romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō (1068-1073), the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century. Go-Sanjo, determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence. He also established an office to compile and validate estate records with the aim of reasserting central control. Many shōen were not properly certified, and large landholders, like the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the loss of their lands. Go-Sanjo also established the In-no-cho (ja:院庁 Office of the Cloistered Emperor), which was held by a succession of emperors who abdicated to devote themselves to behind-the-scenes governance, or insei.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?
A: Go-Sanjō', "
Q: Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?
A: Go-Sanjō", '
Q: What term was used for behind the scenes governance?
A: insei']
The In-no-cho filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Minamoto family. While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions, the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne. The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the In-no-cho and of the rise of the military class throughout the country. Military might rather than civil authority dominated the government.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The decline of the Fujiwara's governmental power was filled by what?
A: In-no-cho", '
Q: The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras?
A: Minamoto', '
Q: What allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over royal succession?
A: insei system', '
Q: The In-no-cho was prominent during what years?
A: 1086 to 1156']
A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?
A: Fujiwara no Yorinaga', '
Q: What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?
A: Hōgen Rebellion', '
Q: What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?
A: Taira and Minamoto', '
Q: In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?
A: 1159', '
Q: After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?
A: Taira']
Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than 50 government posts with his relatives, rebuilt the Inland Sea, and encouraged trade with Sung China. He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary, including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples, Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?
A: Taira Kiyomori', '
Q: How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?
A: 19', "
Q: What was the name of Takakura's successor?
A: Antoku", '
Q: Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?
A: 45', '
Q: What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?
A: Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji']
With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family, which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune. Three years later, he was appointed shogun in Kyoto. One year before his death in 1199, Yoritomo expelled the teenage emperor Go-Toba from the throne. Two of Go-Toba's sons succeeded him, but they would also be removed by Yoritomo's successors to the shogunate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the term used to describe military governors?
A: daimyos', '
Q: What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?
A: jito', '
Q: What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?
A: Go-Toba']
Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese transmission of the Chinese Chen Yen school. Shingon, brought to Japan by the monk Kūkai, emphasizes Esoteric Buddhism. Both Kūkai and Saichō aimed to connect state and religion and establish support from the aristocracy, leading to the notion of 'aristocratic Buddhism'. An important element of Tendai doctrine was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible to "every creature". Saichō also sought independent ordination for Tendai monks. A close relationship developed between the Tendai monastery complex on Mount Hiei and the imperial court in its new capital at the foot of the mountain. As a result, Tendai emphasized great reverence for the emperor and the nation. Kammu himself was a notable patron of the otherworldly Tendai sect, which rose to great power over the ensuing centuries. Kūkai greatly impressed the emperors who succeeded Emperor Kammu, and also generations of Japanese, not only with his holiness but also with his poetry, calligraphy, painting, and sculpture. Shingon, through its use of "rich symbols, rituals and mandalas" held a wide-ranging appeal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What religion spread during the Heian period?
A: Buddhism', '
Q: What were the two Japanese sects of Buddhism?
A: Tendai and Shingon', '
Q: Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan?
A: Kūkai', '
Q: Tendai Buddhism suggested that enlightenment was accessible to who?
A: every creature']
Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A well-written poem or haiku could easily make or break one's reputation, and often was a key part of social interaction.Almost as important was the choice of calligraphy, or handwriting, used. The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person's soul: therefore, poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding. Whether the script was Chinese or Japanese, good writing and artistic skill was paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry. Sei Shonagon mentions in her Pillow Book that when a certain courtesan tried to ask her advice about how to write a poem to the empress Sadako, she had to politely rebuke him because his writing was so poor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What artform became a mark of status in the courts?
A: poetry', "
Q: During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul?
A: handwriting", '
Q: What was said to show low status or "poor breeding"?
A: poor or hasty writing']
The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were recorded collectively as The Pillow Book in the 990s, which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle. The Heian period produced a flowering of poetry including works of Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu, Saigyō and Fujiwara no Teika. The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha (いろは), of uncertain authorship, was also written during the Heian period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the Japanese national anthem?
A: Kimi ga Yo', '
Q: What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period?
A: Iroha', '
Q: The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court?
A: Sei Shōnagon']
While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental base for their power. The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the Ryōmin (良民 "Good People") numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million. One reason the samurai were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces. By the year 1000 the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing. Instead of a fully realised system of money circulation, rice was the primary unit of exchange. The lack of a solid medium of economic exchange is implicitly illustrated in novels of the time. For instance, messengers were rewarded with useful objects, e.g., an old silk kimono, rather than paid a fee.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?
A: rice', '
Q: What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?
A: Ryōmin', '
Q: Currency gradually disappeared around what year?
A: 1000', '
Q: What crop became the primary unit of exchange?
A: rice']
The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be linked to the cultural developments of the Heian period and the "pursuit of arts". The major Buddhist temples in Heian-kyō and Nara also made use of the shōen. The establishment of branches rurally and integration of some Shinto shrines within these temple networks reflects a greater "organizational dynamism".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system?
A: Heian-kyō and Nara', '
Q: Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule?
A: The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces', '
Q: The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what?
A: organizational dynamism']
The game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara; each family fielding two branches for a total of six playable clans. The expansion pack features a different set of land units, ships and buildings and is also playable in the multiplayer modes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Total War game has an expansion set during the Heian period?
A: Shogun 2', '
Q: What families are playable characters in Total War: Shogun 2?
A: Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara', '
Q: The Rise of the Samurai expansion for Total War: Shogun 2 depicts which war during the Heian period?
A: Gempei War']
On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Origin of Species published?
A: 24 November 1859', '
Q: Who wrote The Origin of Species?
A: Charles Darwin', '
Q: What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?
A: evolutionary biology', '
Q: What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?
A: Beagle expedition', "
Q: How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?
A: through a process of natural selection"]
Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?
A: dissident anatomists', '
Q: Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?
A: the Church of England', '
Q: What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?
A: Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial', '
Q: How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?
A: that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals.', '
Q: Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?
A: natural theology']
The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?
A: non-specialist readers", "
Q: Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?
A: T. H. Huxley", '
Q: What was T.H. Huxley promoting?
A: scientific naturalism', '
Q: What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?
A: "the eclipse of Darwinism"', "
Q: When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?
A: in the 1930s and 1940s"]
In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form. Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious, with monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?
A: Aristotle', '
Q: Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?
A: Greek philosopher Empedocles', '
Q: How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story?
A: allegorically', '
Q: What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature?
A: monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.']
The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?
A: the Royal Society', '
Q: Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?
A: John Ray', '
Q: Who created a biological classification in 1735?
A: Carl Linnaeus', '
Q: When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?
A: 4004 BC', '
Q: Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?
A: James Hutton']
Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies. Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas, holding that unrelated, fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs. His palæontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction, which he explained by local catastrophes, followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?
A: Erasmus Darwin", '
Q: What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?
A: hypothesis of transmutation of species', "
Q: What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?
A: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck", '
Q: What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?
A: Lamarckism', '
Q: Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?
A: Georges Cuvier']
In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood. Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy, but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?
A: William Paley's", "
Q: What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? 
A: Natural Theology", '
Q: What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?
A: Church of England', '
Q: How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?
A: a threat to divinely appointed social order.', '
Q: How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?
A: adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment']
Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Darwin begin attending university?
A: 1825', '
Q: What university did Darwin attend?
A: Edinburgh University', '
Q: What was Darwin originally studying at university?
A: medicine', '
Q: Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?
A: Robert Grant', '
Q: With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?
A: Adam Sedgwick']