romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did India and Pakistan fight in Punjab?
A: 1965 and 1971', "
Q: What is Kahuta an important location for?
A: Pakistan's nuclear program", '
Q: Where does Punjab have major military bases?
A: Sargodha and Rawalpindi', '
Q: When did India and Pakistan begin serious peace talks?
A: 2004', '
Q: Who visits Nankana Sahib?
A: Sikh pilgrims']
The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When do monsoons traditionally happen in Punjab?
A: by May', "
Q: When did Punjab's weather pattern become unpredictable?
A: since the early 1970s", '
Q: How hot do newspapers say it has gotten in Punjab?
A: 51 °C', '
Q: What was the record heat spike in Multan?
A: 54 °C', '
Q: When was the record heat spike in Multan?
A: June 1993']
The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: برادری‎) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Punjab's major language?
A: Punjabi", '
Q: How is Punjabi written?
A: in a Shahmukhi script', '
Q: What is the largest ethnic group in Pakistan?
A: Punjabis', '
Q: What minimum percent of each Punjab district speaks Punjabi natively?
A: 89%', '
Q: Where is Saraiki usually spoken?
A: south Punjab']
The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Shahbaz Sharif, who became the Chief Minister of Punjab as being restored after Governor's rule starting from 25 February 2009 to 30 March 2009. Thereafter got re-elected as a result of 11 May 2013 elections. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who elects the Chief Minister?
A: the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab', '
Q: In what year did Sharif become CM?
A: 2009', '
Q: When was Sharif re-elected CM?
A: 11 May 2013', '
Q: What kind of legislature is the Provincial Assembly?
A: unicameral', '
Q: How many seats are in the Provincial Assembly?
A: 371']
Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8% and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year. and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How much has Punjab's economy grown since 1972?
A: quadrupled", "
Q: How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2000?
A: 54.7%", "
Q: How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2010?
A: 59%", '
Q: What manpower does Punjab provide?
A: largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan', "
Q: How much did Punjab's economy grow in 2008-09?
A: 6%"]
Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What geographic feature does Punjab not have?
A: coastline', '
Q: What medical product does Punjab manufacture?
A: surgical instruments', '
Q: What transportation products does Punjab manufacture?
A: bicycles and rickshaws', "
Q: How much of Pakistan's paper products does Punjab manufacture?
A: 90%", "
Q: How much of Pakistan's sugar does Punjab manufacture?
A: 69%"]
Despite its tropical wet and dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of climate does Punjab have?
A: tropical wet and dry', "
Q: Who built Punjab's irrigation system?
A: the British", "
Q: What are Punjab's largest crops?
A: Wheat and cotton", "
Q: What are Punjab's secondary crops?
A: rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo", "
Q: What calendar do Punjab's farmers use?
A: the Hindu calendar"]
As of June 2012[update], Pakistan's electricity problems were so severe that violent riots were taking place across Punjab. According to protesters, load shedding was depriving the cities of electricity 20–22 hours a day, causing businesses to go bust and making living extremely hard. Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District saw widespread rioting and violence on Sunday 17 June 2012, with the houses of several members of parliament being attacked as well as the offices of regional energy suppliers Fesco, Gepco and Mepco being ransacked or attacked.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of problem caused riots in June 2012?
A: electricity', '
Q: How long were cities without electricity in June 2012?
A: 20–22 hours a day', '
Q: Where were there riots in June 2012?
A: Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District', "
Q: Which energy companies' offices were attacked by rioters?
A: Fesco, Gepco and Mepco"]
The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places?
A: Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran", '
Q: When did Rukn-e-Alam die?
A: 1320 AD', '
Q: When did Gardezi die?
A: 1150 AD', "
Q: When was Ahangar's tomb built?
A: sixteenth century", "
Q: What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb?
A: blue"]
The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are urs?
A: fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints', '
Q: When are urs held?
A: the death anniversary of the saint', '
Q: What genre of music is played at urs?
A: folk', "
Q: Where is Buksh's shrine?
A: Lahore", "
Q: Where is Zakria's shrine?
A: Multan"]
Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Punjab's biggest festival?
A: The national horse and cattle show", '
Q: Where is the national horse and cattle show held?
A: Lahore', '
Q: What happens at the national horse and cattle show?
A: sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions']
The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What famous tomb is in Lahore?
A: Jahangir's Tomb", '
Q: Where was Nanak born?
A: Nankana Sahib', '
Q: Who was the first Sikh Guru?
A: Guru Nanak', '
Q: What famous hill stations are in Punjab?
A: Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro', '
Q: What famous mosque is in Punjab?
A: Badshahi Mosque']
Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who are some well-known Punjab poets?
A: Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah', "
Q: What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career?
A: folk singers", "
Q: Who is the 'Queen of Music'?
A: Malika-i-Mauseequi", '
Q: When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer?
A: from 1930 until 1979']
For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform?
A: Ghazals and folk songs', '
Q: What do Punjab folk songs often reflect?
A: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons', '
Q: Who sings about the joy of living?
A: Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi', '
Q: What does Heer Ranjha sing about?
A: Love', '
Q: What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform?
A: Ghazals and folk songs']
Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals?
A: relatively few', '
Q: Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what?
A: Infectious disease', '
Q: What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on?
A: ability of that pathogen to damage the host', "
Q: What can a host's immune system do to a host?
A: cause damage", '
Q: What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of?
A: host defenses']
One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious?
A: satisfy Koch's postulates", "
Q: What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates?
A: patients and not in healthy controls", "
Q: What is Koch's second postulate?
A: patients who contract the agent also develop the disease", "
Q: Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases?
A: because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual", '
Q: What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? 
A: Treponema pallidum']
Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? 
A: when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person', '
Q: What is a contagious disease a subset of?
A: infectious disease', '
Q: What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?
A: especially infective or easily transmitted', "
Q: Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?
A: medical", '
Q: What is not always respected in popular use?
A: specialized connotation of the word "contagious"']
Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a suppressed immune system are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections. Entrance to the host at host-pathogen interface, generally occurs through the mucosa in orifices like the oral cavity, nose, eyes, genitalia, anus, or the microbe can enter through open wounds. While a few organisms can grow at the initial site of entry, many migrate and cause systemic infection in different organs. Some pathogens grow within the host cells (intracellular) whereas others grow freely in bodily fluids.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When does infection begin?
A: when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies.', '
Q: What group is not easily infected?
A: humans', '
Q: What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections?
A: weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic', '
Q: What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections?
A: Individuals who have a suppressed immune system', '
Q: What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells?
A: intracellular']
Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with the host. An example of the former is the anaerobic bacteria species, which colonizes the mammalian colon, and an example of the latter is various species of staphylococcus that exist on human skin. Neither of these colonizations are considered infections. The difference between an infection and a colonization is often only a matter of circumstance. Non-pathogenic organisms can become pathogenic given specific conditions, and even the most virulent organism requires certain circumstances to cause a compromising infection. Some colonizing bacteria, such as Corynebacteria sp. and viridans streptococci, prevent the adhesion and colonization of pathogenic bacteria and thus have a symbiotic relationship with the host, preventing infection and speeding wound healing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does wound colonization refer to?
A: nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound', '
Q: What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds?
A: replicating', '
Q: What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by?
A: extrinsic organisms', "
Q: What's the difference between an infection and a colonization?
A: only a matter of circumstance", '
Q: What species colonizes the mammalian colon?
A: anaerobic bacteria']
Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "Rational Clinical Examination Series" quantified the importance of increased pain as an indicator of infection. The review showed that the most useful finding is an increase in the level of pain [likelihood ratio (LR) range, 11-20] makes infection much more likely, but the absence of pain (negative likelihood ratio range, 0.64-0.88) does not rule out infection (summary LR 0.64-0.88).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected?
A: Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization', '
Q: What is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice?
A: symptoms and signs', '
Q: What is increased pain an indicator of?
A: infection', '
Q: What does not rule out infection?
A: absence of pain']
Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases toxins that produce shock and sepsis. Not all infectious agents cause disease in all hosts. For example, less than 5% of individuals infected with polio develop disease. On the other hand, some infectious agents are highly virulent. The prion causing mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease invariably kills all animals and people that are infected.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host?
A: damage', '
Q: What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of?
A: toxins', '
Q: What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do?
A: paralyzes muscles', '
Q: What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis?
A: staphylococcus', '
Q: What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease?
A: less than 5%']