romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The gastronomic symbol of the région is undoubtedly the Choucroute, a local variety of Sauerkraut. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form sûrkrût, same as in other southwestern German dialects, and means "sour cabbage" as its Standard German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as choucroute. To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages, or a selection of other pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In Alsatian, what does Sauerkraut mean?
A: sour cabbage', '
Q: What can Sauerkraut be served with?
A: poultry, pork, sausage or even fish', '
Q: What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace?
A: Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages']
"Alsatia", the Latin form of Alsace's name, has long ago entered the English language with the specialized meaning of "a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction" - since Alsace was conceived by English people to be such. It was used into the 20th century as a term for a ramshackle marketplace, "protected by ancient custom and the independence of their patrons". As of 2007, the word is still in use among the English and Australian judiciaries with the meaning of a place where the law cannot reach: "In setting up the Serious Organised Crime Agency, the state has set out to create an Alsatia - a region of executive action free of judicial oversight," Lord Justice Sedley in UMBS v SOCA 2007.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English?
A: a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction', '
Q: What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century?
A: ramshackle marketplace', '
Q: Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace "ramshackle marketplace" as of 2007?
A: English and Australian']
At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg. Paradoxically, this reversed the situation of the 1950s. At that time, the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built, so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg? 
A: new dual carriageway', '
Q: What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?
A: reduce the buildup of traffic in that area', '
Q: What is the name the German Highway  that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?
A: Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn', '
Q: The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?
A: Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest']
Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?
A: Baptists', '
Q: Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?
A: tenets of Baptist churches', '
Q: What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?
A: elders and deacons', '
Q: Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?
A: Protestant churches']
Historians trace the earliest church labeled "Baptist" back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?
A: 1609', '
Q: Where was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?
A: Amsterdam', '
Q: Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled "Baptist"?
A: John Smyth', "
Q: Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?
A: Particular Baptists", '
Q: When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?
A: 1638']
Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or "Baptist successionism", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?
A: Bruce Gourley', '
Q: Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?
A: Anabaptist traditions', '
Q: What does the perpetuity view assume?
A: that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ', '
Q: What does the successionist view assume?
A: that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.']
Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations. This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.[page needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?
A: English Separatist movement', '
Q: Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?
A: minimal', '
Q: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?
A: original Protestant denominations']
During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation. There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as "Puritans" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?
A: During the Protestant Reformation', '
Q: Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?
A: the Church of England', '
Q: During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?
A: the Roman Catholic Church', '
Q: Puritans are described by Gourley as what?
A: cousins of the English Separatists', '
Q: Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?
A: Separatists']
Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, he had broken his ties with the Church of England. Reared in the Church of England, he became "Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist," and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of "great danger." The persecution of religious nonconformists in England led Smyth to go into exile in Amsterdam with fellow Separatists from the congregation he had gathered in Lincolnshire, separate from the established church (Anglican). Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when?
A: 1609', '
Q: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where?
A: Amsterdam', '
Q: Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church?
A: John Smyth', '
Q: John Smyth broke his ties with what church?
A: Church of England', '
Q: Where did John Smyth go into exile?
A: Amsterdam']
In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church." In it he expressed two propositions: first, infants are not to be baptized; and second, "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism." Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith. He rejected the Separatist movement's doctrine of infant baptism (paedobaptism). Shortly thereafter, Smyth left the group, and layman Thomas Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1611. Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Smyth wrote a tract titled what?
A: "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church."', '
Q: What was his first proposition?
A: infants are not to be baptized', '
Q: What was his second proposition?
A: Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism', '
Q: Smyth believed a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been what?
A: baptized on a personal confession of faith', '
Q: What is paedobaptism?
A: infant baptism']
Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Thomas Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments. The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement. Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who thought their self-baptism was invalid?
A: Smyth', '
Q: Smyth applied for membership with who?
A: the Mennonites', "
Q: What is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement?
A: The modern Baptist denomination", '
Q: What name did Baptists reject?
A: Anabaptist', '
Q: Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists?"
A: McBeth']
Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury, a Calvinistic minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer's baptism by immersion. According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, "Spilsbury's cogent arguments for a gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in Particular Baptists."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did John Spilsbury promote the strict practice of immersion?
A: 1638', '
Q: Who promoted strict immersion baptism?
A: John Spilsbury', '
Q: Tom Nettles was a professor at what seminary?
A: Southern Baptist Theological Seminary', '
Q: What was Tom Nettles a professor of?
A: historical theology']
A minority view is that early seventeenth-century Baptists were influenced by (but not directly connected to) continental Anabaptists. According to this view, the General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites (one of many Anabaptist groups) including believer's baptism only, religious liberty, separation of church and state, and Arminian views of salvation, predestination and original sin. Representative writers including A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley wrote that among some contemporary Baptist scholars who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist influence theory is making a comeback.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was thought to be influenced by continental Anabaptists?
A: early seventeenth-century Baptists', '
Q: Early seventeenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who?
A: continental Anabaptists', '
Q: General Baptists shared similarities with who?
A: Dutch Waterlander Mennonites', '
Q: Who are two representative writers?
A: A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley', '
Q: What were the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites?
A: one of many Anabaptist groups']
Both Roger Williams and John Clarke, his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom, are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America. In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, "There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who founded the earliest Baptist church in North America?
A: Roger Williams and John Clarke', '
Q: When was the first American Baptist church established?
A: 1639', '
Q: Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church?
A: Providence, Rhode Island', '
Q: Where did John Clarke establish a Baptist church?
A: Newport, Rhode Island', '
Q: Clarke was what to Williams?
A: his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom']
Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) in the 1760s. The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778. The church was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, would convert and strengthen the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.[page needed] Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?
A: Nova Scotia', '
Q: When did missionary work begin in Canada?
A: 1760s', '
Q: What was the first Baptist church in Canada?
A: Horton Baptist Church', '
Q: Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?
A: Wolfville, Nova Scotia', '
Q: When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?
A: 29 October 1778']
In May 1845, the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions. The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries. The split created the Southern Baptist Convention, while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA). The Methodist Episcopal Church, South had recently separated over the issue of slavery, and southern Presbyterians would do so shortly thereafter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Baptist congregations split over slavery?
A: May 1845', '
Q: Why did American Baptist congregations split?
A: over slavery and missions', '
Q: Slaveholders were prevented from being appointed as what?
A: missionaries', '
Q: Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries?
A: Home Mission Society', '
Q: Northern congregations formed what organization?
A: American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA)']
Many Baptist churches choose to affiliate with organizational groups that provide fellowship without control. The largest such group is the Southern Baptist Convention. There also are a substantial number of smaller cooperative groups. Finally, there are Baptist churches that choose to remain autonomous and independent of any denomination, organization, or association. It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are independent and self-governing, and if so the term 'Baptist denomination' may be considered somewhat incongruous.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the largest fellowship without control?
A: Southern Baptist Convention', '
Q: It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are what?
A: independent and self-governing', '
Q: What term is considered somewhat incongrous is a self-governing church?
A: Baptist denomination']
Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be creeds—to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists. Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but Baptist beliefs can vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches. Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Baptists are defined by what?
A: doctrine', '
Q: Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?
A: confessions of faith', '
Q: Most Baptists are what in doctrine?
A: evangelical', '
Q: Baptists have played a key role in what?
A: encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.']
Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus; the Trinity; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the son of God, his death and resurrection, and confession of Christ as Lord); grace; the Kingdom of God; last things (eschatology) (Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth, the dead will be raised, and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness); and evangelism and missions. Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith, 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith, the Southern Baptist Convention's Baptist Faith and Message, and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus are examples of what?
A: Shared doctrines', '
Q: When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith created?
A: 1689', '
Q: When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession created?
A: 1742', '
Q: When was the New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith created?
A: 1833']
Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word "crisis" comes from the Greek word meaning "to decide." Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even schism, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion crises among Baptists each have become decision-moments that shaped their future. Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: "Crisis" comes from a Greek word meaning what?
A: to decide', '
Q: Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive?"
A: Walter Shurden', '
Q: What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?
A: controversies that have shaped Baptists', '
Q: What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?
A: "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis"']
Leading up to the American Civil War, Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States. Whereas in the First Great Awakening, Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission, over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge a paternalistic institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations. By the mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the Board did not want to appear to condone slavery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Baptists become embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States?
A: Leading up to the American Civil War', '
Q: When did Methodist and Baptist preachers oppose slavery and urge manumission?
A: the First Great Awakening', '
Q: They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge what?
A: paternalistic institution', '
Q: What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation?
A: The Baptists', '
Q: What refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary?
A: the Home Mission Society']