romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bavaria had a bicameral parliament, with a popularly elected Landtag, and a Senate made up of representatives of the state's major social and economic groups. The Senate was abolished following a referendum in 1998. The states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg are governed slightly differently from the other states. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers in the larger states. The equivalent of the Minister-President is the Senatspräsident (President of the Senate) in Bremen, the Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) in Hamburg, and the Regierender Bürgermeister (Governing Mayor) in Berlin. The parliament for Berlin is called the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a Bürgerschaft. The parliaments in the remaining 13 states are referred to as Landtag (State Parliament).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg called?
A: Senate', '
Q:  What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia?
A: the State Government', "
Q: What did Bavaria's government have before 2001?
A: a bicameral parliament", '
Q: How many people are in the executive branch senate in Berlin?
A: eight', '
Q: The parliament in Berlin is called what?
A: Abgeordnetenhaus']
The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of "rural districts" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts in their own right, or local associations of a special kind (Kommunalverbände besonderer Art), see below. The state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen consists of two urban districts, while Berlin and Hamburg are states and urban districts at the same time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the districts of Germany considered?
A: administrative districts', '
Q: Every state, other than the free states, consist of districts called what?
A: "rural districts"', '
Q: How many urban districts are in Bremen?
A: two', '
Q: Berlin and Hamburg are states and what else at the same time?
A: urban districts']
Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland are grouped into such an association, or Kommunalverband besonderer Art. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what?
A: one or more Kreisfreie Städte', '
Q: What do local associations replace?
A: administrative entities at the district level', '
Q: What are local associations  intended to implement?
A: simplification of administration', '
Q: What is the association a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland typically grouped into?
A: Kommunalverband besonderer Art', '
Q: What does a Kommunalverband besonderer Art require?
A: the issuing of special laws']
Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as well, also having city rights or town rights (Stadtrechte). Nowadays, this is mostly just the right to be called a city or town. However, in former times there were many other privileges, including the right to impose local taxes or to allow industry only within city limits.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Every rural district is subdivided into what?
A: municipalities', '
Q: Every urban district is what in its own right?
A: municipality', '
Q: How many municipalities are there?
A: 12,141', '
Q: What is the smallest administrative unit in Germany?
A: a municipality', '
Q: What are town rights called?
A: Stadtrechte']
The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law." Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial trading estates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities?
A: local governments can justify', '
Q: What article grants the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law.
A: Article 28(2)', '
Q: Under Article 28(2) local governments can justify what?
A: a wide range of activities', '
Q: What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure?
A: development']
The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: 한국전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭, Hanguk Jeonjaeng, "Korean War"; in North Korean Chosungul: 조국해방전쟁, Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng, "Fatherland Liberation War"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953)[a] was started when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with United States as the principal force, came to aid of South Korea. China, along with assistance from Soviet Union, came to aid of North Korea. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the Korean War begin?
A: 1950', '
Q: What caused the start of the Korean War?
A: North Korea invaded South Korea', '
Q: What country was divided at the end of World War II?
A: Korea', '
Q: Which country aided South Korea during the war?
A: United States', '
Q: When did the Korean War end?
A: 27 July 1953']
Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and—by agreement with the United States—occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered. By 1948, two separate governments had been set up. Both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. On that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83: Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation and dispatch of the UN Forces in Korea. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What nation ruled Korea in 1910?
A: Japan', '
Q: What part of Korea did the Soviet Union occupy?
A: north of the 38th parallel', '
Q: Who occupied Korea south of the 38th parallel?
A: U.S. forces', "
Q: What United Nation's committee considered the invasion of Korea to be an act of aggression?
A: United Nations Security Council", '
Q: How many countries assisted in the defense of South Korea?
A: Twenty-one']
After the first two months of the conflict, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many of the North Korean attackers. Those that escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, or into the mountainous interior. At this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951. After these dramatic reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of conflict became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their Communist allies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to?
A: Pusan Perimeter', '
Q: In 1950, what country got involved in the war?
A: China', '
Q: How many times did the control of Seoul change?
A: four', '
Q: On land, where was the last two years of the war fought?
A: close to the 38th parallel', '
Q: What type of combat was seen for the first time in the history of war?
A: air-to-air combat']
In China, the war is officially called the "War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea" (simplified Chinese: 抗美援朝战争; traditional Chinese: 抗美援朝戰爭; pinyin: Kàngměiyuáncháo zhànzhēng), although the term "Chaoxian (Korean) War" (simplified Chinese: 朝鲜战争; traditional Chinese: 朝鮮戰爭; pinyin: Cháoxiǎn zhànzhēng) is also used in unofficial contexts, along with the term "Korean Conflict" (simplified Chinese: 韩战; traditional Chinese: 韓戰; pinyin: Hán Zhàn) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In, China what is the war officially called?
A: War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea', '
Q: What did Macau and Hong Kong call the Korean War?
A: Korean Conflict', "
Q: When is the term 'Chaoxian War' used as a name for the Korean War?
A: unofficial contexts"]
Korea was considered to be part of the Empire of Japan as an industrialized colony along with Taiwan, and both were part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In 1937, the colonial Governor-General, General Jirō Minami, commanded the attempted cultural assimilation of Korea's 23.5 million people by banning the use and study of Korean language, literature, and culture, to be replaced with that of mandatory use and study of their Japanese counterparts. Starting in 1939, the populace was required to use Japanese names under the Sōshi-kaimei policy. Conscription of Koreans for labor in war industries began in 1939, with as many as 2 million Koreans conscripted into either the Japanese Army or into the Japanese labor force.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with Taiwan, what empire was Korea considered to be apart of?
A: Empire of Japan', "
Q: Who was the colonial Governor-General that mandated cultural assimilation of Korea's people?
A: General Jirō Minami", '
Q: What language were the Korean people forced to learn?
A: Japanese', '
Q: What policy forced Koreans to change their names to Japanese names?
A: Sōshi-kaimei policy', '
Q: In 1939, what caused nearly 2 million Koreans to be forced into the labor force or the army?
A: Conscription']
During World War II, Japan used Korea's food, livestock, and metals for their war effort. Japanese forces in Korea increased from 46,000 soldiers in 1941 to 300,000 in 1945. Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a collaborationist Korean police force; some 723,000 people were sent to work in the overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan. By 1942, Korean men were being conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army. By January 1945, Koreans made up 32% of Japan's labor force. At the end of the war, other world powers did not recognize Japanese rule in Korea and Taiwan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945?
A: 300,000', '
Q: Where were 723,000 Koreans sent to work?
A: overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan', '
Q: Who did Japan collaborate with to help control the citizens of Korea?
A: Korean police force', '
Q: By 1945, what percentage of Koreans made up the Japanese labor force?
A: 32%', '
Q: What army were Korean men conscripted into?
A: Imperial Japanese Army']
On the night of 10 August in Washington, American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into America's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, "even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement...we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops". He noted that he was "faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area". As Rusk's comments indicate, the Americans doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given?
A: dividing the Korean Peninsula', '
Q: What order was the division of Korea included in?
A: General Order No. 1', '
Q: What two areas was Korea divided into?
A: Soviet and U.S. occupation zones', '
Q: What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones?
A: the capital of Korea', "
Q: Who had to agree to the US's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel?
A: Stalin"]
On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel. Appointed as military governor, General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945–48). He established control by restoring to power the key Japanese colonial administrators, but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision. The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) because it suspected it was communist.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who accepted Japan's surrender?
A: Gen. John R. Hodge", '
Q: What was General Hodge appointed the head of?
A: United States Army Military Government in Korea', "
Q: What government was not recognized by the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea?
A: People's Republic of Korea", "
Q: Why was the People's Republic of Korea not recognized?
A: it was communist", '
Q: Who did General Hodge restore power to, resulting in protests?
A: Japanese colonial administrators']
On 23 September 1946, an 8,000-strong railroad worker strike began in Pusan. Civil disorder spread throughout the country in what became known as the Autumn uprising. On 1 October 1946, Korean police killed three students in the Daegu Uprising; protesters counter-attacked, killing 38 policemen. On 3 October, some 10,000 people attacked the Yeongcheon police station, killing three policemen and injuring some 40 more; elsewhere, some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese South Korean officials were killed. The USAMGIK declared martial law.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the civil disobedience caused by the railroad worker's strike called?
A: the Autumn uprising", '
Q: When was the Daegu Uprising?
A: 1946', '
Q: How many people attacked the Yeongcheon police station?
A: 10,000', '
Q: When did the Pusasn railroad strike begin?
A: 23 September 1946', '
Q: How did the USAMGIK respond to the uprisings?
A: declared martial law']
Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea. The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair, and many South Korean politicians also boycotted it. A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948. It was marred by terrorism and sabotage resulting in 600 deaths. North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did the Joint Commission's lack of progress cause the US government to do?
A: hold an election", '
Q: Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea?
A: it would not be fair', '
Q: When was the South Korean general election held?
A: 10 May 1948', '
Q: What problems did the elections face?
A: terrorism and sabotage', '
Q: Who held parliamentary elections on August 25, 1948?
A: North Korea']
The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948, and elected Syngman Rhee as President on 20 July 1948. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established on 15 August 1948. In the Russian Korean Zone of Occupation, the Soviet Union established a Communist North Korean government led by Kim Il-sung. President Rhee's régime excluded communists and leftists from southern politics. Disenfranchised, they headed for the hills, to prepare for guerrilla war against the US-sponsored ROK Government.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was South Korea's constitution created?
A: 1948", '
Q: Who was elected president of South Korea on July 20, 1948?
A: Syngman Rhee', '
Q: What year was the Republic of Korea established?
A: 1948', '
Q: Who led the Russian Koran Zone of Occupation?
A: Kim Il-sung', '
Q: What two groups were excluded from the South Korean political process?
A: communists and leftists']
With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of matériel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria?
A: North Korean government', '
Q: What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War?
A: Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists', '
Q: What did the Chinese Communists want?
A: supremacy in Manchuria', "
Q: What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war?
A: Chinese People's Liberation Army", '
Q: How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists?
A: 2,000 railway cars worth']
The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country helped North Korea invade South Korea?
A: China', "
Q: When was the People's Republic of China created?
A: 1949", '
Q: What caused a problem within the Korean Communist Party?
A: Chinese support', '
Q: Who led the faction that challenged Kim-Il-sung?
A: Pak Il-yu', '
Q: Who did China pledge to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea?
A: the North Koreans']
After the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government named the Western nations, led by the United States, as the biggest threat to its national security. Basing this judgment on China's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century, American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War, and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries, the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States' crusade against Communism. As a countermeasure and to elevate China's standing among the worldwide Communist movements, the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China's periphery.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What country did China see as a threat to the People's Republic of China?
A: Western nations", '
Q: Where was it believed that that fight against Communism would take place?
A: China', '
Q: To show their strength in the international Communist movement, what did China do?
A: promoted Communist revolutions', '
Q: Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War?
A: the Nationalists']
By spring 1950, Stalin believed the strategic situation had changed. The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China, and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even less willing to fight in Korea—which had seemingly much less strategic significance. The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with the US embassy in Moscow, and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation. Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Soviets first detonate a nuclear bomb?
A: 1949', '
Q: What treaty did Stalin and China enter into?
A: Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty', '
Q: What country did not prevent a Communist victory in China?
A: US', '
Q: Who was convinced that the US did was no longer interested in Korea?
A: Stalin', '
Q: Where did Stalin engage in an aggressive political strategy?
A: Asia']