romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as "superior to all created beings" and "ceaselessly pray for her intercession". However, she is not considered a "substitute for the One Mediator" who is Christ. "Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord", he wrote. Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather "hyper-venerate" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration, latria for the worship of God, and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels. The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology?
A: hyperdulia', '
Q: In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?
A: 787', '
Q: Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia?
A: other saints and angels', '
Q: Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be "superior to all created beings," but is not to be the object of worhip?
A: Sergei Bulgakov', '
Q: What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God?
A: latria']
Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Anglican Church, and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos, a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council (held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius, in 431). Theotokos (and its Latin equivalents, "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix") literally means "Godbearer". The equivalent phrase "Mater Dei" (Mother of God) is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church, but this same phrase in Greek (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ), in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words (ΜΡ ΘΥ), is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?
A: 431', '
Q: Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?
A: Nestorius', '
Q: What does the phrase "Mater Dei" mean?
A: Mother of God', '
Q: What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term "Theokotos?"
A: "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix"', '
Q: What is the literal translation of Theokotos?
A: Godbearer']
Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin "original sin") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?
A: December 8', '
Q: Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
A: Pope Pius IX', '
Q: In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
A: 1854', "
Q: According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?
A: in her mother's womb", '
Q: What is the Greek term that means the same thing as "original sin?"
A: ancestral sin']
The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was twelve years old. At that point an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary, and icons of the feast depict the story. The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote: "The Virgin Mary is the center, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary?
A: The Protoevangelium of James', '
Q: At what age was Mary consecrated?
A: three', "
Q: Which priest officiated at Mary's consecration?
A: Zachariah", '
Q: While Mary lived in the temple, who was said to have fed her?
A: an angel']
In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. "O People of the Book! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion, and do not say anything of Allah but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His (Power) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah (as the One, Unique God), and His Messengers (including Jesus, as Messenger); and do not say: (Allah is one of) a trinity. Give up (this assertion) â€" (it is) for your own good (to do so). Allah is but One Allah ; All-Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred." Quran 4/171

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?
A: Islamic', '
Q: According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?
A: a Messenger of God', '
Q: Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?
A: Allah', '
Q: What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?
A: People of the Book']
The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother. However the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, it is far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus. The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts as such, and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos (virgin) and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence. Robert Van Voorst states that given that Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document and due to its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is "most unlikely" to have reliable historical information.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found?
A: the Toledot Yeshu', '
Q: According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written?
A: warding off conversions to Christianity', '
Q: What is the meaning of the term "parthenos?"
A: virgin', '
Q: During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written?
A: medieval', '
Q: What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes?
A: the birth of Jesus']
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport), which is the second busiest in Australia, and the Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo. Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station. Melbourne is also home to Australia's most extensive freeway network and has the world's largest urban tram network.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the second busiest airport in Australia?
A: Melbourne Airport', '
Q: What is another name Melbourne Airport is called?
A: Tullamarine Airport', "
Q: What is Melbourne's main metropolitan train terminus called?
A: Flinders Street Station", "
Q: What is Melbourne's main regional train and coach terminus called?
A: Southern Cross Station", "
Q: What is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo?
A: the Port of Melbourne", '
Q: What airport serves Melbourne?
A: Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)', '
Q: What is the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?
A: Flinders Street Station', '
Q: What is the main regional train and coach terminus in Melbourne?
A: Southern Cross Station', "
Q: What city is known to be home to Australia's most extensive freeway network?
A: Melbourne", "
Q: What country has the world's largest urban tram network?
A: Australia", '
Q: What passenger airport serves Melbourne?
A: Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)', '
Q: What is the busiest seaport in Melbourne?
A: Port of Melbourne', '
Q: What is the name of the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?
A: Flinders Street Station', '
Q: Who has the most extensive freeway network?
A: Australia', '
Q: What is the name of the coach terminus in Melbourne?
A: Southern Cross Station', '
Q: What is another name for Melborne Airport?
A: Tullamarine Airport', '
Q: Which airport is the second busiest in Australia?
A: Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)', '
Q: Which port in Melborne is the busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo?
A: Port of Melbourne', "
Q: What is Melborne's main metropolitan train terminus?
A: Flinders Street Station", "
Q: Where is the world's largest urban tram network located?
A: Melbourne"]
Between 1836 and 1842 Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed[by whom?] of their land. By January 1844, there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne. The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria, in 1839, however their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured squatters to take possession of Aboriginal lands. By 1845, fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Between what year's did Victorian aboriginal groups dispossessed?
A: Between 1836 and 1842", '
Q: In 1844 how many Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne?
A: 675', '
Q: Who appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria in 1839?
A: The British Colonial Office', '
Q: Who were the people that were power political and economic force in Victoria in 1845?
A: 240 wealthy Europeans', '
Q: How many Aborigines were said to be resident in squalid camps in Melbourne in January 1844?
A: 675', '
Q: How many Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria were appointed in 1839?
A: five', '
Q: By what year did fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans hold all the pastoral licenses?
A: 1845', '
Q: During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land?
A: Between 1836 and 1842']
With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the gold rush over in Melbourne?
A: 1860', '
Q: How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products?
A: gold mining', '
Q: What was protected by high tarriffs?
A: wool', '
Q: In 1863, why was Aboriginal population declining?
A: diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.', '
Q: By what year was the gold rush largely over?
A: 1860', '
Q: What was one of the major agricultural products of Victoria around 1860?
A: wool', '
Q: What were some of the reasons the Aboriginal population continued to recline?
A: introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands', '
Q: Which disease in particular caused the Aboriginal population to continue a decline?
A: smallpox', '
Q: The Aboriginal population declined by what estimated percentage by 1863?
A: 80%']
Melbourne (/ˈmɛlbərn/, AU i/ˈmɛlbən/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name "Melbourne" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities. It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?
A: Melbourne', '
Q: What is the second most populas city in Australia?
A: Oceania', '
Q: Where is the Metropolis?
A: large natural bay of Port Phillip', '
Q: What is the population of Melbourne?
A: 4,347,955 as of 2013', '
Q: What are inhabitants of Melbourne called?
A: Melburnians', '
Q: Which city is the capital of Victoria?
A: Melbourne', '
Q: Which city is the most populous city in Victoria?
A: Melbourne', '
Q: Melbourne consists of how many municipalities?
A: 31', "
Q: What was Melbourne's population in 2013?
A: 4,347,955", '
Q: What are the inhabitants of Melbourne called?
A: Melburnians']
A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did severe depression hit Melbourne's city?
A: 1890s", '
Q: What went into liquidation in Melbourne around the 1890\'s?
A: 16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies', '
Q: When did new construction start in Melbourne?
A: late 1890s', '
Q: When did Australia have a banking crisis?
A: 1893.', '
Q: During what decade did Melbourne suffer a sever economic depression?
A: early 1890s', '
Q: How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?
A: 133', '
Q: How many "land banks" and building societies collapsed during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?
A: 16', '
Q: The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to what banking crisis in 1893?
A: Australian', '
Q: When did new construction start to reimerge after the early 1890s depression in Melbourne?
A: late 1890s']
An influx of interstate and overseas migrants, particularly Irish, German and Chinese, saw the development of slums including a temporary "tent city" established on the southern banks of the Yarra. Chinese migrants founded the Melbourne Chinatown in 1851, which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World. In the aftermath of the Eureka Stockade, mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including changes to working conditions across local industries including mining, agriculture and manufacturing. The nationalities involved in the Eureka revolt and Burke and Wills expedition gave an indication of immigration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term is given to the slums established on the souther banks of the Yarra?
A: tent city', '
Q: In what year was Melbourne Chinatown founded?
A: 1851', '
Q: Which ethninticities contributed an influx of interstate and overseas migrants to Melbourne?
A: Irish, German and Chinese', '
Q: Which community is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World?
A: Melbourne Chinatown', '
Q: During the second half of what century did the Burke and Wills expedition give an indication of immigration flows?
A: second half of the nineteenth century']
The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, held in the large purpose-built Exhibition Building. In 1880 a telephone exchange was established and in the same year the foundations of St Paul's, were laid; in 1881 electric light was installed in the Eastern Market, and in the following year a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation. In 1885 the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system was built, becoming one of the worlds most extensive systems by 1890.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was a telephone exchange established in Melbourne?
A: 1880', '
Q: When was the first electric light installed in the Eastern Market?
A: 1881', '
Q: In what year was the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system built?
A: 1885', '
Q: In what building was the Melbourne Internation Exhibition of 1880 held?
A: Exhibition Building']
Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a cold pool crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can contain hail and squalls and significant drops in temperature, but they pass through very quickly at times with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower. This often occurs in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times in a day, giving Melbourne a reputation for having "four seasons in one day", a phrase that is part of local popular culture and familiar to many visitors to the city. The lowest temperature on record is −2.8 °C (27.0 °F), on 21 July 1869. The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), on 7 February 2009. While snow is occasionally seen at higher elevations in the outskirts of the city, it has not been recorded in the Central Business District since 1986.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What weather phrase has become part of local popular culture in Melbourne and concerns the city's rapid change in weather?
A: four seasons in one day", "
Q: What is the lowest temperature on Melbourne's record?
A: −2.8 °C (27.0 °F)", "
Q: On what date did the lowest temperature in Melbourne's records occur?
A: 21 July 1869", "
Q: What is Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?
A: 46.4 °C (115.5 °F)", "
Q: On what date was Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?
A: 7 February 2009"]
Melbourne's CBD, compared with other Australian cities, has comparatively unrestricted height limits and as a result of waves of post-war development contains five of the six tallest buildings in Australia, the tallest of which is the Eureka Tower, situated in Southbank. It has an observation deck near the top from where you can see above all of Melbourne's structures. The Rialto tower, the city's second tallest, remains the tallest building in the old CBD; its observation deck for visitors has recently closed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Is the observation deck in The Rialto currently opened or closed?
A: closed', "
Q: On which of Melbourne's banks is the Eureka Tower located?
A: Southbank", "
Q: Which tower is Melbourne's second tallest?
A: The Rialto", '
Q: What building is the tallest building in the old CBD?
A: The Rialto tower', '
Q: What is the tallest tower in Australia?
A: Eureka Tower']
Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004. These factors have led to population growth and further suburban expansion through the 2000s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment?
A: industries and property market', '
Q: In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal occurred?
A: Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf', '
Q: Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization?
A: Australian Bureau of Statistics', '
Q: How many years did Melbourne sustain the highest population increase and economic growth?
A: three']
Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. Subdivision regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. However, after 10 years[when?] of planning policies to encourage medium-density and high-density development in existing areas with greater access to public transport and other services, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents?
A: increased', '
Q: What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne?
A: high population growth', "
Q: Which of Melbourne's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years?
A: middle and outer-ring", '
Q: What types of surburban development did Melbourne policies promote?
A: medium-density and high-density']