romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?
A: France', '
Q: What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?
A: The Cathar Crusade', '
Q: What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?
A: Heresy']
Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?
A: Galileo Galilei', '
Q: What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?
A: the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe']
Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction." The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?
A: Pope St. Gregory', '
Q: What were the Jews described as enemies of?
A: Christ', '
Q: According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?
A: Jewish', '
Q: In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?
A: Roman-Christian law']
In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?
A: Eastern Christianity', '
Q: After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?
A: Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation', '
Q: What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?
A: Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm']
In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually "blind" and "surely possessed by all devils." Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church "papists" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?
A: "On the Jews and Their Lies"', '
Q: What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?
A: blasphemous', '
Q: What is said to be a special spiritual problem?
A: Jewish circumcision']
In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?
A: European Reformation', "
Q: During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?
A: Henry VIII", '
Q: What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?
A: Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher', '
Q: Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?
A: Edward VI', '
Q: In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?
A: 1612']
Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived "heresies".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?
A: 1659, 1660, and 1661', '
Q: Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?
A: Anglican Puritans', '
Q: What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?
A: purer absolute theocracy', '
Q: What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?
A: Quaker sect', '
Q: Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?
A: Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox']
The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?
A: 1826', '
Q: Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?
A: Cayetano Ripoll']
Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?
A: Christian', '
Q: Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?
A: Protestant', '
Q: What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?
A: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith']
Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?
A: Spanish inquisition', '
Q: Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"?
A: Jorge Luis Borges', '
Q: What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?
A: Christian heresy']
Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?
A: Shia Qizilbash', '
Q: What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?
A: 70']
In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?
A: Sharia law', '
Q: What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?
A: Salman Rushdie']
Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?
A: heretical', "
Q: What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?
A: right-wing groups", '
Q: Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?
A: The liberal wing']
The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?
A: squirreling', '
Q: What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?
A: The Religious Technology Center']
In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?
A: innovation', '
Q: What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?
A: an abstraction', '
Q: Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?
A: endoheretics', '
Q: What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?
A: orthodoxy']
The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough." page 27 "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme..." page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?
A: The Dinosaur Heresies', "
Q: What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?
A: the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough", "
Q: What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?
A: Jurassic Park", "
Q: What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?
A: active poses", '
Q: What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?
A: endoheretic']
Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?
A: exoheretic', '
Q: What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?
A: scientific journals', '
Q: What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?
A: extinction event and punctuated equilibrium']
The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?
A: an established orthodoxy', '
Q: What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?
A: metaphors']
The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?
A: 1955', '
Q: Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?
A: the Cold War', '
Q: How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?
A: seven', '
Q: The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?
A: West Germany']
While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?
A: NATO', '
Q: Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? 
A: Czechoslovakia', '
Q: What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?
A: Solidarity', '
Q: Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? 
A: Czechoslovakia', '
Q: In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? 
A: 1989', '
Q: What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?
A: Solidarity']
On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?
A: Hungary', '
Q: Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? 
A: Václav Havel']
The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?
A: the USSR', '
Q: Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?
A: the USSR']
The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?
A: socialism and communism', '
Q: Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?
A: Brezhnev', '
Q: The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?
A: Western Europe']
Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?
A: West Germany', '
Q: Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?
A: the USSR']
The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community". According to John Gaddis "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that “neutralization means sovietization” was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?
A: Molotov', '
Q: When was reunification first proposed as an idea?
A: 1952']