romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From what name is Portugal derived?
A: Portus Cale', '
Q: By what group was the Portugal region settled?
A: Pre-Celts and Celts', '
Q: To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?
A: Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes', '
Q: During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?
A: 45 BC until 298 AD', '
Q: From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?
A: Alankerk']
In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Conímbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?
A: 27 BC', '
Q: What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?
A: Gallaecia', '
Q: What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?
A: Conímbriga and Mirobriga', '
Q: What are castros?
A: hill forts', '
Q: How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?
A: 16 km']
After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?
A: a few months', "
Q: In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?
A: 711", "
Q: In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?
A: 750", "
Q: Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?
A: Abd-ar-Rahman", '
Q: How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?
A: almost two centuries']
The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the governors of the taifas called?
A: Emir', '
Q: Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?
A: the Christian kingdoms of the north', '
Q: To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?
A: Taifa of Badajoz', '
Q: In which year did the taifa period end?
A: 1086', '
Q: Which battle took place in 1147?
A: Battle of Sagrajas']
The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or "Moors"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are converts to Islam called?
A: Muwallad or Muladi', '
Q: Who did the Arabs principally consist of?
A: noblemen from Oman', '
Q: Where were the Berbers originally from?
A: Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa', '
Q: In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?
A: Algarve region, and south of the Tagus', '
Q: How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?
A: 800']
A year before Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, García, became king of León. The second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first García died childless and León passed to Ordoño. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
A: García, became king of León', '
Q: Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
A: Ordoño, reigned in Galicia', "
Q: Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?
A: Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital", '
Q: In which year did Alfonso III likely die?
A: 910', '
Q: In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?
A: 1230']
In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which years were plagued by the Black Death?
A: 1348 and 1349', '
Q: In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?
A: England', '
Q: What is the longest standing alliance in the world?
A: Portugal made an alliance with England', '
Q: The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?
A: NATO', '
Q: In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?
A: Oporto region']
Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What European age did Portugal spearhead?
A: the Age of Discovery', '
Q: Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?
A: King João I', '
Q: Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?
A: Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde', '
Q: By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?
A: Cape of Good Hope', '
Q: What South American country did Portugal discover?
A: Brazil']
As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?
A: increased", '
Q: What title was given to de Melo in 1755?
A: Prime Minister', '
Q: With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?
A: British', '
Q: Who abolished slavery in Portugal?
A: Sebastião de Melo', '
Q: Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?
A: Sebastião de Melo']
But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What were de Melo's greatest reforms?
A: economic and financial", "
Q: Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?
A: to ensure the wine's quality", "
Q: Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?
A: especially among the high nobility", "
Q: Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?
A: Sebastião de Melo", '
Q: Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?
A: upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class']
The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?
A: April 1974', '
Q: What was the Carnation Revolution?
A: left-wing military coup in Lisbon', '
Q: By what was the PREC characterized by?
A: social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces']
The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What entity governed Portugal until 1976?
A: Junta de Salvação Nacional', '
Q: Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?
A: Socialist Party', '
Q: Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?
A: Mário Soares', '
Q: Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?
A: 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985']
The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?
A: socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model', '
Q: In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?
A: 1976', '
Q: For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?
A: to accommodate socialist and communist principles']
Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South) according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification), and is one of the warmest European countries: the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of climate does Portugal have?
A: Mediterranean', '
Q: In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?
A: 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F)', '
Q: In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?
A: 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)', '
Q: How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?
A: 900 metres (3,000 ft)']
Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both Csa and Csb types), while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical (Cfa), respectively, according to Köppen-Geiger classification.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?
A: subtropical', '
Q: What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?
A: rough topography', '
Q: What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?
A: Mediterranean']
Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Gerês both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, Iberian wild goat, for example, are reported to be expanding greatly, during the last decades. Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Portuguese: Parque Natural), nine natural reserves (Portuguese: Reserva Natural), five natural monuments (Portuguese: Monumento Natural), and seven protected landscapes (Portuguese: Paisagem Protegida), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two types of forests can be found in Geres?
A: deciduous and coniferous', '
Q: To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?
A: the Tertiary period', '
Q: What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?
A: Pyrenean', '
Q: What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?
A: Boars', '
Q: How many national parks does Portugal have?
A: 12']
Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear[citation needed] (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerês) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Laurisilva?
A: a unique type of subtropical rainforest', '
Q: What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?
A: fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear', '
Q: What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?
A: migratory birds']
There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?
A: more than 100', '
Q: In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?
A: in the Tagus International Natural Park', '
Q: Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?
A: because of habitat loss, pollution and drought', '
Q: What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?
A: plankton']
The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently António Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For how many years is the Portugal president elected?
A: five', '
Q: Who is the current president of Portugal?
A: Aníbal Cavaco Silva', '
Q: How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?
A: 230', '
Q: For how long of a term are deputies elected?
A: four-year', '
Q: How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?
A: thirteen']
Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?
A: Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party", '
Q: At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?
A: national-, regional- and local-levels', '
Q: What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?
A: Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People\'s Party', '
Q: What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?
A: 5 and 15%']