romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Egypt recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Other faiths and minority Muslim sects practised by Egyptians, such as the small Bahá'í and Ahmadi community, are not recognised by the state and face persecution since they are labelled as far right groups that threaten Egypt's national security. Individuals, particularly Baha'is and atheists, wishing to include their religion (or lack thereof) on their mandatory state issued identification cards are denied this ability (see Egyptian identification card controversy), and are put in the position of either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith. A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What 3 religions does Egypt recognise?
A: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism', "
Q: What recognition do Baha'i and Hmadi community get from Egyptian government?
A: are not recognised by the state", '
Q: Until what year did some minorities need to lie about religion or not get mandatory state issued ID?
A: 2008']
The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and architecture. Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilisation is renowned for its colossal pyramids, temples and monumental tombs. Well-known examples are the Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer Imhotep, the Sphinx, and the temple of Abu Simbel. Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of Hassan Fathy and Ramses Wissa Wassef, to Mahmoud Mokhtar's sculptures, to the distinctive Coptic iconography of Isaac Fanous. The Cairo Opera House serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What color was frequently used in Egyptian designs?
A: Egyptian blue', '
Q: What art required adherence to rigid code?
A: wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs', '
Q: What is the main performing arts venue in Egyptian capital?
A: The Cairo Opera House', '
Q: Who designed the Pyramid of Djoser?
A: Imhotep']
Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to ancient Egypt and is some of the earliest known literature. Indeed, the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today, that is, the book. It is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Middle East. The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular. Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Egyptian women writers include Nawal El Saadawi, well known for her feminist activism, and Alifa Rifaat who also writes about women and tradition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first to develop literature?
A: Egyptians', '
Q: What syles did writers in Arabic literature experiment with first?
A: modern styles', '
Q: What was the first modern Egyptian novel?
A: Zaynab', "
Q: When was Munammad Huayn Haykal's first modern novel published?
A: 1913"]
Egyptian cinema became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, Studio Misr, financed by industrialist Talaat Harb, emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades. For over 100 years, more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production.[citation needed] Egypt is considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the Middle East. Actors from all over the Arab World seek to appear in the Egyptian cinema for the sake of fame. The Cairo International Film Festival has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who financed Studio Misr?
A: Talaat Harb', '
Q: In more that 100 years how many films have been produced in Egypt?
A: 4000 films', '
Q: In what year was Studio Misr founded?
A: 1936', '
Q: What share of Arab productions have come from Egypt?
A: three quarters']
Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity. The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods Hathor with the invention of music, which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez whose age is considered the golden age of music in Egypt and the whole Middle East and North-Africa. Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What elements mix for Egyptian music?
A: indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western', '
Q: Who is credited with invention of music by ancient Egyptians?
A: Hathor', '
Q: What artist are considered the golden age of Egyptian music?
A: Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez', '
Q: What is more contemporary Egyptian Pop Singer?
A: Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir']
Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. Because of this wide variation of ages, the continuous contact with other nations and the big number of conflicts Egypt had been through, at least 60 museums may be found in Egypt, mainly covering a wide area of these ages and conflicts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the oldest era in Egypt?
A: prehistoric', '
Q: How many museums are found in Egypt?
A: at least 60', '
Q: What are some examples of Ages in Egypt?
A: Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic']
Some consider koshari (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the national dish. Fried onions can be also added to koshari. In addition, ful medames (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making falafel (also known as "ta'meyya"), which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to mulukhiyya, a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is koshari?
A: mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni', '
Q: What can be added to koshari?
A: Fried onions', '
Q: What is a polular green soup of Egypt?
A: mulukhiyya', '
Q: What beans are used to make falafel?
A: Fava bean']
Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt. The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world. Al Ahly is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals Zamalek SC. Al Ahly was named in 2000 by the Confederation of African Football as the "African Club of the Century". With twenty titles, Al Ahly is currently the world's most successful club in terms of international trophies, surpassing Italy's A.C. Milan and Argentina's Boca Juniors, both having eighteen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most popular sport in Egypt?
A: Football', '
Q: What is one of the toughest derbies in the world, run in Egypt?
A: The Cairo Derby', '
Q: In terms of international trophies, whos is the most successful club?
A: Al Ahly']
Egypt has hosted several international competitions. the last one was 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which took place between 24 September - 16 October 2009. On Friday 19 September of the year 2014, Guinness World Records has announced that Egyptian scuba diver Ahmed Gabr is the new title holder for deepest salt water scuba dive, at 332.35 metres. Ahmed set a new world record Friday when he reached a depth of more than 1,000 feet. The 14-hour feat took Gabr 1,066 feet down into the abyss near the Egyptian town of Dahab in ther Red Sea, where he works as a diving instructor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the last international competition Egypt hosted?
A: 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup', '
Q: Who holds Guiness record for Deepest salt water scuba dive?
A: Ahmed Gabr', '
Q: How deep did Gabr dive?
A: 1,066 feet down', '
Q: In what body of water did Gabr dive?
A: Red Sea']
Mosaic has a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman kingdom in Sicily in the 12th century, by eastern-influenced Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What millennium did Mosaic start?
A: the 3rd millennium BC', '
Q: What kind of mosaic were made in Tiryns?
A: Pebble mosaics', '
Q: Who besides the Romans did the Jewish people get influenced by?
A: Byzantine', '
Q: When did mosaic fall out of fashion?
A: the Renaissance', '
Q: The Norman kingdomwas in what italian city state?
A: Sicily']
Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders. Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name, describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl. Both of these themes were widely copied.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The pebble mosaics found at Tiyns are from what age?
A: Bronze age', '
Q: The Beauty of Durres is in what country?
A: Albania', '
Q: The famous artists Sosus was from what area?
A: Pergamon', '
Q: When was the Greek figure style mostly formed?
A: the 3rd century BC', '
Q: When was the famous mosaic "The Beauty of Durres" created?
A: the 4th-century BC']
Greek figural mosaics could have been copied or adapted paintings, a far more prestigious artform, and the style was enthusiastically adopted by the Romans so that large floor mosaics enriched the floors of Hellenistic villas and Roman dwellings from Britain to Dura-Europos. Most recorded names of Roman mosaic workers are Greek, suggesting they dominated high quality work across the empire; no doubt most ordinary craftsmen were slaves. Splendid mosaic floors are found in Roman villas across North Africa, in places such as Carthage, and can still be seen in the extensive collection in Bardo Museum in Tunis, Tunisia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What common artform is far more prestigious than mosaic?
A: paintings', '
Q: Which culture adapted the use of mosaics for large ground coverings in their villas?
A: the Romans', '
Q: Most names of Roman mosaic workers are what nationality?
A: Greek', '
Q: Often regular everyday craftsman were most likely what?
A: slaves', '
Q: Carthage and Tunisia are in what general area?
A: North Africa']
There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was opus tessellatum, using larger tesserae, which was laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of mosaic uses small tesserae?
A: opus vermiculatum', '
Q: What were small panel mosaics known as?
A: emblemata', '
Q: What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae?
A: opus tessellatum', '
Q: What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?
A: very fine detail', '
Q: Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics?
A: cheaper than fully coloured work']
In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. The Roman church of Santa Costanza, which served as a mausoleum for one or more of the Imperial family, has both religious mosaic and decorative secular ceiling mosaics on a round vault, which probably represent the style of contemporary palace decoration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea?
A: Nero', '
Q: When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression?
A: the Christian era', '
Q: The church of Santa Costanza is in what country?
A: Rome', '
Q: When was the Domus Aurea constructed?
A: 64 AD', '
Q: The imperial family of Rome used the church of Santa Costanza as what?
A: a mausoleum']
The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosaics were covered and protected for 700 years by a landslide that occurred in the 12th Century. The most important pieces are the Circus Scene, the 64m long Great Hunting Scene, the Little Hunt, the Labours of Hercules and the famous Bikini Girls, showing women undertaking a range of sporting activities in garments that resemble 20th Century bikinis. The peristyle, the imperial apartments and the thermae were also decorated with ornamental and mythological mosaics. Other important examples of Roman mosaic art in Sicily were unearthed on the Piazza Vittoria in Palermo where two houses were discovered. The most important scenes there depicted Orpheus, Alexander the Great's Hunt and the Four Seasons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world?
A: Sicily', '
Q: Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica?
A: Emperor Maximian', '
Q: What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? 
A: a landslide', '
Q: How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica?
A: 64m', '
Q: Where in Sicily were the "Orpheus," and the "Four Seasons" discovered?
A: Piazza Vittoria in Palermo']
In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The mosaics show a warrior in combat with a deer, four young men wrestling a wild bull to the ground, and a gladiator resting in a state of fatigue, staring at his slain opponent. The mosaics decorated the walls of a cold plunge pool in a bath house within a Roman villa. The gladiator mosaic is noted by scholars as one of the finest examples of mosaic art ever seen — a "masterpiece comparable in quality with the Alexander Mosaic in Pompeii."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic?
A: gladiatorial contests', '
Q: When was the Zliten mosaic discovered?
A: 1913', '
Q: How long was the mural discovered in Libya?
A: 30 ft', '
Q: The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century?
A: 1st or 2nd century AD', '
Q: The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city?
A: Pompeii']
With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulatory of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of Bacchus, which symbolizes transformation or change, and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum, the original function of this building. In another great Constantinian basilica, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved. The so-called Tomb of the Julii, near the crypt beneath St Peter's Basilica, is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations. The Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, converted into a Christian church during the course of the 4th century, was embellished with very high artistic quality mosaics. Only fragments survive of the original decoration, especially a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?
A: the late 4th century', '
Q: What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?
A: Santa Pudenziana', '
Q: What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?
A: a mausoleum', "
Q: In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?
A: St Peter's Basilica", '
Q: Under what period were the 4th century churches built?
A: Constantinian']
In the following century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art (see details in Ravenna section). Milan also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century. In the St Aquilinus Chapel of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, mosaics executed in the late 4th and early 5th centuries depict Christ with the Apostles and the Abduction of Elijah; these mosaics are outstanding for their bright colors, naturalism and adherence to the classical canons of order and proportion. The surviving apse mosaic of the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, which shows Christ enthroned between Saint Gervasius and Saint Protasius and angels before a golden background date back to the 5th and to the 8th century, although it was restored many times later. The baptistery of the basilica, which was demolished in the 15th century, had a vault covered with gold-leaf tesserae, large quantities of which were found when the site was excavated. In the small shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro, now a chapel of Sant'Ambrogio, every surface is covered with mosaics from the second half of the 5th century. Saint Victor is depicted in the center of the golden dome, while figures of saints are shown on the walls before a blue background. The low spandrels give space for the symbols of the four Evangelists.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which city besides Ravenna served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire?
A: Milan', "
Q: What is the name of the mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio?
A: apse", "
Q: The shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro had mosaics from which century?
A: the 5th century", '
Q: Who do the mosaics at the the basilica of San Lorenzo depict as being abducted?
A: Elijah', "
Q: When was the baptistry at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio demolished?
A: the 15th century"]
In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif above the crossing is a golden cross in the middle of the starry sky. Another great building established by Galla Placidia was the church of San Giovanni Evangelista. She erected it in fulfillment of a vow that she made having escaped from a deadly storm in 425 on the sea voyage from Constantinople to Ravenna. The mosaics depicted the storm, portraits of members of the western and eastern imperial family and the bishop of Ravenna, Peter Chrysologus. They are known only from Renaissance sources because almost all were destroyed in 1747.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire?
A: Ravenna', '
Q: What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics?
A: 425–430', '
Q: What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia? 
A: the church of San Giovanni Evangelista', '
Q: Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista?
A: fulfillment of a vow', '
Q: When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed?
A: 1747']
After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosaics in the Basilica of San Vitale and Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. The mosaic depicting Emperor Saint Justinian I and Empress Theodora in the Basilica of San Vitale were executed shortly after the Byzantine conquest. The mosaics of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe were made around 549. The anti-Arian theme is obvious in the apse mosaic of San Michele in Affricisco, executed in 545–547 (largely destroyed; the remains in Berlin).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire?
A: After 539', '
Q: When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place?
A: the second half of the 6th century', '
Q: What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale?
A: the Byzantine conquest', "
Q: When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created?
A: 549", '
Q: Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele?
A: Berlin']