romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
On 17 April 2015, The Sun's columnist Katie Hopkins called migrants to Britain "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus". Her remarks were condemned by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. In a statement released on 24 April 2015, High Commissioner Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein stated that Hopkins' used "language very similar to that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide", and noted that both media organizations were subsequently convicted by an international tribunal of public incitement to commit genocide.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Sun columnist made controversial remarks about migrants to Britain in April 2015?
A: Katie Hopkins', '
Q: What terms did Katie Hopkins use to describe migrants to Britain?
A: "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus"', "
Q: Which organization sharply rebuked Hopkins' comments?
A: the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights", "
Q: Who was the High Commissioner of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?
A: Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein", "
Q: What did Hussein compare Hopkins' remarks to?
A: that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide"]
Hopkins' column also drew criticism on Twitter, including from Russell Brand, to whom Hopkins responded by accusing Brand's "champagne socialist humanity" of neglecting taxpayers. Simon Usborne, writing in The Independent, compared her use of the word "cockroach" to previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators. He suspected that if any other contributor had written the piece it would not have been published and questioned her continued employment by the newspaper. Zoe Williams commented in The Guardian: "It is no joke when people start talking like this. We are not 'giving her what she wants' when we make manifest our disgust. It is not a free speech issue. I’m not saying gag her: I’m saying fight her".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: On Twitter what famous person condemned Hopkins' remarks?
A: Russell Brand", '
Q: Who wrote critically in The Independent about Hopkins?
A: Simon Usborne', "
Q: With whom did Usborne draw parallels to Hopkins as a result of Hopkins' comments?
A: previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators", '
Q: Which writer in The Guardian was critical of Hopkins?
A: Zoe Williams', '
Q: What did Williams say should be done about Hopkins?
A: I’m not saying gag her: I’m saying fight her']
On 9 March 2016, The Sun's front page proclaimed that Queen Elizabeth II was backing "Brexit", a common term for a British withdrawal from the European Union. It claimed that in 2011 at Windsor Castle, while having lunch with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, the monarch criticised the union. Clegg denied that the Queen made such a statement, and a Buckingham Palace spokesperson confirmed that a complaint had been made to the Independent Press Standards Organisation over a breach of guidelines relating to accuracy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is an often used term for British withdrawal from the European Union?
A: Brexit', '
Q: Who did The Sun say was in favor of British withdrawal from the European Union?
A: Queen Elizabeth II', '
Q: Where was Queen Elizabeth II said to have made critical remarks about the European Union?
A: Windsor Castle', '
Q: Who refuted the statement that the Queen was critical of the European Union?
A: Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg', '
Q: With whom was a complaint lodged alleging breach of guidelines in accuracy after the incident involving Queen Elizabeth II?
A: Independent Press Standards Organisation']
The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When does Fastelavn occur?
A: Shrove Tuesday', '
Q: The Philippines stopped celebrating Carnival after what year? 
A: 1939', '
Q: Maslenitsa is celebrated in what type of nation?
A: Eastern Orthodox', '
Q: What is the Carnival celebration known as in Lutheran countries?
A: Fastelavn', '
Q: When does Carnival typically begin in the Netherlands?
A: on 11/11', '
Q: The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?
A: Catholic', '
Q: What country no longer celebrates Carnival?
A: the Philippines', '
Q: The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?
A: 1939', '
Q: What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?
A: Fastelavn', '
Q: What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?
A: Maslenitsa']
Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting) all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten, for it would soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does vastenavond mean?
A: the days before fasting', '
Q: What month was the livestock typically slaughtered?
A: November', '
Q: A carnival feast is the last time to do what before winter?
A: eat well', '
Q: Why were the winter stores of lard and meat eaten before fasting?
A: it would soon start to rot and decay', '
Q: Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?
A: food shortage at the end of the winter', '
Q: What was one limited to during the winter?
A: the minimum necessary', '
Q: Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?
A: it would soon start to rot and decay', '
Q: What does "vastenavond" mean?
A: the days before fasting)', '
Q: When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?
A: spring']
Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whose effigy was placed on a ship on wheels?
A: Nerthus or Freyr', '
Q: What type of tribe celebrated daylight returning?
A: Germanic', '
Q: What season did fertility typically return?
A: spring', '
Q: What typically accompanied the effigy of Nerthus? 
A: a procession of people in animal disguise', '
Q: What typically happened aboard the ship on wheels?
A: the marriage of a man and woman be consummated', '
Q: What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?
A: the returning of the daylight', '
Q: How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?
A: on wheels', '
Q: Why was the winter driven out?
A: to make sure that fertility could return in spring', '
Q: What is Nerthus the goddess of?
A: fertility', '
Q: How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?
A: be consummated']
Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Christian festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks and public street party. People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations, allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common. Other common features of carnival include mock battles such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authorities; the grotesque body displaying exaggerated features especially large noses, bellies, mouths, and phalli or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?
A: Carnival", '
Q: When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?
A: February', '
Q: Who is the Carnival open to?
A: public', '
Q: What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?
A: social unity', '
Q: What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?
A: alcohol']
Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wrote the Germania?
A: Tacitus', '
Q: What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?
A: walls', '
Q: Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?
A: human', '
Q: When is the car used in the ritual purified? 
A: Afterwards', '
Q: Where is the divinity herself purified? 
A: a secret lake']
Traditionally the feast also applied to sexual desires, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following fasting. Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival. The Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar, the six weeks directly before Easter, was originally marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat and sugar.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?
A: sexual', '
Q: All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?
A: Lent', '
Q: The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?
A: Carnival', '
Q: How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?
A: six weeks', '
Q: What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?
A: meat, dairy, fat and sugar']
While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it.  Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?
A: corpus christi', "
Q: Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?
A: European", '
Q: How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?
A: 40', '
Q: What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?
A: Christmas', '
Q: Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?
A: outlet for their daily frustrations']
In the year 743 the synod in Leptines (Leptines is located near Binche in Belgium) spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February. Also from the same period dates the phrase: "Whoever in February by a variety of less honorable acts tries to drive out winter is not a Christian, but a pagan." Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February, even though this was a sin with no small penance. Also in Spain, San Isidoro de Sevilla is written complaint in the seventh century that people coming out into the streets disguised in many cases the opposite gender.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival?
A: 743', '
Q: In what month did the excesses occur?
A: February', "
Q: What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people's traditions during this period?
A: Confession", '
Q: What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as?
A: an animal or old woman', '
Q: What would some people in Spain go out disguised as?
A: the opposite gender']
While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. For the start of the Roman Saturnalia, on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community. These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week, horribly murdered on December 25th: "destroying the forces of darkness".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?
A: Christian', '
Q: What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?
A: Saturnalia and Bacchanalia', '
Q: The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?
A: Dionysia', '
Q: On which month and day did Saturnalia start?
A: December 17', '
Q: What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?
A: horribly murdered']
While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob ("His blood is on us and on our children!" Matthew 27:24–25). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. “Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran… amid Rome’s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily”, an eyewitness reports.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?
A: evidence', '
Q: What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?
A: Saturnalia', '
Q: How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?
A: with their deaths', '
Q: What is the gift of King Carnival?
A: acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life', '
Q: Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?
A: Jews']
Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal parades and masquerade balls, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice was, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although Napoleon abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal and France and from France to New France in North America. From Spain and Portugal it spread with colonization to the Caribbean and Latin America. In the early 19th century in the German Rhineland and Southern Netherlands, the weakened medieval tradition also revive. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome, rabbis of the ghetto were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation: “It is not opportune to make any innovation.”

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded?
A: Italy', "
Q: What city's carnival was the most famous for a long time?
A: Venice", '
Q: What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition?
A: New France', '
Q: What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing?
A: foolish guise', '
Q: Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them?
A: Pope Gregory XVI']
Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, São Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in SãoNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In São Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?
A: Portuguese', '
Q: How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?
A: nine', '
Q: Three groups in São Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance? 
A: a painted float', '
Q: What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?
A: a yearly prize', "
Q: Over how many days is São Nicolau's Carnival celebrated? 
A: three"]
In India, Carnival is celebrated only in the state of Goa and a Roman Catholic tradition, where it is known as Intruz which means swindler while Entrudo, the appropriate word in Portuguese for Carnival. The largest celebration takes place in the city of Panjim which was part of Velha Conquista, Goa, but now is celebrate throughout the state. The tradition was introduced by the Portuguese who ruled Goa for over four centuries. On Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, the European Tradition of Fat Tuesday is celebrated with the partaking of eating of crepes also called as "AleBelle." The crepes are filled with freshly grated coconut and heat condensed coconut sap that sequentially converts it into a brown sweet molasses and additional heat concentration solidifies it to jaggery. The celebrations of Carnival peak for three days and nights and precede Ash Wednesday. When the legendary King Momo takes over the state. All-night parades occur throughout the state with bands, dances and floats and grand balls are held in the evenings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the only state in India in which Carnival is celebrated?
A: Goa', '
Q: What does the Indian word "Intruz" mean?
A: swindler', '
Q: The largest Carnival celebration takes place in which city?
A: Panjim', '
Q: What is eaten on Fat Tuesday to partake in the celebration?
A: crepes', '
Q: What legendary king eventually takes over the state?
A: Momo']
The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a "street carnival" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarmê?
A: Malmedy', "
Q: Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?
A: Latin", "
Q: How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?
A: 4", '
Q: Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?
A: in the street', '
Q: What do disguised people pass through during the festival?
A: the crowd']