romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who, in the 12th century, explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See. In doing so, he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless. It is doubtful, however, whether he was using the term "conception" in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX. Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation, for in his argument he says: "How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?" and stronger expressions follow, showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?
A: St Bernard of Clairvaux', "
Q: Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary's inception ?
A: St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See.", '
Q: What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting  the a virgin conception of Mary ?
A: How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?', "
Q: What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct  maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?
A: conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation", "
Q: Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?
A: instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See"]
The celebrated John Duns Scotus (d. 1308), a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure, argued, on the contrary, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered. Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ, he argued that Mary's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?
A: that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ', '
Q: What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?
A: to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered.', '
Q: What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the 
A: Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ', "
Q: What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ?
A: immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ;", '
Q: How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?
A: rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.']
Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties, but such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323 and declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567) that the Council of Trent (1545–63)—which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine—instead declined to take a position.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ?
A: Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception.", '
Q: How did the Holy Roman Church rule on the matter of the festivals ?
A: stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith.', '
Q: Was the practce behind the meaning of the Mary inception festivals taught at Universities of theology ?
A: end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties', '
Q: In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ? 
A: Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323', '
Q: What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ?
A: declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567']
The papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus, mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman, Mary, who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him. It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence" "in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven, by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended, and on whose top the Lord himself leaned; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides, which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully; in that impregnable tower before the enemy, from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong; in that garden enclosed on all sides, which cannot be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots; in that resplendent city of God, which has its foundations on the holy mountains; in that most august temple of God, which, radiant with divine splendours, is full of the glory of God; and in very many other biblical types of this kind."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What holy document takes the view of Mary back to the creation of man and woman ?
A: papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus', '
Q: What specific part the Bible does this document reference for Mary ?
A: Genesis 3:15', '
Q: According to the document what did the forebears already have knowledge of before Mary came about ?
A: the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary\'s "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence', '
Q: Where was Mary represented (according to the Holy document ) on the vessel that wandered the sea for forty days and forty nights ?
A: in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world']
Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration" of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin. All the same, the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators. The most famous Eastern Orthodox theologian to imply Mary's Immaculate Conception was St. Gregory Palamas. Though many passages from his works were long known to extol and attribute to Mary a Christlike holiness in her human nature, traditional objections to Palamas' disposition toward the Immaculate Conception typically rely on a poor understanding of his doctrine of "the purification of Mary" at the Annunciation. Not only did he explicitly cite St. Gregory Nazianzen for his understanding of Jesus' purification at His baptism and Mary's at the Annunciation, but Theophanes of Nicaea, Joseph Bryennius, and Gennadios Scholarios all explicitly placed Mary's Conception as the first moment of her all-immaculate participation in the divine energies to such a degree that she was always completely without spot and graced. In addition to Emperor Manuel II and Gennadius Scholarius, St. Mark of Ephesus also fervently defended Mary's title as "prepurified" against the Dominican, Manuel Calecas, who was perhaps promoting thomistic Mariology that denied Mary's all-holiness from the first moment of her existence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sect often stands in disagreement over the virginal inception of Mary ?
A: Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception', '
Q: What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ?
A: dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration"', '
Q: What in particular does the group feels is impossible to believe ?
A: because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin.', '
Q: What did this theological study do to set itself apart from the other groups ?
A: took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators.', '
Q: What is the theological study of Mary called ?
A: Mariology']
Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person." Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?
A: Martin Luther', '
Q: What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?
A: Protestant Reformation', '
Q: What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?
A: Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her', "
Q: What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ? 
A: this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood.", '
Q: What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?
A: Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.']
The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ", by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. But the report expressed concerns that the Roman Catholic dogmatic definitions of these concepts implies them to be "revealed by God", stating: "The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as a matter of faith."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was written by the a all inclusive group convened by the holy church centered in Rome ?
A: Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission', '
Q: What document did this group create once it was convened ?
A: The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ"', '
Q: What was the final conclusion reached in the report by the group ?
A: Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions.', '
Q: What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ?
A: The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held', '
Q: What did the document attempt to clarify ?
A: teaching about Mary in the two definitions']
Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam. Thus, commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones", George Sale stated: "It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage. For according to a tradition of Mohammed, every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out, Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them. And for this reason they say, neither of them were guilty of any sin, like the rest of the children of Adam."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What  religion is credited by some authors from the west for initiating the story of the conceiving of Mary ?
A: claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam.', '
Q: According to the teaching of this other religion what occurred to Mary during the birth of her first child ?
A: Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them.', '
Q: What does this other religion also state  happens  to everyone besides Mary and her First born child  ?
A: every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil', '
Q: What does the event cause to happen to everyone but Mary and her first born child ?
A: every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out,', '
Q: What do these authors use in the form of proof for credit given to the other religion  ?
A: passage in the Qur\'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones']
Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam, the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate, her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam. Moreover, Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan (Shayṭān) was said after it had already been born, not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have. The Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus. should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran, and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and is not a general statement. The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people, in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse [O Satan] surely thou shalt have no power over My servants, except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee (15:42)

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?
A: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam", '
Q: What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?
A: in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate', '
Q: Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?
A: her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam', '
Q: What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?
A: Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus.', "
Q: What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran  is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the  the devil ?
A: Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan"]
Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching. In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1788, Edward Gibbon wrote: "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother." That he was speaking of her immaculate conception by her mother, not of her own virginal conception of Jesus, is shown by his footnote: "In the xiith century the immaculate conception was condemned by St. Bernard as a presumptuous novelty." In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854, this charge was repeated: "Strange as it may appear, that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated, with so much pomp and ceremony, 'for the destruction of all heresies, and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents', should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon, and Sale, and Forster, and Gagnier, and Maracci, leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the writer of a 1788 multi-volumed text say concerning plagiarism and the Roman Catholic Church ?
A: The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother', '
Q: Who is the author of the texts entailed in the fifth part of the the collection about the Roman Catholic Church ?
A: Edward Gibbon', '
Q: What was the group of volumes titled ?
A: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire', '
Q: Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ?
A: Mohametan Bible']
The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary.) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music, polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner, Pablo Casals, Maurice Duruflé, Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki, no:Ola Gjeilo, José Maurício Nunes Garcia, and Nikolaus Schapfl,

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What color garment is used in traditional chants to represent the purity of Mary's conception ?
A: Your clothing is white as snow,", '
Q: The rituals for the correct way to enjoy Mass is listed in what text ?
A: The Roman Missal', '
Q: What type of  melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic changes have been made by composers but are based on the works that are monophonic and  unaccompanied sacred song?
A: polyphonic settings have been composed', '
Q: What official writings give specific prayers for each hours of the day for Catholics ?
A: Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours']
The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God. The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head, possibly a reference to "a woman clothed with the sun" from Revelation 12:1-2. Additional imagery may include clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What became very popular symbol among the who believed Mary had a Virgin for a mother ? 
A: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God', '
Q: What does Mary stand upon in this symbol?
A: moon is under her feet', '
Q: What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ?
A: a halo of twelve stars surround her head', '
Q: What else can be found in the symbol with Mary that may vary in different versions ?
A: clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.']
Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education. Curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) in Okahandja.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia?
A: free', '
Q: How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school? 
A: 400,325', '
Q: How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in secondary schools?
A: 115,237', '
Q: What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999?
A: 32:1', '
Q: What develops the curriculum as well as other educational resources in Namibia?
A: National Institute for Educational Development']
Namibia (i/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German:  Republik Namibia (help·info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia?
A: Namibië', '
Q: Where in Africa is Namibia?
A: southern', '
Q: When did Namibia gain independence from South Africa?
A: 21 March 1990', '
Q: What ocean borders Namibia?
A: Atlantic Ocean', '
Q: How far away is Namibia to the Zambezi River?
A: 200 metres']
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. The port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands had been annexed by the Cape Colony under the British crown by 1878 and had become an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia?
A: 14th century', '
Q: When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate?
A: 1884', '
Q: When did Namibia stop being a German colony?
A: end of World War I', '
Q: What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa?
A: 1920', '
Q: When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia?
A: 1948']