romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Bermuda's modern black population contains more than one demographic group. Although the number of residents born in Africa is very small, it has tripled between 2000 and 2010 (this group also includes non-blacks). The majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed "Bermudian blacks", whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th century and the end of slavery in 1834, Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion. This contrasts to the enslaved blacks of the plantation colonies, who were subjected to conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate, and slaveholders in the United States and the West Indies found it necessary to continue importing more enslaved blacks from Africa until the end of slavery (the same had been true for the Native Americans that the Africans had replaced on the New World plantations). The indigenous populations of many West Indian islands, and much of the South-East of what is now the United States that had survived the 16th- and 17th-century epidemics of European-introduced diseases then became the victims of large-scale slave raiding, with much of the region completely depopulated. When the supply of indigenous slaves ran out, the slaveholders looked to Africa). The ancestry of Bermuda's black population is distinguished from that of the British West Indian black population in two ways: firstly, the higher degree of European and Native American admixture; secondly, the source of the African ancestry.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term is used to refer to the majority of black people in Bermuda?
A: Bermudian blacks', '
Q: Why were so many blacks repeatedly being imported from Africa?
A: conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate', "
Q: Why can Bermudian blacks trace their ancestry back over centuries in Bermuda?
A: Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion", '
Q: What is one way that the ancestry of Bermudian black population differs from that of British West Indian black population?
A: the source of the African ancestry']
In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States?
A: The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies', '
Q: Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from?
A: South-West Africa', '
Q: What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans?
A: Genetic studies']
Most of Bermuda's black population trace some of their ancestry to Native Americans, although awareness of this is largely limited to St David's Islanders and most who have such ancestry are unaware of it. During the colonial period, hundreds of Native Americans were shipped to Bermuda. The best-known examples were the Algonquian peoples who were exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery in the 17th century, notably in the aftermaths of the Pequot and King Philip's wars.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is one group that Bermuda's black population can link some of their ancestry to?
A: Native Americans", "
Q: Residents of what particular area have awareness of this link to Native American heritage?
A: St David's Islanders", '
Q: During what period were there hundreds of Native Americans shipped to Bermuda?
A: colonial period', '
Q: Why was there a large population of Algonquian people in Bermuda?
A: exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery']
Bermuda's culture is a mixture of the various sources of its population: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots cultures were evident in the 17th century, and became part of the dominant British culture. English is the primary and official language. Due to 160 years of immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands (primarily the Azores, though also from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands), a portion of the population also speaks Portuguese. There are strong British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean ones.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is considered the primary language of Bermuda?
A: English', '
Q: What is a lesser spoken, secondary language in Bermuda?
A: Portuguese', '
Q: What are the greatest influences to Bermudian culture?
A: British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean', "
Q: Which cultures claim to be a dominant source of Bermuda's cultural heritage?
A: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots"]
The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian was The History of Mary Prince, a slave narrative by Mary Prince. It is thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. Ernest Graham Ingham, an expatriate author, published his books at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 20th century, numerous books were written and published locally, though few were directed at a wider market than Bermuda. (The latter consisted primarily of scholarly works rather than creative writing). The novelist Brian Burland (1931– 2010) achieved a degree of success and acclaim internationally. More recently, Angela Barry has won critical recognition for her published fiction.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What historical significance can the book The History of Mary Prince claim?
A: The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian', '
Q: What contribution to history is it believed the History of Mary Prince made?
A: thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire', '
Q: The majority of books published by local authors were of what nature?
A: scholarly', '
Q: Which local author most recently enjoyed success for published works of fiction?
A: Angela Barry']
Bermuda watercolours painted by local artists are sold at various galleries. Hand-carved cedar sculptures are another speciality. One such 7 ft (2.1 m) sculpture, created by Bermudian sculptor Chesley Trott, is installed at the airport's baggage claim area. In 2010, his sculpture The Arrival was unveiled near the bay to commemorate the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835. Local artwork may also be viewed at several galleries around the island. Alfred Birdsey was one of the more famous and talented watercolourists; his impressionistic landscapes of Hamilton, St George's and the surrounding sailboats, homes, and bays of Bermuda are world-renowned.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of painting are Bermuda artists known for?
A: watercolours', '
Q: What type of art work does Chesley Trott produce?
A: Hand-carved cedar sculptures', '
Q: What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray?
A: the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835', "
Q: Who is one of Bermuda's most famous watercolourists?
A: Alfred Birdsey"]
Bermuda was discovered in 1503 by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez. It is mentioned in Legatio Babylonica, published in 1511 by historian Pedro Mártir de Anglería, and was also included on Spanish charts of that year. Both Spanish and Portuguese ships used the islands as a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water. Legends arose of spirits and devils, now thought to have stemmed from the calls of raucous birds (most likely the Bermuda petrel, or Cahow) and the loud noise heard at night from wild hogs. Combined with the frequent storm-wracked conditions and the dangerous reefs, the archipelago became known as the Isle of Devils. Neither Spain nor Portugal tried to settle it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is credited with discovering Bermuda?
A: Juan de Bermúdez', '
Q: What did Spanish and Portugese ships use the islands for?
A: a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water', '
Q: What did early visitors attribute the noises of the islands to?
A: spirits and devils,', '
Q: Crazy noises from indigenous animals, frequent storms and hazardous reefs earned the islands what name?
A: Isle of Devils']
It established a colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Two years later, a flotilla of seven ships left England under the Company's Admiral, Sir George Somers, and the new Governor of Jamestown, Sir Thomas Gates, with several hundred settlers, food and supplies to relieve the colony of Jamestown. Somers had previous experience sailing with both Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh. The flotilla was broken up by a storm. As the flagship, the Sea Venture, was taking on water, Somers drove it onto Bermuda's reef and gained the shores safely with smaller boats – all 150 passengers and a dog survived. (William Shakespeare's play The Tempest, in which the character Ariel refers to the "still-vex'd Bermoothes" (I.ii.229), is thought to have been inspired by William Strachey's account of this shipwreck.) They stayed 10 months, starting a new settlement and building two small ships to sail to Jamestown. The island was claimed for the English Crown, and the charter of the Virginia Company was later extended to include it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Sir George Somers embarked on a mission to do what?
A: relieve the colony of Jamestown', '
Q: The devastating wreck of the flotilla is said to have inspired what playwrite?
A: William Shakespeare', "
Q: How long did Sommer's settlers stay in Bermuda?
A: 10 months", "
Q: Who did Sommer's claim the island for?
A: the English Crown"]
In 1610, all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture sailed on to Jamestown. Among them was John Rolfe, whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda. Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas, a daughter of the powerful Powhatan, leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia. In 1612, the English began intentional settlement of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough. St. George's was settled that year and designated as Bermuda's first capital. It is the oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was one of the original survivor's to sail on to Jamestown.
A: John Rolfe", '
Q: What is one of the main things John Rolfe is known for?
A: married Pocahontas', '
Q: When did the English begin their intentional settlement of Bermuda?
A: 1612,', '
Q: What is St. George credited with?
A: oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.']
Because of its limited land area, Bermuda has had difficulty with over-population. In the first two centuries of settlement, it relied on steady human emigration to keep the population manageable.[citation needed] Before the American Revolution more than ten thousand Bermudians (over half of the total population through the years) gradually emigrated, primarily to the Southern United States. As Great Britain displaced Spain as the dominant European imperial power, it opened up more land for colonial development. A steady trickle of outward migration continued. With seafaring the only real industry in the early decades, by the end of the 18th century, at least a third of the island's manpower was at sea at any one time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a major reason that Bermuda has problems with overpopulation?
A: limited land area,', '
Q: What does Bermuda rely on to counteract overpopulation?
A: steady human emigration', '
Q: Where did a large number of Bermudians emigrate to before the American Revolution?
A: the Southern United States', '
Q: Why does a third of the population spend time at sea?
A: seafaring the only real industry']
In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land. Agricultural production met with limited success, however. The Bermuda cedar boxes used to ship tobacco to England were reportedly worth more than their contents.[citation needed] The colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced. Bermudians began to turn to maritime trades relatively early in the 17th century, but the Somers Isles Company used all its authority to suppress turning away from agriculture. This interference led to the islanders demanding, and receiving, the revocation of the Company's charter in 1684, and the Company was dissolved.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did the Somers Isles Company decide to surpress shipbuilding?
A: needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land', "
Q: Why wasn't agriculture successful?
A: colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced", '
Q: What did Bermudians do when agriculture failed?
A: turn to maritime trades', "
Q: Why was the Somers Isles Company's charter revoked?
A: islanders demanding"]
The end of the war, however, was to cause profound change in Bermuda, though some of those changes would take decades to crystallise. Following the war, with the buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda, the primary leg of the Bermudian economy became defence infrastructure. Even after tourism began later in the 19th century, Bermuda remained, in the eyes of London, a base more than a colony. The Crown strengthened its political and economic ties to Bermuda, and the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event caused major changes in Bermuda?
A: end of the war', "
Q: Why did defence infrastructure become the major source of Bermuda's economy?
A: buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda,", '
Q: How does the British crown view Bermuda?
A: a base more than a colony', "
Q: What happened to Bermuda's independance due to British importance on them for military reasons?
A: the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished"]
The war had removed Bermuda's primary trading partners, the American colonies, from the empire, and dealt a harsh blow to Bermuda's merchant shipping trade. This also suffered due to the deforestation of Bermuda, as well as the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion, for which it did not have raw materials. During the course of the following War of 1812, the primary market for Bermuda's salt disappeared as the Americans developed their own sources. Control of the Turks had passed to the Bahamas in 1819.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Bermuda's main trading partner before the war?
A: American colonies", "
Q: What is a factor that hurt Bermuda's merchant shipping?
A: deforestation", "
Q: Why didn't Bermuda produce metal ships?
A: it did not have raw materials", "
Q: Why did the need for Bermuda's salt diminish?
A: Americans developed their own sources"]
The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne who was serving a life sentence for "conspiracy against the British government and on (the charge of) espionage.". On the night of 25 June 1902, Duquesne slipped out of his tent, worked his way over a barbed-wire fence, swam 1.5 miles (2.4 km) past patrol boats and bright spot lights, through storm-wracked, shark infested waters, using a distant lighthouse for navigation until he arrived ashore on the main island. From there he escaped to the port of St. George's and a week later, he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland. He settled in the US and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars. In 1942, Col. Duquesne was arrested by the FBI for leading the Duquesne Spy Ring, which still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous?
A: most famous escapee', '
Q: After Duquesne made his way to St. George, what did he do?
A: stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland', '
Q: After settling in the US, what did Duquesne do?
A: became a spy for Germany in both World Wars']
After several failed attempts, in 1930 the first aeroplane reached Bermuda. A Stinson Detroiter seaplane flying from New York, it had to land twice in the ocean: once because of darkness and again to refuel. Navigation and weather forecasting improved in 1933 when the Royal Air Force (then responsible for providing equipment and personnel for the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm) established a station at the Royal Naval Dockyard to repair (and supply replacement) float planes for the fleet. In 1936 Luft Hansa began to experiment with seaplane flights from Berlin via the Azores with continuation to New York City.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the first aeroplane reach Bermuda?
A: 1930', '
Q: Why did the plane have to land twice before reaching Bermuda?
A: once because of darkness and again to refuel', '
Q: What improved thanks to the Royal Air Force in 1933?
A: Navigation and weather forecasting', '
Q: Who began experimenting with flights from Berlin to New York, stopping in the azores?
A: Luft Hansa']
In 1937, Imperial Airways and Pan American World Airways began operating scheduled flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda. In 1948, regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes began to Kindley Field (now L.F. Wade International Airport), helping tourism to reach its peak in the 1960s–1970s. By the end of the 1970s, international business had supplanted tourism as the dominant sector of Bermuda's economy (see Economy of Bermuda).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did Imperial Airways and Pan American begin scheduling in 1937?
A: flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda", "
Q: What helped tourism grow to new heights in the 1960-1970's?
A: regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes", "
Q: What became the main source of Bermuda's economy in the 1970's?
A: international business"]
Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government. The current governor is George Fergusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012. There is also a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP). Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good government. It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory, but it is the oldest British colony. In 1620, a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self-governance; its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world, behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Tynwald of the Isle of Man, the Althing of Iceland, and Sejm of Poland. Of these, only Bermuda's and the Isle of Man's Tynwald have been in continuous existence since 1620.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom?
A: the monarch', '
Q: Who appoints the Governor of Bermuda?
A: the Queen on the advice of the British Government.', '
Q: Who is currently the governor of Bermuda?
A: George Fergusson', '
Q: Who is responsible for defence and foreign affairs?
A: United Kingdom', '
Q: What is Bermuda officially classified as?
A: British Overseas Territory']
The Constitution of Bermuda came into force on 1 June 1967; it was amended in 1989 and 2003. The head of government is the premier. A cabinet is nominated by the premier and appointed officially by the governor. The legislative branch consists of a bicameral parliament modelled on the Westminster system. The Senate is the upper house, consisting of 11 members appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier and the leader of the opposition. The House of Assembly, or lower house, has 36 members, elected by the eligible voting populace in secret ballot to represent geographically defined constituencies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Constitution of Bermuda enforced?
A: 1 June 1967', "
Q: Has Bermuda's constitution ever been amended?
A: it was amended in 1989 and 2003", "
Q: What is the head of Bermuda's government referred to as?
A: the premier", '
Q: What is the legislative branch of Bermuda modeled after?
A: Westminster system.', '
Q: What does the population get to vote for?
A: The House of Assembly, or lower house']
There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US Consul General is Robert Settje, who took office in August 2012. The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner (providing over 71% of total imports, 85% of tourist visitors, and an estimated $163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry), and an estimated 5% of Bermuda residents are US citizens, representing 14% of all foreign-born persons. The American diplomatic presence is an important element in the Bermuda political landscape.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who has the largest accredited diplomats in Bermuda?
A: The United States', '
Q: Who is the current US Consul General?
A: Robert Settje', "
Q: Why is the US so important to Bermuda?
A: The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner", "
Q: What percentage of Bermuda's residents are US citizens?
A: 5%"]
On 11 June 2009, four Uyghurs who had been held in the United States Guantánamo Bay detention camp, in Cuba, were transferred to Bermuda. The four men were among 22 Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan after fleeing the American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan. They were accused of training to assist the Taliban's military. They were cleared as safe for release from Guantánamo in 2005 or 2006, but US domestic law prohibited deporting them back to China, their country of citizenship, because the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where were the Uyghurs transferred from?
A: United States Guantánamo Bay detention camp', '
Q: What were the Uyghurs claiming to be?
A: refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan', "
Q: What were the Ugyhurs accused of?
A: training to assist the Taliban's military.", "
Q: Why weren't the Ugyhurs deported back to China?
A: the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights."]
Homosexuality was decriminalised in Bermuda with the passage of the Stubbs Bill in May 1994. Legislation was introduced by Private Members Bill by PLP MP Wayne Furbert to amend the Human Rights Act of Bermuda to disallow Same Sex Marriage under the Act in February 2016. The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions. Both measures were in response to a decision by His Hon Mr. Justice Ian Kawaley, Chief Justice of Bermuda's earlier ruling that same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was homosexuality legalized in Bermuda?
A: May 1994.', '
Q: What occurred in February of 2016?
A: The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions', '
Q: What did the Chief Justice decide?
A: same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights.']