romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
122nd Street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver by main character Travis Bickle as the location where a fellow cab driver is assaulted with a knife. The street and the surrounding neighborhood of Harlem is then referred to as "Mau Mau Land" by another character named Wizard, slang indicating it is a majority black area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the main character in Taxi Driver?
A: Travis Bickle', '
Q: What street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver as the location where a cab driver is assaulted?
A: 122nd Street', '
Q: Which character in Taxi Driver deemed 122nd Street as "Mau Mau Land"?
A: Wizard', '
Q: What is the term given to 122nd Street by Wizard in Taxi Driver indicating the area is majority black?
A: "Mau Mau Land"', '
Q: Which neighborhood surrounds 122nd Street?
A: Harlem']
40°48′47″N 73°57′27″W﻿ / ﻿40.813°N 73.9575°W﻿ / 40.813; -73.9575 La Salle Street is a street in West Harlem that runs just two blocks between Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue. West of Convent Avenue, 125th Street was re-routed onto the old Manhattan Avenue. The original 125th Street west of Convent Avenue was swallowed up to make the super-blocks where the low income housing projects now exist. La Salle Street is the only vestige of the original routing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which street in West Harlem runs just two blocks between Amersterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue?
A: La Salle Street', '
Q: La Salle Street runs between Amsterdam Avenue and which other Avenue?
A: Claremont', '
Q: In which neighborhood does La Salle Street run?
A: West Harlem', '
Q: Which street was swallowed up to make low income housing projects?
A: 125th Street', '
Q: Which street is the only area left of the routing onto old Manhattan Avenue?
A: La Salle Street']
40°48′52″N 73°56′53″W﻿ / ﻿40.814583°N 73.947944°W﻿ / 40.814583; -73.947944 132nd Street runs east-west above Central Park and is located in Harlem just south of Hamilton Heights. The main portion of 132nd Street runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to northern end of Park Avenue where there is a southbound exit from/entrance to the Harlem River Drive. After an interruption from St. Nicholas Park and City College, there is another small stretch of West 132nd Street between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue

Questions and answers:
['
Q: There is a small stretch of what road between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue?
A: West 132nd Street', '
Q: The main portion of what road runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to Park Avenue?
A: 132nd Street', '
Q: On what Avenue is a southbound exit and entrance to the Harlem River Drive?
A: Park Avenue', '
Q: West 132nd Street is interrupted by St. Nicholas Park and which college?
A: City College', '
Q: West 132nd Street is interrupted by City College and which park?
A: St. Nicholas Park']
The 132nd Street Community Garden is located on 132nd Street between Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard and Malcolm X Boulevard. In 1997, the lot received a garden makeover; the Borough President's office funded the installation of a $100,000 water distribution system that keeps the wide variety of trees green. The garden also holds a goldfish pond and several benches. The spirit of the neighborhood lives in gardens like this one, planted and tended by local residents.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who takes care of the 132nd Street Community Garden?
A: local residents', '
Q: The 132nd Street Community Garden is located between Malcom X Boulevard and what other Boulevard?
A: Adam Clayton Powell Jr.', '
Q: In which year did the garden receive a makover with a water distribution system?
A: 1997', "
Q: Who funded the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system?
A: Borough President's office", "
Q: How much did the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system cost?
A: $100,000"]
The Manhattanville Bus Depot (formerly known as the 132nd Street Bus Depot) is located on West 132nd and 133rd Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the 132nd Street Bus Depot currently known as?
A: Manhattanville Bus Depot', '
Q: What was the Manhattanville Bus Depot formerly known as?
A: 132nd Street Bus Depot', '
Q: In which neighborhood is the Manhattanville Bus Depot?
A: Manhattanville', '
Q: The former 132nd Street Bus Depot is located between Broadway and what other drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood?
A: Riverside Drive']
155th Street is a major crosstown street considered to form the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights. It is the northernmost of the 155 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many crosstown streets are mapped in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811?
A: 155", "
Q: Which street is the northernmost of the streets mapped in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811?
A: 155th Street", '
Q: Which street forms the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights?
A: 155th Street', "
Q: What document established Manhattan's numbered street grid?
A: Commissioner's Plan of 1811", '
Q: 155th Street forms the boundary between Harlem and what other neighborhood?
A: Washington Heights']
155th Street starts on the West Side at Riverside Drive, crossing Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue and St. Nicholas Avenue. At St. Nicholas Place, the terrain drops off steeply, and 155th Street is carried on a 1,600-foot (490 m) long viaduct, a City Landmark constructed in 1893, that slopes down towards the Harlem River, continuing onto the Macombs Dam Bridge, crossing over (but not intersecting with) the Harlem River Drive. A separate, unconnected section of 155th Street runs under the viaduct, connecting Bradhurst Avenue and the Harlem River Drive.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does 155th Street start?
A: Riverside Drive', '
Q: 155th Street crosses Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, and what other Avenue?
A: St. Nicholas', '
Q: How many meters long is the viaduct on which 155th Street travels?
A: 490', '
Q: In what year was the viaduct along 155th Street constructed?
A: 1893', '
Q: A section of 155th Street connects Harlem River Drive and what Avenue?
A: Bradhurst']
181st Street is a major thoroughfare running through the Washington Heights neighborhood. It runs from the Washington Bridge in the east, to the Henry Hudson Parkway in the west, near the George Washington Bridge and the Hudson River. The west end is called Plaza Lafayette.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: 181st Street runs through what neighborhood?
A: Washington Heights', '
Q: What is the west end of 181st Street called?
A: Plaza Lafayette', '
Q: Does Plaza Lafayette refer to the east or west end of 181st Street?
A: west', '
Q: Which river does 181st Street run near?
A: Hudson River', '
Q: Which road runs from the Washington Bridge to the Henry Hudson Parkway?
A: 181st Street']
West of Fort Washington Avenue, 181st Street is largely residential, bordering Hudson Heights and having a few shops to serve the local residents. East of Fort Washington Avenue, the street becomes increasingly commercial, becoming dominated entirely by retail stores where the street reaches Broadway and continues as such until reaching the Harlem River. It is the area's major shopping district.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which direction is 181st Street largely residential?
A: West', '
Q: In which direction is 181st Street mostly commercial?
A: East', '
Q: Which street marks the western boundary of the shopping distrit?
A: Fort Washington Avenue', '
Q: Which river touches the major shopping district near 181st Street?
A: Harlem']
181st Street is served by two New York City Subway lines; there is a 181st Street station at Fort Washington Avenue on the IND Eighth Avenue Line (A trains) and a 181st Street station at St. Nicholas Avenue on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line (1 trains). The stations are about 500 metres (550 yd) from each other and are not connected. The George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal is a couple of blocks south on Fort Washington Avenue. 181st Street is also the last south/west exit in New York on the Trans-Manhattan Expressway (I-95), just before crossing the George Washington Bridge to New Jersey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many subway lines serve 181st Street?
A: two', "
Q: How many metres apart are 181st Street's two subway stations?
A: 500", '
Q: On what avenue is the George Wasington Bridge Bus Terminal?
A: Fort Washington Avenue', "
Q: Which road is the Trans-Manhattan Expressway's last south/west exit?
A: 181st Street"]
187th Street crosses Washington Heights and running from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to Chittenden Avenue in the west near the George Washington Bridge and Hudson River. The street is interrupted by a long set of stairs east of Fort Washington Avenue leading to the Broadway valley. West of there, it is mostly lined with store fronts and serves as a main shopping district for the Hudson Heights neighborhood.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: 187th Street runs from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to which avenue in the west?
A: Chittenden Avenue', '
Q: What is 187th Street interrupted by?
A: stairs', '
Q: Where do the stairs interrupting 187th street lead to?
A: Broadway valley', '
Q: An area of 187th Street serves as the main shopping district for which neighborhood?
A: Hudson Heights']
187th Street intersects with, from East to West, Laurel Hill Terrace, Amsterdam Avenue, Audubon Avenue, St. Nicholas Avenue, Wadsworth Avenue, Broadway, Bennett Avenue, Overlook Terrace, Fort Washington Avenue, Pinehurst Avenue, Cabrini Boulevard and Chittenden Avenue.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which is the eastmost intersection that 187th Street has?
A: Laurel Hill Terrace', '
Q: Which is the westernmost intersection that 187th Street has?
A: Chittenden Avenue', '
Q: Wadsworth Avenue is intersected by what street?
A: 187th Street']
The many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which school is located on Cabrini Boulevard?
A: P.S. 187', '
Q: On what street is the Dombrov Shtiebel?
A: 187th Street', '
Q: Which University has a campus on 187th Street?
A: Yeshiva University', '
Q: Cabrini Boulevard is just north of what street?
A: 187th Street', '
Q: On what street is the Mount Sinai Jewish Center?
A: 187th Street']
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the center of the nervous system in all creatures?
A: The brain', "
Q: What is the most complex organ in an animal's body?
A: The brain", '
Q: In people, how many neurons make up the cerebral cortex?
A: 15–33 billion', '
Q: Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what?
A: axons', '
Q: A few animals without spines that do not have a brain are what?
A: sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts']
Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Hormones secreted are driven by what organ in the body?
A: The brain', '
Q: What type of responsiveness can be used without a brain?
A: reflexes', '
Q: Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body?
A: spinal cord or peripheral ganglia']
The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which part of a computer does the brain most resemble?
A: central processing unit (CPU)']
This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Animals with a spine are called what?
A: vertebrates']
The shape and size of the brain varies greatly in different species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species; others distinguish "advanced" brains from more primitive ones, or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Animals without a spine are called what?
A: invertebrates']
The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter, with a lighter color. Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what?
A: visual inspection', '
Q: Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?
A: alcohol', '
Q: The two main areas of the brain are what colors?
A: grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter', '
Q: What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain?
A: microscope', '
Q: Grey matter of the brain is what color?
A: dark color']
The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development. Neurons, however, are usually considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances. They send these signals by means of an axon, which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects, usually with numerous branches, to other areas, sometimes nearby, sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body. The length of an axon can be extraordinary: for example, if a pyramidal cell, (an excitatory neuron) of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body, its axon, equally magnified, would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter, extending more than a kilometer. These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1–100 meters per second. Some neurons emit action potentials constantly, at rates of 10–100 per second, usually in irregular patterns; other neurons are quiet most of the time, but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells?
A: neurons and glial cells', '
Q: Glial cells are also referred to as what?
A: glia or neuroglia', '
Q: Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells?
A: neurons', '
Q: Axons send signals that are named what?
A: action potentials', '
Q: What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals?
A: 1–100 meters per second']
Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Axons send signals to other neurons by junctions known as what?
A: synapses', '
Q: The neurotansmitter binds to what of a target cell?
A: receptor molecules', '
Q: An axon can connect to how many other cells?
A: several thousand']
Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million. The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory (exciting the target cell); others are inhibitory; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable; that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?
A: 100 trillion synapses;', '
Q: The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?
A: several million', '
Q: A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?
A: excitatory', '
Q: The primary job of the brain is what?
A: cell-to-cell communication']
Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin, which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. (There are also unmyelinated axons). Myelin is white, making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light-colored white matter, in contrast to the darker-colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Axons grouped together are known as what?
A: nerve fiber tracts', '
Q: An axon that can greatly increase speed of signals is wrapped in what?
A: sheath of myelin', '
Q: Myelin is what color in the brain?
A: white', '
Q: Most of the space in the brain is made up of what structures?
A: axons', '
Q: Grey matter of the brain consist of lots of what?
A: neuron cell bodies']
Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body. At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians, including vertebrates. The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, including vertebrates, it is the most complex organ in the body. Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a "tail brain".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?
A: cnidarians', '
Q: Bilaterians are animals that have what?
A: symmetric body shape', '
Q: The Cambrian period was how long ago?
A: 485-540 million years ago', '
Q: A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?
A: a ganglion', '
Q: What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?
A: leeches']
There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain, including echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs (a group of primitive flatworms). It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain, or whether their ancestors evolved in a way that led to the disappearance of a previously existing brain structure.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A name for a group of primitive flatworms is what?
A: acoelomorphs', '
Q: Some bilaterians without a brain are what?
A: echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs']
Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a central brain with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing. Cephalopods such as the octopus and squid have the largest brains of any invertebrates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains?
A: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods', '
Q: Arthropods and cephalopods have brains that come from a pair of what?
A: parallel nerve cords', '
Q: The invertebrates with the largest brain are what two animals?
A: octopus and squid']
There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which brains are easier to work on, vertebrates or invertebrates?
A: invertebrate']