romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
FBI Directors are appointed by the President of the United States. They must be confirmed by the United States Senate and serve a term of office of five years, with a maximum of ten years, if reappointed, unless they resign or are fired by the President before their term ends. J. Edgar Hoover, appointed by Calvin Coolidge in 1924, was by far the longest-serving director, serving until his death in 1972. In 1968, Congress passed legislation as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Pub.L. 90–351, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 197 that specified a 10-year limit, a maximum of two 5-year terms, for future FBI Directors, as well as requiring Senate confirmation of appointees. As the incumbent, this legislation did not apply to Hoover, only to his successors. The current FBI Director is James B. Comey, who was appointed in 2013 by Barack Obama.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who appoints FBI directors?
A: President of the United States', '
Q: What legislative body confirms FBI directors?
A: United States Senate', '
Q: How long is the term of a FBI director?
A: five years', '
Q: What made Hoover stop serving as the FBI Director?
A: his death', '
Q: Who is the current FBI director?
A: James B. Comey']
The FBI has been frequently depicted in popular media since the 1930s. The bureau has participated to varying degrees, which has ranged from direct involvement in the creative process of film or TV series development, to providing consultation on operations and closed cases. A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the 1993-2002 series The X-Files, which concerned investigations into paranormal phenomena by five fictional Special Agents and the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU) agency in the TV drama 24, which is patterned after the FBI Counterterrorism Division. The 1991 movie Point Break is based on the true story of an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated a gang of bank robbers. The 1997 movie Donnie Brasco is based on the true story of undercover FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone infiltrating the Mafia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the FBI first appear in popular media?
A: 1930s', '
Q: What notable TV show was concerned with FBI investigations of the paranormal?
A: X-Files', '
Q: What is the TV drama 24 designed on?
A: FBI Counterterrorism Division', '
Q: Who is the movie Point Break Based on?
A: undercover FBI agent', '
Q: Who is the movie Donnie Brasco based on?
A: Joseph D. Pistone']
During the period from 1993 to 2011, FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases, in none of the 5 cases were people wounded. Samuel Walker, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha said the number of shots found to be unjustified was "suspiciously low." In the same time period, the FBI wounded 150 people, 70 of whom died; the FBI found all 150 shootings to be justified. Likewise, during the period from 2011 to the present, all shootings by FBI agents have been found to be justified by internal investigation. In a 2002 case in Maryland, an innocent man was shot, and later paid $1.3 million by the FBI after agents mistook him for a bank robber; the internal investigation found that the shooting was justified, based on the man's actions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many times did FBI agents first their weapons from 1993 to 2011?
A: 289', '
Q: How many times were FBI shots not justified?
A: 5 cases', '
Q: How many people were wounded in the cases where FBI shooting was not justified?
A: none', '
Q: How did Samuel Walker describe the number of unjustified shots fired?
A: suspiciously low', "
Q: On what was the shooting of an innocent Maryland man deemed justified?
A: the man's actions"]
In 2005, fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005 in what some charged was an assassination.[citation needed] Puerto Rico Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá criticized the FBI assault as "improper" and "highly irregular" and demanded to know why his government was not informed of it. The FBI refused to release information beyond the official press release, citing security and agent privacy issues. The Puerto Rico Justice Department filed suit in federal court against the FBI and the US Attorney General, demanding information crucial to the Commonwealth's own investigation of the incident. The case was dismissed by the U.S Supreme Court. Ojeda Rios' funeral was attended by a long list of dignitaries, including the highest authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico, Archbishop Roberto Octavio González Nieves, ex-Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, and numerous other personalities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Puerto Rican Nationalist Filiberto Ojeda Ríos die?
A: 2005', '
Q: Who killed Filiberto Ojeda Ríos?
A: FBI agents', "
Q: How did some people describe Filiberto Ojeda Ríos's death?
A: assassination", '
Q: How did the FBI respond to requests to release information beyond the initial press release?
A: The FBI refused', "
Q: What US court dismissed the Puerto Rican case for information crucial to their own investigation of Filiberto Ojeda Ríos's killing?
A: Supreme Court"]
A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of multiple transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment, as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Adolescene is viewed as what?
A: a transitional period between childhood and adulthood', '
Q: A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on what?
A: information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology.', '
Q: What is the purpose of adolescence?
A: preparation of children for adult roles.', '
Q: What is the cultural purpose of adolescence?
A: preparation of children for adult roles', '
Q: What is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood viewed as?
A: adolescence', '
Q: Is adolescence a period of one transition or multiple transitions?
A: multiple transitions', '
Q: What transitions occur during puberty in addition to living circumstances?
A: education, training, employment and unemployment']
Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction to occur. The male and female gonads are subsequently activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence the mass production of the necessary chemicals. The testes primarily release testosterone, and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met. Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones, tissue responsiveness or obesity.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Puberty causes what to happen in boys?
A: a deeper voice and larger adam's apple", '
Q: What releases testosterone?
A: The testes', '
Q: What releases estrogen?
A: the ovaries', '
Q: What causes gynecomastia?
A: obesity.', '
Q: What causes puberty? 
A: a surge in hormone production', '
Q: A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life?
A: Puberty', '
Q: Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream?
A: pituitary', '
Q: Which part of the body releases testosterone in males?
A: testes', '
Q: Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females?
A: ovaries', '
Q: An imbalance in sex hormones, tissue responsiveness, or obesity can cause what in boys?
A: gynecomastia']
Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop "larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure, a lower resting heart rate, a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood, a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise, higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How do a person's heart and lungs change during puberty?
A: increase in both size and capacity", '
Q: Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body?
A: increased strength and tolerance for exercise', '
Q: Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs?
A: males', '
Q: Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other?
A: males', "
Q: Which body system are a person's lungs a major proponent of?
A: respiratory"]
The human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence. However, the creases in the brain continue to become more complex until the late teens. The biggest changes in the folds of the brain during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive and emotional information.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty?
A: not", '
Q: The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information?
A: cognitive and emotional', '
Q: The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age?
A: six', '
Q: What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens?
A: creases', '
Q: The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old?
A: 90%']
Serotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in the limbic system make adolescents more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stress. The corresponding increase in emotional variability also can increase adolescents' vulnerability. The effect of serotonin is not limited to the limbic system: Several serotonin receptors have their gene expression change dramatically during adolescence, particularly in the human frontal and prefrontal cortex .

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which neuromodulator is involved in regulation of mood and behavior?
A: Serotonin', '
Q: Are the effects of serotonin limited to the limbic system?
A: not', '
Q: Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is involved in regulation of what?
A: mood and behavior', '
Q: Which system in the brain determines rewards and punishments, emotional experiences, and social information?
A: limbic', '
Q: Which two neurotransmitters cause adolescents to be more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stresses?
A: dopamine and serotonin']
Adolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking. This provides the ability to plan ahead, see the future consequences of an action and to provide alternative explanations of events. It also makes adolescents more skilled debaters, as they can reason against a friend's or parent's assumptions. Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking?
A: hypothetical', '
Q: Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events?
A: children', '
Q: What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters?
A: hypothetical', '
Q: Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties?
A: probability']
The timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends. They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in becoming hand-picked for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a good body image, are more confident, secure, and more independent. Late maturing boys can be less confident because of poor body image when comparing themselves to already developed friends and peers. However, early puberty is not always positive for boys; early sexual maturation in boys can be accompanied by increased aggressiveness due to the surge of hormones that affect them. Because they appear older than their peers, pubescent boys may face increased social pressure to conform to adult norms; society may view them as more emotionally advanced, despite the fact that their cognitive and social development may lag behind their appearance. Studies have shown that early maturing boys are more likely to be sexually active and are more likely to participate in risky behaviors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Are sexual actvity and risky behaviors more likely in boys that mature early or later?
A: early', '
Q: Increased aggresiveness and early sexual maturation in adolescent boys are due to a surge of what?
A: hormones', '
Q: Are early or late maturing boys generally taller and stronger than their friends?
A: Early', '
Q: What is one reason a late maturing boy may be less confident when comparing himself to others?
A: poor body image']
Wisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is not the same as intelligence: adolescents do not improve substantially on IQ tests since their scores are relative to others in their same age group, and relative standing usually does not change—everyone matures at approximately the same rate in this way.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is wisdom defined?
A: capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience', '
Q: Wisdom increases between age fourteen and what?
A: twenty-five', '
Q: Is wisdom the same thing as intelligence?
A: not', '
Q: Do adolescents perform significantly better on IQ tests than other age groups?
A: not', '
Q: What word is defined as the capacity for insight and judgement that is developed through experience?
A: Wisdom']
In studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation for adult roles. Major pubertal and biological changes include changes to the sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass, as well as major changes in brain structure and organization. Cognitive advances encompass both increases in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. The study of adolescent development often involves interdisciplinary collaborations. For example, researchers in neuroscience or bio-behavioral health might focus on pubertal changes in brain structure and its effects on cognition or social relations. Sociologists interested in adolescence might focus on the acquisition of social roles (e.g., worker or romantic partner) and how this varies across cultures or social conditions. Developmental psychologists might focus on changes in relations with parents and peers as a function of school structure and pubertal status.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is adolescence defined biologically?
A: the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth', '
Q: How is adolescence defined cognitively?
A: changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally', '
Q: How is adolescence defined socially?
A: a period of preparation for adult roles', '
Q: Changes to sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass are examples of which type of change?
A: biological', '
Q: Increases in knowledge and the ability to think abstractly are examples of which kind of change?
A: Cognitive']
Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories based on pathological personalities. The studies looked at human development during the Great Depression and World War II, unique historical circumstances under which a generation of children grew up. The Oakland Growth Study, initiated by Harold Jones and Herbert Stolz in 1931, aimed to study the physical, intellectual, and social development of children in the Oakland area. Data collection began in 1932 and continued until 1981, allowing the researchers to gather longitudinal data on the individuals that extended past adolescence into adulthood. Jean Macfarlane launched the Berkeley Guidance Study, which examined the development of children in terms of their socioeconomic and family backgrounds. These studies provided the background for Glen Elder in the 1960s, to propose a life-course perspective of adolescent development. Elder formulated several descriptive principles of adolescent development. The principle of historical time and place states that an individual's development is shaped by the period and location in which they grow up. The principle of the importance of timing in one's life refers to the different impact that life events have on development based on when in one's life they occur. The idea of linked lives states that one's development is shaped by the interconnected network of relationships of which one is a part; and the principle of human agency asserts that one's life course is constructed via the choices and actions of an individual within the context of their historical period and social network.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institude of Human Development?
A: Jean Macfarlane", "
Q: What year was the University of California, Berkeley's Instutute of Human Development founded?
A: 1927", "
Q: What was the Univerity of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development formerly called?
A: Institute of Child Welfare", '
Q: What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated?
A: 1931', '
Q: What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected?
A: 1981']
The major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute as well. Regardless of genes, a girl must have a certain proportion of body fat to attain menarche. Consequently, girls who have a high-fat diet and who are not physically active begin menstruating earlier, on average, than girls whose diet contains less fat and whose activities involve fat reducing exercise (e.g. ballet and gymnastics). Girls who experience malnutrition or are in societies in which children are expected to perform physical labor also begin menstruating at later ages.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is a male's major landmark of puberty?
A: first ejaculation", "
Q: At what average age does a male's first ejaculation occur?
A: 13", "
Q: What is a female's major landmark of puberty?
A: menstruation", '
Q: Besides heredity, what other factors contribute to when menustration begins?
A: diet and lifestyle', '
Q: Do girls who are malnourished start menustrating earlier or later than those with high-fat diets?
A: later']
Adolescents can conceptualize multiple "possible selves" that they could become and long-term possibilities and consequences of their choices. Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors, trying to guide the actual self toward the ideal self (who the adolescent wishes to be) and away from the feared self (who the adolescent does not want to be). For many, these distinctions are uncomfortable, but they also appear to motivate achievement through behavior consistent with the ideal and distinct from the feared possible selves.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How can the ideal self be described in terms of the adolescent?
A: who the adolescent wishes to be', '
Q: How can the feared self be described in terms of the adolescent?
A: who the adolescent does not want to be', '
Q: Do adolescents demonstrate intended behavior moving towards the ideal or feared self?
A: ideal']
In females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile until several years after menarche, as regular ovulation follows menarche by about two years. Unlike males, therefore, females usually appear physically mature before they are capable of becoming pregnant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term is the beginning of menstruation given?
A: Menarche', '
Q: How many years does regular ovulation follow menarche?
A: two years', '
Q: What are two areas of the reproductive system that experience growth in females during puberty?
A: uterus, vagina', '
Q: Do males or females appear physically mature before they are capable of reproduction?
A: females']
Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge and develop. The first ejaculation of seminal fluid generally occurs about one year after the beginning of accelerated penis growth, although this is often determined culturally rather than biologically, since for many boys first ejaculation occurs as a result of masturbation. Boys are generally fertile before they have an adult appearance.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What activity often results in a boy's first ejaculation?
A: masturbation", '
Q: What are primary sex characteristics?
A: those directly related to the sex organs', '
Q: What does the first stage of puberty involve for males?
A: growth of the testes and scrotum', '
Q: After growth of the testes and scrotum, while male body part experiences growth next?
A: penis', '
Q: Which male body parts enlarge and develop at the same time as the penis?
A: seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland']