romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have?
A: monophonic', '
Q: What did traditional Native American music center around?
A: drumming', '
Q: What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans?
A: Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps', '
Q: How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans?
A: rivercane, cedar, and other woods', '
Q: How many strings did the Apache fiddle have?
A: single']
The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What feature did the music of Central America have?
A: pentatonic', '
Q: What role did music play in the religious festivities? 
A: inseparable from', '
Q: What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?
A: large variety of percussion and wind', '
Q: Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument?
A: a jar in Guatemala', "
Q: What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played?
A: a jaguar's growl"]
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What comprises a major category in the world art collection?
A: Visual arts by indigenous peoples', '
Q: Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? 
A: indigenous', '
Q: Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?
A: too many artists were posing as Native Americans', "
Q: What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?
A: a state or federally recognized tribe", '
Q: When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?
A: 2007']
In 2005, Argentina's indigenous population (known as pueblos originarios) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people. The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche (113,680 people), the Kolla (70,505), the Toba (69,452), the Guaraní (68,454), the Wichi (40,036), the Diaguita-Calchaquí (31,753), the Mocoví (15,837), the Huarpe (14,633), the Comechingón (10,863) and the Tehuelche (10,590). Minor but important peoples are the Quechua (6,739), the Charrúa (4,511), the Pilagá (4,465), the Chané (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cacán language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005?
A: about 600,329', '
Q: How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005?
A: 113,680', '
Q: Who are the Quechua and Chorote?
A: Minor but important peoples', '
Q: What indigenous population is now virtually extinct?
A: The Selknam', '
Q: Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche? 
A: a handful of elderly people']
In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?
A: 62%', "
Q: What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?
A: 3.7%", "
Q: In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?
A: 66.4%", '
Q: How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?
A: 36', '
Q: How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?
A: fifty']
Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?
A: Bolivian highland peasants', '
Q: What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?
A: ethnic and class militancy', '
Q: What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?
A: dissolution of communal landholdings', '
Q: What took place frequently until 1953?
A: Indigenous revolts', '
Q: What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?
A: March for Territory and Dignity']
Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?
A: Morales', '
Q: When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?
A: 2009', '
Q: What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?
A: affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves', '
Q: What did the President vow he would never betray?
A: fight', '
Q: What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?
A: divided', '
Q: Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?
A: Morales', '
Q: When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?
A: 2009', '
Q: What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?
A: affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves', '
Q: What did the President vow he would never betray?
A: fight', '
Q: What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?
A: divided']
Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?
A: 0.4%", '
Q: Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?
A: Indian reservations', '
Q: How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?
A: millions', '
Q: How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?
A: 67', '
Q: What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?
A: Brazil']
Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the term Eskimo said to mean?
A: "eater of raw meat."', '
Q: First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?
A: Aboriginal', '
Q: How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?
A: Hundreds', '
Q: What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?
A: The Métis culture', '
Q: What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?
A: Various laws, treaties, and legislation']
Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as "Canadian culture". These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans?
A: relatively peaceful', '
Q: What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on?
A: national culture', '
Q: How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture?
A: late 18th century', '
Q: What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?
A: cultures and contributions', '
Q: How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada?
A: over 600']
According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?
A: the Rapanui', '
Q: What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?
A: 4.6%', '
Q: Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of?
A: the Mapuche', '
Q: How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards?
A: 350 years', '
Q: When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army?
A: 1880s']
Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Ecuador the site of?
A: many indigenous cultures', '
Q: Where did the Valdivia culture develop?
A: coastal region', '
Q: What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization?
A: the Caras and the Quitus', '
Q: What culture did the Inca fear the most?
A: The Cañaris', '
Q: What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy?
A: architecture remains']
Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?
A: 96.4%", '
Q: Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?
A: Inca', '
Q: Where do the Highland Quichuas live?
A: valleys of the Sierra region', '
Q: The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population?
A: Highland Quichuas', '
Q: What language do the Highland Quichuas speak?
A: Kichwa']
Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. The Pipil lived in western El Salvador, spoke Nawat, and had many settlements there, most noticeably Cuzcatlan. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and fertile land that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Mexican Indian allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Guatemalan Indian allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like Izalco, Panchimalco, Sacacoyo, and Nahuizalco.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples?
A: the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira', '
Q: What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador?
A: Cuzcatlan', '
Q: What was the language of the Pipil?
A: Nawat', '
Q: What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as?
A: barbaric invaders', '
Q: What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women?
A: Mestizo']
About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?
A: About five percent', '
Q: What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?
A: about ten percent', '
Q: Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras? 
A: rural westernmost areas', '
Q: The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?
A: indigenous people']
The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?
A: indigenous civilizations', '
Q: When did the Olmecs flourish?
A: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE', '
Q: Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?
A: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs', '
Q: Who lived in the Yucatan?
A: the Maya', "
Q: Where was the Aztec's central capital located?
A: Tenochtitlan"]
The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? 
A: General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples', '
Q: What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?
A: some public services and documents in their native languages', '
Q: What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?
A: bilingual primary and secondary education', '
Q: How many languages have been giving the status of "national languages"?
A: more than 60', '
Q: How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?
A: about 67% of them']
About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?
A: About 5%', '
Q: How did Creole English come about?
A: frequent contact with the British', '
Q: What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?
A: Miskito', "
Q: What didn't the king have in Miskito society?
A: total power", '
Q: How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?
A: some 10,000']