romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where can historical licensing records be examined?
A: London Metropolitan Archives centre', "
Q: Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?
A: owner"]
The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What law further restricted public houses?
A: the Defence of the Realm Act', '
Q: In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?
A: August 1914', '
Q: Along with the period 6:30 pm–9:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?
A: 12 noon–2:30 pm', '
Q: What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?
A: Pembrokeshire', "
Q: What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?
A: the police"]
There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last Orders" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s?
A: 10:30 pm', '
Q: What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?
A: 11 pm', '
Q: What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?
A: Carlisle', '
Q: In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?
A: 1973', "
Q: On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?
A: Sundays"]
However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?
A: 11 pm', '
Q: What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?
A: 10:30 pm', '
Q: How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?
A: 24', '
Q: In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?
A: 12 noon', '
Q: In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?
A: 11 am']
Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?
A: 1976', "
Q: What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?
A: Scotland's and Northern Ireland's"]
The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?
A: 24 November 2005', '
Q: After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?
A: the local council', '
Q: Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?
A: 11.30 pm', '
Q: How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7?
A: 207,800', '
Q: How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?
A: 1,121']
A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?
A: "lock-in"', '
Q: What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?
A: Licensing Act 2003', '
Q: A law of what year prompted the existence of the "lock-in"?
A: 1915', '
Q: What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?
A: allowing smoking']
In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?
A: March 2006', '
Q: When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?
A: April 2007', '
Q: What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?
A: July 2007', "
Q: What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?
A: Carlsberg and Heineken", '
Q: What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?
A: Wetherspoon']
By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?
A: Balls Pond Road', '
Q: On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?
A: City Road', '
Q: What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?
A: The Eagle', "
Q: What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?
A: weasel", '
Q: In what century did saloons become established?
A: 18th']
A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?
A: stand-up comedy', '
Q: Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?
A: juke boxes']
By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?
A: middle-class', '
Q: What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?
A: working class', '
Q: In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?
A: 4', '
Q: What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?
A: spit and sawdust', '
Q: What is another name for the lounge bar?
A: saloon']
Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?
A: the 1960s and 1970s', '
Q: What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?
A: removal of the dividing wall or partition']
The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another name for the smoke room?
A: snug', '
Q: What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?
A: higher', '
Q: Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?
A: the parish priest', '
Q: What were the windows in the snug made out of?
A: frosted glass']
CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?
A: 50,000', '
Q: According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?
A: very few']
It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to serve the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?
A: bring the beer out to the table', '
Q: Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?
A: taproom', '
Q: What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?
A: gin houses', '
Q: In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?
A: Brierley Hill', '
Q: What do the locals call The Vine?
A: The Bull and Bladder']
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who pioneered the circular bar?
A: Isambard Kingdom Brunel', '
Q: At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?
A: Swindon station pub', "
Q: What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?
A: engineer and railway builder", "
Q: What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?
A: British"]
A "beer engine" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a "beer engine"?
A: a device for pumping beer', '
Q: What is the function of a "beer engine"?
A: to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub\'s basement or cellar']
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who invented the beer pump in England?
A: John Lofting', '
Q: In what city was the beer pump invented?
A: London', '
Q: In what country was John Lofting born?
A: Netherlands', '
Q: What was the death year of John Lofting?
A: 1742', '
Q: When was John Lofting born?
A: 1659']
The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?
A: London Gazette', "
Q: On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?
A: 17 March 1691"]
"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?
A: 20 to 30', '
Q: What location did John Lofting live near?
A: St Thomas Apostle London', '
Q: In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?
A: Islington', "
Q: What was William Tillcar's profession?
A: Turner", '
Q: What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?
A: Sun Tavern']
Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term "handpump" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?
A: handpump', "
Q: Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?
A: gas"]
After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?
A: a Free house', '
Q: In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?
A: 18th', '
Q: What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?
A: landlord']
A trend in the late 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?
A: Shepherd Neame', "
Q: What London breweries each own many pubs?
A: Young's and Fuller's", '
Q: What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?
A: Greene King', "
Q: What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?
A: The Beer Orders", '
Q: In what year were the Beer Orders passed?
A: 1989']
Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?
A: O'Neill's", '
Q: What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?
A: PubCo', '
Q: Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?
A: PubCo', '
Q: In what country was Punch Taverns established?
A: the UK']
Pubs within a chain will usually have items in common, such as fittings, promotions, ambience and range of food and drink on offer. A pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries which are then closed down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?
A: renamed', '
Q: What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?
A: closed down']
A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?
A: A brewery tap", '
Q: If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?
A: the nearest pub', '
Q: What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?
A: brewpub']