romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event happened in October of 1917?
A: a red faction revolution', '
Q: What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power?
A: the Russian Provisional Government was established.', '
Q: What happened during the red faction revolution?
A: armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg', '
Q: What is the Russian Revolution?
A: the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union.']
Another action in 1917 that is of note was the armistice signed between Russia and the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. As a condition for peace, the treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire, greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives. The Bolsheviks made peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers, as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution. Vladimir Lenin's decision has been attributed to his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II, German Emperor, offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution, Russia would withdraw from World War I. This suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry's sponsorship of Lenin's return to Petrograd. The Western Allies expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks, upset at:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the armistice signed between Russia and Central powers?
A: 1917', '
Q: What did Central powers concede in exchange for peace?
A: huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire', '
Q: Who did the Bolsheviks make peace with?
A: the German Empire', "
Q: What were Vladimir Lenin's decisions caused by? 
A: his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II", "
Q: Who did the German sponsorship of Lenin's Petrograd upset?
A: Western Allies"]
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and then in other places. In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka, the Bolshevik state security apparatus. There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as "military specialists" (voenspetsy), taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty. At the start of the war, three-fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Soviets under the rule of the  Bolshevik first assume power during the Russian Civil War?
A: Petrograd (St. Petersburg)', '
Q: In the wake of the October resolution, what happened to the Russian Imperial Army?
A: demobilized', "
Q: What was Bolshevik's main military force?
A: volunteer-based Red Guard", '
Q: How did the Red red Army overcome their foes?
A: by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance.', '
Q: How were former Tsarist Officers utilized? 
A: as "military specialists"']
The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces, yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War. Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war, including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army, the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards, and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg. The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920. Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok, previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government. The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano-Maysky District on the Pacific coast. The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 (e.g., Kronstadt Uprising, Tambov Rebellion, Basmachi Revolt, and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the principal fighting between?
A: Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army.', '
Q: In what time period did the most brutal battles occur?
A: 1918 to 1920', '
Q: What general was defeated in 1920?
A: General Pyotr Wrangel', '
Q: When did the major military operation end?
A: 25 October 1922', '
Q: Where did the last Resistance from the White movement occur?
A: Far East']
The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution. The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism. But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the May Fourth movement help do?
A: rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution.', '
Q: Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group.
A: a rival military government in Guangzhou', '
Q: What did Sun Yat-Sen hope to get from western democracies?
A: aid', '
Q: Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help?
A: the Soviet Union', '
Q: How did the Soviets try to befriend  the Chinese Revolutionist?
A: by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism.']
In North America, especially the first half of this period, people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties. The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I. The Roaring Twenties, often called "The Jazz Age", saw an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. 'Normalcy' returned to politics, jazz music blossomed, the flapper redefined modern womanhood, Art Deco peaked. The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity, a break with traditions. Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology. New technologies, especially automobiles, movies and radio proliferated 'modernity' to a large part of the population. The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality, in architecture as well as in daily life. The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries, extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the "Roaring Twenties" ?
A: social and societal upheaval', '
Q: What is the "Roaring Twenties" also known as?
A: The Jazz Age', '
Q: Where did the "Roaring Twenties" begin?
A: North America', '
Q: Where did the "Roaring Twenties"  spread to after the war?
A: Europe', '
Q: what did the "Jazz Age" usher in? 
A: an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.']
Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe. In Germany, the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil, which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. When Germany could no longer afford war payments, Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass-produced goods. By the middle of the decade, economic development soared in Europe, and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany, Britain and France, the second half of the decade becoming known as the "Golden Twenties". In France and francophone Canada, they were also called the "années folles" ("Crazy Years").

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the hyperinflation of  1923 occur?
A: 1923', '
Q: Who invested in European debts?
A: Wall Street', '
Q: Europe has a large market for what?
A: American mass-produced goods']
Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era, as The Great Depression set in. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries. It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world's economy can fall.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What changed worldwide property drasrically?
A: the onset of the Great Depression', '
Q: In what year did The wall Street crash occur?
A: 1929', '
Q: When did the great Depression end?
A: 1930s or early 1940s', '
Q: What is the Great Depression?
A: a worldwide economic downturn', '
Q: The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century?
A: 20th century']
The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich or poor. International trade plunged by half to two-thirds, as did personal income, tax revenue, prices and profits. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the depression cause negative effects?
A: virtually every country', '
Q: How much did international trade fall?
A: by half to two-thirds,', '
Q: What happened to construction during the Depression?
A: virtually halted in many countries', '
Q: How far did crop prices fall?
A: 60 percent']
The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era. America's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. The majority of countries set up relief programs, and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the left or right. In some world states, the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues—the most infamous being Adolf Hitler—setting the stage for the next era of war. The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regards to China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Americas Great Depression end?
A: 1941', '
Q: Who was the most notable Nationalist Demagogue the people turned to? 
A: Adolf Hitler', '
Q: In some world states who did the people turn to? 
A: nationalist demagogues', '
Q: What did the Convulsion caused by the global depression resul in?
A: the rise of Nazism']
The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order, away from the balance of power that had dominated pre–World War I Europe. One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations, which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries. The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States, leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was The League of Nations created?
A: after the First World War', '
Q: What was the Interwar period marked by?
A: radical change in the international order', '
Q: What institution was meant to bring stability?
A: the League of Nations', '
Q: What effect did the  undermining of The league of Nations have on the people?
A: leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.', "
Q: Who undermined  The League Of Nations?
A: bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States"]
A series of international crises strained the League to its limits, the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia, one of the only free African nations at that time. The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy, but to no avail. The incident highlighted French and British weakness, exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally. The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini's Italy towards alliance with Hitler's Germany anyway. The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was first to invade Manchuria?
A: Japan', '
Q: What is the Abyssinian crisis?
A: Italy invaded Abyssinia', '
Q: What is Abyssinia?
A: one of the only free African nations at that time', '
Q: When did the Abyssinian crisis occur?
A: 1935/36', '
Q: Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on?
A: Italy']
Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants—while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the seizure of Manchuria occur?
A: September 1931', '
Q: Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria?
A: ex-Qing emperor Puyi', '
Q: What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy?
A: loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,', '
Q: In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify? 
A: 1940', "
Q: What was Kuomintang's main goal pertaining to Communist? 
A: neutralize the spread of Communist influence."]
The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan. With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940–41, and with the continuing war in China, the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil, which were vitally needed for the war effort. The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of South East Asia—specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). In 1940, Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the United States place on Japans war efforts?
A: embargoes', '
Q: What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States?
A: The Second Sino-Japanese War', '
Q: Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with? 
A: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.', '
Q: What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring?
A: strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil']
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" during the World War II  and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the "Four Policemen" or "Four Sheriffs" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Japan attack the United States?
A: Pearl Harbor', '
Q: What countries were referred to as "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"?
A: The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China', '
Q: When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur?
A: December 7, 1941', '
Q: What did The United Nations name "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"
A: "Four Policemen"', '
Q: Who were the victors of World War II? 
A: The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China']
It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Was estimated amount of deaths during the war?
A: 62 million', '
Q: What percent of the deaths during the war were civilians?
A: About 60%', '
Q: What countries suffered the most casualties in the war?
A: The former Soviet Union and China', "
Q: What percentage of it's population did Poland lose in the war?
A: 16%,", '
Q: How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war?
A: 23 million']
The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning, or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as in the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Holocaust?
A: was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted"', '
Q: During what word event did the Holocaust happen? 
A: during World War II', '
Q: Who is responsible for the Holocaust? 
A: Nazi regime in Germany.', '
Q: How did the Nazis conjure up anti-Semitic feelings in civilians?
A: propaganda', '
Q: When did the suffering of the Jews begin?
A: before the war even started']
After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Europe split into after World War II?
A: Western and Soviet spheres of influence.', '
Q: Who battled in the cold war?
A: United States and the Soviet Union.', '
Q: What does the term NATO represent?
A: North Atlantic Treaty Organization', '
Q: What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia?
A: led to its democratization.', "
Q: What did China name themselves after the war?
A: the People's Republic of China."]
Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century, such as improved medicine (causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades) and communications technologies, were not available at any price at its beginning. However, the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider, and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?
A: a factor of five", '
Q: What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?
A: two decades', "
Q: What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?
A: the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider"]
Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South. Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to democratization. Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration, nuclear technology, advancement in genetics, and the dawning of the Information Age.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?
A: brutal dictatorships', '
Q: What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?
A: wars', '
Q: What did increased communications lead contribute to?
A: democratization', '
Q: What time period did technological advances lead to?
A: the Information Age']