romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Sony's PlayStation 3 has extensive HD compatibility because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player, so does Microsoft's Xbox 360 with the addition of Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace where users can rent or purchase digital HD content. Recently, Nintendo released a next generation high definition gaming platform, The Wii U, which includes TV remote control features in addition to IPTV streaming features like Netflix. The HD capabilities of the consoles has influenced some developers to port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility?
A: because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player', '
Q: In addition to having a Blu-ray player the Xbox 360 also features what?
A: Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace', '
Q: What high definition gaming platform did Nintendo recently release?
A: The Wii U', '
Q: The HD capabilities of modern gaming systems has inspired developers to do what?
A: port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics']
HDTV can be recorded to D-VHS (Digital-VHS or Data-VHS), W-VHS (analog only), to an HDTV-capable digital video recorder (for example DirecTV's high-definition Digital video recorder, Sky HD's set-top box, Dish Network's VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition Digital video recorder receivers, or TiVo's Series 3 or HD recorders), or an HDTV-ready HTPC. Some cable boxes are capable of receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format, and HDTV programming, some included in the monthly cable service subscription price, some for an additional fee, can be played back with the cable company's on-demand feature.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Sky HD's set-top box, TiVo's Series 3, and Dish Network's VIP 622 are examples of what?
A: an HDTV-capable digital video recorder", '
Q: Some cable boxes are capable of doing what?
A: receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format', '
Q: What restriction does W-VHS recordings have?
A: analog only', '
Q: What does D-VHS stand for?
A: Digital-VHS or Data-VHS']
The massive amount of data storage required to archive uncompressed streams meant that inexpensive uncompressed storage options were not available to the consumer. In 2008, the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder was introduced. This device accepts HD content through component video inputs and stores the content in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file on the hard drive or DVD burner of a computer connected to the PVR through a USB 2.0 interface. More recent systems are able to record a broadcast high definition program in its 'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder introduced?
A: 2008', '
Q: How does the Personal Video Recorder store content?
A: in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file', "
Q: Recent systems can record a broadcast HD program in what format?
A: 'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray", '
Q: What uncompressed storage option was introduced in 2008?
A: the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder']
Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals, such as W-VHS recorders, are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: W-VHS recorders are capable of recording what kinds of signals?
A: analog HD', '
Q: What kind of recorder is no longer produced for the consumer market?
A: Analog tape', '
Q: In the secondary market, analog tape recorders are considered what?
A: expensive and scarce']
In the United States, as part of the FCC's plug and play agreement, cable companies are required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request. None of the direct broadcast satellite providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes, but some cable TV companies have. As of July 2004[update], boxes are not included in the FCC mandate. This content is protected by encryption known as 5C. This encryption can prevent duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted, thus effectively denying most if not all fair use of the content.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes?
A: a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request', '
Q: When were boxes with "functional" FireWire no longer included in the FCC mandate?
A: July 2004', '
Q: Content is now protected by what encryption?
A: 5C', '
Q: What can 5c encryption prevent?
A: duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted']
It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs.[citation needed] In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In addition to being used to build things, what has wood been used for over thousands of years?
A: fuel', '
Q: What kind of strong fibers are part of the composite of wood?
A: cellulose', "
Q: What's the matrix in wood made up of?
A: lignin", '
Q: What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant?
A: support', '
Q: What does wood convey to leaves, roots, and other tissues of a woody plant in addition to water?
A: nutrients']
The Earth contains about 434 billion cubic meters of growing stock forest, 47% of which is commercial. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 1991, approximately 3.5 cubic kilometers of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many cubic meters of growing stock forest are there on the planet?
A: 434 billion', "
Q: What percentage of the Earth's stock forest is commercial?
A: 47%", '
Q: In addition to buildings, what is wood often used to make?
A: furniture', "
Q: About how many cubic kilometers of the vast stock forest's wood were harvested in 1991?
A: 3.5", '
Q: In addition to being carbon neutral, what other adjective describes wood that makes it compelling as a renewable energy source?
A: abundant']
A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick uncovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year were the earliest plants that grew wood discovered?
A: 2011', '
Q: In which Canadian province were the oldest woody plants found?
A: New Brunswick', "
Q: If dendrochronology can't be used, what method would scientists employ to date wood?
A: carbon dating", '
Q: How many millions of years old were the plants that were discovered in New Brunswick?
A: 395 to 400']
People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks, and paper. The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the prevailing climate at that time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has been the primary purpose of wood for millennia other than fuel?
A: construction material', '
Q: What is often made of wood that provides shelter to people?
A: houses', '
Q: For clues about the climate of a place, we can look at variation in isotopic abundances or what other thing?
A: tree-ring widths', '
Q: What could be made out of wood that could be used to fight off attackers?
A: weapons', '
Q: What category of items often constructed from wood does a chair belong to?
A: furniture']
Wood, in the strict sense, is yielded by trees, which increase in diameter by the formation, between the existing wood and the inner bark, of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem, living branches, and roots. This process is known as secondary growth; it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem, and subsequent expansion of the new cells. Where there are clear seasons, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern, leading to growth rings; these can usually be most clearly seen on the end of a log, but are also visible on the other surfaces. If these seasons are annual these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is no seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does wood come from?
A: trees', '
Q: What forms in a tree to increase its diameter?
A: woody layers', '
Q: What is the process of trees growing out to get bigger around called?
A: secondary growth', '
Q: What do many places have four of that would cause growth rings in a tree?
A: seasons', '
Q: If a place has annual seasons, what are the growth rings on the trees there called?
A: annual rings']
If there are differences within a growth ring, then the part of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree, and formed early in the growing season when growth is rapid, is usually composed of wider elements. It is usually lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring, and is known as earlywood or springwood. The outer portion formed later in the season is then known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are major differences, depending on the kind of wood (see below).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: If a growth ring has differences over one season, would the part nearest the tree's center be narrower or wider?
A: wider", '
Q: What name, besides springwood, is used for the part of a growth ring formed in the beginning of the growing season?
A: earlywood', "
Q: If the opposite of springwood is summerwood, what's the opposite of earlywood?
A: latewood", '
Q: Is earlywood usually lighter or darker than the part of the growth ring that forms later in the season?
A: lighter', '
Q: Is summerwood the inner or outer portion of a growth ring?
A: outer']
A knot is a particular type of imperfection in a piece of wood; it will affect the technical properties of the wood, usually reducing the local strength and increasing the tendency for splitting along the wood grain, but may be exploited for visual effect. In a longitudinally sawn plank, a knot will appear as a roughly circular "solid" (usually darker) piece of wood around which the grain of the rest of the wood "flows" (parts and rejoins). Within a knot, the direction of the wood (grain direction) is up to 90 degrees different from the grain direction of the regular wood.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the sort of circular imperfection in a piece of wood called?
A: knot', '
Q: What property of wood does a knot usually reduce in the wood around it?
A: strength', '
Q: In what direction is wood often sawn so that a knot appears as a solid circle that the grain flows around?
A: longitudinally', '
Q: Are knots usually lighter or darker than the surrounding wood?
A: darker', '
Q: The direction of grain in a knot can differ by as much as how many degrees from the regular wood?
A: 90']
In the tree a knot is either the base of a side branch or a dormant bud. A knot (when the base of a side branch) is conical in shape (hence the roughly circular cross-section) with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Other than the base of a side branch, what tree feature causes a knot?
A: a dormant bud', "
Q: What shape is the knot formed by a side branch's base?
A: conical", "
Q: What measurement of a stem determines a knot's inner tip placement?
A: diameter", "
Q: Because a knot's shape is conical, what shape does a cross-section of it have?
A: circular"]
During the development of a tree, the lower limbs often die, but may remain attached for a time, sometimes years. Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb, but are grown around it. Hence, dead branches produce knots which are not attached, and likely to drop out after the tree has been sawn into boards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What will the lower limbs of a tree usually do during development?
A: die', '
Q: For what length of time can a dead lower limb stay attached to a tree?
A: years', '
Q: Rather than being joined to the limb that died, where do subsequent layers grow?
A: around it', '
Q: Are the knots that dead tree limbs form attached or not attached?
A: not attached', '
Q: A detached knot will probably drop out of the wood when someone saws it into what?
A: boards']
In grading lumber and structural timber, knots are classified according to their form, size, soundness, and the firmness with which they are held in place. This firmness is affected by, among other factors, the length of time for which the branch was dead while the attaching stem continued to grow.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the process in which knots are classified called?
A: grading", '
Q: Along with firmness, soundness, and form, what property of a knot is classified?
A: size', '
Q: What property of knots does the amount of time a branch stayed on a tree while the stem kept growing affect?
A: firmness']
Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subject to compression parallel to the grain.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is wood's breaking strength susceptible to? 
A: defects", '
Q: Depending on the placement and size of a knot, what property of structural timber can be affected?
A: stiffness', '
Q: What do stiffness and elastic strength depend on more than defects?
A: sound wood', "
Q: What direction of compression in relation to its grain won't weaken wood with sound knots in it?
A: parallel"]
In some decorative applications, wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest. In applications where wood is painted, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years after manufacture and show as a yellow or brownish stain. A knot primer paint or solution, correctly applied during preparation, may do much to reduce this problem but it is difficult to control completely, especially when using mass-produced kiln-dried timber stocks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What positive visual component can knots sometimes add to decorative pieces?
A: interest', "
Q: What term is used to describe what knots can do to affect the finish of things made from wood even when they've been painted?
A: bleed", '
Q: Is bleed easy or difficult to control?
A: difficult', '
Q: The stain from a knot bleeding is usually brownish or what other color?
A: yellow', '
Q: In what stage of processing does knot primer need to be applied for maximum effectiveness?
A: preparation']
Heartwood (or duramen) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously (it is a genetically programmed process). Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead. Some uncertainty still exists as to whether heartwood is truly dead, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What\'s another word for "duramen"?
A: Heartwood', '
Q: What is heartwood naturally resistant to?
A: decay', '
Q: How does heartwood formation occur due to its being genetically programmed?
A: spontaneously', '
Q: What adjective describes fully formed heartwood?
A: dead', '
Q: Despite being considered dead, what can heartwood have one chemical reaction to?
A: decay organisms']
Heartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants that do not form heartwood, which may lead to confusion.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what part of a tree's cross-section is heartwood visible?
A: growth rings", '
Q: What simple color distinction can heartwood have that makes it stand out from living wood in a tree?
A: darker', '
Q: Along with insect infestation, what process can discolor wood and make it look like heartwood?
A: decay', '
Q: What kind of plants never form heartwood?
A: woody', '
Q: What is the living wood in a tree called?
A: sapwood']
Sapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to conduct water, all xylem tracheids and vessels have lost their cytoplasm and the cells are therefore functionally dead. All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood. The more leaves a tree bears and the more vigorous its growth, the larger the volume of sapwood required. Hence trees making rapid growth in the open have thicker sapwood for their size than trees of the same species growing in dense forests. Sometimes trees (of species that do form heartwood) grown in the open may become of considerable size, 30 cm or more in diameter, before any heartwood begins to form, for example, in second-growth hickory, or open-grown pines.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term is interchangeable with "sapwood"?
A: alburnum', '
Q: Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree?
A: younger', '
Q: What essential liquid is the sapwood tasked with carrying around a tree?
A: water', '
Q: How much of the wood in a tree is sapwood at some point in its life?
A: All', '
Q: Does a tree growing quickly out in the open have thinner or thicker sapwood for its size than the same kind of tree in a dense forest?
A: thicker']
The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change comes slowly. Thin sapwood is characteristic of such species as chestnut, black locust, mulberry, osage-orange, and sassafras, while in maple, ash, hickory, hackberry, beech, and pine, thick sapwood is the rule. Others never form heartwood.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: If a tree starts forming heartwood right away, will its sapwood layer be thin or thick?
A: thin', '
Q: What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name?
A: position', '
Q: Does a beech tree usually have thin or thick sapwood?
A: thick', '
Q: Does a sassafras tree typically have a thin or thick sapwood layer?
A: Thin', '
Q: Would a thin or a thick sapwood layer be found in a pine tree?
A: thick']
No definite relation exists between the annual rings of growth and the amount of sapwood. Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree. If the rings are narrow, more of them are required than where they are wide. As the tree gets larger, the sapwood must necessarily become thinner or increase materially in volume. Sapwood is thicker in the upper portion of the trunk of a tree than near the base, because the age and the diameter of the upper sections are less.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What part of a tree is the cross-sectional area of the sapwood approximately proportional to?
A: crown', "
Q: Are more rings necessary if they're narrow or wide?
A: narrow", "
Q: As a tree grows bigger, if the sapwood layer doesn't increase in volume, what will it become?
A: thinner", '
Q: In what part of the tree trunk is the sapwood layer thinnest?
A: near the base', '
Q: Along with the smaller diameter of the upper trunk, what factor leads to thinner sapwood higher up a tree?
A: age']
When a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth and clear a log is on the outside, it is more or less knotty near the middle. Consequently, the sapwood of an old tree, and particularly of a forest-grown tree, will be freer from knots than the inner heartwood. Since in most uses of wood, knots are defects that weaken the timber and interfere with its ease of working and other properties, it follows that a given piece of sapwood, because of its position in the tree, may well be stronger than a piece of heartwood from the same tree.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What usually covers the whole trunk of a very young tree?
A: limbs', '
Q: What evidence of the stubs of the limbs a tree loses can always be seen in the wood?
A: knots', '
Q: In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood?
A: heartwood', "
Q: What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life?
A: Subsequent growth", '
Q: Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger?
A: sapwood']
It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once started, may penetrate to all parts of the trunk. The larvae of many insects bore into the trees and their tunnels remain indefinitely as sources of weakness. Whatever advantages, however, that sapwood may have in this connection are due solely to its relative age and position.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree?
A: decay', '
Q: Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree?
A: the trunk', '
Q: What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees?
A: larvae', '
Q: What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old?
A: inner heartwood', '
Q: What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever?
A: tunnels']