romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, "Give me lucky generals," aware that "luck" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer argues that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve. With crisis after crisis at hand, he rarely rose to the occasion. Some historians have suggested a physical deterioration, but others note that an impaired Napoleon was still a brilliant general.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?
A: luck', '
Q:  When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?
A: 1805-06', '
Q:  In what year did the Russian campaign take place?
A: 1812', "
Q: Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?
A: Dwyer", '
Q: What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?
A: cheated']
In terms of impact on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for great wars. Above all he inspired his men—Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. He also unnerved the enemy. At the Battle of Auerstadt in 1806, King Frederick William III of Prussia outnumbered the French by 63,000 to 27,000; however, when he mistakenly was told that Napoleon was in command, he ordered a hasty retreat that turned into a rout. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars?
A: France', "
Q: How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon's presence on the field was worth?
A: 40,000", "
Q: Who said that Napoleon's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers?
A: Wellington", '
Q: In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place?
A: 1806', '
Q: Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt?
A: King Frederick William III']
During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the "bogeyman". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch—2.71 cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The myth of the "Napoleon Complex” — named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex — stems primarily from the fact that he was listed, incorrectly, as 5 feet 2 inches (in French units) at the time of his death. In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?
A: the British press', '
Q: What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?
A: Boney', '
Q: Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?
A: Tory', '
Q: What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?
A: 5 feet 2 inches', "
Q: What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?
A: 5 ft 6 in"]
When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his Légion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?
A: colonel', "
Q:  What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?
A: the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard", '
Q: What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?
A: blue', '
Q: What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?
A: white', '
Q:  What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?
A: white']
Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?
A: the Banque de France', '
Q: What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?
A: the Concordat of 1801', '
Q: What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?
A: the Organic Articles', '
Q: What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?
A: public worship', '
Q: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?
A: the Holy Roman Empire']
Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic Code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes ("Les cinq codes") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?
A: the Code Civil', '
Q: What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?
A: the Napoleonic Code', '
Q: What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?
A: Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès', '
Q: What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?
A: Code of Criminal Instruction']
His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defenses, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent significant change.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?
A: His opponents", "
Q:  Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?
A: 1807", '
Q: Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?
A: McConachy', '
Q: What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?
A: artillery']
The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade—a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g—the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the metric system officially introduced?
A: September 1799', '
Q: What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?
A: the metric system', '
Q: What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?
A: 1812', '
Q:  How many grams were in the livre metrique?
A: 500', '
Q: How many grams were in the livre du roi?
A: 489.5']
Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien Régime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lycées) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien Régime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?
A: Napoleon's educational reforms", '
Q: What language did Napoleon make the only official one?
A: French', '
Q: What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?
A: public support', '
Q: What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?
A: lycées', '
Q: Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lycées taught?
A: the sciences']
In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was "an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler." Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?
A: grandiose", '
Q: As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?
A: 1808', '
Q: Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?
A: historians', "
Q: Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?
A: his empire"]
Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?
A: Napoleon', "
Q: Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
A: slavery", '
Q: Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?
A: his opponents', "
Q: Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
A: the Haitian Revolution", '
Q: Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?
A: His critics']
Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, "Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius—in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?
A: plunder', '
Q: Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?
A: the Musée du Louvre', '
Q: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?
A: Pieter Geyl', '
Q: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?
A: Claude Ribbe', '
Q: In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?
A: David G. Chandler']
Critics argue Napoleon's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, "After all, the military record is unquestioned—17 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost." McLynn notes that, "He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars." However, Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions which aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?
A: Victor Davis Hanson", "
Q: Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?
A: McLynn", '
Q: Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?
A: Vincent Cronin', "
Q: How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?
A: 17", "
Q: Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?
A: six million"]
Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?
A: propaganda", '
Q: Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?
A: censorship', "
Q: Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?
A: France", '
Q: Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?
A: civilian']
Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations—they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?
A: St. Helena", "
Q: Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?
A: royal celebrations", "
Q: Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?
A: the Bourbon regime", "
Q: Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?
A: rosettes"]
Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period—Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne (1893), Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés (1897), Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon (1900), and André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette (1913) Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?
A: the late 1880s', "
Q: What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne written?
A: 1893", "
Q: What year was Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés written?
A: 1897", "
Q: In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?
A: 1900", "
Q: In what year was André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette written?
A: 1913"]
After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law?
A: Napoleonic Code', '
Q: Outside Europe, Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what?
A: law', '
Q: How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as?
A: favorable', '
Q: Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country?
A: Russia', '
Q: One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude?
A: serfdom']
Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?
A: Germany', '
Q: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?
A: the Holy Roman Empire', '
Q: How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?
A: 300', '
Q: How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?
A: less than 50', '
Q: How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?
A: 15 million dollars']
Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as "Rose", a name which he disliked. He called her "Joséphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?
A: Joséphine de Beauharnais', '
Q: In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A: 1796', '
Q: How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A: 26', '
Q: How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?
A: 32', '
Q: What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?
A: Rose']