romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event was Frédéric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?
A: the Polish Great Emigration', "
Q: What version of Frédéric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?
A: French", '
Q: In what year did Frédéric officially acquire French citizenship?
A: 1835', '
Q: What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Frédéric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?
A: friends and confidants', '
Q: What nationality is stated as the one Frédéric felt most identified by?
A: Polish', '
Q: When did Chopin reach Paris?
A: September 1831', '
Q: By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?
A: Polish Great Emigration', '
Q: In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?
A: 1835', "
Q: What is the name of Chopin's biographer?
A: Adam Zamoyski", '
Q: After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?
A: Poland', "
Q: What country's passport did he have from 1835?
A: France", '
Q: What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?
A: French', '
Q: What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?
A: Adam Zamoyski', '
Q: Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?
A: Polish Great Emigration']
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status?
A: Paris', '
Q: Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with?
A: Adam Mickiewicz', '
Q: What did Frédéric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?
A: songs', '
Q: What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?
A: Adam Mickiewicz', '
Q: What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?
A: Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny', '
Q: What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?
A: Adam Mickiewicz', '
Q: What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?
A: principal of the Polish Literary Society']
Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and "gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life." Fontana was to become, in the words of Michałowski and Samson, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England?
A: Julian Fontana', "
Q: Who was Frédéric's trusted adviser while in Paris?
A: Albert Grzymała", '
Q: What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric?
A: elder brother', '
Q: Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Frédéric?
A: Julian Fontana', "
Q: What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Frédéric's life while in Paris?
A: Polish", '
Q: Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?
A: England', '
Q: Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?
A: England', '
Q: Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?
A: Albert Grzymała', '
Q: Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?
A: Albert Grzymała', '
Q: Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?
A: Julian Fontana', '
Q: Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?
A: Warsaw Conservatory']
At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ..." After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who gave Frédéric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?
A: Robert Schumann', '
Q: On what date did Frédéric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?
A: 26 February 1832', "
Q: What is stated as a hindrance for Frédéric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?
A: intimate keyboard technique", '
Q: Who did Frédéric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?
A: his father', '
Q: From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?
A: Robert Schumann', '
Q: When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?
A: 26 February 1832', '
Q: What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?
A: Rothschild', '
Q: When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?
A: 1831', '
Q: What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?
A: keyboard technique', '
Q: Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?
A: publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students']
Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in?
A: his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends", '
Q: What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?
A: pianos', '
Q: Chopin gave a yearly performance where?
A: Salle Pleyel', '
Q: Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?
A: Hexameron', '
Q: In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?
A: Maurice Schlesinger', "
Q: What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?
A: Adolphe Gutmann", '
Q: Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?
A: apartment', '
Q: On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?
A: Liszt and Hiller', '
Q: Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?
A: Maurice Schlesinger']
In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?
A: Felix Mendelssohn', '
Q: What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?
A: playing and discussing music', '
Q: Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf?
A: Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow', "
Q: Where were Frédéric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?
A: Carlsbad", '
Q: Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?
A: the Lower Rhenish Music Festival', '
Q: Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?
A: Hiller', '
Q: In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?
A: Carlsbad', '
Q: When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński?
A: July 1836', "
Q: Who was Maria's mother?
A: Countess Wodzińska", '
Q: Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?
A: Felix Mendelssohn', '
Q: Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?
A: Düsseldorf', '
Q: What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?
A: director of the Academy of Art', '
Q: What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?
A: Maria']
Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art."

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was the recipient of Frédéric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?
A: Woyciechowski", "
Q: What are the three names stated in Frédéric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?
A: Herz, Liszt, Hiller", "
Q: Who is stated as being in attendance of Frédéric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?
A: Liszt", '
Q: What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?
A: 26 February 1832', '
Q: Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?
A: Woyciechowski', "
Q: Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?
A: the Salle Pleyel"]
The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What address did Frédéric live at during his stay in Paris?
A: 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin", '
Q: How far down the road did Liszt live from Frédéric during this time?
A: a few blocks', '
Q: How many times did Frédéric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?
A: seven', '
Q: For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?
A: Harriet Smithson', '
Q: At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?
A: Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory', '
Q: When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?
A: 2 April 1833', '
Q: What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?
A: the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn', '
Q: Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?
A: Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory', '
Q: When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?
A: the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte', '
Q: How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?
A: seven', '
Q: Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?
A: Harriet Smithson']
Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies." However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Frédéric and Liszt?
A: love-hate relationship', '
Q: What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Frédéric?
A: theatricality, showmanship and success', '
Q: What did Frédéric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?
A: an apology', '
Q: What did Frédéric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?
A: my friend Liszt', '
Q: What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?
A: Op. 10 Études', "
Q: What was the name of Liszt's mistress?
A: Marie d'Agoult", '
Q: Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 Études to?
A: Liszt', '
Q: Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?
A: Liszt', "
Q: What was the name of Liszt's mistress?
A: Marie d'Agoult", '
Q: Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?
A: Hiller', "
Q: What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?
A: George Sand"]
In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My tragedy". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand?
A: Marie d'Agoult", "
Q: What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?
A: My tragedy", '
Q: Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric?
A: Grzymała', "
Q: What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?
A: George Sand", "
Q: What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska?
A: his poor health", '
Q: What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?
A: My tragedy', "
Q: Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?
A: Marie d'Agoult", "
Q: What year did Maria Wodzińska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?
A: 1837", '
Q: What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?
A: My tragedy', '
Q: Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?
A: Grzymała']
In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ..." The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What city did Frédéric visit in June 1837?
A: London', "
Q: What event occurred on Frédéric's return to Paris?
A: his association with Sand began in earnest", '
Q: How many years older was George Sand compared to Frédéric?
A: six', "
Q: What adjective is used to describe Frédéric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?
A: miserable", '
Q: Where did Frédéric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?
A: Valldemossa', '
Q: With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?
A: Camille Pleyel', "
Q: What was James Broadwood's occupation?
A: piano maker", '
Q: How much older was George Sands than Chopin?
A: six years', "
Q: During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?
A: Félicien Mallefille", '
Q: After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?
A: a former Carthusian monastery', '
Q: When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?
A: June 1838', '
Q: Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?
A: Majorca', "
Q: Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?
A: Sand's two children", '
Q: One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?
A: Félicien Mallefille.', '
Q: Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?
A: a former Carthusian monastery']
On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: "Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die." He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: "I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many doctors saw Frédéric by the 3rd of December?
A: Three', '
Q: What did Frédéric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?
A: piano', '
Q: What condition did Frédéric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?
A: best possible condition', '
Q: How many doctors visited Chopin?
A: 3', "
Q: What month did Chopin's piano arrive?
A: December", '
Q: What did Chopin compalin about?
A: his bad health', '
Q: What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?
A: his Pleyel piano', "
Q: What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?
A: December", '
Q: Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?
A: Pleyel']