romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic, but in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny. Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public. Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though Elizabeth's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee?
A: 1977", '
Q: What increased in the 1980s?
A: public criticism', "
Q: What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80's?
A: royal family", '
Q: What attribute of Elizabeth fell to  low in the 1990s?
A: popularity', '
Q: What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s?
A: income tax']
Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and has received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What feature do Elizabeth's titles usually follow in each country?
A: similar formula", '
Q: What are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Mann?
A: Crown dependencies', "
Q: What si Elizabeth's title in the Channel Islands?
A: Duke of Normandy", "
Q: What is Elizabeth's title on the Isle of Mann?
A: Lord of Mann", "
Q: Once in conversation with the Queen, how is Elizabeth addressed?
A: Ma'am"]
Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to "fantasies, attachments and longings." Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors. People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as 'closeted'. The term may, however, reflect a certain cultural context and particular stage of transition in societies which are gradually dealing with integrating sexual minorities. In studies related to sexual orientation, when dealing with the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behaviors and identity match, scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance. Thus, a woman who is attracted to other women, but calls herself heterosexual and only has sexual relations with men, can be said to experience discordance between her sexual orientation (homosexual or lesbian) and her sexual identity and behaviors (heterosexual).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is sexual identity defined as?
A: individual's conception of themselves", '
Q: What is sexual behavior defined as?
A: actual sexual acts performed by the individual', '
Q: What does the term closeted mean?
A: People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity', "
Q: What are the terms related to the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behavior and identity match?
A: concordance or discordance", '
Q: What is sexual orientation defined as?
A: fantasies, attachments and longings', "
Q: What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour? 
A: sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual", '
Q: Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts?
A: Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors.', '
Q: What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly? 
A: closeted', '
Q: What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity do not match?
A: discordance', '
Q: Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity match?
A: concordance']
Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
A: desire for a perceived traditional family', '
Q: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
A: concerns of discrimination', '
Q: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
A: religious ostracism', '
Q: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?
A: develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages', '
Q: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?
A: hide their respective orientations from their spouses', '
Q: What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?
A: desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism', '
Q: Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex? 
A: others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages', '
Q: What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?
A: Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children', '
Q: Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?
A: some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses']
No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?
A: have adopted policy statements', '
Q: What do these policy statements suggest? 
A: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation', '
Q: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?
A: American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association', '
Q: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?
A: National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.', '
Q: Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?
A: No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation', '
Q: What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?
A: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.', '
Q: What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?
A: the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,']
From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories. Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales, A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual). A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5; a homosexual individual may be A5, B0; an asexual would be A0, B0; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9, B9.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?
A: Magnus Hirschfeld', "
Q: What did the published scheme attempt to do?
A: measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire", '
Q: How did the scheme measure desire?
A: on two independent 10-point scales', '
Q: What were the two scales defined as?
A: A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)', '
Q: How many points were on each scale?
A: 10-point', '
Q: When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?
A: From at least the late nineteenth century', '
Q: Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?
A: Magnus Hirschfeld', '
Q: What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire. 
A: 1896', "
Q: On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?
A: a homosexual individual may be A5, B0", '
Q: On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?
A: an asexual would be A0, B0']
A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum, with each end representing opposite extremes. When compared on the same scale, they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa. However, if they are considered as separate dimensions one can be simultaneously very masculine and very feminine. Similarly, considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. When they are measured independently, the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?
A: it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality', '
Q: How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?
A: as independent concepts on a separate scale', '
Q: What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?
A: they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa', '
Q: What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?
A: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual', '
Q: What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?
A: inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale', '
Q: What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?
A: more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum', '
Q: What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?
A: would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either.', '
Q: What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?
A: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,']
Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group. It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation. However, it is difficult to determine an individual's sexual orientation through scales of assessment, due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation. Generally, there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment. Their definitions and examples of how they may be assessed are as follows:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does research identify sexual population groups?
A: scales of assessment', '
Q: What is the understanding of the scales used?
A: to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation', '
Q: Why might the scales fail?
A: due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation', '
Q: How many components are used in assessment?
A: three components', '
Q: What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group?
A: scales of assessment', '
Q: What is the general idea regading these scales that are used?
A: assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation.', '
Q: What can cause problems with these scales that are used?
A: ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation', '
Q: How many components are used in an assessment?
A: there are three components of sexual orientation']
Depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed and referenced, different conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence rate of homosexuality which has real world consequences. Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies. For example, if homosexual individuals constitute only 1% of the general population they are politically easier to ignore or than if they are known to be a constituency that surpasses most ethnic and ad minority groups. If the number is relatively minor then it is difficult to argue for community based same sex programs and services, mass media inclusion of gay role models, or Gay/Straight Alliances in schools. For this reason, in the 1970s Bruce Voeller, the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women. Voeller generalized this finding and used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?
A: that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population", '
Q: What were the calculations of this myth?
A: averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women', '
Q: What message did Voeller deliver using this myth?
A: we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere', '
Q: What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual?
A: influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies', '
Q: What does knowing the sexual population influence?
A: how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies', '
Q: Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s?
A: Bruce Voeller', '
Q: What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings?
A: used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".', '
Q: What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s?
A: that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women']
Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations. The study found that women's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual) and from videos showing non-human primates (bonobos) having sex. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?
A: men and women have different patterns of arousal", '
Q: Are the patterns related to orientation?
A: independent of their sexual orientations', '
Q: What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?
A: both human and nonhuman stimuli', '
Q: What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?
A: to non-human visual stimuli', "
Q: Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?
A: their specific sexual interest", '
Q: What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?
A: confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations', '
Q: Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?
A: become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual', '
Q: Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?
A: x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,', '
Q: Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?
A: , their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).']
Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject. Related terms such as pansexual and polysexual do not make any such assignations to the subject. People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?
A: Androphilia and gynephilia', '
Q: These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?
A: to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization', '
Q: What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?
A: a sex assignment or gender identity', '
Q: What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?
A: pansexual and polysexual', '
Q: What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?
A: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual', '
Q: Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?
A: Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia', '
Q: What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?
A: homosexual and heterosexual', "
Q: What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?
A: identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject", '
Q: What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?
A: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.']
Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for "husband" and "wife", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms cónyuges or consortes meaning "spouses".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?
A: Translation', '
Q: What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?
A: Language', '
Q: Where are the meanings of words negotiated?
A: mass media', '
Q: What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?
A: New words', '
Q: What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?
A: Translation', '
Q: Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?
A: English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.', '
Q: What problems can arise due to translation issues?
A: can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation', '
Q: What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?
A: Language']