romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel. Appeals from the Island Courts and the Lands Courts Appeal Panel are made to the Magistrates Court, which has jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving up to $T10,000. The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts. Sir Gordon Ward is the current Chief Justice of Tuvalu. Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tuvalu. From the Court of Appeal there is a right of appeal to Her Majesty in Council, i.e., the Privy Council in London.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many courts are there on Tuvalu?
A: eight', '
Q: What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu?
A: High Court of Tuvalu', "
Q: What is the High Court's right to determine?
A: Law of Tuvalu", '
Q: What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court?
A: Sir Gordon Ward', '
Q: To where can judgments be appealed?
A: Court of Appeal of Tuvalu']
Tuvalu participates in the work of Secretariat of the Pacific Community, or SPC (sometimes Pacific Community) and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. Tuvalu has maintained a mission at the United Nations in New York City since 2000. Tuvalu is a member of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. On 18 February 2016 Tuvalu signed the Pacific Islands Development Forum Charter and formally joined the Pacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what group is Tuvalu involved?
A: Secretariat of the Pacific Community', '
Q: In which forum group is Tuvalu a member?
A: Pacific Islands Forum', '
Q: In which British group is Tuvalu a member?
A: Commonwealth of Nations', '
Q: To what world organization does Tuvalu belong?
A: United Nations', '
Q: On what date did Tuvalu join the Pacific Islands Development Forum?
A: 18 February 2016']
A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa and in other international fora, is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009 the islands stalled talks on climate change at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emissions. Their chief negotiator stated, "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN?
A: global warming', "
Q: In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority? 
A: sea level rising", '
Q: What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification?
A: Kyoto Protocol', '
Q: What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions?
A: binding deals', '
Q: What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change?
A: vulnerable']
Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. Under the Majuro Declaration, which was signed on 5 September 2013, Tuvalu has commitment to implement power generation of 100% renewable energy (between 2013 and 2020), which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered. Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Of what alliance is Tuvalu a member?
A: Alliance of Small Island States', "
Q: What is the AOSIS'S main concern?
A: climate change", '
Q: To what agreement has Tuvalu committed?
A: Majuro Declaration', '
Q: What type of energy does the Majuro Declaration advocate?
A: 100% renewable', '
Q: By what means does Tuvalu plan to produce 95% of its energy?
A: Solar PV']
Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). The Tuvaluan government, the US government, and the governments of other Pacific islands, are parties to the South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT), which entered into force in 1988. Tuvalu is also a member of the Nauru Agreement which addresses the management of tuna purse seine fishing in the tropical western Pacific. In May 2013 representatives from the United States and the Pacific Islands countries agreed to sign interim arrangement documents to extend the Multilateral Fisheries Treaty (which encompasses the South Pacific Tuna Treaty) to confirm access to the fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific for US tuna boats for 18 months. Tuvalu and the other members of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the United States have settled a tuna fishing deal for 2015; a longer term deal will be negotiated. The treaty is an extension of the Nauru Agreement and provides for US flagged purse seine vessels to fish 8,300 days in the region in return for a payment of US$90 million made up by tuna fishing industry and US-Government contributions. In 2015 Tuvalu has refused to sell fishing days to certain nations and fleets that have blocked Tuvaluan initiatives to develop and sustain their own fishery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what fishery group does Tuvalu participate? 
A: Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency', '
Q: Of what fishery treaty is Tuvalu a signatory?
A: South Pacific Tuna Treaty', '
Q: What is the focus of the Nauru Agreement?
A: tuna purse seine fishing', '
Q: Of what did Tuvalu agree to the extension ?
A: Multilateral Fisheries Treaty', '
Q: What did Tuvalu refuse to sell in 2015?
A: fishing days']
In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility, which Facility originated in 2006, in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Pacific ACP States and the European Union. The rationale for the creation of the Facility being to improve the delivery of aid to Pacific island countries in support of the Aid-for-Trade (AfT) requirements. The Pacific ACP States are the countries in the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement with the European Union.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What trade agreement did Tuvalu sign in 2013?
A: Memorandum of Understanding', '
Q: What does the Memorandum concern?
A: Pacific Regional Trade', '
Q: What does the trade agreement encompass?
A: Economic Partnership Agreement', '
Q: With what group does the  agreement form an alliance?
A: European Union', '
Q: To whom does the Facility seek to deliver aid?
A: Pacific island countries']
Each island has its own high-chief, or ulu-aliki, and several sub-chiefs (alikis). The community council is the Falekaupule (the traditional assembly of elders) or te sina o fenua (literally: "grey-hairs of the land"). In the past, another caste, the priests (tofuga), were also amongst the decision-makers. The ulu-aliki and aliki exercise informal authority at the local level. Ulu-aliki are always chosen based on ancestry. Under the Falekaupule Act (1997), the powers and functions of the Falekaupule are now shared with the pule o kaupule (elected village presidents; one on each atoll).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Tuvalu high chief on each island called?
A: ulu-aliki', '
Q: What is the name of the sub-chiefs in Tuvalu?
A: alikis', '
Q: What is the Tuvaluan traditional assembly of elders?
A: Falekaupule', '
Q: What was the caste of priests in the past on Tuvalu?
A: tofuga', '
Q: With what group do the falekaupule share power on Tuvalu?
A: pule o kaupule']
In 2014 attention was drawn to an appeal to the New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family on the basis that they were "climate change refugees", who would suffer hardship resulting from the environmental degradation of Tuvalu. However the subsequent grant of residence permits to the family was made on grounds unrelated to the refugee claim. The family was successful in their appeal because, under the relevant immigration legislation, there were "exceptional circumstances of a humanitarian nature" that justified the grant of resident permits as the family was integrated into New Zealand society with a sizeable extended family which had effectively relocated to New Zealand. Indeed, in 2013 a claim of a Kiribati man of being a "climate change refugee" under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) was determined by the New Zealand High Court to be untenable as there was no persecution or serious harm related to any of the five stipulated Refugee Convention grounds. Permanent migration to Australia and New Zealand, such as for family reunification, requires compliance with the immigration legislation of those countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the argument against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family from new Zealand?
A: climate change refugees', '
Q: By what reason was the Tuvaluan family allowed to immigrate?
A: humanitarian nature', '
Q: What court ruled the claim of climate change refugee to be untenable?
A: New Zealand High Court', '
Q: What feature was missing in the climate change claims?
A: persecution or serious harm', '
Q: What document draws out the requirements of refugee status?
A: Refugee Convention']
New Zealand has an annual quota of 75 Tuvaluans granted work permits under the Pacific Access Category, as announced in 2001. The applicants register for the Pacific Access Category (PAC) ballots; the primary criteria is that the principal applicant must have a job offer from a New Zealand employer. Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands. Tuvaluans can participate in the Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program, which allows Pacific Islanders to obtain seasonal employment in the Australian agriculture industry, in particular cotton and cane operations; fishing industry, in particular aquaculture; and with accommodation providers in the tourism industry.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is New Zealand's annual quota of Tuvaluan granted work permits?
A: 75", '
Q: What must a Tuvaluan have to be considered for a work permit in New Zealand?
A: job offer', '
Q: How many Pacific islander seasonal workers are permitted?
A: 5,000', '
Q: What is the program that allows season employees work permits?
A: Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program', '
Q: What program was introduced in 2007 for season workers in New Zealand?
A: Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy']
The Tuvaluan language and English are the national languages of Tuvalu. Tuvaluan is of the Ellicean group of Polynesian languages, distantly related to all other Polynesian languages such as Hawaiian, Māori, Tahitian, Samoan and Tongan. It is most closely related to the languages spoken on the Polynesian outliers in Micronesia and northern and central Melanesia. The language has borrowed from the Samoan language, as a consequence of Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries being predominantly Samoan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Besides English, what is the national language of Tuvalu?
A: Tuvaluan', '
Q: What is the language group of the Tuvaluan language?
A: Ellicean group', '
Q: What other languages is the Tuvaluan language related?
A: Polynesian', "
Q: To what area's language is Tuvaluan closely related?
A: Micronesia", '
Q: From what language does Tuvaluan borrow many linguistic traits?
A: Samoan']
The Princess Margaret Hospital on Funafuti is the only hospital in Tuvalu. The Tuvaluan medical staff at PMH in 2011 comprised the Director of Health & Surgeon, the Chief Medical Officer Public Health, an anaesthetist, a paediatric medical officer and an obstetrics and gynaecology medical officer. Allied health staff include two radiographers, two pharmacists, three laboratory technicians, two dieticians and 13 nurses with specialised training in fields including surgical nursing, anaesthesia nursing/ICU, paediatric nursing and midwifery. PMH also employs a dentist. The Department of Health also employs nine or ten nurses on the outer islands to provide general nursing and midwifery services.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the only hospital in Tuvalu?
A: Princess Margaret Hospital', '
Q: How many nurses does Princess Margaret have on staff?
A: 13', '
Q: On which island in Tuvalu is the hospital?
A: Funafuti', '
Q: What kind of nursing services do outer islands nurses provide?
A: midwifery', '
Q: How many nurses are provided to the outer islands?
A: nine or ten']
Fetuvalu offers the Cambridge syllabus. Motufoua offers the Fiji Junior Certificate (FJC) at year 10, Tuvaluan Certificate at Year 11 and the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate (PSSC) at Year 12, set by the Fiji-based exam board SPBEA. Sixth form students who pass their PSSC go on to the Augmented Foundation Programme, funded by the government of Tuvalu. This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre in Funafuti.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the Extension Centre for the USP?
A: Funafuti', '
Q: What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme?
A: government of Tuvalu', '
Q: Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education?
A: outside of Tuvalu', '
Q: Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme?
A: Sixth form', '
Q: In what educational institution is the program found?
A: University of the South Pacific']
Required attendance at school is 10 years for males and 11 years for females (2001). The adult literacy rate is 99.0% (2002). In 2010, there were 1,918 students who were taught by 109 teachers (98 certified and 11 uncertified). The teacher-pupil ratio for primary schools in Tuvalu is around 1:18 for all schools with the exception of Nauti School, which has a teacher-student ratio of 1:27. Nauti School on Funafuti is the largest primary in Tuvalu with more than 900 students (45 percent of the total primary school enrolment). The pupil-teacher ratio for Tuvalu is low compared to the Pacific region (ratio of 1:29).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the required education for males on Tuvalu?
A: 10 years', '
Q: How long are females required to go to school?
A: 11 years', '
Q: What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002?
A: 99.0%', '
Q: How many students were in Tuvalu schools in 2010?
A: 1,918', '
Q: What si the teacher-student ratio for Tuvalu schools?
A: 1:18']
Community Training Centres (CTCs) have been established within the primary schools on each atoll. The CTCs provide vocational training to students who do not progress beyond Class 8 because they failed the entry qualifications for secondary education. The CTCs offer training in basic carpentry, gardening and farming, sewing and cooking. At the end of their studies the graduates can apply to continue studies either at Motufoua Secondary School or the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI). Adults can also attend courses at the CTCs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of school has Tuvalu set up on each atoll?
A: Community Training Centres', '
Q: For what have CTC students failed to qualify ?
A: secondary education', '
Q: What from of education do Community Training Centres provide?
A: vocational training', '
Q: Besides children, who can Take CTC  classes?
A: Adults', '
Q: What kind of training classes are offered at CTC?
A: basic']
The traditional buildings of Tuvalu used plants and trees from the native broadleaf forest, including timber from: Pouka, (Hernandia peltata); Ngia or Ingia bush, (Pemphis acidula); Miro, (Thespesia populnea); Tonga, (Rhizophora mucronata); Fau or Fo fafini, or woman's fibre tree (Hibiscus tiliaceus). and fibre from: coconut; Ferra, native fig (Ficus aspem); Fala, screw pine or Pandanus. The buildings were constructed without nails and were lashed and tied together with a plaited sennit rope that was handmade from dried coconut fibre.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the traditional building materials on Tuvalu?
A: plants and trees', '
Q: What type of trees provided lumber for building on Tuvalu?
A: broadleaf forest', '
Q: What building material did coconut provide?
A: fibre', '
Q: What construction feature was lacking in Tuvaluan building?
A: nails', '
Q: From what was rope made for tying buildings together?
A: dried coconut fibre']
The women of Tuvalu use cowrie and other shells in traditional handicrafts. The artistic traditions of Tuvalu have traditionally been expressed in the design of clothing and traditional handicrafts such as the decoration of mats and fans. Crochet (kolose) is one of the art forms practiced by Tuvaluan women. The material culture of Tuvalu uses traditional design elements in artefacts used in everyday life such as the design of canoes and fish hooks made from traditional materials. The design of women's skirts (titi), tops (teuga saka), headbands, armbands, and wristbands, which continue to be used in performances of the traditional dance songs of Tuvalu, represents contemporary Tuvaluan art and design.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sea creatures were used in traditional handicrafts?
A: shells', '
Q: In what item has Tuvalu traditional design been produced?
A: clothing', '
Q: What type of decorative items use traditional Tuvalu designs?
A: mats and fans', '
Q: For what  have objects having traditional design been used?
A: everyday life', '
Q: What traditional purpose are Tuvalu designs still used?
A: dance songs']
The cuisine of Tuvalu is based on the staple of coconut and the many species of fish found in the ocean and lagoons of the atolls. Desserts made on the islands include coconut and coconut milk, instead of animal milk. The traditional foods eaten in Tuvalu are pulaka, taro, bananas, breadfruit and coconut. Tuvaluans also eat seafood, including coconut crab and fish from the lagoon and ocean. A traditional food source is seabirds (taketake or black noddy and akiaki or white tern), with pork being eaten mostly at fateles (or parties with dancing to celebrate events).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the stable protein  of Tuvalu?
A: fish', '
Q: What vegetable features in the Tuvalu diet?
A: coconut', '
Q: What kind of milk has been replaced with coconut milk on Tuvalu?
A: animal', '
Q: What type of meat is eaten on Tuvalu?
A: seabirds', '
Q: At what event is pork traditionally eaten on Tuvalu?
A: fateles']
Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall, where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music, singing and dancing. Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders – the traditional decision making body on each island. Under the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means "traditional assembly in each island...composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island". Aganu means traditional customs and culture.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of structure is the falekaupule?
A: meeting hall', '
Q: Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?
A: celebrations', '
Q: Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have? 
A: council of elders', '
Q: What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?
A: decision making body', '
Q: What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?
A: Aganu']
A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti, which is similar to cricket. A popular sport specific to Tuvalu is Ano, which is played with two round balls of 12 cm (5 in) diameter. Ano is a localised version of volleyball, in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground. Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the traditional sport on Tuvalu?
A: kilikiti', '
Q: What is the Tuvalu version of volley ball?
A: Ano', '
Q: To what sport is kilikiti like?
A: cricket', '
Q: What group disliked the traditional war-like sports of Tuvalu?
A: Christian missionaries', '
Q: With what equipment is ano played?
A: two hard balls']
The popular sports in Tuvalu include kilikiti, Ano, football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What athlete won Tuvalu's first gold metal in competition? 
A: Tuau Lapua Lapua", '
Q: In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu?
A: Pacific Mini Games', '
Q: In what contests did Lapua win  metals for Tuvalu?
A: weightlifting', '
Q: Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games?
A: Telupe Iosefa', '
Q: In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015?
A: powerlifting']
A major sporting event is the "Independence Day Sports Festival" held annually on 1 October. The most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tuvalu Games, which are held yearly since 2008. Tuvalu first participated in the Pacific Games in 1978 and in the Commonwealth Games in 1998, when a weightlifter attended the games held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Two table tennis players attended the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England; Tuvalu entered competitors in shooting, table tennis and weightlifting at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia; three athletes participated in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India, entering the discus, shot put and weightlifting events; and a team of 3 weightlifters and 2 table tennis players attended the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Tuvaluan athletes have also participated in the men's and women's 100 metre sprints at the World Championships in Athletics from 2009.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a major annual sports event in Tuvalu?
A: Independence Day Sports Festival', '
Q: What is the most important sports event held on Tuvalu?
A: Tuvalu Games', '
Q: In what year did Tuvalu first appear in the Commonwealth Games?
A: 1998', '
Q: What type of competitor entered the commonwealth Games in 1998?
A: weightlifter', '
Q: What competitions have Tuvalu athletes entered in the World Championships in Athletics?
A: 100 metre sprints']