romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?
A: Licchavis', '
Q: Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?
A: Koliyas', '
Q: What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?
A: Newar', '
Q: Who killed the Shakyas?
A: Virudhaka', '
Q: Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?
A: Dakshin Koligram']
Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma. The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements?
A: Dakshin Koligram', "
Q: Who is Kathmandu's historical founder?
A: Gunakamadeva", '
Q: Who did Chandrahrasa belong to?
A: Manjushri', '
Q: How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu?
A: eight', '
Q: Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?
A: India and Tibet']
The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi?
A: Malla', '
Q: Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period?
A: Turk Muslims', "
Q: What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?
A: third", '
Q: Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?
A: Kailashkut Bhawan', '
Q: What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake?
A: Abhaya Malla']
During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period?
A: four', '
Q: In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley?
A: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur', '
Q: What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era?
A: India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe', '
Q: What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period?
A: Haramekhala', '
Q: When does Amarkosh date to?
A: 1381']
The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who won the Battle of Kathmandu?
A: Gorkha Kingdom', '
Q: What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha?
A: Kirtipur', '
Q: How many stories high was the Basantapur tower?
A: nine', '
Q: What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose?
A: Great Britain', '
Q: How many stories made up the Dharahara tower?
A: nine']
Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What river is south of Kathmandu?
A: Bagmati', '
Q: What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu?
A: northwestern', '
Q: About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu?
A: 4,600', '
Q: How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles?
A: 19.56', '
Q: Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?
A: south']
Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumant Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500–3,000 metres (4,900–9,800 ft), and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley. An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many rivers travel through Kathmandu?
A: eight', '
Q: Where did the canal that once terminated in Kathmandu originate?
A: Nagarjuna hill', '
Q: How many feet high are the mountains from which the Bagmati flows?
A: 4,900–9,800']
The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within the districts lie VDCs (villages), 3 municipalities (Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi), 1 sub-metropolitan city (Lalitpur), and 1 metropolitan city (Kathmandu). Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated, Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2. (2011 census). The following data table describes the districts considered part of the agglomeration:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area?
A: three', '
Q: What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur?
A: municipalities', '
Q: How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley?
A: 1', '
Q: About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?
A: 20,000', '
Q: What is another term for VDCs?
A: villages']
Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200–2,300 metres (3,900–7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100–3,300 metres (6,900–10,800 ft). Under Köppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28–30 °C (82–86 °F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit?
A: 50.2", '
Q: Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu?
A: humid subtropical climate', '
Q: What is the Köppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate?
A: Cwa', '
Q: How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone?
A: 2,100–3,300', '
Q: How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal?
A: Five']
The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop to 1 °C (34 °F) or less during the winter. During a 2013 cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to −4 °C (25 °F), and the lowest temperature was recorded on January 10, 2013, at −9.2 °C (15.4 °F). Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the total concentrated during the monsoon months of June to August), and decreases substantially (100 to 200 cm (39 to 79 in)) from eastern Nepal to western Nepal. Rainfall has been recorded at about 1,400 millimetres (55.1 in) for the Kathmandu valley, and averages 1,407 millimetres (55.4 in) for the city of Kathmandu. On average humidity is 75%. The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, "Weather Meteorology" for 2005. The chart provides minimum and maximum temperatures during each month. The annual amount of precipitation was 1,124 millimetres (44.3 in) for 2005, as per monthly data included in the table above. The decade of 2000-2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in Kathmandu. This was mostly due to the annual variation of the southwest monsoon.[citation needed] For example, 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totalling over 2,900 mm (114 in) of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season. In contrast, 2001 recorded only 356 mm (14 in) of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sort of temperature is typical on a Kathmandu morning?
A: cool', "
Q: About what percentage of Kathmandu's annual rainfall falls during the monsoon months?
A: 65", '
Q: On what date in 2013 was it 15.4 degrees Fahrenheit in Kathmandu?
A: January 10', '
Q: In what months does the monsoon occur in Nepal?
A: June to August', '
Q: In what year did the most rain in recorded history fall on Kathmandu?
A: 2003']
The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is located in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading center over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the Silk Road which linked India and Tibet. From centuries past, Lhasa Newar merchants of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia. Other traditional occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and pottery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What religion proliferated throughout Central Asia in part due to the efforts of Lhasa Newar merchants?
A: Buddhism', '
Q: Existing between what two countries contributed to Kathmandu becoming a center of trade?
A: India and China', "
Q: Other than trade, what was the traditional basis of Kathmandu's economy?
A: agriculture"]
The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $6.5billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $2200 per capital income approx three times national average. Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its finances.[which?] Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products. Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%). Kathmandu is famous for lokta paper and pashmina shawls.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Approximately what portion of Nepal's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area?
A: one third", '
Q: What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year?
A: $2200', '
Q: What is the GDP of Kathmandu?
A: 6.5billion', "
Q: What percentage of Kathmandu's economy is trade?
A: 21", "
Q: What portion of Kathmandu's economy consists of agriculture?
A: 9%"]
Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin?
A: 1950', '
Q: What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway?
A: Raxaul', '
Q: When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin?
A: 1956']
Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is the country's most important industry.[citation needed] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number jumped to 491,504 in 1999/2000. Following the end of the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country turned into a Democratic Republic. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining[why?]. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most significant industry in Nepal?
A: tourism', "
Q: Along with Buddhists, what religion's devotees visit Kathmandu?
A: Hindu", '
Q: How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62?
A: 6,179', '
Q: What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009?
A: end of the Maoist insurgency', '
Q: What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists?
A: Himalayas']
The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveler's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Asan is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists?
A: Thamel', '
Q: What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel?
A: Jhamsikhel', '
Q: What is the traditional name for Freak Street?
A: Jhochhen Tol', '
Q: What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol?
A: hippies']
With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several luxury such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, theYak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and The Shanker Hotel. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel?
A: four", '
Q: What type of hotel is Aloha Inn?
A: three-star', "
Q: De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel?
A: five-star", '
Q: What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency?
A: casinos']
Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions. The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area?
A: five', "
Q: What sector of Kathmandu doesn't have the word 'sector' in its name?
A: City Core", '
Q: What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards?
A: civic administration', '
Q: How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election?
A: 20', "
Q: How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26?
A: 4"]
The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya, opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle. An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas. In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighboring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a fire service was established in Kathmandu airport. In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service. The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Kathmandu's fire department called?
A: Barun Yantra Karyalaya", "
Q: What year saw the founding of Kathmandu's fire department?
A: 1937", '
Q: When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department?
A: 1944', '
Q: How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu?
A: seven', '
Q: What is the mission of FAN?
A: raising public awareness about fire and improving safety']
Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares (12,545 acres) has expanded to 8,214 hectares (20,300 acres) in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 is still 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?
A: 427,045', '
Q: About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021?
A: 1,319,597', '
Q: How dense was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?
A: 85', '
Q: How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001?
A: 20,300']