romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause. They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. That is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. While current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation, there are yet no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for sexual orientation. However, scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals, which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?
A: a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences', '
Q: What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?
A: a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause', '
Q: What do they believe about sexual orientation?
A: not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.', '
Q: What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?
A: statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals', '
Q: What can these results be caused from?
A: the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself']
Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures. Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality differ essentially from the way sexuality is seen and classified under the Western system of sexual orientation.[unreliable source?] The validity of the notion of sexual orientation as defined in the West, as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period, has also been questioned within the industrialized Western society).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What concept is sexual orientation argued as?
A: a concept that evolved in the industrialized West', '
Q: What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation?
A: the universality of its application in other societies or cultures', '
Q: What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as?
A: as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period']
Some researchers, such as Bruce Bagemihl, have criticized the labels "heterosexual" and "homosexual" as confusing and degrading. Bagemihl writes, "...the point of reference for 'heterosexual' or 'homosexual' orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989). These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around." Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?
A: confusing and degrading', "
Q: What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?
A: . These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around", '
Q: What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?
A: it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.']
Often, sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation. While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others, the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity?
A: sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished', '
Q: What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation?
A: sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,', "
Q: What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between?
A: sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life)."]
Known as the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect, this theory has been backed up by strong evidence of its prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism. However, research suggests that this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy, which becomes increasingly likely after every male gestation. As a result of this immune effect, alterations in later-born males' prenatal development have been thought to occur. This process, known as the maternal immunization hypothesis (MIH), would begin when cells from a male fetus enter the mother's circulation during pregnancy or while giving birth. These Y-linked proteins would not be recognized in the mother's immune system because she is female, causing her to develop antibodies which would travel through the placental barrier into the fetal compartment. From here, the anti-male bodies would then cross the blood/brain barrier (BBB) of the developing fetal brain, altering sex-dimorphic brain structures relative to sexual orientation, causing the exposed son to be more attracted to men over women.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the FBO effect stand for?
A: fraternal birth order', '
Q: What does this theory entail?
A: prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism', '
Q: What does research show about the FBO effect?
A: this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy,', '
Q: What does MIH stand for?
A: maternal immunization hypothesis', '
Q: What does BBB stand for?
A: blood/brain barrier']
The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) by Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). The scale was developed to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual and that these two types represent antitheses in the sexual world. Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior and psychic responses, Kinsey et al., stated:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What other name does the KInsey scale go by?
A: Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale', '
Q: When was the KInsey scale first published?
A: 1948', '
Q: Why was the KInsey scale developed?
A: to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual', '
Q: What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale?
A: Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior', '
Q: Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male?
A: Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin']
In response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation, Fritz Klein developed the Klein sexual orientation grid (KSOG), a multidimensional scale for describing sexual orientation. Introduced in Klein's book The Bisexual Option, the KSOG uses a 7-point scale to assess seven different dimensions of sexuality at three different points in an individual's life: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does KSOG stand for?
A: Klein sexual orientation grid', '
Q: Who invented the KSOG?
A: Fritz Klein', '
Q: Why did pritz klein come up with the KSOG?
A: response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation', '
Q: What kind of scale does the KSOG use?
A: a 7-point scale', '
Q: What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate?
A: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).']
Though sexual attraction, behavior, and identity are all components of sexual orientation, if a person defined by one of these dimensions were congruent with those defined by another dimension it would not matter which was used in assessing orientation, but this is not the case. There is "little coherent relationship between the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself or herself as bisexual, homosexual, or heterosexual". Individuals typically experience diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure and is not necessarily indicative of an underlying sexual orientation. For example, a woman may have fantasies or thoughts about sex with other women but never act on these thoughts and only have sex with opposite gender partners. If sexual orientation was being assessed based on one's sexual attraction then this individual would be considered homosexual, but her behavior indicates heterosexuality.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are sexual attraction. behavior, and idenity components of?
A: sexual orientation', '
Q: What do individuals typically experience?
A: diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure', "
Q: What is there little coherent relationships between?
A: the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself"]
In the paper "Who's Gay? Does It Matter?", Ritch Savin-Williams proposes two different approaches to assessing sexual orientation until well positioned and psychometrically sound and tested definitions are developed that would allow research to reliably identify the prevalence, causes, and consequences of homosexuality. He first suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction over behaviour and identity because it is less prone to self- and other-deception, social conditions and variable meanings. To measure attraction and arousal he proposed that biological measures should be developed and used. There are numerous biological/physiological measures that exist that can measure sexual orientation such as sexual arousal, brain scans, eye tracking, body odour preference, and anatomical variations such as digit-length ratio and right or left handedness. Secondly, Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated. For example:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wrote the paper "Whos Gay? Does It Matter?
A: Ritch Savin-Williams', '
Q: What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?
A: suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction', '
Q: What did he propose to measure attraction?
A: that biological measures should be developed and used.', '
Q: What else does Savin-Williams suggest?
A: researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether', '
Q: What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?
A: assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated']
These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. Sexual orientation has many dimensions (attractions, behavior, identity), of which sexual arousal is the only product of sexual attractions which can be measured at present with some degree of physical precision. Thus, the fact that women are aroused by seeing non-human primates having sex does not mean that women's sexual orientation includes this type of sexual interest. Some researchers argue that women's sexual orientation depends less on their patterns of sexual arousal than men's and that other components of sexual orientation (like emotional attachment) must be taken into account when describing women's sexual orientations. In contrast, men's sexual orientations tend to be primarily focused on the physical component of attractions and, thus, their sexual feelings are more exclusively oriented according to sex.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do these studies suggest?
A: that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns', '
Q: How is this reflected in the studies?
A: in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli.', '
Q: What are some dimensions of sexual orientation?
A: attractions, behavior, identity', '
Q: What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on?
A: physical component of attractions', '
Q: What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies?
A: emotional attachment']
One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance. 2015 research suggests that "gaydar" is an alternate label for using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation, and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation?
A: perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people', '
Q: What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality?
A: gaydar', '
Q: What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses "gaydar"?
A: that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance', '
Q: What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?
A: using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation', '
Q: What did this research also show about face-shape?
A: not an accurate indication of orientation.']
Estimates for the percentage of the population that are bisexual vary widely, at least in part due to differing definitions of bisexuality. Some studies only consider a person bisexual if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes, and others consider a person bisexual if they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons). A small percentage of people are not sexually attracted to anyone (asexuality). A study in 2004 placed the prevalence of asexuality at 1%.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is part of the reason for the varying estimates of the bisexual population?
A: due to differing definitions of bisexuality.', '
Q: What is one way a study can view bisexuality?
A: if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes,', '
Q: What is another way studies can view bisexuality?
A: they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons)', '
Q: What is the percentage of asexuals?
A: 1%.']
Some historians and researchers argue that the emotional and affectionate activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries. For example, in many English-speaking nations, it is assumed that same-sex kissing, particularly between men, is a sign of homosexuality, whereas various types of same-sex kissing are common expressions of friendship in other nations. Also, many modern and historic cultures have formal ceremonies expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends, even though homosexuality itself is taboo within the cultures.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do historians and researches argue about concerning the emotional and affectionate activities?
A: activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries.', '
Q: What can be assumed in english speaking nations when two men kiss?
A: is a sign of homosexuality', '
Q: What do some cultures have formal ceremonies for?
A: expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends']
Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list, until 2014. After going private in 2013, the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune. In 2014 it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP. Dell is currently the #1 shipper of PC monitors in the world. Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine. It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas – behind AT&T – and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. It was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500, until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on October 30, 2013.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What number was dell on the Fortune 500 list until 2014?
A: 51', '
Q: When did Dell go private?
A: 2013', '
Q: Dell is currently the #1 shipper of what?
A: PC monitors', '
Q: In which state is Dell the sixth largest company?
A: Texas', '
Q: What PC vendor rank did Dell hold?
A: third largest']
Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company’s Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997. While the industry’s average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was going up, as second- and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell. Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days. In early 1997, Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What market did Dell ignore at first?
A: consumer market', "
Q: When did Dell's internet site gain popularity?
A: 1996", "
Q: What was happening to Dell's average sale to individuals?
A: going up", '
Q: When did Dell create their internal marketing group?
A: 1997']
Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model. Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years, yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first. Dell's rivals in the PC industry, HP, Gateway and Acer, had a long retail presence and so were well poised to take advantage of the consumer shift. The lack of a retail presence stymied Dell's attempts to offer consumer electronics such as flat-panel TVs and MP3 players. Dell responded by experimenting with mall kiosks, plus quasi-retail stores in Texas and New York.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sales model did Dell use for a long time?
A: direct', '
Q: Who were the main driving force behind PC sales?
A: Consumers', '
Q: Where were consumers going to buy devices other than online?
A: consumer electronics retail stores', '
Q: What market presence did Dell lack?
A: retail', '
Q: What was one city that Dell tested retail stores in?
A: Texas']
In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins. In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design, for instance Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops, Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping. Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple Inc.'s Macintosh that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What industry was getting smaller?
A: PC', '
Q: When did Dell fall behind Lenovo?
A: 2011', '
Q: What other American company fell behind Lenovo with Dell?
A: Hewlett Packard', '
Q: What PC was taking corporate customers from Dell?
A: ThinkPad', '
Q: What company was Dell behind in profits in 2012?
A: Apple Inc.']
Dell's manufacturing process covers assembly, software installation, functional testing (including "burn-in"), and quality control. Throughout most of the company's history, Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house. The company's approach has changed, as cited in the 2006 Annual Report, which states, "We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships." The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2008 that "Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell" their plants. By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which of Dell's processes handles PC assembly, testing, and quality control?
A: manufacturing", '
Q: Where did Dell configure their notebooks?
A: in-house', '
Q: When did Dell describe their changing approach to manufacturing?
A: 2006', '
Q: Who reported that Dell was offering to sell their manufacturing plants?
A: The Wall Street Journal', '
Q: What manufacturers was Dell losing to efficiency-wise?
A: Asian']