romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Estonia has pursued the development of the e-state and e-government. Internet voting is used in elections in Estonia. The first internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections, in which 30,275 individuals voted over the internet. Voters have a chance to invalidate their electronic vote in traditional elections, if they wish to. In 2009 in its eighth Worldwide Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked Estonia sixth out of 175 countries. In the first ever State of World Liberty Index report, Estonia was ranked first out of 159 countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What digital technology as Estonia been advacning?
A: Internet voting', '
Q: What year did the first internet vote occur in local Estonia elections?
A: 2005', '
Q: What year did the first internet vote occur in Estonia parliamentary elections?
A: 2007', '
Q: In 2007, how many Estonians used internet voting?
A: 30,275']
According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: Põhiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What document declares supreme power for the people?
A: the Constitution of Estonia', '
Q: Who holds supreme judicial power in Estonia?
A: the Supreme Court or Riigikohus', "
Q: How many judges are on Estonia's supreme court?
A: nineteen", '
Q: How many years does the Chief justice serve?
A: nine']
Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, and of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. Estonia is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB). As an OSCE participating State, Estonia's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. Estonia has also signed the Kyoto Protocol.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What date did Estonia join the League of Nations?
A: 22 September 1921', '
Q: What date did Estonia join the United Nations?
A: 17 September 1991', '
Q: What date did Estonia join NATO?
A: 29 March 2004', '
Q: What date did Estonia join the European Union?
A: 1 May 2004']
Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close co-operation with its Western European partners. The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the protest triggered by the controversial relocation of the Bronze Soldier World War II memorial in Tallinn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence?
A: close co-operation', '
Q: What were the most important foreign policy priorities?
A: accession into NATO and the European Union', "
Q: What trend has accompanied Estonia's cooperation with Western powers?
A: deterioration in relations with Russia"]
Since the early 1990s, Estonia is involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM). Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden. Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU related issues. Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council began in 1989. Annual summits take place, and in addition meetings are organised on all possible levels: speakers, presidiums, commissions, and individual members. The Nordic Council of Ministers has an office in Tallinn with a subsidiary in Tartu and information points in Narva, Valga and Pärnu. Joint Nordic-Baltic projects include the education programme Nordplus and mobility programmes for business and industry and for public administration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?
A: Latvia and Lithuania', '
Q: What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers?
A: The Baltic Council', '
Q: What is the name of the joint group that Estonia shares with Denmark and 7 other countries?
A: Nordic-Baltic Eight', '
Q: What year did Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council start?
A: 1989']
An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people rather than Balts, based on their historical ties with Sweden, Denmark and particularly Finland. In December 1999, then Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs. In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence?
A: closer ties with the Nordic countries', '
Q: When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?
A: December 1999', '
Q: Who expressed a speech called "Estonia as a Nordic Country"?
A: Toomas Hendrik Ilves', '
Q: What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia?
A: 2003']
In 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Battle Group. It has also shown continued interest in joining the Nordic Council. Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92% of Estonia's international trade, today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbours: three quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries (principally Finland and Sweden), to which Estonia sends 42% of its exports (as compared to 6.5% going to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania). On the other hand, the Estonian political system, its flat rate of income tax, and its non-welfare-state model distinguish it from the Nordic countries and their Nordic model, and indeed from many other European countries.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did Estonia join the European Union's Nordic Battle Group?
A: 2005", '
Q: What government institution did Estonia continue to show desire in joining?
A: the Nordic Council', "
Q: What percentage of Estonia's foreign trade was held by Russia in 1992?
A: 92%", '
Q: What percentage of Estonia exports are sent to Nordic countries?
A: 42%']
The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces (Estonian: Kaitsevägi), which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maavägi (Army), Merevägi (Navy), Õhuvägi (Air Force) and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit (Defence League). The Estonian National Defence Policy aim is to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters, airspace and its constitutional order. Current strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, develop the armed forces for interoperability with other NATO and EU member forces, and participation in NATO missions.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of Estonia's Army?
A: Maavägi", "
Q: What is the name of Estonia's Navy?
A: Merevägi", "
Q: What is the name of Estonia's Air Force?
A: Õhuvägi", '
Q: What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military?
A: the Estonian Defence Forces']
Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which countries aid Estonia in trilateral defense strategies?
A: Latvia and Lithuania', '
Q: What joint military educational academy does Estonia share with Baltic Countries?
A: the Baltic Defence College', '
Q: Where is the Baltic Defence College located?
A: Tartu', '
Q: When were the Baltic states asked to join NORDEFCO?
A: January 2011']
The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces have been working on a cyberwarfare and defence formation for some years now. In 2007, a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007. The proposed aim of the e-military is to secure the vital infrastructure and e-infrastructure of Estonia. The main cyber warfare facility is the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia (CERT), founded in 2006. The organisation operates on security issues in local networks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?
A: The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces', '
Q: What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?
A: 2007', '
Q: What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action?
A: massive cyberattacks', '
Q: When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established?
A: 2006']
As a member of the European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank. The GDP (PPP) per capita of the country, a good indicator of wealth, was in 2015 $28,781 according to the IMF, between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania, but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Spain. The country is ranked 8th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom, and the 4th freest economy in Europe. Because of its rapid growth, Estonia has often been described as a Baltic Tiger beside Lithuania and Latvia. Beginning 1 January 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th eurozone member state.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income?
A: the World Bank', '
Q: What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015?
A: $28,781', '
Q: What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia?
A: Slovak Republic and Lithuania', '
Q: Where is Estonia ranked in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom?
A: 8th']
Estonia produces about 75% of its consumed electricity. In 2011 about 85% of it was generated with locally mined oil shale. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Renewable wind energy was about 6% of total consumption in 2009. Estonia imports petroleum products from western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy. The ice-free port of Muuga, near Tallinn, is a modern facility featuring good transshipment capability, a high-capacity grain elevator, chill/frozen storage, and new oil tanker off-loading capabilities.[citation needed] The railroad serves as a conduit between the West, Russia, and other points to the East.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much of consumed electricity does Estonia produce by itself?
A: 75%', '
Q: What percentage of electricity was produced with local oil shale in 2011?
A: about 85%', '
Q: What alternative energy sources account for 9% of energy production?
A: wood, peat, and biomass', '
Q: What percentage of electricity was produced from renewable energy in 2009?
A: 6%']
Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4th quarter of 2008. The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. The revenue of the budget was decreased for 2008 by EEK 6.1 billion and the expenditure by EEK 3.2 billion. In 2010, the economic situation stabilized and started a growth based on strong exports. In the fourth quarter of 2010, Estonian industrial output increased by 23% compared to the year before. The country has been experiencing economic growth ever since.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the global economic recession start?
A: 2007', "
Q: What trend led to the decrease of Estonia's GDP?
A: global economic recession", '
Q: Who approved the supplementary negative budget drafted by the Estonian government?
A: Riigikogu', '
Q: What year did Estonia start their economic rise based on strong exports?
A: 2010']
Since re-establishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former COMECON area.[citation needed] In 1994, based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005, the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. Another reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate was decreased to 21% by January 2008. The Government of Estonia finalised the design of Estonian euro coins in late 2004, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation. A Land Value Tax is levied which is used to fund local municipalities. It is a state level tax, however 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0.1–2.5%. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities. The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%) of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Estonia view itself as after winning independence?
A: the gateway between East and West', '
Q: What year did Estonia establish a flat tax?
A: 1994', '
Q: Who was the source of influence for the flat tax?
A: Milton Friedman', '
Q: What was tax rate imposed on the personal income?
A: a uniform rate of 26%']
In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union.[citation needed] Estonia joined the OECD in 2010.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the worst economic year for Estonia after winning independence?
A: 1999', '
Q: What year did Estonia reclaim their independence?
A: 1991', '
Q: What event played a major part in the decline of the economy during 1999?
A: the 1998 Russian financial crisis', '
Q: When did Estonia unite with the WTO?
A: November 1999']
Estonia is a dependent country in the terms of energy and energy production. In recent years many local and foreign companies have been investing in renewable energy sources.[citation needed] The importance of wind power has been increasing steadily in Estonia and currently the total amount of energy production from wind is nearly 60 MW while at the same time roughly 399 MW worth of projects are currently being developed and more than 2800 MW worth of projects are being proposed in the Lake Peipus area and the coastal areas of Hiiumaa.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What lacking resource does Estonia depend on other countries for?
A: energy', '
Q: What type of energy production as many companies been investing in recent years?
A: renewable energy sources', '
Q: What energy source has been increasing in Estonia?
A: wind power', '
Q: What is total amount of energy production from wind power?
A: nearly 60 MW']
Estonia has had a market economy since the end of the 1990s and one of the highest per capita income levels in Eastern Europe. Proximity to the Scandinavian markets, its location between the East and West, competitive cost structure and a highly skilled labour force have been the major Estonian comparative advantages in the beginning of the 2000s (decade). As the largest city, Tallinn has emerged as a financial centre and the Tallinn Stock Exchange joined recently with the OMX system. The current government has pursued tight fiscal policies, resulting in balanced budgets and low public debt.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what region does Estonia hold one of the highest per capita income levels?
A: Eastern', '
Q: Being close to what commercial area gives Estonia a competitive advantage?
A: Scandinavian markets', '
Q: What is a major trait of the Estonian employed workers?
A: highly skilled', '
Q: What is the largest city in Estonia?
A: Tallinn']
In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which was pegged to the Euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and chemical products. Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. At the same time Estonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products and transportation equipment. Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did a huge deficit and rising inflation place pressure on Estonia's currency?
A: 2007", '
Q: What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand?
A: export-generating industries', '
Q: How much electricity is imported by Estonia annually?
A: 200 million kilowatt hours', '
Q: How much electricity is exported by Estonia annually?
A: 1.562 billion kilowatt hours']
Between 2007 and 2013, Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros) from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever. Majority of the European Union financial aid will be invested into to the following fields: energy economies, entrepreneurship, administrative capability, education, information society, environment protection, regional and local development, research and development activities, healthcare and welfare, transportation and labour market.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013?
A: 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros)', '
Q: What year was the start of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?
A: 2007', '
Q: What year was the end of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?
A: 2013']
Between 1945 and 1989, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin's mass deportations and executions.[citation needed] By 1989, minorities constituted more than one-third of the population, as the number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?
A: Between 1945 and 1989', '
Q: What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?
A: mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus', '
Q: Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions?
A: Joseph Stalin', '
Q: What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country?
A: 1989']
At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia – administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the deportation of Estonians to the USSR. In the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in 2006.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?
A: a national catastrophe', "
Q: What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?
A: Russian military bases", '
Q: What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006?
A: 69%']
Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of the total population but account for 36% of the population in Harju county and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?
A: Thirteen", '
Q: How many counties are in Estonia?
A: 15', '
Q: Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?
A: Hiiumaa', '
Q: What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?
A: 98.4%', '
Q: What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?
A: 25.6%']
The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?
A: 1925', '
Q: In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?
A: The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law', '
Q: How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?
A: more than 3,000 people', '
Q: What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?
A: Germans and Jewish minorities']