romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the result of a child having an African mother?
A: born into slavery', '
Q: What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?
A: partus sequitur ventrem', '
Q: Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?
A: Anita Florence Hemmings', '
Q: What makes a person mulatto?
A: parents were black and white', '
Q: What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?
A: one black great-grandparent and the remainder white']
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?
A: Because he has no slave blood in him', '
Q: What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?
A: "black" or "white"', '
Q: What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?
A: recent American immigrant', '
Q: Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?
A: CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference', '
Q: Why did Steele say what he did?
A: to be "provocative"']
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?
A: April 5, 1614', '
Q: What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?
A: considered English or white', '
Q: Who married Indigenous women early on?
A: male settlers', '
Q: Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?
A: present-day Virginia', '
Q: Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?
A: Thomas Rolfe']
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has helped geneologists researching slaves?
A: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies', '
Q: What were slaves usually not allowed to do?
A: learn to read and write', '
Q: What replaced written records for black families?
A: oral histories', '
Q: Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?
A: Southern Congressional bloc', '
Q: When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?
A: 1930']
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?
A: Indigenous American tribes', '
Q: When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?
A: 1726', '
Q: What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?
A: Numerous advertisements', '
Q: How did natives and Africans come to know each other?
A: through the institution of slavery', "
Q: Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?
A: because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases"]
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?
A: gave children the social status of their mother', "
Q: What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?
A: partus sequitur ventrem", '
Q: What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?
A: paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them', '
Q: English common law generally said what?
A: a man gave his status to his children']
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are many Latin American migrants?
A: mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race', '
Q: What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
A: white', '
Q: Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?
A: the U.S. Hispanic media', '
Q: What does the typical latino in media look like?
A: blond and blue/green-eyed white']
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?
A: if having seven-eights or more white ancestry', '
Q: What year was mulatto left off the US Census?
A: 1920', '
Q: Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?
A: Southern-dominated Congress']
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?
A: Stanley Crouch', '
Q: What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?
A: "Magic Negro",', "
Q: What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?
A: assuage white 'guilt'", '
Q: What was the title of Crouch\'s article?
A: "What Obama Isn\'t: Black Like Me."']
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the "mixture" heading mean?
A: cannot be racially categorized', '
Q: What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?
A: 2000', '
Q: Bi-racial would be coded as what?
A: Mixture', '
Q: How many race options were there?
A: five enumerated races']
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is considered to be neglected in American history?
A: Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans', '
Q: When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?
A: April 1502', '
Q: Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?
A: Santo Domingo', '
Q: Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?
A: near the mouth of the Pee Dee River', '
Q: How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?
A: 100 enslaved Africans']
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is related to Bliss Broyard?
A: Anatole Broyard', '
Q: Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?
A: autobiography', '
Q: What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?
A: Colored White Boy']
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?
A: the 1980s', '
Q: How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?
A: mostly negative', '
Q: Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?
A: Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins', '
Q: What did they fear would happen?
A: a loss in political and economic power']
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who married Sacagewea?
A: French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau', '
Q: Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?
A: European men and Indigenous American women', "
Q: What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?
A: the kinship system of the woman's tribe", '
Q: What nations are considered matrilineal?
A: Creek and Cherokee', '
Q: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
A: adopted into the tribe by an adult male']
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What brought African Americans together?
A: the one-drop rule', '
Q: Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?
A: family elders', '
Q: Slaves were not allowed to do what?
A: to learn to read and write', '
Q: What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?
A: spoke English, nor read or wrote it', '
Q: What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?
A: their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification']
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?
A: "tragic octoroon"', '
Q: Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?
A: Lydia Maria Child', '
Q: What story was written by Child in 1842?
A: "The Quadroons"', '
Q: What does the tragic octoroon point out?
A: sexual exploitation in slavery', '
Q: Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?
A: abolitionists']
By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who identified the active substance?
A: John Abel', '
Q: Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?
A: Jokichi Takamine', '
Q: Who marketed epinephrine?
A: Parke Davis', '
Q: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?
A: Adrenalin', '
Q: As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?
A: nasal congestion', "
Q: Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?
A: Jokichi Takamine", '
Q: What could epinephrine treat?
A: nasal congestion', '
Q: When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?
A: 2011', '
Q: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?
A: Adrenalin', '
Q: In what year was epinephrine discovered?
A: 1897', '
Q: What was the trade name of epinephrine?
A: Adrenalin', '
Q: Who first discovered epinephrine?
A: John Abel', '
Q: What is epinephrine used to treat?
A: asthma attacks', '
Q: In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?
A: 2011']