romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?
A: the general advancement of Civil Architecture', '
Q: What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?
A: The original Charter of 1837', '
Q: What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?
A: promoting and facilitating']
The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?
A: the Byelaws', '
Q: What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?
A: the Byelaws', "
Q: What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?
A: the Privy Council's approval"]
The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?
A: Usui civium decori urbium', "
Q: Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?
A: Thomas Leverton Donaldson", "
Q: What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?
A: honorary secretary", "
Q: Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?
A: Eric Gill", "
Q: When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?
A: 1960"]
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?
A: the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom", '
Q: Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?
A: the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938', '
Q: Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?
A: the Liverpool University School of Architecture', '
Q: What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?
A: Encyclopædia Britannica', '
Q: How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?
A: twenty']
Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?
A: 1934', '
Q: Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?
A: Harry Barnes', '
Q: In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?
A: 80 per cent', '
Q: Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?
A: architectural associations', '
Q: What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?
A: ARCUK']
The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?
A: 1904", '
Q: What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?
A: syllabus', '
Q: What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?
A: an approved external examiner', '
Q: What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?
A: Visiting Board']
The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers. By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper "Reform of Architects Registration" (1994). The change of name to "Architects Registration Board" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?
A: European Union", '
Q: When did the name of ARCUK change?
A: 1996', "
Q: What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK's name?
A: the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act", '
Q: What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?
A: the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education', "
Q: What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s?
A: Architects Registration Board"]
RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?
A: to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture", '
Q: When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?
A: 2011', '
Q: What does ARB stand for?
A: Architects Registration Board', '
Q: What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?
A: RIBA also validates courses outside the UK']
The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?
A: 44,000', '
Q: What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?
A: RIBA', "
Q: What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?
A: Student Members", '
Q: What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?
A: fellowships', '
Q: Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?
A: FRIBA']
RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?
A: 66 Portland Place", "
Q: Who designed RIBA's headquarters?
A: George Grey Wornum", "
Q: What is one room in RIBA's headquarters that can be visited by the public?
A: the Library", "
Q: For what purpose can rooms be rented at the Royal Institute's building?
A: events"]
The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?
A: a dozen', "
Q: When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?
A: 1966", '
Q: In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?
A: Cambridge', "
Q: What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?
A: the East of England"]
RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?
A: RIBA Enterprises", "
Q: Where does RIBA's business group have its headquarters office?
A: 15 Bonhill Street in London", '
Q: How many people work for RIBA Enterprises?
A: over 250', "
Q: How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office?
A: 180"]
Its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is also part of RIBA Enterprises.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?
A: RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing', '
Q: What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?
A: RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal', '
Q: What does NBS stand for?
A: National Building Specification', '
Q: How many people work for the NBS?
A: 130', '
Q: Where is the NBS located?
A: Newcastle']
The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members. Now, with over four million items, it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. Some items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery and included in temporary exhibitions at the RIBA and across Europe and North America. Its collections include:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another name for the Royal Institute Library?
A: The British Architectural Library', '
Q: When was the RIBA library founded?
A: 1834', '
Q: How many materials are housed in the RIBA library?
A: over four million', '
Q: The British Architectural Library is the biggest library of its kind in which continent?
A: Europe', '
Q: In what institution are some materials from the RIBA collection located?
A: Victoria and Albert Museum']
The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the RIBA Library's first address?
A: 9 Conduit Street", '
Q: Where did RIBA move its library?
A: 66 Portland Place', '
Q: In what year did RIBA move its library?
A: 1934', "
Q: Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?
A: Adolf Loos"]
The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright. The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free education programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?
A: 66 Portland Place", "
Q: Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located?
A: the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A", '
Q: What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room?
A: Art Deco', "
Q: In what year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms open?
A: 2004", '
Q: Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library?
A: students, education groups and families']
Since 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects start a formal relationship?
A: 2004', '
Q: What is the name of the joint venture involving the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects?
A: the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership', '
Q: What is the main goal of the V&A + RIBA partnership?
A: to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture']
In 2004, the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to architecture. Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects. At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A. Under the Partnership new study rooms were opened where members of the public could view items from the RIBA and V&A architectural collections under the supervision of curatorial staff. These and the nearby education room were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery located?
A: Room 128', '
Q: What is found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum?
A: Architecture Exhibition Space', '
Q: Who designed rooms 128 and 128a at the V&A Museum?
A: Gareth Hoskins Architects', "
Q: Where was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives Collections located originally?
A: 21 Portman Place", "
Q: What part of the V&A was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives collection moved to?
A: the Henry Cole Wing"]
RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year, the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work, and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than £500,000. The RIBA also awards the President's Medals for student work, which are regarded as the most prestigious awards in architectural education, and the RIBA President's Awards for Research. The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007. Since 1966, the RIBA also judges regional awards which are presented locally in the UK regions (East, East Midlands, London, North East, North West, Northern Ireland, Scotland, South/South East, South West/Wessex, Wales, West Midlands and Yorkshire).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the Royal Institute of British Architects award the Stirling Prize for?
A: the best new building of the year', "
Q: What was the first year in which RIBA's Royal Gold Medal was given?
A: 1848", '
Q: What is the Royal Gold Medal awarded for?
A: a distinguished body of work', '
Q: What is the limit of how much can be spent on projects receiving the Stephen Lawrence Prize?
A: £500,000', "
Q: What is the name of the RIBA awards given to students of architecture?
A: the President's Medals"]
Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?
A: Architectural design competitions', '
Q: What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?
A: Brief', '
Q: What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?
A: design professionals and client representatives', '
Q: What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition?
A: independence of the jury', '
Q: What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions?
A: public realm artworks']
In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Aside from the ARB, what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects?
A: RIBA', '
Q: What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system?
A: course validation', '
Q: What kinds of courses does RIBA conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board?
A: international courses']
The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?
A: three-year first degree", '
Q: What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?
A: a two-year post graduate diploma or masters', "
Q: What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?
A: professional exams", '
Q: How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?
A: seven years', '
Q: What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute?
A: A further year out']
In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe—even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country. So let's see minimum space standards for all new homes," said RIBA president Jack Pringle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?
A: minimum space standards', '
Q: When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?
A: 2007', '
Q: Who was the head of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?
A: Jack Pringle', '
Q: To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes?
A: the 1920s', '
Q: What country did Pringle cite as having homes with better proportions than those found in the UK?
A: Holland']
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives. NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative copies of acts of Congress, presidential proclamations and executive orders, and federal regulations. The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: NARA is responsible for what collection of archives?
A: National Archives', '
Q: What independent agency preserves the original copy of executive orders?
A: National Archives and Records Administration']
The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA?
A: The Archivist', '
Q: What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred?
A: The Archivist']
The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and United States Statutes at Large, among others. It also administers the Electoral College.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What office publishes the Federal Register?
A: The Office of the Federal Register', '
Q: What office administers the Electoral College?
A: The Office of the Federal Register', '
Q: Which office publishes the Code of Federal Regulations?
A: The Office of the Federal Register', '
Q: Which office publishes the United States Statutes at Large?
A: The Office of the Federal Register']