romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Although the PC market declined, Apple still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which are the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks, although there were dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11-inch and 13-inch models of the MacBook Air. The Air has been the best-selling ultra-portable in certain countries over Windows Ultrabooks, particularly the United States. While several Ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest, the Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable in regard to "OS X experience, full keyboard, superior trackpad, Thunderbolt connector and the higher-quality, all-aluminum unibody construction". The Air was among the first to receive Intel's latest CPUs before other PC manufacturers, and OS X has gained market share on Windows in recent years. Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, although being one of the higher-priced competitors, though several Ultrabooks with better features were often more expensive than the MacBook Air. The competitive pricing of MacBooks was particularly effective when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks, as this contradicted the established "elitist aura" perception that Apple products cost more but were higher quality, which made these most expensive Ultrabooks seem exorbitant no matter how valid their higher prices were.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.S.?
A: MacBook Air', '
Q: What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?
A: MacBook Air', "
Q: What did the Air receive before other PC manufacturers?
A: Intel's latest CPUs", '
Q: Through 7/1/13, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?
A: 56', '
Q: When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective?
A: when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks']
Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action." They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another term for anti-aircraft warfare?
A: counter-air defence', '
Q: NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what?
A: the effectiveness of hostile air action', '
Q: Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system?
A: passive measures', '
Q: What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare?
A: homeland defence', '
Q: What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?
A: anti-aircraft warfare']
Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, "aircraft defence cannon", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of "anti-air defence", abbreviated as PVO. In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye (i.e. "pointing to zenith") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called DCA (Défense contre les aéronefs, "aéronef" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Russian term for air defence?
A: Protivovozdushnaya oborona', '
Q: What are the AA systems called in Russian?
A: zenitnye', '
Q: How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?
A: PVO', '
Q: What is air defence called in French?
A: DCA', '
Q: What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?
A: aéronef']
Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an "air defence ground environment", defined as "the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were sensors initially developed?
A: during the First World War', '
Q: Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?
A: optronics', '
Q: What country created an integrated system for ADGB?
A: Britain', "
Q: What did the integrated system for ADGB link?
A: the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command", '
Q: What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?
A: NATO']
The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which country had the most severe case?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: This separate service  was known as what in the Soviet Union?
A: Voyska PVO', '
Q: What two systems did Voyska PVO have?
A: fighter aircraft and ground-based systems', '
Q: What year did the PVO Strany become independent?
A: 1954', '
Q: What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces?
A: PVO SV']
On 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, mostly civilian, targets in the city. During the bombing raid, private Radoje Ljutovac fired his cannon at the enemy aircraft and successfully shot one down. It crashed in the city and both pilots died from their injuries. The cannon Ljutovac used was not designed as an anti-aircraft gun, it was a slightly modified Turkish cannon captured during the First Balkan War in 1912. This was the first occasion in military history that a military aircraft was shot down with ground-to-air fire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Serbian troops notice enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac? 
A: 30 September 1915', '
Q: How many bombs did the three aircraft drop on the city?
A: 45', '
Q: Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon?
A: Radoje Ljutovac', '
Q: What happened to the pilots that were in the aircraft shot down?
A: both pilots died', '
Q: Which war was the cannon used in prior to this event?
A: First Balkan War in 1912']
AA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on the gunsight and updated as their target moved. In this method when the sights were on the target, the barrel was pointed at the target's future position. Range and height of the target determined fuse length. The difficulties increased as aircraft performance improved.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the problem with AA gunnery?
A: successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position", '
Q: Different things could affect what with the shell?
A: predicted trajectory', "
Q: What was updated on the gunsight as a target moved?
A: 'off-set' angles for range and elevation", "
Q: Where was the barrel pointed when the sights were on a target?
A: the target's future position", '
Q: What two things figured the fuse length?
A: Range and height of the target']
World War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity. The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and Gotha G.V bombers had particularly influenced the British and was one of if not the main driver for forming an independent air force. As the capabilities of aircraft and their engines improved it was clear that their role in future war would be even more critical as their range and weapon load grew. However, in the years immediately after World War I the prospect of another major war seemed remote, particularly in Europe where the most militarily capable nations were, and little financing was available.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What showed that aircraft could be a significant contribution to the battlefield?
A: World War I', '
Q: In addition to Zeppelins, what attacked London for four years with air attacks?
A: Gotha G.V bombers', '
Q: The four year air attack was instrumental in Britain forming what?
A: an independent air force', '
Q: The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas?
A: their range and weapon load', '
Q: Where were most of the nations who had the strongest military after World War I?
A: Europe']
From the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of observation posts to report hostile aircraft flying over Britain. Initially radar was used for airspace surveillance to detect approaching hostile aircraft. However, the German Würzburg radar was capable of providing data suitable for controlling AA guns and the British AA No 1 Mk 1 GL radar was designed to be used on AA gun positions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s?
A: eight', '
Q: Where was the Observer Corps based?
A: Britain', '
Q: When was the Observer Corps formed?
A: 1925', '
Q: What did the Observer Corps observe and report on?
A: hostile aircraft flying over Britain', '
Q: What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching?
A: radar']
Until this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an impact fused 2 lb HE shell. The following year they decided to adopt the Bofors 40 mm and a twin barrel Vickers 2-pdr (40 mm) on a modified naval mount. The air-cooled Bofors was vastly superior for land use, being much lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom, and UK production of the Bofors 40 mm was licensed. The Predictor AA No 3, as the Kerrison Predictor was officially known, was introduced with it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I?
A: RAF', '
Q: The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?
A: .50-inch', '
Q: What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?
A: an impact fused 2 lb HE shell', '
Q: What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?
A: The air-cooled Bofors', "
Q: What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?
A: The Predictor AA No 3"]
During the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the used for anti-aircraft barrages. A 2-inch rocket using HE or wire obstacle warheads was introduced first to deal with low-level or dive bombing attacks on smaller targets such as airfields. The 3-inch was in development at the end of the inter-war period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s?
A: solid fuel rockets', '
Q: Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets?
A: for anti-aircraft fire', '
Q: What were rockets called at this time?
A: unrotated projectiles', '
Q: How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks?
A: 2-inch', '
Q: What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war?
A: 3-inch']
The British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produced a movie, The Gun, that encouraged workers on the assembly line to work harder. The Imperial measurement production drawings the British had developed were supplied to the Americans who produced their own (unlicensed) copy of the 40 mm at the start of the war, moving to licensed production in mid-1941.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the British get a license to build?
A: the Bofors 40 mm', '
Q: While light, the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft?
A: aircraft of any size', '
Q: What was produced to inspire people on the assembly line to work harder?
A: a movie', '
Q: What was the movie made to inspire assembly line workers called?
A: The Gun', '
Q: Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war?
A: Americans']
The interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-106 Delta Dart, and the MiG-25 were built in the period starting after the end of World War II and ending in the late 1960s, when they became less important due to the shifting of the strategic bombing role to ICBMs. Invariably the type is differentiated from other fighter aircraft designs by higher speeds and shorter operating ranges, as well as much reduced ordnance payloads.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft?
A: The interceptor aircraft', '
Q: What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most?
A: bombers', '
Q: When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built?
A: after the end of World War II', '
Q: When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore?
A: the late 1960s', '
Q: The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what?
A: ICBMs']
Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the anti-aircraft and anti-missile role. If current developments continue, some[who?] believe it is reasonable to suggest that lasers will play a major role in air defence starting in the next ten years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use?
A: the laser', '
Q: When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?
A: the late 1960s', '
Q: What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s?
A: Tactical High Energy Laser', '
Q: The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what?
A: experimental usefulness', '
Q: When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence?
A: in the next ten years']
Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can be made up of various other systems and networked into an area defence system (in which case it may be made up of several short range systems combined to effectively cover an area). An example of area defence is the defence of Saudi Arabia and Israel by MIM-104 Patriot missile batteries during the first Gulf War, where the objective was to cover populated areas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the air defence of a certain area called?
A: Area air defence', '
Q: Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences?
A: Air Forces', '
Q: What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence?
A: CIM-10 Bomarc', '
Q: What range do area defence systems have?
A: medium to long range', '
Q: What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War?
A: to cover populated areas']
The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was sometimes prefixed by 'Light' or 'Heavy' (LAA or HAA) to classify a type of gun or unit. Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AA, AAA or triple-A, an abbreviation of anti-aircraft artillery; "ack-ack" (from the spelling alphabet used by the British for voice transmission of "AA"); and archie (a World War I British term probably coined by Amyas Borton and believed to derive via the Royal Flying Corps from the music-hall comedian George Robey's line "Archibald, certainly not!").

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which country probably coined the term air defence?
A: Britain', '
Q: What does ADGB stand for?
A: Air Defence of Great Britain', '
Q: What year was the ADGB created?
A: 1925', '
Q: Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns?
A: Amyas Borton', '
Q: What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname?
A: "Archibald, certainly not!"']
The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hit the target, or aimed at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it, taking into account speed and direction of both the target and the projectile.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the first purpose of air defence?
A: detect hostile aircraft', '
Q: What is the second purpose of air defence?
A: destroy them', '
Q: What is the critical issue in air defence?
A: to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space', '
Q: Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where?
A: at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it', '
Q: What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target?
A: speed and direction']
Passive air defence is defined by NATO as "Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft. Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War. During the Cold War the runways and taxiways of some airfields were painted green.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks?
A: Passive air defence', '
Q: Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence?
A: ground forces', '
Q: Passive air defence includes camouflage and what?
A: concealment', '
Q: What was camouflaged during World War II?
A: important buildings', '
Q: Some airfield runways were painted green during what war?
A: the Cold War']
The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with individual launchers several kilometres apart. When MANPADS is operated by specialists, batteries may have several dozen teams deploying separately in small sections; self-propelled air defence guns may deploy in pairs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?
A: 2 to 12', '
Q: In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery?
A: fire control elements', '
Q: Where do batteries typically get deployed?
A: in a small area', '
Q: Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another?
A: SHORAD', '
Q: Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist?
A: MANPADS']
The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-aircraft use. The fuse length was determined by time of flight, but the burning rate of the gunpowder was affected by altitude. The British pom-poms had only contact-fused ammunition. Zeppelins, being hydrogen filled balloons, were targets for incendiary shells and the British introduced these with airburst fuses, both shrapnel type-forward projection of incendiary 'pot' and base ejection of an incendiary stream. The British also fitted tracers to their shells for use at night. Smoke shells were also available for some AA guns, these bursts were used as targets during training.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?
A: in the air', '
Q: In addition to high explosive, what else was used?
A: shrapnel', '
Q: Airburst fuses could be which two things?
A: igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)', '
Q: What were hydrogen filled balloons called?
A: Zeppelins', '
Q: What was used as targets in training practices?
A: Smoke shells']