romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Although the Spanish Empire had a residual claim on the Marshalls in 1874, when she began asserting her sovereignty over the Carolines, she made no effort to prevent the German Empire from gaining a foothold there. Britain also raised no objection to a German protectorate over the Marshalls in exchange for German recognition of Britain's rights in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. On October 13, 1885, SMS Nautilus under Captain Rötger brought German emissaries to Jaluit. They signed a treaty with Kabua, whom the Germans had earlier recognized as "King of the Ralik Islands," on October 15.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What nation had a claim on the Marshall Islands as of 1874?
A: the Spanish Empire', '
Q: What nation formed a protectorate over the Marshall Islands?
A: the German Empire', '
Q: What nation asserted their rights over the Gilbert and Ellice islands?
A: Britain', '
Q: On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands?
A: SMS Nautilus', '
Q: What title did the Germans give to Kabua?
A: King of the Ralik Islands']
Subsequently, seven other chiefs on seven other islands signed a treaty in German and Marshallese and a final copy witnessed by Rötger on November 1 was sent to the German Foreign Office. The Germans erected a sign declaring a "Imperial German Protectorate" at Jaluit. It has been speculated that the crisis over the Carolines with Spain, which almost provoked a war, was in fact "a feint to cover the acquisition of the Marshall Islands", which went almost unnoticed at the time, despite the islands being the largest source of copra in Micronesia. Spain sold the islands to Germany in 1884 through papal mediation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans?
A: November 1', '
Q: What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany?
A: Imperial German Protectorate', '
Q: What nation had control of the Carolines?
A: Spain', '
Q: What notable resource was available in the Marshall Islands?
A: copra', '
Q: In what year did Germany buy the Marshalls from Spain?
A: 1884']
A German trading company, the Jaluit Gesellschaft, administered the islands from 1887 until 1905. They conscripted the islanders as laborers and mistreated them. After the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899, in which Germany acquired the Carolines, Palau, and the Marianas from Spain, Germany placed all of its Micronesian islands, including the Marshalls, under the governor of German New Guinea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What company ran the Marshall Islands in the late 19th century?
A: the Jaluit Gesellschaft', "
Q: When did the Jaluit Gesellschaft's administration of the islands end?
A: 1905", '
Q: What document was signed in 1899?
A: the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899', '
Q: Along with the Marianas and Palau, what islands were acquired from Spain in 1899?
A: the Carolines', "
Q: What official administered Germany's Micronesian possessions?
A: the governor of German New Guinea"]
Catholic missionary Father A. Erdland, from the Sacred Heart Jesu Society based in Hiltrup, Germany, lived on Jaluit from around 1904 to 1914. He was very interested in the islands and conducted considerable research on the Marshallese culture and language. He published a 376-page monograph on the islands in 1914. Father H. Linckens, another missionary from the Sacred Heart of Jesu Society visited the Marshall Islands in 1904 and 1911 for several weeks. He published a small work in 1912 about the Catholic mission activities and the people of the Marshall Islands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Catholic group was Father Erdland a part of?
A: the Sacred Heart Jesu Society', '
Q: In what year did Father Erdland leave the Marshall Islands?
A: 1914', "
Q: In what year was Father Linckens' last visit to the Marshalls?
A: 1911", "
Q: When was Father Linckens' book published?
A: 1912", '
Q: In what year did Father Linckens first travel to the Marshalls?
A: 1904']
Under German control, and even before then, Japanese traders and fishermen from time to time visited the Marshall Islands, although contact with the islanders was irregular. After the Meiji Restoration (1868), the Japanese government adopted a policy of turning the Japanese Empire into a great economic and military power in East Asia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What notable historical event occurred in Japan in 1868?
A: the Meiji Restoration', '
Q: In what region did the Japanese attempt to build up their power after 1868?
A: East Asia', '
Q: Along with fishermen, what sort of Japanese people visited the Marshalls?
A: traders']
In 1914, Japan joined the Entente during World War I and captured various German Empire colonies, including several in Micronesia. On September 29, 1914, Japanese troops occupied the Enewetak Atoll, and on September 30, 1914, the Jaluit Atoll, the administrative centre of the Marshall Islands. After the war, on June 28, 1919, Germany signed (under protest) the Treaty of Versailles. It renounced all of its Pacific possessions, including the Marshall Islands. On December 17, 1920, the Council of the League of Nations approved the South Pacific Mandate for Japan to take over all former German colonies in the Pacific Ocean located north of the Equator. The Administrative Centre of the Marshall Islands archipelago remained Jaluit.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did the Japanese land on Enewetak?
A: September 29, 1914', '
Q: What military alliance did the Japanese join in the First World War?
A: the Entente', '
Q: What did the Japanese occupy on September 30, 1914?
A: the Jaluit Atoll', '
Q: On what date was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
A: June 28, 1919', '
Q: When was the South Pacific Mandate for Japan approved?
A: December 17, 1920']
The German Empire had primarily economic interests in Micronesia. The Japanese interests were in land. Despite the Marshalls' small area and few resources, the absorption of the territory by Japan would to some extent alleviate Japan's problem of an increasing population with a diminishing amount of available land to house it. During its years of colonial rule, Japan moved more than 1,000 Japanese to the Marshall Islands although they never outnumbered the indigenous peoples as they did in the Mariana Islands and Palau.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: About how many Japanese emigrated to the Marshalls when it was a Japanese colony?
A: 1,000', "
Q: What was the primary nature of Germany's interest in the Marshall Islands?
A: economic", "
Q: What was the primary nature of Japan's interest in the Marshall Islands?
A: land", '
Q: Along with the Mariana Islands, on what island were there more Japanese settlers than indigenous inhabitants?
A: Palau']
The Japanese enlarged administration and appointed local leaders, which weakened the authority of local traditional leaders. Japan also tried to change the social organization in the islands from Matrilineality to the Japanese Patriarchal system, but with no success. Moreover, during the 1930s, one third of all land up to the high water level was declared the property of the Japanese government. On the archipelago, before it banned foreign traders, the activities of Catholic and Protestant missionaries were allowed. Indigenous people were educated in Japanese schools, and studied Japanese language and Japanese culture. This policy was the government strategy not only in the Marshall Islands, but on all the other mandated territories in Micronesia. On March 27, 1933, Japan handed in its notice at the League of Nations, but continued to manage the islands, and in the late 1930s began building air bases on several atolls. The Marshall Islands were in an important geographical position, being the easternmost point in Japan's defensive ring at the beginning of World War II.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the traditional social organization of the Marshall Islanders?
A: Matrilineality', '
Q: What system of social organization was used in Japan?
A: the Japanese Patriarchal system', '
Q: On what date did the Japanese leave the League of Nations?
A: March 27, 1933', '
Q: What language were Marshall Islanders taught in schools while under Japanese colonial administration?
A: Japanese', '
Q: Along with Protestants, missionaries from what denomination were allowed to operate in the Marshalls?
A: Catholic']
In the months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Kwajalein Atoll was the administrative center of the Japanese 6th Fleet Forces Service, whose task was the defense of the Marshall Islands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Japanese fleet was based in the Marshall Islands?
A: 6th Fleet', '
Q: On what atoll was the 6th Fleet Forces Service based?
A: Kwajalein', '
Q: What was the mission of the 6th Fleet Forces Service?
A: defense of the Marshall Islands']
In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Islands, except for Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshall Islands?
A: World War II', '
Q: What was the name of the campaign in which the US occupied the Marshalls?
A: the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign', '
Q: In what year did the United States occupy the Marshalls?
A: 1944', '
Q: How many months did it take for the US to occupy Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak?
A: one', '
Q: Along with Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit, what parts of the Marshall Islands were not occupied in the first three months of the American campaign?
A: Wotje']
The battle in the Marshall Islands caused irreparable damage, especially on Japanese bases. During the American bombing, the islands' population suffered from lack of food and various injuries. U.S. attacks started in mid-1943, and caused half the Japanese garrison of 5,100 people in the atoll Mili to die from hunger by August 1945.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did American air attacks on the Marshalls begin?
A: 1943', '
Q: How large was the Japanese garrison on Mili?
A: 5,100', '
Q: What fraction of the Japanese garrison on Mili died due to hunger?
A: half', '
Q: Along with injuries, what suffering did the American bombing cause to the Marshall Islanders?
A: lack of food']
Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II, the Marshall Islands, along with several other island groups located in Micronesia, passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshalls?
A: World War II', '
Q: What resolution of the UN Security Council gave the United States control over the Marshalls?
A: Security Council Resolution 21', '
Q: In what year was the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands created?
A: 1947', '
Q: What is the name of the broader region that the Marshall Islands are a part of?
A: Micronesia']
During the early years of the Cold War from 1946 to 1958, the United States tested 67 nuclear weapons at its Pacific Proving Grounds located in the Marshall Islands, including the largest atmospheric nuclear test ever conducted by the U.S., code named Castle Bravo. "The bombs had a total yield of 108,496 kilotons, over 7,200 times more powerful than the atomic weapons used during World War II." With the 1952 test of the first U.S. hydrogen bomb, code named "Ivy Mike," the island of Elugelab in the Enewetak atoll was destroyed. In 1956, the United States Atomic Energy Commission regarded the Marshall Islands as "by far the most contaminated place in the world."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the Cold War begin?
A: 1946', '
Q: How many nuclear weapons were tested in the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958?
A: 67', "
Q: What was the name of the United States' largest atmospheric nuclear test?
A: Castle Bravo", '
Q: What was the yield of the Castle Bravo bombs in kilotons?
A: 108,496', '
Q: Which of the Marshall Islands was destroyed in a United States hydrogen bomb test?
A: Elugelab']
Nuclear claims between the U.S. and the Marshall Islands are ongoing, and health effects from these nuclear tests linger. Project 4.1 was a medical study conducted by the United States of those residents of the Bikini Atoll exposed to radioactive fallout. From 1956 to August 1998, at least $759 million was paid to the Marshallese Islanders in compensation for their exposure to U.S. nuclear weapon testing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the US study of nuclear fallout on Bikini Atoll?
A: Project 4.1', '
Q: When did the United States begin to pay compensation to Marshall Islanders for nuclear weapon exposure?
A: 1956', '
Q: In millions of dollars, how much money did the United States pay out in nuclear testing compensation to Marshall Island residents between 1956 and 1998?
A: 759']
In 1986, the Compact of Free Association with the United States entered into force, granting the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) its sovereignty. The Compact provided for aid and U.S. defense of the islands in exchange for continued U.S. military use of the missile testing range at Kwajalein Atoll. The independence procedure was formally completed under international law in 1990, when the UN officially ended the Trusteeship status pursuant to Security Council Resolution 683.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What document granted sovereignty to the Marshall Islands?
A: the Compact of Free Association', '
Q: In what year did the Marshall Islands receive sovereignty?
A: 1986', '
Q: Where in the Marshall Islands does the United States have a missile testing range?
A: Kwajalein Atoll', '
Q: When did UN Trusteeship over the Marshall Islands end?
A: 1990', '
Q: What Security Council Resolution ended UN Trusteeship over the Marshalls?
A: Security Council Resolution 683']
In 2008, extreme waves and high tides caused widespread flooding in the capital city of Majuro and other urban centres, 3 feet (0.91 m) above sea level. On Christmas morning in 2008, the government declared a state of emergency. In 2013, heavy waves once again breached the city walls of Majuro.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the capital of the Marshall Islands?
A: Majuro', '
Q: On what day in 2008 did the Marshall Island government declare a state of emergency?
A: Christmas', '
Q: In meters, how high were the 2008 floods?
A: 0.91', '
Q: What caused the 2008 floods?
A: extreme waves and high tides', '
Q: In what year did waves overcome the walls of the capital city?
A: 2013']
In 2013, the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands experienced drought. The drought left 6,000 people surviving on less than 1 litre (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 US gal) of water per day. This resulted in the failure of food crops and the spread of diseases such as diarrhea, pink eye, and influenza. These emergencies resulted in the United States President declaring an emergency in the islands. This declaration activated support from US government agencies under the Republic's "free association" status with the United States, which provides humanitarian and other vital support.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What part of the Marshall Islands experienced drought in 2013?
A: the northern atolls', '
Q: How many people were stricken by drought in 2013?
A: 6,000', '
Q: In the drought stricken areas, how many litres of water did residents consume each day?
A: 1', '
Q: Along with pink eye and influenza, what other health issue was caused by the drought?
A: diarrhea', '
Q: What official declared a state of emergency in the Marshall Islands in response to the drought?
A: the United States President']
Following the 2013 emergencies, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Tony de Brum was encouraged by the Obama administration in the United States to turn the crises into an opportunity to promote action against climate change. De Brum demanded new commitment and international leadership to stave off further climate disasters from battering his country and other similarly vulnerable countries. In September 2013, the Marshall Islands hosted the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit. De Brum proposed a Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership to galvanize concrete action on climate change.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs?
A: Tony de Brum', '
Q: In what month and year did the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit take place?
A: September 2013', '
Q: What document did Foreign Minister de Brum present at the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit?
A: Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership', '
Q: What environmental issue did the Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership address?
A: climate change', '
Q: Who encouraged de Brum to address climate issues?
A: the Obama administration']
The government of the Marshall Islands operates under a mixed parliamentary-presidential system as set forth in its Constitution. Elections are held every four years in universal suffrage (for all citizens above 18), with each of the twenty-four constituencies (see below) electing one or more representatives (senators) to the lower house of RMI's unicameral legislature, the Nitijela. (Majuro, the capital atoll, elects five senators.) The President, who is head of state as well as head of government, is elected by the 33 senators of the Nitijela. Four of the five Marshallese presidents who have been elected since the Constitution was adopted in 1979 have been traditional paramount chiefs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the governing system of the Marshall Islands?
A: parliamentary-presidential system', '
Q: How old must a citizen of the Marshall Islands be to vote?
A: 18', '
Q: How often are elections held in the Marshall Islands?
A: every four years', '
Q: What is the name of the Marshall Islands legislature?
A: Nitijela', '
Q: When was the most recent constitution of the Marshall Islands adopted?
A: 1979']
Legislative power lies with the Nitijela. The upper house of Parliament, called the Council of Iroij, is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs. The executive branch consists of the President and the Presidential Cabinet, which consists of ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the Nitijela. The twenty-four electoral districts into which the country is divided correspond to the inhabited islands and atolls. There are currently four political parties in the Marshall Islands: Aelon̄ Kein Ad (AKA), United People's Party (UPP), Kien Eo Am (KEA) and United Democratic Party (UDP). Rule is shared by the AKA and the UDP. The following senators are in the legislative body:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?
A: the Council of Iroij', '
Q: Who comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?
A: twelve tribal chiefs', '
Q: How many ministers are in the Presidential Cabinet?
A: ten', '
Q: Along with the United Democratic Party, what party currently rules the Marshall Islands?
A: the AKA', '
Q: How many electoral districts exist in the Marshall Islands?
A: twenty-four']
The Compact of Free Association with the United States gives the U.S. sole responsibility for international defense of the Marshall Islands. It allows islanders to live and work in the United States and establishes economic and technical aid programs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What document governs the defense of the Marshall Islands?
A: Compact of Free Association', '
Q: What nation is responsible for the defense of the Marshall Islands?
A: the U.S.', '
Q: Along with economic aid, what assistance does the Compact of Free Association provide?
A: technical aid']
The Marshall Islands was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council's recommendation on August 9, 1991, in Resolution 704 and the General Assembly's approval on September 17, 1991, in Resolution 46/3. In international politics within the United Nations, the Marshall Islands has often voted consistently with the United States with respect to General Assembly resolutions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the UN Security Council recommend that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?
A: August 9, 1991', '
Q: When did the UN General Assembly approve the Marshall Islands joining the UN?
A: September 17, 1991', '
Q: What nation does the Marshall Islands vote similarly to in the General Assembly?
A: the United States', '
Q: What Security Council Resolution recommended that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?
A: Resolution 704']
On 28 April 2015, the Iranian navy seized the Marshall Island-flagged MV Maersk Tigris near the Strait of Hormuz. The ship had been chartered by Germany's Rickmers Ship Management, which stated that the ship contained no special cargo and no military weapons. The ship was reported to be under the control of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard according to the Pentagon. Tensions escallated in the region due to the intensifying of Saudi-led coalition attacks in Yemen. The Pentagon reported that the destroyer USS Farragut and a maritime reconnaissance aircraft were dispatched upon receiving a distress call from the ship Tigris and it was also reported that all 34 crew members were detained. US defense officials have said that they would review U.S. defense obligations to the Government of the Marshall Islands in the wake of recent events and also condemned the shots fired at the bridge as "inappropriate". It was reported in May 2015 that Tehran would release the ship after it paid a penalty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did the Iranian Navy capture a Marshall Islands ship?
A: 28 April 2015', '
Q: What was the name of the Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran?
A: MV Maersk Tigris', '
Q: Who chartered the captured Marshall Islands ship?
A: Rickmers Ship Management', '
Q: How many crew members were on the MV Maersk Tigris?
A: 34', '
Q: Near what body of water was the Maersk Tigris seized?
A: the Strait of Hormuz']
The islands are located about halfway between Hawaii and Australia, north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia, and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island, to which it lays claim. The atolls and islands form two groups: the Ratak (sunrise) and the Ralik (sunset). The two island chains lie approximately parallel to one another, running northwest to southeast, comprising about 750,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) of ocean but only about 70 square miles (180 km2) of land mass. Each includes 15 to 18 islands and atolls. The country consists of a total of 29 atolls and five isolated islands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands?
A: the Federated States of Micronesia', '
Q: What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim?
A: Wake Island', '
Q: How many square kilometers of ocean do the Marshall Islands cover?
A: 1,900,000', '
Q: How many square kilometers of land do the Marshall Islands cover?
A: 180', '
Q: How many atolls are part of the Marshall Islands?
A: 29']
In October 2011, the government declared that an area covering nearly 2,000,000 square kilometres (772,000 sq mi) of ocean shall be reserved as a shark sanctuary. This is the world's largest shark sanctuary, extending the worldwide ocean area in which sharks are protected from 2,700,000 to 4,600,000 square kilometres (1,042,000 to 1,776,000 sq mi). In protected waters, all shark fishing is banned and all by-catch must be released. However, some have questioned the ability of the Marshall Islands to enforce this zone.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How large is the Marshall Islands shark sanctuary in square miles?
A: 772,000', '
Q: In what month and year did the Marshall Islands declare the largest shark sanctuary in the world?
A: October 2011', '
Q: In how many square miles of ocean around the world are sharks protected?
A: 1,776,000', '
Q: What is forbidden in shark sanctuaries?
A: shark fishing']