romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Only in 2002 did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations and it was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s. However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was Switzerland's policy of neutrality internationally recognized?
A: Congress of Vienna in 1815", '
Q: What was Switzerland the first state to join the U.N. by?
A: referendum', "
Q: What have the Swiss people continually rejected membership in since the 1990's?
A: European Union", '
Q: How long has Switzerland traditionally been neutral?
A: since the end of its expansion in 1515', '
Q: How does Switzerland treat alliances that might entail military or political action?
A: avoids']
A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York, and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council?
A: since 2006', '
Q: What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.?
A: Palace of Nations in Geneva', '
Q: Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin?
A: Geneva', '
Q: Where is the League of Nations located?
A: Switzerland']
Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Besides the U.N. Headquarters, who hosts many U.N. agencies?
A: Swiss Confederation', '
Q: What does the ILO stand for?
A: International Labour Organization', '
Q: What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos?
A: important issues facing the world, including health and the environment', '
Q: What does BIS stand for?
A: Bank for International Settlements', '
Q: What does UNHCR stand for?
A: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees']
The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home. Some organizations and political parties find this practice controversial but mainstream Swiss opinion is in favour of the system. Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens; women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18. About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service; for those found unsuited, various forms of alternative service exist. Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks. The reform "Army XXI" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, it replaced the previous model "Army 95", reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment?
A: at home', '
Q: Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland?
A: all male Swiss citizens', '
Q: Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily?
A: women', '
Q: What replaced Army 95 in 2003?
A: Army XXI', '
Q: In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?
A: 120,000']
Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with "wealth" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by nominal GDP?
A: nineteenth largest', '
Q: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity?
A: thirty-sixth largest', '
Q: What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita, adjusting for purchasing power, according to the World Bank?
A: 8th in the world', '
Q: Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010?
A: highest European rating']
The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the most competitive in the world, while ranked by the European Union as Europe's most innovative country. For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (by GDP – per capita). In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity while the median income was 95,824 USD. Switzerland also has one of the world's largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did the World Economic Forum's Global Competetiveness Report Rank Switzerland's economy as?
A: the most competitive in the world", '
Q: What was the gross median estimate of household income in Switzerland in 2007?
A: 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity', "
Q: What was Switzerland's median income in 2007?
A: 95,824 USD", "
Q: How did the European Union rank Switzerland's economy?
A: Europe's most innovative country"]
Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%). Exported services amount to a third of exports. The service sector – especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Switzerland's most important economic sector?
A: manufacturing", "
Q: What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods?
A: chemicals", "
Q: What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?
A: machines/electronics", "
Q: What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?
A: precision instruments/watches", '
Q: What percentage of exports are exported services?
A: a third']
Around 3.8 million people work in Switzerland; about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004. Switzerland has a more flexible job market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is very low. The unemployment rate increased from a low of 1.7% in June 2000 to a peak of 4.4% in December 2009. The unemployment rate is 3.2% in 2014. Population growth from net immigration is quite high, at 0.52% of population in 2004. The foreign citizen population was 21.8% in 2004, about the same as in Australia. GDP per hour worked is the world's 16th highest, at 49.46 international dollars in 2012.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004?
A: about 25%', '
Q: How many people work in Switzerland?
A: Around 3.8 million', '
Q: What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014?
A: 3.2%', '
Q: What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014?
A: 21.8%', '
Q: What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December, 2009?
A: 4.4%']
Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries. Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business, currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. The slow growth Switzerland experienced in the 1990s and the early 2000s has brought greater support for economic reforms and harmonization with the European Union. According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index?
A: 20th', '
Q: According to Credit Suisse, what percentage of residents own their homes?
A: about 37%', "
Q: How do Switzerland's tax rates compare by Western World standards?
A: low"]
The Swiss Federal budget had a size of 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, which is an equivalent 11.35% of the country's GDP in that year; however, the regional (canton) budgets and the budgets of the municipalities are not counted as part of the federal budget and the total rate of government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%) and the main expenditure is located in the areas of social welfare and finance & tax. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and to 10.7% in 2010. While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defense; from 26.5% in to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What size was the Swiss Federal budget in 2010?
A: 62.8 billion Swiss francs', '
Q: What are the two main sources of income for the federal government?
A: value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%)', '
Q: Which sectors are the main source of expenditures for the federal government?
A: social welfare and finance & tax', '
Q: Which sectors have experienced a reduction in federal government expenditures?
A: agriculture and national defense', '
Q: How much were expenditures estimated to be cut in agriculture and national defense in 2015?
A: from 26.5% in to 12.4%']
Agricultural protectionism—a rare exception to Switzerland's free trade policies—has contributed to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD. Nevertheless, domestic purchasing power is one of the best in the world. Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal and Switzerland has free trade agreements worldwide. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has contributed to high food prices in Switzerland?
A: Agricultural protectionism', '
Q: What type of trade agreements does Switzerland have worldwide?
A: free', '
Q: What is the EFTA?
A: European Free Trade Association', "
Q: What is Switzerland's world ranking in domestic purchasing power?
A: one of the best", '
Q: According to the OECD, what is Switzerland lagging behind many EU countries in?
A: Product market liberalisation']
Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons. There are both public and private schools, including many private international schools. The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons, but most cantons provide a free "children's school" starting at four or five years old. Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was always one of the other national languages, although recently (2000) English was introduced first in a few cantons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who has authority of school systems in Switzerland?
A: the cantons', '
Q: What is the minimum age for primary school in all cantons?
A: six', "
Q: What do most cantons provide for free when children are 4 or 5 years old?
A: children's school", '
Q: When was English introduced as a first foreign language in many cantons?
A: 2000', '
Q: How long does primary school continue?
A: until grade four, five or six']
There are 12 universities in Switzerland, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects. The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel (with a faculty of medicine) and has a tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland. The biggest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students. The two institutes sponsored by the federal government are the ETHZ in Zürich (founded 1855) and the EPFL in Lausanne (founded 1969 as such, formerly an institute associated with the University of Lausanne) which both have an excellent international reputation.[note 10]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many universities are in Switzerland?
A: 12', '
Q: How many of the 12 Swiss universities are maintained at the cantonal level?
A: ten', '
Q: When was the first university in Switzerland founded?
A: 1460', '
Q: What is the biggest university in Switzerland?
A: University of Zurich', '
Q: How many students attend the University of Zurich?
A: nearly 25,000']
Many Nobel prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists, for example to the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics who developed his Special relativity while working in Bern. More recently Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel and Kurt Wüthrich received Nobel prizes in the sciences. In total, 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland[note 11] and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern?
A: Albert Einstein', '
Q: How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists?
A: 113', '
Q: How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?
A: nine']
Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research center is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the scanning tunneling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurized balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the world's largest laboratory?
A: CERN", '
Q: Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?
A: Geneva', '
Q: What research is CERN dedicated to?
A: particle physics', '
Q: What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize?
A: scanning tunneling microscope', '
Q: Who invented the pressurized balloon?
A: Auguste Piccard']
Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union (EU) and European countries through bilateral agreements. In March 2001, the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start accession negotiations with the EU. In recent years, the Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU in many ways, in an effort to enhance their international competitiveness. The economy grew at 3% in 2010, 1.9% in 2011, and 1% in 2012. Full EU membership is a long-term objective of some in the Swiss government, but there is considerable popular sentiment against this supported by the conservative SVP party. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, however with far from any significant share of the population.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How has Switzerland maintained its relationships with the EU?
A: through bilateral agreements', '
Q: In recent years, what have the Swiss brought their economic practices into conformity with?
A: the EU', '
Q: What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices?
A: international competitiveness', '
Q: How much did the Swiss economy grow in 2010?
A: 3%', '
Q: Which conservative party is popularly against joining the EU?
A: SVP party']
The government has established an Integration Office under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe, Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties. These agreements were signed in 1999 and took effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series covering nine areas was signed in 2004 and has since been ratified, which includes the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention besides others. They continue to discuss further areas for cooperation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many bilateral agreements did Bern and Brussels sign to further liberalise trade ties?
A: seven', '
Q: What was included in the first series of bilateral agreements pertaining to people?
A: free movement of persons', '
Q: When was a second series of 9 bilateral agreements signed?
A: 2004', '
Q: What has since happened to the second series of bilateral agreements?
A: has since been ratified', "
Q: What were the original bilateral agreements meant to minimize the negative consequences of?
A: Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe"]
In 2006, Switzerland approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in the poorer Southern and Central European countries in support of cooperation and positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission. The Swiss have also been under EU and sometimes international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and to raise tax rates to parity with the EU. Preparatory discussions are being opened in four new areas: opening up the electricity market, participation in the European GNSS project Galileo, cooperating with the European centre for disease prevention and recognising certificates of origin for food products.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 2006, what did Switzerland approve 1 billion francs of supportive investment for?
A: poorer Southern and Central European countries', '
Q: What have the Swiss been under EU and national pressure to reduce in terms of banking?
A: secrecy', '
Q: What have the Swiss been under pressure from the EU to do in terms of tax rates?
A: raise tax rates to parity with the EU']
On 9 February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly approved by 50.3% a ballot initiative launched by the national conservative Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration, and thus reintroducing a quota system on the influx of foreigners. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approvals), suburban (51.2% approvals), and isolated cities (51.3% approvals) of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in the canton of Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) of Switzerland rather rejected it. Some news commentators claim that this proposal de facto contradicts the bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons from these respective countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In February of 2014, what did Swiss voters narrowly approve to restrict?
A: immigration', '
Q: What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014?
A: a quota system', '
Q: Which centres of Switzerland mostly rejected the quota system for foreigners?
A: metropolitan', '
Q: What was the rejection rate of the quota system by the French speaking part of Switzerland?
A: 58.5%', '
Q: What do some news commentators claim is violated by the restricted immigration proposal?
A: bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons']
The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes. Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011. The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of?
A: a citizens' initiative", '
Q: What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern?
A: Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011', '
Q: What does SFOE stand for?
A: Swiss Federal Office of Energy', '
Q: What does DETEC stand for?
A: Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications', "
Q: What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050?
A: the nation's energy use"]
On 25 May 2011 the Swiss government announced that it plans to end its use of nuclear energy in the next 2 or 3 decades. "The government has voted for a phaseout because we want to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy", Energy Minister Doris Leuthard said that day at a press conference in Bern. "Fukushima showed that the risk of nuclear power is too high, which in turn has also increased the costs of this energy form." The first reactor would reportedly be taken offline in 2019 and the last one in 2034. Parliament will discuss the plan in June 2011, and there could be a referendum as well.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 2011, what time frame did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?
A: 2 or 3 decades', '
Q: What reason did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?
A: to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy', "
Q: When is Switzerland's first nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?
A: 2019", "
Q: When is Switzerland's last nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?
A: 2034", '
Q: Who is the Doris Leuthard?
A: Energy Minister']