romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England), and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later into Wales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group was very much hampered in England from making changes?
A: Puritans', '
Q: What college was influenced by Puritan beliefs?
A: the University of Cambridge', '
Q: What movement influenced the Puritans?
A: millennialism', '
Q: What movement did the Puritans adopt in the 17th century?
A: Sabbatarianism', '
Q: When was the Synod of Dort?
A: 1619']
They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous gathered churches. These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of theology did Puritans accept?
A: Reformed', '
Q: When did separatists become powerful in Puritanism?
A: the 1640s', '
Q: What types of piety did the Puritans advocate?
A: personal and group', '
Q: Where was Calvin criticized?
A: Geneva', '
Q: At what gathering were supporters unsuccessful in establishing a new national church?
A: the Westminster Assembly']
Although the Reformation was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts. Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry. Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries. Since about 1950, women have entered the ministry, and some have assumed leading positions (e.g. bishops), in most Protestant churches.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What religious movement affected education, politics, the economy, and marriage?
A: the Reformation', '
Q: What churches let their clergy marry?
A: Protestant', '
Q: When did women join the Protestant ministry?
A: 1950', '
Q: What types of churches have women had leading positions?
A: Protestant', '
Q: What priesthood rules do Protestant churches reject?
A: celibate']
As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Reformers increase so that their followers could read the Bible?
A: education', '
Q: In the middle of the eighteenth century, how many Swedes could read and write?
A: eight of ten men and women', '
Q: Who founded Harvard College?
A: the Puritans', '
Q: When was Yale founded?
A: 1701', '
Q: What state became a hub of learning?
A: Pennsylvania']
The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the humanities and the sciences. Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code. In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors. The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. This idea is also known as the "Protestant ethic thesis."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the heart of the Protestant moral code?
A: Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility', '
Q: What did Calvin particular reject?
A: luxury', '
Q: What was a strong reason for inventors and investors to work on technical inventions?
A: economic success', '
Q: What work ethic was an influence on capitalism and the Industrial Revolution?
A: Protestant', '
Q: What is another name for the Protestant work ethic?
A: Protestant ethic thesis']
In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data, Arno Tausch (Corvinus University of Budapest) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who calculated the Global Value Development Index?
A: Arno Tausch', '
Q: What does a good job of combining religion and liberalism?
A: Protestantism', '
Q: Who did an analysis of World Values Survey data?
A: Arno Tausch', '
Q: What university is Arno Tausch from?
A: Corvinus University of Budapest', '
Q: What type of engagement is considered a World Value?
A: environmental activism']
Episcopalians and Presbyterians, as well as other WASPs, tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, especially the Republican Party. Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts and the Astors, Rockefeller, Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Whitneys, the Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups?
A: Episcopalians and Presbyterians', '
Q: Affluent American families are what type of families?
A: Mainline Protestant', '
Q: What denominations are considered to be better educated than most other groups?
A: Episcopalians and Presbyterians', '
Q: What political group has a disproportionately large number of Protestants?
A: Republican Party', '
Q: Other than politics, what areas have a disproportionately large number of Protestants?
A: American business, law']
Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society (English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values. Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God's influence on the world—his creation—and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism resulted in a corresponding rise in what?
A: early experimental science', '
Q: What religions did Merton think caused the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries?
A: English Puritanism and German Pietism', '
Q: What other reason did Merton believe causes science to advance?
A: an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology', '
Q: What religions were English scientists in the 17th century?
A: Puritans or other Protestants', '
Q: What values were thought to have a significant synergy?
A: ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science']
In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture; 1523). Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (church elders, presbyters) in his representative church government. The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs?
A: doctrine of the two kingdoms', '
Q: Who added the election of laymen to church government?
A: Calvin', '
Q: When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister?
A: 1523', '
Q: Who added synods to church government?
A: The Huguenots', "
Q: What were Luther's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs?
A: reason"]
Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What political mixture did Calvin prefer?
A: aristocracy and democracy', '
Q: What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?
A: separation of powers', '
Q: Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge?
A: Calvin', '
Q: Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation?
A: Hugo Grotius', '
Q: What philosophers were given asylum?
A: Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle']
Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement. Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers; 1620) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628) practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers. These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God. The Mayflower Compact was a social contract.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whose democracies were created by Protestants?
A: the English and the American democracies', '
Q: What democratic principles were followed by the Plymouth Colony?
A: self-rule and separation of powers', '
Q: Other than the U.S., to what colonies did the British export their democratic beliefs?
A: Australia, New Zealand, and India', '
Q: What group believed that democracy was the will of God?
A: Congregationalists', '
Q: What other group in America practiced self-rule and separation of powers?
A: Massachusetts Bay Colony']
Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could, therefore, not be forced on a person. The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience, and they practised separation of church and state. In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defense of religious freedom. Their thinking influenced John Milton and John Locke's stance on tolerance. Under the leadership of Baptist Roger Williams, Congregationalist Thomas Hooker, and Quaker William Penn, respectively, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, including Jews. The United States Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the American Bill of Rights with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework. The great majority of American Protestants, both clergy and laity, strongly supported the independence movement. All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world (e.g., Latin America, Japan, and Germany). The strongest link between the American and French Revolutions was Marquis de Lafayette, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette's draft of this document. The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group initiated the right to religious freedom?
A: Protestants', '
Q: Where did Luther refuse to change his beliefs?
A: Worms', '
Q: What persecuted groups followed the separation of church and state?
A: Anabaptists and Huguenots', '
Q: Who wrote about religious freedom in the early 17th century?
A: John Smyth and Thomas Helwys', '
Q: How many American Protestants supported independence in America?
A: The great majority']
Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state – these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment - Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Toland, David Hume, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - had Protestant backgrounds. For example, John Locke, whose political thought was based on "a set of Protestant Christian assumptions", derived the equality of all humans, including the equality of the genders ("Adam and Eve"), from Genesis 1, 26-28. As all persons were created equally free, all governments needed "the consent of the governed." These Lockean ideas were fundamental to the United States Declaration of Independence, which also deduced human rights from the biblical belief in creation: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group popularized early Protestant teachings about separation of church and state?
A: Enlightenment thinkers', '
Q: What did John Locke use as a basis for his political beliefs?
A: a set of Protestant Christian assumptions', '
Q: Whose ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?
A: John Locke', '
Q: What Rights do the Declaration of Independence consider unalienable?
A: Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness', '
Q: What scripture did Locke use as a reference for equality?
A: Genesis 1, 26-28']
Also, other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants. For example, torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740, slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 (William Wilberforce, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abraham Lincoln - against Southern Protestants). Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to international law. The Geneva Convention, an important part of humanitarian international law, was largely the work of Henry Dunant, a reformed pietist. He also founded the Red Cross.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Prussia stop torture?
A: 1740', '
Q: When did Britain end slavery?
A: 1834', '
Q: Who were the first men to make large contributions to international law?
A: Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf', '
Q: Who founded the Red Cross?
A: Henry Dunant', '
Q: What international law was Henry Dunant mostly responsible for?
A: The Geneva Convention']
Protestants have founded hospitals, homes for disabled or elderly people, educational institutions, organizations that give aid to developing countries, and other social welfare agencies. In the nineteenth century, throughout the Anglo-American world, numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage. As an answer to the "social question" of the nineteenth century, Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state (health insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance, old-age pensions). To Bismarck this was "practical Christianity". These programs, too, were copied by many other nations, particularly in the Western world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who first introduced social insurance programs?
A: Chancellor Otto von Bismarck', '
Q: What did Bismarck consider social insurance programs to be?
A: practical Christianity', '
Q: What social reform movements were Protestants working toward in the nineteen century?
A: the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage', '
Q: What country started programs that led to the welfare state?
A: Germany', "
Q: What area copied Bismarck's social programs the most?
A: the Western world"]
World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser, John Milton, John Bunyan, John Donne, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, William Wordsworth, Jonathan Swift, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Edgar Allan Poe, Matthew Arnold, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Theodor Fontane, Washington Irving, Robert Browning, Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë, Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Thomas Stearns Eliot, John Galsworthy, Thomas Mann, William Faulkner, John Updike, and many others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did John Milton do for world literature?
A: enrich', '
Q: Samuel Taylor is listed as enriching what?
A: World literature', '
Q: What women writers were listed as contributors to world literature?
A: Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë', '
Q: Edgar Allen Poe added value to literature in what area?
A: World']
The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession. According to Bishop Hilarion (Alfeyev) the Eastern Orthodox Church shares the same view on the subject.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Roman Catholic Church considers Protestant denominations to be what?
A: ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities', '
Q: What is lacking in Protestant priesthood, according to the Roman Catholic Church?
A: no sacramental ministerial priesthood', '
Q: What does the Roman Catholic Church say is not comparable to their sacraments and dogmas?
A: ordinances and doctrines', '
Q: What other Church shares the Roman Catholic view on Protestant churches?
A: Eastern Orthodox', '
Q: What is lacking in Protestantism, according to the Roman Catholic Church?
A: true apostolic succession']
Contrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized, the concept of a catholic or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation. On the contrary, the visible unity of the catholic or universal church was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Roman Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted. Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation, denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Roman Catholic Church that had left them. In order to justify their departure from the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new argument, saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church—this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were Magisterial reformers?
A: Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli', '
Q: What institution did Martin Luther believe he was reforming?
A: the Roman Catholic Church', '
Q: Instead of a visible church, what did Protestants believe there was?
A: a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church', '
Q: When did the idea of a hidden church begin?
A: in the early days of the Protestant Reformation', '
Q: What church did the Reformers claim had left them?
A: the Roman Catholic Church']