romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
While Dutch generally refers to the language as a whole, Belgian varieties are sometimes collectively referred to as Flemish. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e.g. Hollands "Hollandish", West-Vlaams "Western Flemish", Brabants "Brabantian". The use of the word Vlaams ("Flemish") to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called?
A: Flemish', '
Q: What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands?
A: Nederlands', '
Q: What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders?
A: Vlaams', '
Q: What is the Dutch name for the "Hollandish" dialect of the language?
A: Hollands', '
Q: If "Vlaams" is "Flemish," what would English speakers call "West-Vlaams"?
A: Western Flemish']
The Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. In Middle Dutch, which was a collection of dialects, dietsc was used in Flanders and Brabant, while diets or duutsc was in use in the Northern Netherlands. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names ever used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe, meaning (pertaining to the language) of the people, that is, the native Germanic language. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the non-native language of writing and the Catholic Church. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, it refers to the Germanic dialects of Britain. In the Oaths of Strasbourg (842) it appeared as teudisca to refer to the Germanic (Rhenish Franconian) portion of the oath.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe?
A: theudisk', '
Q: What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language "of the people"?
A: Latin', '
Q: The word "theudisk" was first found in a text from what year?
A: 784', '
Q: What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written?
A: 842', "
Q: What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath's Germanic section?
A: teudisca"]
Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages. Therefore, in the 16th century, a differentiation took place. Owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?
A: 16th', '
Q: What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?
A: Pennsylvania Dutch', "
Q: What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?
A: Deitsch", '
Q: In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?
A: 1950s']
In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian dialects in the north-east of Belgium. Nederlands, the official Dutch word for "Dutch", did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, but received competition from the more popular terminology Nederduits, "Low Dutch", for several reasons. One of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, "High Dutch", meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Dutch people didn\'t have an officially established word for the "Dutch" language until what century?
A: 19th', '
Q: What word meaning "Low Dutch" was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany\'s language?
A: Nederduits', '
Q: Instead of "German," what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany?
A: Hoogduits', '
Q: What does "Hoogduits" translate to in English?
A: High Dutch', '
Q: Now that "Nederlands" is used for Dutch in Dutch, what do Dutch speakers call German?
A: Duits']
The term Nederduits, however introduced new confusion, since the non standardised dialects spoken in the north of Germany came to be known as Niederdeutsch as well, and thus the Duits reference in the name was dropped, leading to Nederlands as designation to refer to the Dutch language. The repeated use of Neder (or "low") to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands' downriver location at the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta near the North Sea, harking back to Latin nomenclature, e.g. Germania Inferior. See also: Netherlands (toponymy).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany?
A: Nederduits', '
Q: What does the word "Neder" translate to in English?
A: low', '
Q: The Netherlands are "low" because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea?
A: Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta', '
Q: What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as "Germania Inferior"?
A: Latin', '
Q: "Nederduits" often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany? 
A: north']
Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south. It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch. The division in these development phases is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many different versions of a Germanic language were spoken in the Low Countries?
A: Three', '
Q: Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the eastern region?
A: Saxon', '
Q: Which dialects are referred to as "Old Dutch"?
A: Franconian', '
Q: Was the transition from Old Dutch to Modern Dutch gradual, or did it happen quickly?
A: gradual', '
Q: Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the north and west of the Low Countries? 
A: Frisian']
Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which language tree groups Dutch with English?
A: Indo-European', "
Q: What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?
A: Germanic", '
Q: In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?
A: Iron Age', "
Q: Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?
A: Verner's law", '
Q: What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?
A: common ancestor']
The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, still seen in modern Dutch.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Into how many groups are Germanic languages usually split?
A: three', '
Q: In what historical period did the different types of Germanic languages stop being collectively understood?
A: the Migration Period', '
Q: What group of Germanic languages includes Dutch, English, and German?
A: West Germanic', "
Q: What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called?
A: Ingvaeonic", '
Q: Which dialect group included most Frankish tribes?
A: Istvaeonic']
A Frankish identity emerged and so did their Frankish or Franconian language. The language itself is poorly attested. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription, found near the Dutch city of Tiel, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish. Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest "Dutch" single words, like vadam (modern Dutch: wad, English: "mudflat"), the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What\'s another term for "Frankish"?
A: Franconian', '
Q: What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?
A: Tiel', '
Q: To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?
A: 5th', '
Q: What word found in Roman writings became "wad" in modern Dutch?
A: vadam', '
Q: What does the Dutch word "wad" mean in English?
A: mudflat']
Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. The "Low" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve with Allemanic into Old High German. At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon, Old Frisian (Anglo-Frisian) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch remained close to the original language of the Franks, the people that would rule Europe for centuries. The language however, did experienced developments on its own, like final-obstruent devoicing in a very early stage. In fact, by judging from the find at Bergakker, it would seem that the language already experienced this characteristic during the Old Frankish period.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's another name for Old Frisian?
A: Anglo-Frisian", "
Q: What's another name for Old English?
A: Anglo-Saxon", '
Q: What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks?
A: Old Dutch', '
Q: What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language?
A: Old Frankish', "
Q: What's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian?
A: Old Low Franconian"]
Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare. The oldest one first recorded has been found in the Salic law. From this Frankish document written around 510 the oldest sentence has been identified as Dutch: Maltho thi afrio lito (I say to you, I free you, serf) used to free a serf. Another old fragment of Dutch is Visc flot aftar themo uuatare (A fish was swimming in the water). The oldest conserved larger Dutch text is the Utrecht baptismal vow (776-800) starting with Forsachistu diobolae [...] ec forsacho diabolae (Do you forsake the devil? [...] I forsake the devil). Probably the most famous sentence Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu (All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for), is dated around the year 1100, written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester, England.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common?
A: rare', '
Q: What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch?
A: the Salic law', '
Q: What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase "Visc flot aftar themo uuatare"?
A: fish', '
Q: Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live?
A: Rochester, England', '
Q: What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase "Forsachistu diobolae"?
A: the Utrecht baptismal vow']
Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing and during this period a rich Medieval Dutch literature developed. There was at that time no overarching standard language; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch. But they were all mutually intelligible. In fact, since Dutch is a rather conservative language, the various literary works of that time today are often very readable for modern-day speakers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language did Middle Dutch come from?
A: Old Dutch', '
Q: What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?
A: 1150', '
Q: Rather than a single language, what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term "Middle Dutch" refer to?
A: closely related dialects', '
Q: Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today?
A: readable']
A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to the Northern Netherlands, where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain. They particularly influenced the urban dialects of the province of Holland. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the Statenvertaling, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?
A: Burgundian Ducal Court', '
Q: Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?
A: Flanders and Brabant', '
Q: Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?
A: 16th', '
Q: What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?
A: 1585', '
Q: What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?
A: Statenvertaling']
In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?
A: Southern Netherlands", '
Q: What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?
A: French', "
Q: What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?
A: 1980", '
Q: What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?
A: Language Union Treaty', '
Q: The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?
A: American English']
Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group, West Low Franconian, paired with its sister language Limburgish, or East Low Franconian. Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish. Dutch stands out in combining a small degree of Ingvaeonic characteristics (occurring consistently in English and Frisian and reduced in intensity from 'west to east' over the continental West Germanic plane) with mostly Istvaeonic characteristics, of which some of them are also incorporated in German. Unlike German, Dutch (apart from Limburgish) has not been influenced at all by the 'south to north' movement of the High German sound shift, and had some changes of its own. The cumulation of these changes resulted over time in separate, but related standard languages with various degrees of similarities and differences between them. For a comparison between the West Germanic languages, see the sections Morphology, Grammar and Vocabulary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What\'s the "cheesy" name for East Low Franconian?
A: Limburgish', '
Q: What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch?
A: Afrikaans', '
Q: Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch?
A: Frisian', '
Q: Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?
A: Low German', '
Q: As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?
A: German']
In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being Low Franconian and being close to the neighbouring Low German, is regarded as Dutch, because of a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area. In other words, this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?
A: Dutch Low Saxon', "
Q: What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?
A: IJssel", "
Q: Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?
A: Dutch", '
Q: Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?
A: Gelderland', '
Q: When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?
A: 14th to 15th century']
Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?
A: Geert Driessen', '
Q: What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?
A: 27', '
Q: How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?
A: 4 percent', "
Q: What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?
A: Limburgish", '
Q: In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?
A: 44%']
The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What\'s the Dutch word for "money"?
A: geld', '
Q: West Flemings pronounce the Dutch "g" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?
A: "h"', '
Q: What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do?
A: French', '
Q: What word that means "hero" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as "geld"?
A: held', '
Q: If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent "h," they might over-correct into what sound?
A: g-sound']
Next to sound shifts, there are ample examples of suffix differences. Often simple suffix shifts (like switching between -the, -ske, -ke, -je, ...), sometimes the suffixes even depend on quite specific grammar rules for a certain dialect. Again taking West Flemish as an example. In that language, the words "ja" (yes) and "nee" (no) are also conjugated to the (often implicit) subject of the sentence. These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts, making it easy to recognise people who didn't grow up in a certain region, even decades after they moved.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What\'s the West Flemish word for "no"?
A: nee', '
Q: How would you tell a West Flemish speaker "yes"?
A: ja', '
Q: What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a "yes" or "no" to?
A: subject', '
Q: Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?
A: easy', '
Q: Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts?
A: sound shifts']