romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Parthia was a north-eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid empire which later passed on to Alexander's empire. Under the Seleucids, Parthia was governed by various Greek satraps such as Nicanor and Philip (satrap). In 247 BC, following the death of Antiochus II Theos, Andragoras, the Seleucid governor of Parthia, proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship. He ruled until 238 BCE when Arsaces, the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia, killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty. Antiochus III recaptured Arsacid controlled territory in 209 BC from Arsaces II. Arsaces II sued for peace became a vassal of the Seleucids and it was not until the reign of Phraates I (168–165 BCE), that the Arsacids would again begin to assert their independence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Andragoras proclaim his independence?
A: 247 BC', "
Q: When did Andragoras' reign end?
A: 238 BCE", '
Q: Who killed Andragoras?
A: Arsaces', '
Q: What tribe was Arsaces the leader of?
A: Parni', '
Q: When did Antiochus III regain territory from Arsaces II?
A: 209 BC']
During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia, Arsacid control expanded to include Herat (in 167 BC), Babylonia (in 144 BC), Media (in 141 BC), Persia (in 139 BC), and large parts of Syria (in the 110s BC). The Seleucid–Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138–129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman–Parthian Wars (66 BC – 217 AD). Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. They enjoyed Greek theater and Greek art influenced Parthian art. The Parthians continued worhipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities. Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal epithets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under whose guidance?
A: Antiochus VII Sidetes', '
Q: Who was Antiochus VII Sidetes killed by which army?
A: Parthian', '
Q: What years were the Roman–Parthian Wars?
A: 66 BC – 217 AD', '
Q: What was the currency in the Parthian Empire?
A: Greek drachmas', '
Q: The Parthian Empire worshipped Greek Gods and what other cultures deities?
A: Iranian']
The Nabatean Kingdom was an Arab state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. Its capital was the city of Petra, an important trading city on the incense route. The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonous and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids, but later fought against Herod the great. The hellenization of the Nabateans accured relatively late in comparison to the surrounding regions. Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BCE. Aretas captured Damascus and built the Petra pool complex and gardens in the Hellenistic style. Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars, during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture. Nabatean art shows Greek influences and paintings have been found depicting Dionysian scenes. They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Arab State lied between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula?
A: Nabatean Kingdom', '
Q: What was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom?
A: Petra', '
Q: Who allied with the Nabatean Kingdom to fight against the Seleucids?
A: Hasmoneans', '
Q: Under whose reign did Nabatean culture begin to show Greek influence?
A: Aretas III Philhellene', '
Q: What century did Aretas III Philhellene reign?
A: 1st']
During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koiné Greek. The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times?
A: Judea', '
Q: What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period?
A: Judaism', '
Q: Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?
A: Antioch', '
Q: Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period?
A: High Priest of Israel', "
Q: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. 
A: y of"]
Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174–135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the Jewish elite class called?
A: the Tobiads', '
Q: Judea was brought into the Seleucid empire by which leader?
A: Antiochus III', '
Q: When did Jerusalem fall to Antiochus III?
A: 198', '
Q: What victorious uprising is celebrated in the Jewish festival Hanukkah?
A: Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus', '
Q: What years were the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?
A: 174–135 BCE']
Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism. Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty, which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE. The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war, which coincided with civil wars in Rome. The last Hasmonean ruler, Antigonus II Mattathias, was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea. Herod the Great considerably enlarged the Temple (see Herod's Temple), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?
A: Hasmonaean Dynasty', '
Q: What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist?
A: 165 BCE to 63 BCE', '
Q: Who was the last Hasmonean ruler?
A: Antigonus II Mattathias', '
Q: Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by?
A: Herod', '
Q: When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed?
A: 37 BCE']
The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Bactria was led by what king from 255-246 BCE?
A: Diodotus', '
Q: When was Diodotus II overthrown?
A: 230 BC', '
Q: What leader overthrew Diodotus II?
A: Euthydemus', '
Q: The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by what Seleucid leader?
A: Antiochus III', '
Q: Antiochus III married his daughter off to whose son?
A: Euthydemus']
According to Strabo, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism. Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but by about 175 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of north-western India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggest the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point that the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions (Scythian and Yuezhi), by about 130 BCE. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek-rule. The Kushan empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road?
A: Strabo', '
Q: When did Demetrius, son of Euthydemus invade north-western India?
A: 180 BC', '
Q: Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history?
A: Demetrius', '
Q: Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria?
A: Heliocles']
After Demetrius' death, civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I (from c. 180/175 BCE) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 (or 165) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism, and seems to have been a great patron of the religion; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as 'Milinda'. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria?
A: Apollodotus I', '
Q: Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I?
A: Antimachus II', '
Q: Who succeeded Antimachus II?
A: Menander I', '
Q: What religion did Menander I convert to?
A: Buddhism', '
Q: What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts?
A: Milinda']
After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD when finally ended by the Indo-Scythians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Menander die?
A: 130 BC', '
Q: What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east?
A: Indo-Scythian', '
Q: Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion?
A: Paropamisadae', "
Q: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. 
A: dom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek", "
Q: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. 
A: in"]
Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." and the creators of flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The "Brihat-Samhita" of the mathematician Varahamihira says: "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....." .

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does "sarvajnaa yavanaa" mean?
A: the all-knowing Yavanas', '
Q: Who said "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so."?
A: The Mahabharata', '
Q: Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita?
A: Varahamihira', '
Q: Who said "The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy."
A: The Mahabharata', '
Q: Who said "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others...."
A: Varahamihira']
Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height?
A: Hellenistic", '
Q: Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture?
A: Hellenistic', '
Q: Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom?
A: Hellenistic']
Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438–110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the "young Scythians". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?
A: Crimean', '
Q: What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?
A: Bosporan', '
Q: Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?
A: Pontic-Caspian steppe', '
Q: From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?
A: Greeks of Bactria', '
Q: Hellenized Scythians were known as?
A: young Scythians']
In Arabia, Bahrain, which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great. The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit these islands. It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire, although the archaeological site at Qalat Al Bahrain has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Greeks call Bahrain?
A: Tylos', '
Q: Where was the central point of pearl trading?
A: Bahrain', '
Q: Which of Alexanders commanders were the first to visit Bahrain?
A: Nearchus', '
Q: Alexander planned to colonized the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf with what ethnicity of colonist?
A: Greek', '
Q: Tylos worshipped Zeus in the form of what Arabian sun-god?
A: Shams']
Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. In 550 BCE, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. The core of Carthage's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service, though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries. After their defeat in the first Punic war, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage to reform their military forces. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Carthage was on the coast of what country?
A: Tunisia', '
Q: What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?
A: military', '
Q: Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE?
A: Mago I of Carthage', "
Q: What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military?
A: phalanx", "
Q: What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military?
A: Xanthippus of Carthage"]
Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus, and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterwards, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Rome dominated what peninsula?
A: Italian', '
Q: Greek cities were absorbed by what republic?
A: Roman', '
Q: Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war?
A: First Punic War', '
Q: Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war?
A: Romans']
Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans; the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215–202 BC).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?
A: Roman', '
Q: What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?
A: Philip V', '
Q: Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?
A: the Romans', '
Q: When was the Battle of Cannae?
A: 216 BC', '
Q: In what war was the Battle of Cannae?
A: Second Punic War']
Once the Second Punic War had been resolved, and the Romans had begun to regather their strength, they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip. A pretext for war was provided by Philip's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum, and Rhodes, both Roman allies. The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War. This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC). Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant 'Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war?
A: the Balkans', '
Q: Whose refusal to end wars with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes led to the Second Macedonian War?
A: Philip', '
Q: What year did the Second Macedonian War begin?
A: 200 BC', '
Q: What battle signaled the end to the Second Macedonian War?
A: Battle of Cynoscephalae', '
Q: What empire won the Second Macedonian War?
A: Roman']