romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company. However, in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire were expanding into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of the others' intentions in Tibet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade.
A: 1774', '
Q: Who came to Tibet from Europe?
A: Jesuits and Capuchins', '
Q: When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet?
A: 19th century']
In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12, 1903, an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko, which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces, compared to only 12 on the British side. Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?
A: 1904', '
Q: With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?
A: 13th Dalai Lama', '
Q: How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?
A: 600', '
Q: How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?
A: 12', '
Q: Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?
A: Francis Younghusband']
After the Xinhai Revolution (1911–12) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty?
A: 1911–12', '
Q: Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet?
A: Dalai Lama', '
Q: When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition?
A: 1913', '
Q: When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain?
A: 1914', '
Q: Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord?
A: illegal']
After the Dalai Lama's government fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, it established a rival government-in-exile. Afterwards, the Central People's Government in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms. During the Great Leap Forward, between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died, and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over the disputed South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions. Although China won the war, Chinese troops withdrew north of the McMahon Line, effectively ceding South Tibet to India.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where did the Dalai Lama's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion?
A: Dharamsala", '
Q: How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward?
A: between 200,000 and 1,000,000', '
Q: How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?
A: 6,000', '
Q: When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin?
A: 1962', '
Q: To where did Chinese troops withdraw?
A: north of the McMahon Line']
In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization. At the end of the decade, however, analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet?
A: 1980', '
Q: When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence?
A: 1989', '
Q: What did the government do when it halted reforms?
A: started an anti-separatist campaign', '
Q: When was the most recent Tibetan unrest?
A: 2008', '
Q: For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized?
A: human rights']
Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?
A: Nepal', '
Q: How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?
A: 29,029', '
Q: Where is the source of the Yangtze river?
A: Tibetan Plateau']
The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tib: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as tso or co. These include Qinghai Lake, Lake Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Lake, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Lake Puma Yumco, Lake Paiku, Lake Rakshastal, Dagze Co and Dong Co. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?
A: Mount Kailash', '
Q: Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?
A: Lord Shiva', '
Q: What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?
A: Khang Rinpoche', '
Q: Which lake is the largest in China?
A: Qinghai Lake']
The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?
A: 18 inches', '
Q: What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?
A: Indian monsoon', '
Q: What are winters like in Tibet?
A: intense cold']
The main crops grown are barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, and assorted fruits and vegetables. Tibet is ranked the lowest among China’s 31 provinces on the Human Development Index according to UN Development Programme data. In recent years, due to increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism, tourism has become an increasingly important sector, and is actively promoted by the authorities. Tourism brings in the most income from the sale of handicrafts. These include Tibetan hats, jewelry (silver and gold), wooden items, clothing, quilts, fabrics, Tibetan rugs and carpets. The Central People's Government exempts Tibet from all taxation and provides 90% of Tibet's government expenditures. However most of this investment goes to pay migrant workers who do not settle in Tibet and send much of their income home to other provinces.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where is Tibet ranked among China's 31 provinces on the UN's Human Development Index?
A: lowest", '
Q: What has increased tourism to Tibet in recent years?
A: increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism', '
Q: What is Tibet exempt from?
A: all taxation', '
Q: From which area does tourism bring the most income?
A: sale of handicrafts']
From January 18–20, 2010 a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a substantial plan to improve development of the areas was announced. The conference was attended by General secretary Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang, all members of CPC Politburo Standing Committee signaling the commitment of senior Chinese leaders to development of Tibet and ethnic Tibetan areas. The plan calls for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children. China has invested 310 billion yuan (about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars) in Tibet since 2001. "Tibet's GDP was expected to reach 43.7 billion yuan in 2009, up 170 percent from that in 2000 and posting an annual growth of 12.3 percent over the past nine years."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was a national conference on Tibet held in China?
A: 2010', '
Q: Members of which committee attended the conference?
A: CPC Politburo Standing Committee', '
Q: By when does the plan call for improvement of rural Tibetan income?
A: 2020', '
Q: What does the plan call for all rural Tibetan children to receive for free?
A: education', '
Q: How much, in US dollars, has China invested in Tibet since 2001?
A: about 45.6 billion']
Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?
A: six red bands in the Tibetan flag', '
Q: What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?
A: ethnic Tibetans', '
Q: Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?
A: India']
Religion is extremely important to the Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives. Bön is the ancient religion of Tibet, but has been almost eclipsed by Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of Mahayana and Vajrayana, which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northern India. Tibetan Buddhism is practiced not only in Tibet but also in Mongolia, parts of northern India, the Buryat Republic, the Tuva Republic, and in the Republic of Kalmykia and some other parts of China. During China's Cultural Revolution, nearly all Tibet's monasteries were ransacked and destroyed by the Red Guards. A few monasteries have begun to rebuild since the 1980s (with limited support from the Chinese government) and greater religious freedom has been granted – although it is still limited. Monks returned to monasteries across Tibet and monastic education resumed even though the number of monks imposed is strictly limited. Before the 1950s, between 10 and 20% of males in Tibet were monks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives?
A: Religion', '
Q: What is the ancient religion of Tibet?
A: Bön', "
Q: When were nearly all of Tibet's monasteries destroyed by the Red Guard?
A: During China's Cultural Revolution", '
Q: When were 10 to 20% of Tibets males monks?
A: Before the 1950s']
Muslims have been living in Tibet since as early as the 8th or 9th century. In Tibetan cities, there are small communities of Muslims, known as Kachee (Kache), who trace their origin to immigrants from three main regions: Kashmir (Kachee Yul in ancient Tibetan), Ladakh and the Central Asian Turkic countries. Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia. After 1959 a group of Tibetan Muslims made a case for Indian nationality based on their historic roots to Kashmir and the Indian government declared all Tibetan Muslims Indian citizens later on that year. Other Muslim ethnic groups who have long inhabited Tibet include Hui, Salar, Dongxiang and Bonan. There is also a well established Chinese Muslim community (gya kachee), which traces its ancestry back to the Hui ethnic group of China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are Tibetan Muslims known as?
A: Kachee', '
Q: Where did Islamic influence in Tibet come from?
A: Persia', '
Q: In what year were all Tibetan Muslims declared Indiana citizens?
A: 1959', '
Q: What is the Chinese Muslim community called?
A: gya kachee']
Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father António de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to Rudok, Ladakh and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the Tsang kingdom, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?
A: 17th and 18th centuries', '
Q: When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?
A: 1624', '
Q: When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?
A: 1626']
In 1661 another Jesuit, Johann Grueber, crossed Tibet from Sining to Lhasa (where he spent a month), before heading on to Nepal. He was followed by others who actually built a church in Lhasa. These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri, 1716–1721, who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture, language and Buddhism, and various Capuchins in 1707–1711, 1716–1733 and 1741–1745, Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal?
A: 1661', '
Q: When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?
A: 1716–1721', '
Q: How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs?
A: counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect']
In 1877, the Protestant James Cameron from the China Inland Mission walked from Chongqing to Batang in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, and "brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people." Beginning in the 20th century, in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity. Famous earlier missionaries include James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall and Isobel Kuhn of the China Inland Mission, among others who were active in this area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people?
A: 1877', '
Q: When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity?
A: Beginning in the 20th century', '
Q: How were James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet?
A: Famous earlier missionaries']
Standing at 117 metres (384 feet) in height and 360 metres (1,180 feet) in width, the Potala Palace is the most important example of Tibetan architecture. Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures. The Potala Palace is a World Heritage Site, as is Norbulingka, the former summer residence of the Dalai Lama.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who used to reside in the Potala Palace?
A: the Dalai Lama', '
Q: How many stories does the Potala Palace contain?
A: thirteen', '
Q: How many shrines exist in the Potala Palace?
A: 10,000', '
Q: What is Norbulingka?
A: former summer residence of the Dalai Lama']
Tibetan music often involves chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit, as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popular Gelugpa school, and the romantic music of the Nyingmapa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?
A: Tibetan or Sanskrit', '
Q: What do the chants often contain?
A: recitations of sacred texts', '
Q: What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?
A: Yang', '
Q: What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?
A: classical']
Tibet has various festivals that are commonly performed to worship the Buddha[citation needed] throughout the year. Losar is the Tibetan New Year Festival. Preparations for the festive event are manifested by special offerings to family shrine deities, painted doors with religious symbols, and other painstaking jobs done to prepare for the event. Tibetans eat Guthuk (barley noodle soup with filling) on New Year's Eve with their families. The Monlam Prayer Festival follows it in the first month of the Tibetan calendar, falling between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month. It involves dancing and participating in sports events, as well as sharing picnics. The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa, the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's order.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is worshipped during Tibet's various festibals?
A: Buddha", '
Q: What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?
A: Losar', "
Q: What do Tibetan's eat on New Year's Eve?
A: Guthuk", '
Q: When is the Monlam Prayer Festival?
A: between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month', '
Q: Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?
A: Tsong Khapa']
The most important crop in Tibet is barley, and dough made from barley flour—called tsampa—is the staple food of Tibet. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos. Meat dishes are likely to be yak, goat, or mutton, often dried, or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes. Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet, and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak yogurt, butter and cheese are frequently eaten, and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item. Butter tea is very popular to drink.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most important crop in Tibet?
A: barley', '
Q: What is dough made from barley flour called?
A: tsampa', '
Q: What are steamed dumplings called?
A: momos', '
Q: What is a popular drink in Tibet?
A: Butter tea', '
Q: What seed is cultivated in Tibet?
A: Mustard']
An exhibition game (also known as a friendly, a scrimmage, a demonstration, a preseason game, a warmup match, or a preparation match, depending at least in part on the sport) is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player's or the team's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced. In team sports, matches of this type are often used to help coaches and managers select players for the competitive matches of a league season or tournament. If the players usually play in different teams in other leagues, exhibition games offer an opportunity for the players to learn to work with each other. The games can be held between separate teams or between parts of the same team.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is 'a friendly' another term for?
A: exhibition game", "
Q: What is 'a scrimmage' another term for?
A: exhibition game", "
Q: What is 'a demonstration' another term for?
A: exhibition game", "
Q: What is 'a preseason game' another term for?
A: exhibition game", "
Q: What is 'a warmup match' another term for?
A: exhibition game"]
An exhibition game may also be used to settle a challenge, to provide professional entertainment, to promote the sport, or to raise money for charities. Several sports leagues hold all-star games to showcase their best players against each other, while other exhibitions games may pit participants from two different leagues or countries to unofficially determine who would be the best in the world. International competitions like the Olympic Games may also hold exhibition games as part of a demonstration sport.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of exhibition game showcases the best players?
A: all-star games', '
Q: What are exhibition games in the Olympics?
A: a demonstration sport', '
Q: What can an exhibition game raise money for?
A: charities', '
Q: What can an exhibition game settle?
A: a challenge']
In the early days of association football, known simply as football or soccer, friendly matches (or "friendlies") were the most common type of match. However, since the development of The Football League in England in 1888, league tournaments became established, in addition to lengthy derby and cup tournaments. By the year 2000, national leagues were established in almost every country throughout the world, as well as local or regional leagues for lower level teams, thus the significance of friendlies has seriously declined since the 19th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the most common type of matches in the early days of soccer?
A: friendly matches (or "friendlies")', '
Q: When did the Football League begin in England?
A: 1888', '
Q: By what year had national football leagues been formed in nearly every country?
A: 2000', '
Q: What did the growth of national leagues cause a serious decline in?
A: the significance of friendlies']