romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experimental measures indicated there to be 50,000–100,000 transcribed genes (expressed sequence tags). Subsequently, the sequencing in the Human Genome Project indicated that many of these transcripts were alternative variants of the same genes, and the total number of protein-coding genes was revised down to ~20,000 with 13 genes encoded on the mitochondrial genome. Of the human genome, only 1–2% consists of protein-coding genes, with the remainder being 'noncoding' DNA such as introns, retrotransposons, and noncoding RNAs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known?
A: the 1960s', '
Q: What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes?
A: 2,000,000', '
Q: What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were?
A: alternative variants', '
Q: After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome?
A: 13', '
Q: What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes?
A: 1–2%']
Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250–400 genes are essential for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, which is less than 10% of their genes. Half of these genes are orthologs in both organisms and are largely involved in protein synthesis. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the number of essential genes is slightly higher, at 1000 genes (~20% of their genes). Although the number is more difficult to measure in higher eukaryotes, mice and humans are estimated to have around 2000 essential genes (~10% of their genes).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the set of genes which are thought to be crucial for the survival of an organism?
A: Essential genes', '
Q: What does the definition of essential genes assume an absence of?
A: environmental stress', '
Q: How many genes are essential for Escherichia coli?
A: 250–400', "
Q: What fraction of Escherichia coli's essential genes are orthologs?
A: Half", '
Q: How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have?
A: 1000 genes']
Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level (constitutively). Since their expression is constant, housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression. Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some essential genes are developmentally regulated or expressed at certain times during the organism's life cycle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of genes are necessary for performing basic cell functions?
A: Housekeeping genes', '
Q: At what relative level are housekeeping genes expressed at?
A: constant', '
Q: When investigating gene expression, what type of genes are used as a control for experiments?
A: housekeeping genes', '
Q: How are some essential genes regulated?
A: developmentally', "
Q: When are some essential genes expressed?
A: at certain times during the organism's life cycle"]
Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?
A: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)', '
Q: How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? 
A: through a database maintained by HGNC', '
Q: How many symbols does each gene have?
A: only one', '
Q: With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?
A: homologs in other species', '
Q: What type of model does the mouse play a role for?
A: common model']
Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove and edit genes in an organism. Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in a chromosome to either disrupt or edit a gene when the break is repaired. The related term synthetic biology is sometimes used to refer to extensive genetic engineering of an organism.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is known as the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology?
A: Genetic engineering", '
Q: When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes?
A: the 1970s', '
Q: What sort of enzymes do recently developed genome engineering techniques use?
A: engineered nuclease enzymes', '
Q: What sort of DNA repair is created by modern genetic engineering techniques?
A: targeted', '
Q: What term refers to extensive genetic engineering of an organism?
A: synthetic biology']
Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function. Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has become a common research tool with model organisms?
A: Genetic engineering', "
Q: What do scientists explore by adding genes to mice with a certain gene's function disrupted?
A: that gene's function", '
Q: What is an application for which organisms have been modified for?
A: agriculture', '
Q: What is another for which  organisms have been modified for?
A: industrial biotechnology', '
Q: What is yet another application for which  organisms have been modified for?
A: medicine']
For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism. However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For what sort of organisms is the embryo normally engineered?
A: multicellular organisms', '
Q: What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease?
A: gene therapy techniques', '
Q: What part of the organism is usually created which becomes a developed genetically altered organism?
A: the embryo', '
Q: What can be changed in an adult organism using gene therapy techniques?
A: the genomes of cells', '
Q: What can be treated using genetic engineering?
A: genetic diseases']
Guinea-Bissau (i/ˈɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/, GI-nee-bi-SOW), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau, pronounced: [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa. It covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,704,000.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the official name for Guinea-Bissau?
A: the Republic of Guinea-Bissau', '
Q: Where is Guinea-Bissau located?
A: West Africa', '
Q: How many square miles is Guinea-Bissau?
A: 13,948 sq mi', '
Q: What is the estimated population of Guinea-Bissau?
A: 1,704,000', '
Q: How many kilometers does Guinea-Bissau cover?
A: 36,125']
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonized as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of?
A: Gabu', '
Q: What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of?
A: Mali Empire', '
Q: What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent?
A: 1973', '
Q: What country did Guinea-Bissau seek to differentiate itself from?
A: Guinea (formerly French Guinea)', '
Q: Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence?
A: political instability']
Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese?
A: 14%', '
Q: What percentage of the population speaks Crioulo?
A: 44%', '
Q: What are the two main religions?
A: African traditional religions and Islam', '
Q: What is their gross domestic product status?
A: one of the lowest in the world', '
Q: What is the minority religion?
A: Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)']
Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Latin Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?
A: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation', '
Q: What Portuguese organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?
A: Community of Portuguese Language Countries', '
Q: What West African organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?
A: Economic Community of West African States', '
Q: What South Atlantic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?
A: South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone', '
Q: What Latin organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?
A: the Latin Union']
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, part of the Mali Empire; parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century. Other parts of the territory in the current country were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire. Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast, as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere. Previously slaves had been traded by Arabs north to the northern part of Africa and into the Middle East.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What area was known as the Slave Coast?
A: Portuguese Guinea', '
Q: Who exported African slaves to the western hemisphere?
A: Europeans', '
Q: What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once a part of?
A: Gabu', '
Q: How long did the Mali Empire persist?
A: until the 18th century', '
Q: Who traded slaves into the Middle East?
A: Arabs']
Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse, and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo, setting up the foundations of modern Angola, some 4200 km down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was Alvise Cadamosto's voyage?
A: 1455", "
Q: When was Eustache de la Fosse's voyage?
A: 1479–1480", '
Q: What was the name of the Portuguese explorer?
A: Diogo Cão', "
Q: What river did Diogo Cao reach in the 1480's?
A: Congo River", '
Q: What country is about 4200 km from Guinea-Bissau?
A: Angola']
Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese?
A: the rivers and coast', '
Q: When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau?
A: 16th century', '
Q: When did the Portuguese explore the interior of Guinea-Bissau?
A: 19th century', '
Q: Who controlled the inland trade in Guinea-Bissau during this time?
A: local African rulers', '
Q: What ports were the Portuguese restricted to?
A: Bissau and Cacheu']
For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who tried to establish a rival foothold at Bolama?
A: the British', '
Q: When was a rival foothold  attempted at Bolama?
A: the 1790s', '
Q: Who regarded Bolama as their own in the 19th century?
A: the Portuguese', '
Q: What other area did the Portuguese regard as their special territory?
A: part of present South Senegal', '
Q: What rival did the Portuguese fend off in Guinea-Bissau?
A: the British']
An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on then Portuguese Guinea. Unlike guerrilla movements in other Portuguese colonies, the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the territory, aided by the jungle-like terrain, its easily reached borderlines with neighbouring allies, and large quantities of arms from Cuba, China, the Soviet Union, and left-leaning African countries. Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians. The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea, although the movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when Cabral was assassinated.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group started an armed rebellion in Guinea-Bissau?
A: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)', '
Q: When did the armed rebellion begin?
A: 1956', '
Q: Who was the leader of the armed rebellion?
A: Amílcar Cabral', '
Q: Who supplied doctors and technicians to the rebels?
A: Cuba', '
Q: When was Cabral assassinated?
A: January 1973']
Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973. Recognition became universal following the 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal, which overthrew Lisbon's Estado Novo regime.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was independence declared?
A: 24 September 1973', '
Q: What date was independence considered universal? 
A: 25 April 1974', '
Q: What event caused the recognition to be universal?
A: socialist-inspired military coup', '
Q: Where did a coup take place?
A: Portugal', "
Q: Who was overthrown in the coup?
A: Lisbon's Estado Novo regime"]
Luís Cabral, brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first President of Guinea-Bissau. Following independence, the PAIGC killed thousands of local Guinean soldiers who had fought along with the Portuguese Army against guerrillas. Some escaped to settle in Portugal or other African nations. One of the massacres occurred in the town of Bissorã. In 1980 the PAIGC acknowledged in its newspaper Nó Pintcha (dated 29 November 1980) that many Gueinean soldiers had been executed and buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first President of Guinea-Bissau?
A: Luís Cabral', '
Q: How many Guinean soldiers did the PAIGC kill?
A: thousands', '
Q: Where did one of the massacres occur?
A: Bissorã', '
Q: When did the PAIGC acknowledge the executions?
A: 29 November 1980', '
Q: Where were the soldiers buried?
A: Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá']
The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again in 2000, and Kumba Ialá was elected president.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who controlled the country prior to 1984?
A: a revolutionary council', '
Q: When were the first multi-party elections held?
A: 1994', '
Q: What led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War?
A: An army uprising', '
Q: When was the president ousted?
A: June 1999', '
Q: Who was elected president in the 2000 election?
A: Kumba Ialá']
In September 2003, a military coup was conducted. The military arrested Ialá on the charge of being "unable to solve the problems". After being delayed several times, legislative elections were held in March 2004. A mutiny of military factions in October 2004 resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces and caused widespread unrest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was a military coup conducted?
A: September 2003', '
Q: Who did the military arrest?
A: Ialá', '
Q: When were legislative elections held?
A: March 2004', '
Q: When did the mutiny of military factions occur?
A: October 2004', '
Q: Who died in the mutiny?
A: the head of the armed forces']
In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá. Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country, but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira, deposed in the 1999 coup. Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanhá in a runoff election. Sanhá initially refused to concede, claiming that tampering and electoral fraud occurred in two constituencies including the capital, Bissau.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After the coup, when were presidential elections held?
A: June 2005', '
Q: At that time, who ran claiming to be the legitimate president of the country?
A: Ialá', '
Q: Who won the election?
A: João Bernardo Vieira', '
Q: Who did Vieira beat in a runoff election?
A: Malam Bacai Sanhá', '
Q: When was Vieira, a former president, deposed?
A: 1999']
Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning," including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as "calm and organized".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was reported to be entering the country prior to the election?
A: arms', '
Q: What type of "disturbances" were reported during the campaign?
A: attacks on government offices', '
Q: How did foreign election monitors describe the election?
A: "calm and organized"', '
Q: What year was the election held?
A: 2005', '
Q: Where the election monitors local, or foreign?
A: foreign']
Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the parliamentary election held in November 2008. In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the parliamentary election held?
A: November 2008', '
Q: Who won a strong majority in the election?
A: PAIGC', '
Q: How many seats did PAIGC win in the election?
A: 67', "
Q: Whose residence was attacked by members of the armed forces?
A: President Vieira's", '
Q: When did the attack on the residence occur?
A: November 2008']
On 2 March 2009, however, Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff, General Batista Tagme Na Wai. Tagme died in an explosion on Sunday, 1 March 2009, target of an assassination. Military leaders in the country pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession. National Assembly Speaker Raimundo Pereira was appointed as an interim president until a nationwide election on 28 June 2009. It was won by Malam Bacai Sanhá.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was assassinated on 2 March 2009?
A: Vieira', '
Q: Who was assassinated on 1 March 2009?
A: General Batista Tagme Na Wai', '
Q: Who pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession?
A: Military leaders', '
Q: Who was appointed interim president?
A: Raimundo Pereira', '
Q: Who won the election in June 2009?
A: Malam Bacai Sanhá']
On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was a coup d'etat staged?
A: 12 April 2012", "
Q: Who staged the coup d'etat?
A: members of the country's military", "
Q: Who assumed control of the country after the coup d'etat?
A: Mamadu Ture Kuruma", '
Q: Who did Kuruma negotiate with?
A: opposition parties', "
Q: What was Kuruma's former position?
A: vice chief of staff"]
Guinea-Bissau is a republic. In the past, the government had been highly centralized. Multi-party governance was not established until mid-1991. The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. Since 1974, no president has successfully served a full five-year term.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country is listed as a republic?
A: Guinea-Bissau', '
Q: When had the government been highly centralized?
A: In the past', '
Q: When was multi-party governance established?
A: mid-1991', '
Q: Who is the head of state?
A: president', '
Q: Who is the head of government?
A: prime minister']
At the legislative level, a unicameral Assembleia Nacional Popular (National People's Assembly) is made up of 100 members. They are popularly elected from multi-member constituencies to serve a four-year term. The judicial system is headed by a Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court), made up of nine justices appointed by the president; they serve at the pleasure of the president.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many members compose the legislature?
A: 100', '
Q: Is the legislature bicameral or unicameral?
A: unicameral', '
Q: How long do members serve in the legislature?
A: four-year term', '
Q: What is the head of the judicial system?
A: Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court)', '
Q: How many justices are on the Supreme Court?
A: nine']
João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira was elected in 2005 as President of Guinea-Bissau as an independent, being declared winner of the second round by the CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições). Vieira returned to power in 2005 six years after being ousted from office during a civil war. Previously, he held power for 19 years after taking power in 1980 in a bloodless coup. In that action, he toppled the government of Luís Cabral.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was elected as President in 2005?
A: João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira', '
Q: What body made the declaration of who won the presidency?
A: CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições)', '
Q: How long was it since Vieira had held the office of president?
A: six years', '
Q: What year did Vieira first assume power?
A: 1980', '
Q: Whose government did Vieira topple in 1980?
A: Luís Cabral']