romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight). When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in two's complement notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A group of 8 bits is called what?
A: a byte', '
Q: How many numbers can a byte represent?
A: 256 different numbers', '
Q: What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?
A: 0 to 255 or −128 to +127']
The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory (which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units) greatly increases the computer's speed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What part of the computer has memory cells called registers?
A: The CPU', '
Q: What is the typical range of registers for a CPU?
A: two and one hundred registers']
RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely. In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset. In embedded computers, which frequently do not have disk drives, all of the required software may be stored in ROM. Software stored in ROM is often called firmware, because it is notionally more like hardware than software. Flash memory blurs the distinction between ROM and RAM, as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable. It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of memory can a CPU only read from?
A: ROM', '
Q: What type of memory can a CPU read and write from?
A: RAM', '
Q: What type of memory is always kept and kept the same?
A: ROM', '
Q: A progam inside the ROM of a PC is called what?
A: the BIOS', '
Q: Software stored in ROM is called what usually?
A: firmware,']
In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories, which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: RAM cache memory is slower than what?
A: registers']
I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what?
A: peripherals', '
Q: A mouse is what type of peripheral device?
A: input', '
Q: A printer is what type of peripheral device?
A: output', '
Q: Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?
A: input and output', '
Q: A keyboard is what type of peripheral device?
A: input']
While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what?
A: multitasking']
One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time". then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A method of multitasking that takes a "slice" of time in turn is called what?
A: "time-sharing"', '
Q: A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?
A: an interrupt,']
Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?
A: more slowly,', '
Q: What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?
A: input/output devices']
Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?
A: CPUs']
Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation, graphics rendering, and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called "embarrassingly parallel" tasks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?
A: thousands', '
Q: What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?
A: Supercomputers']
Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?
A: SAGE system", '
Q: When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?
A: the 1950s']
In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s?
A: ARPA', '
Q: ARPA is now known as what?
A: DARPA)']
In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The network spread to be known as what today?
A: the Internet.']
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, any type of computer (netbook, supercomputer, cellular automaton, etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what?
A: programs', '
Q: The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what?
A: The Church–Turing thesis']
A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information." Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: All devices that can process information can qualify being called what?
A: a computer']
Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors. However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); an often quoted example.[citation needed] More realistically, modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what?
A: transistors', '
Q: Transistors are typically made up of what today?
A: photolithographed semiconductors', '
Q: A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what?
A: billiard ball computer)']
There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly?
A: quantum computers', '
Q: By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?
A: quantum factoring']
A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?
A: artificial intelligence']
The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?
A: hardware']
Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?
A: Software', '
Q: Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?
A: firmware', '
Q: What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?
A: software']
Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A BIOS chip is located where in a computer?
A: the motherboard', '
Q: What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip?
A: BIOS set up']
When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of hand-operated input devices are:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what?
A: CPU', '
Q: Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed?
A: output devices']
Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word "black"?
A: communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory,', '
Q: What is "black people" a term for?
A: racial classification or of ethnicity', '
Q: Do all regions perceive that term "black people" the same?
A: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies', '
Q: Do some cultures not use the term "Black people"?
A: , "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,', '
Q: Can the term "black people" have different meanings?
A: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context.']
Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or majority ethnic ancestry, but it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. In South Africa and Latin America, for instance, mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black." In South Pacific regions such as Australia and Melanesia, European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Do all societies use the term "black" the same?
A: Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black"', '
Q: What factors can affect the classification of "blackness"?
A: societal variables', '
Q: Are mixed race people classified as black?
A: mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black."', '
Q: How is the term "black" defined in the United States?
A: it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.', '
Q: How did European Colonists use the term "Black"?
A: European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.']
The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What made up Mauretania?
A: Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla', '
Q: Who conquered parts of Mauretania?
A: The Romans', '
Q: During what period did Mauretania exist? 
A: the classical period.', '
Q: Where were the people of the region noted? 
A: in Classical literature', '
Q: What is Mauri in English? 
A: Moors']
Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the Arab Slave Trade?
A: North Africa', '
Q: When were the Arab Invasions?
A: the 7th century', '
Q: Where were numerous dark-skinned communities? 
A: North Africa', '
Q: When did these communities begin?
A: some dating from prehistoric communities.', '
Q: Who are they descendants of?
A: Trans-Saharan trade in peoples']
In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live?
A: (1672–1727)', '
Q: How many black slaves did he own?
A: 150,000', '
Q: What did he call his slave army?
A: Black Guard', '
Q: What did the Black Guard do?
A: coerced the country into submission.', '
Q: When did the Black Guard exist?
A: In the 18th century']
According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?
A: because they have some distant white ancestry.', "
Q: Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work?
A: Brazil's University of the State of Bahia", '
Q: How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?
A: in ways that resemble multi-racials']
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the Egyptian President?
A: Anwar Sadat', '
Q: What ethnicity was his mother?
A: Nubian Sudanese', '
Q: What ethnicity was his father?
A: Egyptian', '
Q: What color did he refer to himself as?
A: reddish']
Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was enslaved more often?
A: black women', "
Q: What did the Qur'an permit?
A: sexual relations between a male master and his female slave", '
Q: What were female slaves used for?
A: domestic service and agriculture', '
Q: What is the term for a pregnant slave?
A: umm walad', '
Q: What does umm walad mean?
A: "mother of a child"']
Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Morocco. The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd (Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning "slave"); it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the ruler in Morocco?
A: Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur', '
Q: When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?
A: from 1578 to 1608', '
Q: What ethnicity was his mother?
A: Fulani', '
Q: What Arabic term is still used for black people?
A: (Arabic: عبد\u200e,) (meaning "slave")', '
Q: Who still had the term "slave" used in reference to them?
A: sub-Saharan peoples']
In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Arab apartheid intensify? 
A: early 1991', '
Q: Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?
A: non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe', '
Q: Where did these people live?
A: Sudan', '
Q: Who controlled the government?
A: Sudanese Arabs', '
Q: What was the government being accused of?
A: deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.']