romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Towards the end of the war as the role of strategic bombing became more important, a new command for the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific was created to oversee all U.S. strategic bombing in the hemisphere, under United States Army Air Forces General Curtis LeMay. Japanese industrial production plunged as nearly half of the built-up areas of 67 cities were destroyed by B-29 firebombing raids. On 9–10 March 1945 alone, about 100,000 people were killed in a conflagration caused by an incendiary attack on Tokyo. LeMay also oversaw Operation Starvation, in which the inland waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air, which disrupted the small amount of remaining Japanese coastal sea traffic. On 26 July 1945, the President of the United States Harry S. Truman, the President of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai-shek and the Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill issued the Potsdam Declaration, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference. This ultimatum stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was over the new U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific command?
A: General Curtis LeMay', '
Q: How many people were killed in the incendry attack on Tokyo on March 9-10, 1945?
A: 100,000', '
Q: When was the Potsdam Declaration issued?
A: 26 July 1945', '
Q: Who oversaw Operation Starvation?
A: General Curtis LeMay', '
Q: What ultimatum stated that Japan would face "prompt and utter destruction" if it did not surrender?
A: Potsdam Declaration']
On 6 August 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the first nuclear attack in history. In a press release issued after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Truman warned Japan to surrender or "...expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki, the last nuclear attack in history. More than 140,000–240,000 people died as a direct result of these two bombings. The necessity of the atomic bombings has long been debated, with detractors claiming that a naval blockade and aerial bombing campaign had already made invasion, hence the atomic bomb, unnecessary. However, other scholars have argued that the bombings shocked the Japanese government into surrender, with Emperor finally indicating his wish to stop the war. Another argument in favor of the atomic bombs is that they helped avoid Operation Downfall, or a prolonged blockade and bombing campaign, any of which would have exacted much higher casualties among Japanese civilians. Historian Richard B. Frank wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was never likely because they had insufficient naval capability to mount an amphibious invasion of Hokkaidō.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: America dropped what on August 6, 1945?
A: atomic bomb', '
Q: What was the forst Japenese city nuked by the United States?
A: Hiroshima', '
Q: What was the name of the blockade and bombing of Japan planed to make them surrender?
A: Operation Downfall', '
Q: When did American drop a nuclear bomb on Nagasaki?
A: 9 August', '
Q: Who wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was unlikely?
A: Richard B. Frank']
The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation began on 9 August 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the last campaign of the Second World War and the largest of the 1945 Soviet–Japanese War which resumed hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace. Soviet gains on the continent were Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korea. The rapid defeat of Japan's Kwantung Army has been argued to be a significant factor in the Japanese surrender and the end of World War II, as Japan realized the Soviets were willing and able to take the cost of invasion of its Home Islands, after their rapid conquest of Manchuria and Invasion of South Sakhalin island.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the soviet Union invade Manchukuo?
A: 9 August 1945', '
Q: What was the last campaign of World War II?
A: Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation', '
Q: What was the largest campaign of the Soviets against Japan?
A: Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation', '
Q: Who gained Manchukuo, Mengjiang, and northern Korea after the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Campaign?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: When did hostilities between Japan and the Soviet Union resum after six years of peace?
A: 9 August 1945']
The effects of the "Twin Shocks"—the Soviet entry and the atomic bombing—were profound. On 10 August the "sacred decision" was made by Japanese Cabinet to accept the Potsdam terms on one condition: the "prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler". At noon on 15 August, after the American government's intentionally ambiguous reply, stating that the "authority" of the emperor "shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers", the Emperor broadcast to the nation and to the world at large the rescript of surrender, ending the Second World War.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did the Japanese refer to the atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion?
A: "Twin Shocks"', '
Q: When did Japan surrender?
A: 15 August', '
Q: What was the one condition Japan wanted before accepting the Potsdam terms?
A: "prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler"', '
Q: What was the reply to Japan about the surrender condition?
A: "authority" of the emperor "shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers"', '
Q: What was it called when the Japanese Cabinet accepted the Potsdam terms?
A: "sacred decision"']
In Japan, 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended. However, as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August, this day became known in the English-speaking countries as "V-J Day" (Victory in Japan). The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, on the battleship USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay. The surrender was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with representatives of several Allied nations, from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What date does Japan consider the end of the Pacific War?
A: 14 August', '
Q: What day is know in the United States as "V-J Day"?
A: 15 August', '
Q: When did Japan formally have signed the surrender?
A: 2 September 1945', '
Q: On what battleship was the surrender document signed by the Japanese delagation?
A: USS Missouri', '
Q: Who accepted the Japanese surrender?
A: General Douglas MacArthur']
A widely publicised example of institutionalised sexual slavery are "comfort women", a euphemism for the 200,000 women, mostly from Korea and China, who served in the Japanese army's camps during World War II. Some 35 Dutch comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948. In 1993, Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono said that women were coerced into brothels run by Japan's wartime military. Other Japanese leaders have apologized, including former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in 2001. In 2007, then-Prime Minister Shinzō Abe claimed: "The fact is, there is no evidence to prove there was coercion."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many women are believed to have been sexual slaves for the Japenese Army?
A: 200,000', '
Q: In 1948, how many Dutch women brought a case to the Batavia Military Tribunal?
A: 35', '
Q: In 2001 which Japanese Prime <Minister apologized for the brothels.
A: Junichiro Koizumi', '
Q: In 2007 which Japenese Prime Minister said there was no proof of coercion of women to be sexual slaves?
A: Shinzō Abe', '
Q: Where were the sexual slave women mostly from?
A: Korea and China']
Australia had been shocked by the speedy collapse of British Malaya and Fall of Singapore in which around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war. Curtin predicted that the "battle for Australia" would now follow. The Japanese established a major base in the Australian Territory of New Guinea in early 1942. On 19 February, Darwin suffered a devastating air raid, the first time the Australian mainland had been attacked. Over the following 19 months, Australia was attacked from the air almost 100 times.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: About how many Australians were taken prisoner after the fall of Singapore and British Malaya?
A: 15,000', '
Q: In what year did Japan establish a base in New Guinea?
A: 1942', '
Q: What date was the Australian mainland first attacked?
A: 19 February', '
Q: What mainland Australian city was attacked by the Japanese on February 19?
A: Darwin', '
Q: For how many months was Australia attacked from the air by Japan?
A: 19']
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg, 66 miles (106 km) east of Charlottesville, and 98 miles (158 km) south of Washington, D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288. Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Richmond is located at what line of the James river?
A: the fall line', '
Q: At what intersections is the Richmond located?
A: Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288.', '
Q: What counties are located? around Washington.D.C?
A: Henrico and Chesterfield counties', '
Q: What suburb is located on the southwest?
A: Midlothian', '
Q: What suburb is located on the north and west?
A: Glen Allen', '
Q: What are the major roads in Richmond?
A: Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288', '
Q: What is the closest historically famous city is 44 miles away?
A: 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg', '
Q: What counties surround Richmond?
A: Henrico and Chesterfield counties', '
Q: Name at least two major suburbs of Richmond.
A: Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast', '
Q: How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg?
A: 44', '
Q: How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond?
A: 106', '
Q: Leaving Washington DC, what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond?
A: south', "
Q: What is Richmond's southwestern suburb?
A: Midlothian", '
Q: Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond?
A: west']
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Richmond was an important city of what confederacy? 
A: the Powhatan Confederacy', '
Q: Richmond was briefly settled by whom?
A: English colonists from Jamestown', '
Q: When did Jamestown Colonist settle in Richmond?
A: 1609, and in 1610–1611', '
Q: When was present day Richmond founded?
A: 1737', '
Q: what famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?
A: Give me liberty or give me death', '
Q: When was Richmond first settled?
A: 1609', '
Q: When was the City of Richmond founded?
A: 1737', '
Q: What famous revolutionary war speech was given in Richmond?  Where?
A: Patrick Henry\'s "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John\'s Church', "
Q: What 'side' was Richmond on in the Civil War?
A: Confederate", '
Q: Who wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
A: Thomas Jefferson', '
Q: What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609?
A: English', '
Q: In what year was the current city of Richmond founded?
A: 1737', '
Q: What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?
A: Give me liberty or give me death', "
Q: In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech?
A: St. John's Church", '
Q: Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
A: Thomas Jefferson']
Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, as well as notable legal and banking firms, located in the downtown area. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, with others in the metropolitan area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What things are important to the economy of Richmond?
A: law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies', '
Q: What judicial branches are located in Richmond?
A: The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals', '
Q: There is a Federal Reserve Bank located in Richmond.  How many are there, total?
A: 12 Federal Reserve Banks', "
Q: Name a Fortune 500 company with it's headquarters in Richmond
A: Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco", "
Q: Along with law and finance, what is a major component of Richmond's economy?
A: government", '
Q: What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond?
A: Fourth', '
Q: How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States?
A: 13', '
Q: How many Federal Reserve Banks exist?
A: 12', '
Q: Along with MeadWestvaco, what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond?
A: Dominion Resources']
In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did Patrick Henry give his speech?
A: 1775', '
Q: What happened on April 18, 1780?
A: the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond', "
Q: What did Patrick Henry's speech encourage to happen?
A: Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence", "
Q: What's one reason the capital was moved to Richmond?
A: to isolate the capital from British attack", '
Q: Who was Governor of Virginia in 1781
A: Thomas Jefferson', "
Q: What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to?
A: First Continental Congress", '
Q: What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond?
A: Williamsburg', '
Q: What general led the troops that burned Richmond?
A: Benedict Arnold', '
Q: Who led the militia that defended Richmond?
A: Sampson Mathews', '
Q: Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781?
A: Thomas Jefferson']
Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, and was completed in 1788.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
A: the basis for the separation of church and state', '
Q: Who drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
A: Thomas Jefferson', '
Q: Who designed the Richmond Capital Building?
A: Thomas Jefferson', '
Q: Who is Charles-Louis Clerisseau?
A: Capitol building, was designed by', '
Q: When was the Capital building completed?
A: 1788', '
Q: Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol?
A: Charles-Louis Clérisseau', '
Q: In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished?
A: 1788', '
Q: What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?
A: Richmond', '
Q: What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?
A: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom', '
Q: In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?
A: 1782']
After the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. To facilitate the transfer of cargo from the flat-bottomed bateaux above the fall line to the ocean-faring ships below, George Washington helped design the James River and Kanawha Canal in the 18th century to bypass Richmond's rapids, with the intent of providing a water route across the Appalachians to the Kanawha River. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag. As a result of this and ample access to hydropower due to the falls, Richmond became home to some of the largest manufacturing facilities in the country, including iron works and flour mills, the largest facilities of their kind in the South. The resistance to the slave trade was growing by the mid-nineteenth century; in one famous case in 1848, Henry "Box" Brown made history by having himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to abolitionists in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, escaping slavery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What man-made body of water was designed in part by George Washington?
A: James River and Kanawha Canal', '
Q: To where was the canal designed by Washington intended to ferry water?
A: Kanawha River', '
Q: To what city was Henry Brown shipped as freight?
A: Philadelphia', "
Q: What was Henry Brown's nickname?
A: Box", '
Q: What sort of economic center was Richmond in the wake of the American Revolution?
A: industrial']
On 17 April 1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its national capital to Richmond. The city was at the end of a long supply line, which made it somewhat difficult to defend, although supplies continued to reach the city by canal and wagon for years, since it was protected by the Army of Northern Virginia and arguably the Confederacy's best troops and commanders. It became the main target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862 and 1864-5.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: On what date was Virginia's secession from the Union?
A: 17 April 1861", '
Q: After leaving the Union, what nation did Virginia join?
A: Confederacy', '
Q: Along with 1864-5, what year notably saw US campaigns directed at Richmond?
A: 1862']
In addition to Virginia and Confederate government offices and hospitals, a railroad hub, and one of the South's largest slave markets, Richmond had the largest factory in the Confederacy, the Tredegar Iron Works, which turned out artillery and other munitions, including the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia, the world's first ironclad used in war, as well as much of the Confederates' heavy ordnance machinery. The Confederate Congress shared quarters with the Virginia General Assembly in the Virginia State Capitol, with the Confederacy's executive mansion, the "White House of the Confederacy", located two blocks away. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond but ultimately failed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the biggest factory in the Confederate States of America?
A: Tredegar Iron Works', '
Q: What was the name of the first ironclad warship that saw combat?
A: CSS Virginia', "
Q: What is another name for the Confederacy's executive mansion?
A: White House of the Confederacy", '
Q: How far away from the Confederate executive mansion was the Virginia State Capitol?
A: two blocks', '
Q: Who commanded the Union armies during the Seven Days Battles?
A: McClellan']
Three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B. Gordon's desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed. On April 1, General Philip Sheridan, assigned to interdict the Southside Railroad, met brigades commanded by George Pickett at the Five Forks junction, smashing them, taking thousands of prisoners, and encouraging General Grant to order a general advance. When the Union Sixth Corps broke through Confederate lines on Boydton Plank Road south of Petersburg, Confederate casualties exceeded 5000, or about a tenth of Lee's defending army. General Lee then informed Jefferson Davis that he was about to evacuate Richmond.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was Petersburg located in relation to Ford Stedman?
A: east', "
Q: 5000 men represented what fraction of General Lee's army?
A: tenth", '
Q: On what road did the US Army Sixth Corps shatter the Confederate line?
A: Boydton Plank', '
Q: What general commanded the attack on Fort Stedman?
A: John B. Gordon', '
Q: In what month of 1865 was Richmond judged to be no longer able to be defended?
A: March']
Davis and his cabinet left the city by train that night, as government officials burned documents and departing Confederate troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny their contents to the victors. On April 2, 1865, General Godfrey Weitzel, commander of the 25th corps of the United States Colored Troops, accepted the city's surrender from the mayor and group of leading citizens who remained. The Union troops eventually managed to stop the raging fires but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed-

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?
A: tobacco', '
Q: What general received the surrender of Richmond?
A: Godfrey Weitzel', '
Q: On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union?
A: April 2, 1865', '
Q: By what means did Davis leave Richmond?
A: train', '
Q: What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation?
A: 25']