romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
All versions of the SNES are predominantly gray, although the exact shade may differ. The original North American version, designed by Nintendo of America industrial designer Lance Barr (who previously redesigned the Famicom to become the NES), has a boxy design with purple sliding switches and a dark gray eject lever. The loading bay surface is curved, both to invite interaction and to prevent food or drinks from being placed on the console and spilling as had happened with the flat surfaced NES. The Japanese and European versions are more rounded, with darker gray accents and buttons. The North American SNS-101 model and the Japanese Super Famicom Jr. (the SHVC-101 model), all designed by Barr, are both smaller with a rounded contour; however, the SNS-101 buttons are purple where the Super Famicom Jr. buttons are gray. The European and American versions of the SNES controllers have much longer cables compared to the Japanese Super Famicom controllers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What color is the SNES?
A: predominantly gray', '
Q: Who designed the North American SNES?
A: Lance Barr', "
Q: What was Barr's job?
A: industrial designer", "
Q: What color were the North American SNES's buttons?
A: purple", "
Q: What color were the Japanese Super Famicom Jr.'s buttons?
A: gray"]
All versions incorporate a top-loading slot for game cartridges, although the shape of the slot differs between regions to match the different shapes of the cartridges. The MULTI OUT connector (later used on the Nintendo 64 and GameCube) can output composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator. Original versions additionally include a 28-pin expansion port under a small cover on the bottom of the unit and a standard RF output with channel selection switch on the back; the redesigned models output composite video only, requiring an external modulator for RF.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How is the SNES's slot positioned?
A: top-loading", '
Q: What connection types did MULTI OUT support?
A: composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator', '
Q: How many pins did the SNES expansion port have?
A: 28', '
Q: What output type was the only one directly supported on the SNS-101?
A: composite', '
Q: What other Nintendo systems used MULTI OUT?
A: Nintendo 64 and GameCube']
The ABS plastic used in the casing of some older SNES and Super Famicom consoles is particularly susceptible to oxidization on exposure to air, likely due to an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives. This, along with the particularly light color of the original plastic, causes affected consoles to quickly become yellow; if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic, a "two-tone" effect results. The color can sometimes be restored with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What material is the SNES case made of?
A: ABS plastic', '
Q: What chemical process turned some SNES cases yellow?
A: oxidization', '
Q: What mixture error in the plastic caused some SNES cases to turn yellow?
A: an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives', '
Q: How can SNES yellowing sometimes be reversed?
A: with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution', '
Q: Why would some SNESes be only partly yellow?
A: if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic']
The cartridge media of the console is officially referred to as Game Pak in most Western regions, and as Cassette (カセット, Kasetto?) in Japan and parts of Latin America. While the SNES can address 128 Mbit,[f] only 117.75 Mbit are actually available for cartridge use. A fairly normal mapping could easily address up to 95 Mbit of ROM data (48 Mbit at FastROM speed) with 8 Mbit of battery-backed RAM. However, most available memory access controllers only support mappings of up to 32 Mbit. The largest games released (Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean) contain 48 Mbit of ROM data, while the smallest games contain only 2 Mbit.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are SNES game cartridges officially called in the US?
A: Game Pak', '
Q: What are SNES game cartridges officially called in Japan?
A: Cassette', '
Q: How much data space can an SNES cartridge use?
A: 117.75 Mbit', '
Q: What were the largest SNES games?
A: Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean', '
Q: How much data do the smallest SNES games use?
A: 2 Mbit']
The standard SNES controller adds two additional face buttons (X and Y) to the design of the NES iteration, arranging the four in a diamond shape, and introduces two shoulder buttons. It also features an ergonomic design by Lance Barr, later used for the NES-102 model controllers, also designed by Barr. The Japanese and PAL region versions incorporate the colors of the four action buttons into system's logo. The North American version's buttons are colored to match the redesigned console; the X and Y buttons are lavender with concave faces, and the A and B buttons are purple with convex faces. Several later consoles derive elements of their controller design from the SNES, including the PlayStation, Dreamcast, Xbox, and Wii Classic Controller.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What face buttons do SNES controllers have that NES controllers didn't?
A: X and Y", '
Q: How many shoulder buttons do SNES controllers have?
A: two', '
Q: Who designed the SNES controllers?
A: Lance Barr', "
Q: What color are the US SNES controllers' X and Y buttons?
A: lavender", "
Q: What color are the US SNES controllers' A and B buttons?
A: purple"]
Throughout the course of its life, a number of peripherals were released which added to the functionality of the SNES. Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES: the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper (though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities) and the Super Advantage is an arcade-style joystick with adjustable turbo settings akin to the NES Advantage. Nintendo also released the SNES Mouse in conjunction with its Mario Paint title. Hudson Soft, under license from Nintendo, released the Super Multitap, a multiplayer adapter for use with its popular series of Bomberman games. Some of the more unusual controllers include the BatterUP baseball bat, the Life Fitness Entertainment System (an exercise bike controller with built-in monitoring software), and the TeeV Golf golf club.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What game accessory was similar to the NES Zapper?
A: Super Scope', '
Q: What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage?
A: Super Advantage', '
Q: What game used the SNES Mouse?
A: Mario Paint', '
Q: What game came with a baseball bat controller?
A: BatterUP', '
Q: What type of accessory was the Super Scope?
A: light gun']
While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Nintendo say an NES and SNES could be used on the same TV?
A: either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems', "
Q: Which other game system's cartridges could be adapted to the SNES?
A: Game Boy", '
Q: What improvements did the Super Game Boy have over the Game Boy?
A: palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console', '
Q: Where was the Super Game Boy 2 released?
A: Japan', '
Q: What did the Super Game Boy 2 add?
A: a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games']
Japan saw the release of the Satellaview, a modem which attached to the Super Famicom's expansion port and connected to the St.GIGA satellite radio station. Users of the Satellaview could download gaming news and specially designed games, which were frequently either remakes of or sequels to older Famicom titles, released in installments. Satellaview signals were broadcast from April 23, 1995 through June 30, 2000. In the United States, the similar but relatively short-lived XBAND allowed users to connect to a network via a dial-up modem to compete against other players around the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What modem was available for the Japanese SNES?
A: Satellaview', '
Q: What service did the Satellaview connect to?
A: the St.GIGA satellite radio station', '
Q: When did the Satellaview begin operation?
A: April 23, 1995', '
Q: When did the Satellaview end operation?
A: June 30, 2000', '
Q: What was the US equivalent of Satellaview?
A: XBAND']
During the SNES's life, Nintendo contracted with two different companies to develop a CD-ROM-based peripheral for the console to compete with Sega's CD-ROM based addon, Mega-CD. Ultimately, deals with both Sony and Philips fell through, (although a prototype console was produced by Sony) with Philips gaining the right to release a series of titles based on Nintendo franchises for its CD-i multimedia player and Sony going on to develop its own console based on its initial dealings with Nintendo (the PlayStation).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which companies did Nintendo try to get to make a CD add-on for the SNES?
A: Sony and Philips', "
Q: What was Philips' multimedia system?
A: CD-i", '
Q: What competing console did Sony release after working with Nintendo?
A: PlayStation', "
Q: What was Sega's CD add-on?
A: Mega-CD"]
Nintendo of America took the same stance against the distribution of SNES ROM image files and the use of emulators as it did with the NES, insisting that they represented flagrant software piracy. Proponents of SNES emulation cite discontinued production of the SNES constituting abandonware status, the right of the owner of the respective game to make a personal backup via devices such as the Retrode, space shifting for private use, the desire to develop homebrew games for the system, the frailty of SNES ROM cartridges and consoles, and the lack of certain foreign imports.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Nintendo consider emulators?
A: flagrant software piracy', '
Q: What is the term for a software product abandoned by its owners?
A: abandonware', '
Q: What device allows backing up SNES games?
A: Retrode', '
Q: What is the term for homemade software?
A: homebrew']
Emulation of the SNES is now available on handheld units, such as Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad, Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings, as well as PDAs. While individual games have been included with emulators on some GameCube discs, Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii marks the introduction of officially sanctioned general SNES emulation, though SNES9x GX, a port of SNES9x, has been made for the Wii.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What smartphones have SNES emulators?
A: Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad", "
Q: What was Nintendo's first approved emulator?
A: Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii", "
Q: What portable game systems have SNES emulators?
A: Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings"]
In 2007, GameTrailers named the SNES as the second-best console of all time in their list of top ten consoles that "left their mark on the history of gaming", citing its graphic, sound, and library of top-quality games. In 2015, they also named it the best Nintendo console of all time, saying, "The list of games we love from this console completely annihilates any other roster from the Big N." Technology columnist Don Reisinger proclaimed "The SNES is the greatest console of all time" in January 2008, citing the quality of the games and the console's dramatic improvement over its predecessor; fellow technology columnist Will Greenwald replied with a more nuanced view, giving the SNES top marks with his heart, the NES with his head, and the PlayStation (for its controller) with his hands. GamingExcellence also gave the SNES first place in 2008, declaring it "simply the most timeless system ever created" with many games that stand the test of time and citing its innovation in controller design, graphics capabilities, and game storytelling. At the same time, GameDaily rated it fifth of ten for its graphics, audio, controllers, and games. In 2009, IGN named the Super Nintendo Entertainment System the fourth best video game console, complimenting its audio and "concentration of AAA titles".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which publication said Nintendo's best console ever was the SNES?
A: GameTrailers", '
Q: Where did GameTrailers rank the SNES among all consoles?
A: second-best', '
Q: Which writer said the SNES was the best console ever from any company?
A: Don Reisinger', '
Q: Who said the SNES was "simply the most timeless system ever created"?
A: GamingExcellence', '
Q: Where did IGN rank the SNES?
A: fourth best']
However, some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language. It has been suggested by them and others, that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples, who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region, and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture. Reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi (c. 26th century BC). Professor Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians were settled along the coast of Eastern Arabia, today's Persian Gulf region, before it flooded at the end of the Ice Age.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Some scholars contest that there was only one what?
A: substrate language', '
Q: Who do some scholars think the Sumerian language originally belonged to?
A: hunter and fisher peoples', '
Q: Where did the original Sumerians live?
A: marshland', '
Q: What culture did the peoples who would be called Sumerian have a part in?
A: Arabian bifacial', '
Q: When were the earliest historical records of Sumer?
A: 26th century BC']
Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Neo-Sumerian Empire or Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance) approximately 2100-2000 BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use. The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is considered to have been the world's first city, where three separate cultures may have fused — that of peasant Ubaidian farmers, living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats; and that of fisher folk, living in reed huts in the marshlands, who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long was there native Sumerian rule during the Third Dynasty of Ur?
A: about a century', '
Q: When was the Third Dynasty of Ur?
A: approximately 2100-2000 BC', '
Q: What language was in use in the Neo-Sumerian Empire?
A: Akkadian', "
Q: What is considered to be the world's first city?
A: Eridu", '
Q: How many cultures may have fused together in Eridu?
A: three']
The term "Sumerian" is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Sumer, by the Semitic Akkadians. The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga (cuneiform: 𒌦 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵), phonetically /uŋ saŋ giga/, literally meaning "the black-headed people", and to their land as ki-en-gi(-r) ('place' + 'lords' + 'noble'), meaning "place of the noble lords". The Akkadian word Shumer may represent the geographical name in dialect, but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term šumerû is uncertain. Hebrew Shinar, Egyptian Sngr, and Hittite Šanhar(a), all referring to southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants of Shumer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the common name given to the non-Semitic dwellers of Mesopotamia by the Akkadians?
A: Sumerian', '
Q: What did the Sumerians refer to themselves as in their language?
A: "the black-headed people"', '
Q: How did the Sumerians refer to their land?
A: "place of the noble lords"', '
Q: Shumer, an Akkadian word, could reference what type of name?
A: geographical', '
Q: What compass point of Mesopotamia did the Hebrew Shinar refer to?
A: southern']
The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before, but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period, c. the 23rd century BC, when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed, which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions. Classical Sumer ends with the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 23rd century BC. Following the Gutian period, there is a brief Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC, cut short in the 20th century BC by Semitic Amorite invasions. The Amorite "dynasty of Isin" persisted until c. 1700 BC, when Mesopotamia was united under Babylonian rule. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) population.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what periods did the Sumerican city-states rise to power?
A: prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk', '
Q: What is obscure until the Early Dynastic III period around the 23rd century BC?
A: Sumerian written history', '
Q: What was developed that has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions?
A: syllabary writing system', '
Q: When does Classical Sumer end?
A: rise of the Akkadian Empire', '
Q: What cut short the Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC?
A: Semitic Amorite invasions']
The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. During this time, the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia was established at Eridu (Cuneiform: NUN.KI), c. 5300 BC, by farmers who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture, which first pioneered irrigation agriculture. It appears that this culture was derived from the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia. It is not known whether or not these were the actual Sumerians who are identified with the later Uruk culture. Eridu remained an important religious center when it was gradually surpassed in size by the nearby city of Uruk. The story of the passing of the me (gifts of civilization) to Inanna, goddess of Uruk and of love and war, by Enki, god of wisdom and chief god of Eridu, may reflect this shift in hegemony.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Fine quality painted pottery is a distinctive style of what period in Sumerian history?
A: Ubaid', '
Q: Where could the pottery be found spread throughout?
A: Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf', '
Q: During the Ubaid, where was the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia established?
A: Eridu', '
Q: What type of agriculture did the farmers settling at Eridu bring with them?
A: irrigation', '
Q: Who was the chief god of Eridu?
A: Enki']
By the time of the Uruk period (c. 4100–2900 BC calibrated), the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large, stratified, temple-centered cities (with populations of over 10,000 people) where centralized administrations employed specialized workers. It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of slave labor captured from the hill country, and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts. Artifacts, and even colonies of this Uruk civilization have been found over a wide area—from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and as far east as central Iran.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How were trade goods transported in southern Mesopotamia?
A: transported along the canals and rivers', '
Q: What facilitated the rise of Sumerian cities?
A: trade goods', '
Q: How many people lived in the cities?
A: over 10,000', '
Q: During which period did Sumerian cities begin using slave labor?
A: Uruk', '
Q: What have been found as far east as central Iran?
A: Artifacts']
Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (ensi), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world, surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is an "ensi"?
A: priest-king', '
Q: What type of leadership did Sumerian cities during the Uruk period probably have?
A: theocratic', '
Q: Who assisted the ensi?
A: a council of elders', '
Q: What was the most urbanized city in the world at the time?
A: Uruk', '
Q: Over how many people lived in Uruk?
A: 50,000']
The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows, this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. (Gilgamesh is credited with having built the walls of Uruk).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the earliest king that is authenticated by actual physical evidence and not just legend?
A: Enmebaragesi', '
Q: What dynasty was Etana the 13th king of?
A: Kish', '
Q: What is the name of the earliest dynastic Sumerian king?
A: Etana', "
Q: What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with?
A: increased war", "
Q: Where is Enmebaragesi's name mentioned?
A: Gilgamesh epic"]
Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He seems to have used terror as a matter of policy. Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures depicts vultures pecking at the severed heads and other body parts of his enemies. His empire collapsed shortly after his death.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What city-state was the rival of Lagash?
A: Umma', '
Q: What did Eannatum annex?
A: practically all of Sumer', '
Q: What is one of the first empires known in history?
A: Eannatum of Lagash,', '
Q: What did Eannatum use to keep the people of the time in line?
A: terror', "
Q: What happened to Eannatum's empire after his death?
A: collapsed"]