romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What elements of language make for poetic literature?
A: aesthetic and rhythmic qualities', '
Q: Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?
A: verse', '
Q: If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?
A: lines', '
Q: Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?
A: the nineteenth century', '
Q: The structure of poetry may have existed before what?
A: literacy']
Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Literature intended for performance is what?
A: Drama', '
Q: Drama is sometimes blended with what other elements?
A: music and dance', '
Q: What are two types of drama that incorporate music or dance?
A: opera and musical theatre', '
Q: Drama meant to be performed in a theater is what?
A: A play', '
Q: What do we call the author of a play?
A: a playwright']
Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The earliest form of drama we know of was part of what culture?
A: Greek', '
Q: Tragedy was a dramatic style that evolved from what?
A: performance associated with religious and civic festivals', '
Q: A tragedy typically involved what subject matter?
A: historical or mythological themes', '
Q: What media was the play War Of The Worlds written for?
A: radio', '
Q: In what year was War Of The Worlds originally presented?
A: 1938']
“The roots of all our modern academic fields can be found within the pages of literature.”  Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters’ actions and words or the authors’ style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our history. Through the study of past literature we are able to learn about how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example) but we can also learn about these things in fictional works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in ‘‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: Canto I’’ and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature. Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness, or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we continue to evolve and learn more and more.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what?
A: written records', '
Q: We can learn what by carefully examining our literature?
A: our history', '
Q: Who wrote "Childe Harold\'s Pilgrimage: Canto I"?
A: Lord Byron', '
Q: Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what?
A: once we began to write it down', '
Q: Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents?
A: Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments']
As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs. Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today?
A: Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome', '
Q: Besides entertainment or informational value, classic literature also possessed what quality?
A: a covert moral or didactic purpose', '
Q: What societal evolution helped to develop drama and satire by providing a ready audience?
A: urban culture', '
Q: From what settings did lyric poetry derive?
A: courts and aristocratic circles', '
Q: What is an example of a collection of classic Chinese lyric poetry?
A: the Shijing or Book of Songs']
In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Subjects featured in Ancient Chinese literature include what?
A: philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry', '
Q: What two inventions helped make Chinese literature especially important and portable?
A: modern paper making and woodblock printing', '
Q: What historic period was the foundry for classic Chinese literature in the ancient world?
A: the Hundred Schools of Thought period', '
Q: What classic work of war science originated during this period?
A: The Art of War', '
Q: Who wrote The Art Of War?
A: Sun Tzu']
In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India's oral literary traditions?
A: drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry", '
Q: An important language for ancient Indian literature is what?
A: Sanskrit', '
Q: What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature?
A: The Vedas', '
Q: The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time?
A: the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE', '
Q: The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when?
A: the Iron Age']
In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two epic narratives were written by Homer?
A: the Iliad and the Odyssey', '
Q: Who wrote Works and Days and Theogony?
A: Hesiod', '
Q: Plato and Aristotle wrote what type of literature?
A: philosophical texts', '
Q: Who were two important Classic Greek lyric poets?
A: Sappho and Pindar', '
Q: The two great ancient Greek historians were?
A: Herodotus and Thucydides']
Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture?
A: Roman', '
Q: What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?
A: the romance', '
Q: What element is characteristic of a medieval romance?
A: an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative', '
Q: What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance?
A: the invention of printing', '
Q: What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe?
A: the German Faust books']
In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?
A: Romanticism', '
Q: What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement?
A: realism and naturalism', '
Q: What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works?
A: individual experience and emotion', '
Q: How did naturalism effect the greater world?
A: influenced social and political change', '
Q: 20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what?
A: the subjective']
Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms, in spite of its fixed formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science fiction. The separation of "mainstream" and "genre" forms (including journalism) continued to blur during the period up to our own times. William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second World War, and post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sub-group of literature emerged in the 20th century?
A: Genre fiction', '
Q: Alternative reality genre fiction is also known as what?
A: science fiction', '
Q: Who were two 20th century writers who blurred the lines between journalism and literature?
A: William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson', '
Q: By what means did these two writers create and emergent convergence of literature and journalism?
A: strong subjective statements', '
Q: Critics based in what movement find fault in objective realism?
A: post-modern']
As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the "literary" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of "history of science" programmes, students rarely read such works.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two elements have reduced the literary nature of scientific journals?
A: advances and specialization', '
Q: The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where?
A: journals', '
Q: The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?
A: Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton', '
Q: In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists?
A: "history of science" programmes']
Philosophy has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history—Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche—have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What classic area of study is now mostly reserved for academic consideration?
A: Philosophy', '
Q: Most serious studies in philosophy are segregated to what publications?
A: academic journals', '
Q: Who are some of the most important philosophers in history?
A: Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche', '
Q: What aspect of modern academic philosophy is less literary than technical in nature?
A: logic', '
Q: Serious studies in logic tend to resemble what discipline, moreso than literature?
A: mathematics']
Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person’s character that would not be obvious otherwise. It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in ‘‘The English Journal’’ explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of “wonder”.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?
A: intimate emotional aspects', '
Q: How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?
A: It benefits the psychological development and understanding', '
Q: What writer\'s entry in "The English Journal" was concerned with young adult fiction?
A: D. Mitchell', '
Q: Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup?
A: to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child', '
Q: How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth?
A: “wonder”']
Hogan also explains that the temporal and emotional amount which a person devotes to understanding a character’s situation in literature allows literature to be considered “ecological[ly] valid in the study of emotion”. This can be understood in the sense that literature unites a large community by provoking universal emotions. It also allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to thus provoking new emotional experiences. Authors choose literary device according to what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe, thus certain literary devices are more emotionally effective than others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does literature unite members of a society?
A: by provoking universal emotions', '
Q: How does literature expand the horizons of its readers?
A: allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to', '
Q: What determines what literary structure a literary author uses for expression of ideas?
A: what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe', '
Q: What are the levers an author uses in literature to describe a psychological emotion?
A: literary devices']
Maslow’s ‘‘Third Force Psychology Theory’’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology. The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self. Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self. In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”. Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who conceived of "The Third Force Psychology Theory?"
A: Maslow', '
Q: The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what?
A: a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self”', '
Q: The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what?
A: the reason for living', '
Q: What causes a person to become separated from their "true self"?
A: neurological development', '
Q: What author espoused the theory of the "pristine unconscious?"
A: D.H Lawrence']
A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is literary historical writing sometimes called?
A: creative nonfiction', '
Q: Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?
A: literary journalism', '
Q: What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?
A: to record data or convey immediate information', '
Q: Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?
A: Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius']
Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables?
A: Hammurabi', '
Q: What religious scripture can be fit into a large, loose definition of legal literature?
A: the Bible', '
Q: Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group?
A: the Corpus Juris Civilis', '
Q: Under what Emperor did this group sit?
A: Justinian I', '
Q: What empire did Justinian preside over?
A: the Byzantine Empire']