romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
According to the Sixth China Census, the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 8.005 million in 2010. The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 8.11 million. The birth rate was 8.86 percent and the death rate was 6.88 percent. The urban area had a population of 6.47 million people. The sex ratio of the city population was 107.31 males to 100 females.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the population of Nanjing in 2010?
A: 8.005 million', '
Q: What was the estimated population of Nanjing in 2011?
A: 8.11 million', '
Q: How was the population figure for 2010 obtained?
A: the Sixth China Census', "
Q: What was Nanjing's birth rate?
A: 8.86 percent", '
Q: How many people were considered to be living in the urban portion of Nanjing?
A: 6.47 million']
As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the overwhelming ethnic majority in Nanjing?
A: Han nationality', '
Q: What minority nationality is most common?
A: Hui nationalities', '
Q: What is the second most common minority group in Nanjing?
A: Manchu', '
Q: How many people of Manchu descent live in Nanjing?
A: 2,311', '
Q: How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain?
A: 50']
Since the Three Kingdoms period, Nanjing has been an industrial centre for textiles and minting owing to its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation. During the Ming dynasty, Nanjing's industry was further expanded, and the city became one of the most prosperous cities in China and the world. It led in textiles, minting, printing, shipbuilding and many other industries, and was the busiest business center in East Asia. Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty, the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In addition to textiles, what other industry is Nanjing known for, since the Three Kingdoms period?
A: minting', '
Q: Why is Nanjing so strong in textiles and minting?
A: its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation', '
Q: During what dynasty was Nanjing the biggest business center in all of East Asia?
A: Ming', '
Q: In what dynasty were textiles particularly popular?
A: Qing', '
Q: During the textile boom, how many jobs were created?
A: around 200 thousand jobs']
Into the first half of the twentieth century after the establishment of ROC, Nanjing gradually shifted from being a production hub towards being a heavy consumption city, mainly because of the rapid expansion of its wealthy population after Nanjing once again regained the political spotlight of China. A number of huge department stores such as Zhongyang Shangchang sprouted up, attracting merchants from all over China to sell their products in Nanjing. In 1933, the revenue generated by the food and entertainment industry in the city exceeded the sum of the output of the manufacturing and agriculture industry. One third of the city population worked in the service industry, .

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what time period did Nanjing transform from a producer to more of a consumer city?
A: Into the first half of the twentieth century', '
Q: What mostly caused the shift to a consumer city?
A: the rapid expansion of its wealthy population', '
Q: What is Zhongyang Shangchang?
A: huge department stores', '
Q: In what year did the revenue of food and entertainment eclipse the output of industry?
A: 1933', '
Q: How much of the population worked in a service capacity at that time?
A: One third of the city population']
In the 1950s after PRC was established by CPC, the government invested heavily in the city to build a series of state-owned heavy industries, as part of the national plan of rapid industrialization, converting it into a heavy industry production centre of East China. Overenthusiastic in building a “world-class” industrial city, the government also made many disastrous mistakes during development, such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine for non-existent coal, resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s. From 1960s to 1980s there were Five Pillar Industries, namely, electronics, cars, petrochemical, iron and steel, and power, each with big state-owned firms. After the Reform and Opening recovering market economy, the state-owned enterprises found themselves incapable of competing with efficient multinational firms and local private firms, hence were either mired in heavy debt or forced into bankruptcy or privatization and this resulted in large numbers of layoff workers who were technically not unemployed but effectively jobless.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did the government build in Nanjing during the 1950's?
A: a series of state-owned heavy industries", '
Q: The mistakes the government made during this period resulted in what type of growth?
A: negative economic growth', '
Q: How many Pillar industries were there from the 1960s to the 1980s?
A: Five', '
Q: The inability to compete with multinational firms led to what for workers?
A: large numbers of layoff', '
Q: The government wanted Nanjing to be what kind of industrial city?
A: “world-class”']
The current economy of the city is basically newly developed based on the past. Service industries are dominating, accounting for about 60 percent of the GDP of the city, and financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry are top 3 of them. Industries of information technology, energy saving and environmental protection, new energy, smart power grid and intelligent equipment manufacturing have become pillar industries. Big private firms include Suning, Yurun, Sanpower, Fuzhong, Hiteker, 5stars, Jinpu, Tiandi, CTTQ Pharmaceutical and Simcere Pharmaceutical. Big state-owned firms include Panda Electronics, Yangzi Petrochemical, Jinling Petrochemical, Nanjing Chemical, Nanjing Steel, Jincheng Motors, Jinling Pharmaceutical, Chenguang and NARI. The city has also attracted foreign investment, multinational firms such as Siemens, Ericsson, Volkswagen, Iveco, A.O. Smith, and Sharp have established their lines, and a number of multinationals such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP established research center there. Many China-based leading firms such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have key R & D institutes in the city. Nanjing is an industrial technology research and development hub, hosting many R & D centers and institutions, especially in areas of electronics technology, information technology, computer software, biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of industries are now dominant in Nanjing?
A: Service industries', "
Q: How much of the city's GDP do the service industries contribute to?
A: about 60 percent", '
Q: Companies such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have built what in Nanjing?
A: many R & D centers and institutions', '
Q: Companies such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP have built what in Nanjing?
A: research center', '
Q: The top 3 industries in Nanjing are?
A: financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry']
In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita(current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), a 11 percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average (4.3 percent). Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Nanjing's GDP in 2013?
A: RMB 801 billion", "
Q: What was Nanjing's GDP per person in 2013?
A: RMB 98,174(US$16041)", "
Q: Was the GDP in 2013 an increase or decrease over 2012's levels?
A: increase", "
Q: How was Nanjing's unemployment rate, compared to the nation as a whole?
A: lower than the national average", "
Q: What was Nanjing's GDP ranking in all of China for 2013?
A: 12th"]
Nanjing is the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area. Different means of transportation constitute a three-dimensional transport system that includes land, water and air. As in most other Chinese cities, public transportation is the dominant mode of travel of the majority of the citizens. As of October 2014, Nanjing had five bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River, which are tying districts north of the river with the city centre on the south bank.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the three types of transport in Nanjing?
A: land, water and air', '
Q: What is the most popular method of travel for citizens?
A: public transportation', '
Q: How many bridges does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?
A: five', '
Q: How many tunnels does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?
A: two', '
Q: Where is the city centre located?
A: on the south bank']
Nanjing is an important railway hub in eastern China. It serves as rail junction for the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) (which is itself composed of the old Jinpu and Huning Railways), Nanjing–Tongling Railway (Ningtong), Nanjing–Qidong (Ningqi), and the Nanjing-Xian (Ningxi) which encompasses the Hefei–Nanjing Railway. Nanjing is connected to the national high-speed railway network by Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway and Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line, with several more high-speed rail lines under construction.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Nanjing's railway is important, and is located in what region of China?
A: eastern China", '
Q: What line does Nanjing serve as a railway junction for?
A: Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu)', '
Q: What lines comprise the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) line?
A: the old Jinpu and Huning Railways', '
Q: What high-speed railway is Nanjing connected to that contains Shanghai?
A: Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line', '
Q: What type of railway lines are now under construction?
A: several more high-speed rail lines']
Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing, passenger rail service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station, while other stations like Nanjing West Railway Station, Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station serve minor roles. Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968. In 1999, On November 12, 1999, the station was burnt in a serious fire. Reconstruction of the station was finished on September 1, 2005. Nanjing South Railway Station, which is one of the 5 hub stations on Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, has officially been claimed as the largest railway station in Asia and the second largest in the world in terms of GFA (Gross Floor Area). Construction of Nanjing South Station began on 10 January 2008. The station was opened for public service in 2011.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many railway stations are there in Nanjing?
A: 17', '
Q: Which are the two most prominent railway stations?
A: Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station', '
Q: When was the Nanjing Railway Station originally constructed?
A: 1968', '
Q: In what year was the Nanjing Railway Station re-built?
A: 2005', '
Q: Which station is one of the 5 hub stations on the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway line?
A: Nanjing South Railway Station']
Express highways such as Hu–Ning, Ning–He, Ning–Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou, and other important cities quickly and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are 230 km (140 mi) of highways, with a highway coverage density of 3.38 kilometres per hundred square kilometrs (5.44 mi/100 sq mi). The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 kilometres per hundred square kilometres (181.15 mi/100 sq mi). The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong. The two roads cross in the city centre, Xinjiekou.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of highways let commuters get to cities fast?
A: Express highways', '
Q: How many miles of highways are in Nanjing?
A: 140 mi', '
Q: What are the names of the artery roads in Nanjing?
A: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong', '
Q: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong cross each other in what area of Nanjing?
A: in the city centre, Xinjiekou', '
Q: What is the total coverage of the city with roads, in miles?
A: 181.15 mi/100 sq mi']
The city also boasts an efficient network of public transportation, which mainly consists of bus, taxi and metro systems. The bus network, which is currently run by three companies since 2011, provides more than 370 routes covering all parts of the city and suburban areas. Nanjing Metro Line 1, started service on September 3, 2005, with 16 stations and a length of 21.72 km. Line 2 and the 24.5 km-long south extension of Line 1 officially opened to passenger service on May 28, 2010. At present, Nanjing has a metro system with a grand total of 223.6 kilometers (138.9 mi) of route and 121 stations. They are Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 10, Line S1 and Line S8. The city is planning to complete a 17-line Metro and light-rail system by 2030. The expansion of the Metro network will greatly facilitate the intracity transportation and reduce the currently heavy traffic congestion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the main types of public transportation?
A: bus, taxi and metro systems', '
Q: How many companies are involved with the network of buses?
A: three companies', '
Q: How many stations are there in total in the Nanjing metro system?
A: 121 stations', "
Q: When does Nanjing expect to finish it's light rail line?
A: 2030", '
Q: How many bus routes are there in Nanjing?
A: more than 370 routes']
Nanjing's airport, Lukou International Airport, serves both national and international flights. In 2013, Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight. The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, USA and Germany. The airport is connected by a 29-kilometre (18 mi) highway directly to the city center, and is also linked to various intercity highways, making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities. A railway Ninggao Intercity Line is being built to link the airport with Nanjing South Railway Station. Lukou Airport was opened on 28 June 1997, replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing. Dajiaochang Airport is still used as a military air base.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Nanjing's airport called?
A: Lukou International Airport", "
Q: How many routes does Nanjing's airport run?
A: 85 routes", '
Q: How many passengers did the airport service in 2013?
A: 15,011,792 passengers', '
Q: When did the airport open for business?
A: 28 June 1997', '
Q: What airport was the primary airport before Lukou?
A: Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport']
Port of Nanjing is the largest inland port in China, with annual cargo tonnage reached 191,970,000 t in 2012. The port area is 98 kilometres (61 mi) in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000. Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River; in March 2004, the one million container-capacity base, Longtan Containers Port Area opened, further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region. As of 2010, it operated six public ports and three industrial ports.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the largest inland port for China?
A: Port of Nanjing', '
Q: How long is the Port of Nanjing?
A: 98 kilometres (61 mi) in length', '
Q: How many berths does the Port contain?
A: 64', '
Q: When did Longtan Containers Port Area open up?
A: March 2004', '
Q: How many containers can Longtan Containers Port Area handle?
A: one million container-capacity']
In the 1960s, the first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was completed, and served as the only bridge crossing over the Lower Yangtze in eastern China at that time. The bridge was a source of pride and an important symbol of modern China, having been built and designed by the Chinese themselves following failed surveys by other nations and the reliance on and then rejection of Soviet expertise. Begun in 1960 and opened to traffic in 1968, the bridge is a two-tiered road and rail design spanning 4,600 metres on the upper deck, with approximately 1,580 metres spanning the river itself. Since then four more bridges and two tunnels have been built. Going in the downstream direction, the Yangtze crossings in Nanjing are: Dashengguan Bridge, Line 10 Metro Tunnel, Third Bridge, Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel, First Bridge, Second Bridge and Fourth Bridge.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the very first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge finished?
A: the 1960s', '
Q: What was the symbolism of the bridge?
A: symbol of modern China', '
Q: When did the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge first open for traffic?
A: 1968', '
Q: What type of design is the bridge?
A: a two-tiered road and rail design', '
Q: How many more bridges have been built since the first one was completed?
A: four']
Being one of the four ancient capitals of China, Nanjing has always been a cultural centre attracting intellectuals from all over the country. In the Tang and Song dynasties, Nanjing was a place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of its luxurious past; during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the city was the official imperial examination centre (Jiangnan Examination Hall) for the Jiangnan region, again acting as a hub where different thoughts and opinions converged and thrived.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many ancient capitals does China have in its history?
A: four', '
Q: What type of people does Nanjing draw because of its culture?
A: intellectuals', '
Q: In what dynasties did poets congregate in Nanjing?
A: the Tang and Song dynasties', '
Q: When did the city serve as the official imperial examination centre?
A: the Ming and Qing dynasties', '
Q: What was the name of the examination centre?
A: Jiangnan Examination Hall']
Today, with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions, Nanjing is commonly viewed as a “city of culture” and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is Nanjing seen, from a cultural perspective?
A: as a “city of culture”', '
Q: Who provides strong support to Nanjing?
A: local educational institutions', '
Q: What city is considered one of the more pleasant cities to live in, by the Chinese?
A: Nanjing', '
Q: Does Nanjing have a long or short tradition of culture?
A: a long cultural tradition']
Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing; they include the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company, Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where do some of the country's most prominent art groups call home?
A: Nanjing", '
Q: Which opera company is based in Nanjing?
A: Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute', '
Q: What art company is based in Nanjing?
A: Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company', '
Q: Name two dance groups that are based in Nanjing:
A: the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company']
Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theatres for Kunqu, China's oldest stage art. It is considered a conservative and traditional troupe. Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing (Chinese opera varieties) as well as Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of China's oldest stage art?
A: Kunqu", '
Q: What is one of the best theatres for Kunqu?
A: Jiangsu Province Kun Opera', '
Q: What type of troupe is Jiangsu Province Kun Opera considered to be?
A: a conservative and traditional troupe', '
Q: What other types of operas are performed in Nanjing?
A: Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing', '
Q: What other types of theater performance are seen in Nanjing?
A: Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre']
Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China; many other smaller-scale galleries, such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibitions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the largest art gallery in Jiangsu Province?
A: Jiangsu Art Gallery', '
Q: What type of art does Jiangsu Art Gallery contain?
A: traditional and contemporary art pieces of China', '
Q: What are two smaller galleries in Nanjing?
A: Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery', '
Q: What type of exhibitions do Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery show?
A: their own special exhibitions']
Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times, which included climbing the City Wall on January 16, bathing in Qing Xi on March 3, hill hiking on September 9 and others (the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar). Almost none of them, however, are still celebrated by modern Nanjingese.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the festival of climbing on the city wall celebrated?
A: January 16', '
Q: On March 3, what festival was celebrated in ancient times?
A: bathing in Qing Xi', '
Q: What did citizens used to do on September 9?
A: hill hiking', '
Q: Where can one find the dates of more old festivals?
A: Chinese lunar calendar', '
Q: How many of these old festivals are still celebrated by residents of Nanjing?
A: Almost none of them']
Instead, Nanjing, as a popular tourist destination, hosts a series of government-organised events throughout the year. The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Blossom Hill, the largest plum collection in China, attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally. Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival, Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What city is considered to be a place that is popular with tourists?
A: Nanjing', '
Q: Rather than host the old festivals, what type of events does Nanjing host each year?
A: a series of government-organised events', '
Q: What area holds the largest collection of plum blossoms in all of China?
A: Plum Blossom Hill', '
Q: Where do the tourists for the Plum Blossom Festival come from?
A: domestically and internationally', '
Q: What festival involves kites and fruit trees?
A: Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival']
Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library. Other libraries, such as city-owned Jinling Library and various district libraries, also provide considerable amount of information to citizens. Nanjing University Library is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library, and the fifth largest nationwide, especially in the number of precious collections.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Nanjing Library completed?
A: 1907', "
Q: What is the Nanjing Library's ranking in China?
A: the third largest library in China", '
Q: How many volumes does the Nanjing Library have?
A: more than 10 million volumes', '
Q: What is the name of the fifth largest library in China?
A: Nanjing University Library', '
Q: Which university library is larger than Nanjing University Library?
A: Peking University Library']