romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Primarily starting in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for the worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London subculture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street. The role of trendsetter was revived during the punk era. In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA. Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981?
A: Racial inequality', '
Q: In what year was the Greater London Council formed?
A: 1965', '
Q: In what period was London a symbol of trend-setting and youth?
A: the mid-1960s', '
Q: During "The Troubles", who waged assaults via bombings on London?
A: the Provisional IRA', '
Q: Why was the Greater London Council established?
A: the growth of the urban area']
Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?
A: around 6.8 million", '
Q: What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London? 
A: the Second World War', '
Q: The main ports for London were relocated to where?
A: Felixstowe and Tilbury', '
Q: When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?
A: the 1980s', '
Q: What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?
A: to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea']
The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, which left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration. In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the Greater London Authority. To celebrate the start of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times. In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, the highest level since 1939.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the Millennium Dome, the London Eye, and the Millennium Bridge created to honor?
A: the start of the 21st century', '
Q: What government entity was abolished in 1986?
A: The Greater London Council', '
Q: London was honored with what in July, 2005?
A: awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics', '
Q: What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000?
A: the Greater London Authority', '
Q: The population of Greater London in January 2015 was its greatest since what year?
A: 1939']
The administration of London is formed of two tiers—a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Boris Johnson. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers?
A: two", "
Q: What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier?
A: the Greater London Authority (GLA)", '
Q: Who is the current Mayor of London?
A: Boris Johnson', '
Q: How many boroughs does London consist of?
A: 32', "
Q: What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority?
A: the London Assembly"]
The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority's jurisdiction cover?
A: Teddington Lock to the sea", '
Q: What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London?
A: The London Fire Brigade', '
Q: Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade?
A: London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority', '
Q: The world\'s largest "free-at-the-point-of-use" ambulance service is known as what?
A: the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust', '
Q: What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed?
A: The London Air Ambulance charity']
London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall, including the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street. The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright) because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems. There are 73 Members of Parliament (MPs) from London, who correspond to local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. As of May 2015, 45 are from the Labour Party, 27 are Conservatives, and one is a Liberal Democrat.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the Prime Minister of the UK's official residence?
A: 10 Downing Street", '
Q: Who first dubbed the British Parliament the "Mother of Parliaments?"
A: John Bright', '
Q: How many Members of Parliament are from London?
A: 73', '
Q: As of May 2015, which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament?
A: the Labour Party', '
Q: As of May 2015, how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament?
A: one']
Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?
A: the Ministry of Defence Police', '
Q: What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?
A: Greater London, with the exception of the City of London', '
Q: What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?
A: The British Transport Police', "
Q: What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?
A: the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).", "
Q: What is the name of the City of London's police force?
A: the City of London Police"]
Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt. Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London. The city is split by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area in its interior. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally considered to be the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are approximately 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W﻿ / ﻿51.50722°N 0.12750°W﻿ / 51.50722; -0.12750.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What statutory policy minimizes outward expansion of urban London?
A: the Metropolitan Green Belt', '
Q: Greater London is divided into what two groups of boroughs?
A: Inner London and Outer London', '
Q: Where is the centre of London said to be located?
A: Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall', '
Q: In which directions does the River Thames divide the City of London?
A: North and South', '
Q: What metropolitan area lies beyond the Metropolitan Green Belt?
A: London commuter belt']
Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 6]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?
A: London's status as the capital of England", '
Q: What areas within Greater London have city status?
A: the City of London and the City of Westminster', '
Q: For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?
A: for the purposes of lieutenancies']
Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi). Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the past, how much wider was the River Thames than it is today?
A: five times', '
Q: What was the population density of Greater London in 2001?
A: 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)', '
Q: In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London?
A: the south-west to the east', '
Q: What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region?
A: 13,709,000', '
Q: What is the main geographical landmark in London?
A: the Thames']
Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 °C (75.2 °F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) each year, and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 °C (100.4 °F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are generally cool and damp with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel disruption when this happens. Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles west of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the city centre.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?
A: 15 miles west', "
Q: What is London's average high temperature in July?
A: 24 °C (75.2 °F)", '
Q: What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?
A: urban heat island effect', '
Q: Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?
A: 31', '
Q: What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?
A: Snowfall']
London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City. Further out is, for example, the Tudor period Hampton Court Palace, England's oldest surviving Tudor palace, built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c.1515.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is England's oldest standing palace from the Tudor period?
A: Hampton Court Palace", "
Q: Of what material is London's National Gallery made?
A: Portland stone", '
Q: When did the Great Fire of London occur?
A: 1666', "
Q: The area west of London's city is characterized by what type of building?
A: white stucco or whitewashed", "
Q: What, in part, is the reason for London's lack of a singularly characteristic architectural style among its buildings?
A: their varying ages"]
The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where in London are the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall located?
A: in Kensington', "
Q: What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square?
A: Nelson's Column", '
Q: The Monument, located in the City of London, was erected to commemorate what event?
A: the Great Fire of London', "
Q: What was the most common type of brick used to construct London's older buildings?
A: yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety", '
Q: Where are Marble Arch and Wellington Arch located?
A: at the north and south ends of Park Lane']
In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the financial districts of London known as?
A: the City of London and Canary Wharf', "
Q: High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?
A: St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings", "
Q: What is the European Union's tallest building?
A: Shard London Bridge", '
Q: How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?
A: 95-storey', "
Q: Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?
A: in the two financial districts"]
The London Natural History Society suggest that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 percent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish. They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature Reserves.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many different species of plant life are known to grow in London?
A: 2000', '
Q: How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area?
A: two', '
Q: Green space and open water comprises what percent of London?
A: more than 40 percent', '
Q: How many species of fish live in the River Thames?
A: 120', '
Q: The London Natural History Society has document how many species of butterfly?
A: 47']
Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?
A: pink flamingos', "
Q: What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?
A: fox", "
Q: What is London's fox population density?
A: 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres)", "
Q: In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?
A: the London-based Mammal Society", '
Q: Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?
A: 10,000']
Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels, In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Epping Forest is home for how many species of bats?
A: Ten', '
Q: What animal was found dead at the Highway in Wapping, near the Tower Bridge?
A: otter', '
Q: It appears that otters may be returning to the city of London after how long an absence?
A: a hundred years', '
Q: How many species of bats exist in England?
A: eighteen']
Herds of red and fallow deer also roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained. Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer, which escaped from deer parks at the turn of the twentieth century, are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow and white-tailed deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of the London's green spaces.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What rare breed of deer is protected at the Deer Sanctuary at Theydon Bois?
A: melanistic, black fallow deer', "
Q: When do culls to ensure sustainability of London's deer population occur?
A: each November and February", "
Q: Why are herds of deer starting to enter residential areas in London?
A: to take advantage of the London's green spaces", '
Q: Bushy Park in Richmond is home to what herds of animals?
A: red and fallow deer']
The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7% of London's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: London is second only to what city in terms of its foreign population?
A: New York City', '
Q: What percentage of London residents are foreign-born?
A: 36.7%', '
Q: Many German-born Londoners were British citizens by birth due to what?
A: parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany', '
Q: When did London see its highest population numbers?
A: 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War', "
Q: What was London's estimated population at the time of the 2011 census?
A: 8,173,941"]
The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi). The population density is 5,177 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,410/sq mi), more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world. As of 2014[update], London has the largest number of billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the world, with 72 residing in the city. London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: With which two other cities is London named one of the most expensive in the world?
A: Tokyo and Moscow', "
Q: Where does London rank in terms of the world's largest cities?
A: 19th", '
Q: About how many billionaires call London home?
A: 72']