romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did the government want raised as white?
A: "half-caste" individuals', '
Q: What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?
A: Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"', '
Q: What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?
A: speaking their native language and practising traditional customs', '
Q: What was this process referred to?
A: the Stolen Generation']
The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people. In a 1967 referendum over 90% of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census. During this period many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term "black" and use their ancestry as a source of pride. Activist Bob Maza said:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve?
A: The second half of the 20th century', '
Q: What year was constitutional discrimination ended?
A: 1967', '
Q: What else was included in the 1967 referendum?
A: to include Aborigines in the national census.', '
Q: What term was embraced during this period?
A: "black"', '
Q: Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?
A: Activist Bob Maza']
In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography. In contrast to previous definitions based solely on the degree of Aboriginal ancestry, in 1990 the Government changed the legal definition of Aboriginal to include any:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wrote "Living Black?
A: Kevin Gilbert', '
Q: What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts?
A: 1978', "
Q: What was Living Black about?
A: a collection of Aboriginal people's stories", '
Q: What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998?
A: the Human Rights Award for Literature', '
Q: What was the award in 1998 for?
A: Inside Black Australia']
This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies. In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the improvements in quality of life increase?
A: people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander', '
Q: What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?
A: resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,', '
Q: In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?
A: 2012', "
Q: What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?
A: Anthony Mundine", '
Q: Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?
A: Andrew Bolt']
In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term "black" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who described slaves as negars?
A: John Rolfe', '
Q: Where was John Rolfe?
A: Colonial America', '
Q: Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?
A: Virginia colony', '
Q: What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?
A: "Begraafplaats van de Neger"', '
Q: What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?
A: Cemetery of the Negro']
By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?
A: By the 1900s', '
Q: What term replaced negro as mainstream?
A: colored', '
Q: What term followed "negro" and "colored"?
A: "black"', '
Q: What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric? 
A: the African-American Civil rights movement', '
Q: Who led the Civil Rights movement?
A: Reverend Martin Luther King']
In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique. A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group.[citation needed] By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did black people identify in early America?
A: by their specific ethnic group', '
Q: What was not acknowledged by English colonists?
A: individual ethnic affiliations', '
Q: How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?
A: West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast', '
Q: How was the new African American identity defined?
A: This new identity was based on provenance and slave status', '
Q: Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?
A: French and Spanish colonists']
The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. Relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness", and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to?
A: the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors', '
Q: In the United States the term "black people" is an indicator for?
A: socially based racial classification related to being African American,', '
Q: Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?
A: a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.', '
Q: How are people defined as "black" or "white"?
A: they fulfill the social criteria']
By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did the use of "African" become an issue?
A: the majority of black people in the United States were native-born', '
Q: Why did blacks fear to identify as African?
A: would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.', '
Q: What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?
A: 1835,', '
Q: What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?
A: the African Methodist Episcopal Church', '
Q: What terms did African Americans use instead?
A: "Negro" or "colored"']
In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had parallel status. However, controversy continues over which if any of the two terms is more appropriate. Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin.[citation needed] Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, although Black Americans helped found the United States. Still others believe that the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones. Some surveys suggest that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "Black", although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African American" in more formal settings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who argued for Americans to use the term "African American"?
A: Jesse Jackson', '
Q: What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?
A: 1988', '
Q: Why did Jackson want this term to be used?
A: it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants', '
Q: Who also argued for the term "African American"?
A: African-American', '
Q: Why did some argue that "black" was the better term?
A: because "African" suggests foreignness']
The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?
A: having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa', '
Q: What classification are given?
A: socio-political constructs', '
Q: What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?
A: 17–18%', '
Q: What is the Census definition not based on?
A: scientific or anthropological']
From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the "one-drop" rule do?
A: classify as black a person of any known African ancestry', '
Q: When was the "one-drop" rule put into place?
A: early 20th century.', '
Q: When was racial definition more flexible?
A: 18th and 19th centuries', '
Q: What war changed the way the United States looked at race?
A: the American Civil War', '
Q: When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?
A: 1662']
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is blackness described in the US?
A: the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.', '
Q: What defines "blackness"?
A: political orientation, culture and behavior', '
Q: What is the opposite of "blackness"?
A: "acting white"', '
Q: How does one "act white"?
A: black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans', '
Q: In what regards can one "act white"?
A: with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,']
Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, "Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same." Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who described Bill Clinton as "Black"?
A: Toni Morrison', '
Q: Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?
A: Christopher Hitchens', '
Q: Who is Toni Morrison?
A: Nobel Prize-winning novelist', '
Q: Why were people offended by this comment?
A: Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain', "
Q: What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?
A: Rwandan Genocide"]
In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to escape. The story of him and his descendants is that of multi-racial America since it appeared he and his sons married or had unions with white women, likely indentured servants and working-class like them. Their multi-racial children were free because they were born to free English women. Over time, Obama's line of the Bunch family (as they became known) were property owners and continued to "marry white"; they became part of white society, likely by the early to mid-18th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?
A: John Punch', '
Q: Who is John Punch?
A: the first African slave in the Virginia colony', '
Q: When was Punch indentured?
A: 1640', '
Q: Why was he indentured for life?
A: trying to escape', '
Q: Why were his children free?
A: they were born to free English women']
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 million, the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1.59 million Africans, and the French Caribbean with 1.32 million. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million in South America and the Caribbean. In addition to skin color, other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture are often variously used in classifying peoples as black in South America and the Caribbean. In South America and the Caribbean, classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables, especially in light of social conceptions of "blanqueamiento" (racial whitening) and related concepts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?
A: 12 million', '
Q: How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?
A: 11.5 million', '
Q: How many slaves were imported by Brazil?
A: 5.5 million', '
Q: How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?
A: 2.76 million', '
Q: How is black identified in South America?
A: closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,']
The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are people in Brazil classified?
A: by appearance', '
Q: What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?
A: Brazil', '
Q: How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?
A: based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color', '
Q: How are people evaluated in Brazil?
A: like the colors of the spectrum']
Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree, arguing that "whitening" of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, a large part of the population known as pardo, but a person perceived as preto (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?
A: lighter skin', '
Q: What are poor whites considered in Brazil?
A: black', '
Q: What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?
A: white', '
Q: What does Preto mean?
A: (black)']
From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government and later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws. As in other Latin countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward. In addition, people of mixed race (pardo) often tended to marry white, and their descendants became accepted as white. As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6.2% identified as black, and 39.5% identified as pardo (brown) — a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?
A: estimated 3.5 million', '
Q: How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?
A: more than half', '
Q: Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?
A: Afro-descendants', '
Q: What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?
A: segregation laws', '
Q: What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?
A: intermarriage']