romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called "extremely credible" the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory". According to surveys, only 5% of the Russian community have considered returning to Russia in the near future. Estonian Russians have developed their own identity – more than half of the respondents recognised that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia. When comparing the result with a survey from 2000, then Russians' attitude toward the future is much more positive.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory"? 
A: The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report', '
Q: What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia?
A: 5%', '
Q: What proportion of Estonian Russians see themselves as different from their Russian counterparts?
A: more than half']
Estonia's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion. According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world, with 75.7% of the population claiming to be irreligious. The Eurobarometer Poll 2005 found that only 16% of Estonians profess a belief in a god, the lowest belief of all countries studied (EU study). According to the Lutheran World Federation, the historic Lutheran denomination remains a large presence with 180,000 registered members.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens?
A: Estonia's constitution", "
Q: Estonia's constitution declares the division of what parts of society?
A: separation of church and state", '
Q: What individual privacy rights are citizens granted?
A: belief and religion', '
Q: What percentage of Estonians claim no religion?
A: 75.7%']
Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another 20,000 members. Thus, the number of adherents of Lutheranism and Orthodoxy, without regard to citizenship or ethnicity, is roughly equal. Refer to the Table below. The Catholics have their Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?
A: Russian minority', '
Q: Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members?
A: the Russian Orthodox Church', '
Q: What religious group do Catholics in Estonia follow?
A: Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia']
Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language does Estonian share similar words with?
A: Germanic', '
Q: What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany?
A: nearly one third', '
Q: What standard language did Estonia adopt during German rule?
A: High German', '
Q: What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words?
A: about 15 percent']
Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties (basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, and a classroom teacher programme) the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Estonian public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied higher education institutions. In addition to organising the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets. Estonia has a moderate number of public and private universities. The largest public universities are the University of Tartu, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonian Academy of Arts; the largest private university is Estonian Business School.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?
A: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies", "
Q: What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one unit?
A: basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry", '
Q: What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions?
A: autonomy', '
Q: What is the largest private university in Estonia?
A: Estonian Business School']
The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the main science institution in Estonia?
A: The Estonian Academy of Sciences', '
Q: What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?
A: the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics', '
Q: What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?
A: the late 1950s', '
Q: What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?
A: Tartu and Tallinn']
Today, Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism, with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption. The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple, and free education is a highly prized institution. Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic environmental realities and traditional livelihoods, a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism out of practical reasons (see: Everyman's right and universal suffrage), and the ideals of closeness to nature and self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?
A: liberty and liberalism', '
Q: What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?
A: limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption', '
Q: What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society?
A: free education', '
Q: What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment?
A: closeness to nature']
The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What institute provides education in art, design, and media?
A: The Estonian Academy of Arts', '
Q: What institute promotes awareness of native culture?
A: Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu', '
Q: What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?
A: native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design', '
Q: How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?
A: 245']
The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals (Laulupidu) started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in 1869. Today, it is one of the largest amateur choral events in the world. In 2004, about 100,000 people participated in the Song Festival. Since 1928, the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak) have hosted the event every five years in July. The last festival took place in July 2014. In addition, Youth Song Festivals are also held every four or five years, the last of them in 2011, and the next is scheduled for 2017.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?
A: Laulupidu', '
Q: What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start?
A: 1869', '
Q: How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004?
A: about 100,000 people', '
Q: Where does Laulupidu usually take place?
A: the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds', '
Q: When does Laulupidu occur?
A: every five years in July']
Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest. Lenna Kuurmaa is a very popular singer in Europe[citation needed], with her band Vanilla Ninja. "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony, was the first ever song in Estonian to chart in the UK, Belgium, and Switzerland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?
A: 2001', '
Q: What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?
A: 2002', '
Q: Who performed the song "Everybody"?
A: Tanel Padar and Dave Benton', '
Q: What performer has represented Estonia two different times?
A: Maarja-Liis Ilus', '
Q: What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?
A: "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony']
The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?
A: the Northern Crusades', '
Q: Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?
A: Germany, Sweden, and Russia', '
Q: What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?
A: the 13th century', '
Q: What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?
A: The Liber Census Daniae']
Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring). Anton Hansen Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation. In modern times, Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are Estonia's best known and most translated writers. Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are Tõnu Õnnepalu and Andrus Kivirähk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into absurd and grotesque.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?
A: Oskar Luts', '
Q: What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?
A: Kevade', '
Q: What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare?
A: Truth and Justice', "
Q: Who wrote a book detailing Estonia's rise from peasants to independence?
A: Anton Hansen Tammsaare"]
The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
A: Tallinn', '
Q: When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?
A: pre-Christian times', '
Q: What institutional structures still exist from medieval times?
A: castles and churches']
Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food, which today is influenced by many countries. Today, it includes many typical international foods.[citation needed] The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Traditionally in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat everything fresh – berries, herbs, vegetables, and everything else that comes straight from the garden. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies. Today, it is also very popular to grill outside in summer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?
A: seasons and simple peasant food', '
Q: What are the most common foods in Estonia?
A: black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products.', '
Q: What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring?
A: berries, herbs, vegetables', '
Q: What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture?
A: Hunting and fishing']
Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing. Estonia has had very good success at the Olympic games given the country's small population. Estonia's best results were being ranked 13th in the medal table at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?
A: Sport', '
Q: What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?
A: 1918', '
Q: What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever?
A: the 1920 Summer Olympics', '
Q: What year was Estonia annexed by Russia?
A: 1940', '
Q: What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta?
A: Tallinn']
Basketball is also a notable sport in Estonia. Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics, appeared in EuroBasket four times. Estonia national team also qualified to EuroBasket 2015, which will be held in Ukraine. BC Kalev/Cramo, which participates in EuroCup, is the most recent Korvpalli Meistriliiga winner after becoming champion of the league for the 6th time. Tartu Ülikool/Rock, which participates in EuroChallenge, is the second strongest Estonian basketball club, previously winning Korvpalli Meistriliiga 22 times. Six Estonian basketball clubs participates in Baltic Basketball League.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics
A: 1936", '
Q: How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?
A: four', '
Q: Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup?
A: BC Kalev/Cramo', '
Q: What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia?
A: Tartu Ülikool/Rock', '
Q: How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League?
A: Six']
South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian (which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest). Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as "Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian", the latter often in combination with "Slavonian" or "Dalmatian".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one of the main causes of the turbulent history?
A: expansion of the Ottoman Empire', '
Q: What was the main cause of the spread of Shtokavian?
A: population migrations', '
Q: In which geographical region did Shtokavian become wide spread?
A: western Balkans', '
Q: What was one of the major differences between the Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs?
A: religion', '
Q: What is "Illyrian?"
A: language', '
Q: What were some of the names given to language during period of foreign control?
A: "Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian"', '
Q: What specific historical event caused a group of religious and verbal differences in South Slavic dialect?
A: expansion of the Ottoman Empire', '
Q: Why was Shtokavian the most widespread culture in the western Balkans? 
A: population migrations']
Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian"), and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard. Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which time period was Serbo-Croatian standardized?
A: mid-19th-century', '
Q: What was the name of the document that standardized Serbo-Croatian?
A: Vienna Literary Agreement', '
Q: What were both Serbian and Croatian standards based off of?
A: Eastern Herzegovinian', '
Q: What was Serbo-Croatian the official language for in the 20th century?
A: Kingdom of Yugoslavia', '
Q: Which additional language was added as an official language after the breakup of Yugoslavia?
A: Bosnian', '
Q: What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on?
A: Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian', '
Q: Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia?
A: Serbo-Croatian', '
Q: What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with?
A: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac']
Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of phonology do South Slavic languages have?
A: simple', '
Q: How many consonants are in the Serbo-Croatian alphabet?
A: twenty-five', '
Q: What is the default sentence structure for the Serbo-Croatian language?
A: subject–verb–object', '
Q: What kind of language is Serbo-Croatian?
A: pro-drop', "
Q: Other than Gaj's Latin alphabet, what other written language can Serbo-Croatian be written in?
A: Serbian Cyrillic", '
Q: How many vowels does the Serbo-Croatian language have?
A: five', '
Q: How many consonants does the Serbo-Croatian language have?
A: twenty-five', '
Q: From where does Serbo-Croatian derive its grammar?
A: Common Slavic', "
Q: Which alphabets can be used to express the Serbo-Croatian language?
A: Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin"]
Throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages (e.g. Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian". As such, the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824, popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades, and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859. At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian. Unofficially, Serbs and Croats typically called the language "Serbian" or "Croatian", respectively, without implying a distinction between the two, and again in independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, "Bosnian", "Croatian", and "Serbian" were considered to be three names of a single official language. Croatian linguist Dalibor Brozović advocated the term Serbo-Croatian as late as 1988, claiming that in an analogy with Indo-European, Serbo-Croatian does not only name the two components of the same language, but simply charts the limits of the region in which it is spoken and includes everything between the limits (‘Bosnian’ and ‘Montenegrin’). Today, use of the term "Serbo-Croatian" is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative, though alternative names have been used, such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), which is often seen in political contexts such as the Hague War Crimes tribunal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the term Serbo-Croatian first used?
A: 1824', '
Q: Who popularized the term Serbo-Croatian?
A: Jernej Kopitar', '
Q: Aside from the Ottoman Empire, which other empire did the Serb and Croat lands in the mid 19th century belong to?
A: Austrian', '
Q: In which region of land was the Serbo-Croat language referred to as "Bosnian"?
A: Bosnia and Herzegovina', '
Q: What is an example of a political text where the term Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian was used to describe the language?
A: Hague War Crimes tribunal', '
Q: Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently?
A: independently', '
Q: What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century?
A: "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian"', '
Q: Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?
A: Jacob Grimm', '
Q: For what reason is the term "Serbo-Croatian" controversial today?
A: prejudice that nation and language must match']