romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE. The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date. Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spread across the archipelago.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which kingdom during 200 BCE that is located in Java and Sumatra exist?
A: Jawa Dwipa Hindu', '
Q: What nationality were the traders that came to archipelago?
A: Indian', '
Q: What country did the merchants the traders did trade with come from?
A: China', '
Q: How long did the Indian influence date back to for the Malay-speaking world?
A: 3rd century BCE', '
Q: What religion besides Hinduism became well established in the Malay Peninsula?
A: Buddhism', '
Q: Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?
A: Jawa Dwipa', '
Q: Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?
A: Indian traders', '
Q: The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?
A: abundant forest and maritime products', '
Q: Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?
A: Hinduism and Buddhism', '
Q: Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?
A: merchants from China']
The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines, making it the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Indianised kingdom was based in eastern java?
A: The Majapahit Empire', '
Q: Which ruler reigned between 1350 to 1389?
A: Hayam Wuruk', '
Q: How long did the Majapahit Empire last?
A: 1293 to around 1500', "
Q: How far did the Majapahit Empire's influence stretch?
A: parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines"]
In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah), the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which kingdom did the Chola navy attack during the 11th century?
A: Srivijaya kingdom', '
Q: What was the capital of Srivijaya kingdom?
A: Sangrama Vijayatungavarman', '
Q: Which king of Kedah converted to Islam in the year 1267?
A: Phra Ong Mahawangsa', '
Q: Name an Indonesian Islamic scholar who lived from 1908-1981?
A: Hamka', '
Q: Which Chinese admiral was related to the development of Islam in Indonesia & Malaya?
A: Admiral Zheng He']
There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the 15th century, the ruler of which port embraced Islam?
A: Malacca Sultanate', '
Q: Where did the traders from Yemen settle?
A: Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia', '
Q: Which missionary helped to spread Islam?
A: The Sufi missionaries', '
Q: Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes?
A: Islam']
During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation. The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II?
A: Imperial Japan', '
Q: According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?
A: 4 to 10 million', '
Q: What violent acts did the Showa regime commit?
A: Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour', '
Q: Who defeated Japan during the World War II?
A: The Allied powers']
Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The second tallest peak is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia on the island of Borneo with a height of 4,095 metres (13,435 feet). The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Name the largest country in Southeast Asia.
A: Indonesia', "
Q: Geologically what is Indonesia's region most active for?
A: volcanically active"]
The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical–hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the climate like in Southeast Asia?
A: tropical–hot and humid', '
Q: Which region has the 2nd largest rain-forest in the world?
A: Southeast Asia', '
Q: Which regions in Southeast Asia see cold winter with snow?
A: Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas', '
Q: What causes additional rainfall during monsoon?
A: The tropical rain belt', '
Q: What causes the Southeast Asian regions to experience wet & dry seasons?
A: seasonal shift in winds or monsoon']
The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Name the line that splits the Indonesian Archipelago?
A: Wallace Line', '
Q: What region comprises of the Wallacea?
A: The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua', '
Q: Which country has created a system of national parks & preserves?
A: Indonesia', '
Q: Which species in Java face extinction?
A: Javan rhinoceros', "
Q: What is the concern in Southeast Asian region due to development & population expansion?
A: impact of human activity on the region's environment."]
The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's "center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where on Earth is the highest marine activity recorded?
A: Raja Ampat', '
Q: Which areas are composed as the Coral Triangle?
A: Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.', "
Q: Which area is called the heart of the world's Coral reef biodiversity?
A: The Coral Triangle", '
Q: Name the largest species of fish in the world.
A: The whale shark']
While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century. At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by "slash and burn" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution to combat haze pollution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of plant and animal species extinction is predicted in the 21st century?
A: 40%', '
Q: Where has haze been predominant?
A: Sumatra and Borneo', '
Q: How is a haze formed?
A: caused by "slash and burn" activities', '
Q: What agreement has the Southeast Asian countries signed to combat haze pollution?
A: Transboundary Haze Pollution', '
Q: When did the 2 worst haze pollution occur in Southeast Asia?
A: 1997 and 2006']
Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards (Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Name some important commodities that originated in Southeast asian region?
A: pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg', '
Q: Who developed the spice trade initially?
A: Indian and Arab merchants', '
Q: Which European traders moved into Indonesia?
A: Dutch']
The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?
A: Chinese', '
Q: The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?
A: Communist Revolution', '
Q: When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?
A: 1949', '
Q: What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?
A: the bamboo network']
The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What reserves are abundant in Southeast Asia?
A: Oil reserves', '
Q: Which region manufactures textiles, heavy industrial products & high-tech electronic goods?
A: Vietnam', '
Q: Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has  the largest economy?
A: Indonesia', '
Q: Which sector is the Southeast Asia heavily dependent on?
A: agriculture']
Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet." Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries." In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Of the Southeast Asian countries, which one's key economic development is based on Tourism?
A: Cambodia", '
Q: According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet?
A: UNESCO', '
Q: Who was the regional leader in tourism in 1995?
A: Singapore', '
Q: From 2000, Cambodia has surpassed other ASEAN countries in generating GDP on which sector?
A: tourism']
Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,000,000 km2 (1.6 million square miles). As of 2013, Around 625 million people lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. Indonesia is the most populous country with 255 million people as of 2015, and also the 4th most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also, as the Hoa, in Vietnam.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the approximate area of Southeast Asia?
A: 4,000,000 km2', '
Q: Among the Southeast Asian countries, which one is densely populated?
A: Indonesia', '
Q: Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated?
A: Java']
In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. In Burma, the Burmese account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country, while ethnic Thais and Vietnamese account for about four-fifths of the respective populations of those countries. Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups, while Malaysia is split between half Malays and one-quarter Chinese. Within the Philippines, the Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon groups are significant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: name the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia.
A: the Javanese', '
Q: Which ethnic groups dominate in Indonesia?
A: Javanese and Sundanese', '
Q: The Tagalog, Cebuano,Ilocano & Hiligaynon groups are significant within which country in Southeast Asia?
A: Philippines', '
Q: The ethnic groups Malays & Chinese are predominant in which country?
A: Malaysia']
Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which religion is widely practiced in Southeast Asia?
A: Islam', '
Q: Among the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the most populous Muslims among them?
A: Indonesia', '
Q: Roman Catholic population is predominant in which Asian country?
A: Philippines', '
Q: What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam?
A: 40%', "
Q: East Timor is predominantly catholic due to which European rule's history?
A: Portuguese"]
Religions and peoples are diverse in Southeast Asia and not one country is homogeneous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, New Guinea and Timor. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc. Garuda (Sanskrit: Garuḍa), the phoenix who is the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu, is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on Palawan; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on Mindanao. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of Sarawak in East Malaysia,Highland Philippines and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka (Indra) is revered as a nat. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on Ancestor Worship.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which is Asia's largest christian nation?
A: Philippines", '
Q: Garuda is the national symbol of which 2 countries?
A: Thailand and Indonesia', '
Q: Which religion is dominant on the Island of Bali?
A: Hinduism', '
Q: Name the most Muslim populous region in Asia?
A: Indonesia', '
Q: What is practiced in Vietnam?
A: Vietnam']
The culture in Southeast Asia is very diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Indochinese (Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand) and Chinese (Singapore and Vietnam). While in Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. Also Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Singapore and Vietnam show more Chinese influence in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in China's sphere of influence for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants, which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India - only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Arabia has a strong influence in which Southeast Asian country?
A: Brunei', '
Q: Singapore & Vietnam shows which influence predominantly?
A: Chinese', '
Q: The Indian influence is evident in which country through the Tamil migrants?
A: Singapore']
The arts of Southeast Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the Southeast Asians introduce their dance?
A: into their court', '
Q: Which dance was famous for strong feet & hand movements?
A: Apsara Dance', '
Q: The Khmer Empire was influenced by what?
A: Indian Hinduism']