romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The U.S. Army black beret (having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap) is no longer worn with the new ACU for garrison duty. After years of complaints that it wasn't suited well for most work conditions, Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011. Soldiers still wear berets who are currently in a unit in jump status, whether the wearer is parachute-qualified, or not (maroon beret), Members of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade (tan beret), and Special Forces (rifle green beret) and may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. Unit commanders may still direct the wear of patrol caps in these units in training environments or motor pools.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap?
A: black beret', '
Q: Who was the Army Chief of Staff at this time?
A: General Martin Dempsey', '
Q: What month and year was the black beret replaced?
A: June 2011', '
Q: If a soldier is in a unit in jump status, what color beret do they wear?
A: maroon', '
Q: The rifle green beret is worn by whom?
A: Special Forces']
As a uniformed military service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army, which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, the Secretary of the Army (SECARMY), and by a chief military officer, the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the fiscal year 2016, the projected end strength for the Regular Army (USA) was 475,000 soldiers; the Army National Guard (ARNG) had 342,000 soldiers, and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) had 198,000 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,015,000 soldiers. As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is "to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained, land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders." The service participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many military departments does the Department of Defense have?
A: three', '
Q: What does SECARMY stand for?
A: Secretary of the Army', '
Q: What does CSA stand for?
A: Chief of Staff of the Army', '
Q: At the end of 2016, how many soldiers were in the Regular Army?
A: 475,000', '
Q: How many soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?
A: 1,015,000']
The army's major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars (1818–58) to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma. The usual strategy in Indian wars was to seize control of the Indians winter food supply, but that was no use in Florida where there was no winter. The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes, but that too was useless because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What Indian tribe was the Army's major campaign against?
A: Seminoles", '
Q: During what years did the wars between the Army and the Seminoles take place?
A: 1818–58', '
Q: What state were the Seminoles moved to?
A: Oklahoma', '
Q: What did the Army traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?
A: winter food supply', '
Q: During what century did the Seminoles enter Florida?
A: eighteenth']
During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War began in 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a United Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of South Korea by North Korea, and later, to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides, and the PRC People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the Korean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Korean War start?
A: 1950', '
Q: Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting?
A: the Soviets', '
Q: In what two countries did the American troops fight Communist forces?
A: Korea and Vietnam', '
Q: In what year did the Korean war end?
A: 1953']
By 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength. By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23%, from 750,000 to 580,000. A number of incentives such as early retirement were used. In 1990 Iraq invaded its smaller neighbor, Kuwait, and U.S. land forces, quickly deployed to assure the protection of Saudi Arabia. In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced, a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops, the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations, to drive out Iraqi forces. The campaign ended in total victory, as Western coalition forces routed the Iraqi Army, organized along Soviet lines, in just one hundred hours.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1989, what did the Pentagon plan to reduce the army end strength to?
A: 580,000', '
Q: Which country did Iraq invade in 1990?
A: Kuwait', '
Q: What operation began in January 1991?
A: Desert Storm', '
Q: How many troops were involved in Operation Desert Storm?
A: 500,000', '
Q: How long did Operation Desert Storm last?
A: one hundred hours']
The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775. In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-time militias which could also be called into the service of the army.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the U.S. army organized?
A: 1775', '
Q: What group combined with the U.S. Army?
A: United States Volunteers', '
Q: Who raised the United States Volunteers?
A: various state governments']
The United States Army is made up of three components: the active component, the Regular Army; and two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month, known as battle assemblies or unit training assemblies (UTAs), and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under Title 10 of the United States Code, while the National Guard is organized under Title 32. While the Army National Guard is organized, trained and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors; the District of Columbia National Guard, however, reports to the U.S. President, not the district's mayor, even when not federalized. Any or all of the National Guard can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the active component of the U.S. Army?
A: Regular Army', '
Q: What are the two reserve components of the U.S. Army?
A: Army National Guard and the Army Reserve', '
Q: What are UTAs?
A: unit training assemblies', '
Q: The U.S. Army is organized under what title of the United States Code?
A: 10', '
Q: Who does the D.C. National Guard report to?
A: the U.S. President']
Following their basic and advanced training at the individual-level, soldiers may choose to continue their training and apply for an "additional skill identifier" (ASI). The ASI allows the army to take a wide ranging MOS and focus it into a more specific MOS. For example, a combat medic, whose duties are to provide pre-hospital emergency treatment, may receive ASI training to become a cardiovascular specialist, a dialysis specialist, or even a licensed practical nurse. For commissioned officers, ASI training includes pre-commissioning training either at USMA, or via ROTC, or by completing OCS. After commissioning, officers undergo branch specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course, (formerly called Officer Basic Course), which varies in time and location according their future assignments. Further career development is available through the Army Correspondence Course Program.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does ASI stand for?
A: additional skill identifier', '
Q: What is are combat medics duties?
A: provide pre-hospital emergency treatment', '
Q: Where do the officers go to complete their branch specific training?
A: Basic Officer Leaders Course', '
Q: If the officers want to advance their careers even further, where is that available?
A: Army Correspondence Course Program']
The army has relied heavily on tents to provide the various facilities needed while on deployment. The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks (sleeping quarters), DFAC buildings (dining facilities), forward operating bases (FOBs), after action review (AAR), tactical operations center (TOC), morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) facilities, and security checkpoints. Furthermore, most of these tents are set up and operated through the support of Natick Soldier Systems Center.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the army use for facilities while they are deployed?
A: tents', '
Q: What is the abbreviation for a tactical operations center?
A: TOC', '
Q: What does FOB stand for?
A: forward operating bases', '
Q: Where are the dining facilities called?
A: DFAC buildings', '
Q: What are the barracks used for?
A: sleeping quarters']
The American Civil War was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties. After most slave states, located in the southern U.S., formed the Confederate States, C.S. troops led by former U.S. Army officers, mobilized a very large fraction of Southern white manpower. Forces of the United States (the "Union" or "the North") formed the Union Army consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state, north and south, except South Carolina.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which war had the most U.S. casualties associated with it?
A: The American Civil War', '
Q: What were the U.S. forces referred to as?
A: the "Union" or "the North"', '
Q: What state did not contribute any troops to the Union Army?
A: South Carolina']
Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft. In 1910, Mexico was having a civil war, peasant rebels fighting government soldiers. The army was deployed to American towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918. The United States joined World War I in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and other allies. U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the army start using fixed-wing aircraft?
A: 1910', '
Q: Who attacked New Mexico in 1916?
A: Pancho Villa', '
Q: What year did the U.S. join World War I?
A: 1917', '
Q: What date did the U.S. intervention in New Mexico end?
A: 7 February 1917']
During the 1960s the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. In 1967 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to 8 divisions (1 mechanized infantry, 2 armored, and 5 infantry), but increased the number of brigades from 7 to 18 (1 airborne, 1 armored, 2 mechanized infantry, and 14 infantry). The loss of the divisions did not set well with the states. Their objections included the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them. Under the proposal, the remaining division commanders were to reside in the state of the division base. No reduction, however, in total Army National Guard strength was to take place, which convinced the governors to accept the plan. The states reorganized their forces accordingly between 1 December 1967 and 1 May 1968.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the Secretary of Defense in 1967?
A: Robert McNamara', '
Q: How many divisions did the Secretary of Defense cut the original 15 down to?
A: 8', '
Q: How many brigades did the Secretary of Defense increase the number to?
A: 18']
On September 11, 2001, 53 Army civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al-Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks. Lieutenant General Timothy Maude was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon, and the most senior U.S. Army officer killed by foreign action since the death of Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckner, Jr. on June 18, 1945, in the Battle of Okinawa during World War II.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many victims were killed in the attack on the Pentagon?
A: 125', '
Q: What aircraft was hijacked?
A: American Airlines Flight 77', '
Q: Did they crash into the eastern or wester part of the Pentagon.
A: west', '
Q: Who was the highest ranking official killed in the attack?
A: Lieutenant General Timothy Maude']
The army is also changing its base unit from divisions to brigades. Division lineage will be retained, but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade, not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage. The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular, i.e., all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same, and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division. As specified before the 2013 end-strength re-definitions, the three major types of ground combat brigades are:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the army replacing divisions with?
A: brigades', '
Q: How will the brigades be structured?
A: modular', '
Q: Who can command any brigade?
A: divisional headquarters']
The army employs various individual weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges. The most common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the M16 rifle, the M4 carbine, as well as the 7.62×51mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced through the Modular Handgun System program. Soldiers are also equiped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the primary sidearm used by the U.S. Army?
A: 9 mm M9 pistol', '
Q: What type of frag grenade is used by the U.S. Army?
A: M67', '
Q: The M18 is a type of what kind of grenade?
A: smoke', '
Q: Through what system are handguns being replacedby the U.S. Army?
A: Modular Handgun System']
The army's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), commonly called the Humvee, which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles. While they operate a wide variety of combat support vehicles, one of the most common types centers on the family of HEMTT vehicles. The M1A2 Abrams is the army's main battle tank, while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle. Other vehicles include the Stryker, and the M113 armored personnel carrier, and multiple types of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does HMMWV stand for?
A: High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle', '
Q: What is the HMMWV also known as?
A: Humvee', '
Q: The M1A2 Abrams is an example of what?
A: battle tank', '
Q: What does MRAP stand for?
A: Mine Resistant Ambush Protected']
The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king, Wilhelm I, uniting Germany as a nation-state. The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine, which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen).The German conquest of France and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power, that had existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and Otto von Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades. French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, became factors in the causes of World War I.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Under what Prussian king did the German empire unite as a nation-state?
A: Wilhelm I', '
Q: What was the date of the Treaty of Frankfurt?
A: 10 May 1871', '
Q: The Treaty of Frankfurt gave Germany which Imperial territory?
A: Alsace-Lorraine', '
Q: Following the unification of Germany, who maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades?
A: Otto von Bismarck', '
Q: Which specific fear was a factor in causing World War I?
A: another Franco-German war']
The Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. "This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull", Bismarck later wrote. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt "he had just received a slap". The leader of the monarchists in Parliament, Adolphe Thiers, spoke for moderation, arguing that France had won the diplomatic battle and there was no reason for war, but he was drowned out by cries that he was a traitor and a Prussian. Napoleon's new prime minister, Emile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war, and that he accepted the responsibility "with a light heart." A crowd of 15–20,000 people, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July 1870 a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government. The southern German states immediately sided with Prussia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What telegram had the intended effect on French public opinion?
A: Ems telegram', '
Q: Following the Ems telegram, what reaction did the French foreign minister report that he felt?
A: he felt "he had just received a slap"', '
Q: In Parliament, who was the leader of the monarchists?
A: Adolphe Thiers', '
Q: Which French prime minister believed he had done all that he could to prevent a war?
A: Emile Ollivier', '
Q: On which date did France issue a declaration of war to the Prussian government?
A: 19 July 1870']
The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensated for by the famous Krupp 6-pounder (3 kg) steel breech-loading cannons being issued to Prussian artillery batteries. Firing a contact-detonated shell, the Krupp gun had a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the French bronze muzzle loading cannon, which relied on faulty time fuses.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which battle did the Dreyse needle gun gain its fame?
A: Battle of Königgrätz', "
Q: At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design?
A: 25-year-old design", "
Q: What was the Dreyse rifle's tactical range?
A: 600 m (2,000 ft)", '
Q: What was the name of the famous cannon issued to Prussian soldiers at the time?
A: Krupp', '
Q: What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire?
A: a contact-detonated shell']
The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery, which blasted holes in the defenses of the town. Douay held a very strong position initially, thanks to the accurate long-range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it. Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War?
A: 4 August 1870', '
Q: On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces?
A: Bavarian and two Prussian corps', '
Q: Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border? 
A: General Douay of I Corps', "
Q: Douay's initial success was credited by what?
A: long-range fire of the Chassepots", '
Q: What threatened the French avenue of retreat?
A: the encirclement of the town by the Prussians']
The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once. Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes, Frossard did not request additional support from other units. By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing, it was too late. Seriously flawed communications between Frossard and those in reserve under Bazaine slowed down so much that by the time the reserves received orders to move out to Spicheren, German soldiers from the 1st and 2nd armies had charged up the heights. Because the reserves had not arrived, Frossard erroneously believed that he was in grave danger of being outflanked as German soldiers under General von Glume were spotted in Forbach. Instead of continuing to defend the heights, by the close of battle after dusk he retreated to the south. The German casualties were relatively high due to the advance and the effectiveness of the chassepot rifle. They were quite startled in the morning when they had found out that their efforts were not in vain—Frossard had abandoned his position on the heights.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What factor were the French unaware of at the start of the battle?
A: German numerical superiority', '
Q: Which French commander miscalculated the severity of the battle?
A: Frossard', "
Q: What was a key factor in Frossard's disasterous retreat to the south?
A: Seriously flawed communications", '
Q: What factor was credited to the large number of German casualties?
A: effectiveness of the chassepot rifle', '
Q: What outcome surprised the Germans the following day?
A: Frossard had abandoned his position']