romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Libya's economy witnessed increasing privatization; although rejecting the socialist policies of nationalized industry advocated in The Green Book, government figures asserted that they were forging "people's socialism" rather than capitalism. Gaddafi welcomed these reforms, calling for wide-scale privatization in a March 2003 speech. In 2003, the oil industry was largely sold to private corporations, and by 2004, there was $40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya, a sixfold rise over 2003. Sectors of Libya's population reacted against these reforms with public demonstrations, and in March 2006, revolutionary hard-liners took control of the GPC cabinet; although scaling back the pace of the changes, they did not halt them. In 2010, plans were announced that would have seen half the Libyan economy privatized over the following decade. While there was no accompanying political liberalization, with Gaddafi retaining predominant control, in March 2010, the government devolved further powers to the municipal councils. Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country's governance; best known was Gaddafi's son and heir apparent Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, who was openly critical of Libya's human rights record. He led a group who proposed the drafting of the new constitution, although it was never adopted, and in October 2009 was appointed to head the PSLC. Involved in encouraging tourism, Saif founded several privately run media channels in 2008, but after criticising the government they were nationalised in 2009. In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders on behalf of Arab nations for their involvement in the African slave trade.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what month and year did Gaddafi make a speech promoting economic privatization?
A: March 2003', '
Q: How much direct foreign investment existed in Libya circa 2004?
A: $40 billion', '
Q: By what factor did direct foreign investment in Libya increase between 2003 and 2004?
A: sixfold', "
Q: According to the plan of 2010, what fraction of Libya's economy was intended to be privatized?
A: half", '
Q: As of October 2009, who was the head of the PSLC?
A: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi']
Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a Jamahiriyah system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government implemented preventative measures, reducing food prices, purging the army leadership of potential defectors and releasing several Islamist prisoners. They proved ineffective, and on 17 February 2011, major protests broke out against Gaddafi's government. Unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogenous and had no strong Islamist movement, but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment had reached around 30%.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the so-called Arab Spring occur?
A: 2011', '
Q: Who was the president of Tunisia in 2011?
A: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali', '
Q: About what percentage of the Libyan population was unemployed in 2011?
A: 30', '
Q: On what date in 2011 did protests begin in Libya?
A: 17 February', '
Q: Along with corruption, what were Libyans upset with in 2011?
A: patronage']
Accusing the rebels of being "drugged" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a martyr rather than leave Libya. As he announced that the rebels would be "hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe", the army opened fire on protests in Benghazi, killing hundreds. Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the protesters' side. The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half. By February's end, eastern cities like Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda and Tobruk were controlled by rebels, and the Benghazi-based National Transitional Council (NTC) had been founded to represent them.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Gaddafi accuse the Libyan rebels of being linked to?
A: al-Qaeda', '
Q: How many protesters were killed in Benghazi?
A: hundreds', '
Q: What rebel organization was founded in Benghazi?
A: National Transitional Council', '
Q: Cities in what geographic part of Libya were controlled by rebels?
A: eastern', '
Q: Along with Benghazi and Misrata, what cities did the rebels control in February?
A: al-Bayda and Tobruk']
In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government – with its greater firepower – would be victorious. Both sides disregarded the laws of war, committing human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial executions and revenge attacks. On 26 February the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1970, suspending Libya from the UN Human Rights Council, implementing sanctions and calling for an International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation into the killing of unarmed civilians. In March, the Security Council declared a no fly zone to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment, calling on foreign nations to enforce it; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation. Ignoring this, Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents, and along with France and the United Arab Emirates provided the NTC with weaponry and training.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: As a result of Resolution 1970, what body was Libya suspended from?
A: UN Human Rights Council', '
Q: In what month did the UN Security Council set up a no fly zone?
A: March', '
Q: How many troops did Qatar send to Libya?
A: hundreds', '
Q: Along with Qatar and France, what nation helped to train the NTC?
A: United Arab Emirates']
A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was "not targeting Gaddafi specifically" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets—including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: On what date did NATO kill Gaddafi's son?
A: 30 April", "
Q: At the time of these events, what was Robert Gates' title?
A: Secretary of Defense", "
Q: What organization killed Gaddafi's grandsons?
A: NATO", '
Q: What city did NATO bomb on 25 April?
A: Tripoli']
On 27 June, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and his brother-in-law Abdullah Senussi, head of state security, for charges concerning crimes against humanity. Libyan officials rejected the ICC, claiming that it had "no legitimacy whatsoever" and highlighting that "all of its activities are directed at African leaders". That month, Amnesty International published their findings, in which they asserted that many of the accusations of mass human rights abuses made against Gaddafist forces lacked credible evidence, and were instead fabrications of the rebel forces which had been readily adopted by the western media. Amnesty International did however still accuse Gaddafi forces of numerous war crimes. On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, over 30 governments recognised the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya. Gaddafi responded to the announcement with a speech on Libyan national television, in which he called on supporters to "Trample on those recognitions, trample on them under your feet ... They are worthless".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What position was held by Gaddafi's brother-in-law?
A: head of state security", '
Q: About how many governments recognized the legitimacy of the NTC at a meeting on July 15, 2011?
A: 30', '
Q: Where did the July 15, 2011 meeting take place?
A: Istanbul', '
Q: Which child of Gaddafi did the ICC issue an arrest warrant for on June 27?
A: Saif al-Islam', "
Q: Who is Gaddafi's brother-in-law?
A: Abdullah Senussi"]
Now with NATO support in the form of air cover, the rebel militia pushed westward, defeating loyalist armies and securing control of the centre of the country. Gaining the support of Amazigh (Berber) communities of the Nafusa Mountains, who had long been persecuted as non-Arabic speakers under Gaddafi, the NTC armies surrounded Gaddafi loyalists in several key areas of western Libya. In August, the rebels seized Zliten and Tripoli, ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power. On 25 August, the Arab League recognised the NTC to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state", on which basis Libya would resume its membership in the League.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another term for the Amazigh?
A: Berber', '
Q: What language did the Berbers living in the Nafusa Mountains not speak?
A: Arabic', '
Q: On what date did the NTC government enter the Arab League?
A: 25 August', '
Q: What organization provided air support to the Libyan rebels?
A: NATO', "
Q: What were the last two cities to be controlled by Gaddafi's government?
A: Zliten and Tripoli"]
Only a few towns in western Libya—such as Bani Walid, Sebha and Sirte—remained Gaddafist strongholds. Retreating to Sirte after Tripoli's fall, Gaddafi announced his willingness to negotiate for a handover to a transitional government, a suggestion rejected by the NTC. Surrounding himself with bodyguards, he continually moved residences to escape NTC shelling, devoting his days to prayer and reading the Qur'an. On 20 October, Gaddafi broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy, hoping to take refuge in the Jarref Valley. At around 8.30am, NATO bombers attacked, destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53. The convoy scattered, and Gaddafi and those closest to him fled to a nearby villa, which was shelled by rebel militia from Misrata. Fleeing to a construction site, Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels; in the conflict, Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while defence minister Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr was killed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what geographic part of Libya is Bani Walid located?
A: western', '
Q: After Tripoli was conquered, where did Gaddafi go?
A: Sirte', '
Q: Leaving Sirte, what valley did Gaddafi hope to travel to?
A: Jarref', "
Q: About how many people were killed in the October 20 bombing of Gaddafi's convoy?
A: 53", '
Q: After fleeing to a construction site, how was Gaddafi injured?
A: grenade blast']
A Misratan militia took Gaddafi prisoner, beating him, causing serious injuries; the events were filmed on a mobile phone. A video appears to picture Gaddafi being poked or stabbed in the rear end "with some kind of stick or knife" or possibly a bayonet. Pulled onto the front of a pick-up truck, he fell off as it drove away. His semi-naked, lifeless body was then placed into an ambulance and taken to Misrata; upon arrival, he was found to be dead. Official NTC accounts claimed that Gaddafi was caught in a cross-fire and died from his bullet wounds. Other eye-witness accounts claimed that rebels had fatally shot Gaddafi in the stomach; a rebel identifying himself as Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi later claimed responsibility. Gaddafi's son Mutassim, who had also been among the convoy, was also captured, and found dead several hours later, most probably from an extrajudicial execution. Around 140 Gaddafi loyalists were rounded up from the convoy; tied up and abused, the corpses of 66 were found at the nearby Mahari Hotel, victims of extrajudicial execution. Libya's chief forensic pathologist, Dr. Othman al-Zintani, carried out the autopsies of Gaddafi, his son and Jabr in the days following their deaths; although the pathologist initially told the press that Gaddafi had died from a gunshot wound to the head, the autopsy report was not made public.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who claimed to have murdered Gaddafi?
A: Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi', '
Q: What son of Gaddafi, present in the convoy, was found dead shortly after being captured?
A: Mutassim', '
Q: Where did an ambulance take Gaddafi after he was murdered?
A: Misrata', '
Q: Who was the chief forensic pathologist of Libya?
A: Dr. Othman al-Zintani', '
Q: How many bodies of Gaddafi supporters were found at the Mahari Hotel?
A: 66']
On the afternoon of Gaddafi's death, NTC Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril publicly revealed the news. Gaddafi's corpse was placed in the freezer of a local market alongside the corpses of Yunis Jabr and Mutassim; the bodies were publicly displayed for four days, with Libyans from all over the country coming to view them. In response to international calls, on 24 October Jibril announced that a commission would investigate Gaddafi's death. On 25 October, the NTC announced that Gaddafi had been buried at an unidentified location in the desert; Al Aan TV showed amateur video footage of the funeral. Seeking vengeance for the killing, Gaddafist sympathisers fatally wounded one of those who had captured Gaddafi, Omran Shaaban, near Bani Walid in September 2012.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the prime minister of the NTC?
A: Mahmoud Jibril', "
Q: For how many days was Gaddafi's corpse displayed in public?
A: four", "
Q: Who was killed by Gaddafi supporters for his role in Gaddafi's capture?
A: Omran Shaaban", '
Q: Near what town was Oran Shaaban killed?
A: Bani Walid', "
Q: On what date did the NTC announce Gaddafi's burial?
A: 25 October"]
As a schoolboy, Gaddafi adopted the ideologies of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, influenced in particular by Nasserism, the thought of Egyptian revolutionary and president Gamal Abdel Nasser, whom Gaddafi adopted as his hero. During the early 1970s, Gaddafi formulated his own particular approach to Arab nationalism and socialism, known as Third International Theory, which has been described as a combination of "utopian socialism, Arab nationalism, and the Third World revolutionary theory that was in vogue at the time". He laid out the principles of this Theory in the three volumes of The Green Book, in which he sought to "explain the structure of the ideal society." His Arab nationalist views led him to believe that there needed to be unity across the Arab world, combining the Arab nation under a single nation-state. He described his approach to economics as "Islamic socialism", although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that Gaddafi's socialism had a "curiously Marxist undertone", with political scientist Sami Hajjar arguing that Gaddafi's model of socialism offered a simplification of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' theories. Gaddafi saw his socialist Jamahiriyah as a model for the Arab, Islamic, and non-aligned worlds to follow.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What philosophy was named for Gamal Abdel Nasser?
A: Nasserism', '
Q: What did Gaddafi call his political philosophy created in the 1970s?
A: Third International Theory', '
Q: What philosophy was combined with socialism and nationalism to form Third International Theory?
A: Third World revolutionary theory', '
Q: The Green Book consisted of how many volumes?
A: three', '
Q: What is the occupation of Sami Hajjar?
A: political scientist']
Gaddafi's ideological worldview was moulded by his environment, namely his Islamic faith, his Bedouin upbringing, and his disgust at the actions of European colonialists in Libya. He was driven by a sense of "divine mission", believing himself a conduit of Allah's will, and thought that he must achieve his goals "no matter what the cost". Raised within the Sunni branch of Islam, Gaddafi called for the implementation of sharia within Libya. He desired unity across the Islamic world, and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere. On a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert. He also funded the construction and renovation of two mosques in Africa, including Uganda's Kampala Mosque. He nevertheless clashed with conservative Libyan clerics as to his interpretation of Islam. Many criticised his attempts to encourage women to enter traditionally male-only sectors of society, such as the armed forces. Gaddafi was keen to improve women's status, though saw the sexes as "separate but equal" and therefore felt women should usually remain in traditional roles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What variety of Islam was Gaddafi raised in?
A: Sunni', '
Q: In what country is Kampala Mosque located?
A: Uganda', '
Q: In what ethnic culture was Gaddafi raised?
A: Bedouin', '
Q: In what year did Gaddafi notably visit Italy?
A: 2010']
A fundamental part of Gaddafi's ideology was anti-Zionism. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist, and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people. In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil." Rallying against Jews in many of his speeches, his anti-Semitism has been described as "almost Hitlerian" by Blundy and Lycett. From the late 1990s onward, his view seemed to become more moderate. In 2007, he advocated the Isratin single-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, stating that "the [Israel-Palestine] solution is to establish a democratic state for the Jews and the Palestinians... This is the fundamental solution, or else the Jews will be annihilated in the future, because the Palestinians have [strategic] depth." Two years later he argued that a single-state solution would "move beyond old conflicts and look to a unified future based on shared culture and respect."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country did Gaddafi refer to as "the embodiment of evil"?
A: United States', '
Q: How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved?
A: Isratin single-state solution', '
Q: Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler?
A: Blundy and Lycett', "
Q: What was a major factor in Gaddafi's hatred of the United States?
A: support of Israel"]
Gaddafi was a very private individual, who described himself as a "simple revolutionary" and "pious Muslim" called upon by Allah to continue Nasser's work. Reporter Mirella Bianco found that his friends considered him particularly loyal and generous, and asserted that he adored children. She was told by Gaddafi's father that even as a child he had been "always serious, even taciturn", a trait he also exhibited in adulthood. His father said that he was courageous, intelligent, pious, and family oriented.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whose efforts did Gaddafi see himself as continuing?
A: Nasser', '
Q: Who stated that Gaddafi was fond of children?
A: Mirella Bianco', "
Q: What was Gaddafi's religious affiliation?
A: Muslim", "
Q: What is Mirella Biano's occupation?
A: Reporter", "
Q: Who remarked on Gaddafi's family orientation?
A: His father"]
In the 1970s and 1980s there were reports of his making sexual advances toward female reporters and members of his entourage. After the civil war, more serious charges came to light. Annick Cojean, a journalist for Le Monde, wrote in her book, Gaddafi's Harem that Gaddafi had raped, tortured, performed urolagnia, and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of women, usually very young. Another source—Libyan psychologist Seham Sergewa—reported that several of his female bodyguards claim to have been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. After the civil war, Luis Moreno Ocampo, prosecutor for the International Criminal Court, said there was evidence that Gaddafi told soldiers to rape women who had spoken out against his regime. In 2011 Amnesty International questioned this and other claims used to justify NATO's war in Libya.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What publication did Annick Cojean work for?
A: Le Monde', '
Q: What is the nationality of Seham Sergewa?
A: Libyan', '
Q: What ICC prosector claimed that Gaddafi had ordered soldiers to rape opposition women?
A: Luis Moreno Ocampo', "
Q: What book was written by Annick Cojean?
A: Gaddafi's Harem"]
Following his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved into the Bab al-Azizia barracks, a six-mile long fortified compound located two miles from the center of Tripoli. His home and office at Azizia was a bunker designed by West German engineers, while the rest of his family lived in a large two-story building. Within the compound were also two tennis courts, a soccer field, several gardens, camels, and a Bedouin tent in which he entertained guests. In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders. Gaddafi allegedly worked for years with Swiss banks to launder international banking transactions. In November 2011, The Sunday Times identified property worth £1 billion in the UK that Gaddafi allegedly owned. Gaddafi had an Airbus A340 private jet, which he bought from Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal of Saudi Arabia for $120 million in 2003. Operated by Tripoli-based Afriqiyah Airways and decorated externally in their colours, it had various luxuries including a jacuzzi.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How far is the Bab al-Azizia barracks from Tripoli?
A: two miles', "
Q: Who designed Gaddafi's Azizia home?
A: West German engineers", "
Q: How many tennis courts existed in Gaddafi's compound?
A: two", "
Q: What was the value of Gaddafi's supposed British property holdings as of November 2011?
A: £1 billion", '
Q: How much did Gaddafi pay for his Airbus A340?
A: $120 million']
Gaddafi married his first wife, Fatiha al-Nuri, in 1969. She was the daughter of General Khalid, a senior figure in King Idris' administration, and was from a middle-class background. Although they had one son, Muhammad Gaddafi (b. 1970), their relationship was strained, and they divorced in 1970. Gaddafi's second wife was Safia Farkash, née el-Brasai, a former nurse from Obeidat tribe born in Bayda. They met in 1969, following his ascension to power, when he was hospitalized with appendicitis; he claimed that it was love at first sight. The couple remained married until his death. Together they had seven biological children: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (b. 1972), Al-Saadi Gaddafi (b. 1973), Mutassim Gaddafi (1974–2011), Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi (b. 1975), Ayesha Gaddafi (b. 1976), Saif al-Arab Gaddafi (1982–2011), and Khamis Gaddafi (1983–2011). He also adopted two children, Hanna Gaddafi and Milad Gaddafi.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Gaddafi's first father-in-law?
A: General Khalid", "
Q: When was Gaddafi's son by Fatiha al-Nuri born?
A: 1970", "
Q: What was the maiden surname of Gaddafi's second wife?
A: el-Brasai", '
Q: What tribe did Safia Farkash belong to?
A: Obeidat', '
Q: When did Khamis Gaddafi die?
A: 2011']
Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that he was "a populist at heart." Throughout Libya, crowds of supporters would turn up to public events at which he appeared; described as "spontaneous demonstrations" by the government, there are recorded instances of groups being coerced or paid to attend. He was typically late to public events, and would sometimes not show up at all. Although Bianco thought he had a "gift for oratory", he was considered a poor orator by biographers Blundy and Lycett. Biographer Daniel Kawczynski noted that Gaddafi was famed for his "lengthy, wandering" speeches, which typically involved criticising Israel and the U.S.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who referred to Gaddafi as a populist?
A: Blundy and Lycett', '
Q: Who stated that Gaddafi was a gifted speaker?
A: Bianco', '
Q: Who noted that Gaddafi made long speeches?
A: Daniel Kawczynski']