romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place - Frances Challen, wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014. Members of the Percy Family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the early 20th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains?
A: cremated', '
Q: In what year was Sir Henry Irving cremated?
A: 1905', '
Q: Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2014?
A: Frances Challen', '
Q: What family has the Northumberland Vault?
A: Percy Family']
In the floor, just inside the great west door, in the centre of the nave, is the tomb of The Unknown Warrior, an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during the First World War. He was buried in the abbey on 11 November 1920. This grave is the only one in the abbey on which it is forbidden to walk.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was The Unknown Warrior buried?
A: 11 November 1920']
At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF?
A: At the east end of the Lady Chapel', '
Q: The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what?
A: the Battle of Britain', '
Q: The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed?
A: Tudor stained glass window']
On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa. Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?
A: Saturday September 6, 1997', '
Q: When was a second public service held for Princess Diana?
A: Sunday', "
Q: Who designed Diana's dress?
A: Catherine Walker", '
Q: Who gave Diana the rosary beads?
A: Mother Teresa']
Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey?
A: Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School', '
Q: Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?
A: the Pope', '
Q: When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school?
A: 1179', '
Q: The choirboys of the abbey are trained where?
A: Westminster Abbey Choir School']
The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who built the organ?
A: Harrison & Harrison', '
Q: When was the organ built? 
A: 1937', '
Q: When was the organ first used?
A: the coronation of King George VI', '
Q: What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?
A: pipework', '
Q: Who designed the two organ cases?
A: John Loughborough Pearson']
In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. In 2006, the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and Harrison, and space was prepared for two additional 16 ft stops on the Lower Choir Organ and the Bombarde Organ. One part of the instrument, the Celestial Organ, is currently not connected or playable.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What part of the organ is not connected or playable?
A: the Celestial Organ']
The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were the bells overhauled?
A: 1971', '
Q: How many bells make up the abbey ring?
A: Ten', '
Q: When were the ten bells cast?
A: 1971', '
Q: Who cast the abbey bells?
A: Whitechapel Bell Foundry']
In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who cast the two service bells?
A: Robert Mot', '
Q: When were the two service bells cast?
A: 1585 and 1598', '
Q: When was the Sanctus bell cast?
A: 1738', '
Q: Who cast the Sanctus bell?
A: Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester', '
Q: Where is the "dish bell" kept?
A: in the refectory']
The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Under whom was the chapter house built?
A: Henry III', '
Q: Who restored the chapter house in 1872?
A: Sir George Gilbert Scott']
Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What style is the octagonal chapter house?
A: Geometrical Gothic style', '
Q: There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?
A: crypt', '
Q: What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?
A: vaulted', '
Q: What kind of windows are in the chapter house?
A: 4-light quatre-foiled windows', '
Q: The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?
A: the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris']
The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house?
A: mid-13th-century', '
Q: A door in the vestible dates back to when?
A: 1050', '
Q: When were the exterior flying buttresses added?
A: the 14th century', "
Q: Who else met in the chapter house?
A: King's Great Council and the Commons"]
The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?
A: The Pyx Chamber", '
Q: When does the Pyx Chamber date to?
A: the late 11th century', '
Q: When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?
A: the Trial of the Pyx']
The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?
A: English Heritage', '
Q: Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?
A: the Dean and Chapter of Westminster', '
Q: English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house?
A: repairs']
The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?
A: The Westminster Abbey Museum", '
Q: The area the museum occupies dates back to when?
A: 1065', "
Q: The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?
A: 1908"]
The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?
A: funeral saddle, helm and shield', '
Q: What kind of panels are in the museum?
A: panels of mediaeval glass']
Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who modelled the effigies in the museum?
A: sculptor Patience Wright', '
Q: What are the effigies made of?
A: wax', '
Q: What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?
A: some of his own clothes']
A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was recently added to the museum exhibit?
A: 13th-century Westminster Retable', "
Q: What is the Westminster Retable?
A: England's oldest altarpiece", '
Q: What was the altarpiece designed for?
A: high altar of the abbey', '
Q: What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?
A: altarpiece']
In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009?
A: major building work', '
Q: On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued?
A: 4 August 2010', '
Q: Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what?
A: a restaurant', '
Q: What kind of furniture is in the restaurant?
A: English Oak', '
Q: Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant?
A: Luke Hughes and Company']
A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What will be created in the medieval triforium?
A: The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries", '
Q: What has been designed to help with the gallery?
A: Gothic access tower with lift', '
Q: When will the new galleries open?
A: 2018']
Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京, "Southern Capital") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means "Southern Capital" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (江寧), whose former character Jiang (江, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (寧, simplified form 宁, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (京) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (金陵, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: k
A: ks', '
Q: j
A: Ch', '
Q: n
A: n', '
Q: b
A: b', '
Q: v
A: v', '
Q: What is the legal capital of the Republic of China?
A: Nanjing', '
Q: What region is Nanjing in?
A: lower Yangtze River region', '
Q: When was the city given the name Nanjing?
A: Ming dynasty', '
Q: When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital?
A: Jin dynasty', '
Q: What does Nanjing mean?
A: "Southern Capital"']
Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China, Nanjing is home to one of the world's largest inland ports. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of "Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centres according to Nature Index.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located?
A: East', "
Q: What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest?
A: inland ports", '
Q: What river is Nanjing associated with?
A: Yangtze River', '
Q: What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China?
A: Nanjing']
Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long has Nanjing been important?
A: over a thousand years', '
Q: How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have?
A: Four', '
Q: What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China?
A: Nanjing', '
Q: What mausoleum is in Nanjing?
A: Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum', '
Q: What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era?
A: Nanjing']
Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long ago did "Nanjing Man" live?
A: more than 500 thousand years ago', '
Q: What vessel was found 5000 years ago?
A: Zun, a kind of wine vessel', '
Q: When was the the fort of Yuecheng built?
A: 473 BC', '
Q: How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou?
A: about 400 years', '
Q: When was the Wu state created?
A: the late period of Shang dynasty']
Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Nanjing become a state capital?
A: 229 AD', '
Q: Who founded Eastern Wu?
A: Sun Quan', '
Q: When was Eastern Wu founded?
A: during the Three Kingdoms period', '
Q: Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280?
A: the Western Jin dynasty', '
Q: When was Nanjing extended?
A: 211 AD']
Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?
A: the unification of the region', '
Q: When did the Jin court head South?
A: 317', '
Q: Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?
A: Nanjing', '
Q: Who fled with the Jin court to the South?
A: nobles and wealthy families']
During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?
A: more than two and a half centuries', '
Q: During the time of the North–South division, what city was the center of East Asia?
A: Nanjing', '
Q: During the time of the North–South division, how many households were in Nanjing?
A: 280,000 registered households', '
Q: What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time?
A: more than 1.4 million residents', '
Q: Where did the information on registered households during that period originate?
A: historical documents']