romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?
A: summer time', '
Q: What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?
A: one hour', '
Q: What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward?
A: daylight', '
Q: In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour?
A: autumn', '
Q: By setting the clocks forward, the normal time of what daily event is disrupted?
A: sunrise']
New Zealander George Hudson proposed the modern idea of daylight saving in 1895. Germany and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on 30 April 1916. Many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who first suggested daylight saving?
A: George Hudson', '
Q: From what country did George Hudson hail?
A: New Zealand', '
Q: In what year was modern daylight saving first proposed?
A: 1895', '
Q: Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect?
A: Germany']
The practice has received both advocacy and criticism. Putting clocks forward benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight, such as farming. Although some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity, modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly and research about how DST affects energy use is limited or contradictory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What used to be the main draw on electricity?
A: incandescent lighting', '
Q: What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST?
A: retailing', '
Q: In addition to entertainment events that take place after working hours, what profession might suffer because of DST?
A: farming', "
Q: Research on DST is uncertain because we aren't sure how it affects the use of what?
A: energy"]
DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation?
A: travel', '
Q: When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock, what is controlling the change?
A: Computer software', '
Q: What do jurisdictions sometimes change that mixes up DST dates and times?
A: policy', '
Q: What important part of daily life might be disturbed because of DST changing what time you go to bed?
A: sleep patterns']
Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time, which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt. North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round?
A: Industrialized', '
Q: What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons?
A: agrarian', '
Q: In what part of the world is daytime shorter in winter and longer in summer?
A: North and south of the tropics', '
Q: What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called?
A: axial tilt']
By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour "fast"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities. However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?
A: one hour", '
Q: In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?
A: winter', '
Q: Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday?
A: after', '
Q: What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time?
A: Standard Time']
While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?
A: lighting and heating', '
Q: What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?
A: equal', '
Q: Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?
A: after', '
Q: Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?
A: Supporters']
The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut or Alaska) has little impact on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in comparison to other latitudes), and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of sync with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock. DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What latitudes see more extreme changes in the length of their days and nights throughout the year?
A: higher latitudes', '
Q: What region of the earth sees little change in daylight from season to season?
A: near the equator', '
Q: How much impact does the times of daylight and night have on areas like Iceland or Alaska?
A: little', '
Q: Would observing Daylight Saving Time have a small or large effect on how light it is during the workday in areas at high latitudes?
A: small', '
Q: As compared to areas with lower latitudes, what kind of change do areas with high latitudes see in the length of day through the seasons?
A: extreme']
Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer. For example, Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year: at Rome's latitude the third hour from sunrise, hora tertia, started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some Mount Athos monasteries and all Jewish ceremonies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of clocks did the Romans use?
A: water clocks', '
Q: What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?
A: hora tertia', '
Q: During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?
A: 75', '
Q: What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?
A: Jewish']
During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, publisher of the old English proverb, "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be "healthy, wealthy, and wise"?
A: Benjamin Franklin', '
Q: Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier?
A: Parisians', '
Q: In what year did Ben Franklin write a satire suggesting firing cannons at sunrise to wake people up?
A: 1784', '
Q: What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules?
A: rail', "
Q: In addition to cannon fire, what did Franklin suggest to act as Parisians' alarm clock?
A: ringing church bells"]
Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper. Many publications credit DST's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer's day. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?
A: entomologist', "
Q: What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?
A: insects", '
Q: What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?
A: 1895', "
Q: Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?
A: William Willett", '
Q: Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?
A: Robert Pearce']
Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did Germany decide to try DST?
A: 1916', '
Q: What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?
A: Sommerzeit', '
Q: What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?
A: coal', '
Q: What year did the United States get on board with DST?
A: 1918']
Broadly speaking, Daylight Saving Time was abandoned in the years after the war (with some notable exceptions including Canada, the UK, France, and Ireland for example). However, it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades, and commonly during the Second World War. It became widely adopted, particularly in North America and Europe starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?
A: energy crisis', '
Q: What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?
A: Ireland', '
Q: Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war?
A: Second World War', '
Q: Along with North America, what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis?
A: Europe']
Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?
A: many', '
Q: Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?
A: repeals']
In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that hour, and that day has 25 hours. A digital display of local time does not read 02:00 exactly at the shift to summer time, but instead jumps from 01:59:59.9 forward to 03:00:00.0.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At what local time does the United States change the time?
A: 02:00', '
Q: Technically, how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring?
A: 23', '
Q: In the fall, DST means one hour is repeated, which means the day is actually how many hours long?
A: 25', '
Q: At the time change to DST, what will a digital clock read just after 01:59:59.9?
A: 03:00:00.0', '
Q: Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time, but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season?
A: spring']
Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour shift is customary, but Australia's Lord Howe Island uses a half-hour shift. Twenty-minute and two-hour shifts have been used in the past.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?
A: weekend', "
Q: What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?
A: weekday schedules"]
Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?
A: Eastern European Time', '
Q: For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?
A: two hours', '
Q: In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?
A: October 26', '
Q: At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?
A: one hour', '
Q: In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?
A: Hawaii']
Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change in order to allow extra daylight for the evening of October 31.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?
A: 1996', '
Q: European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?
A: October', '
Q: What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy?
A: the Energy Policy Act of 2005', '
Q: What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006?
A: Congress', '
Q: Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October?
A: Halloween']
Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?
A: Beginning and ending dates', '
Q: At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?
A: 24:00', '
Q: What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile?
A: Saturday', "
Q: In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?
A: five hours", '
Q: During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?
A: summer']
DST is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it. Some countries observe it only in some regions; for example, southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not. Only a minority of the world's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?
A: southern Brazil', '
Q: What part of Brazil does not observe DST?
A: equatorial Brazil', "
Q: Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?
A: Asia and Africa", "
Q: The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?
A: sunrise"]
Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What leader said daylight saving gives people more "opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness"?
A: Winston Churchill', '
Q: What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?
A: Daylight Slaving Time', '
Q: In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?
A: agricultural', '
Q: Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?
A: sports', '
Q: Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?
A: war']
The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?
A: Edward VII", '
Q: What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?
A: Napier Shaw', '
Q: What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?
A: 1909', '
Q: Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?
A: Andrew Peters']
After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The US's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?
A: Robert Garland', '
Q: What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?
A: 1917', '
Q: What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time?
A: 1918']