romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Iranian scientists outside Iran have also made some major contributions to science. In 1960, Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser, and fuzzy set theory was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh. Iranian cardiologist, Tofy Mussivand invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the artificial heart. Furthering research and treatment of diabetes, HbA1c was discovered by Samuel Rahbar. Iranian physics is especially strong in string theory, with many papers being published in Iran. Iranian-American string theorist Kamran Vafa proposed the Vafa-Witten theorem together with Edward Witten. In August 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first-ever woman, as well as the first-ever Iranian, to receive the Fields Medal, the highest prize in mathematics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Iranian scientist co-invented the first gas laser?
A: Ali Javan', '
Q: Which Iranian cardiologist developed and invented the first artificial cardiac pump?
A: Tofy Mussivand', '
Q: In 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first women ever and first Iranian to win what prestigious mathematics award? 
A: the Fields Medal', '
Q: Which Iranian scientist discovered HbA1c to further treatment and research of diabetes?
A: Samuel Rahbar', '
Q: When did Ali Javan, an Iranian scientist, co-invent the first gas laser?
A: 1960']
As with the spoken languages, the ethnic group composition also remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity. The CIA's World Factbook has estimated that around 79% of the population of Iran are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of Iranian languages, with Persians constituting 53% of the population, Gilaks and Mazanderanis 7%, Kurds 10%, Lurs 6%, and Balochs 2%. Peoples of the other ethnicities in Iran make up the remaining 22%, with Azerbaijanis constituting 16%, Arabs 2%, Turkmens and Turkic tribes 2%, and others 2% (such as Armenians, Talysh, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Iran's presumed largest ethnic group?
A: Persians", "
Q: What is Iran's presumed 2nd largest ethnic group?
A: Azerbaijanis", "
Q: Persians make up what percentage of Iran's population?
A: 53%", "
Q: Ethnic minorities such as Azerbaijanis make up what percentage of Iran's population?
A: 22%", '
Q: What percentage of Iran speaks any type of Iranian language?
A: 79%']
Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government, and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament. But the Bahá'í Faith, which is said to be the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century. Since the 1979 Revolution, the persecution of Bahais has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What other branch of Islam is recognized by the Iranian government?
A: Sunni branch', '
Q: Are the religious minorities in Iran - Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Sunnis - a part of the Iranian Parliament?
A: have reserved seats', "
Q: What religious minority is not officially recognized by the Iranian government?
A: the Bahá'í Faith", '
Q: How long has the Bahai Faith been persecuted in Iran?
A: since the 19th century', "
Q: Which religious minority since the 1979 Revolution has been persecuted and in some cases executed by the Iranian government?
A: the Bahá'í Faith"]
The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, c. 500 BC. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids, and the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language. The Iranian visual arts reached a pinnacle by the Sassanid Era. A bas-relief from this period in Taq Bostan depicts a complex hunting scene. Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner. It is even possible to see a progenitor of the cinema close-up in one of these works of art, which shows a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the first known examples of Iranian visual art? 
A: the bas-reliefs of Persepolis', '
Q: How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to? 
A: c. 500 BC', '
Q: What city was the ritual center of the Archaemenids?
A: Persepolis', '
Q: In what era did Iranian visual art reach its peak?
A: the Sassanid Era']
The 1960s was a significant decade for Iranian cinema, with 25 commercial films produced annually on average throughout the early 60s, increasing to 65 by the end of the decade. The majority of production focused on melodrama and thrillers. With the screening of the films Kaiser and The Cow, directed by Masoud Kimiai and Dariush Mehrjui respectively in 1969, alternative films established their status in the film industry. Attempts to organize a film festival that had begun in 1954 within the framework of the Golrizan Festival, bore fruits in the form of the Sepas Festival in 1969. The endeavors also resulted in the formation of the Tehran World Festival in 1973.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What decade was significant to Iranian film?
A: 1960s', '
Q: What Iranian film festival in 1954 was the progenitor of future film festivals in 1969 and 1973?
A: the Golrizan Festival', '
Q: How many commercial films were produced yearly on average in the early 1960s in Iran?
A: 25 commercial films', '
Q: How many commercial films were produced yearly on average by the end of the 1960s in Iran?
A: 65', '
Q: What Iranian film festival was created in 1973?
A: Tehran World Festival']
After the Revolution of 1979, as the new government imposed new laws and standards, a new age in Iranian cinema emerged, starting with Viva... by Khosrow Sinai and followed by many other directors, such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi. Kiarostami, an admired Iranian director, planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d'Or for Taste of Cherry in 1997. The continuous presence of Iranian films in prestigious international festivals, such as the Cannes Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival, and the Berlin International Film Festival, attracted world attention to Iranian masterpieces. In 2006, six Iranian films, of six different styles, represented Iranian cinema at the Berlin International Film Festival. Critics considered this a remarkable event in the history of Iranian cinema.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which director led off a new age of Iranian film after the 1979 Revolution?
A: Khosrow Sinai', "
Q: What was the name of Sinai's film that ushered in Iran's new era of film after the 1979 Revolution?
A: Viva...", "
Q: Which Iranian director won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997?
A: Abbas Kiarostami", "
Q: What was the name of Kiarostami's film which won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997? 
A: Taste of Cherry", '
Q: What year did 6 different Iranian films of six different styles represent at the Berlin International Film Festival?
A: 2006']
Iran received access to the Internet in 1993. According to 2014 census, around 40% of the population of Iran are Internet users. Iran ranks 24th among countries by number of Internet users. According to the statistics provided by the web information company of Alexa, Google Search and Yahoo! are the most used search engines in Iran. Over 80% of the users of Telegram, a cloud-based instant messaging service, are from Iran. Instagram is the most popular online social networking service in Iran. Direct access to Facebook has been blocked in Iran since the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, due to organization of the opposition movements on the website; but however, Facebook has around 12 to 17 million users in Iran who are using virtual private networks and proxy servers to access the website. Around 90% of Iran's e-commerce takes place on the Iranian online store of Digikala, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and more than 2.3 million subscribers. Digikala is the most visited online store in the Middle East, and ranks 4th among the most visited websites in Iran.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Internet arrive in Iran?
A: 1993', "
Q: What percentage of Iran's population were internet users in 2014?
A: around 40%", "
Q: What is Iran's most popular online social network?
A: Instagram", "
Q: What percentage of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram's users are from Iran? 
A: Over 80%", "
Q: What site is responsible for around 90% of Iran's online e-commerce?
A: Digikala"]
Iranian cuisine is diverse due to its variety of ethnic groups and the influence of other cultures. Herbs are frequently used along with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots, and raisins. Iranians usually eat plain yogurt with lunch and dinner; it is a staple of the diet in Iran. To achieve a balanced taste, characteristic flavourings such as saffron, dried limes, cinnamon, and parsley are mixed delicately and used in some special dishes. Onions and garlic are normally used in the preparation of the accompanying course, but are also served separately during meals, either in raw or pickled form. Iran is also famous for its caviar.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In Iranian cuisine, what is habitually used with fruits? 
A: Herbs', '
Q: Iranians usually eat what diet staple with lunch and dinner?
A: plain yogurt', '
Q: What delicacy is Iran famous for?
A: caviar', '
Q: Why is Iranian cuisine so diverse besides being influenced by other cultures?
A: its variety of ethnic groups']
Other non-governmental estimations regarding the groups other than the Persians and Azerbaijanis roughly congruate with the World Factbook and the Library of Congress. However, many scholarly and organisational estimations regarding the number of these two groups differ significantly from the mentioned census. According to many of them, the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran comprises between 21.6–30% of the total population, with the majority holding it on 25%.cd In any case, the largest population of Azerbaijanis in the world live in Iran.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Iran has the highest population of what group in the world?
A: Azerbaijanis', "
Q: What is the percentage range of Iran's total population is seemingly comprised of Azerbaijanis?
A: between 21.6–30%", "
Q: What is the majority of organizational estimations of Azerbaijanis' percentage of Iran's population?
A: 25%"]
Iran has leading manufacturing industries in the fields of car-manufacture and transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, power and petrochemicals in the Middle East. According to FAO, Iran has been a top five producer of the following agricultural products in the world in 2012: apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What melon is Iran a Top 5 producer in the world in 2012?
A: watermelons', '
Q: What type of materials is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
A: construction materials', '
Q: What type of chemicals is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
A: petrochemicals', '
Q: How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world? Answer: 12
A: apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons.', '
Q: What type of appliances is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
A: home appliances']
Iranian art encompasses many disciplines, including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking, and stonemasonry. The Median and Achaemenid empires left a significant classical art scene which remained as basic influences for the art of the later eras. Art of the Parthians was a mixture of Iranian and Hellenistic artworks, with their main motifs being scenes of royal hunting expeditions and investitures. The Sassanid art played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art, which carried forward to the Islamic world, and much of what later became known as Islamic learning, such as philology, literature, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture, and science, were of Sassanid basis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Achaemind Empire along with what other group became the foundation for the art in later Iranian history?
A: The Median', "
Q: A blend of Iranian and what other type of artwork were the Parthians' art comprised of?
A: Hellenistic", '
Q: What Iranian art played a major role in the formation of medieval art from Europe and Asia?
A: Sassanid art', '
Q: The Sassanid became a cornerstone of what type of learning?
A: Islamic learning']
The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km2, and a combined population of just under 70 million. Two sovereign states are located on the islands: Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island with the same name) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Isles also include three Crown Dependencies: the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands, although the latter are not physically a part of the archipelago.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is two islands that are part of the British Isles?
A: Great Britain, Ireland', '
Q: Where are the British Isles located?
A: North Atlantic,', '
Q: How many people live in the British Isles?
A: just under 70 million', '
Q: What is one of the three Crown Dependencies of the British Isles?
A: Isle of Man', '
Q: Where are the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey located?
A: in the Channel Islands']
The oldest rocks in the group are in the north west of Scotland, Ireland and North Wales and are 2,700 million years old. During the Silurian period the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been part of a separate continental landmass. The topography of the islands is modest in scale by global standards. Ben Nevis rises to an elevation of only 1,344 metres (4,409 ft), and Lough Neagh, which is notably larger than other lakes on the isles, covers 390 square kilometres (151 sq mi). The climate is temperate marine, with mild winters and warm summers. The North Atlantic Drift brings significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the latitude. This led to a landscape which was long dominated by temperate rainforest, although human activity has since cleared the vast majority of forest cover. The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of Quaternary glaciation, by 12,000 BC when Great Britain was still a peninsula of the European continent. Ireland, which became an island by 12,000 BC, was not inhabited until after 8000 BC. Great Britain became an island by 5600 BC.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the age of the oldest rocks in the north western part of Scotland?
A: 2,700 million years old', '
Q: What is the elevation of Ben Nevis?
A: 1,344 metres (4,409 ft', '
Q: What type of climate does this area have?
A: temperate marine', '
Q: Around 12,000 BC, Great Britain was still a peninsula on what continent?
A: European continent.', '
Q: When is it believed that Ireland became inhabited?
A: after 8000 BC']
Hiberni (Ireland), Pictish (northern Britain) and Britons (southern Britain) tribes, all speaking Insular Celtic, inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. Much of Brittonic-controlled Britain was conquered by the Roman Empire from AD 43. The first Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century and eventually dominated the bulk of what is now England. Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements and political change—particularly in England. The subsequent Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the later Angevin partial conquest of Ireland from 1169 led to the imposition of a new Norman ruling elite across much of Britain and parts of Ireland. By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, while control in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland, soon restricted only to The Pale. The 1603 Union of the Crowns, Acts of Union 1707 and Acts of Union 1800 attempted to consolidate Britain and Ireland into a single political unit, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining as Crown Dependencies. The expansion of the British Empire and migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the distribution of the islands' population and culture throughout the world and a rapid de-population of Ireland in the second half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919–1922), with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which is one of the tribes that spoke Insular Celtic?
A: Pictish (northern Britain)', '
Q: When did the Pictish tribe start to inhabit the islands?
A: beginning of the 1st millennium AD', '
Q: Who foreign group conquered Britain around AD 43?
A: Roman Empire', '
Q: When did the Vikings invade Britain?
A: 9th century', '
Q: What are the six counties in Ireland called that are still part of the United Kingdom?
A: Northern Ireland']
The term British Isles is controversial in Ireland, where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word British with Ireland. The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term and its embassy in London discourages its use. As a result, Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative description, and Atlantic Archipelago has had limited use among a minority in academia, although British Isles is still commonly employed. Within them, they are also sometimes referred to as these islands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland?
A: association of the word British', '
Q: Does the Government of Ireland use the British Isle term?
A: does not recognise or use the term', '
Q: What is the alternative name that Government of Ireland uses instead of British Isles?
A: Atlantic Archipelago', "
Q: Does the Government of Ireland's London embassy use the name British Isles?
A: its embassy in London discourages its use"]
The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. Avienus's Ora maritima, that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) and from Pytheas's On the Ocean (circa 325–320 BC) have survived. In the 1st century BC, Diodorus Siculus has Prettanikē nēsos, "the British Island", and Prettanoi, "the Britons". Strabo used Βρεττανική (Brettanike), and Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, used αἱ Πρεττανικαί νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles) to refer to the islands. Historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago. Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani). The shift from the "P" of Pretannia to the "B" of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the first known occurrence of the British Isle name appear in written material?
A: writings of sea-farers', '
Q: What is one of the earliest surviving records that mention the name British Isles?
A: Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC)', '
Q: When did the "P" sound of Pretannia change to the "B" sound of Britannia?
A: during the time of Julius Caesar', '
Q: What language do most historians agree upon where the Greek names for the British Isles came from?
A: native Celtic-language', '
Q: What did the ancient Greeks call the people that lived in the British Isles?
A: Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani)']
The Greco-Egyptian scientist Claudius Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain (μεγάλης Βρεττανίας - megális Brettanias) and to Ireland as little Britain (μικρής Βρεττανίας - mikris Brettanias) in his work Almagest (147–148 AD). In his later work, Geography (c. 150 AD), he gave these islands the names Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona (the Isle of Man), suggesting these may have been names of the individual islands not known to him at the time of writing Almagest. The name Albion appears to have fallen out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Great Britain, after which Britain became the more commonplace name for the island called Great Britain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did name did Claudius Ptolemy (Greco-Egyptian scientist) use for Ireland?
A: little Britain (μικρής Βρεττανίας - mikris Brettanias)', '
Q: In later writings, what did Claudius Ptolemy called the British Isles?
A: Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona', '
Q: After the Romans conqured the British Isles what became the more common name for the country?
A: Great Britain']
The earliest known use of the phrase Brytish Iles in the English language is dated 1577 in a work by John Dee. Today, this name is seen by some as carrying imperialist overtones although it is still commonly used. Other names used to describe the islands include the Anglo-Celtic Isles, Atlantic archipelago, British-Irish Isles, Britain and Ireland, UK and Ireland, and British Isles and Ireland. Owing to political and national associations with the word British, the Government of Ireland does not use the term British Isles and in documents drawn up jointly between the British and Irish governments, the archipelago is referred to simply as "these islands". Nonetheless, British Isles is still the most widely accepted term for the archipelago.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the earliest English usage of the term Brytish Illes?
A: a work by John Dee', '
Q: When was this Brytish Illes name used in the English language by John Dee?
A: 1577', '
Q: What is another name that is used for the British Isles?
A: Anglo-Celtic Isles', '
Q: What is the common term that the Government of Ireland uses when documents are written jointly with the British?
A: "these islands']
The British Isles lie at the juncture of several regions with past episodes of tectonic mountain building. These orogenic belts form a complex geology that records a huge and varied span of Earth's history. Of particular note was the Caledonian Orogeny during the Ordovician Period, c. 488–444 Ma and early Silurian period, when the craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia to form the mountains and hills in northern Britain and Ireland. Baltica formed roughly the northwestern half of Ireland and Scotland. Further collisions caused the Variscan orogeny in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, forming the hills of Munster, southwest England, and southern Wales. Over the last 500 million years the land that forms the islands has drifted northwest from around 30°S, crossing the equator around 370 million years ago to reach its present northern latitude.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Caledonian Orogeny occur?
A: c. 488–444 Ma and early Silurian period', '
Q: What formed after the craton Baltica and the terrane Avalonia collision?
A: mountains and hills', '
Q: What happened during the c. 488–444 Ma and early Silurian period?
A: craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia', '
Q: What formed the hills of Munster and the southern part of Wales?
A: Variscan orogeny', '
Q: In which direction have the British Isles been drifting?
A: northwest']