romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (founded by Gifford Pinchot in 1900), the Yale School of Public Health (1915), the Yale School of Nursing (1923), the Yale School of Drama (1955), the Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and the Yale School of Management (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Yale School of Medicine established?
A: 1810', '
Q: When was Yale Divinity School established?
A: 1822', '
Q: When was Yale Law School created?
A: 1843', '
Q: When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?
A: (1847', '
Q: When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?
A: 1847']
Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Many of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians since have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative. He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Noah Porter president of Yale?
A: 1871 to 1886', '
Q: What idea did Noah Porter strike down?
A: new research university', '
Q: What did many historians think of Noah Porter?
A: simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition', "
Q: What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?
A: an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education", "
Q: What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?
A: Expansion"]
Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially ones connected with the Rockefellers, contributed about $7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology. The money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to "improve mankind" under an informal, loosely defined human engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes, tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to control, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual behavior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human development and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much did  philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?
A: about $7 million', '
Q: What was the $7 million used for?
A: behavioral science research', '
Q: What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?
A: chimpanzee', '
Q: Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?
A: President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes', '
Q: What was the goal of the behavioral research?
A: improve mankind']
Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both graduate students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?
A: Harrison's group", "
Q: Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?
A: Pickford's and Hutchinson's", "
Q: What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?
A: departmental or institutional position or power", "
Q: What information did Hutchinson's model provide?
A: new models for research groups are needed", "
Q: What did Hutchinson's group research?
A: diverse areas of ecology"]
Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a few years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?
A: Milton Winternitz', "
Q: What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?
A: social medicine", '
Q: What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?
A: Yale System', '
Q: What is the Yale System?
A: few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system', '
Q: What programs did Milton Winternitz create?
A: graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department']
The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire William Robertson Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first professor for the American studies program?
A: Norman Holmes Pearson', '
Q: Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?
A: Office of Strategic Studies in London', '
Q: What did the American studies program hope to instruct?
A: fundamentals of American civilization', '
Q: Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?
A: William Robertson Coe', "
Q: Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?
A: to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States"]
In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the Seven Sisters—elite higher education schools that historically served as sister institutions to the Ivy League when the Ivy League still only admitted men—tentatively accepted, but then declined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969. Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate; she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Anthony Hall. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women starting from freshman year; at the time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1966?
A: Vassar College", '
Q: Who was the first undergraduate woman at Yale?
A: Amy Solomon', '
Q: What society did Amy Solomon enroll in at Yale?
A: St. Anthony Hall', '
Q: What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?
A: 1973', '
Q: Where did undergraduate women live during the first few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?
A: Vanderbilt Hall']
A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?
A: Alexander v. Yale", '
Q: When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?
A: March 2011', '
Q: What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?
A: Broad Recognition', '
Q: What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?
A: the university had a hostile sexual climate', '
Q: What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?
A: formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct']
Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?
A: exemption from local property taxes', "
Q: Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?
A: President Levin", "
Q: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?
A: economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success", "
Q: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?
A: decline in the local economy"]
The Boston Globe wrote that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale." Yale alumni were represented on the Democratic or Republican ticket in every U.S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated Presidents since the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, and major-party nominees during this period include John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972). Other Yale alumni who made serious bids for the Presidency during this period include Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?
A: "if there\'s one school that can lay claim to educating the nation\'s top national leaders over the past three decades, it\'s Yale."', '
Q: Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?
A: Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush', '
Q: What well known presidential candidates also studied at Yale?
A: Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).', '
Q: What non winning major party nominees studied at Yale?
A: John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972)', '
Q: How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1972 and 2004
A: every']
Several explanations have been offered for Yale’s representation in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many of the future candidates. Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University, stated: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale." Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News. Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school." CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family." New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and The Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?
A: Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"', '
Q: Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?
A: very strong tradition of volunteerism', "
Q: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?
A: an ethos of organized activity", '
Q: Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?
A: "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."', '
Q: What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?
A: the culture of community and cooperation']
During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In the 1988 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?
A: Harvard Yard's boutique", "
Q: How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?
A: so diffuse, there isn't a symbol", "
Q: How did George H. W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?
A: liberalism and elitism", '
Q: Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class?
A: first class to have women in it']
In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location – the others are Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara – for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative. As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar, "Debating Globalization". As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar, "Understanding Politics and Politicians." Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, University College London, and both schools’ affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care—a growing field known as translational medicine. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Besides Yale, what other two locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?
A: Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara", '
Q: As of 2009, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?
A: former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo', '
Q: What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?
A: Howard Dean', "
Q: What is the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?
A: Understanding Politics and Politicians", "
Q: What college did Yale's medical facility team up with?
A: University College London"]
The Yale Provost's Office has launched several women into prominent university presidencies. In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale from this position, and went on to become President of the University of Chicago, the first woman to be full president of a major university. In 1994 Yale Provost Judith Rodin became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2002 Provost Alison Richard became the Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 2004, Provost Susan Hockfield became the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2007 Deputy Provost Kim Bottomly was named President of Wellesley College. In 2003, the Dean of the Divinity School, Rebecca Chopp, was appointed president of Colgate University and now heads Swarthmore College.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?
A: Hanna Holborn Gray', '
Q: Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale?
A: University of Chicago', '
Q: In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school?
A: 1994', '
Q: In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT?
A: 2004', '
Q: Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?
A: Alison Richard']
Much of Yale University's staff, including most maintenance staff, dining hall employees, and administrative staff, are unionized. Clerical and technical employees are represented by Local 34 of UNITE HERE and service and maintenance workers by Local 35 of the same international. Together with the Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO), an unrecognized union of graduate employees, Locals 34 and 35 make up the Federation of Hospital and University Employees. Also included in FHUE are the dietary workers at Yale-New Haven Hospital, who are members of 1199 SEIU. In addition to these unions, officers of the Yale University Police Department are members of the Yale Police Benevolent Association, which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees. Finally, Yale security officers voted to join the International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in fall 2010 after the National Labor Relations Board ruled they could not join AFSCME; the Yale administration contested the election.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department a part of?
A: Yale Police Benevolent Association', '
Q: What union do Yale security guards belong to?
A: International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America', '
Q: What is the name of the unrecognized union of graduate employees?
A: Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO)', "
Q: What union are Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?
A: Local 34 of UNITE HERE", "
Q: What union are Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?
A: Local 35 of the same international"]
Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?
A: at least eight', "
Q: What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?
A: the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.", '
Q: What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?
A: Professor David Graeber', '
Q: Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?
A: he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.', "
Q: What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?
A: Yale's unusually large endowment"]
Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner—and nature preserves including Horse Island.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?
A: western New Haven', '
Q: What campus did Yale buy in 2008?
A: former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus', '
Q: What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?
A: laboratory and research space', '
Q: How many forests does Yale own?
A: seven', "
Q: How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?
A: 7,840-acre"]