romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie were moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an English style landscape park that remains largely intact today. Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually became the main hub of the Dutch railway network. With the industrial revolution finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond the medieval centre. In 1853, the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more. From the 1880s onward neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt to the East, and Lombok to the West were developed. New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, several Jugendstil houses and office buildings were built, followed by Rietveld who built the Rietveld Schröder House (1924), and Dudok's construction of the city theater (1941).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What hapend in the early 19th century
A: the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete', '
Q: In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht 
A: a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened', '
Q: What was reinstated in 1853 
A: the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism', "
Q: what was built in the 1920's and 1930's 
A: New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built"]
The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style. This led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne (nl), music centre Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway (Catherijnebaan). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped. The music redeveloped music centre opened in 2014 where the original Vredenburg concert and rock and jazz halls are brought together in a single building.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was railway area developed into 
A: were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style', '
Q: What mall was constructed 
A: the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne', '
Q: What happened in the early 21 st century 
A: In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped']
About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants – i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face 
A: About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare', "
Q: percentage of population that's dutch 
A: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry", '
Q: What boroughs are known for high crime 
A: Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate']
Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the dense population make difficult 
A: which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary.', '
Q: Least populates areas of Utrecht 
A: smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen', '
Q: More populated areas include 
A: The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants']
Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: what dominates the cityscape
A: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin", '
Q: What is being debated in Utrecht
A: An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)', '
Q: What is the name of the stadium 
A: the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)']
Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a landmark in the city 
A: the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city', '
Q: What does the inner city look like 
A: The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact', '
Q: What surrounds the mid-evil inner city 
A: Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out', '
Q: What part of the city remains open 
A: The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open']
Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities; direct services to Schiphol Airport. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: Utrecht Lunetten, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn, Utrecht Overvecht, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten. A former station Utrecht Maliebaan closed in 1939 and has since been converted into the Dutch Railway Museum.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the main railway station 
A: Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht', '
Q: Does the rail station provide 24 hour service
A: Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service', '
Q: Are there rail services to Germany 
A: International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal', '
Q: where to regular local trains provide service 
A: local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations']
The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district. The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport. Regional buses from the city are operated by Arriva and Connexxion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the bus station located 
A: The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances', "
Q: renovations are causing what changes 
A: large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently", '
Q: what is qbuzz
A: Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district', "
Q: What is one of Europes cleanest 
A: The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport"]
Like most Dutch cities, Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle, more than any other mode of transport. (Cars, for example, account for 30% of trips). Bicycles are used by young and old people, and by individuals and families. They are mostly traditional, upright, steel-framed bicycles, with few or no gears. There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children. As thousands of bicycles are parked haphazardly in town, creating an eyesore but also impeding pedestrians, the City Council decided in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station. This 3-floor construction will cost an estimated 48 million Euro and will hold 12,500 bicycles. Completion is foreseen in 2018.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Utrecht provide for cyclist 
A: Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle', '
Q: What is a barrow bikes use 
A: There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children', "
Q: utrecht built the worlds largest what ?
A: in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station"]
Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the Almere–Breda A27 and the Utrecht–Groningen A28. Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants. This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system
A: well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:', '
Q: What countries do the A12 and A2 connect
A: A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany', '
Q: What does traffic elevate 
A: increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants']
Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in The De Inktpot (nl) (The Inkpot) – the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the "UFO" featured on its façade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What does Utrecht's economy  depend on 
A: The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city", '
Q: what is centered in Utrecht 
A: It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen', '
Q: What bank is head quartered in Utrecht 
A: Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.']
A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre. The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night. In 20 years from 2004, parts of Hoog Catharijne will be redeveloped as part of the renovation of the larger station area. Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated. The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the large shopping center 
A: Hoog Catharijne', '
Q: how are the shopping center corridors treated 
A: The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night', "
Q: What is being recreated 
A: Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated", '
Q: what is located on the west side of the rail station
A: The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station']
Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students (as of 2012). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, to the east of the city. According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world. Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the largest University in the city 
A: The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students', "
Q: what is shanghai jiaotong rated 
A: According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world", '
Q: What smaller university is in Utrecht
A: Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.']
Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam. There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main city theatre was built by Dudok. Besides theatres there is a large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival. The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg (1979 by Herman Hertzberger). Its acoustics are considered among the best of the 20th-century original music halls.[citation needed] The original Vredenburg music hall has been redeveloped as part of the larger station area redevelopment plan and in 2014 has gained additional halls that allowed its merger with the rock club Tivoli and the SJU jazzpodium. There are several other venues for music throughout the city. Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts. There is a specialised museum of automatically playing musical instruments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Cultural life in Utrecht is second to 
A: Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam', '
Q: What music festival does Utrecht host 
A: Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival', '
Q: What is the name of the music hall 
A: The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg', '
Q: Where are music students educated 
A: Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts']
There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is best known for creating Miffy ("Nijntje", in Dutch). Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004. Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where are young artist trained 
A: Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts', '
Q: Is street art legal 
A: Although street art is illegal in Utrecht', "
Q: What is considered landmark Architecture 
A: 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites"]
To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee. There are also initiatives for amateur artists. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the university for its staff and students. Additionally there are also several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the city host on Sundays 
A: To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays', '
Q: What happens on Cultural Sunday 
A: thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee', '
Q: What does the city subsidise
A: an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten', '
Q: What type of coupon does the city provide the poor 
A: The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.']
Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members), SV Kampong. Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse.Utrecht is also home to the baseball and Sofball club: UVV which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What football team is Utrecht home to
A: Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht', "
Q: What Utrecht waterways host to 
A: Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs", '
Q: What is kampong 
A: Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members)', '
Q: What sports does Kampong support 
A: Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules.']
John von Neumann (/vɒn ˈnɔɪmən/; Hungarian: Neumann János Lajos, pronounced [ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ]; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath. He made major contributions to a number of fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, fluid dynamics and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is John von Neumann's nationality?
A: Hungarian", '
Q: When was John von Neumann born?
A: December 28, 1903', '
Q: When did John von Neumann die?
A: February 8, 1957', "
Q: What was John von Neumann's major contribution to economics?
A: game theory", '
Q: What computing structure is named after John von Neumann?
A: Von Neumann architecture', '
Q: What was the birth date of John Von Neumann?
A: December 28, 1903', '
Q: When did John Von Neuman die?
A: February 8, 1957', '
Q: What were the occupations that Von Neuman held?
A: pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath', "
Q: What were Von Neuman's contributions to the field of computing?
A: Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing"]
He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics, in the development of functional analysis, a principal member of the Manhattan Project and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (as one of the few originally appointed), and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer. He published 150 papers in his life; 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while in the hospital, was later published in book form as The Computer and the Brain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many papers did Von Neumann publish?
A: 150', "
Q: What is the name of Von Neumann's last work?
A: The Computer and the Brain", '
Q: What high profile controversial project was Von Neumann a prinipal of?
A: Manhattan Project', '
Q: Of his published works, what topics were they covering?
A: 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics']