romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The nationalist parties, in turn, demanded devolution to their respective constituent countries in return for their supporting the government. When referendums for Scottish and Welsh devolution were held in March 1979 Welsh devolution was rejected outright while the Scottish referendum returned a narrow majority in favour without reaching the required threshold of 40% support. When the Labour government duly refused to push ahead with setting up the proposed Scottish Assembly, the SNP withdrew its support for the government: this finally brought the government down as it triggered a vote of confidence in Callaghan's government that was lost by a single vote on 28 March 1979, necessitating a general election.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Scottish and Welsh devolution rejected?
A: 1979', '
Q: How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979?
A: a single vote']
Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead. However he decided to extend his wage restraint policy for another year hoping that the economy would be in a better shape for a 1979 election. But during the winter of 1978–79 there were widespread strikes among lorry drivers, railway workers, car workers and local government and hospital workers in favour of higher pay-rises that caused significant disruption to everyday life. These events came to be dubbed the "Winter of Discontent".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead?
A: 1978', '
Q: Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979?
A: lorry drivers', '
Q: Why were they striking?
A: higher pay', '
Q: What was this strike called?
A: Winter of Discontent']
After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn, and the right represented by Denis Healey. The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980, and the leftist policies he espoused, such as unilateral nuclear disarmament, leaving the European Economic Community (EEC) and NATO, closer governmental influence in the banking system, the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party (Shirley Williams, William Rodgers, Roy Jenkins and David Owen) forming the Social Democratic Party. Benn was only narrowly defeated by Healey in a bitterly fought deputy leadership election in 1981 after the introduction of an electoral college intended to widen the voting franchise to elect the leader and their deputy. By 1982, the National Executive Committee had concluded that the entryist Militant tendency group were in contravention of the party's constitution. The Militant newspaper's five member editorial board were expelled on 22 February 1983.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Labout party defeated?
A: 1979', '
Q: What year was Michael Foot elected as leader?
A: 1980', '
Q: What did four members of the Labour Party leave to creat?
A: Social Democratic Party', '
Q: Why was the electoral college introduced?
A: widen the voting franchise']
Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock, with Roy Hattersley as his deputy. The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies. The miners strike of 1984–85 over coal mine closures, for which miners' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed, and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party, and negative coverage in most of the press. Tabloid vilification of the so-called loony left continued to taint the parliamentary party by association from the activities of 'extra-parliamentary' militants in local government.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was Foot replaced by?
A: Neil Kinnock', '
Q: Who was Neil Knnocks deputy?
A: Roy Hattersley', '
Q: What years were the miners strike?
A: 1984–85', "
Q: What was the name of the miner's leader that was blamed for the strike?
A: Arthur Scargill"]
In the 2010 general election on 6 May that year, Labour with 29.0% of the vote won the second largest number of seats (258). The Conservatives with 36.5% of the vote won the largest number of seats (307), but no party had an overall majority, meaning that Labour could still remain in power if they managed to form a coalition with at least one smaller party. However, the Labour Party would have had to form a coalition with more than one other smaller party to gain an overall majority; anything less would result in a minority government. On 10 May 2010, after talks to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats broke down, Brown announced his intention to stand down as Leader before the Labour Party Conference but a day later resigned as both Prime Minister and party leader.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many seats did Labour win in 2010?
A: 258', '
Q: How many seats did the Conservatives win?
A: 307', '
Q: WHen did Brown announce his intention to stand down?
A: 10 May 2010']
Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a "cash for peerages" scandal under Blair resulted in the drying up of many major sources of donations. Declining party membership, partially due to the reduction of activists' influence upon policy-making under the reforms of Neil Kinnock and Blair, also contributed to financial problems. Between January and March 2008, the Labour Party received just over £3 million in donations and were £17 million in debt; compared to the Conservatives' £6 million in donations and £12 million in debt.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much in contributions did the Labour party get from January to Marrch 2008?
A: £3 million', '
Q: How far was the party in debt for the same time period?
A: £17 million', '
Q: How far was the Conservative party in debt?
A: £12 million']
Labour improved its performance in 1987, gaining 20 seats and so reducing the Conservative majority from 143 to 102. They were now firmly re-established as the second political party in Britain as the Alliance had once again failed to make a breakthrough with seats. A merger of the SDP and Liberals formed the Liberal Democrats. Following the 1987 election, the National Executive Committee resumed disciplinary action against members of Militant, who remained in the party, leading to further expulsions of their activists and the two MPs who supported the group.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?
A: 20', '
Q: What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called?
A: Liberal Democrats', '
Q: Who did the NEC expel 
A: activists and the two MPs who supported the group.']
The "yo yo" in the opinion polls continued into 1992, though after November 1990 any Labour lead in the polls was rarely sufficient for a majority. Major resisted Kinnock's calls for a general election throughout 1991. Kinnock campaigned on the theme "It's Time for a Change", urging voters to elect a new government after more than a decade of unbroken Conservative rule. However, the Conservatives themselves had undergone a dramatic change in the change of leader from Thatcher to Major, at least in terms of style if not substance. From the outset, it was clearly a well-received change, as Labour's 14-point lead in the November 1990 "Poll of Polls" was replaced by an 8% Tory lead a month later.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did Kinnock call for a general election?
A: 1991', '
Q: What was Kinnocks party theme?
A: "It\'s Time for a Change"', '
Q: What was the original Tory lead percentage?
A: 14', '
Q: What did the percentage fall to?
A: 8%']
Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith. Smith's leadership once again saw the re-emergence of tension between those on the party's left and those identified as "modernisers", both of whom advocated radical revisions of the party's stance albeit in different ways. At the 1993 conference, Smith successfully changed the party rules and lessened the influence of the trade unions on the selection of candidates to stand for Parliament by introducing a one member, one vote system called "OMOV" — but only barely, after a barnstorming speech by John Prescott which required Smith to compromise on other individual negotiations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who replaced Kinnock?
A: John Smith', "
Q: When did Smith change the party's rules?
A: 1993", '
Q: What does OMOV stand for?
A: one member, one vote']
The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters, and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls. Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sustained economic growth followed, coupled with a relatively swift fall in unemployment, the Labour lead in the opinion polls remained strong. However, Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: WHen was Black Wednesday?
A: September 1992', '
Q: What was Black Wednesday?
A: economic disaster', '
Q: When was the recession declared over?
A: April 1993', '
Q: When did Smith die?
A: May 1994', '
Q: What did Smith die of?
A: a heart attack']
"New Labour" was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock. "New Labour" as a name has no official status, but remains in common use to distinguish modernisers from those holding to more traditional positions, normally referred to as "Old Labour".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the other name for the Labout Party?
A: "New Labour"', '
Q: When was this branding first used?
A: 1994', '
Q: When did Labour publish a new draft manifesto?
A: 1996', '
Q: What was this manifesto called?
A: New Labour, New Life For Britain']
A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Tony Blair side with?
A: President George W. Bush', '
Q: Why did Blair side with Bush?
A: the Iraq War', '
Q: Who has an active Iraq War inquiry?
A: Sir John Chilcot', '
Q: Was the idea of the Iraq War popular or unpopular in Western countries?
A: deeply unpopular']
Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor, Gordon Brown. Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot. During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor. Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Blair announce he was quitting?
A: September 2006', '
Q: When were the next elections?
A: May 2007', '
Q: Who did Labour lose power in the election to?
A: Scottish National Party', '
Q: Who was Blair replaced by?
A: his Chancellor, Gordon Brown', '
Q: What was the party membership at the end of 2009?
A: 156,205']
Estonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 (17,505 sq mi) of land, and is influenced by a humid continental climate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the official name for Estonia?
A: the Republic of Estonia', '
Q: Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe?
A: the Baltic region', '
Q: What borders the north of Estonia?
A: the Gulf of Finland', '
Q: What body of water borders Estonia on the west?
A: the Baltic Sea', '
Q: What country borders south Estonia?
A: Latvia']
After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, Estonia was then occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then Nazi Germany a year later and again in 1944 establishing the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian SSR issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration to defy against the illegal Soviet rule. Estonia then restored its independence during the 1991 coup by the Soviets on the night of 20 August 1991.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Estonia start hoping for freedom?
A: the period of national awakening', '
Q: Who was in control during the national awakening?
A: the Russian Empire', "
Q: Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country's history?
A: Danish, Swedish and German rule", '
Q: What year was the Republic of Estonia established?
A: 1918', '
Q: What war ended as Estonia was born?
A: World War I']
A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is a part of the World Trade Organization and the Nordic Investment Bank. Estonia is often described as one of the most internet-focused countries in Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?
A: high-income economy and high living standards', '
Q: What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?
A: the Human Development Index', '
Q: What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education?
A: Estonia', '
Q: What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?
A: 2012', '
Q: What financial institution is associated with Estonia?
A: the Nordic Investment Bank']
In the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The king or other highest administrative official elder directed the defense of the local area. By the thirteenth century Estonia consisted of the following provinces: Revala, Harjumaa, Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Läänemaa, Alempois, Sakala, Ugandi, Jogentagana, Soopoolitse, Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Järvamaa and Virumaa.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia?
A: first centuries AD', '
Q: What subdivision was associated with the province?
A: kihelkond', '
Q: What subdivision was associated with the land?
A: maakond', '
Q: What type of structure did most provinces have?
A: fortress', '
Q: Who commanded the defense of an area?
A: The king or other highest administrative official elder']
The Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The Oeselians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as Víkingr frá Esthland (Estonian Vikings). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Latvia in his Latin chronicles written at the beginning of the 13th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa?
A: The Oeselians', '
Q: Where is Saaremaa located?
A: the Baltic Sea', "
Q: Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians?
A: Ptolemy's Geography III", '
Q: Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships?
A: Henry of Latvia']
Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a center of commerce in the 13th century and the rise of Uppsala, Visby, Kalmar and Stockholm. The Livonian Chronicle describes the Oeselians as using two kinds of ships, the piratica and the liburna. The former was a warship, the latter mainly a merchant ship. A piratica could carry approximately 30 men and had a high prow shaped like a dragon or a snakehead and a rectangular sail. Viking-age treasures from Estonia mostly contain silver coins and bars. Saaremaa has the richest finds of Viking treasures after Gotland in Sweden. This strongly suggests that Estonia was an important transit country during the Viking era.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?
A: 1187', '
Q: Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?
A: the Swedish town of Sigtuna', '
Q: What important figure was killed in the raid?
A: Swedish archbishop Johannes', '
Q: What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates?
A: the piratica and the liburna', '
Q: What type of ship was the liburna?
A: merchant ship']
The superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as "Taara, help!"/"Thor, help!" (Taara a(v)ita in Estonian) or "Taara keeper"/"Thor keeper" (Taara pidaja) Taara is associated with the Scandinavian god Thor. The story of Tharapita's or Taara's flight from Vironia to Saaremaa has been associated with a major meteor disaster estimated to have happened in 660 ± 85 BC that formed Kaali crater in Saaremaa.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What god did the Oeselians worship?
A: Tharapita', '
Q: Who described Tharapita?
A: Henry of Latvia', '
Q: Where was Tharapita born in his legend story?
A: on a forested mountain in Virumaa', '
Q: What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita?
A: Thor', '
Q: What event formed a crater in Saaremaa?
A: meteor disaster']
The capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugdømmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital "Tallinn", which according to legend derives from Taani linna (meaning Danish town or castle). Reval was granted Lübeck city rights (1248) and joined the Hanseatic League. Even today, Danish influence can be seen in heraldic symbols. The Danish cross is on the city of Tallinn's coat of arms, and Estonia's coat of arms displays three lions similar to those found on the Danish coat of arms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the capital of Danish Estonia?
A: Reval', '
Q: What event preceded the founding of the capital?
A: the invasion of 1219', '
Q: What structure was built at Toompea Hill?
A: the fortress of Castrum Danorum', '
Q: What year was Reval granted with Lübeck city rights?
A: 1248']
On St. George's Night (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian crusade, and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion. After initial success the revolt was ended by the invasion of the Teutonic Order. In 1346 the Duchy of Estonia was sold for 19,000 Köln marks to the Teutonic Order by the King of Denmark. The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the State of the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the date of St. George's Night?
A: 23 April 1343", "
Q: When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers?
A: St. George's Night", '
Q: What belief system did the native Estonians try to remove? 
A: the non-indigenous Christian religion', '
Q: What event ended the uprising?
A: the invasion of the Teutonic Order.', '
Q: What date did sovereignty shift from the state of Denmark?
A: 1 November 1346']
From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Terra Mariana established?
A: 2 February 1207', '
Q: Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?
A: Livonian Brothers of the Sword', '
Q: What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?
A: 1237', '
Q: What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?
A: 1346', '
Q: Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?
A: German rule']
After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558–82). The wars had reduced the Estonian population from about 250–300,000 people before the Livonian War to 120–140,000 in the 1620s. The Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia also attempted invasions in 1481 and 1558, both of which were unsuccessful .

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?
A: 1410', '
Q: What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?
A: the Battle of Grunwald', '
Q: Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta?
A: the Livonian Order', '
Q: What is date of the Battle of Swienta?
A: 1 September 1435', '
Q: When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?
A: 4 December 1435']