romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Alaska has vast energy resources, although its oil reserves have been largely depleted. Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Information Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas, North Dakota, and California. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d), although by early 2014 North Dakota's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m3/d). Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than Canada's enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by 2014 was producing about 1,500,000 barrels per day (240,000 m3/d) of unconventional oil, and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What other states rank higher than Alaska in crude oil production?
A: Texas, North Dakota, and California', '
Q: How does Alaska rate in comparison with other states in crude oil production?
A: fourth', "
Q: Which area in Alaska is the nation's second highest-yielding oil field?
A: Prudhoe Bay", '
Q: How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day?
A: 400,000', "
Q: Prudhoe Bay is second place in production to what other oil field in the US?
A: North Dakota's Bakken Formation"]
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope. Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day?
A: up to 2.1 million barrels', '
Q: How much recoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey?
A: 85.4 trillion cubic feet', "
Q: Alaska's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types?
A: wind and geothermal energy", "
Q: Alaska's large rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production?
A: hydroelectric"]
Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population. The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30–60¢ higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001?
A: low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population', '
Q: How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the national average?
A: 30–60¢ higher', '
Q: What are some reasons why gas prices may vary in Alaska, especially?
A: transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure', "
Q: What does Alaska's economy heavily rely on?
A: diesel fuel", '
Q: What purpose does diesel fuel have in Alaska?
A: heating, transportation, electric power and light']
The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once. It was later championed by Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone. It has served as an attractive political prospect ever since, diverting revenues which would normally be deposited into the general fund.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Alaska Permanent Fund?
A: constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues', '
Q: In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund established?
A: 1976', '
Q: Why was the Alaska Permament Fund established?
A: to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil', '
Q: Who originally proposed the Alaska Permanent Fund?
A: Governor Keith Miller', '
Q: Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund before the Prudhoe Bay sale?
A: fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once']
The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $50 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs. Most if not all the principal is invested conservatively outside Alaska. This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politicians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska, though such a stance has never gained momentum.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for a particular purpose?
A: discourage", '
Q: Why is the Permanent Fund an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution?
A: political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation', '
Q: Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund invested?
A: outside Alaska', '
Q: How much was the initial principal of the Permanent Fund?
A: $734,000', '
Q: How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund grown?
A: $50 billion']
Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from an initial $1,000 in 1982 (equal to three years' payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1,200 "Resource Rebate"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8% from the earnings, puts 3% back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5% is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Permanent Fund Dividend, one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, maintain constant residency subject to allowable absences, and not be subject to court judgments or criminal convictions which fall under various disqualifying classifications or may subject the payment amount to civil garnishment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long must an Alaskan have lived in the state in order to receive a Permanent Fund Dividend?
A: minimum of 12 months', "
Q: What percentage of the Permanent Fund is divided betwen Alaska's eligible residents?
A: 5%", '
Q: When did disembursements from the Permanent Fund begin?
A: 1982', '
Q: How much was the initial disembursement from the Permanent Fund?
A: $1,000']
The Tanana Valley is another notable agricultural locus, especially the Delta Junction area, about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Fairbanks, with a sizable concentration of farms growing agronomic crops; these farms mostly lie north and east of Fort Greely. This area was largely set aside and developed under a state program spearheaded by Hammond during his second term as governor. Delta-area crops consist predominately of barley and hay. West of Fairbanks lies another concentration of small farms catering to restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which crops are produced in the Delta-area?
A: barley and hay', '
Q: Small farms west of Fairbanks cater to whom?
A: restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture', '
Q: Which area did Hammond develeop during his second term?
A: Delta Junction area']
Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from "Outside", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. Though most small towns and villages in Alaska lie along the coastline, the cost of importing food to remote villages can be high, because of the terrain and difficult road conditions, which change dramatically, due to varying climate and precipitation changes. The cost of transport can reach as high as 50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg) or more in some remote areas, during the most difficult times, if these locations can be reached at all during such inclement weather and terrain conditions. The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost per gallon is routinely 20–30¢ higher than the continental United States average, with only Hawaii having higher prices.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What causes food in Alaskan cities to be relatively expensive?
A: shipping costs', '
Q: How high can the cost of transport be in some remote areas?
A: 50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg)', '
Q: Which state in the US is the only to have higher fuel prices than Alaska?
A: Hawaii', '
Q: How much does it cost to transport a gallon of milk in some rural areas of Alaska?
A: $3.50']
Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has no road system connecting the communities with the rest of Alaska.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why is there a debate about moving the capital of Alaska to another town?
A: Juneau, is not accessible by road', '
Q: Which part of Alaska has no road system connecting it to other areas?
A: western part', '
Q: Compared to the rest of the US, does Alaska has many or few road connections?
A: few']
Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward to Interior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as "The Railbelt". In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the Alaska Railroad built?
A: around 1915', '
Q: To what does "The Railbelt" refer?
A: region served by ARR tracks', '
Q: Which development in 1915 played a key role in developing Alaska?
A: Alaska Railroad (ARR)']
The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area. Until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what?
A: cabooses', '
Q: When are cabooses still used occasionally?
A: some gravel trains', '
Q: When was the Parks Highway constructed?
A: 1970s']
Alaska's well-developed state-owned ferry system (known as the Alaska Marine Highway) serves the cities of southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula. The ferries transport vehicles as well as passengers. The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia in Canada through the Inside Passage to Skagway. The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of Alaska's ferry system?
A: the Alaska Marine Highway", '
Q: Which other Ferry group works alongside the Alaska Marine Highway to coordinate travel?
A: The Inter-Island Ferry Authority', '
Q: Which areas does the Alaska Marine Highway serve?
A: southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula']
Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012-2013, Alaska received almost 2 million visitors).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two cities are served by major airlines?
A: Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks', '
Q: What is the most efficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska?
A: air travel', '
Q: How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2013?
A: almost 2 million']
Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which service allows government to subsidise regular air travel in Alaska?
A: Essential Air Service program', '
Q: Which airline offers in-state travel with jet-service?
A: Alaska Airlines', '
Q: What are some Alaskan regional hubs?
A: Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak']
The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state. Much of this service can be attributed to the Alaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk mail delivery to Alaskan rural communities. The program requires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?
A: Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service', '
Q: What model is the most popular aicraft in Alaska?
A: Cessna Caravan', '
Q: How much of the subsidized bulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?
A: 70%']
Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan?
A: bush seaplane', '
Q: Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world?
A: Lake Hood', '
Q: Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state?
A: Alaska', '
Q: Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport?
A: Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport']
Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1,150-mile (1,850 km) trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at 1,049 miles or 1,688 km). The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The "Serum Run" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Alaskan way of transport is more for sport than for transportation?
A: dogsled', '
Q: Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous?
A: Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race', '
Q: What does the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?
A: the famous 1925 serum run to Nome', '
Q: Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1925?
A: all other means of transportation had failed', '
Q: Which dogsled race most accurately follows the route of the 1925 serum run?
A: "Serum Run"']
Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has "two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska. In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?
A: GCI and Alaska Communications', '
Q: In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced?
A: 2011', '
Q: How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?
A: $350 million', '
Q: Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?
A: GCI']
To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does Alaska finance its state government operations?
A: petroleum revenues and federal subsidies', '
Q: How many states in the US do not have sales tax?
A: five', '
Q: How many US states do not collect an individual income tax?
A: seven', '
Q: Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US?
A: Alaska']
Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which political party does Alaska generally support?
A: Republicans', '
Q: How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska?
A: one', '
Q: Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1964?
A: Lyndon B. Johnson', '
Q: Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1964?
A: Barack Obama']
The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. As of 2004[update], well over half of all registered voters have chosen "Non-Partisan" or "Undeclared" as their affiliation, despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic stronghold?
A: University of Alaska Fairbanks', '
Q: Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations?
A: The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage', '
Q: As of 2004, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?
A: well over half']
The Unorganized Borough has no government of its own, but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation. A recording district is a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska. The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a State Recorder. All recording districts use the same acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc., for accepting documents into the public record.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Into how many recording districts is Alaska divided?
A: 34', '
Q: What is the function of an Alaskan recording district?
A: a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska', '
Q: Which documents do recording districts universally use between areas?
A: acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc.']