry. Following the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs or other states or nations, the city has focused on becoming the metropolitan region's employment and economic center. Downtown Detroit has held an increased role as an entertainment destination in the 21st century, with the restoration of several historic theatres, several new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and a handful of other neighborhoods has increased. Many other neighborhoods remain distressed, with extensive abandonment of properties.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: By how much has Detroit's population fallen this century?
A: 25", '
Q: The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit?
A: auto', '
Q: What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years?
A: entertainment', '
Q: What is one of the problems that currently effects property values in Detroit?
A: abandonment of properties']
The Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder, declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history. It was declared bankrupt by Judge Steven W. Rhodes of the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan on December 3, 2013; he cited its $18.5 billion debt and declared that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were unfeasible. On November 7, 2014, Judge Rhodes approved the city's bankruptcy plan, allowing the city to begin the process of exiting bankruptcy. The City of Detroit successfully exited Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy with all finances handed back to the city at midnight on December 11, 2014.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the Governor in Michigan?
A: Rick Snyder', '
Q: On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy?
A: July 18, 2013', '
Q: How much debt did Detroit have when they declared bankruptcy?
A: $18.5 billion', "
Q: On which date was Detroit's bankruptcy plan approved?
A: November 7, 2014", '
Q: What type of bankruptcy did Detroit go through?
A: Chapter 9']
On the shores of the strait, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one French people and French Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, naming it after Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV. France offered free land to colonists to attract families to Detroit; when it reached a total population of 800 in 1765, it was the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans, both also French settlements. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400. By 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Detroit's population in 1773?
A: 1,400", "
Q: What was Detroit's population in 1778?
A: 2,144", "
Q: What was Detroit's population in 1765?
A: 800", '
Q: Who was the French Minister of Marine in 1701?
A: Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain', '
Q: Which French officer led the 1701 expedition?
A: Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac']
The region grew based on the lucrative fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles. Detroit's city flag reflects its French colonial heritage. (See Flag of Detroit). Descendants of the earliest French and French Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community who gradually were replaced as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers came to the area in the early 19th century. Living along the shores of Lakes St. Clair, and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French, remain a subculture in the region today.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What trade was instrumental to the growth of this region?
A: fur', '
Q: By which group were the original French and French Canadians replaced?
A: Anglo-American settlers', '
Q: What is the name of the French Canadians in Detroit?
A: Muskrat French']
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18–23, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which War was Detroit captured by the British?
A: War of 1812', '
Q: In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties?
A: Battle of Frenchtown', '
Q: In which year was Detroit recaptured?
A: 1813', '
Q: In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown?
A: Monroe County']
Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, DC, President Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying "Thank God for Michigan!" George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the "Wolverines".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the Battle of Gettysburg?
A: 1863', '
Q: Who led the Wolverine Brigade?
A: George Armstrong Custer', '
Q: What Brigade was the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment a part of?
A: Iron Brigade', '
Q: How many casualties did the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment have in Gettysburg?
A: 82%']
During the late 19th century, several Gilded Age mansions reflecting the wealth of industry and shipping magnates were built east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue, which became a prime location for mansions. During this period some referred to Detroit as the Paris of the West for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was a nickname for Detroit in the late 19th century?
A: Paris of the West', '
Q: On which waterway is Detroit located?
A: Great Lakes', '
Q: What is the most famous mansion in Detroit?
A: David Whitney House', "
Q: Which street became known for it's mansions?
A: Woodward Avenue", '
Q: Who electrified Detroit?
A: Thomas Edison']
With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?
A: Jimmy Hoffa', '
Q: Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?
A: Walter Reuther', '
Q: How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?
A: 8', '
Q: How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?
A: 40']
Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial conflict and discrimination in the 20th century following rapid demographic changes as hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to the industrial city; in a short period it became the 4th-largest city in the nation. The Great Migration brought rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also migrated to the city. Immigration brought southern and eastern Europeans of Catholic and Jewish faith; these new groups competed with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city. Detroit was one of the major Midwest cities that was a site for the dramatic urban revival of the Ku Klux Klan beginning in 1915. "By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK," whose members opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants, as well as black Americans. The Black Legion, a secret vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s, when one-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after numerous prosecutions following the kidnapping and murder in 1936 of Charles Poole, a Catholic Works Progress Administration organizer. A total of 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes, with many sentenced to life in prison for murder.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of a vigilante group in Detroit?
A: The Black Legion', '
Q: How many people of The Black Legion were convicted of crimes?
A: 49', '
Q: By which decade had the KKK become very active in Detroit?
A: 1920s', '
Q: What is the name of the movement of rural blacks in the early 20th century called?
A: The Great Migration']
Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants feared black competition for jobs and housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943, Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 whites walked off the job. The Detroit race riot of 1943 took place three weeks after the Packard plant protest. Over the course of three days, 34 people were killed, of whom 25 were African American, and approximately 600 were injured, 75% black people.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people were killed in the race riot of 1943?
A: 34', '
Q: How many people came to Detroit between 1941 and 1943?
A: 400,000', '
Q: After which event did the 1943 race riot happen?
A: Packard plant protest', '
Q: What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers?
A: Packard']
As in other major American cities in the postwar era, construction of an extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car easier. In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used electric streetcar line along the length of Woodward Avenue was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of electric streetcars. In 1941 at peak times, a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which year was the last electric streetcar line removed?
A: 1956', '
Q: How many seconds did a streetcar run along Woodward Ave in 1941?
A: 60', '
Q: What made car travel much easier?
A: highways']
In June 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave a major speech in Detroit that foreshadowed his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C. two months later. While the African-American Civil Rights Movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner city black youth wanting change. Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit, and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades. It was the most costly riot in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which year did Martin Luther King Jr. give a speech in Detroit?
A: 1963', '
Q: What is the name of the riot in Detroit in 1967?
A: Twelfth Street riot', '
Q: Who was the Governor of Michigan in 1967?
A: George W. Romney', '
Q: Who was the President of the United States in 1967?
A: President Johnson', '
Q: How many people were killed in the Twelfth Street riots?
A: 43']
On August 18, 1970, the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials, including Governor William Milliken, charging de facto public school segregation. The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain racial segregation in public schools. The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship between unfair housing practices and educational segregation, which followed segregated neighborhoods. The District Court held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in its ruling. The Sixth Circuit Court affirmed some of the decision, holding that it was the state's responsibility to integrate across the segregated metropolitan area. The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27, 1974. The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had wide national influence. In a narrow decision, the Court found that schools were a subject of local control and that suburbs could not be forced to solve problems in the city's school district.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was Governor of Michigan in 1970?
A: William Milliken', '
Q: What is the court case that ruled that schools were subject to local control?
A: Milliken v. Bradley', '
Q: In which year did the Supreme Court hear Milliken v. Bradley?
A: 1974']
"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period," said Myron Orfield, professor of law at the University of Minnesota. "Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems." John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State University in Detroit, says, "Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What case is cited as a reason for White people leaving Detroit?
A: Milliken', '
Q: What school does John Mogk teach at?
A: Wayne State University', '
Q: At which school did Myron Orfield teach?
A: University of Minnesota']
In November 1973, the city elected Coleman Young as its first black mayor. After taking office, Young emphasized increasing racial diversity in the police department. Young also worked to improve Detroit's transportation system, but tension between Young and his suburban counterparts over regional matters was problematic throughout his mayoral term. In 1976, the federal government offered $600 million for building a regional rapid transit system, under a single regional authority. But the inability of Detroit and its suburban neighbors to solve conflicts over transit planning resulted in the region losing the majority of funding for rapid transit. Following the failure to reach an agreement over the larger system, the City moved forward with construction of the elevated downtown circulator portion of the system, which became known as the Detroit People Mover.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first black mayor of Detroit?
A: Coleman Young', '
Q: What did Detroit build after the failure of a larger regional transportation system?
A: Detroit People Mover', '
Q: How much did the federal government offer for a rapid transit system?
A: $600 million', '
Q: Who did Detroit argue with when trying to plane a regional transit system?
A: suburban neighbors']
The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 also affected Detroit and the U.S. auto industry. Buyers chose smaller, more fuel-efficient cars made by foreign makers as the price of gas rose. Efforts to revive the city were stymied by the struggles of the auto industry, as their sales and market share declined. Automakers laid off thousands of employees and closed plants in the city, further eroding the tax base. To counteract this, the city used eminent domain to build two large new auto assembly plants in the city.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What hurt the Auto industry?
A: gasoline crises', "
Q: What did Detroit use to build it's tax base?
A: eminent domain", '
Q: What was one of the effects of having employers cut jobs and closing plants in Detroit?
A: eroding the tax base']
As mayor, Young sought to revive the city by seeking to increase investment in the city's declining downtown. The Renaissance Center, a mixed-use office and retail complex, opened in 1977. This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown. Young also gave city support to other large developments to attract middle and upper-class residents back to the city. Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects, the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the suburbs. Major stores and hotels closed and many large office buildings went vacant. Young was criticized for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve city services.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group of buildings opened in 1977?
A: The Renaissance Center', '
Q: What was Mayor Young criticized for not reducing?
A: high crime rate', '
Q: What area did downtown Detroit continue to lose businesses to?
A: suburbs']
Long a major population center and site of worldwide automobile manufacturing, Detroit has suffered a long economic decline produced by numerous factors. Like many industrial American cities, Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census. The peak population was 1.8 million people. Following suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and loss of jobs (as described above), by the 2010 census, the city had less than 40 percent of that number, with just over 700,000 residents. The city has declined in population in each census since 1950.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In which year did Detroit's population peak?
A: 1950", '
Q: What was the population of Detroit in 1950?
A: 1.8 million', '
Q: By how much in percent has the population of Detroit declined since 1950?
A: 40', '
Q: What was the population of Detroit in 2010?
A: 700,000']