romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?
A: George Ayittey', '
Q: Who executed the apartheid?
A: the Arab government', '
Q: Who was excluded?
A: blacks', '
Q: Where were they?
A: Sudan', "
Q: What is George Ayittey's profession? 
A: economist"]
Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?
A: Irwin Cotler', '
Q: How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?
A: an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid."', '
Q: Who argeed with Dershowitz?
A: Irwin Cotler', '
Q: Where did Irwin Cotler live?
A: Canadian']
In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the Afrikaaner-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the colonization of South Africa result in?
A: many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes', '
Q: What was a result of these marriages?
A: mixed-race children', '
Q: What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?
A: second-class', '
Q: Who was included in the Coloured group?
A: Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent', '
Q: What does apartheid mean?
A: a system of legal racial segregation']
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the "pencil test" was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?
A: the Population Registration Act of 1945', '
Q: What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?
A: pencil test', "
Q: How did the pencil test work?
A: A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil", '
Q: Who administered the "Pencil Test"?
A: Minor officials']
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was featured in the movie "Skin"?
A: Sandra Laing', '
Q: What year was the movie "Skin" made?
A: 2008', '
Q: At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?
A: age 10', "
Q: What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity? 
A: South African", '
Q: How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?
A: three']
During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was oppressed and discriminated against?
A: those classed as "Coloured"', '
Q: What era did this discrimination take place?
A: During the apartheid era', '
Q: Who were "Coloured" people above in the class system?
A: those classed as "Black"', '
Q: Where were the "black" areas?
A: large townships located away from the cities']
In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)".[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What laws did they introduce to support blacks?
A: affirmative action policies', '
Q: Who does the term "black" people include?
A: "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"', '
Q: What did South Africa\'s Constitution Declare to be?
A: a "Non-racial democracy"', '
Q: Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?
A: ANC (African National Congress)', '
Q: Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies? 
A: "Africans']
In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who declared Chinese South Africans as "Black People"?
A: the High Court in South Africa', '
Q: What year did this ruling happen?
A: 2008', '
Q: Why was this classification made?
A: solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits', '
Q: What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits?
A: Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid', '
Q: Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits? 
A: they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination.']
Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another way "Coloureds" can be distinguished from "Blacks"?
A: language', '
Q: What languages are most common?
A: Afrikaans or English', '
Q: What are less common languages spoken?
A: Zulu or Xhosa', '
Q: What types of names do "coloureds" have?
A: European-sounding names', '
Q: What type of names do "blacks" have?
A: Bantu names']
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?
A: 10 to 18 million', '
Q: In what time frame were these people enslaved?
A: between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century', '
Q: Who enslaved these people?
A: Arab slave traders', '
Q: Why were women slaves more popular?
A: for them to serve as concubines', '
Q: Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?
A: The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners']
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people in Yemen have African lineage? 
A: average of 38%', '
Q: How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?
A: 16%', '
Q: How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?
A: 10%', '
Q: Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?
A: African female-mediated gene']
Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab, not black.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is seeking minority status from the government?
A: African-Iraquis', '
Q: Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?
A: Parliament', '
Q: How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
A: as Arab', '
Q: What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?
A: Distinctive and self-identified black communities', '
Q: Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
A: Alamin M. Mazrui et al.']
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many East African and black people live in Israel?
A: About 150,000', "
Q: What percent of Israel's population is black?
A: just over 2%", '
Q: When did they migrate to Israel?
A: during the 1980s and 1990s', '
Q: Where did they migrate from?
A: Ethiopia.', '
Q: Where are most of the black converts from?
A: the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.']
Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?
A: around 60,000', '
Q: What have these immigrants sought?
A: asylum', '
Q: Where are most of them from?
A: Sudan and Eritrea', '
Q: What languages do they speak?
A: Niger-Congo', '
Q: Where are the non jewish immigrants from?
A: southern Nuba Mountains']
Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the slave trade begin?
A: during the period of the Ottoman Empire', '
Q: Where were the slaves brought?
A: Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey', '
Q: Where did former slaves go for work once freed?
A: İzmir area', '
Q: What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?
A: 1923']
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who are the Siddi?
A: an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan', '
Q: Who did the Siddi descend from?
A: Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa', '
Q: What does the word "Siddi" derive from?
A: "Sayyid"', '
Q: Where does the term Sayyid come from?
A: the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area', '
Q: When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?
A: 1960s']
The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means "frizzy hair".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?
A: The Negritos', '
Q: Where do the Negritos reside currently?
A: Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.', '
Q: What does Negrito mean?
A: "little black people"', '
Q: What language does the term Negrito come from?
A: Spanish', '
Q: What term is interchangable with Negrito?
A: Semang']
The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans alike.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the term "Moors" refer to?
A: Muslims', '
Q: What descent of Muslims does "Moors" refer to?
A: Arab or Berber descent', '
Q: In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?
A: Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans', '
Q: Where did "Moors" migrate from?
A: North Africa or Iberia', '
Q: What kind of term is "Moors"?
A: derogatory']
Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, μαύρον, which is the Greek word for black. Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore’s day, Moors were black by definition…"

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?
A: Isidore of Seville', '
Q: When was this claim made?
A: 7th century,', '
Q: What does mauron mean?
A: black', "
Q: What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?
A: Etymologies", '
Q: What was "Black by definition"?
A: Moors']
Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent. They today mainly come from Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea. Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are Afro-Spaniards?
A: Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent', '
Q: Where do Afro-Spaniards come from?
A: Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal', '
Q: Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside?
A: Equatorial Guinea', '
Q: How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain?
A: an estimated 683,000']
According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?
A: over a million black', '
Q: What percentage of the population was "Black Caribbean"?
A: 1%', '
Q: What percentage of the population was "Black African"?
A: 0.8%', '
Q: What percentage of the population was "Black other"?
A: 0.2%', '
Q: When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?
A: after World War II']
As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did African states become independent?
A: 1960s', '
Q: Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: How many students moved from Africa to Russia?
A: about 400,000', '
Q: Why did students move to Russia?
A: to pursue higher studies', '
Q: Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?
A: Eastern bloc.']
Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?
A: in the Balkans', "
Q: What town had it's own black community?
A: Ulcinj", '
Q: What country is Ulcinj in?
A: Montenegro', '
Q: How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?
A: 100', '
Q: How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?
A: an estimated 30,000']
Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who has been referred to as "black people"?
A: Indigenous Australians', '
Q: What was the original term related to?
A: skin colour', '
Q: Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?
A: since the early days of European settlement', '
Q: What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians? 
A: to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry']
Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or "half-caste" individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?
A: Aboriginal Protection Boards', '
Q: What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control?
A: where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents.', '
Q: Were Aborigines allowed to vote?
A: Aborigines were not allowed to vote', '
Q: Who reported how the Aborigines were treated?
A: Sir Baldwin Spencer', '
Q: What year was his report from?
A: 1913']
After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and by 1930 fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern. Dr. Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which race was growing faster after the First World War?
A: mixed-race people', '
Q: What did people fear in 1930?
A: "half-caste menace"', '
Q: What did this menace undermine?
A: the White Australia ideal', '
Q: Who noted this particular fear?
A: Dr. Cecil Cook', '
Q: Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?
A: the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,']