romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides. Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations. These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?
A: restricted use pesticides', '
Q: What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?
A: an exam', '
Q:  The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?
A: Records of sales and use', '
Q: Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?
A: state or territorial']
Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. Until the 1950s, arsenic-based pesticides were dominant. Paul Müller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide. Organochlorines such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become the dominant insecticide. Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by "triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides?
A: before 2000 BC', '
Q: What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century?
A: nicotine sulfate', '
Q: What decade did herbicides become common?
A: 1960s', '
Q: Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide?
A: Paul Müller', '
Q: What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate?
A: tobacco leaves']
The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide era." Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?
A: 1910', '
Q: What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?
A: pesticide era', '
Q: When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?
A: 1970', '
Q: Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?
A: Seventy-five percent', '
Q: Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?
A: USA']
Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion. The city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of region is somerset
A: Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills', '
Q: What are some areas of Somerset county
A: Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels', '
Q: How far back was the county populated 
A: There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods', '
Q: What Kings rise did the county play part in 
A: a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion', '
Q: What is the city of Bath famous for 
A: substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site']
The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845, in the inflected form "Sumursætum", and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name. The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878. Although "Somersetshire" was in common use as an alternative name for the county, it went out of fashion in the late 19th century, and is no longer used possibly due to the adoption of "Somerset" as the county's official name after the establishment of the county council in 1889. As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town within it.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What are the people of somerset mentioned in 
A: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845", "
Q: What archaic name was mentioned in 878 
A: The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878", '
Q: When did the county stop using Somersetshire 
A: it went out of fashion in the late 19th century', '
Q: What was superfluous 
A: As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town']
After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples. By AD 600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The British held back Saxon advance into the south-west for some time longer, but by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, and large areas were owned by the crown, with fortifications such as Dunster Castle used for control and defence. Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton and the Battle of Langport. In 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset. The rebels landed at Lyme Regis and travelled north, hoping to capture Bristol and Bath, but they were defeated in the Battle of Sedgemoor at Westonzoyland, the last pitched battle fought in England. Arthur Wellesley took his title, Duke of Wellington from the town of Wellington; he is commemorated on a nearby hill by a large, spotlit obelisk, known as the Wellington Monument.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left 
A: Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples', '
Q: It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control  the Somerset area 
A: by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset', '
Q: What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for 
A: was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot', "
Q: What prison does somerset county contain 
A: HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610", '
Q: What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685 
A: Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset']
The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries. Farming continued to flourish, however, and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods. Despite this, 20 years later John Billingsley conducted a survey of the county's agriculture in 1795 and found that agricultural methods could still be improved. Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s, but all the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What ended Somersets cottage industry 
A: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries", '
Q: What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion
A: Farming continued to flourish', '
Q: What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset
A: Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset', '
Q: What did the west somerset mineral way transport 
A: iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale']
Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1
A: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties', '
Q: How many counties had no casualties in WW1 
A: only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed', '
Q: The county was base for what in WW2
A: for troops preparing for the D-Day landings', '
Q: What is the Tauton stop line 
A: The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion']
A number of decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night. They were designed to mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets. One, on the radio beam flight path to Bristol, was constructed on Beacon Batch. It was laid out by Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights, simulating activities like the stoking of steam locomotives. Burning bales of straw soaked in creosote were used to simulate the effects of incendiary bombs dropped by the first wave of Pathfinder night bombers; meanwhile, incendiary bombs dropped on the correct location were quickly smothered, wherever possible. Drums of oil were also ignited to simulate the effect of a blazing city or town, with the aim of fooling subsequent waves of bombers into dropping their bombs on the wrong location. The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941. The following night the Uphill decoy town, protecting Weston-super-Mare's airfield, was bombed; a herd of dairy cows was hit, killing some and severely injuring others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why were decoy towns used in WW2
A: decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night', '
Q: What did the decoy towns mimic 
A: mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets', "
Q: Who layed out  Beacon Batch 
A: Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights", '
Q: What decoy city was hit 
A: The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941']
The boundaries of Somerset are largely unaltered from medieval times. The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum, which straddles the Avon, formed part of Somerset. Bristol began as a town on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon, however as it grew it extended across the river into Somerset. In 1373 Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset... and that it should be a county by itself".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant 
A: are largely unaltered from medieval times', '
Q: What river forms the border of Somerset 
A: The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum', '
Q: What did king Edward the 3 do 
A: Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset']
Somerton took over from Ilchester as the county town in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366. The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns (including the county town of Taunton, which has no town council but instead is the chief settlement of the county's only borough). The largest urban areas in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater. Many settlements developed because of their strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills. Examples include Axbridge on the River Axe, Castle Cary on the River Cary, North Petherton on the River Parrett, and Ilminster, where there was a crossing point on the River Isle. Midsomer Norton lies on the River Somer; while the Wellow Brook and the Fosse Way Roman road run through Radstock. Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Somerton take over from Ilchester as the county town 
A: in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366', '
Q: How many cities and towns in Somerset 
A: The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns', '
Q: The largest populations of the county 
A: in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater', '
Q: What was the strategic purpose to settle this area 
A: strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills', '
Q: Most Southernly town of somerset
A: Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest']
To the north-east of the Somerset Levels, the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills. The central and western Mendip Hills was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1972 and covers 198 km2 (76 sq mi). The main habitat on these hills is calcareous grassland, with some arable agriculture. To the south-west of the Somerset Levels are the Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956 which is covered in heathland, oak woodlands, ancient parklands with plantations of conifer and covers 99 square kilometres. The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire. To the north of the Mendip hills is the Chew Valley and to the south, on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels 
A: the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills', "
Q: What area was Designated to have outstanding beauty 
A: Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956", '
Q: What is the name of the coal field 
A: The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire', '
Q: What area support dairy farming 
A: on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.']
There is an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole, underground rivers, and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge. The county has many rivers, including the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo. These both feed and drain the flat levels and moors of mid and west Somerset. In the north of the county the River Chew flows into the Bristol Avon. The Parrett is tidal almost to Langport, where there is evidence of two Roman wharfs. At the same site during the reign of King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the name of the cave system 
A: an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole", '
Q: Name 2 of the county gorges 
A: and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge', '
Q: Name some of the county rivers 
A: the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo', '
Q: What did King charles levy on river boats 
A: King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.']
The Somerset Levels (or Somerset Levels and Moors as they are less commonly but more correctly known) are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills. They consist of marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors. The Levels are divided into two by the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue. The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres) and broadly corresponds to the administrative district of Sedgemoor but also includes the south west of Mendip district. Approximately 70% of the area is grassland and 30% is arable. Stretching about 32 kilometres (20 mi) inland, this expanse of flat land barely rises above sea level. Before it was drained, much of the land was under a shallow brackish sea in winter and was marsh land in summer. Drainage began with the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons; in the Middle Ages by the Glastonbury Abbey, from 1400–1770; and during the Second World War, with the construction of the Huntspill River. Pumping and management of water levels still continues.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the Somerset levels 
A: are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills', '
Q: what do the Somerset levels consist of 
A: marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors', '
Q: what are the 2 sections of the somerset levels
A: the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue', '
Q: What is the total area of the levels 
A: The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres)', '
Q: who started drainage of the Somerset levels 
A: the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons']
The main coastal towns are, from the west to the north-east, Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead. The coastal area between Minehead and the eastern extreme of the administrative county's coastline at Brean Down is known as Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve. North of that, the coast forms Weston Bay and Sand Bay whose northern tip, Sand Point, marks the lower limit of the Severn Estuary. In the mid and north of the county the coastline is low as the level wetlands of the levels meet the sea. In the west, the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the main coastal towns 
A: Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead', '
Q: what is the name of the natural reserve area 
A: Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve', '
Q: what does the western coastline look like 
A: the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.']
Along with the rest of South West England, Somerset has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 °C (50.0 °F). Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures. The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 °C (69.8 °F). In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 °C (33.8 °F) or 2 °C (35.6 °F) are common. In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south-west of England, but convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most the rainfall in the south-west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in). About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the somerset climate like 
A: a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country', '
Q: The annual sunshine rate of somerset 
A: Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours', '
Q: How many days of snow on average 
A: About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical', '
Q: The average rainfall level of somerset 
A: Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in)']