romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin, an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh, but the spelling was changed to "Macintosh" for legal reasons as the original was the same spelling as that used by McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., the audio equipment manufacturer. Steve Jobs requested that McIntosh Laboratory give Apple a release for the name with its changed spelling so that Apple could use it, but the request was denied, forcing Apple to eventually buy the rights to use the name. (A 1984 Byte Magazine article suggested Apple changed the spelling only after "early users" misspelled "McIntosh". However, Jef Raskin had adopted the Macintosh spelling by 1981, when the Macintosh computer was still a single prototype machine in the lab. This explanation further clashes with the first explanation given above that the change was made for "legal reasons.")

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who began the Macintosh project in 1979?
A: Jef Raskin', "
Q: What was Jef Raskin's profession?
A: an Apple employee", '
Q: What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average consumer?
A: easy-to-use, low-cost', '
Q: Why was the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh?
A: for legal reasons', '
Q: What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?
A: audio equipment']
After the Lisa's announcement, John Dvorak discussed rumors of a mysterious "MacIntosh" project at Apple in February 1983. The company announced the Macintosh 128K—manufactured at an Apple factory in Fremont, California—in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December. The Macintosh was introduced by a US$1.5 million Ridley Scott television commercial, "1984". It most notably aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a "watershed event" and a "masterpiece." Regis McKenna called the ad "more successful than the Mac itself." "1984" used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a Picasso-style picture of the computer on her white tank top) as a means of saving humanity from the "conformity" of IBM's attempts to dominate the computer industry. The ad alludes to George Orwell's novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised "Big Brother."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who discussed rumors of a mysterious "MacIntosh" project in 1983?
A: John Dvorak', '
Q: Where was the Macintosh 128K manufactured?
A: Apple factory in Fremont, California', '
Q: How much did the television commercial "1984" cost?
A: US$1.5 million', '
Q: What did the television commercial "1984" introduce?
A: Macintosh 128K', '
Q: What did Regis McKenna call the "1984" ad that was aired during the Super Bowl?
A: "more successful than the Mac itself."']
The Macintosh (/ˈmækᵻntɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh; branded as Mac since 1997) is a series of personal computers (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24, 1984. This was the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse. This first model was later renamed to "Macintosh 128k" for uniqueness amongst a populous family of subsequently updated models which are also based on Apple's same proprietary architecture. Since 1998, Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of "Mac", though the product family has been nicknamed "Mac" or "the Mac" since the development of the first model.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Macintosh branded as Mac?
A: 1997', '
Q: Who designed, develped, and marketed the Mac computers?
A: Apple Inc.', '
Q: What did Steve Jobs introduce on January 24, 1984?
A: original Macintosh computer', '
Q: What interface type did the original Macintosh include?
A: integral graphical user', '
Q: When did Apple begin phasing out Macintosh in favor of "Mac"?
A: Since 1998']
In 1985, the combination of the Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics—an activity to become known as desktop publishing. Initially, desktop publishing was unique to the Macintosh, but eventually became available for other platforms. Later, applications such as Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator strengthened the Mac's position as a graphics computer and helped to expand the emerging desktop publishing market.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the activity of desktop publishing first used?
A: 1985', "
Q: What company was desktop publishing unique to at it's beginning?
A: Macintosh", "
Q: What three things were combined to develop desktop publishing?
A: Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher", '
Q: What did desktop publishing enable users to do?
A: design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics', "
Q: What applications strengthened Mac's position as a graphics computer?
A: Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator"]
Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979, and he immediately asked his long-time colleague, Brian Howard, to join him. His initial team would eventually consist of himself, Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble. The rest of the original Mac team would include Bill Atkinson, Bob Belleville, Steve Capps, George Crow, Donn Denman, Chris Espinosa, Andy Hertzfeld, Bruce Horn, Susan Kare, Larry Kenyon, and Caroline Rose with Steve Jobs leading the project.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was Raskin hired by Apple?
A: September 1979', '
Q: Who did Raskin immediately hire to help him on the Apple project in 1979?
A: his long-time colleague, Brian Howard', '
Q: Who comprised the original Mac team besides Raskin?
A: Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble', '
Q: Who eventually lead the project on the Mac team?
A: Steve Jobs']
From 2001 to 2008, Mac sales increased continuously on an annual basis. Apple reported worldwide sales of 3.36 million Macs during the 2009 holiday season. As of Mid-2011, the Macintosh continues to enjoy rapid market share increase in the US, growing from 7.3% of all computer shipments in 2010 to 9.3% in 2011. According to IDC's quarterly PC tracker, globally, in 3rd quarter of 2014, Apple's PC market share increased 5.7 percent year over year, with record sales of 5.5 million units. Apple now sits in the number five spot, with a global market share of about 6% during 2014, behind Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Macs did Apple sell worldwide during the 2009 holiday season?
A: 3.36 million', '
Q: What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2010?
A: 7.3%', '
Q: What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2011?
A: 9.3%', '
Q: What ranking was Apple in the PC global market share during 2014?
A: about 6%', '
Q: Who outperformed Apple in the 2014 PC global market share?
A: Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer']
In 1987, Apple spun off its software business as Claris. It was given the code and rights to several applications, most notably MacWrite, MacPaint, and MacProject. In the late 1980s, Claris released a number of revamped software titles; the result was the "Pro" series, including MacDraw Pro, MacWrite Pro, and FileMaker Pro. To provide a complete office suite, Claris purchased the rights to the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program on the Mac, renaming it Claris Resolve, and added the new presentation software Claris Impact. By the early 1990s, Claris applications were shipping with the majority of consumer-level Macintoshes and were extremely popular. In 1991, Claris released ClarisWorks, which soon became their second best-selling application. When Claris was reincorporated back into Apple in 1998, ClarisWorks was renamed AppleWorks beginning with version 5.0.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1987, what did Apple spin off its software business as?
A: Claris', '
Q: Which series of applications was Claris responsible for inventing?
A: "Pro" series', '
Q: What did Claris rename the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program?
A: Claris Resolve', '
Q: What was ClarisWorks renamed beginning with version 5.0?
A: AppleWorks', '
Q: When was ClarisWorks reincorporated back into Apple?
A: 1998']
Two days after "1984" aired, the Macintosh went on sale, and came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface: MacWrite and MacPaint. It was first demonstrated by Steve Jobs in the first of his famous Mac keynote speeches, and though the Mac garnered an immediate, enthusiastic following, some labeled it a mere "toy." Because the operating system was designed largely around the GUI, existing text-mode and command-driven applications had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten. This was a time-consuming task that many software developers chose not to undertake, and could be regarded as a reason for an initial lack of software for the new system. In April 1984, Microsoft's MultiPlan migrated over from MS-DOS, with Microsoft Word following in January 1985. In 1985, Lotus Software introduced Lotus Jazz for the Macintosh platform after the success of Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC, although it was largely a flop. Apple introduced the Macintosh Office suite the same year with the "Lemmings" ad. Infamous for insulting its own potential customers, the ad was not successful.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two applications came bundled with Macs 2 days after "1984" was aired?
A: MacWrite and MacPaint', '
Q: Why did many software developers choose not to redesign the Mac operating system and rewrite the programming code?
A: This was a time-consuming task', "
Q: What year did Microsoft's MultiPlan migrate over from MS-DOS?
A: 1984", "
Q: What year was Apple's Macintosh Office suite introduced?
A: 1985", '
Q: What did Apple\'s "Lemmings" ad, which introduced Macintosh Office, do that made the ad unsuccessful?
A: insulting its own potential customers']
Apple has generally dominated the premium PC market, having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $1,000 in 2009, according to NPD. The Macintosh took 45 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, compared to 13 percent for Dell, seven percent for Hewlett Packard, six percent for Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer. While sales of the Macintosh have largely held steady, in comparison to Apple's sales of the iPhone and iPad which increased significantly during the 2010s, Macintosh computers still enjoy high margins on a per unit basis, with the majority being their MacBooks that are focused on the ultraportable niche that is the most profitable and only growing segment of PCs. It also helped that the Macintosh lineup is simple, updated on a yearly schedule, and consistent across both Apple retail stores, and authorized resellers where they have a special "store within a store" section to distinguish them from Windows PCs. In contrast, Windows PC manufacturers generally have a wide range of offerings, selling only a portion through retail with a full selection on the web, and often with limited-time or region-specific models. The Macintosh ranked third on the "list of intended brands for desktop purchases" for the 2011 holiday season, then moved up to second in 2012 by displacing Hewlett Packard, and in 2013 took the top spot ahead of Dell.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to NPD, who has generally dominated the premium PC market?
A: Apple', '
Q: What was Macintosh ranked on the "list of intended brands for desktop purchases" for the 2011 holiday season?
A: third', '
Q: Who did Macintosh displace from 2nd place on the 2012 holiday season "list of intended brands for desktop purchases"?
A: Hewlett Packard', '
Q: Who did Macintosh displace from 1st place on the 2013 holiday season "list of intended brands for desktop purchases"?
A: Dell', "
Q: Which of Apple's products is focused on the ultraportable niche of PC's?
A: MacBooks"]
The Macintosh's minimal memory became apparent, even compared with other personal computers in 1984, and could not be expanded easily. It also lacked a hard disk drive or the means to easily attach one. Many small companies sprang up to address the memory issue. Suggestions revolved around either upgrading the memory to 512 KB or removing the computer's 16 memory chips and replacing them with larger-capacity chips, a tedious and difficult operation. In October 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh 512K, with quadruple the memory of the original, at a price of US$3,195. It also offered an upgrade for 128k Macs that involved replacing the logic board.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1984?
A: memory", "
Q: What did Mac's lack in 1984 and have no means to easily attach?
A: a hard disk drive", "
Q: What did some small companies suggest Mac's 16 memory chips be replaced with?
A: larger-capacity chips", "
Q: How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1984, have than the original?
A: quadruple", '
Q: What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs?
A: the logic board']
In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard on the grounds that they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI, citing (among other things) the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows. After four years, the case was decided against Apple, as were later appeals. Apple's actions were criticized by some in the software community, including the Free Software Foundation (FSF), who felt Apple was trying to monopolize on GUIs in general, and boycotted GNU software for the Macintosh platform for seven years.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: On what grounds did Apple sue Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1988?
A: they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI", '
Q: How was the lawsuit decided for Apple vs. Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard?
A: against Apple', '
Q: How long did the FSF boycott GNU software for the Macintosh platform?
A: seven years', '
Q: What are some of the issues Apple cited in the lawsuit against Microsoft and HP?
A: the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows', '
Q: What did the FSF feel that Apple was trying to monopolize on?
A: GUIs in general']
Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers. At one point, its product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names. These models competed against Macintosh clones, hardware manufactured by third parties that ran Apple's System 7. This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh's market share somewhat, and provided cheaper hardware for consumers, but hurt Apple financially as existing Apple customers began to buy cheaper clones which cannibalized the sales of Apple's higher-margin Macintosh systems, yet Apple still shouldered the burden of developing the Mac OS platform.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did Apple's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers?
A: confused potential buyers", "
Q: What was the hardware manufactured by third parties for Apple's System 7 known as?
A: Macintosh clones", '
Q: What did the Macintosh clones provide for consumers?
A: cheaper hardware', '
Q: What did Macintosh clones succeed in increasing for Macintosh?
A: market share', '
Q: Who did the Macintosh clones hurt financially?
A: Apple']
In early 2001, Apple began shipping computers with CD-RW drives and emphasized the Mac's ability to play DVDs by including DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives as standard. Steve Jobs admitted that Apple had been "late to the party" on writable CD technology, but felt that Macs could become a "digital hub" that linked and enabled an "emerging digital lifestyle". Apple would later introduce an update to its iTunes music player software that enabled it to burn CDs, along with a controversial "Rip, Mix, Burn" advertising campaign that some felt encouraged media piracy. This accompanied the release of the iPod, Apple's first successful handheld device. Apple continued to launch products, such as the unsuccessful Power Mac G4 Cube, the education-oriented eMac, and the titanium (and later aluminium) PowerBook G4 laptop for professionals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Apple begin shipping computers with CD-RW drives?
A: early 2001', '
Q: Who admitted that Apple was late to the party with writable CD technology?
A: Steve Jobs', "
Q: What did Apple begin offering as standard features meant for playing DVD's?
A: DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives", '
Q: Which Apple campaign did some people feel encouraged media piracy?
A: "Rip, Mix, Burn"', "
Q: What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products?
A: Power Mac G4 Cube"]
It was not long until Apple released their first portable computer, the Macintosh Portable in 1989. Although due to considerable design issues, it was soon replaced in 1991 with the first of the PowerBook line: the PowerBook 100, a miniaturized portable; the 16 MHz 68030 PowerBook 140; and the 25 MHz 68030 PowerBook 170. They were the first portable computers with the keyboard behind a palm rest and a built-in pointing device (a trackball) in front of the keyboard. The 1993 PowerBook 165c was Apple's first portable computer to feature a color screen, displaying 256 colors with 640 x 400-pixel resolution. The second generation of PowerBooks, the 68040-equipped 500 series, introduced trackpads, integrated stereo speakers, and built-in Ethernet to the laptop form factor in 1994.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the name of Apple's first portable computer?
A: Macintosh Portable", '
Q: When was the Macintosh Portable first released?
A: 1989', '
Q: What replaced the Macintosh Portable in 1991?
A: the PowerBook line', "
Q: What was the 1993 PowerBook 165c Apple's first portable computer to feature?
A: a color screen", '
Q: Which generation of PowerBooks introduced trackpads?
A: second']
In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X, based on Darwin and NEXTSTEP; its new features included the Dock and the Aqua user interface. During the transition, Apple included a virtual machine subsystem known as Classic, allowing users to run Mac OS 9 applications under Mac OS X 10.4 and earlier on PowerPC machines. Apple introduced Mac OS X 10.8 in February, and it was made available in the summer of 2012. Mountain Lion includes many new features, such as Mission Control, the Mac App Store (available to Mac OS X v10.6.6 "Snow Leopard." users by software update), Launchpad, an application viewer and launcher akin to the iOS Home Screen, and Resume, a feature similar to the hibernate function found in Microsoft Windows. The most recent version is OS X El Capitan . In addition to Mavericks, all new Macs are bundled with assorted Apple-produced applications, including iLife, the Safari web browser and the iTunes media player. Apple introduced Mavericks at WWDC 2013 in June, and released it on October 15 of that year. It is free of charge to everyone running Snow Leopard or later and is compatible with most Macs from 2007 and later. Mavericks brought a lot of the iOS apps, functions, and feel to the Mac as well as better multi display support, iBooks, Maps, app nap, and other upgrades to improve performance and battery life.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Apple's Mac OS X based on?
A: Darwin and NEXTSTEP", '
Q: Who did Apple make Maverick free to?
A: everyone running Snow Leopard or later', '
Q: What computers is Maverick compatible with?
A: most Macs from 2007 and later', '
Q: What brought better multi display support to Mac?
A: Mavericks', '
Q: When was Mavericks introduced?
A: 2013']
In 2000, Apple released the Power Mac G4 Cube, their first desktop since the discontinued Power Macintosh G3, to slot between the iMac G3 and the Power Mac G4. Even with its innovative design, it was initially priced US$200 higher than the comparably-equipped and more-expandable base Power Mac G4, while also not including a monitor, making it too expensive and resulting in slow sales. Apple sold just 29,000 Cubes in Q4 of 2000 which was one third of expectations, compared to 308,000 Macs during that same quarter, and Cube sales dropped to 12,000 units in Q1 of 2001. A price drop and hardware upgrades could not offset the earlier perception of the Cube's reduced value compared to the iMac and Power Mac G4 lineup, and it was discontinued in July 2001.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What desktop did Apple release after the discontinued Power Macintosh G3?
A: Power Mac G4 Cube', '
Q: Why were sales of the Power Mac G4 Cube slow?
A: too expensive', '
Q: What did the Power Mac G4 have trouble overcoming after they dropped their price and upgraded their hardware?
A: earlier perception', '
Q: When was the Power Mac G4 discontinued?
A: July 2001', "
Q: How did the actual sales of the G4's compare to the sales expectations?
A: one third of expectations"]
Historically, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that affect Microsoft Windows users. Mac OS X has a smaller usage share compared to Microsoft Windows (roughly 5% and 92%, respectively), but it also has traditionally more secure UNIX roots. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in February 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware. Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks. Apple releases security updates for its software. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks, and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input. Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Historically, what is near-absent in Mac OS X compared to Microsoft Windows?
A: malware and spyware', '
Q: When did Mac OS X experience a large increase in malware attacks?
A: early 2011', "
Q: How was Mac's malware seen by many Mac users in 2011?
A: an increasing problem", '
Q: How many users were affected by the increase in malware?
A: 100,000', '
Q: What were Apple support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware?
A: the removal']