romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Mary Parker Follett known for?
A: pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior', '
Q: What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?
A: ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference."', '
Q: What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?
A: Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration']
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients?
A: continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments', '
Q: What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?
A: a conflict of interest', '
Q: Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management?
A: Professional investment managers', '
Q: What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management?
A: to maximize their compensation', '
Q: What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use?
A: plausible deniability']
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?
A: Countrywide Financial', '
Q: On what date did IndyMac fail?
A: July 11, 2008', '
Q: Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States?
A: IndyMac', '
Q: Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?
A: IndyMac Bank', "
Q: Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?
A: IndyMac Bancorp"]
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below "well capitalized" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to "adequately capitalized" (8–10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?
A: April 2008", "
Q: If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?
A: 9.27%", "
Q: What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?
A: $160 million", "
Q: What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?
A: Moody's", '
Q: What is a well capitalized ratio?
A: minimum 10% risk-based']
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?
A: Charles Schumer (D-NY)', '
Q: What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?
A: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation', "
Q: How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?
A: a little over $7 billion", '
Q: Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?
A: June 30', '
Q: How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?
A: $500 million']
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?
A: $1.55 billion', "
Q: What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?
A: 7.5%", '
Q: What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?
A: $10.7 billion', '
Q: Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a "run" on IndyMac?
A: Charles Schumer', '
Q: What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?
A: unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated']
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?
A: IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB", '
Q: What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?
A: US$100,000', "
Q: How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?
A: roughly 10,000 depositors", '
Q: On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?
A: July 11, 2008', '
Q: On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?
A: July 14, 2008']
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?
A: Over 100', '
Q: Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?
A: Bear Stearns', '
Q: When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?
A: September and October 2008', "
Q: When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman?
A: Oct. 6, 2008", '
Q: What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?
A: Lehman Brothers']
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?
A: money market funds', '
Q: What do money market funds frequently invest in?
A: commercial paper issued by corporations', '
Q: When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?
A: September 2008', '
Q: How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?
A: $144.5 billion', '
Q: What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?
A: 4.65%']
Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system?
A: shadow banking system', '
Q: What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking?
A: shadow banking system', '
Q: The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds?
A: investor funds', "
Q: What was Timothy Geithner's position during the fall of 2008?
A: U.S. Treasury Secretary"]
This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume". The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are "likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions". While traditional banks have raised their lending standards, it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?
A: nearly one-third', '
Q: What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?
A: the collapse of the shadow banking system', '
Q: What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism?
A: Brookings Institution', '
Q: What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?
A: some forms of securitization', '
Q: As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?
A: capital']
There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending, represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[citation needed] By early November 2008, a broad U.S. stock index the S&P 500, was down 45% from its 2007 high. Housing prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30–35% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans' second-largest household asset, dropped by 22%, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement savings) lost $1.2 trillion and pension assets lost $1.3 trillion. Taken together, these losses total a staggering $8.3 trillion. Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth is down $14 trillion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?
A: more than a quarter', '
Q: In November 2008, how much was the U.S. stock index down from its 2007 high?
A: 45%', '
Q: In November 2008, how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak?
A: 20%', '
Q: How much was home equity valued in the United States at its peak in 2006?
A: $13 trillion', '
Q: How much was home equity valued in the United States in mid-2008?
A: $8.8 trillion']
In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: "There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007... While many banks are obviously at the brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to economist Dean Baker, a homeowner who has no equity if this type default risk?
A: serious', '
Q: What is one of the major problems with the economy in November 2008?
A: loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth', '
Q: How many homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago, have little no equity as of November 2008?
A: Tens of millions', '
Q: What does the creditworthiness of businesses depend on?
A: future profits', '
Q: How did profit prospects for businesses look in November 2008 compared to November 2007?
A: much worse']
Several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues, an extended recession or worse could occur. The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative. The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings-and-loan meltdown. Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession, with recovery unlikely for at least two years. Three days later UBS economists announced that the "beginning of the end" of the crisis had begun, with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis: capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts to help borrowers. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the world's central banks were now cutting interest rates. UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection. UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis, but that in economic terms "the worst is still to come". UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16: the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters, and the United Kingdom's would last four quarters. The economic crisis in Iceland involved all three of the country's major banks. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland’s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 2008, what type collapse was feared?
A: global economic collapse', '
Q: What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years?
A: UBS', "
Q: On October 16, 2008, how long did UBS predict the United States' recession would last?
A: three quarters", "
Q: Relative to the size of its economy, what country's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history?
A: Iceland", '
Q: What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis?
A: capital injection']
The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007. "The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand." With a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to The Brookings Institution report in June 2009, how much growth did U.S. consumption account for between 2000 and 2007?
A: more than a third', '
Q: For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Germany?
A: 14.4%', '
Q: For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Mexico?
A: 21.5%', '
Q: Who depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand?
A: the rest of the world', '
Q: What is one reason for the decline in growth around the world in 2009?
A: recession in the U.S.']
Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns. For example, growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero in 2009, and Kenya may achieve only 3–4% growth in 2009, down from 7% in 2007. According to the research by the Overseas Development Institute, reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers (which reached a record $251 billion in 2007, but have fallen in many countries since). This has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line, be it 300,000 in Bangladesh or 230,000 in Ghana. Especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from Western states withdraw their money because of the crisis. Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the growth forecast for Cambodia in 2009?
A: close to zero', '
Q: How much were remittances sent from migrant workers in 2007?
A: $251 billion', '
Q: How many people live below the poverty line in Bangladesh?
A: 300,000', '
Q: What does Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommend to attract new investors?
A: sound economic policymaking and good governance', '
Q: According to Overseas Development Institute, what is one reason for the reduction in growth in developing countries?
A: falls in trade']