romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to Misrata, there attending Misrata Secondary School. Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city – including the Arab Nationalist Movement, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the Muslim Brotherhood – claiming he rejected factionalism. He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789, as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Why did Gaddafi's family have to leave Sabha?
A: he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol.", '
Q: Gaddafi was an avid reader. Name three biographies that he read.
A: Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk', '
Q: What political idealogy did Gaddafi not believe in?
A: factionalism', '
Q: While he was in secondary school, what sort of activism did Gaddafi support?
A: Arab nationalist activism', "
Q: Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha?
A: October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic", '
Q: List several biographies that influenced Gaddafi.
A: Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk', '
Q: Where sort of activism did Gaddafi promote while attending secondary school?
A: Arab nationalist activism', '
Q: What political ideology did Gaddafi reject when he attended Misrata Secondary School?
A: factionalism', '
Q: Where did Gaddafi travel to after he was kicked out of Sabha?
A: Misrata', "
Q: Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata?
A: Arab Nationalist Movement", '
Q: In what month and year did Gaddafi protest against Syria leaving the United Arab Republic?
A: October 1961', '
Q: Of what nationality was Michel Aflaq?
A: Syrian', '
Q: Along with Lincoln and Ataturk, whose biography did Gaddafi read while in Misrata?
A: Abraham Lincoln']
Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi, before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change. Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams. British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What subject did Gaddafi briefly study before joining the military?
A: History at the University of Libya in Benghazi', "
Q: Why didn't Gaddafi learn to speak English?
A: Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists", '
Q: Where did Gaddafi begin his military training?
A: at the Royal Military Academy', '
Q: How did Gaddafi view the influence of the military?
A: the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change', "
Q: What crime did the British trainers believe Gaddafi was involved in?
A: the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963", '
Q: What subject did Gaddafi study at the University of LIbya?
A: History', '
Q: Why did Gaddafi drop out of college?
A: to join the military', '
Q: What rationale did Gaddafi use for joining the military?
A: Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change', "
Q: What country trained Libya's military?
A: the British military", "
Q: What crime was Gaddafi suspected of being involved in during his time in the military?
A: the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963", '
Q: Where did Gaddafi attend college for a time?
A: University of Libya', '
Q: During his time in college, what did Gaddafi study?
A: History', '
Q: After Gaddafi left the University of Libya, what institution did he attend?
A: Royal Military Academy, Benghazi', '
Q: While the Libyan monarchy existed, who trained the Libyan army?
A: British', '
Q: What did Gaddafi regard his British instructors as?
A: imperialists']
The Bovington signal course's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English, displaying a firm command of voice procedure. Noting that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football, he thought him an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious." Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes. He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When Gaddafi traveled to London, did he attempt to blend into the English culture?
A: finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes", '
Q: How did Gaddafi feel about the British officers?
A: claiming British Army officers racially insulted him', '
Q: How did the Bovington signal course director view Gaddafi?
A: he thought him an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious."', '
Q: How did Gaddafi view Libya when he returned from England?
A: he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."', '
Q: How did the Bovington sign course director think of Gaddafi?
A: an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious."', "
Q: When Gaddafi went to England, how did he respond to their culture?
A: finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes", '
Q: How did Gaddafi feel about the British Army officers?
A: Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him', '
Q: When Gaddafi returned to Libya, how did he view his country?
A: while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."', "
Q: What were Gaddafi's favorite hobbies in the military?
A: reading and playing football", '
Q: Along with reading, how did Gaddafi enjoy spending his free time?
A: playing football', '
Q: In what part of London did Gaddafi wear traditional Arab garb?
A: Piccadilly', '
Q: What language did Gaddafi have difficulty learning?
A: English', "
Q: Where did Gaddafi's signal course take place?
A: Bovington", '
Q: What mistreatment did Gaddafi say that British soldiers subjected him to?
A: racially insulted him']
Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?
A: President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism', '
Q: What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi?
A: his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser', "
Q: What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup?
A: Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution", "
Q: Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life.
A: 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961", '
Q: What political ideology did Nasser implement?
A: transition from capitalism to socialism', '
Q: What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha?
A: Egyptian', '
Q: When did the United Arab Republic end?
A: 1961', '
Q: What notable event occurred in 1952?
A: Egyptian Revolution', '
Q: From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?
A: Cairo', '
Q: What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?
A: Nasser']
Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?
A: Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s", "
Q: What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?
A: the oil industry", '
Q: What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?
A: corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry', '
Q: What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?
A: Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt', "
Q: Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:
A: they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.", '
Q: What country won the Six-Day War?
A: Israel', '
Q: In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?
A: Tripoli and Benghazi', "
Q: On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?
A: Egypt", '
Q: In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?
A: 1969', '
Q: What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?
A: Black Boots']
In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence?
A: They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.', '
Q: When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup?
A: In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece.', "
Q: What was Gaddafi's coup called?
A: Operation Jerusalem", '
Q: What did Gaddafi seize during the coup?
A: Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi,', '
Q: What did Hameidi do during the coup?
A: Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne.', '
Q: What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969?
A: Turkey and Greece', "
Q: What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy?
A: Operation Jerusalem", "
Q: What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli?
A: Omar Meheisha", '
Q: Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi?
A: Khweldi Hameidi', '
Q: What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli?
A: Jalloud']
Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:
A: Addressing the populace by radio', '
Q: List the two names of Gaddafi\'s coup.
A: "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution"', '
Q: What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented?
A: freedom, socialism, and unity', '
Q: What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as?
A: a revolution', '
Q: What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy?
A: Libyan Arab Republic', '
Q: What was the Libyan coup called at first?
A: White Revolution', '
Q: What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place?
A: One September Revolution', '
Q: What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?
A: Free Officers', '
Q: How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address?
A: reactionary and corrupt']
Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?
A: All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;', '
Q: Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?
A: they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.', "
Q: Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?
A: Gaddafi", '
Q: Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?
A: some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses', '
Q: On what date were the members of the RCC announced?
A: 10 January 1970', '
Q: What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?
A: young', '
Q: How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?
A: none', '
Q: What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?
A: men', '
Q: Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?
A: middle']
The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?
A: They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces", '
Q: What happened to Idris?
A: Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.', '
Q: How did Gaddafi view the elite?
A: Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.', '
Q: What happened to the monarchists and and journalists?
A: "People\'s Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed.', '
Q: What clan was King Idris part of?
A: Senussi', "
Q: How many people were executed by the People's Courts?
A: none", '
Q: What sentence was given to the absent King Idris?
A: execution', '
Q: Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military?
A: monarchists', "
Q: Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?
A: monarchist politicians"]
In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the RCC's view of political parties?
A: Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,", '
Q: What did Gaddafi do in 1971?
A: In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.', '
Q: What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?
A: united secular and religious law codes', '
Q: What did Gaddafi do in 1973?
A: In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.', '
Q: In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?
A: 1970', '
Q: In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?
A: September 1971', '
Q: What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?
A: trade unions', '
Q: What publications were shut down 1972?
A: newspapers', "
Q: In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?
A: 1973"]
With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Libya's main export?
A: crude oil", "
Q: How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?
A: In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.", '
Q: What was the main export of Libya?
A: crude oil', '
Q: How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?
A: $1 billion', '
Q: What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?
A: OPEC', '
Q: Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?
A: Jalloud']
Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?
A: by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951', "
Q: How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?
A: while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.", '
Q: What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?
A: In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized.', "
Q: How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?
A: starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.", "
Q: What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?
A: British Petroleum", '
Q: In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?
A: September 1973', "
Q: What was Libya's GDP in 1969?
A: $3.8 billion", '
Q: In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?
A: 1979', "
Q: What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?
A: $40"]
The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?
A: pan-Libyan', '
Q: What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?
A: regional and tribal', '
Q: Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?
A: Sabha', '
Q: What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?
A: counter-revolutionary activity', '
Q: Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?
A: Arab Socialist Union']