romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations typical in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties. Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many tribal governments are in Oklahoma?
A: Thirty-nine', "
Q: Tribes hold land in Oklahoma, but what isn't it called?
A: reservations", '
Q: What powers do tribal governments have?
A: executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions', '
Q: Who can overrule the tribal governments?
A: the United States Congress', '
Q: Who must approve tribal constitutions?
A: the United States Congress']
After the 1948 election, the state turned firmly Republican. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015, starting in 1952, Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election (1964). This is not to say that every election has been a landslide for Republicans: Jimmy Carter lost the state by less than 1.5% in 1976, while Michael Dukakis and Bill Clinton both won 40% or more of the state's popular vote in 1988 and 1996 respectively. Al Gore in 2000, though, was the last Democrat to even win any counties in the state. Oklahoma was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any of its counties in both 2008 and 2012.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What political party rose to power in Oklahoma in 1948?
A: Republican', '
Q: When did registered Republicans become a majority in Oklahoma?
A: 2015', "
Q: What is the one election since 1952 where a Republican presidential candidate didn't win in Oklahoma?
A: 1964", '
Q: Oklahoma was the only state where which presidential candidate won no counties twice?
A: Barack Obama', '
Q: Who was the last Democratic presidential candidate to win any counties in Oklahoma?
A: Al Gore']
Following the 2000 census, the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. For the 112th Congress (2011–2013), there were no changes in party strength, and the delegation included four Republicans and one Democrat. In the 112th Congress, Oklahoma's U.S. senators were Republicans Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn, and its U.S. Representatives were John Sullivan (R-OK-1), Dan Boren (D-OK-2), Frank D. Lucas (R-OK-3), Tom Cole (R-OK-4), and James Lankford (R-OK-5).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many US House reps did Oklahoma have before the 2000 census?
A: six', '
Q: How many US House reps did Oklahoma have after the 2000 census?
A: five', "
Q: How many of Oklahoma's House reps were Republican in 2012?
A: four", "
Q: Who are Oklahoma's US Senators?
A: Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn", "
Q: What political party are Oklahoma's US Senators?
A: Republicans"]
Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000. Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are located in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and 65 percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010, with 1,252,987 people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937,478 residents. Between 2000 and 2010, the cities that led the state in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many incorporated cities are in Oklahoma?
A: 598', '
Q: How many Oklahoma cities have over 100,000 people?
A: four', '
Q: How many of the 50 largest US cities are in Oklahoma?
A: Oklahoma', '
Q: What is the largest metro area in Oklahoma as of 2010?
A: Oklahoma City', '
Q: How many people live in the Tulsa metro area?
A: 937,478']
In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in 2010 were: Oklahoma City (579,999, +14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, −0.3%), Norman (110,925, +15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, +32.0%), Lawton (96,867, +4.4%), Edmond (81,405, +19.2%), Moore (55,081, +33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, +0.5%), Enid (49,379, +5.0%), and Stillwater (45,688, +17.0%). Of the state's ten largest cities, three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau, though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith, Arkansas extends into the state.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Oklahoma's largest city?
A: Oklahoma City", "
Q: How much did Oklahoma City's population grow from 2000 to 2010?
A: 14.6%", '
Q: How many people lived in Lawton in 2010?
A: 96,867', '
Q: How many people lived in Stillwater in 2010?
A: 45,688', "
Q: What Arkansas city's metro area extends into Oklahoma?
A: Fort Smith"]
State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions; the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. Currently the State Senate is waiting to vote on a change to the state's motto. The House passed HCR 1024, which will change the state motto from "Labor Omnia Vincit" to "Oklahoma-In God We Trust!" The author of the resolution stated that a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit", therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What state House bill would change Oklahoma's motto to 'Oklahoma - In God We Trust'?
A: HCR 1024", "
Q: What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it?
A: Labor Omnia Vincit", '
Q: Why did the state House think they could change Oklahoma\'s motto?
A: no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit"']
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what geographic area was the country of India established?
A: Indian subcontinent', '
Q: What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce?
A: Vedic Civilization', '
Q: Of what is Hinduism a combination?
A: Indian cultures and traditions', '
Q: How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?
A: two millennia', '
Q: What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?
A: independence movement']
Evidence of Anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is recorded as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3200 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilization in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This civilization collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha propagated their Shramanic philosophies during the fifth and sixth century BCE.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For how long have modern humans lived on the Indian subcontinent?
A: 75,000 years', '
Q: How long ago did earlier hominids live on the Indian subcontinent?
A: 500,000 years ago', '
Q: When did the Indus Valley Civilization thrive on the Indian subcontinent?
A: c. 3200 to 1300 BCE', '
Q: What was the first major civilization in South Asia?
A: Indus Valley Civilization', '
Q: What was the span of the Mature Harappan period?
A: 2600 to 1900 BCE']
Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. From the 3rd century BC onwards Prakrit and Pali literature in the north and the Sangam literature in southern India started to flourish. Wootz steel originated in south India in the 3rd century BC and was exported to foreign countries. Various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or "Golden Age of India". During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia (Greater India).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What empire conquered most of the subcontinent in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC?
A: Maurya Empire', '
Q: After the 3rd century BC, what style of literature grew in northern area of the subcontinent?
A: Prakrit and Pali', '
Q: What form of metal was developed and  exported from southern India?
A: Wootz steel', '
Q: What was the period following 3rd century BC and extending 1500 years called?
A: Golden Age of India', '
Q: What was the foremost dynasty of the the Golden Age period? 
A: Gupta']
The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centered on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, and Gurjara Pratihara Empire. Southern India was ruled by the Chalukya, Chola, Pallava, Chera, Pandyan, and Western Chalukya Empires. The seventh century also saw the advent of Islam as a political power, though as a fringe, in the western part of the subcontinent, in modern-day Pakistan. The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century. The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj?
A: 7th and 11th', '
Q: How long did the Tripartite struggle last?
A: two centuries', '
Q: When did Islam begin to become a political power in India?
A: seventh century', '
Q: What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia?
A: Chola dynasty', '
Q: What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period?
A: Hindu numerals']
Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by the Central Asian Turks. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part of northern India in the early 14th century, but declined in the late 14th century when several powerful Hindu states such as the Vijayanagara Empire, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom Kingdom, as well as Rajput dynasties and states, such as Mewar dynasty, emerged. The 15th century saw the emergence of Sikhism. In the 16th century, Mughals came from Central Asia and gradually covered most of India. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas of the subcontinent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group founded the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century?
A: Central Asian Turks', '
Q: When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India?
A: late 14th century', '
Q: What belief system began in the 15th century?
A: Sikhism', '
Q: What empire covered most of India in the 16th century?
A: Mughal Empire', '
Q: During what century did the Mughal empire decline?
A: early 18th century']
From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organizations. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries?
A: British East India Company', '
Q: What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857?
A: Indian Rebellion', '
Q: After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India?
A: British Crown', '
Q: The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India?
A: infrastructure', '
Q: What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century?
A: Indian National Congress']
Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?
A: Romila Thapar', '
Q: What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?
A: social-economic', '
Q: What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?
A: strong continuity', '
Q: What type of conquests were gradual in nature?
A: Muslim conquests', '
Q: What part of India was never completely conquered?
A: south']
Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements and some of its major civilisations. The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form?
A: Middle Pleistocene', '
Q: What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?
A: Homo erectus', '
Q: From how long ago do tools date in India?
A: two million years', '
Q: Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?
A: Soan River valley', '
Q: What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?
A: palaeolithic hominid']
The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings (7500 BCE) in Haryana, India & Mehrgarh findings (7000–9000 BCE) in Balochistan, Pakistan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?
A: Neolithic', '
Q: What happened in India during the Neolithic period?
A: extensive settlement', '
Q: How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?
A: 12,000 years', '
Q: When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?
A: 9,000 years ago', '
Q: During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?
A: 7000–9000 BCE']
The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoreyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organization.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive? 
A: 2600 to 1900 BCE', '
Q: What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?
A: urban', '
Q: What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?
A: municipal', '
Q: Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?
A: brick', '
Q: How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?
A: multistoreyed']
The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. The Vedic period, lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE, and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For what culture is the Vedic period named?
A: Indo-Aryan', '
Q: Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?
A: north-west India', '
Q: In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?
A: Vedic Sanskrit', '
Q: What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?
A: The Vedas', '
Q: What was the duration of the Vedic culture?
A: 1750 to 500 BCE']
At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India, but also eventually by the excluding of indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure. During this period, many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into monarchical, state-level polities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?
A: Rigvedic period', '
Q: Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?
A: western Ganges plain', '
Q: What were the Aryan social classes called?
A: varnas', '
Q: What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?
A: occupations', '
Q: What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?
A: small tribal units']
The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organized the Vedic hymns into collections, and developed the orthodox srauta ritual to uphold the social order. When the Kuru kingdom declined, the center of Vedic culture shifted to their eastern neighbours, the Panchala kingdom. The archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture, which flourished in the Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh regions of northern India from about 1100 to 600 BCE, is believed to correspond to the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?
A: Kuru kingdom', '
Q: What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?
A: 1200 – 800 BCE', '
Q: At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?
A: Iron Age', '
Q: What is the first Indian text to mention iron?
A: Atharvaveda', '
Q: When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?
A: Panchala']
In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an "epic age" as the milieu of these two epic poems, but now recognize that the texts (which are both familiar with each other) went through multiple stages of development over centuries. For instance, the Mahabharata may have been based on a small-scale conflict (possibly about 1000 BCE) which was eventually "transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets". There is no conclusive proof from archaeology as to whether the specific events of the Mahabharat have any historical basis. The existing texts of these epics are believed to belong to the post-Vedic age, between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE. Some even attempted to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy which have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimated dates ranging up to mid 2nd millennium BCE.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the principle texts of Hinduism?
A: Vedas', '
Q: In what language were the Vedas ?
A: Sanskrit', '
Q: What were the core epics of the Vedas?
A: Ramayana and Mahabharata', '
Q: Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?
A: Mahabharata', '
Q: On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?
A: small-scale conflict']