romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses the Maritime Industry Museum. In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as "Scullers' Row" due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project, a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building?
A: C. B. J. Snyder", '
Q: Where is the NY Maritime College?
A: Fort Schuyler', "
Q: What was the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building originally?
A: a former public school", "
Q: What is 'Scullers' Row'?
A: the Harlem River", '
Q: Which river is near the New York Botanical Gardens?
A: Bronx River']
The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx News, Parkchester News, City News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press  (which now has more of a focus on national issues) and Co-Op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott Haven Herald and The Hunts Point Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1959.)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the Inner City Press now focus on?
A: national issues', "
Q: Who is the Riverdale Press's editor?
A: Bernard Stein", '
Q: Why did Stein win a Pulitzer?
A: for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues', '
Q: When did Stein win a Pulitzer?
A: 1998', '
Q: Where did Stein graduate from?
A: the Bronx High School of Science']
The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable television provider. The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access television (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What channel in the Bronx does Cablevision run?
A: News 12 The Bronx', '
Q: Where is the official city TV station broadcast from?
A: Bronx Community College', "
Q: What is the Bronx's only 4-year CUNY college?
A: Herbert H. Lehman College"]
Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. Hollywood films such as From This Day Forward (1946), set in Highbridge, occasionally delved into Bronx life. Paddy Chayefsky's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair, and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film, A Bronx Tale, Spike Lee's 1999 movie Summer of Sam, centered in an Italian-American Bronx community, 1994's I Like It Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was 'From This Day Forward' released?
A: 1946", "
Q: Where was 'From This Day Forward' set?
A: Highbridge", "
Q: When was 'The Catered Affair' released?
A: 1956", "
Q: What did 'The Catered Affair' explore?
A: working class Bronx life", "
Q: What was 'Summer of Sam' about?
A: an Italian-American Bronx community"]
Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the 1977 World Series, when a fire broke out near Yankee Stadium as the team was playing the Los Angeles Dodgers. Numerous fires had previously broken out in the Bronx prior to this fire. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer Howard Cosell is wrongly remembered to have said something like, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City frequently point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline. A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning is in production in 2006, chronicling what led up to the numerous arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was arson a big problem in the Bronx?
A: the South Bronx', '
Q: When was the phrase "The Bronx is burning" first widespread?
A: 1974', '
Q: Who made a documentary called "The Bronx is burning"?
A: BBC', '
Q: Who published an editorial called "The Bronx is burning"?
A: New York Times', "
Q: Who made a film called 'Bronx Burning'?
A: Edwin Pagan"]
Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film The Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn. A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in the Belmont "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the name Gun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch as mayor.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was 'The Warriors' movie released?
A: 1979", "
Q: When was 'The Wanderers' published?
A: 1974", "
Q: When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?
A: 1993", "
Q: When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?
A: 1979", "
Q: When was 'The Wanderers' published?
A: 1974", "
Q: When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?
A: 1979", "
Q: When was 'The Warriors' movie released?
A: 1979", "
Q: When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?
A: 1993"]
The 1981 film Fort Apache, The Bronx is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. The movie's title is from the nickname for the 41st Police Precinct in the South Bronx which was nicknamed "Fort Apache". Also from 1981 is the horror film Wolfen making use of the rubble of the Bronx as a home for werewolf type creatures. Knights of the South Bronx, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film Fuga dal Bronx, also known as Bronx Warriors 2 and Escape 2000, an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television series Mystery Science Theatre 3000. The plot revolves around a sinister construction corporation's plans to depopulate, destroy and redevelop the Bronx, and a band of rebels who are out to expose the corporation's murderous ways and save their homes. The film is memorable for its almost incessant use of the phrase, "Leave the Bronx!" Many of the movie's scenes were filmed in Queens, substituting as the Bronx. Rumble in the Bronx was a 1995 Jackie Chan kung-fu film, another which popularised the Bronx to international audiences. Last Bronx, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was 'Fort Apache' released?
A: 1981", "
Q: When was 'Fuga dal Bronx' released?
A: 2005", "
Q: What origin was 'Escape 2000'?
A: Italian"]
Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The film, which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple, won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The CBS television sitcom Becker, 1998–2004, was more ambiguous. The show starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a doctor who operated a small practice and was constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. It showed his everyday life as a doctor working in a small clinic in the Bronx.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was 'True Love' released?
A: 1989", "
Q: What genre was 'True Love'?
A: comedy", "
Q: Who starred in 'True Love'?
A: Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard"]
Penny Marshall's 1990 film Awakenings, which was nominated for several Oscars, is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa. Robin Williams played the physician; Robert De Niro was one of the patients who emerged from a catatonic (frozen) state. The home of Williams' character was shot not far from Sacks' actual City Island residence. A 1973 Yorkshire Television documentary and "A Kind of Alaska", a 1985 play by Harold Pinter, were also based on Sacks' book.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did "Awakenings" come out?
A: 1990', "
Q: Whose real story is 'Awakenings' based on?
A: Oliver Sacks", "
Q: What is Sacks' career?
A: neurologist", "
Q: When was 'A Kind of Alaska' performed?
A: 1985", "
Q: Who wrote 'A Kind of Alaska'?
A: Harold Pinter"]
The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in Herman Wouk's City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. Kate Simon's Bronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood is directly autobiographical, a warm account of a Polish-Jewish girl in an immigrant family growing up before World War II, and living near Arthur Avenue and Tremont Avenue. In Jacob M. Appel's short story, "The Grand Concourse" (2007), a woman who grew up in the iconic Lewis Morris Building returns to the Morrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, in Avery Corman's book The Old Neighborhood (1980), an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood (Fordham Road and the Grand Concourse), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' published?
A: 1948", "
Q: How much of 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' is set in the Bronx?
A: about half", "
Q: Who wrote 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder'?
A: Herman Wouk", "
Q: When was 'The Grand Concourse' published?
A: 2007", "
Q: Who wrote 'The Grand Concourse'?
A: Jacob M. Appel"]
By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987) portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, the New York Times reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend Al Sharpton (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of The Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style as Tom Wolfe's wardrobe."

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?
A: Tom Wolfe", "
Q: When was 'Bonfire of the Vanities' published?
A: 1987", "
Q: Who was the main character of 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?
A: Sherman McCoy", '
Q: What race was Sherman McCoy?
A: white', '
Q: Where did McCoy get lost?
A: off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx']
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?
A: human beings', '
Q: What is a common tenant of humanism?
A: freedom and progress', '
Q:  What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? 
A: intellectual movements', '
Q: These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what?
A: secularism', '
Q: Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what?
A: science']
Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "polite" learning, or the Greek equivalent Paideia. Gellius became a favorite author in the Italian Renaissance, and, in fifteenth-century Italy, teachers and scholars of philosophy, poetry, and rhetoric were called and called themselves "humanists". Modern scholars, however, point out that Cicero (106 – 43 BCE), who was most responsible for defining and popularizing the term humanitas, in fact frequently used the word in both senses, as did his near contemporaries. For Cicero, a lawyer, what most distinguished humans from brutes was speech, which, allied to reason, could (and should) enable them to settle disputes and live together in concord and harmony under the rule of law. Thus humanitas included two meanings from the outset and these continue in the modern derivative, humanism, which even today can refer to both humanitarian benevolence and to scholarship.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was humanism once considered the same as?
A: philanthropy', '
Q: Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word?
A: Gellius', '
Q: In which period did Gellius gain fame?
A: Italian Renaissance', '
Q: Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas commonplace?
A: Cicero', '
Q: What is the characteristic that most separates humans from animals?
A: speech']
During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment, have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q:  At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?
A: supernatural', '
Q: Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?
A: supernatural', '
Q: What do current tenants humanism have their origins in?
A: 18th-century Enlightenment', '
Q: What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
A: Religious Humanism']
In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856, when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism, the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning, a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations, especially Italy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q:  In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?
A: 1808', '
Q: Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?
A: Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer', '
Q: Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856?
A: Georg Voigt', '
Q: What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept?
A: Italy']
But in the mid-18th century, during the French Enlightenment, a more ideological use of the term had come into use. In 1765, the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of "The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call 'humanism', for the time has come to create a word for such a beautiful and necessary thing". The latter part of the 18th and the early 19th centuries saw the creation of numerous grass-roots "philanthropic" and benevolent societies dedicated to human betterment and the spreading of knowledge (some Christian, some not). After the French Revolution, the idea that human virtue could be created by human reason alone independently from traditional religious institutions, attributed by opponents of the Revolution to Enlightenment philosophes such as Rousseau, was violently attacked by influential religious and political conservatives, such as Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre, as a deification or idolatry of humanity. Humanism began to acquire a negative sense. The Oxford English Dictionary records the use of the word "humanism" by an English clergyman in 1812 to indicate those who believe in the "mere humanity" (as opposed to the divine nature) of Christ, i.e., Unitarians and Deists. In this polarised atmosphere, in which established ecclesiastical bodies tended to circle the wagons and reflexively oppose political and social reforms like extending the franchise, universal schooling, and the like, liberal reformers and radicals embraced the idea of Humanism as an alternative religion of humanity. The anarchist Proudhon (best known for declaring that "property is theft") used the word "humanism" to describe a "culte, déification de l’humanité" ("worship, deification of humanity") and Ernest Renan in L’avenir de la science: pensées de 1848 ("The Future of Knowledge: Thoughts on 1848") (1848–49), states: "It is my deep conviction that pure humanism will be the religion of the future, that is, the cult of all that pertains to humanity—all of life, sanctified and raised to the level of a moral value."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During which period was the philosophy of humanism next updated?
A: French Enlightenment', '
Q: What was the criticism of Humanism made by conservatives of the time?
A: idolatry of humanity', '
Q: Who continued to support the belief system despite its critics?
A: liberal reformers and radicals', '
Q: Who felt that humanism would surely be a major "religion" today?
A: Ernest Renan']
At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has been a persistent confusion between the several uses of the terms: philanthropic humanists look to what they consider their antecedents in critical thinking and human-centered philosophy among the Greek philosophers and the great figures of Renaissance history; and scholarly humanists stress the linguistic and cultural disciplines needed to understand and interpret these philosophers and artists.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time?
A: centred on humankind', '
Q: What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany?
A: Karl Marx', '
Q: Who did benevolent believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy?
A: Greek philosophers', '
Q: Where did the learned believers place their focus?
A: linguistic and cultural disciplines']
Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect which each receives from Ahura Mazda (God in the form of supreme wisdom). The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic divine God/Grand Architect of the universe tied with a unique eschatology and ethical system implying that each person is held morally responsible for their choices, made freely in this present life, in the afterlife. The importance placed on thought, action, responsibility, and a non-intervening creator was appealed to by, and inspired a number of, Enlightenment humanist thinkers in Europe such as Voltaire and Montesquieu.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?
A: Gathas of Zarathustra', '
Q: When was this writing penned?
A: 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE', '
Q: When was this writing penned?
A: afterlife', '
Q: What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism?
A: Voltaire']
In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a founder of Rujia (Confucianism), is especially prominent and pioneering in humanistic thought. His words were recorded in the Book of History as follows (translation):[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?
A: Yellow Emperor', '
Q: What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?
A: Duke of Zhou', '
Q: What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?
A: Book of History', '
Q: Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world?
A: Wu of Zhou']