romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Society in the Japanese "Tokugawa period" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?
A: strict class hierarchy', '
Q: Strict class hierarchy was established by who?
A: Toyotomi Hideyoshi', '
Q: What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?
A: The daimyo, or lords', '
Q: How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?
A: set at fixed amounts', "
Q: What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?
A: tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.", '
Q: What is the Tokugawa period also known as?
A: Edo society', '
Q: What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?
A: strict class hierarchy', '
Q: What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?
A: The daimyo, or lords,', "
Q: What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.
A: revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.", '
Q: How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?
A: set at fixed amounts']
On the Indian subcontinent, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century. The "classic period" ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present-day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas, the prime ministers of the Maratha empire. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?
A: Mughal Empire', '
Q: How did the "Classic Period" end?
A: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707', '
Q: Who was behind the death off Emperor Aurangzeb?
A: Hindu Maratha Empire', '
Q: Where was the The Maratha Empire centralized?
A: south west of present-day India', '
Q: What happened when the  Maratha Army lost the third battle of Panipat?
A: the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.', '
Q: Who ruled most of India in the 18 century?
A: Mughal Empire', '
Q: What event ended the "classic period"?
A: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb', '
Q: What caused the death of Emperor Auranzeb? 
A: the rising Hindu Maratha Empire,', '
Q: Where was the Maratha Empire centralized?
A: south west of present-day India', '
Q: What caused the Maratha Empire to split in 1761?
A: the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat']
The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar, or in 1772, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the development of new imperialism cause?
A: the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers.', '
Q: When did the commercial colonization of India begin?
A: 1757', '
Q: What happened n the battle of Plassey?
A: Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company', '
Q: When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?
A: 1765', '
Q: What is the term used to describe the "Right to collect revenue"?
A: diwani']
The Maratha states, following the Anglo-Maratha wars, eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj. In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo-Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the Maratha states lose to the British East Company?
A: 1818', '
Q: What was the name of the war lost by the Maratha states in 1818?
A: the Third Anglo-Maratha War', '
Q: How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war?
A: 1858', '
Q: What caused the British east Indian Company rule to end?
A: the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858', '
Q: What did Britain establish in 1824?
A: Singapore as a key trading post']
The Dutch East India Company (1800) and British East India Company (1858) were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule, although, Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers. Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What dispatched of The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company?
A: their respective governments', '
Q: What country did not have to succumb to forign rule?
A: Thailand', '
Q: Who also profited from Southeast Asia resources?
A: colonial powers']
Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the fall of Constantinople happen? 
A: 1453', '
Q: When is the modern period dated in England?
A: Battle of Bosworth in 1485', '
Q: Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth?
A: Richard III']
Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. In 1654 the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). Finally, Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper, leaving the western part (or Right-bank Ukraine) under Polish rule and eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian. Later, in 1670–71 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Russia experience territorial growth?
A: the 17th century', '
Q: The 17th century is also known as?
A: age of Cossacks.', '
Q: Who joined the Cossacks in 1648?
A: peasants of Ukraine', '
Q: Who are Cossacks?
A: warriors organized into military communities', '
Q: Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks?
A: in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania']
Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?
A: European intellectual transformation', '
Q: What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy? 
A: The Age of Reason', '
Q: What does the Age of Rationalism succeed? 
A: Renaissance philosophy', '
Q: What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?
A: the Age of Rationalism', '
Q: What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe? 
A: secularization']
The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the studia humanitatis, a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From where does the phrase humanist originate? 
A: the 15th century', '
Q: What is the basic training of a humanist?
A: speak well and write', '
Q: Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?
A: Europe and America', '
Q: What was the age of Enlightenment centered on?
A: the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.', '
Q: What were the studia humanitatis competing against?
A: quadrivium and scholastic logic.']
Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin. By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did renaissance humanism reference?
A: Latin and Greek classical texts', '
Q: renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?
A: scholasticism', '
Q: What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?
A: accumulated commentaries']
The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française. The opposing two sides were, the Ancients (Anciens) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns (Modernes), who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes (1688), in which he took the Modern side, pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?
A: literary and artistic', '
Q: In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?
A: early 1690s', '
Q: Moderns support the merits of whom?
A: authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle', '
Q: What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?
A: modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.']
The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science. This period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe. Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution, which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Scientific Revolution cause?
A: a transition to modern science', '
Q: What s the Scientific Revolution?
A: a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected', '
Q: What did Scientific Revolution form?
A: several modern scientific fields.', '
Q: What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do?
A: question all manners of things']
The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king, vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European power. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape. In the following century, France would be governed at one point or another as a republic, constitutional monarchy, and two different empires.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happened to the king after the trial?
A: execution of the king', '
Q: Who else was involved in the warfare?
A: every other major European power.', '
Q: name an event that can be contributed to the revolution.
A: the Napoleonic Wars']
The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris, while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain, Poland, several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies. The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever, and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and "Glorious" surge of Republicanism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What characterized the Napoleonic Era?
A: The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte', '
Q: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
A: Corsica', '
Q: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die? 
A: St. Helena', "
Q: Why were Europe's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched?
A: surge of Republicanism", '
Q: From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?
A: Paris']
Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Italian Unification?
A: social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy', '
Q: When did the Italian Unification occur?
A: in the 19th century', '
Q: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?
A: 1871', '
Q: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?
A: 1815', '
Q: After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?
A: World War I.']
Beginning the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America. In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation, and formed self-governing independent states. The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self-governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War (also called American War of Independence).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event did the American revolution cause?
A: British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America.', '
Q: How did the Thirteen Colonies become The United States Of America?
A: overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy', '
Q: Why did the United States form independent states?
A: the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation', '
Q: Who did the Second Continental Congress join together against?
A: the British', '
Q: What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as?
A: American Revolutionary War']
The American Revolution begun with fighting at Lexington and Concord. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. In June 1776, Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the American Revolution start?
A: Lexington and Concord', '
Q: What was issued on July 4, 1776?
A: Declaration of Independence', '
Q: What did the Declaration Of Independence proclaim?
A: independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union.', '
Q: What position was Ben Franklin appointed in 1776?
A: member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.', '
Q: What was Ben Franklin disabled by? 
A: gout']
The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the decolonization of the Americas? 
A: the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.', '
Q: When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?
A: 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries.', '
Q: What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?
A: Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.', '
Q: When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?
A: 1808 until 1829', '
Q: How did the Spanish conflict begin?
A: short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.']
When the Central Junta fell to the French, numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas, eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south, to Mexico in the north. After the death of the king Ferdinand VII, in 1833, only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule, until the Spanish–American War in 1898. Unlike the Spanish, the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America. The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador (later relocated to Rio de Janeiro) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822, becoming the Empire of Brazil.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did the central Junta fall to?
A: the French', '
Q: What king died in 1833?
A: king Ferdinand VII', '
Q: After King Ferdinand died, who remained under Spanish rule?
A: Cuba and Puerto Rico', '
Q: When did the Spanish-American war occur?
A: in 1898', '
Q: Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized? 
A: Salvador']
The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? 
A: around 1850', '
Q: The 19th century was also known as? 
A: the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.', '
Q: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?
A: separate Technical Revolution', '
Q: What caused technological and economical progress?
A: development of steam-powered ships and railways']