romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted children and those with specific disabilities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the meaning of Education psychology?
A: the study of how humans learn in educational settings', '
Q: What is also used interchangeably  with Education psychology?
A: school psychology', '
Q: Who are likely to be identified as educational psychologist?
A: researchers and theorists', '
Q: What is educational psychology concerned with?
A: the processes of educational attainment']
Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialties within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How can Educational psychology in part be understood?
A: through its relationship with other disciplines', '
Q: How is the method of educational psychology have some relation to medicine and biology?
A: discipline analogous', '
Q: Where does education psychology draw from?
A: contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences', '
Q: In universities where are the departments of educational psychology normally held?
A: faculties of education']
Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education. This effect is also observable in the opposite direction, in that education increases measurable intelligence. Studies have shown that while educational attainment is important in predicting intelligence in later life, intelligence at 53 is more closely correlated to intelligence at 8 years old than to educational attainment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is important for a student in education?
A: Intelligence', '
Q: What does education increase in a student?
A: measurable intelligence', '
Q: What is intelligence at 53 more closely related to?
A: intelligence at 8']
Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter, based on the works of Jung, focus on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator follows a similar but more simplified approach.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who focused on identifying stimuli that can influence learning?
A: Dunn', '
Q: Who also along with Dunn recommended other teaching studies?
A: Joseph Renzulli', "
Q: Who created the Type Delineator?
A: David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's"]
Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities, while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles, learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences. A consequence of the latter theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them. Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic(VAK) are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children and therefore restrict learning. Recent research has argued "there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do some theories believe?
A: that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities', '
Q: What should be included in effective teaching?
A: teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities']
As an academic field, philosophy of education is "the philosophical study of education and its problems (...) its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy". "The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education. That is, it may be part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline." As such, it is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches (speculative, prescriptive, and/or analytic) to address questions in and about pedagogy, education policy, and curriculum, as well as the process of learning, to name a few. For example, it might study what constitutes upbringing and education, the values and norms revealed through upbringing and educational practices, the limits and legitimization of education as an academic discipline, and the relation between education theory and practice.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can Philosophy education be when we talk about the process?
A: philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education', '
Q: What defines Philosophy education?
A: the philosophical study of education and its problems', '
Q: What fields make up field education and a field applied philosophy?
A: metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches']
Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another term used for instructors?
A: teachers', '
Q: What are the main subjects that are covered by the instructor?
A: reading, writing, mathematics, science and history', "
Q: In the United States what is considered the single most important factor in a child's education?
A: quality of teachers"]
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?
A: poor countries should grow faster than rich countries', '
Q: What has been argued about high rates in education?
A: essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth', '
Q: What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?
A: requires knowledgeable managers and engineers']
At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?
A: Jacob Mincer', '
Q: This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?
A: is also controversial', '
Q: What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?
A: not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties']
Tennessee (i/tɛnᵻˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ, Tanasi) is a state located in the southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 601,222. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 653,450.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which state borders Tennessee to the east?
A: North Carolina', '
Q: Which mountains occupy much of eastern Tennessee?
A: Appalachian Mountains', "
Q: Which river marks Tennessee's border to the west?
A: Mississippi River", '
Q: What is the capital of Tennessee?
A: Nashville', "
Q: What is Tennessee's most populous city?
A: Memphis"]
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861. Occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What government formed in 1772 is considered the forerunner of Tennessee?
A: Watauga Association', '
Q: What state held territory that would later become part of Tennessee?
A: North Carolina', '
Q: What date did Tennessee become one of the United States of America?
A: June 1, 1796', '
Q: Which was the final state to join the Confederacy before Civil War fighting started?
A: Tennessee', '
Q: Which of the Confederate states rejoined the Union first when the Civil War concluded?
A: Tennessee']
Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state, and more soldiers for the Union Army than any other Southern state. Beginning during Reconstruction, it had competitive party politics, but a Democratic takeover in the late 1880s resulted in passage of disfranchisement laws that excluded most blacks and many poor whites from voting. This sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. In the 20th century, Tennessee transitioned from an agrarian economy to a more diversified economy, aided by massive federal investment in the Tennessee Valley Authority and, in the early 1940s, the city of Oak Ridge. This city was established to house the Manhattan Project's uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the world's first atomic bomb, which was used during World War II.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which part dominated Tennessee's politics in the late 1880s?
A: Democratic", '
Q: Which Tennessee city was received significant federal investment in the 1940s?
A: Oak Ridge', '
Q: What part of the Manhattan Project did Tennessee host?
A: uranium enrichment facilities', '
Q: What made Tennessee politics more competitive again in the middle of the 20th century?
A: civil rights legislation']
Tennessee has played a critical role in the development of many forms of American popular music, including rock and roll, blues, country, and rockabilly.[not verified in body] Beale Street in Memphis is considered by many to be the birthplace of the blues, with musicians such as W.C. Handy performing in its clubs as early as 1909.[not verified in body] Memphis is also home to Sun Records, where musicians such as Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, and Charlie Rich began their recording careers, and where rock and roll took shape in the 1950s.[not verified in body] The 1927 Victor recording sessions in Bristol generally mark the beginning of the country music genre and the rise of the Grand Ole Opry in the 1930s helped make Nashville the center of the country music recording industry.[not verified in body] Three brick-and-mortar museums recognize Tennessee's role in nurturing various forms of popular music: the Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, and the International Rock-A-Billy Museum in Jackson. Moreover, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, an online site recognizing the development of rockabilly in which Tennessee played a crucial role, is based in Nashville.[not verified in body]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What locale in Memphis is know as the place where blues was born?
A: Beale Street', '
Q: What Tennessee recording company first promoted Elvis Presley?
A: Sun Records', '
Q: Which Tennessee city is home to the Country Music Hall of Fame?
A: Nashville', '
Q: Which museum celebrating popular music is located in Jackson, Tennessee?
A: International Rock-A-Billy Museum', '
Q: In which year is W.C. Handy first known to have been playing in Tennessee clubs?
A: 1909']
Tennessee's major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the state's primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment, and electrical equipment. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the nation's most visited national park, is headquartered in the eastern part of the state, and a section of the Appalachian Trail roughly follows the Tennessee-North Carolina border. Other major tourist attractions include the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge; the Parthenon, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and Ryman Auditorium in Nashville; the Jack Daniel's Distillery in Lynchburg; and Elvis Presley's Graceland residence and tomb, the Memphis Zoo, and the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Tennessee's primary non-meat agricultural product?
A: soybeans", '
Q: What trail forms part of the border Tennessee shares with North Carolina?
A: Appalachian Trail', '
Q: Which national park in Tennessee sees more visitors that any other in the United States?
A: Great Smoky Mountains National Park', "
Q: Which Tennessee city hosts the state's most famous aquarium?
A: Chattanooga", '
Q: What tourist attraction is located in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee?
A: Dollywood']
The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo, the Spanish explorer, when he and his men passed through an American Indian village named "Tanasqui" in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi (or "Tanase") in present-day Monroe County, Tennessee. The town was located on a river of the same name (now known as the Little Tennessee River), and appears on maps as early as 1725. It is not known whether this was the same town as the one encountered by Juan Pardo, although recent research suggests that Pardo's "Tanasqui" was located at the confluence of the Pigeon River and the French Broad River, near modern Newport.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee?
A: Captain Juan Pardo', '
Q: Which Native Americans had a town called Tanasi in present day Monroe County, Tennessee?
A: Cherokee', '
Q: Tanasi is know to have been located and mapped by British traders by which year?
A: 1725', '
Q: What nationality was Juan Pardo?
A: Spanish']
The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. The spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlake's "Draught of the Cherokee Country" in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created "Tennessee County", the third county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. (Tennessee County was the predecessor to current-day Montgomery County and Robertson County.) When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new state out of the Southwest Territory, it adopted "Tennessee" as the name of the state.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which governor is given credit for the name Tennessee as it is now spelled?
A: James Glen', '
Q: Which work by Henry Timberlake made the current spelling of Tennessee widely popular?
A: Draught of the Cherokee Country', '
Q: Which state created a county called Tennessee in 1788?
A: North Carolina', "
Q: Which two Tennessee counties cover the area that comprised North Carolina's Tennessee County?
A: Montgomery County and Robertson County", '
Q: In which year did a constitutional convention meet to form a new state out of the unincorporated territory that would become Tennessee?
A: 1796']
Tennessee is known as the "Volunteer State", a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee, especially during the Battle of New Orleans. Other sources differ on the origin of the state nickname; according to the Columbia Encyclopedia, the name refers to volunteers for the Mexican–American War. This explanation is more likely, because President Polk's call for 2,600 nationwide volunteers at the beginning of the Mexican-American War resulted in 30,000 volunteers from Tennessee alone, largely in response to the death of Davy Crockett and appeals by former Tennessee Governor and now Texas politician, Sam Houston.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what nickname is Tennessee officially known?
A: Volunteer State', '
Q: Which major conflict that included the Battle of New Orleans is said to have given Tennessee its nickname?
A: War of 1812', '
Q: How many volunteers did Tennessee send to the Mexican-American War?
A: 30,000', "
Q: What conflict overseen by President Polk might be the source of Tennessee's nickname?
A: Mexican–American War", "
Q: Which local icon's death inspired many of the Tennessee volunteers during the Mexican-American War?
A: Davy Crockett"]
The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessee's eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The state line between Tennessee and North Carolina crosses the summit. The state's lowest point is the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line (the lowest point in Memphis, nearby, is at 195 ft (59 m)). The geographical center of the state is located in Murfreesboro.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point?
A: 6,643 feet", "
Q: What mountain in Tennessee is the Appalachian Trail's highest point?
A: Clingmans Dome", '
Q: What river is situated on Tennessee point of lowest elevation?
A: Mississippi River', '
Q: Which city marks the geographical center of Tennessee?
A: Murfreesboro']
Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles (89 km) is the Ridge and Valley region, in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley. This area of Tennessee is covered by fertile valleys separated by wooded ridges, such as Bays Mountain and Clinch Mountain. The western section of the Tennessee Valley, where the depressions become broader and the ridges become lower, is called the Great Valley. In this valley are numerous towns and two of the region's three urban areas, Knoxville, the 3rd largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the 4th largest city in the state. The third urban area, the Tri-Cities, comprising Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their environs, is located to the northeast of Knoxville.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Approximately how many miles long is Tennessee's Ridge and Valley region?
A: 55", '
Q: What is the western part of the Tennessee Valley called?
A: the Great Valley', "
Q: Which city is Tennessee's fourth largest?
A: Chattanooga", '
Q: Together, Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport are known by what name?
A: the Tri-Cities', '
Q: What river forms in the Tennessee Valley?
A: Tennessee River']
East Tennessee has several important transportation links with Middle and West Tennessee, as well as the rest of the nation and the world, including several major airports and interstates. Knoxville's McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) and Chattanooga's Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), as well as the Tri-Cities' Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI), provide air service to numerous destinations. I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26 along with numerous state highways and other important roads, traverse the Grand Division and connect Chattanooga, Knoxville, and the Tri-Cities, along with other cities and towns such as Cleveland, Athens, and Sevierville.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Tennessee airport has the code TYS?
A: McGhee Tyson Airport', '
Q: What is the name of the airport serving Chattanooga, TN?
A: Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport', '
Q: What interstate highways cross the Grand Division in Tennessee?
A: I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26', '
Q: An airport with which code serves the Tri-Cities area in Tennessee?
A: TRI']