romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?
A: R-7 rocket']
American concerns that they had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the race to space led quickly to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?
A: 1958"]
A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a pub licensed to sell?
A: it is licensed to sell alcohol', '
Q: In many villages what establishment could be called the focal point of the community?
A: the pub', "
Q: What is the term 'pub' short for?
A: public house", '
Q: Where in the United States are pubs located?
A: New England', '
Q: What continental European country has pubs?
A: Denmark', '
Q: Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?
A: Canada', '
Q: Who said that pubs are the heart of England?
A: Samuel Pepys']
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How far back does the history of pubs go back?
A: to Roman taverns', '
Q: What was the Anglo-Saxon pup called? 
A: alehouse', '
Q: What is a pub tied to in the 19th century?
A: the modern tied house system', '
Q: What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?
A: taverns', '
Q: What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?
A: alehouse', '
Q: In what century did the tied house system develop?
A: 19th century']
Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why were the windows of town pubs made of smoked or frosted glass traditionally?
A: to obscure the clientele from the street', '
Q: What fares do most pubs offer?
A: beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks', '
Q: What are traditional pub windows made out of?
A: smoked or frosted glass', '
Q: What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?
A: clear glass', '
Q: Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?
A: snacks']
The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as?
A: pub landlord', '
Q: What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord?
A: publican', '
Q: Name one way  regulars choose their Pubs?
A: for their proximity to home or work', '
Q: What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?
A: pub landlord', '
Q: What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?
A: publican', '
Q: What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?
A: locals', '
Q: Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?
A: darts', '
Q: What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?
A: pool or snooker']
Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption often referred to as? 
A: jug and bottle', '
Q: In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?
A: 1970s', '
Q: What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?
A: off-sales counter', '
Q: What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?
A: the jug and bottle', '
Q: Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?
A: supermarkets']
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the inhabitants of the British Isles begin drinking ale?
A: the Bronze Age', '
Q: With the Roman road network, what were the first inns called?
A: tabernae', '
Q: How did the alewife let people know that her brew was ready?
A: the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole', '
Q: What did King Edgar decree in 965?
A: there should be no more than one alehouse per village', '
Q: During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?
A: the Bronze Age', '
Q: In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?
A: the 1st Century', '
Q: What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?
A: tabernae', '
Q: In what century did the Romans leave Britain?
A: 5th Century', '
Q: What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?
A: green']
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the early Middle Ages, where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations?
A: in monasteries', '
Q: When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status?
A: 1446', '
Q: What name was taken by the Hostellers in 1514?
A: Worshipful Company of Innholders', '
Q: When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?
A: 1446', '
Q: In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?
A: 1514', '
Q: Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?
A: monasteries', '
Q: What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?
A: pilgrimages']
Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is an inn typically located?
A: in the country or along a highway', '
Q: In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn?
A: community gathering places', '
Q: How old are some of the inns in Europe?
A: several centuries', '
Q: Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?
A: food and drink', '
Q: What road is an inn often located near?
A: highway', '
Q: How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?
A: two', '
Q: About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?
A: several centuries', '
Q: What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?
A: community gathering places']
In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?
A: accommodation', "
Q: In what nation's pubs is food often served?
A: the UK", '
Q: Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?
A: The George', '
Q: In what country is "The Welcome Inn" frequently used as a name for pubs?
A: Scotland', "
Q: Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?
A: horses"]
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?
A: lodging', '
Q: What is the main provision that pubs offer?
A: alcohol', '
Q: What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?
A: food and drink', '
Q: What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?
A: Holiday Inn', '
Q: In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?
A: innkeepers']
The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?
A: Inns of Court', '
Q: In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?
A: London', '
Q: Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?
A: Wales']
Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?
A: fermented malt', '
Q: What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?
A: the Netherlands', '
Q: In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?
A: 15th', '
Q: In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?
A: 17th', '
Q: What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?
A: commercial breweries']
The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?
A: the Glorious Revolution', '
Q: What people introduced gin to England?
A: the Dutch', '
Q: In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?
A: 1688', '
Q: How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?
A: six times', '
Q: In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?
A: half']
The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?
A: William Hogarth', '
Q: What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?
A: The Gin Act 1736', '
Q: When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? 
A: 1742', '
Q: What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?
A: The Gin Act 1751']
By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?
A: 19th', '
Q: What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?
A: Sketches by Boz', '
Q: Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?
A: 1835–1836', '
Q: What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?
A: "Gin Palaces"', '
Q: In what British city did gin houses first appear?
A: London']
Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What law allowed the existence of beer houses?
A: Beer Act of 1830', '
Q: In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?
A: low alcohol content', '
Q: What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?
A: gin', '
Q: What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?
A: reducing public drunkenness']
Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?
A: £168', '
Q: What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?
A: beer or cider', '
Q: On what day were beer houses closed?
A: Sundays', '
Q: Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?
A: jugs', '
Q: What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?
A: spirits and fortified wines']
In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act?
A: 400', '
Q: How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?
A: 46,000', '
Q: In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?
A: 1869']
Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license?
A: pubs', '
Q: By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?
A: 19th', '
Q: Where are purpose-built pubs typically located?
A: corners or road junctions', '
Q: What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?
A: real ale micro-brewers']
The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?
A: The Red Lion', "
Q: What is an example of a name for a beer house?
A: Smith's Beer House"]
There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?
A: ale', '
Q: In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?
A: 17th', '
Q: What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?
A: the crown']
From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited?
A: 19th', '
Q: In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened?
A: 1960s', '
Q: What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?
A: Local Authorities']
The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even "Occasional Licences" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer?
A: Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869', '
Q: At what locations were public house licenses granted?
A: special Licensing Sessions courts', '
Q: Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs?
A: ex-servicemen or ex-policemen', '
Q: What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?
A: Occasional Licences']