romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884, a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a charismatic fellowship. In 2011, 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican, 13 percent as Uniting Church, 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh-day Adventist. Nine percent were from other religions. Twenty four percent had no religion, and seven percent did not indicate a religion. Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010[update]. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?
A: Sixty-two percent', '
Q: Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?
A: Rev G. H. Nobbs', "
Q: What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?
A: a Methodist church", "
Q: Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church? 
A: one of Nobbs' sons", "
Q: Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?
A: 30"]
Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk, a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons; however, there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2004 an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made it a co-official language of the island. The act is long-titled: "An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) as an official language of Norfolk Island." The "language known as 'Norf'k'" is described as the language "that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island". The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it; in official use, it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English. 32% of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census, and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What languages do residents of Norfolk Island speak?
A: English and a creole language known as Norfuk', '
Q: What is the Norfuk language a mixture of?
A: 18th-century English and Tahitian', '
Q: The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom?
A: descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island', '
Q: What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?
A: The Norfuk language', '
Q: What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011?
A: under three-quarters']
Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?
A: Norfolk Island', '
Q: What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?
A: The Norfolk Island Act 1979', '
Q: What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?
A: the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015', '
Q: Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?
A: Gary Hardgrave', '
Q: During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?
A: three years']
The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a "weighted first past the post system". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council, which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator. The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell. Other ministers included: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development; Minister for Finance; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services; and Minister for Environment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?
A: nine', '
Q: What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it\'s Assembly?
A: a "weighted first past the post system"', '
Q: Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?
A: Executive', '
Q: Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?
A: Lisle Snell', '
Q: What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?
A: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development']
Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council. However, in December 2006, citing the "significant disruption" that changes to the governance would impose on the island's economy, the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?
A: two", "
Q: What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?
A: a local council", '
Q: When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?
A: December 2006', "
Q: The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?
A: significant disruption"]
It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, by $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?
A: 19 March 2015', '
Q: What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?
A: a local council', '
Q: From what state did the proposed council come from?
A: New South Wales', '
Q: What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?
A: they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare', '
Q: What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?
A: Australian income tax']
The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to "be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament". 68% out of 912 voters voted in favour. The Norfolk Island Chief Minister, Lisle Snell, said that "the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Australian reforms?
A: 8 May 2015', '
Q: How many Norfolk Island residents voted on May 8, 2015?
A: 912', '
Q: What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of self-governance?
A: 68%', "
Q: Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Minister?
A: Lisle Snell", "
Q: According to Lisle Snell, Australian Parliament thought that abolishing Norfolk Island's self-governance would be what?
A: overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island"]
Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Norfolk Island was originally a what?
A: colony acquired by settlement', '
Q: Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?
A: Australia', '
Q: Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?
A: the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)', '
Q: Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?
A: High Court of Australia', '
Q: What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?
A: Australian citizenship']
The island is subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia. Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted. In 2012, immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme. From 1 July 2016, the Australian migration system will replace the immigration arrangements currently maintained by the Norfolk Island Government.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?
A: immigration', '
Q: When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?
A: 2012', '
Q: What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?
A: an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens', '
Q: What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island? 
A: pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme', "
Q: When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?
A: 1 July 2016"]
Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?
A: automatic right of residence', '
Q: What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?
A: a passport', '
Q: What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?
A: either a passport or a Document of Identity', '
Q: When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?
A: Australian Migration Zone', "
Q: What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? 
A: the visa will have ceased"]
Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are "outside of Australia" for the purposes of the Migration Act. This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland, but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future. On the other hand, as far as Australian nationality law is concerned, Norfolk Island is a part of Australia, and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Act declares Non-Australian residents "outside of Australia" while they are on Norfolk Island?
A: the Migration Act', '
Q: What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?
A: a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa', '
Q: As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?
A: Australia', '
Q: According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?
A: count as time spent in Australia']
Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost in the order of A$30,000. For serious emergencies, medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force. The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?
A: Norfolk Island Hospital', '
Q: What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?
A: travel insurance', '
Q: Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?
A: mainland Australia', '
Q: Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?
A: the Royal Australian Air Force', '
Q: Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?
A: St John Ambulance Australia volunteers']
The Australian government controls the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and revenue from it extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) around Norfolk Island (roughly 428,000km2) and territorial sea claims to three nautical miles (6 km) from the island. There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk's EEZ should be available to providing services such as health and infrastructure on the island, which the island has been responsible for, similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources. The exclusive economic zone provides the islanders with fish, its only major natural resource. Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) to fish "recreationally" in a small section of the EEZ known locally as "the Box". While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits, this is not proven. There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands, though about 25 per cent of the island is a permanent pasture. There is no irrigated land. The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?
A: health and infrastructure", "
Q: What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?
A: fish", '
Q: What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally?
A: the Box', "
Q: What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?
A: oil and gas deposits", '
Q: What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture?
A: 25']
Residents of Norfolk Island do not pay Australian federal taxes, creating a tax haven for locals and visitors alike. Because there is no income tax, the island's legislative assembly raises money through an import duty, fuel levy, medicare levy, GST of 12% and local/international phone calls. In a move that apparently surprised many islanders the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island, David Buffett, announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts. The introduction of income taxation will now come into effect on July 1, 2016, with a variation of opinion on the island about these changes but with many understanding that for the island's governance to continue there is a need to pay into the commonwealth revenue pool so that the island can have assistance in supporting its delivery of State government responsibilities such as health, education, medicare, and infrastructure. Prior to these reforms residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services. It appears that the reforms do extend to companies and trustees and not only individuals.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors don't pay what?
A: Australian federal taxes", '
Q: Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?
A: David Buffett', "
Q: What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its' tax-free status?
A: for a financial bailout from the federal government", '
Q: When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island?
A: July 1, 2016', '
Q: What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement?
A: social']
As of 2004[update], 2532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits. Satellite communications services are planned.[citation needed] There is one locally based radio station (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies. There is also one TV station, Norfolk TV, featuring local programming, plus transmitters for Australian channels ABC, SBS, Imparja Television and Southern Cross Television. The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .nf.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?
A: 2532', '
Q: How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?
A: 2500', '
Q: How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have? 
A: one', "
Q: What is the name of Norfolk Island's only TV station?
A: Norfolk TV", "
Q: What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?
A: .nf"]
There are no railways, waterways, ports or harbours on the island. Loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade, but ships cannot get close to either of them. When a supply ship arrives, it is emptied by whaleboats towed by launches, five tonnes at a time. Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather on the day. The jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used. If the wind changes significantly during unloading/loading, the ship will move around to the other side. Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island?
A: Kingston and Cascade', '
Q: How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island? 
A: by whaleboats towed by launches', "
Q: What determines the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?
A: the prevailing weather on the day", '
Q: Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?
A: on the leeward side of the island', '
Q: Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?
A: Visitors']
Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland. His mother Mary née Nagle (c. 1702 – 1770) was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a déclassé County Cork family (and a cousin of Nano Nagle), whereas his father, a successful solicitor, Richard (died 1761), was a member of the Church of Ireland; it remains unclear whether this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism. The Burke dynasty descends from an Anglo-Norman knight surnamed de Burgh (latinised as de Burgo) who arrived in Ireland in 1185 following Henry II of England's 1171 invasion of Ireland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was Burke born?
A: Dublin, Ireland', "
Q: What was Burke's mother's maiden name?
A: Nagle", "
Q: When did Burke's mother die?
A: 1770", "
Q: When did Burke's father die?
A: 1761", "
Q: When did Burke's ancestors arrive in Ireland?
A: 1185"]
In 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. In 1747, he set up a debating society, "Edmund Burke's Club", which, in 1770, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world. The minutes of the meetings of Burke's Club remain in the collection of the Historical Society. Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe. After eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?
A: 1744', '
Q: What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?
A: Catholics', '
Q: When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?
A: 1747', "
Q: What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?
A: TCD's Historical Club", '
Q: When did Edmund Burke graduate?
A: 1748']
Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burke's quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition (1757) that it was a satire.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?
A: Bishop Warburton", "
Q: Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?
A: Lord Chesterfield", "
Q: When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?
A: 1757", '
Q: Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?
A: in the preface to the second edition']