romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?
A: Arkansas', '
Q: What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?
A: 101st Airborne Division', '
Q: What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?
A: Arkansas National Guard', '
Q: Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?
A: Orval Faubus', '
Q: How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?
A: nine']
This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?
A: 1953', "
Q: What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?
A: he refused", '
Q: Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?
A: facilitate relations with Congress']
Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?
A: Atomic Energy Commission", '
Q: What was the AEC working on at this time?
A: H-bombs', '
Q: What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?
A: J. Robert Oppenheimer', '
Q: What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?
A: removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance']
In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed." This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Ike's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters, and contributed to his ultimate downfall.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?
A: issue subpoenas to White House personnel', "
Q: What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?
A: executive privilege", '
Q: Eisenhower denied McCarthy access to the personnel of what branch of the federal government?
A: Executive']
The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who won a Senate majority in 1954?
A: Democrats', '
Q: After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?
A: Sam Rayburn', '
Q: Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election?
A: Lyndon B. Johnson', '
Q: What state were Johnson and Rayburn from?
A: Texas', '
Q: Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955?
A: Joe Martin']
Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?
A: worked too much through subordinates', "
Q: As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress often gave him?
A: reverse of what he has desired", '
Q: Who did Martin think Eisenhower should have made better use of?
A: Republicans of consequence']
Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?
A: Republicans", '
Q: What party did Brennan belong to?
A: Democrat', '
Q: Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?
A: Warren', '
Q: What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court?
A: liberal', '
Q: Along with liberals, who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick?
A: law-and-order conservatives']
Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point, often two or three packs a day. Eisenhower stated that he "gave [himself] an order" to stop cold turkey in March 1949 while at Columbia. He was probably the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office. On September 24, 1955, while vacationing in Colorado, he had a serious heart attack that required six weeks' hospitalization, during which time Nixon, Dulles, and Sherman Adams assumed administrative duties and provided communication with the President. He was treated by Dr. Paul Dudley White, a cardiologist with a national reputation, who regularly informed the press of the President's progress. Instead of eliminating him as a candidate for a second term as President, his physician recommended a second term as essential to his recovery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking?
A: West Point', '
Q: How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?
A: two or three packs', '
Q: When did Eisenhower stop smoking completely?
A: March 1949', "
Q: Who was Eisenhower's employer when he gave up smoking?
A: Columbia", '
Q: Who was the cardiologist who treated Eisenhower after his heart attack?
A: Paul Dudley White']
As a consequence of his heart attack, Eisenhower developed a left ventricular aneurysm, which was in turn the cause of a mild stroke on November 25, 1957. This incident occurred during a cabinet meeting when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to speak or move his right hand. The stroke had caused an aphasia. The president also suffered from Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956. To treat the intestinal block, surgeons bypassed about ten inches of his small intestine. His scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover from surgery at his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower's health issues forced him to give up smoking and make some changes to his dietary habits, but he still indulged in alcohol. During a visit to England he complained of dizziness and had to have his blood pressure checked on August 29, 1959; however, before dinner at Chequers on the next day his doctor General Howard Snyder recalled Eisenhower "drank several gin-and-tonics, and one or two gins on the rocks ... three or four wines with the dinner".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?
A: left ventricular aneurysm", '
Q: Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957?
A: cabinet meeting', "
Q: What couldn't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke?
A: right hand", "
Q: What is Crohn's disease?
A: chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine", '
Q: Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9, 1956?
A: bowel obstruction']
The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health. Eventually after leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis, for which he underwent surgery on December 12, 1966, when his gallbladder was removed, containing 16 gallstones. After Eisenhower's death in 1969 (see below), an autopsy unexpectedly revealed an adrenal pheochromocytoma, a benign adrenaline-secreting tumor that may have made the President more vulnerable to heart disease. Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks in total from 1955 until his death.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?
A: heart attack', '
Q: For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?
A: cholecystitis', '
Q: What did Eisenhower have removed via surgery on December 12, 1966?
A: gallbladder', '
Q: In what year did Eisenhower die?
A: 1969', '
Q: How many heart attacks did Eisenhower have between 1955 and 1969?
A: seven']
In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, "I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy." He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, "If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember." Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was the oldest president in history at that time (then 70), was succeeded by the youngest elected president, as Kennedy was 43.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?
A: Richard Nixon', '
Q: Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?
A: John F. Kennedy', '
Q: How old was Eisenhower in 1960?
A: 70', '
Q: Who was the youngest person elected to the United States presidency?
A: Kennedy', '
Q: Who won the US presidential election of 1960?
A: Kennedy']
On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?
A: January 17, 1961', '
Q: In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?
A: military–industrial', '
Q: What war did Eisenhower talk about in his Address to the Nation?
A: Cold', '
Q: What term did Eisenhower use to describe the character of communism?
A: atheistic', '
Q: From where did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?
A: Oval Office']
Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, only 70 miles from his ancestral home in Elizabethville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. In 1967 the Eisenhowers donated the farm to the National Park Service. In retirement, the former president did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg. However, his endorsement came somewhat reluctantly because Goldwater had attacked the former president as "a dime-store New Dealer".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency?
A: Gettysburg', '
Q: What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in?
A: Dauphin', '
Q: Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1967?
A: National Park Service', '
Q: What did Barry Goldwater call Eisenhower?
A: dime-store New Dealer', '
Q: Who was the Republican presidential candidate in 1964?
A: Barry Goldwater']
On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral, where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How old was Eisenhower when he died?
A: 78', '
Q: At what facility did Eisenhower die?
A: Walter Reed Army Medical Center', "
Q: What was Eisenhower's cause of death?
A: congestive heart failure", "
Q: What was Eisenhower's date of death?
A: March 28, 1969", '
Q: What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to?
A: Episcopal']
That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?
A: April 2", "
Q: What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?
A: $80", '
Q: At what location was Eisenhower buried?
A: Eisenhower Presidential Library', '
Q: What color jacket was Eisenhower buried in?
A: green', '
Q: When did Mamie Eisenhower die?
A: 1979']
In the immediate years after Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined. He was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president compared to his vigorous young successor. Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little Rock, Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that activists wanted. Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?
A: golf', '
Q: What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?
A: McCarthyism', '
Q: Where was Central High school located?
A: Little Rock', '
Q: How did critics characterize Kennedy in comparison to Eisenhower?
A: vigorous young successor', '
Q: What nation was considered the leader in the nuclear arms race?
A: Soviet Union']
Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?
A: United States Army', '
Q: Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?
A: Lyndon Johnson', "
Q: Along with Ford, what president initially didn't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did?
A: Jimmy Carter", "
Q: What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to?
A: President's Private Secretary"]
The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many appreciation medals were minted?
A: 9,858', '
Q: In what city were the appreciation medals minted?
A: Philadelphia', '
Q: During what period were the appreciation medals minted?
A: September 1958 through October 1960', "
Q: What were Eisenhower's initials?
A: D.D.E.", '
Q: How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?
A: 1,451']
The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the 'Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways' in his honor. It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's own Army experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn systems in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Commemorative signs reading "Eisenhower Interstate System" and bearing Eisenhower's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and are currently displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) near Chicago and the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?
A: Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways', '
Q: Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War?
A: Austria', '
Q: What is another name for Eisenhower Expressway?
A: Interstate 290', '
Q: When were "Eisenhower Interstate System" signs first posted along highways?
A: 1993', '
Q: What major city is Interstate 290 close to?
A: Chicago']
A loblolly pine, known as the "Eisenhower Pine", was located on Augusta's 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down. Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. The tree was removed in February 2014 after an ice storm caused it significant damage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?
A: 17th', "
Q: How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?
A: 192", '
Q: What did Eisenhower want to be done to the Eisenhower Pine?
A: cut down', '
Q: What damaged the Eisenhower Pine in February 2014?
A: ice storm', '
Q: In what year did Eisenhower propose that the pine tree named after him be removed?
A: 1956']
The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many boroughs are in NYC?
A: five', '
Q: Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?
A: northernmost', "
Q: What is the Bronx's population?
A: 1,438,159", '
Q: How large is the Bronx?
A: 42 square miles (109 km2)', "
Q: What is unique about the Bronx's location?
A: Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland"]