romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?
A: great variation', '
Q: What is the climate like?
A: varies from hot and subhumid tropical', '
Q: What three seasons does Himachal experience?
A: summer, winter, and rainy season', '
Q: How long does summer last?
A: mid-April till the end of June', '
Q: How long does winter last?
A: late November till mid March.']
Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the Himachal legislature consist of?
A: elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members', "
Q: Who presides over meetings?
A: the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence", '
Q: Who is the Judiciary system made up of?
A: Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.', '
Q: Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?
A: The Governor', '
Q: How long are the terms of office?
A: 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term']
Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). Kalka-Shimla Railway track passes through many tunnels, while Pathankot–Jogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Railway Himachal famous for?
A: its narrow gauge tracks railways', '
Q: What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?
A: UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar', '
Q: What are the other railways being proposed in the state?
A: Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.', '
Q: What is being conducted to extend the railway?
A: survey', '
Q: What is the total length of the railways?
A: 259 kilometres (161 mi)']
Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814–1816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is "In the lap of Himalayas". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is famous for natural beauty?
A: Himachal Pradesh', '
Q: What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?
A: 1814–1816', '
Q: What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?
A: snow', '
Q: What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?
A: In the lap of Himalayas', '
Q: Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?
A: Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma']
Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?
A: Himachal Pradesh', '
Q: What are the newspapers famous for?
A: published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states', '
Q: What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?
A: All major English daily newspapers', '
Q: What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?
A: Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal', '
Q: What has grown significantly?
A: Radio and TV']
Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?
A: Virbhadra Singh', '
Q: How many seats did the BJP win?
A: 41 of the 68 seats', "
Q: Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?
A: Prem Kumar Dhumal", '
Q: When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?
A: December 2007', '
Q: When was he sworn in?
A: 30 December 2007']
Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state. The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of agriculture is in the state?
A: seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig', '
Q: Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?
A: Solan', '
Q: Where is seed potato mostly grown?
A: Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas', '
Q: What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?
A: growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state', '
Q: What is the state deficient in?
A: food grains']
Himachal was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Khatri, Brahmins of the Hindu Faith and the Sikh Brahmin Caste Bhatra, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The people Of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and live a traditional ´Pahari' lifestyle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was largely untouched by external customs?
A: Himachal', '
Q: What has made the state change very rapidly?
A: technological advancements', '
Q: What are the common languages spoken?
A: Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri', '
Q: Who makes up the tribal populations?
A: Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis', '
Q: Himachal is?
A: multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states']
The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?
A: 2006 at Sundernagar', '
Q: What is the most renowned argricultural institues?
A: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur', '
Q: What are a few pioneer universities in the state?
A: The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)', '
Q: What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?
A: unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines']
Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Doordarshan Shimla also provides programs in Pahari language.Multi system operators provide a mix of Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Doordarshan?
A: state-owned television broadcaster', '
Q: What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?
A: Dial-up access', '
Q: What is available in few cities?
A: Private FM stations', '
Q: Who are the cellular phone operators available?
A: BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel', '
Q: What is All India Radio?
A: public radio station']
Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys, and 90% of the population lives in villages and towns. However, the state has achieved 100% hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet. The villages are well connected to roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala. The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country. The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development, meeting European standards, and it is the only state which forbids the use of polyethylene and tobacco products.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?
A: villages and towns', '
Q: No single house is without?
A: a toilet', '
Q: What are the villages well connected to?
A: roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband', '
Q: What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?
A: second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala', '
Q: What are the most visited places in the country?
A: The hill stations']
Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is nonverbal communication?
A: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages', '
Q: What is one example of nonverbal communication?
A: body language', '
Q: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
A: shaking a hand', '
Q: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
A: sweating', '
Q: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?
A: 55%']
Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why do fungi communicate?
A: to coordinate and organize their growth and development', '
Q: How do fungi communicate with insects?
A: through biochemicals of biotic origin', '
Q: How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?
A: five', '
Q: What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?
A: interpretation processes', '
Q: What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?
A: similar molecules without biotic content']
Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What acts are included in communication between parties?
A: confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions', '
Q: The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?
A: abilities of the group communicating', '
Q: What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?
A: channel (through which medium)', '
Q: What is one target of communication?
A: another person or being', '
Q: Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?
A: Wilbur Schram']
Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication is two-way process not merely one-way.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is human communication defined as?
A: a system of symbols', '
Q: When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?
A: during human childhood', '
Q: How many human languages are there?
A: thousands', '
Q: What do human languages use to communicate with others?
A: patterns of sound or gesture for symbols', '
Q: What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?
A: programming languages']
Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?
A: family rules, family roles or family dialectics', '
Q: What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?
A: marriage, parenthood or divorce', '
Q: What does trusted communication in a family lead to?
A: a well constructed family']
The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is animal communication defined?
A: any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal', '
Q: What is the study of animal communication called?
A: zoo semiotics', '
Q: What is the study of human communication called?
A: anthroposemiotics', '
Q: What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?
A: animal emotions, animal culture and learning', '
Q: What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?
A: vibrational communication']
The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?
A: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver', '
Q: What did the first model for communication consist of?
A: sender, channel, and receiver', '
Q: What was the sender in the initial model?
A: the part of a telephone a person spoke into', '
Q: What was the channel in the initial model?
A: the telephone itself', '
Q: What was the receiver in the initial model?
A: the part of the phone where one could hear the other person']