romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%). These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of the defence estate makes up training areas and ranges?
A: 84.0%', '
Q: What makes up the smallest portion of the defence estate?
A: storage & supply depots', '
Q: What percentage of the defence estate is taken up by airfields?
A: (3.4%', '
Q: Who manages the defence estate?
A: Defence Infrastructure Organisation', '
Q: Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate?
A: (2.5%']
The headquarters of the MoD are in Whitehall and are now known as Main Building. This structure is neoclassical in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by Vincent Harris to house the Air Ministry and the Board of Trade. The northern entrance in Horse Guards Avenue is flanked by two monumental statues, Earth and Water, by Charles Wheeler. Opposite stands the Gurkha Monument, sculpted by Philip Jackson and unveiled in 1997 by Queen Elizabeth II. Within it is the Victoria Cross and George Cross Memorial, and nearby are memorials to the Fleet Air Arm and RAF (to its east, facing the riverside). A major refurbishment of the building was completed under a PFI contract by Skanska in 2004.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what city are the headquarters of the MoD?
A: Whitehall', '
Q: Who designed the headquarters of the MoD?
A: Vincent Harris', '
Q: Who designed the statues that are on either side of the northern entrance to the MoD headquarters?
A: Charles Wheeler', '
Q: What is the headquarters of the MoD called?
A: Main Building', '
Q: Who made the Gurkha Monument?
A: Philip Jackson']
Henry VIII's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall, built in 1514–1516 for Cardinal Wolsey, is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet (5.8 m) deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after World War II. This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall?
A: Henry VIII', "
Q: Where is Henry VIII's wine cellar?
A: the basement of Main Building", '
Q: When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built?
A: 1514–1516', '
Q: What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building?
A: brick', '
Q: When was the cellar relocated?
A: 1949']
The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley, head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least £3.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who in the MoD was convicted of fraud?
A: Gordon Foxley', '
Q: What position was held by Foxley?
A: head of defence procurement', '
Q: What years was Foxley employed by the MoD?
A: 1981 to 1984', '
Q: How much money was Foxley accused of taking?
A: at least £3.5m', '
Q: What do the police believe the bribes were intended to do?
A: influence the allocation of contracts']
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?
A: the Guardian', '
Q: What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?
A: secret germ warfare tests', '
Q: What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?
A: children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps', '
Q: When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?
A: between 1940 and 1979', '
Q: When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?
A: between 1961 and 1968']
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?
A: £240m', '
Q: When were the helicopters ordered?
A: 1995', '
Q: Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?
A: National Audit Office', '
Q: In what year were the helicopters brought into service?
A: 2010', '
Q: What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?
A: £500m']
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?
A: Boeing', '
Q: When was the Boeing contract signed?
A: April 2008', '
Q: Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?
A: QinetiQ', '
Q: How much was the Boeing contract worth?
A: £90m', '
Q: What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?
A: more advanced equipment']
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the TA budget withdrawn?
A: October 2009', '
Q: How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army?
A: £20m', '
Q: When was the training for the TA supposed to resume?
A: April 2010', "
Q: How much of the UK's troops are provided by the TA?
A: a small percentage", '
Q: How often do the TA troops regularly train?
A: weekly evenings and monthly weekends']
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget?
A: £6.5bn', '
Q: When was the overbudget amount discovered?
A: 2013', '
Q: What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD?
A: poor management and financial control', '
Q: What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD?
A: up to 39 years', '
Q: Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill?
A: up to 10 and even as much as 15 years']
The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true "HDTV" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century, this race has continued with 4k, 5k and current 8K systems.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The term "high definition" originally described televisions systems from what year?
A: 1936', '
Q: Earlier television systems were based on what?
A: mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution', '
Q: During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?
A: 20th', '
Q: In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?
A: 21st', '
Q: What is the most current HDTV system development?
A: 8K']
The British high-definition TV service started trials in August 1936 and a regular service on 2 November 1936 using both the (mechanical) Baird 240 line sequential scan (later to be inaccurately rechristened 'progressive') and the (electronic) Marconi-EMI 405 line interlaced systems. The Baird system was discontinued in February 1937. In 1938 France followed with their own 441-line system, variants of which were also used by a number of other countries. The US NTSC 525-line system joined in 1941. In 1949 France introduced an even higher-resolution standard at 819 lines, a system that should have been high definition even by today's standards, but was monochrome only and the technical limitations of the time prevented it from achieving the definition of which it should have been capable. All of these systems used interlacing and a 4:3 aspect ratio except the 240-line system which was progressive (actually described at the time by the technically correct term "sequential") and the 405-line system which started as 5:4 and later changed to 4:3. The 405-line system adopted the (at that time) revolutionary idea of interlaced scanning to overcome the flicker problem of the 240-line with its 25 Hz frame rate. The 240-line system could have doubled its frame rate but this would have meant that the transmitted signal would have doubled in bandwidth, an unacceptable option as the video baseband bandwidth was required to be not more than 3 MHz.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who started trials in August 1936?
A: The British high-definition TV service', '
Q: When was the Baird system discontinued?
A: February 1937', '
Q: Which country developed the 441-line system?
A: France', "
Q: What prevented France's 819-line system from achieving the definition it was capable of?
A: the technical limitations of the time", '
Q: Which system used interlaced scanning to correct the flicker problem of the 240-line?
A: 405-line system']
Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did color broadcasts start in the US?
A: 1953,', '
Q: How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953?
A: 525', '
Q: When did Europe begin color broadcasts?
A: 1960s', '
Q: The PAL and SECAM were color systems where?
A: Europe', '
Q: How many lines of resolution were the European monochrome broadcasts?
A: 625']
The Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began conducting research to "unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses" in 1964, after the Tokyo Olympics. NHK set out to create an HDTV system that ended up scoring much higher in subjective tests than NTSC's previously dubbed "HDTV". This new system, NHK Color, created in 1972, included 1125 lines, a 5:3 aspect ratio and 60 Hz refresh rate. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), headed by Charles Ginsburg, became the testing and study authority for HDTV technology in the international theater. SMPTE would test HDTV systems from different companies from every conceivable perspective, but the problem of combining the different formats plagued the technology for many years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Japan Broadcasting Corporation called?
A: Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai', '
Q: What does NHK stand for in Japan?
A: Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai', '
Q: What year was NHK Color created?
A: 1972', '
Q: What was the aspect ratio of the NHK Color?
A: 5:3', '
Q: What organization became the authority on testing and studying international HDTV technology? 
A: The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE)']
There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems:

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70's?
A: four", "
Q: Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970's?
A: SMPTE", '
Q: Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems?
A: an SMPTE study group', '
Q: In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released?
A: 1979', '
Q: What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979?
A: A Study of High Definition Television Systems']
Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s; the 525-line NTSC (and PAL-M) systems, as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems, are now regarded as standard definition television systems.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does DVB stand for?
A: digital video broadcasting', '
Q: When was widescreen HDTV transmission modes formally adopted?
A: early 2000s', '
Q: In addition to the 625-line PAL system, what European system is considered a standard definition television system?
A: SECAM systems', '
Q: In addition to the NTSC system, what 525-line system is considered a standard definition television system?
A: PAL-M', '
Q: 525 and 625-line systems are now considered what?
A: standard definition television systems']
In 1949, France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system (with 737 active lines). The system was monochrome only, and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel. It was discontinued in 1983.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system?
A: 1949', '
Q: What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949?
A: France', '
Q: What did France start transmissions with in 1949?
A: an 819 lines system', "
Q: Was France's 819 line system in color?
A: monochrome only", "
Q: When was France's 819 line system discontinued?
A: 1983"]
In 1958, the Soviet Union developed Тransformator (Russian: Трансформатор, meaning Transformer), the first high-resolution (definition) television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command. It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In the end what was the Soviet Union's Transformator system used for?
A: a research project", '
Q: When did the Soviet Union develop Transformator?
A: 1958', '
Q: Who developed Transformator in 1958?
A: the Soviet Union', '
Q: How many lines of resolution could an image using the Transformator system have?
A: 1,125', '
Q: What was the goal of the Transformator system?
A: providing teleconferencing for military command']
In 1979, the Japanese state broadcaster NHK first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio. The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1080i/1125 lines). Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989, with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS-9ch commencing on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK programming.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did NHK first develop consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?
A: 1979', '
Q: Who first developed consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?
A: the Japanese state broadcaster NHK', '
Q: When did satellite test broadcasts of Hi-Vision start?
A: 1989', '
Q: When did regular broadcasting of BS-9ch start?
A: November 25, 1994', '
Q: When did regular testing of Hi-Vision start?
A: 1991']
In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States, using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system. Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington, US President Ronald Reagan was impressed and officially declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the US.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the MUSE system demonstrated in the US first?
A: 1981', '
Q: What aspect ratio did the MUSE system use when demonstrated in 1981?
A: 5:3', '
Q: Which president declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the US?
A: President Ronald Reagan', '
Q: Which system was demonstrated in the US for the first time in 1981?
A: MUSE', '
Q: Which system was demonstrated in Washington to President Ronald Reagan?
A: MUSE']
Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US, including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirements. At this time, the number of television channels was growing rapidly and bandwidth was already a problem. A new standard had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did the FCC reject systems such as MUSE?
A: their higher bandwidth requirements', '
Q: What was increasing and consuming a lot of bandwidth?
A: television channels', '
Q: Who rejected systems such as MUSE as the new standard for the US?
A: the FCC', '
Q: What was one of the requirements for a new standard system in the US?
A: had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth', '
Q: What was the existing system at the time?
A: NTSC']
The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's?
A: technical and economic", "
Q: What was HDTV not permitted to do in the 90's?
A: use bandwidths greater than normal television"]
Early HDTV commercial experiments, such as NHK's MUSE, required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast. Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV, these television formats were still distributable only by satellite.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much more bandwith was required from early HDTV commercial experiments than an SD broadcast?
A: over four times', '
Q: Efforts were made to reduce analog HDTV to how much of the bandwith of SDTV?
A: about twice', '
Q: Despite the reduced bandwith, HDTV format still had to be distributed how?
A: by satellite', '
Q: What kind of experiments required over four times the bandwith of a SDTV broadcast?
A: Early HDTV commercial experiments']
In addition, recording and reproducing an HDTV signal was a significant technical challenge in the early years of HDTV (Sony HDVS). Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV, with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many broadcasters did Japan have sharing a single channel?
A: seven', '
Q: Which country had successful public analog HDTV broadcasting?
A: Japan', '
Q: What was particularly challenging in the early years of HDTV?
A: recording and reproducing an HDTV signal', '
Q: What accomplishment in early HDTV did Japan have?
A: the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV']
Since 1972, International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. The standardization of MPEG-1 in 1993 also led to the acceptance of recommendations ITU-R BT.709. In anticipation of these standards the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) organisation was formed, an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies. The DVB develops and agrees upon specifications which are formally standardised by ETSI.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What does ITU-R stand for?
A: International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector", '
Q: What does DVB stand for?
A: Digital Video Broadcasting', '
Q: What is the DVB?
A: an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies', "
Q: What is the DVB's role?
A: develops and agrees upon specifications", '
Q: Who standardizes HDTV specifications?
A: ETSI']
DVB created first the standard for DVB-S digital satellite TV, DVB-C digital cable TV and DVB-T digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
A: ATSC', '
Q: Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on?
A: MPEG-2', '
Q: Who created the standard for DVB-2, DVB-C, and DVB-T?
A: DVB', '
Q: Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
A: the Grand Alliance']