romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Very low sounds are also produced in various species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea and Neuroptera. These low sounds are simply the sounds made by the insect's movement. Through microscopic stridulatory structures located on the insect's muscles and joints, the normal sounds of the insect moving are amplified and can be used to warn or communicate with other insects. Most sound-making insects also have tympanal organs that can perceive airborne sounds. Some species in Hemiptera, such as the corixids (water boatmen), are known to communicate via underwater sounds. Most insects are also able to sense vibrations transmitted through surfaces.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sound volume is produced by Coleoptera?
A: low', "
Q: Low insect sounds are made by the insect's what?
A: movement", '
Q: Low insect sounds can be heard through what?
A: microscopic stridulatory structures', '
Q: Insect moving sounds are used to warn and do what with other insects?
A: communicate', '
Q: Corixids are able to communicate with what type of sounds?
A: underwater']
Some species use vibrations for communicating within members of the same species, such as to attract mates as in the songs of the shield bug Nezara viridula. Vibrations can also be used to communicate between entirely different species; lycaenid (gossamer-winged butterfly) caterpillars which are myrmecophilous (living in a mutualistic association with ants) communicate with ants in this way. The Madagascar hissing cockroach has the ability to press air through its spiracles to make a hissing noise as a sign of aggression; the Death's-head Hawkmoth makes a squeaking noise by forcing air out of their pharynx when agitated, which may also reduce aggressive worker honey bee behavior when the two are in close proximity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are used by insects to communicate with members of the same species?
A: vibrations', '
Q: Vibrations are used to communicate with members of the same species, and what other species?
A: different species', '
Q: Which insects has a song to attract males from the same species?
A: Nezara viridula', '
Q: What is a lycaenid caterpillar? 
A: gossamer-winged butterfly', '
Q: Living in association with ants is called what?
A: myrmecophilous']
Chemical communications in animals rely on a variety of aspects including taste and smell. Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell. A semiochemical is a message-carrying chemical that is meant to attract, repel, and convey information. Types of semiochemicals include pheromones and kairomones. One example is the butterfly Phengaris arion which uses chemical signals as a form of mimicry to aid in predation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication?
A: Chemical', '
Q: What is the physiological response of a sense organ called?
A: Chemoreception', '
Q: Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate the activity of what?
A: a cell', '
Q: What is a message-carrying chemical called?
A: semiochemical', '
Q: Kairomones are a type of what?
A: semiochemicals']
In addition to the use of sound for communication, a wide range of insects have evolved chemical means for communication. These chemicals, termed semiochemicals, are often derived from plant metabolites include those meant to attract, repel and provide other kinds of information. Pheromones, a type of semiochemical, are used for attracting mates of the opposite sex, for aggregating conspecific individuals of both sexes, for deterring other individuals from approaching, to mark a trail, and to trigger aggression in nearby individuals. Allomonea benefit their producer by the effect they have upon the receiver. Kairomones benefit their receiver instead of their producer. Synomones benefit the producer and the receiver. While some chemicals are targeted at individuals of the same species, others are used for communication across species. The use of scents is especially well known to have developed in social insects.:96–105

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Insects use sound and what other means for communication?
A: chemical means', '
Q: The chemicals used by insects to communicate are called what?
A: semiochemicals', '
Q: Semiochemicals come from where?
A: plant metabolites', '
Q: Insect chemicals are used to attract and what else?
A: repel', '
Q: What insect chemical benefits both the receiver and the producer?
A: Synomones']
Social insects, such as termites, ants and many bees and wasps, are the most familiar species of eusocial animal. They live together in large well-organized colonies that may be so tightly integrated and genetically similar that the colonies of some species are sometimes considered superorganisms. It is sometimes argued that the various species of honey bee are the only invertebrates (and indeed one of the few non-human groups) to have evolved a system of abstract symbolic communication where a behavior is used to represent and convey specific information about something in the environment. In this communication system, called dance language, the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun, and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown.:309–311 Though perhaps not as advanced as honey bees, bumblebees also potentially have some social communication behaviors. Bombus terrestris, for example, exhibit a faster learning curve for visiting unfamiliar, yet rewarding flowers, when they can see a conspecific foraging on the same species.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Termites are considered what type of insect?
A: Social', '
Q: Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?
A: ants', '
Q: What is another term for social insect?
A: eusocial animal', '
Q: Social insects live in well organized what?
A: colonies', '
Q: The method that a bee dances is called what?
A: dance language']
Only insects which live in nests or colonies demonstrate any true capacity for fine-scale spatial orientation or homing. This can allow an insect to return unerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of apparently identical holes clustered together, after a trip of up to several kilometers' distance. In a phenomenon known as philopatry, insects that hibernate have shown the ability to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest. A few insects seasonally migrate large distances between different geographic regions (e.g., the overwintering areas of the Monarch butterfly).:14

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else?
A: nests', '
Q: Some insects have a fine scale spatial orientation and/or what else?
A: homing', '
Q: Spacial orientation/homing allows an insect to return to one specific hole among how many?
A: thousands', '
Q: An insect recalling a specific location for up to a year is called what?
A: philopatry', '
Q: An insect that can recall a specific location for up to a year does what?
A: hibernate']
The eusocial insects build nest, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time (see Eusociality). Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number exhibit some form of parental care, where they will at least guard their eggs, and sometimes continue guarding their offspring until adulthood, and possibly even feeding them. Another simple form of parental care is to construct a nest (a burrow or an actual construction, either of which may be simple or complex), store provisions in it, and lay an egg upon those provisions. The adult does not contact the growing offspring, but it nonetheless does provide food. This sort of care is typical for most species of bees and various types of wasps.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?
A: full-time', '
Q: What do eusocial insects guard?
A: eggs', '
Q: What do eusocial insects build?
A: nest', '
Q: Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult?
A: short', "
Q: An adult eusocial insect does not contact it's what?
A: growing offspring"]
Insects are the only group of invertebrates to have developed flight. The evolution of insect wings has been a subject of debate. Some entomologists suggest that the wings are from paranotal lobes, or extensions from the insect's exoskeleton called the nota, called the paranotal theory. Other theories are based on a pleural origin. These theories include suggestions that wings originated from modified gills, spiracular flaps or as from an appendage of the epicoxa. The epicoxal theory suggests the insect wings are modified epicoxal exites, a modified appendage at the base of the legs or coxa. In the Carboniferous age, some of the Meganeura dragonflies had as much as a 50 cm (20 in) wide wingspan. The appearance of gigantic insects has been found to be consistent with high atmospheric oxygen. The respiratory system of insects constrains their size, however the high oxygen in the atmosphere allowed larger sizes. The largest flying insects today are much smaller and include several moth species such as the Atlas moth and the White Witch (Thysania agrippina).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Insects are the only invertebrates that have evolved into what?
A: flight', '
Q: What part of the insect has been up for debate?
A: wings', '
Q: Wings from the paranotal lobes are based on what theory?
A: paranotal theory', '
Q: Wings from modified gills is from what origin?
A: pleural origin', '
Q: The epicoxal theory suggests insect wings are modified what?
A: epicoxal exites']
Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait. The tripedal gait allows for rapid walking while always having a stable stance and has been studied extensively in cockroaches. The legs are used in alternate triangles touching the ground. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn and so on. The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, or avoiding obstacles, four or more feet may be touching the ground. Insects can also adapt their gait to cope with the loss of one or more limbs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many legs do adult insects contain?
A: six', '
Q: Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?
A: tripedal', '
Q: The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?
A: rapid', '
Q: Insects can adopt how many gaits?
A: a variety', '
Q: Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what?
A: limbs']
Cockroaches are among the fastest insect runners and, at full speed, adopt a bipedal run to reach a high velocity in proportion to their body size. As cockroaches move very quickly, they need to be video recorded at several hundred frames per second to reveal their gait. More sedate locomotion is seen in the stick insects or walking sticks (Phasmatodea). A few insects have evolved to walk on the surface of the water, especially members of the Gerridae family, commonly known as water striders. A few species of ocean-skaters in the genus Halobates even live on the surface of open oceans, a habitat that has few insect species.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of locomotion is seen in stick insects?
A: sedate', '
Q: What is another name for walking stick insects?
A: Phasmatodea', '
Q: Some insects can walk on top of what?
A: water', '
Q: What insect can walk on the surface of water?
A: water striders', '
Q: Water striders are part of what insect family?
A: Gerridae']
Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of water. They can do this because their claws are not at the tips of the legs as in most insects, but recessed in a special groove further up the leg; this prevents the claws from piercing the water's surface film. Other insects such as the Rove beetle Stenus are known to emit pygidial gland secretions that reduce surface tension making it possible for them to move on the surface of water by Marangoni propulsion (also known by the German term Entspannungsschwimmen).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Water beetles have legs of what type of structure?
A: paddle-like', '
Q: Dragonflys use what kind of propulsion?
A: jet', '
Q: Dragonflys shoot water from where?
A: rectal chamber', '
Q: Water striders have what kind of special groove up their leg?
A: recessed', '
Q: Rove beetle Stenus emit what type of gland secretions?
A: pygidial']
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wildlife nutrition. An example is the beetles, which are scavengers that feed on dead animals and fallen trees and thereby recycle biological materials into forms found useful by other organisms. These insects, and others, are responsible for much of the process by which topsoil is created.:3, 218–228

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?
A: Insect ecology', '
Q: Another term for surrounding environment is what?
A: ecosystem', '
Q: What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem?
A: important', '
Q: What type of burial do insects engage in?
A: dung', '
Q: Beetles are also known as what?
A: scavengers']
Camouflage is an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families, especially those that feed on wood or vegetation, such as many of the leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae) or weevils. In some of these species, sculpturing or various colored scales or hairs cause the beetle to resemble bird dung or other inedible objects. Many of those that live in sandy environments blend in with the coloration of the substrate. Most phasmids are known for effectively replicating the forms of sticks and leaves, and the bodies of some species (such as O. macklotti and Palophus centaurus) are covered in mossy or lichenous outgrowths that supplement their disguise. Some species have the ability to change color as their surroundings shift (B. scabrinota, T. californica). In a further behavioral adaptation to supplement crypsis, a number of species have been noted to perform a rocking motion where the body is swayed from side to side that is thought to reflect the movement of leaves or twigs swaying in the breeze. Another method by which stick insects avoid predation and resemble twigs is by feigning death (catalepsy), where the insect enters a motionless state that can be maintained for a long period. The nocturnal feeding habits of adults also aids Phasmatodea in remaining concealed from predators.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is an important defense strategy for insects to survive?
A: Camouflage', '
Q: What does coloration and shape help an insect do in the surrounding environment?
A: blend', '
Q: Protective coloring is common in what insect family?
A: beetle', '
Q: What is Chrysomelidae?
A: leaf beetles', '
Q: A beetle can resemble what kind of dung?
A: bird dung']
Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model). Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known by the mimicry by the limenitidine Viceroy butterfly of the inedible danaine Monarch. Later research has discovered that the Viceroy is, in fact more toxic than the Monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of Müllerian mimicry. In Müllerian mimicry, inedible species, usually within a taxonomic order, find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators who need to learn about the insects' inedibility. Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well known Müllerian complexes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?
A: defense', '
Q: Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?
A: deceive', '
Q: Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?
A: wasps', '
Q: Mimicry complexes are usually found where?
A: in Lepidoptera', '
Q: What is a well known Mullerian complex?
A: Taxa']
Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently, learning not to eat those types of species; this is actually the basis of Müllerian mimicry. A predator who has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species as well. Some ground beetles of the Carabidae family can spray chemicals from their abdomen with great accuracy, to repel predators.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species?
A: Chemical', '
Q: What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?
A: bright colors', '
Q: Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants?
A: sequestering', "
Q: Which insect manufactures it's own toxins?
A: Lepidoptera", '
Q: Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen?
A: chemicals']
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is a grand example of mutualism. The various flower traits (and combinations thereof) that differentially attract one type of pollinator or another are known as pollination syndromes. These arose through complex plant-animal adaptations. Pollinators find flowers through bright colorations, including ultraviolet, and attractant pheromones. The study of pollination by insects is known as anthecology.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Pollen transferred in the reproduction of plants is called?
A: Pollination', '
Q: What is required to transport pollen?
A: an animal', '
Q: Most pollination is completed by what?
A: insects', '
Q: What do insects receive in return for pollination?
A: energy rich nectar', '
Q: Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what?
A: pollination syndromes']
Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (e.g. lice, bed bugs), transmit diseases (mosquitoes, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control, as in research for companies to produce insecticides, but increasingly rely on methods of biological pest control, or biocontrol. Biocontrol uses one organism to reduce the population density of another organism — the pest — and is considered a key element of integrated pest management.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Humans consider insects as what?
A: pests', '
Q: Lice and bed bugs are considered what kind of insect?
A: parasitic', '
Q: Flies and what other kind of insect transmit diseases?
A: mosquitoes', '
Q: What kind of insect can damage architectural structures?
A: termites', '
Q: Locusts destroy what?
A: agricultural goods']
Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different plants of the same species, they also spread pollen from plants on which they have previously fed. This greatly increases plants' ability to cross-pollinate, which maintains and possibly even improves their evolutionary fitness. This ultimately affects humans since ensuring healthy crops is critical to agriculture. As well as pollination ants help with seed distribution of plants. This helps to spread the plants which increases plant diversity. This leads to an overall better environment. A serious environmental problem is the decline of populations of pollinator insects, and a number of species of insects are now cultured primarily for pollination management in order to have sufficient pollinators in the field, orchard or greenhouse at bloom time.:240–243 Another solution, as shown in Delaware, has been to raise native plants to help support native pollinators like L. vierecki. Insects also produce useful substances such as honey, wax, lacquer and silk. Honey bees have been cultured by humans for thousands of years for honey, although contracting for crop pollination is becoming more significant for beekeepers. The silkworm has greatly affected human history, as silk-driven trade established relationships between China and the rest of the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of insects attract the most attention from humans?
A: pest insects', '
Q: Many insects are what to the environment?
A: beneficial', '
Q: What do bees, wasps, butterflies, and ants do to flowers?
A: pollinate', '
Q: What do insects gather from plants?
A: nectar', '
Q: What kind of environmental problem would occur without pollination?
A: serious']
Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get significantly reduce pest aphid populations. While birds are perhaps more visible predators of insects, insects themselves account for the vast majority of insect consumption. Ants also help control animal populations by consuming small vertebrates. Without predators to keep them in check, insects can undergo almost unstoppable population explosions.:328–348:400

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What insects feed on other insects?
A: Insectivorous', '
Q: Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans?
A: beneficial', '
Q: What insect feeds on aphids?
A: ladybugs', '
Q: What are the most visible predators of insects?
A: birds', '
Q: What is the largest consumer of insects?
A: insects themselves']