romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km), including the Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. There have been no significant historically recorded earthquakes in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the deeper past, nor occurring in the future. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves. These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed "fault creep", which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many estimated active faults does Houston have?
A: 300', '
Q: What is the total length of the Houston faults?
A: 310 miles', '
Q: What geological feature has been removed underground to cause sinking in areas of southeast Houston?
A: water', '
Q: Which of the geologic faults run through the center of Houston?
A: Long Point–Eureka Heights', '
Q: What is a slow smooth rate of movement of faults called?
A: fault creep']
Houston was incorporated in 1837 under the ward system of representation. The ward designation is the progenitor of the eleven current-day geographically oriented Houston City Council districts. Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the Interstate 610 Loop. The inside encompasses the central business district and many residential neighborhoods that predate World War II. More recently, high-density residential areas have been developed within the loop. The city's outlying areas, suburbs and enclaves are located outside of the loop. Beltway 8 encircles the city another 5 miles (8.0 km) farther out.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What system of incorporation was used in 1837 by Houston?
A: ward system', '
Q: What is the present day system being used by Houston for representation?
A: Houston City Council districts', '
Q: What highway is used to designate locations in Houston?
A: Interstate 610 Loop', '
Q: Beside older pre-World War II residences, what is found inside the Loop? 
A: central business district', '
Q: What highway circles the outer areas of Houston?
A: Beltway 8']
Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of mid-rise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 west. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an edge city. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside of a central business district. The new 20-story Skanska building and BBVA Compass Plaza are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects I. M. Pei, César Pelli, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s decade, there was a mini-boom of mid-rise and high-rise residential tower construction, with several over 30 stories tall. Since 2000 more than 30 high-rise buildings have gone up in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units. In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m²) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m²) of Class A office space.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What area is located at Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road?
A: Uptown District', '
Q: When did the Uptown district expand?
A: 1970s and early 1980s', '
Q: What is the tallest building in Uptown Houston?
A: Williams Tower', '
Q: How many square feet of office space did Houston have in Uptown in 2002?
A: 23 million', '
Q: Until 1999 what was the Williams Tower known as?
A: Transco Tower']
Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry—particularly for oil and natural gas—as well as for biomedical research and aeronautics. Renewable energy sources—wind and solar—are also growing economic bases in the city. The Houston Ship Channel is also a large part of Houston's economic base. Because of these strengths, Houston is designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network and global management consulting firm A.T. Kearney. The Houston area is the top U.S. market for exports, surpassing New York City in 2013, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration. In 2012, the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land area recorded $110.3 billion in merchandise exports. Petroleum products, chemicals, and oil and gas extraction equipment accounted for approximately two-thirds of the metropolitan area's exports last year. The Top 3 destinations for exports were Mexico, Canada, and Brazil.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Besides oil and gas, what is Houston known for?
A: biomedical research and aeronautics', "
Q: What other industry is a large part of Houston's economy?
A: Houston Ship Channel", '
Q: What designation does the Globalization and World Cities Study Group give Houston?
A: global city', '
Q: In what did Houston pass New York City in 2013?
A: market for exports', '
Q: How much in dollars did the Houston area export in 2012?
A: $110.3 billion']
In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How did Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities rate Houston?
A: top ranking", "
Q: When did Houston receive a ranking in the top of Kiplinger's Best cities list?
A: 2008", '
Q: Where did Forbes magazine place Houston for technological innovation?
A: fourth', '
Q: Where did Houston place for Fortune 500 companies?
A: second', '
Q: When was Houston ranked the best city for shopping?
A: 2010']
Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Hockey League (NHL). The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball (MLB) expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the "Colt .45s" until 1965) that made one World Series appearance in 2005. The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships: in 1994 and 1995 under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith. The Houston Texans are a National Football League (NFL) expansion team formed in 2002. The Houston Dynamo are a Major League Soccer (MLS) franchise that has been based in Houston since 2006 after they won two MLS Cup titles in 2006 and 2007. The Houston Dash play in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). The Scrap Yard Dawgs, a women's pro softball team, is expected to play in the National Pro Fastpitch (NPF) from 2016.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For which sports team category does Houston not have a team ?
A: National Hockey League', '
Q: Since what year have the Houston Rockets been a Houston team?
A: 1971', '
Q: When were the Houston Astros formed?
A: 1962', '
Q: Until 1965 what were the Houston Astros called?
A: Colt .45s', '
Q: When were the Houston Astros in the World Series?
A: 2005']
The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At-large council members represent the entire city. Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added. The city of Houston's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many members did the original Houston city council have?
A: 14', '
Q: How many at-large positions were there originally?
A: five', '
Q: What areas do at-large council members represent?
A: entire city', '
Q: What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members?
A: 2.1 million', '
Q: How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections?
A: two']
Four separate and distinct state universities are located in Houston. The University of Houston is a nationally recognized Tier One research university, and is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 40,000 students on its 667-acre campus in southeast Houston. The University of Houston–Clear Lake and the University of Houston–Downtown are stand-alone universities; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Located in the historic community of Third Ward is Texas Southern University, one of the largest historically black colleges and universities in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many students does the University of Houston have?
A: 40,000', '
Q: Where in Houston is the University of Houston campus located?
A: southeast', '
Q: How many separate universities does Houston have?
A: Four', "
Q: What university is located in Houston'd third ward?
A: Texas Southern University", '
Q: What kind of college is Texas Southern University?
A: largest historically black']
Houston is served by the Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. The Hearst Corporation, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the Houston Post—its long-time rival and main competition—when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the Houston Press—a free alternative weekly with a weekly readership of more than 300,000.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Houston's major newspaper?
A: Houston Chronicle", '
Q: Who owns the Houston Chronicle?
A: Hearst Corporation', '
Q: When did Chronicle rival newspaper, the Houston Post, cease operations?
A: 1995', '
Q: Whose family owned the Houston Post?
A: Bill Hobby', '
Q: What is the other newspaper that serves Houston?
A: Houston Press']
Houston's highway system has a hub-and-spoke freeway structure serviced by multiple loops. The innermost loop is Interstate 610, which encircles downtown, the medical center, and many core neighborhoods with around a 8-mile (13 km) diameter. Beltway 8 and its freeway core, the Sam Houston Tollway, form the middle loop at a diameter of roughly 23 miles (37 km). A proposed highway project, State Highway 99 (Grand Parkway), will form a third loop outside of Houston, totaling 180 miles in length and making an almost-complete circumference, with the exception of crossing the ship channel. As of June 2014, two of eleven segments of State Highway 99 have been completed to the west of Houston, and three northern segments, totaling 38 miles, are actively under construction and scheduled to open to traffic late in 2015. In addition to the Sam Houston Tollway loop mentioned above, the Harris County Toll Road Authority currently operates four spoke tollways: The Katy Managed Lanes of Interstate 10, the Hardy Toll Road, the Westpark Tollway, and the Fort Bend Parkway Extension. Other spoke roads either planned or under construction include Crosby Freeway, and the future Alvin Freeway.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the type of freeway system that serves Houston?
A: hub-and-spoke', '
Q: What encircles the downtown area of Houston?
A: Interstate 610', '
Q: What is the diameter of the downtown area?
A: 8-mile', '
Q: What part of the freeway system is Beltway 8?
A: middle loop', '
Q: What is the diameter of the center of Beltway 8?
A: 23 miles']
The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations. In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States. The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?
A: tenth-busiest", '
Q: How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve?
A: 182', '
Q: When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of U.S. airports?
A: 2006', '
Q: Where is the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center located?
A: George Bush Intercontinental Airport', "
Q: What is Houston's primary airport?
A: George Bush Intercontinental Airport"]
In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?
A: Cyprus', '
Q: What term does the name copper originate from?
A: сuprum', '
Q: What componds are common in copper?
A: copper(II) salts', '
Q: What is one color common in copper salts?
A: blue', '
Q: What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper.
A: green verdigris']
Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. Ötzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300–3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was copper first known to have been used?
A: 9000 BC', '
Q: In what area is the first recorded use of copper?
A: Middle East', '
Q: When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?
A: 2800 BC', '
Q: Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?
A: iron smelting', '
Q: When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?
A: 5500 BC']
The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later on for headaches, burns, and itching. The Baghdad Battery, with copper cylinders soldered to lead, dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this was the first battery; the claim has not been verified.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?
A: Corinthian bronze', '
Q: How is Corinthian bronze made?
A: depletion gilding', '
Q: Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced? 
A: Alexandria', '
Q: What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India?
A: copper', '
Q: What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC?
A: Baghdad Battery']
Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Electrical wiring is the most important market for the copper industry. This includes building wire, communications cable, power distribution cable, appliance wire, automotive wire and cable, and magnet wire. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors. Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties, such as its high electrical conductivity, tensile strength, ductility, creep (deformation) resistance, corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, solderability, and ease of installation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What metal is used most often in electrical wiring?
A: copper', '
Q: What is the most important market for copper today?
A: Electrical wiring', '
Q: How much of mined copper is used for cables and electrical wiring?
A: Roughly half', '
Q: What metal are most overhead electrical wires made out of?
A: aluminium', '
Q: What is one property of copper that makes it so useful in electrical wiring?
A: high electrical conductivity']
Copper is biostatic, meaning bacteria will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by Muntz metal. Similarly, as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling, even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?
A: biostatic", '
Q: What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?
A: Muntz metal', "
Q: Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper?
A: ships", '
Q: In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make?
A: netting materials', '
Q: Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments?
A: corrosion-resistant']
Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group of the periodic table is copper in?
A: group 11', '
Q: Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common.
A: one s-orbital electron', '
Q: What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?
A: filled d-electron shell', '
Q: How is copper normally supplied?
A: fine-grained polycrystalline form', '
Q: What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?
A: monocrystalline forms']
Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest described single crystal measuring 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust.
A: 50 parts per million', '
Q: How large was the biggest find of copper?
A: 420 tonnes', '
Q: What year was the largest find of copper discovered?
A: 1857', '
Q: How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found?
A: 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm', '
Q: Where was the largest mass of copper found?
A: Michigan, US']
In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Aphrodite and Venus represented copper in mythology and alchemy, because of its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was copper called in Greece?
A: chalkos', '
Q: In what area was copper first mined?
A: Cyprus', '
Q: What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper?
A: Aphrodite', '
Q: What is the Roman goddess that symbolizes copper?
A: Venus', '
Q: What property does copper have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus?
A: lustrous beauty']