romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organised crime, active especially in drug trafficking. Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa. . The various Nigerian Confraternities or "campus cults" are active in both organised crime and in political violence as well as providing a network of corruption within Nigeria. As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members. On lower levels of society, there are the "area boys", organised gangs mostly active in Lagos who specialise in mugging and small-scale drug dealing. According to official statistics, gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Nigeria's most popular organized-crime activity?
A: drug trafficking", '
Q: What drug does Nigeria ship from Asia to Europe and America?
A: heroin', '
Q: What drug does Nigeria ship from South America to Europe and South Africa?
A: cocaine', '
Q: How many civilians were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?
A: 273', '
Q: How many police were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?
A: 84']
Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed 419, a type of advance fee fraud (named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code) along with the "Nigerian scam", a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates. These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank (the laws being set up loosely to allow it) and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank. The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money will be transferred to him, and then he'll get to keep a cut. In reality, money is taken out instead, and/or large fees (which seem small in comparison with the imaginary wealth he awaits) are deducted. In 2003, the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (or EFCC) was created, ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What law is the Nigerian 419 scam nicknamed after?
A: Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code', '
Q: What organization was created to combat the 419 scams?
A: the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission', '
Q: When was the Nigerian EFCC created?
A: 2003', '
Q: What type of scam is the 419 scam?
A: advance fee fraud', '
Q: What type of entity is complicit in the 419 scams?
A: bank']
Nigeria has also been pervaded by political corruption. It was ranked 143 out of 182 countries in Transparency International's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index; however, it improved to 136th position in 2014. More than $400 billion were stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. In late 2013, Nigeria's then central bank governor Lamido Sanusi informed President Goodluck Jonathan that the state oil company, NNPC had failed to remit US$20 billion of oil revenues, which it owed the state. Jonathan however dismissed the claim and replaced Sanusi for his mismanagement of the central bank's budget. A Senate committee also found Sanusi’s account to be lacking substance. After the conclusion of the NNPC's account Audit, it was announced in January 2015 that NNPC's non-remitted revenue is actually US$1.48billion, which it needs to refund back to the Government.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In 2011 rankings, how bad was Nigeria's corruption ranking?
A: 143 out of 182 countries", "
Q: In 2014 rankings, how bad was Nigeria's corruption ranking?
A: 136th position", '
Q: How much was embezzled from the Nigerian government in 1960-1999?
A: More than $400 billion', '
Q: The state oil company NNPC was initially thought to owe how much to the government?
A: US$20 billion', '
Q: In a corrected audit, the state oil company NNPC was found to only owe how much to the government?
A: US$1.48billion']
The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood (a portmanteau of Nigeria and Hollywood) and is now the 2nd-largest producer of movies in the world. Nigerian film studios are based in Lagos, Kano and Enugu, forming a major portion of the local economy of these cities. Nigerian cinema is Africa's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year. Although Nigerian films have been produced since the 1960s, the country's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable digital filming and editing technologies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Nigerian film industry begin?
A: the 1960s', "
Q: Which African country has the continent's largest movie industry?
A: Nigerian", "
Q: Which cities are Nigeria's movie studios located in?
A: Lagos, Kano and Enugu", "
Q: What is the nickname for Nigeria's movie industry?
A: Nollywood", "
Q: Where does Nigeria's movie industry rank worldwide?
A: 2nd-largest"]
Football is largely considered the Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football. Nigeria's national football team, known as the "Super Eagles", has made the World Cup on five occasions 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, and most recently in 2014. In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankings, the highest ranking achieved by an African football team. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980, 1994, and 2013, and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which years did Nigeria win the African Cup of Nations?
A: 1980, 1994, and 2013', '
Q: When did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal?
A: 1996', '
Q: What did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal for?
A: football', '
Q: What country did Nigeria beat to win a Summer Olympics gold medal?
A: Argentina', "
Q: What is Nigeria's national football team called?
A: Super Eagles"]
The nation's cadet team from Japan '93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanu, a two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter Milan, Arsenal, West Bromwich Albion and Portsmouth. Other players that graduated from the junior teams are Nduka Ugbade, Jonathan Akpoborie, Victor Ikpeba, Celestine Babayaro, Wilson Oruma and Taye Taiwo. Some other famous Nigerian footballers include John Obi Mikel, Obafemi Martins, Vincent Enyeama, Yakubu Aiyegbeni, Rashidi Yekini, Peter Odemwingie and Jay-Jay Okocha.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Nwankwo Kanu won what honor twice?
A: African Footballer of the year', '
Q: Nwankwo Kanu won in what championship league?
A: European Champions League', '
Q: What team did Nwankwo Kanu go on to play on?
A: Inter Milan, Arsenal']
Nigeria's human rights record remains poor; According to the US Department of State, the most significant human rights problems are: use of excessive force by security forces; impunity for abuses by security forces; arbitrary arrests; prolonged pretrial detention; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary; rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour; societal violence and vigilante killings; child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation; female genital mutilation (FGM); domestic violence; discrimination based on sex, ethnicity, region and religion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are Nigerian prisoners mistreated?
A: rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment', '
Q: What are the conditions like in Nigerian prisons?
A: harsh and life‑threatening', '
Q: How are children mistreated in Nigeria?
A: child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation', '
Q: What types of discrimination are common in Nigeria?
A: sex, ethnicity, region and religion']
Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800–800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today (what is now the Kromme Rijn). These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back
A: inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE)', '
Q:  What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide 
A: Claudius decided the empire should not expand north.', '
Q: What was built along the Rhine 
A: To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine', '
Q: How many soldiers did the fortress hold 
A: These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers', "
Q: Who settled near the fort 
A: Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children"]
From the middle of the 3rd century Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories. Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned. Little is known about the next period 270–650. Utrecht is first spoken of again several centuries after the Romans left. Under the influence of the growing realms of the Franks, during Dagobert I's reign in the 7th century, a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress. In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who raided German territories regularly 
A: Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories.', '
Q: When did the Romans leave Utrecht
A: Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned', '
Q: What happens between 275 and 650
A: Little is known about the next period 270–650.', '
Q: What was built in the 7th century 
A: a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress', '
Q: How was the the church destroyed 
A: In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.']
By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht. In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad. After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who tried to convert Frisians
A: English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians', '
Q: Who did the pope appoint Bishop
A: The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians', '
Q: What did Charles Martel do 
A: Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops', '
Q: What year did Utrecht gain in power 
A: After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands', '
Q: What showed the importance of Utrecht
A: Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522']
When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders. The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism
A: the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops', "
Q: What was part of the territory of bishopric 
A: not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast", '
Q: What conflict affected Utrecht
A: The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht', '
Q: Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric 
A: the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders', '
Q: What region was seized 
A: The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders']
Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire. The choir and transept were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious Dom tower. The last part to be constructed was the central nave, from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished. Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht: St. Salvator's Church (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040; Saint Peter, building started in 1039 and Saint Mary's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht
A: The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress', '
Q: What began in 1254 
A: The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire', '
Q: Was the cathedral finished 
A: the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished', '
Q: How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral
A: Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht', "
Q: What else was housed in the city 
A: the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights."]
The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town Utrecht was granted city rights by Henry V in 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed through the heart of the town became evermore canalized; and the wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system. On the wharfs storage facilities (werfkelders) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure.[nb 2] The relations between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy. The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding. This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did Utrecht's location allow 
A: allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands.", '
Q: Who granted Utrecht city rights 
A: Henry V in 1122', '
Q: What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht
A: the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy', '
Q: What Industry did the bishop hurt 
A: The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding']
In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the bishop lose power 
A: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor', '
Q: What did Charles V combine 
A: Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union', '
Q: What did the loss of power end 
A: the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop', '
Q: What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to 
A: In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces']
The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why was the transition to a new union difficult 
A: Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops', '
Q: What was the purpose of the castle 
A: The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city', '
Q: How long did the castle last 
A: The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt']
In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic; which shifted the power towards its dominant province Holland. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was signed in 1579 
A: the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule', '
Q: What is this union seen as 
A: The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic', '
Q: What became the dominant province 
A: towards its dominant province Holland', '
Q: What was the state of Utrecht 
A: Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups']
The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672 
A: temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht', '
Q: In 1674 what hit Utrecht 
A: the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado', '
Q: What collapsed during the tornado 
A: The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral', '
Q: What did Utrecht host in 1713 
A: In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession', '
Q: Since 1723 what has Utrecht become 
A: Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world']