romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, he pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the Third French Republic established?
A: 1870', '
Q: Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal?
A: Trafalgar Square', '
Q: Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?
A: Radical MPs', '
Q: In 1871, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?
A: arm', '
Q: Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?
A: Joseph Lister', '
Q: How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?
A: boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic', "
Q: Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria's removal held? 
A: Trafalgar Square", "
Q: What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria's illness?
A: new antiseptic carbolic acid spray", '
Q: What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life? 
A: typhoid fever', "
Q: WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?
A: acid spray", '
Q: What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870?
A: establishment of the Third French Republic', '
Q: When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene?
A: 1870', "
Q: WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?
A: carbolic acid spray", '
Q: What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life?
A: typhoid fever', '
Q: Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?
A: Radical MPs', "
Q: After what event did the Prince of Wales' health begin to improve?
A: the tenth anniversary of her husband's death"]
During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot. He was tried for high treason and found guilty, but was acquitted on the grounds of insanity. In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis. Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant, viewed breast-feeding with disgust, and thought newborn babies were ugly. Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (b. 1841), Alice (b. 1843), Alfred (b. 1844), Helena (b. 1846), Louise (b. 1848), Arthur (b. 1850), Leopold (b. 1853) and Beatrice (b. 1857).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was Queen Victorias first pregnancy?
A: 1840', '
Q: Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a carriage?
A: Edward Oxford', '
Q: How old was Edward Oxford?
A: 18', '
Q: Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to assasinate her?
A: Prince Albert', '
Q: How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss?
A: twice', '
Q: Who tried to assassinate Queen Victoria while she was pregnant with her first child?
A: Edward Oxford', "
Q: Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had how many more children after Victoria's birth? 
A: eight", "
Q: When was Queen Victoria's first daughter born? 
A: 21 November 1840", "
Q: What year was Albert Edward, Queen Victoria's first born son born? 
A: 1841", '
Q: What major life event was Victoria facing when she also had to contend with her first assassination attempt?
A: first pregnancy', "
Q: When was Victoria's first assassination attempt?
A: 1840", "
Q: What did the first assassination attempt do for Victoria's reign?
A: popularity soared", '
Q: What was Edward Oxford charged with after his assassination attempt?
A: high treason', '
Q: What happened to Edward Oxford to after he was found guilty of high treason?
A: acquitted on the grounds of insanity']
Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin. Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. "If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY." Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It is not in our custom to annexe countries", she said, "unless we are obliged & forced to do so." To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister. When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears", and erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Victoria try to convince Disraeli  to act against during the Russo-Turkish war?
A: Russia', '
Q: What impact did Victorias threats have on the impact of the Russo=Turkish war?
A: no impact', '
Q: What Disraeli policy did Victoria endorse?
A: expansionist foreign policy', '
Q: Who lost the Disraeli general election in 1880?
A: Disraeli', '
Q: Who returned as prime minister when Disraeli lost the general election in 1880?
A: Gladstone', '
Q: What caused Queen Victoria to threaten to abdicate five times? 
A: Russo-Turkish War', '
Q: What ended the Russo-Turkish War?
A: Congress of Berlin', '
Q: Why did Queen Victoria want to take over other countries? 
A: protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers', '
Q: Who was elected Prime Minister after Disareli lost the election in 1880?
A: Gladstone', '
Q: To whom did Queen Victoria dedicate a memorial after his death for grateful service? 
A: Disraeli', '
Q: What position did Victoria take on how to be a successful and top notch power?
A: be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY', '
Q: Who won the 1880 general election?
A: Gladstone', "
Q: What conflicts can be attributed to Disraeli's stance on foreign policy?
A: Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War", '
Q: What did Victoria place to memorialize Disraeli?
A: a memorial tablet']
Napoleon III, since the Crimean War Britain's closest ally, visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit. Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris. They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: who was britains closest ally since the Crimean war?
A: Napoleon III', '
Q: When did Napoleon iii visit London?
A: April 1855', '
Q: Where did Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert?
A: Dunkirk', '
Q: Napoleon accompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit?
A: Paris', '
Q: Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a large ball that took place where?
A: the Palace of Versailles', "
Q: Who was Britains's closest ally following the Crimean War?
A: Napoleon III", '
Q: What did Napoleon III and the royal couple visit? 
A: Exposition Universelle', '
Q: When were Napoleon I remains returned to their resting place at Les Invalides? 
A: 1840', '
Q: How many guests attented a ball at the Palace of Versaille with Napoleon III and the royal couple in attendence?
A: 1,200', '
Q: Where did Napoleon III meet Victoria and Albert, before accompanying them to Paris?
A: Dunkirk', "
Q: When were Napoleon I's remains interred in his mausoleum?
A: 1840", "
Q: Who was Britian's closest ally after the Crimean War?
A: Napoleon III", '
Q: Where were Victoria and Albert honored guests at ball thrown by Napoleon III?
A: Palace of Versailles', '
Q: When did Napoleon III visit London?
A: April 1855']
Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as "Mrs. Brown". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1860's?
A: John Brown", '
Q: Where was John brown, Victorias manservant, from?
A: Scotland', '
Q: What kind of a connection was rumored to exist between Victoria and John Brown?
A: a romantic connection', '
Q: What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown arose?
A: Mrs. Brown', '
Q: What was the name of the 1997 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown?
A: Mrs. Brown', "
Q: What country was Queen Victoria's manservant with whom she was rumored to have a romantic interest?
A: Scotland", "
Q: What was the name of the movie that told the story of Queen Victoria's romance with John Brown?
A: Mrs. Brown", '
Q: What artist painted the Queen and Brown which hung in the Royal Academy?
A: Sir Edwin Henry Landseer', '
Q: In what memior written by Queen Victoria was John Brown praised?
A: Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands', "
Q: Which manservent was Victoria's most trusted ally?
A: John Brown", '
Q: Which movie was made about the scandalous affair that Victoria was believed to have had with John Brown?
A: Mrs. Brown', '
Q: Which book did Victoria publish that did nothing to take away from the rumors about her and John Brown?
A: Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands', '
Q: Who did the Queen feature in her book that drew so much criticism?
A: John Brown']
Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turri, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1900?
A: Osborne House', '
Q: Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at located?
A: on the Isle of Wight', '
Q: What had caused Victoria to be lame?
A: Rheumatism in her legs', '
Q: Why was Victorias eyesight clouded?
A: cataracts', '
Q: What was the date of Queen Victorias death?
A: 22 January 1901', '
Q: Where was Osborne House located?
A: Isle of Wight', '
Q: When did Queen Victoria die? 
A: Tuesday, 22 January 1901', '
Q: How old was Queen Victoria upon her death? 
A: 81', "
Q: Who was Queen Victoria's successor after her death? 
A: King Edward VII", '
Q: Who did she wish to see on her deathbed, making it her last request? 
A: pet Pomeranian, Turri', '
Q: Where did Victoria usually spend Christmases?
A: Osborne House on the Isle of Wight', '
Q: What caused Victoria limited mobility later in life?
A: Rheumatism', '
Q: Whaen did Queen Victoria die?
A: Tuesday, 22 January 1901', '
Q: How old was Victoria when she died?
A: 81', "
Q: Who was Queen Victoria's successor?
A: King Edward VII"]
In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1876?
A: Royal Titles Act 1876', '
Q: In 1876 Victoria held what title?
A: Empress of India', '
Q: What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?
A: 1874', '
Q: What Church did Victoria consider herself aligned with?
A: presbyterian Church of Scotland', '
Q: In a general election of what year was Disraeli returned to power?
A: 1874', '
Q: What removed Catholic Rituals from Anglican services? 
A: Public Worship Regulation Act 1874', '
Q: Which church did Queen Victoria consider her favorite? 
A: presbyterian Church of Scotland', '
Q: Who published the Royal Titles Act of 1876?
A: Disraeli', '
Q: When was Queen Victoria named the Empress of India? 
A: 1 May 1876', '
Q: Where was the new title of Empress of India proclaimed? 
A: Delhi Durbar', '
Q: When was Disraeli returned to office?
A: 1874', '
Q: What change, supported by Victoria, did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy?
A: removed Catholic rituals', '
Q: Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion?
A: presbyterian Church of Scotland', '
Q: What allowed Victoria to become the Empress of India?
A: Royal Titles Act 1876', '
Q: Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?
A: Public Worship Regulation Act 1874']
Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of monarchy was formed under Queen Victoria?
A: modern constitutional monarchy', '
Q: Reforms to what system increased the power of the house fo commons?
A: the voting system', '
Q: As Victorias rule became less polital, what values were emphasized?
A: morality and family values', '
Q: What type of monarchy was established as time went on in Victorias rule?
A: family monarchy', '
Q: How did the reforms of Britains voting system affect the House of Commons? 
A: increased the power', '
Q: What was most important as the monarchy under Queen Victoria shifted from political to symbolic? 
A: emphasis on morality and family values', '
Q: What idea was solidified to which the increasing middle classes in Britain could identify with?
A: family monarchy', "
Q: What was Queen Victoria's reign considered? 
A: modern constitutional monarchy", "
Q: What kind of government was Victoria's reign leaning towards?
A: modern constitutional monarchy", '
Q: What increased the power in the House of Commons?
A: Reforms of the voting system', '
Q: Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system?
A: House of Lords and the monarch', "
Q: Rather than political, what was Victoria's monarchy seen as?
A: symbolic", '
Q: What was a monarchy that the more middle clas could get behind and support?
A: family']
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did Gladstone resign?
A: 1885', '
Q: Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?
A: his budget', '
Q: Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?
A: General Gordon at Khartoum.', '
Q: Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?
A: Lord Salisbury', '
Q: How long did Lord Salisburys government last?
A: a few months', '
Q: What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?
A: General Gordon', '
Q: Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months? 
A: Lord Salisbury', "
Q: What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure? 
A: granting Ireland home rule", '
Q: Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?
A: Salisbury', '
Q: Why did Gladstone resign in 1885? 
A: his budget was defeated', '
Q: When did Gladstone resign?
A: 1885', '
Q: Why did Gladstone resign?
A: his budget was defeated', '
Q: How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?
A: pleased', "
Q: Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?
A: General Gordon", '
Q: Who replaced Gladstone?
A: Lord Salisbury']
According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many words a day did Victoria write?
A: average of 2,500', '
Q: What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?
A: 1832', '
Q: How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?
A: 122', '
Q: Who was Victorias youngest daughter?
A: Princess Beatrice', '
Q: What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?
A: transcribed and edited', '
Q: How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?
A: 122', '
Q: What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them? 
A: burned the originals', "
Q: Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? 
A: Princess Beatrice", "
Q: Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861? 
A: Lord Esher", '
Q: What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?
A: Giles St Aubyn', '
Q: How avid of a writer was the Queen?
A: Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day', '
Q: How many volumes did her journal span?
A: 122 volumes', "
Q: What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?
A: transcribed and edited", "
Q: Who was Victoria's literary executer?
A: her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice", "
Q: What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?
A: burned"]
Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges?
A: Recognition', '
Q: What must two lodges be in, in order to inter-visit?
A: amity', '
Q: What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity? 
A: Masonic communication', '
Q: What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?
A: Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity', '
Q: What are the members of a Grand Lodge called?
A: brethren', '
Q: Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other?
A: amity', '
Q: What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges?
A: Recognition', '
Q: What does each Grand Lodge maintain?
A: a list', '
Q: What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity? 
A: inter-visitation', '
Q: What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another?
A: Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity']
Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?
A: The fifteenth century', '
Q: How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?
A: middle of the 19th century', '
Q: What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?
A: fidelity', '
Q: What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?
A: Regius Poem', '
Q: When was the Regius Poem written?
A: 1425', '
Q: When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?
A: middle of the 19th century', '
Q: What are the old Masonic document referred as?
A: Old Charges', '
Q: The Old Charges are dated from when to when?
A: about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century', '
Q: The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?
A: ceremonial regalia.', '
Q: The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?
A: Old Charges']