romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the oldest way to study migration?
A: marking', '
Q: How have swans been marked?
A: a nick on the beak', '
Q: Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?
A: Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen', '
Q: Since when have swans been marked?
A: 1560', '
Q: What are other forms of studying migration?
A: radar and satellite tracking']
Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel, which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues. The orientation behaviour of the bird inside the cage is studied quantitatively using the distribution of marks that the bird leaves on the walls of the cage. Other approaches used in pigeon homing studies make use of the direction in which the bird vanishes on the horizon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are orientation behavior studies traditionally carried out?
A: the Emlen funnel', '
Q: What shape is the cage in the Emlen funnel?
A: circular', '
Q: What is studied quantitatively inside the cage?
A: The orientation behaviour', '
Q: What does the bird leave on the walls of the cage?
A: marks', '
Q: Where does the homing pigeon vanish?
A: on the horizon']
Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species. The populations of Siberian cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route, particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in 2002. Structures such as power lines, wind farms and offshore oil-rigs have also been known to affect migratory birds. Other migration hazards include pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction along migration routes, denying migrants food at stopover points. For example, in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway, up to 65% of key intertidal habitat at the Yellow Sea migration bottleneck has been destroyed since the 1950s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What threatens some bird species?
A: Hunting along migration routes', '
Q: What species declined due to hunting in Afghanistand and Asia?
A: Siberian cranes', '
Q: When were birds last seen in Keoladeo National Park?
A: 2002', '
Q: What can power lines, wind farms and oil rigs affect?
A: migratory birds', '
Q: What are other migration hazards?
A: pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction']
It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located?
A: Absecon Island', '
Q: In what year was Atlantic City incorporated?
A: 1854', '
Q: What are the names of the two townships that became part of Atlantic City when it was incorporated?
A: Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township', '
Q: How many other towns share a border with Atlantic City?
A: Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City', '
Q: Which coast is Atlantic City located on?
A: Atlantic']
Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, The Belloe House, located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue, was built.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?
A: The Belloe House', '
Q: In what year was the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?
A: 1853', '
Q: What are the names of the two avenues at which The Belloe House is located?
A: Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue', '
Q: What are the two geographical features that Atlantic City is located between?
A: marshlands and islands', '
Q: What were the two potential aspects of Atlantic City that originally attracted developers? 
A: prime real estate and a potential resort town']
The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, with work initiated the next year. By 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, "Atlantic City's Godfather" Nelson Johnson describes the inspiration of Dr. Jonathan Pitney (the "Father of Atlantic City") to develop Atlantic City as a health resort, his efforts to convince the municipal authorities that a railroad to the beach would be beneficial, his successful alliance with Samuel Richards (entrepreneur and member of the most influential family in southern New Jersey at the time) to achieve that goal, the actual building of the railroad, and the experience of the first 600 riders, who "were chosen carefully by Samuel Richards and Jonathan Pitney":

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What other US city was linked to Atlantic City by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service?
A: Philadelphia', '
Q: By 1874, how many passengers were coming to Atlantic City by rail each year?
A: 500,000', '
Q: What is the name of the lighthouse that is located on the Atlantic City coast?
A: Absecon Lighthouse', '
Q: Who is considered to be "Atlantic City\'s Godfather?"
A: Nelson Johnson']
The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles (11 km) and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor and Margate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?
A: 1870', '
Q: Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?
A: to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies', '
Q: What year was the Great Atlantic Hurricane?
A: 1944', '
Q: What was the historic length of the boardwalk before the Great Atlantic Hurricane?
A: about 7 miles', '
Q: Before the Great Atlantic Hurricane the boardwalk extended from Atlantic City to what other city?
A: Longport']
The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The first road connected Atlantic City to which mainland town?
A: Pleasantville', '
Q: The first road that connected Atlantic City to the mainland was completed in what year?
A: 1870', '
Q: How much of a toll was charged on the first road to connect Atlantic City to the mainland?
A: 30-cent', '
Q: What was the name of the first road to the mainland that did not charge a toll?
A: Albany Avenue']
By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a full city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, and were considered quite luxurious for their time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what year was demand so great that one railroad line could no longer keep up with the demand?
A: 1878', '
Q: What was the name of the new railway that was constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City after 1878?
A: Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway', '
Q: What was the name of the hotel that took up a full city block?
A: The United States Hotel', '
Q: Besides massive hotels, what else was appearing all over Atlantic City during this period?
A: rooming houses', '
Q: What were the names of the four avenues that surrounded The United States Hotel?
A: Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues']
In the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Atlantic City go through a radical building boom?
A: early part of the 20th century', '
Q: What replaced many of the modest boarding houses? 
A: large hotels', "
Q: What were the names of two of the city's most distinctive hotels?
A: Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel", '
Q: What happened to Atlantic City in the early part of the 20th century?
A: a radical building boom', '
Q: Where were the modest boarding houses located before they were replaced by large hotels?
A: the boardwalk']
In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of conversation, White hired the architectural firm of Price and McLanahan. The firm made use of reinforced concrete, a new building material invented by Jean-Louis Lambot in 1848 (Joseph Monier received the patent in 1867). The hotel's Spanish and Moorish themes, capped off with its signature dome and chimneys, represented a step forward from other hotels that had a classically designed influence. White named the new hotel the Blenheim and merged the two hotels into the Marlborough-Blenheim. Bally's Atlantic City was later constructed at this location.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Josiah White III by land to build a hotel?
A: 1903', '
Q: What was the name of the hotel built by Josiah White III?
A: Marlborough House', '
Q: In what style was the Malborough House buit?
A: Queen Anne', '
Q: In what year was reinforced concrete invented?
A: 1848', '
Q: What was the name of the second hotel built by Josiah White III?
A: Blenheim']
The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel's owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to build an even bigger hotel. Rising 16 stories, the tan brick and gold-capped hotel would become one of the city's best-known landmarks. The hotel made use of ocean-facing hotel rooms by jutting its wings farther from the main portion of the hotel along Pacific Avenue.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the hotel located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk?
A: The Traymore Hotel', '
Q: What year was The Traymore Hotel begun?
A: 1879', '
Q: Who was the owner of The Traymore Hotel?
A: Daniel White', '
Q: How many stories was The Traymore Hotel after its renovation?
A: 16', '
Q: What was the name of the firm commissioned to build The Traymore Hotel?
A: Price and McLanahan']
One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. Their original wood-frame structures would be enlarged, and even moved closer to the beach, over the years. The modern Chalfonte Hotel, eight stories tall, opened in 1904. The modern Haddon Hall was built in stages and was completed in 1929, at eleven stories. By this time, they were under the same ownership and merged into the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel, becoming the city's largest hotel with nearly 1,000 rooms. By 1930, the Claridge, the city's last large hotel before the casinos, opened its doors. The 400-room Claridge was built by a partnership that included renowned Philadelphia contractor John McShain. At 24 stories, it would become known as the "Skyscraper By The Sea." The city became known as the "The World's Playground.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Quaker-owned Chalfonte House open?
A: 1868', '
Q: What year did the Haddon House open?
A: 1869', '
Q: How many stories was the modern Chalfonte Hotel when it opened in 1904?
A: eight', '
Q: How many rooms were in the merged Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel?
A: nearly 1,000', '
Q: What was the name given to the 24 story tall, 400-room Claridge?
A: Skyscraper By The Sea']
In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mother was in the back of the store when the sale was made, and loved the name, and so salt water taffy was born.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was salt water taffy conceived?
A: 1883', '
Q: Who was the creator of salt water taffy?
A: David Bradley', "
Q: What happened to David Bradley's shop that led to the creation of salt water taffy?
A: Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm", '
Q: Who did Bradley sell salt water taffy to for the first time?
A: a girl', '
Q: Where did the water come from for the creation of the first salt water taffy?
A: Atlantic Ocean']
The 1920s, with tourism at its peak, are considered by many historians as Atlantic City's golden age. During Prohibition, which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933, much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants. It was during Prohibition that racketeer and political boss Enoch L. "Nucky" Johnson rose to power. Prohibition was largely unenforced in Atlantic City, and, because alcohol that had been smuggled into the city with the acquiescence of local officials could be readily obtained at restaurants and other establishments, the resort's popularity grew further. The city then dubbed itself as "The World's Playground". Nucky Johnson's income, which reached as much as $500,000 annually, came from the kickbacks he took on illegal liquor, gambling and prostitution operating in the city, as well as from kickbacks on construction projects.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What years do many historians consider Atlantic City's golden age?
A: 1920s", '
Q: What year was Prohibition enacted nationally?
A: 1919', "
Q: During Prohibition what name was given to Atlantic City?
A: The World's Playground", "
Q: During Prohibition how high was Nucky Johnson's income?
A: as much as $500,000 annually", '
Q: How long did Prohibition last?
A: until 1933']
During this time, Atlantic City was under the mayoral reign of Edward L. Bader, known for his contributions to the construction, athletics and aviation of Atlantic City. Despite the opposition of many others, he purchased land that became the city's municipal airport and high school football stadium, both of which were later named Bader Field in his honor. He led the initiative, in 1923, to construct the Atlantic City High School at Albany and Atlantic Avenues. Bader, in November 1923, initiated a public referendum, during the general election, at which time residents approved the construction of a Convention Center. The city passed an ordinance approving a bond issue for $1.5 million to be used for the purchase of land for Convention Hall, now known as the Boardwalk Hall, finalized September 30, 1924. Bader was also a driving force behind the creation of the Miss America competition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During the 1920s, who was the mayor of Atlantic City?
A: Edward L. Bader', '
Q: What three contributions to Atlantic City was Edward L. Bader known for?
A: construction, athletics and aviation', '
Q: What year did Edward L. Bader lead the initiative to construct the Atlantic City High School?
A: 1923', '
Q: How much was the bond for that was to be used to purchase land for a Convention Center?
A: $1.5 million', '
Q: What year was Boardwalk Hall finished?
A: 1924']
From May 13 to May 16 in 1929, Johnson hosted a conference for organized crime figures from all across America. The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles "Lucky" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny "the Fox" Torrio, with heads of the Bugs and Meyer Mob, Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Siegel, being used as muscle for the meeting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was a meeting organized for in 1929 in Atlantic City?
A: organized crime figures from all across America', '
Q: What family was Charles 
A: Charles "Lucky" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny "the Fox" Torrio', '
Q: In what year was there a conference for organized crime figures in Atlantic City?
A: 1929', '
Q: For which family was Charles "Lucky" Luciano a lieutenant?
A: Masseria family', "
Q: What was Charles Luciano's nickname?
A: Lucky", '
Q: Who was a former Chicago South Side Gang boss?
A: Johnny "the Fox" Torrio', "
Q: What was Johnny Torrio's nickname?
A: the Fox"]
Like many older east coast cities after World War II, Atlantic City became plagued with poverty, crime, corruption, and general economic decline in the mid-to-late 20th century. The neighborhood known as the "Inlet" became particularly impoverished. The reasons for the resort's decline were multi-layered. First of all, the automobile became more readily available to many Americans after the war. Atlantic City had initially relied upon visitors coming by train and staying for a couple of weeks. The car allowed them to come and go as they pleased, and many people would spend only a few days, rather than weeks. Also, the advent of suburbia played a huge role. With many families moving to their own private houses, luxuries such as home air conditioning and swimming pools diminished their interest in flocking to the luxury beach resorts during the hot summer. But perhaps the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City's popularity came from cheap, fast jet service to other premier resorts, such as Miami Beach and the Bahamas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Atlantic City neighborhood became particularly impoverished in the mid-to-late 20th century?
A: the "Inlet"', "
Q: What was the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City's popularity?
A: cheap, fast jet service", '
Q: What were two other locations people began to fly to instead of going to Atlantic City?
A: Miami Beach and the Bahamas', '
Q: After the war, what form of transportation became more readily available to many Americans?
A: automobile', '
Q: What two luxuries that people could have at their own homes led to a diminished interest in luxury beach resorts?
A: home air conditioning and swimming pools']
The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President. The convention and the press coverage it generated, however, cast a harsh light on Atlantic City, which by then was in the midst of a long period of economic decline. Many felt that the friendship between Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes led Atlantic City to host the Democratic Convention.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event was hosted by Atlantic City in 1964?
A: Democratic National Convention', '
Q: Who was nominated for Vice President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?
A: Hubert Humphrey', '
Q: Who was nominated for President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?
A: Lyndon Johnson', '
Q: Who was the Governor of New Jersey in 1964?
A: Richard J. Hughes', '
Q: Despite being in the midst of a long period of economic decline many felt that the Convention was only held in Atlantic city because of a friendship between what two men?
A: Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes']
By the late 1960s, many of the resort's once great hotels were suffering from embarrassing vacancy rates. Most of them were either shut down, converted to cheap apartments, or converted to nursing home facilities by the end of the decade. Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, many of these hotels were demolished. The Breakers, the Chelsea, the Brighton, the Shelburne, the Mayflower, the Traymore, and the Marlborough-Blenheim were demolished in the 1970s and 1980s. Of the many pre-casino resorts that bordered the boardwalk, only the Claridge, the Dennis, the Ritz-Carlton, and the Haddon Hall survive to this day as parts of Bally's Atlantic City, a condo complex, and Resorts Atlantic City. The old Ambassador Hotel was purchased by Ramada in 1978 and was gutted to become the Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City, only reusing the steelwork of the original building. Smaller hotels off the boardwalk, such as the Madison also survived.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates?
A: the late 1960s', '
Q: Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, what happened to many of the hotels in Atlantic City?
A: demolished', '
Q: When were many of the large hotels demolished?
A: 1970s and 1980s', '
Q: After the Ambassador Hotel was gutted what did it become?
A: Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City', '
Q: Who purchased the old Ambassador Hotel in 1978?
A: Ramada']
In an effort at revitalizing the city, New Jersey voters in 1976 passed a referendum, approving casino gambling for Atlantic City; this came after a 1974 referendum on legalized gambling failed to pass. Immediately after the legislation passed, the owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel began converting it into the Resorts International. It was the first legal casino in the eastern United States when it opened on May 26, 1978. Other casinos were soon constructed along the Boardwalk and, later, in the marina district for a total of eleven today. The introduction of gambling did not, however, quickly eliminate many of the urban problems that plagued Atlantic City. Many people have suggested that it only served to exacerbate those problems, as attested to by the stark contrast between tourism intensive areas and the adjacent impoverished working-class neighborhoods. In addition, Atlantic City has been less popular than Las Vegas, as a gambling city in the United States. Donald Trump helped bring big name boxing bouts to the city to attract customers to his casinos. The boxer Mike Tyson had most of his fights in Atlantic City in the 1980s, which helped Atlantic City achieve nationwide attention as a gambling resort. Numerous highrise condominiums were built for use as permanent residences or second homes. By end of the decade it was one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did New Jersey voters pass a referendum approving casino gambling for Atlantic City?
A: 1976', '
Q: The owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel converted it into what?
A: Resorts International', '
Q: What was the name of the first legal casino in the eastern United States?
A: Resorts International', '
Q: What year did Resorts International open?
A: 1978', '
Q: How many casinos are there in Atlantic City today?
A: eleven']