romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which describes itself as a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality," disagrees with the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy, both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality, or as a disease, but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect. The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does NARTH stand for?
A: The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality', '
Q: What does NARTH consider itself to be?
A: a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,', "
Q: What does NARTH disagree with?
A: the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy", '
Q: What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy?
A: its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality', '
Q: What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH?
A: that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish']
Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject." Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?
A: confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people', '
Q: Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?
A: the affected s', '
Q: What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?
A: confusion', '
Q: What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?
A: are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.', '
Q: What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?
A: when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals']
The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality. However, the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum. Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexual orientation than a dichotomous scale it is still difficult to determine which category individuals should be assigned to. In a major study comparing sexual response in homosexual males and females, Masters and Johnson discuss the difficulty of assigning the Kinsey ratings to participants. Particularly, they found it difficult to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale. They report finding it difficult to assign ratings 2-4 for individuals with a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences. When, there is a lot of heterosexual and homosexual experiences in one's history it becomes difficult for that individual to be fully objective in assessing the relative amount of each.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has the KInsey scaled been praised for?
A: dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality.', '
Q: What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?
A: because it is still not a true continuum', '
Q: How many categories are used in the KInsey scale?
A: seven', "
Q: In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings?
A: to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale", '
Q: What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale?
A: a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences']
The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many questions does the SASO contain?
A: 12', '
Q: What do six of the questions asses?
A: sexual attraction', '
Q: What do the other six questions asses?
A: four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity', '
Q: What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?
A: heterosexuality', '
Q: How are the results simplified when using the SASO?
A: into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.']
The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences—which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?
A: The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established', '
Q: What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?
A: that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it', '
Q: What was once thought to cause homosexuality?
A: the result of faulty psychological development', '
Q: What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?
A: this was based on prejudice and misinformation.']
One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population. Depending on subject's age, culture and sex, the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, or sexual identity. Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Furthermore, reports of same sex behavior usually exceed those of gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification. The following chart demonstrates how widely the prevalence of homosexuality can vary depending on what age, location and component of sexual orientation is being assessed:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?
A: determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population', '
Q: What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?
A: which component of sexual orientation is being assessed', '
Q: Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?
A: Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population']
As female fetuses have two X chromosomes and male ones a XY pair, the chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female development. The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females. This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?
A: chromosome Y', '
Q: What is the differentiation process driven by?
A: androgen hormones,', '
Q: What results in sexual differences in males and females?
A: secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain', '
Q: What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?
A: the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life']
One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately. The classification scheme, which was meant only to describe males, separated them into three basic categories: dionings, urnings and uranodionings. An urning can be further categorized by degree of effeminacy. These categories directly correspond with the categories of sexual orientation used today: heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual. In the series of pamphlets, Ulrichs outlined a set of questions to determine if a man was an urning. The definitions of each category of Ulrichs' classification scheme are as follows:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?
A: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs', '
Q: When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?
A: in the 1860s', '
Q: Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?
A: meant only to describe males', '
Q: What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?
A: dionings, urnings and uranodionings', '
Q: What did these three categories correspond with?
A: the categories of sexual orientation used today:']
Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?
A: lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.', '
Q: What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?
A: collapsing the two values into one final score', '
Q: Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?
A: A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience', '
Q: How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?
A: to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information', '
Q: Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?
A: one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle']
Of all the questions on the scale, Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither" than either sexual identity or sexual behavior. Identity and behavior are measured as supplemental information because they are both closely tied to sexual attraction and sexual orientation. Major criticisms of the SASO have not been established, but a concern is that the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale?
A: those assessing sexual attraction', '
Q: Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?
A: sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation', '
Q: Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as?
A: extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither', '
Q: What is a huge concern for SASO?
A: the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.']
The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated "I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What reflects the prevalence rates varying?
A: people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time", "
Q: What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?
A: such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.", '
Q: What did Diamond find about the women?
A: over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,', '
Q: What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?
A: the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour', '
Q: What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?
A: individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed']
Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of "sodomy," which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, "'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?
A: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional', '
Q: Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?
A: Michel Foucault', '
Q: In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?
A: 1976', "
Q: What did he state was an invention of the modern state?
A: 'Sexuality", '
Q: What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?
A: Sodomy']
Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women. A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women, when viewing erotic films which show female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match their declared sexual orientations as well as men's. That is, heterosexual and lesbian women's sexual arousal to erotic films do not differ significantly by the genders of the participants (male or female) or by the type of sexual activity (heterosexual or homosexual). On the contrary, men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations, with heterosexual men showing more penis arousal to female-female sexual activity and less arousal to female-male and male-male sexual stimuli, and homosexual and bisexual men being more aroused by films depicting male-male intercourse and less aroused by other stimuli.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?
A: the concept may not apply similarly to men and women', '
Q: What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?
A: female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match', "
Q: What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?
A: men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,"]
Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation. Influences of culture may complicate the process of measuring sexual orientation. The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white, middle-class, well-educated samples, however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups, although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects. Integration of sexual orientation with sociocultural identity may be a challenge for LGBT individuals. Individuals may or may not consider their sexual orientation to define their sexual identity, as they may experience various degrees of fluidity of sexuality, or may simply identify more strongly with another aspect of their identity such as family role. American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant. In contrast, East Asian cultures put a great emphasis on a person's social role within social hierarchies, and view the self as fluid and malleable. These differing cultural perspectives have many implications on cognitions of the self, including perception of sexual orientation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does research show about sexual orientation?
A: is independent of cultural and other social influences', '
Q: What can being openly gay be hindered by?
A: homophobic/hetereosexist settings.', '
Q: What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?
A: white, middle-class, well-educated', '
Q: What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?
A: religion, language and ethnic traditions', '
Q: What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?
A: individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.']
Some other cultures do not recognize a homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual distinction. It is common to distinguish a person's sexuality according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated). In this distinction, the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority, while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority. For example, an investigation of a small Brazilian fishing village revealed three sexual categories for men: men who have sex only with men (consistently in a passive role), men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex with women and men (consistently in an active role). While men who consistently occupied the passive role were recognized as a distinct group by locals, men who have sex with only women, and men who have sex with women and men, were not differentiated. Little is known about same-sex attracted females, or sexual behavior between females in these cultures.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?
A: according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)', '
Q: When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?
A: femininity and/or inferiority', '
Q: When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?
A: masculinity and/or superiority', '
Q: How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?
A: Little']