romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?
A: his own', '
Q: Who introduced the term "multiframe"?
A: Henri Vanlier', '
Q: Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?
A: Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle', '
Q: Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?
A: Neil Cohn']
Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Russian word is used for comics?
A: komiks', '
Q: What German word is used for comics?
A: comics', '
Q: What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?
A: manhua', '
Q: What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?
A: manhwa']
The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?
A: newspaper comic strips', '
Q: Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?
A: non-humorous', '
Q: Comic books are what type of books?
A: periodicals', '
Q: What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?
A: manga', '
Q: What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?
A: bandes dessinées']
While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?
A: specialists', '
Q: What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?
A: penciller', '
Q: What does an inker do?
A: finishes the artwork in ink']
Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the individual images with action called in comics?
A: Panels', '
Q: Narrative is placed into panels using what?
A: encapsulation', '
Q: Who puts the panels together using closure?
A: The reader', '
Q: Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?
A: arrangement', '
Q: When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?
A: asynchronous']
Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What association with comics is strong?
A: Speech balloons', '
Q: The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?
A: comics', '
Q: What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics?
A: onomatopoeia']
Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of ink is often used in making comics?
A: India ink', '
Q: What method is mostly used in making comics?
A: Cartooning', '
Q: Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?
A: digital technology', '
Q: Motion lines and what are often used in comics?
A: abstract symbols']
Saint Helena (/ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Saint Helena tropical island named after?
A: Saint Helena of Constantinople', '
Q: What ocean is Saint Helena located in?
A: South Atlantic Ocean', '
Q: What is the population of Saint Helena?
A: 4,255', '
Q: How big is Saint Helena tropical Island?
A: 16 by 8 kilometres']
The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One of the most remote islands in the world, it was for centuries an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the island discovered?
A: 1502', '
Q: How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?
A: more than 5,000', '
Q: Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?
A: leading a Zulu army against British rule']
Between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially. This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The roots of what were established on Saint Helena?
A: environmentalism', '
Q: What did scientists attempt to boost artificially on Saint Helena?
A: rainfall', '
Q: The environmental intervention was linked to the conceptualization of what process?
A: environmental change']
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal, and that he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by da Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha, 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Estêvão da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thomé Lopes). However, a paper published in 2015 reviewed the discovery date and dismissed the 18 August as too late for da Nova to make a discovery and then return to Lisbon by 11 September 1502, whether he sailed from St Helena or Tristan da Cunha. It demonstrates the 21 May is probably a Protestant rather than Catholic or Orthodox feast-day, first quoted in 1596 by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, who was probably mistaken because the island was discovered several decades before the Reformation and start of Protestantism. The alternative discovery date of 3 May, the Catholic feast-day for the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena in Jerusalem, quoted by Odoardo Duarte Lopes and Sir Thomas Herbert is suggested as being historically more credible.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What date was the island discovered on?
A: 21 May 1502', '
Q: What navigator discovered the island?
A: João da Nova', '
Q: What country was João da Nova doing service for?
A: Portugal', '
Q: What person is Saint Helena Island named after?
A: Helena of Constantinople']
The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, and frequently sick mariners were left on the island to recover, before taking passage on the next ship to call on the island.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the island have an abundance of when discovered?
A: trees and fresh water.', '
Q: What was imported by the settlers of the island?
A: livestock, fruit trees and vegetables', '
Q: What kind of buildings were built by the settlers?
A: a chapel and one or two houses.', '
Q: Who was left on the island to recover when sick?
A: mariners', '
Q: What was the island a source of for ships travelling from Asia to Europe?
A: food']
Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577–1580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena’s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?
A: Englishman Sir Francis Drake', '
Q: What did English ships of war attack on the island?
A: Portuguese India carracks', '
Q: Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?
A: the Dutch', '
Q: Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?
A: The Portuguese and Spanish']
The Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?
A: The Dutch Republic', '
Q: What year did the Dutch abandon the island?
A: 1651', '
Q: Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for?
A: Cape of Good Hope.']
In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena?
A: the English East India Company', '
Q: Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island?
A: Oliver Cromwell', '
Q: Who was the first governor of Saint Helena?
A: Captain John Dutton', '
Q: What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena?
A: 1659', '
Q: Who had the sole right to fortify and colonize the island?
A: East India Company']
Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, vermin and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius, but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the English East India Company have difficulty attracting?
A: new immigrants', '
Q: What problems lead to a suggesting to relocate the population?
A: Ecological problems', '
Q: What was the name of the governor who suggested relocating the population of Saint Helena?
A: Isaac Pyke', '
Q: What was the location that was suggested the population be moved too?
A: Mauritius', '
Q: How many slaves were on the island in 1723?
A: 610']
18th century governors tried to tackle the island's problems by implementing tree plantation, improving fortifications, eliminating corruption, building a hospital, tackling the neglect of crops and livestock, controlling the consumption of alcohol and introducing legal reforms. From about 1770, the island enjoyed a lengthy period of prosperity. Captain James Cook visited the island in 1775 on the final leg of his second circumnavigation of the world. St. James' Church was erected in Jamestown in 1774 and in 1791–92 Plantation House was built, and has since been the official residence of the Governor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Island start to experience a period of prosperity?
A: 1770', '
Q: What captain visited the island in 1775 on their trip around the world?
A: James Cook', "
Q: What church was erected in Jamestown in 1774?
A: St. James' Church", '
Q: What is the official residence of the governor?
A: Plantation House']
On leaving the University of Oxford, in 1676, Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long (24 ft) aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere. The site of this telescope is near Saint Mathew's Church in Hutt's Gate, in the Longwood district. The 680-metre (2,230 ft) high hill there is named for him and is called Halley's Mount.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who set up an astronomical observatory on Saint Helena?
A: Edmond Halley', '
Q: What university did Edmond Halley attend?
A: University of Oxford', '
Q: How many feet was the telescope that was set up in the observatory?
A: 24', '
Q: What district is the telescope set up in?
A: Longwood district', '
Q: What hemisphere of stars did Edmond Halley want to study with the telescope?
A: Southern']
Throughout this period, Saint Helena was an important port of call of the East India Company. East Indiamen would stop there on the return leg of their voyages to British India and China. At Saint Helena ships could replenish supplies of water and provisions, and during war time, form convoys that would sail under the protection of vessels of the Royal Navy. Captain James Cook's vessel HMS Endeavour anchored and resupplied off the coast of St Helena in May 1771, on her return from the European discovery of the east coast of Australia and rediscovery of New Zealand.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Saint Helena was an important port of which company?
A: East India Company', '
Q: What did ships replenish at Saint Helena?
A: water and provisions', '
Q: What vessel was owned by Captain James?
A: HMS Endeavour', '
Q: What vessel resupplied at the Island in May 1771?
A: HMS Endeavour', '
Q: Vessels of what navy protected convoys?
A: Royal']
The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. Governor Robert Patton (1802–1807) recommended that the company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was made illegal in 1792?
A: importation of slaves', '
Q: What year did Coolie labourers arrive?
A: 1810', '
Q: How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?
A: 600', '
Q: What was the population of the island in 1814?
A: 3,507']
In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was taken to the island in October 1815. Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until his permanent residence, Longwood House, was completed in December 1815. Napoleon died there on 5 May 1821.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The British government detained who in Saint Helena?
A: Napoleon Bonaparte', '
Q: What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island?
A: 1815', '
Q: Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?
A: Briars pavilion', '
Q: What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte?
A: Longwood House', '
Q: What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away?
A: 1821']
After Napoleon's death, the thousands of temporary visitors were soon withdrawn and the East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena. Between 1815 and 1830, the EIC made available to the government of the island the packet schooner St Helena, which made multiple trips per year between the island and the Cape carrying passengers both ways, and supplies of wine and provisions back to the island.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who took full control of the island after Napoleon's death?
A: East India Company", '
Q: The EIC made what available to the government of the island between 1815 and 1830?
A: the packet schooner St Helena', '
Q: The packet schooner St Helena brought supplies of what to the island?
A: wine and provisions']
Owing to Napoleon's praise of Saint Helena’s coffee during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon?
A: coffee', "
Q: Where did Saint Helena's coffee get popular after Napoleon's death?
A: Paris", "
Q: What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen's death?
A: coffee"]
Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792, the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was importation of slaves banned in Saint Helena?
A: 1792', '
Q: The emancipation of the slaves of Saint Helena did not take place until what year?
A: 1827', '
Q: Who banned slavery in their colonies?
A: British Parliament', '
Q: Over how many slaves ended up getting emancipated on Saint Helena?
A: 800']
Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?
A: 1833 India Act', '
Q: Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?
A: East India Company', "
Q: During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that weren't dependent on trade winds?
A: steam ships", '
Q: How many ships were going to the island in 1855?
A: 1,100', '
Q: By 1889 how many ships were going to the island?
A: 288']
In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as "Liberated Africans", were landed there.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?
A: British', '
Q: Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?
A: over 15,000', '
Q: What were the freed slaves known as?
A: Liberated Africans']
In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?
A: Napoleon III', '
Q: What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?
A: 1858', '
Q: Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?
A: Napoleon I', '
Q: Who has authority over Longwood house?
A: French Ministry of Foreign Affairs']