romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In addition to singing words, some a cappella singers also emulate instrumentation by reproducing instrumental sounds with their vocal cords and mouth. One of the earliest 20th century practitioners of this method were The Mills Brothers whose early recordings of the 1930s clearly stated on the label that all instrumentation was done vocally. More recently, "Twilight Zone" by 2 Unlimited was sung a cappella to the instrumentation on the comedy television series Tompkins Square. Another famous example of emulating instrumentation instead of singing the words is the theme song for The New Addams Family series on Fox Family Channel (now ABC Family). Groups such as Vocal Sampling and Undivided emulate Latin rhythms a cappella. In the 1960s, the Swingle Singers used their voices to emulate musical instruments to Baroque and Classical music. Vocal artist Bobby McFerrin is famous for his instrumental emulation. A cappella group Naturally Seven recreates entire songs using vocal tones for every instrument.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do some a capella groups do other than sing words?
A: emulate instrumentation', '
Q: What a capella group is credited for being one of the earliest to adapt instrumental emulation?
A: The Mills Brothers', '
Q: What types of music did the Swingle Singers implement instrumental emulation for?
A: Baroque and Classical music', '
Q: What is the name of the ABC Family show whose theme is entirely a capella?
A: The New Addams Family']
The Swingle Singers used nonsense words to sound like instruments, but have been known to produce non-verbal versions of musical instruments. Like the other groups, examples of their music can be found on YouTube. Beatboxing, more accurately known as vocal percussion, is a technique used in a cappella music popularized by the hip-hop community, where rap is often performed a cappella also. The advent of vocal percussion added new dimensions to the a cappella genre and has become very prevalent in modern arrangements. Petra Haden used a four-track recorder to produce an a cappella version of The Who Sell Out including the instruments and fake advertisements on her album Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out in 2005. Haden has also released a cappella versions of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'", The Beach Boys' "God Only Knows" and Michael Jackson's "Thriller". In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of The Bellamy Brothers' 1970s song "Let Your Love Flow".[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments?
A: nonsense words', '
Q: What is another term for beatboxing?
A: vocal percussion', '
Q: What was used to make an a capella recording of The Who Sell Out?
A: a four-track recorder', '
Q: What car manufacturer hired Petra Haden to perform a capella songs in commercials for their car?
A: Toyota', "
Q: On what website can many a capella groups' music be listened to?
A: YouTube"]
The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, hence the abbreviation OP used by members), more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III (1216–27) on 22 December 1216. Membership in this "mendicant" order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of Associates, who are unrelated to the tertiaries) affiliated with the order.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Latin for Order of Preachers?
A: Ordo Praedicatorum', '
Q: What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers?
A: Pope Honorius III', '
Q: After the 15th century, what was the Order of Preachers known as?
A: the Dominican Order', '
Q: What religion does the Dominican Order belong to?
A: Roman Catholic', '
Q: What Spanish Priest founded the Order of Preachers?
A: Saint Dominic de Guzman']
Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, who is currently Bruno Cadoré. Members of the order generally carry the letters O.P., standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers, after their names.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work?
A: the Middle Ages', '
Q: What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established?
A: to combat heresy', '
Q: The head of the Dominican Order is known as what?
A: Master of the Order', '
Q: Who is the current Master of the Order?
A: Bruno Cadoré', '
Q: What is the Order of Preachers known for?
A: its intellectual tradition']
The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars: one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi; the other, the Friars Preachers, by Dominic of Guzman. Like his contemporary, Francis, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During the Middle Ages, who was no longer expected to stay behind walls away from the common man?
A: Men of God', '
Q: How many orders of mendicant friars came out of the Middle Ages?
A: two', '
Q: Who led the Friars Minor order at this time?
A: Francis of Assisi', '
Q: Dominic of Guzman led what order of mendicant friars?
A: the Friars Preachers', '
Q: What two groups grew quickly during the Middle Ages?
A: the Dominicans and Franciscans']
Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy. Dominic's new order was to be a preaching order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, the new friars would survive by begging, "selling" themselves through persuasive preaching.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Dominican Order received influence from what monastic order?
A: the Benedictines', '
Q: What type of order was the Dominican Order?
A: a preaching order', '
Q: What did previous religious orders do for a living?
A: farms', '
Q: How did the Dominican Order earn money?
A: by begging']
Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a "mixed" spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own. In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Dominic inspire his followers?
A: with loyalty to learning and virtue', "
Q: What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?
A: nuns", '
Q: In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?
A: England', '
Q: What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?
A: a "mixed" spirituality']
As an adolescent, he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a dreadful famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors. After he completed his studies, Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes appointed Dominic to the cathedral chapter and he became a regular canon under the Rule of St. Augustine and the Constitutions for the cathedral church of Osma. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What subject did Dominic particularly love?
A: theology', '
Q: Why did Dominic sell his books?
A: to help his neighbors', '
Q: In what country did Dominic experience a great famine?
A: Spain', '
Q: At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest?
A: twenty-five', '
Q: After completing his studies, under whose rule did he become a regular canon?
A: St. Augustine']
In 1203, Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229). Dominic was fired by a reforming zeal after they encountered Albigensian Christians at Toulouse.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?
A: Prior Diego de Acebo', '
Q: Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?
A: monarchy of Spain', '
Q: In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?
A: south of France', '
Q: During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?
A: 1209–1229', '
Q: Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?
A: to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark']
Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior Diego suggested that the papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life. The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader. The prior took up the challenge, and he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians. Despite this particular mission, in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success, "for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?
A: with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony', '
Q: Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?
A: the Cathars', '
Q: How did the Cathars live?
A: in a state of self-sacrifice', '
Q: In order to change to a better way of life, what did the legates request of Diego?
A: a strong leader', '
Q: Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert?
A: the Albigensians']
Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith, and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille. This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns, thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars. Prior Diego sanctioned the building of a monastery for girls whose parents had sent them to the care of the Albigensians because their families were too poor to fulfill their basic needs. The monastery was at Prouille would later become Dominic's headquarters for his missionary effort there. After two years on the mission field, Prior Diego died while traveling back to Spain. When his preaching companions heard of his death, all save Dominic and a very small number of others returned to their homes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Dominic establish a convent?
A: 1206', '
Q: What women did Dominic convert for his convent?
A: Albigensian', '
Q: What group are older than the Dominican Friars?
A: Dominican nuns', "
Q: Why did families send their girls to Diego's monastery? 
A: too poor", '
Q: How long after his mission did Prior Diego die?
A: two years']
In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework—a rule—to organize these components. The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order, according to Dominic's successor, Jordan of Saxony, because it lent itself to the "salvation of souls through preaching". By this choice, however, the Dominican brothers designated themselves not monks, but canons-regular. They could practice ministry and common life while existing in individual poverty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?
A: Rule of St. Augustine', '
Q: In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?
A: 1215', '
Q: Who was the successor to Dominic?
A: Jordan of Saxony', '
Q: What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?
A: the "salvation of souls through preaching"', '
Q: What were the Dominican Brothers?
A: canons-regular']
Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlarging its authority over larger areas of the known world. In Dominic's thinking, it was impossible for men to preach what they did not or could not understand. When the brethren left Prouille, then, to begin their apostolic work, Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris. This was the first of many Dominican schools established by the brethren, some near large universities throughout Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Dominic studied in what city?
A: Palencia', "
Q: Dominic's education helped him to overcome who?
A: the Manicheans", '
Q: What helps define the work of the Dominican Order?
A: charity', '
Q: In what city did Dominic establish a school?
A: Paris', '
Q: Who did Dominic entrust to start his school?
A: Matthew of Paris']
In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?
A: the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina', '
Q: Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?
A: Pope Honorius III', '
Q: What was required of each new priory?
A: its own studium conventuale', '
Q: When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?
A: June 5, 1222', '
Q: The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?
A: the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum']
The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom. Its schools spread throughout the entire Church; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge, including the extremely important Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Its members included popes, cardinals, bishops, legates, inquisitors, confessors of princes, ambassadors, and paciarii (enforcers of the peace decreed by popes or councils). The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition. In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to?
A: England', '
Q: What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in?
A: Oxford', '
Q: What did the Dominican Order fight against?
A: paganism', '
Q: What is one branch of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?
A: Thomas Aquinas', '
Q: Who appointed the Dominican Order to begin the inquisition?
A: Pope Gregory IX']
The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St. Catherine of Siena are associated. (See German mysticism, which has also been called "Dominican mysticism.") This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken, at the end of the century, by Raymond of Capua, and continued in the following century. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands, and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The term "Dominican mysticism" is also knows as what?
A: German mysticism', '
Q: In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?
A: Germany and Italy', '
Q: What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?
A: St. Catherine of Siena', '
Q: Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?
A: the Netherlands', '
Q: What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?
A: Savonarola']
At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance. It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism, in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola, in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna (probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili) and Matteo Bandello. Many Dominicans took part in the artistic activity of the age, the most prominent being Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge?
A: the Renaissance', '
Q: What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems?
A: pagan tendencies', '
Q: The theologians of what German city gave the Dominican Order resistance?
A: Cologne', '
Q: What writer fused humanism with the Dominican Order teachings?
A: Matteo Bandello', '
Q: What Dominican friar celebrated the arts of the Renaissance age?
A: Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo']
During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?
A: 500', '
Q: In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?
A: 4,472', '
Q: How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?
A: 6058', '
Q: In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?
A: 2013', '
Q: How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?
A: 917']
In the revival movement France held a foremost place, owing to the reputation and convincing power of the orator, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802–1861). He took the habit of a Friar Preacher at Rome (1839), and the province of France was canonically erected in 1850. From this province were detached the province of Lyon, called Occitania (1862), that of Toulouse (1869), and that of Canada (1909). The French restoration likewise furnished many laborers to other provinces, to assist in their organization and progress. From it came the master general who remained longest at the head of the administration during the 19th century, Père Vincent Jandel (1850–1872). Here should be mentioned the province of St. Joseph in the United States. Founded in 1805 by Edward Fenwick, afterwards first Bishop of Cincinnati, Ohio (1821–1832), this province has developed slowly, but now ranks among the most flourishing and active provinces of the order. In 1910 it numbered seventeen convents or secondary houses. In 1905, it established a large house of studies at Washington, D.C., called the Dominican House of Studies. There are now four Dominican provinces in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country held a prominent place in the revival movement?
A: France', '
Q: What orator was very famous during the revival movement?
A: Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire', '
Q: When was the province of France canonically erected?
A: 1850', '
Q: What title did Pere Vincent Jandel hold during this time?
A: master general']