romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans like Eduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina; Luis Aponte Martinez of Puerto Rico and Eugênio de Araújo Sales and Aloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the Church at the time saying that the European period of the Church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal Basil Hume. At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that not only cardinals but also bishops too may participate in committees of the Roman Curia. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the regal vestments of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues was nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976?
A: five', '
Q: What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent?
A: Argentina', '
Q: What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent?
A: Brazil', "
Q: What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in?
A: Roman Curia", '
Q: What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on?
A: regal vestments']
Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?
A: army', '
Q: Who was the first pope to visit five continents?
A: Paul VI', '
Q: Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?
A: world', '
Q: What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?
A: bishops', '
Q: What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?
A: motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane']
During George's reign the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country's constitution on the day of his accession. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth, except Ireland, was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained as king of both countries, but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year. George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign. His elder daughter, Elizabeth, succeeded him.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For which country did George VI stop using the title Emperor but continue to use the title of King?
A: India', '
Q: In what month and year did George VI discontinue using the title Emperor of India?
A: June 1948', '
Q: In 1949 what country solely proclaimed independence from the Commonwealth?
A: Ireland', '
Q: What Child of George VI ascended the throne?
A: Elizabeth', '
Q: What was the name used after the dissolution of the British Empire?
A: Commonwealth of Nations', '
Q: What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war?
A: 1945', '
Q: When did India and Pakistan gain independence?
A: 1947', '
Q: What title did George have in India prior to 1948?
A: Emperor of India', '
Q: What did Ireland declare itself in 1950?
A: republic']
His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert, the Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed". Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her". Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good". Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[a] As a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he was known formally as His Highness Prince Albert of York from birth. Within the family, he was known informally as "Bertie". His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?
A: 14 December', "
Q: Who was Prince Albert's great grandmother?
A: Queen Victoria", "
Q: What was Prince Albert's nickname?
A: Bertie", "
Q: In which church was Prince Albert baptized?
A: St. Mary Magdalene's Church"]
Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname "Mr. Johnson". One year after his commission, he began service in the First World War. He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which ship did Alber train on in 1913?
A: HMS Cumberland', '
Q: How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?
A: three months', '
Q: Which war did Albert serve in?
A: First World War', '
Q: Who gave Albert the nickname of "Mr Johnson"?
A: fellow officers', "
Q: What was the cause of Albert's ill health in 1917?
A: duodenal ulcer"]
In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the transfer of Cranwell from Navy to Air Force control, he transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea where he completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. During the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain. He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?
A: Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service', '
Q: Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?
A: 4', '
Q: What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?
A: 1919', '
Q: Who was the king of Belgium  in 1918?
A: King Albert']
In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year. On 4 June 1920, he was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney. He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father, and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the "Industrial Prince". His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with his tendency to shyness, caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. He developed an interest in working conditions, and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Albert study in Trinity College?
A: history, economics and civics', "
Q: What was Albert's nickname as he toured coal mines, factories, and railyards?
A: Industrial Prince", "
Q: Who is Albert's older brother?
A: Edward", '
Q: Which sport was Albert proficient at?
A: tennis', '
Q: Which society was Albert the president of?
A: Industrial Welfare Society']
In a time when royals were expected to marry fellow royals, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her. She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Elizabeth's mother, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was Albert infatuated with?
A: Sheila, Lady Loughborough', '
Q: Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?
A: Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon', "
Q: How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?
A: twice", '
Q: Who were royals usually expected to marry?
A: fellow royals']
Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire in 1927. His journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did Albert fear speaking in public?
A: his stammer', '
Q: Who helped Albert improve in public speaking?
A: Lionel Logue', '
Q: What did Albert play partnered with a black man?
A: doubles tennis', '
Q: What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927? 
A: Parliament House']
The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Elizabeth's nickname?
A: Lilibet", '
Q: Who were the Duke and Duchess of York\'s children?
A: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret', "
Q: What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?
A: 145 Piccadilly", '
Q: Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada? 
A: J. H. Thomas', '
Q: What position did J. H. Thomas hold?
A: Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs']
As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?
A: Edward was unmarried and had no children', '
Q: What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?
A: divorced woman with two living ex-husbands', '
Q: What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?
A: abdication', "
Q: Who is Edward's mother?
A: Queen Mary", '
Q: How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?
A: broke down and sobbed like a child']
On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Oireachtas?
A: the parliament of the Irish Free State', '
Q: What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?
A: all direct mention of the monarch', '
Q: Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?
A: External Relations Act', '
Q: What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?
A: day of the abdication']
Albert assumed the regnal name "George VI" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including "Royal Highness". In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title and style "His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor", but the Letters Patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was also forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically. Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What regnal name did Albert adopt?
A: George VI', '
Q: What title did Albert give Edward?
A: His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor', '
Q: What did Albert bestow onto his wife on his 41st birthday?
A: the Order of the Garter', '
Q: Which two residences did Albert buy from Edward?
A: Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House']
George VI's coronation took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal couple would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What day did George VI become coronated?
A: 12 May 1937', '
Q: Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition?
A: Queen Mary', '
Q: How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?
A: Two', '
Q: In which city are Durbars usually held?
A: Delhi']
The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which prime minister was the King constitutionally bound to support?
A: Neville Chamberlain', '
Q: Which agreement was signed in 1938?
A: Munich Agreement', '
Q: The balcony in which palace is famous for being where the royal family makes appearances?
A: Buckingham Palace', "
Q: Which historian commented that the king's act in associating with Chamberlain as unconstitutional?
A: John Grigg"]
In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States. From Ottawa, the royal couple were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America, although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York. Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote "the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality" and George gave a speech emphasising "the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two countries did the King and Queen tour in 1939?
A: Canada and the United States', '
Q: Who was the prime minister of Canada in 1939?
A: William Lyon Mackenzie King', '
Q: What title was the king and queen presented with when touring Canada?
A: King and Queen of Canada', "
Q: What was Roper's position?
A: U.S. Ambassador to Canada", '
Q: What did the Statute of Westminster do?
A: gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions']
The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public. The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor, Edward VIII, was dispelled. They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of tendencies did North America have?
A: isolationist tendencies', "
Q: Who was George's predecessor?
A: Edward VIII", '
Q: Who was the President of the United States in 1939?
A: President Franklin D. Roosevelt', "
Q: Which fair was happening in New York in 1939?
A: 1939 New York World's Fair"]
In September 1939, Britain and the self-governing Dominions, but not Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first German raid on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: "I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face". The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Against who did Britain declare war against in 1939?
A: Nazi Germany', '
Q: Which city did the king and queen stay in even with the bombing threats?
A: London', '
Q: How many people died on the first German raid on London?
A: one thousand civilians', "
Q: What year did the King's brother die in service?
A: 1942"]
In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister". Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?
A: Neville Chamberlain", '
Q: What position did Churchill hold?
A: Prime Minister', '
Q: What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet?
A: Tuesday', '
Q: Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like?
A: Lord Beaverbrook']