romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
This narrative draws on the Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada, which is ascribed to Buddhaghoṣa in the 5th century CE. Earlier biographies such as the Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravādin Mahāvastu, and the Sarvāstivādin Lalitavistara Sūtra, give different accounts. Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada is attributed to who?
A: Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada', '
Q: What are some other biographies that differ from the Jataka tales?
A: Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravādin Mahāvastu, and the Sarvāstivādin Lalitavistara Sūtra', '
Q: What do scholars recognize about the life of the Buddha?
A: Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order', '
Q: When was the Buddhagohosa written?
A: 5th century CE', '
Q: What is one of the earlier biographies on Buddhism?
A: the Buddhacarita', '
Q: Who founded a monastic order in his life?
A: Buddha', "
Q: Scholars do not make claims without evidence about who's life?
A: Buddha", '
Q: Most accept that Buddha lived and taught in what type of order?
A: monastic', '
Q: The Jataka tales of the Theravada happened in what century?
A: 5th ce']
According to author Michael Carrithers, while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account, "the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death." In writing her biography of the Buddha, Karen Armstrong noted, "It is obviously difficult, therefore, to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria, because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound... [but] we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could."[dubious – discuss]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who said "the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death."?
A: Michael Carrithers', '
Q: What are some of the outlines of life?
A: birth, maturity, renunciation', '
Q: Who wrote a biography of Buddha?
A: Karen Armstrong', "
Q: What do some say is Buddha's real name?
A: Siddhatta Gotama", '
Q: What are the helpers called that helped Buddha?
A: disciples', '
Q: Who believes "the outline of the life must be true" in reference to Buddha?
A: Michael Carrithers', '
Q: Karen Armstrong wrote a biography on who?
A: the Buddha', '
Q: Karen Armstrong has said that we can be confident who existed?
A: Siddhatta Gotama']
The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE. It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to early texts, when was Siddhārtha Gautama born?
A: fifth century BCE', '
Q: According to early texts, where was Siddhārtha Gautama born?
A: in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent', '
Q: What type of community was Siddhārtha Gautama raised in?
A: It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.', '
Q: Where was Siddhārtha Gautama born?
A: the northeastern Indian subcontinent', '
Q: When did Siddhārtha Gautama live?
A: fifth century BCE', "
Q: What size was Siddhārtha Gautama's birthplace?
A: a small republic", '
Q: Where did we find proof of his existence?
A: early texts', "
Q: What was most likely Siddhārtha Gautama's father?
A: an oligarchy", '
Q: Who was born in a northeastern part of India/
A: Siddhārtha Gautama', '
Q: If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what?
A: elected chieftain']
According to this narrative, shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama, an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince's father, Suddhodana, and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the name of the astrologer who visited Prince Gautama's father?
A: Asita", '
Q: What was the prediction made by Asita?
A: Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man', '
Q: According to Asita, how would Siddhartha decide which path to take in life?
A: depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls', '
Q: What was the occupation of the person who visited Gautama?
A: an astrologer', '
Q: What was the name of his father?
A: Suddhodana', '
Q: What was Buddha predicted to become contrary with his life as we know it?
A: a great king', "
Q: What was the name of the astrologer that visited Gautama's father?
A: Asita", "
Q: What is Gautama's fathers name?
A: Suddhodana", '
Q: Asita prophesied that Siddhartha would be a kind or a what?
A: holy man']
Śuddhodana was determined to see his son become a king, so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds. But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times. In a series of encounters—known in Buddhist literature as the four sights—he learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world. These experiences prompted Gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Śuddhodana do to ensure that his son became a king instead of a holy man?
A: prevented him from leaving the palace grounds', '
Q: How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds?
A: 29', '
Q: What happened when Gautama left the palace grounds?
A: he learned of the suffering of ordinary people', '
Q: What are the four sights in Buddhism?
A: encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man', "
Q: What did Buddha's father want him to become?
A: a king", '
Q: By what age was he venturing outside?
A: 29', '
Q: What were his first four encounters called?
A: the four sights', '
Q: What did Gautama do after learning about the outside world?
A: abandon royal life', '
Q: Suddhodana wanted his son to become what?
A: a king', '
Q: At what age did Gautama venture out from the palace area?
A: 29', '
Q: How many "sights" did Gautama have that are well known?
A: four', '
Q: Gautama encountered an old man, a sick man, a holy man, and a what?
A: corpse']
Gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day, and mastered the meditative attainments they taught. But he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering, so he continued his quest. He next attempted an extreme asceticism, which was a religious pursuit common among the śramaṇas, a religious culture distinct from the Vedic one. Gautama underwent prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain. He almost starved himself to death in the process. He realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit, and had not put an end to suffering. So in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach. He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation, through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way (Skt. madhyamā-pratipad): a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.[web 2][web 3]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the first thing Gautama did on his spiritual quest?
A: went to study with famous religious teachers of the day', '
Q: What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called?
A: the Middle Way', '
Q: What are some of the practices Gautama underwent on his quest?
A: prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain', '
Q: What was the first skill Gautama learnt?
A: meditation', '
Q: What almost killed Gautama in his pursuit?
A: asceticism', '
Q: What did he receive from the locals that changed his approach?
A: milk and rice', '
Q: What is the path of moderation called he followed?
A: Middle Way', "
Q: Gautama didn't like the religious teaching he initially found because of why?
A: they did not provide a permanent end to suffering", '
Q: What did Gautama accept from a village girl?
A: milk and rice', '
Q: Gautama devoted himself to what type of meditation?
A: anapanasati', '
Q: Buddhists call anapanasati what?
A: the Middle Way']
Gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest. At the age of 35, he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment. After many days, he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind, thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth, and arose as a fully enlightened being (Skt. samyaksaṃbuddha). Soon thereafter, he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order. Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered, traveling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, and died at the age of 80 (483 BCE) in Kushinagar, India. The south branch of the original fig tree available only in Anuradhapura Sri Lanka is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How old was Gautama when he sat under the Bodhi Tree?
A: 35', '
Q: What kind of tree was the Bodhi Tree?
A: Ficus religiosa', '
Q: What did Gautama spend the rest of his life doing after reaching enlightenment?
A: he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered', '
Q: How old was the Buddha at the time of his death?
A: 80', '
Q: What is the south branch of the tree Gautama sat under called?
A: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi', '
Q: What was the tree called he sat under?
A: Ficus religiosa', '
Q: What was the tree renamed that Gautama achieved enlightenment under?
A: Bodhi Tree', '
Q: At what age did Gautama come to pass?
A: 80', '
Q: When he was 35 Gautama sat in meditation under what tree?
A: Bodhi Tree', '
Q: What type of tree was the Bodhi Tree?
A: Ficus religiosa', '
Q: What town was the Bodhi Tree in?
A: Bodh Gaya', '
Q: The south branch of the original fig tree is known as?
A: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi']
Within Buddhism, samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. Specifically, samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence,[note 2] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering. Samsara arises out of avidya (ignorance) and is characterized by dukkha (suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction). In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is samsara?
A: the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death', '
Q: What is avidya?
A: ignorance', '
Q: What is dukkha?
A: suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction', '
Q: Is liberation from samsara possible?
A: In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.', '
Q: The cycle of birth and death is called what in Buddhism?
A: Samsara', '
Q: How many realms of existence are there in Buddhism?
A: six', '
Q: avidya is what kind of samsara?
A: ignorance', '
Q: How can you be freed from samsara?
A: by following the Buddhist path', '
Q: What is samsara defined as?
A: the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death', '
Q: How many realms of existance are within the cycle of rebirths?
A: six', '
Q: Realms can be understood as physical realms of what type of states?
A: psychological', '
Q: Samsara is caused by what?
A: avidya', '
Q: A person can get away from samsara by doing what?
A: following the Buddhist path']
In Buddhism, Karma (from Sanskrit: "action, work") is the force that drives saṃsāra—the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (Pali: "kusala") and bad, unskillful (Pāli: "akusala") actions produce "seeds" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sīla. Karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetanā), and bring about a consequence or phala "fruit" or vipāka "result".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the Sanskrit term Karma translate as?
A: action, work', '
Q: What is karma according to Buddhism?
A: the force that drives saṃsāra', '
Q: What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called?
A: sīla', '
Q: What actions does karma refer to in Buddhism?
A: actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent', '
Q: What is the definition of Karma from Sanskrit?
A: action, work', '
Q: What is the avoidance of bad acts called?
A: sīla', "
Q: Karma's actions come from what?
A: cetanā", '
Q: What is the result of Karma called?
A: vipāka', '
Q: What is Karma?
A: the force that drives saṃsāra', '
Q: Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?
A: sīla', '
Q: what does vipaka mean?
A: result']
In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe.[citation needed] In Mahayana Buddhism, the texts of certain Mahayana sutras (such as the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma. Some forms of Buddhism (for example, Vajrayana) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma. The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amitābha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in saṃsāra.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma?
A: Theravada Buddhism', '
Q: In Mahayana Buddhism, what are some Mahayana sutras that are believed to remove negative karma just by the hearing of the texts?
A: the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra', '
Q: The reciting of mantras as a means for removing past negative karma is a part of which branch of Buddhism?
A: Vajrayana', '
Q: According to Genshin, who has the power to destroy karma?
A: Amitābha', '
Q: What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?
A: Theravada Buddhism', '
Q: Who has the power to destroy bad karma?
A: Amitābha', '
Q: What type of sutra is the Lotus Sutra?
A: Mahayana', '
Q: Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma?
A: negative', '
Q: Who was the Japanese Pure Land teacher?
A: Genshin', '
Q: According to Genshin, whats has the power to destroy karma?
A: Amitābha']
Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. The doctrine of anattā (Sanskrit anātman) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe. Buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine—Nairatmyavadin or Anattavadin. Rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic, ever-changing process of pratītyasamutpāda ("dependent arising") determined by the laws of cause and effect (karma) rather than that of one being, reincarnating from one existence to the next.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the process in which beings go through cycles of lifetimes as many forms of sentient life?
A: Rebirth', '
Q: Which doctrine denies the concept of a permanent self or soul?
A: The doctrine of anattā (Sanskrit anātman)', '
Q: In Buddhism, rebirth into consecutive lives is determined by what?
A: the laws of cause and effect', '
Q: Sentient life according to Buddhism runs between what two points?
A: from conception to death.', '
Q: The laws of cause and effect can also be called?
A: karma', '
Q: What is the name for the process of a succession of lifetimes?
A: Rebirth', '
Q: What doctrine rejects the idea of permanent self?
A: anatta', '
Q: "dependent arising" is the meaning of what word?
A: pratītyasamutpāda', '
Q: Hinduism and Christianity use what term for a permanent self?
A: eternal soul']
The above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence.[web 4] Rebirths in some of the higher heavens, known as the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes, can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis (non-returners). Rebirths in the Ārūpyadhātu (formless realms) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas, the highest object of meditation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Rebirth into the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who?
A: skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis (non-returners)', '
Q: Rebirth into the formless realms can only be attained by who?
A: those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas, the highest object of meditation', '
Q: How many planes of existence are there?
A: 31', '
Q: What are the higher heavens called?
A: Pure Abodes', '
Q: What are skilled Buddhists called?
A: anāgāmis', '
Q: What is another name for Ārūpyadhātu?
A: formless realms', '
Q: What is the highest object of meditation called?
A: arūpajhānas', '
Q: How many planes of existence?
A: 31', '
Q: Skilled buddhist practictioners that can get to the higher heavens are known as what?
A: anāgāmis', '
Q: What is the highest object of meditation?
A: arūpajhānas', '
Q: What does arupyadhatu mean?
A: formless realms']
According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism, there is an intermediate state (Tibetan "bardo") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects this; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next.[page needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: There is a transitional state between one life and the next according to what branches of Buddhism?
A: East Asian and Tibetan', '
Q: What branch of Buddhism rejects that there is a transitional state between lives?
A: Theravada', '
Q: Passages in what teaching support the idea that the Buddha taught of a stage between lives?
A: Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon', '
Q: What is the state called between lives?
A: bardo', '
Q: Which major part of Buddhism rejects bardo?
A: Theravada', '
Q: What book discusses bardo?
A: Samyutta Nikaya', '
Q: Other than Tibetan Buddhism, what other Buddhism supports bardo?
A: East Asian', '
Q: There is an intermediate state between one life and the next according to what Buddism?
A: East Asian and Tibetan', '
Q: What type of Theravada rejects the intermediate state idea?
A: orthodox', '
Q: Some passages of what Canon support the idea of intermediate stages?
A: Pali']
The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism, and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought. These four truths explain the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome. The four truths are:[note 4]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?
A: the Four Noble Truths', '
Q: What do the Four Noble Truths explain?
A: the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome', '
Q: What teachings are the most important to Buddhism?
A: the Four Noble Truths', '
Q: What part of Dukkha deals with pain?
A: suffering', '
Q: What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism?
A: Four Noble Truths', '
Q: The four truths explain the nature of what?
A: dukkha']
The first truth explains the nature of dukkha. Dukkha is commonly translated as "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc., and it is said to have the following three aspects:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the first of the Four Noble Truths explain?
A: the nature of dukkha', '
Q: What is Dukkha?
A: "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.', '
Q: What does the first truth cover?
A: Dukkha', '
Q: What is another word for Dukkha?
A: suffering', '
Q: What is another nature of Dukkha?
A: anxiety', '
Q: How many aspects are there to Dukkha?
A: three', '
Q: Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?
A: unsatisfactoriness', '
Q: Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?
A: Dukkha', '
Q: How many aspects does dukkha have?
A: three']
The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known. Within the context of the four noble truths, the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja). On a deeper level, the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things. The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible, and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation.[note 7]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the second of the Four Noble Truths explain?
A: that the origin of dukkha can be known', '
Q: What is the origin of dukkha?
A: craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)', '
Q: What is the third of the Four Noble Truths explain?
A: the complete cessation of dukkha is possible', '
Q: What is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths explain?
A: identifies a path to this cessation', '
Q: What is the second truth?
A: dukkha can be known.', '
Q: How is the meaning of Dukkha explained?
A: craving', '
Q: What is a contributing factor to Dukkha?
A: ignorance', '
Q: The second truth is?
A: the origin of dukkha can be known', '
Q: The origin of dukkha is explained as craving conditioned by what?
A: ignorance', '
Q: The root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance of what?
A: true nature of things', '
Q: The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible?
A: dukkha']
The Noble Eightfold Path—the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths—consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths?
A: The Noble Eightfold Path", '
Q: What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?
A: lead to the cessation of dukkha', '
Q: What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path?
A: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration', "
Q: The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha's Truths?
A: the fourth", '
Q: The fourth truth consists of how many factors?
A: Eight', '
Q: What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth?
A: the cessation of dukkha', '
Q: What is one of the eight factors?
A: Right Action', '
Q: The Noble Eightfold Path is which Noble Truth?
A: the fourth', '
Q: The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors?
A: eight', '
Q: When the eight factors are developed together, is leads to the cessation of what?
A: dukkha']