romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?
A: Applied', '
Q: What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?
A: change or stability', '
Q: What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?
A: direct', '
Q: What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?
A: the practical side', '
Q: Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?
A: participating']
Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What perspective does development anthropology view development from?
A: critical', '
Q: What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?
A: pondering', '
Q: Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?
A: increasing', '
Q: When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?
A: gap', '
Q: What does a lot of planned development apparently do?
A: fail']
Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?
A: Kinship', '
Q: What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?
A: anthropology', '
Q: When has anthropology developed related terms?
A: Over its history', "
Q: What does it mean if people are related by descent?
A: one's social relations during development", '
Q: Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?
A: marriage']
Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?
A: Feminist', '
Q: What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?
A: male bias', '
Q: What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?
A: systematic bias', '
Q: What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?
A: gender', '
Q: What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?
A: birth anthropology']
Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?
A: Nutritional', '
Q: Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?
A: food security', '
Q: If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?
A: globalization', '
Q: What affects overall health status?
A: Nutritional status', '
Q: What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?
A: economic']
Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? 
A: Psychological', "
Q: What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?
A: humans' development and enculturation", '
Q: What aspects define a cultural group?
A: its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories', '
Q: What shapes processes of human cognition?
A: cultural group', '
Q: Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?
A: understanding']
Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?
A: Cognitive', '
Q: What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?
A: cognitive sciences', '
Q: What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?
A: experimental psychology and evolutionary biology', '
Q: Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?
A: implicit knowledge']
Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on "Negara", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?
A: Political', '
Q: From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?
A: structure of societies', '
Q: When did the new development of a stateless society come about?
A: the 1960s', '
Q: The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?
A: "complex"', '
Q: Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?
A: Geertz']
Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?
A: Cyborg', '
Q: When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?
A: 1993', '
Q: What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?
A: the Society for the Social Studies of Science', '
Q: Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?
A: Donna Haraway', '
Q: What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?
A: its relations']
Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?
A: Environmental', '
Q: What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?
A: political ecology', '
Q: What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?
A: culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.', '
Q: The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?
A: corporate', '
Q: Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?
A: people of Hyde Park']
Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?
A: by examining historical records', '
Q: Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?
A: ethnic', '
Q: What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?
A: its foundation', '
Q: What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?
A: documents and manuscripts', '
Q: Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?
A: Practitioners']
Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of "specialists in 'other cultures'" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?
A: Urban', '
Q: Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?
A: Ulf Hannerz', '
Q: What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? 
A: notoriously agoraphobic', '
Q: How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?
A: two', '
Q: One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?
A: social issues']
Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Anthrozoology also known as?
A: human–animal studies', '
Q: What is the study of interaction between living things?
A: Anthrozoology', '
Q: What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?
A: number of other disciplines', '
Q: What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?
A: positive', '
Q: What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?
A: anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy']
Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?
A: Evolutionary', '
Q: What is evolutionary anthropology  based in?
A: natural science and social science', '
Q: Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?
A: past and present', '
Q: What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?
A: scientific', '
Q: What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?
A: many lines']
Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as "racism" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?
A: Ethical', '
Q: What is the proper term for circumcision?
A: mutilation', '
Q: What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?
A: racism, slavery, and human sacrifice', "
Q: Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?
A: man", '
Q: Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?
A: depth of an anthropological approach']
But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?
A: active in the allied war effort", '
Q: What groups formed the Axis forces?
A: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan', '
Q: What did many anthropologists serve in?
A: the armed forces', '
Q: The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?
A: intelligence', '
Q: Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?
A: communist sympathies.']
Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that "in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?
A: the state', '
Q: What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?
A: secret', '
Q: What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?
A: certain scholarship', '
Q: Who penned a "Statement of Professional Responsibility"?
A: The AAA', '
Q: Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?
A: given']
Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, "When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? 
A: the US military', "
Q: What are the anthropologists part of?
A: US Army's strategy in Afghanistan", '
Q: What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?
A: Counterinsurgency', '
Q: Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?
A: Iraq', '
Q: What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?
A: ethics']
Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists "into the field," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called "fieldwork." On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?
A: Biological', '
Q: What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?
A: human universals', '
Q: Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?
A: into the field', '
Q: To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?
A: a community in its own setting', '
Q: Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?
A: genetic']