romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue. While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence. An investigation in 2002 unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence. A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. U.S. officials believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies. Indian sources claimed that In 2006, Al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this worried the Indian government. India also claimed that Al-Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan. While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense secretary Robert Gates stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who wrote 'Letter to American People' in 2002?
A: Osama bin Laden", '
Q: Who was the US Secretary of Defense in 2002?
A: Donald Rumsfeld', '
Q: Which group did Rumsfeld think was active in Kashmir?
A: Al-Qaeda', '
Q: What teams hunted for Bin Laden in Kashmir in 2002?
A: Special Air Service and Delta Force', '
Q: Who led the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen?
A: Fazlur Rehman Khalil']
In September 2009, a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri, who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member, while others described him as the head of military operations for Al-Qaeda. Waziristan had now become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants, who were now fighting NATO in support of Al-Qaeda. On 8 July 2012, Al-Badar Mujahideen, a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen, on conclusion of their two-day Shuhada Conference called for mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did a US drone kill in Sep 2009?
A: Ilyas Kashmiri', '
Q: What group did Ilyas Kashmiri lead?
A: Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami', '
Q: After 2009, who began fighting in Waziristan?
A: Kashmiri militants', '
Q: What group did Al-Badar Mujahideen break away from?
A: Hizbul Mujahideen', '
Q: What did Al-Badar Mujahideen call for in 2012?
A: mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir']
In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, "EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism." NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who declared the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism?
A: member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council', '
Q: When was the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism announced?
A: 22 November 2002', '
Q: Where did NATO begin naval operations after 2002?
A: the Mediterranean Sea', "
Q: What was NATO's operation in the Mediterranean called?
A: Operation Active Endeavour"]
Support for the U.S. cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the "coalition of the willing" countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Pakistan was also engaged in the War in North-West Pakistan (Waziristan War). Supported by U.S. intelligence, Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the countries who supported the US\'s post-9/11 invasions called?
A: the "coalition of the willing"', '
Q: Which country disavowed the Taliban?
A: Pakistan', '
Q: How many soldiers did Pakistan contribute to fight the Taliban?
A: tens of thousands', '
Q: Where in Pakistan is Waziristan?
A: North-West', '
Q: Where did Pakistan try to remove the Taliban and Al-Qaeda?
A: northern tribal areas']
The British 16th Air Assault Brigade (later reinforced by Royal Marines) formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia, along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small contingents from other nations. The monthly supply of cargo containers through Pakistani route to ISAF in Afghanistan is over 4,000 costing around 12 billion in Pakistani Rupees.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the primary fighting force in southern Afghanistan?
A: The British 16th Air Assault Brigade', '
Q: Which nations besides the UK contributed significantly to the southern Afghanistan fight?
A: Australia, Canada and the Netherlands', '
Q: How many troops did Canada send initially?
A: 2,000', '
Q: How many troops did Australia send initially?
A: 240', '
Q: How many troops did the Netherlands send initially?
A: 1,400']
In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What new agency did Bush create after 9/11?
A: Department of Homeland Security', '
Q: When was the DHS created?
A: November 2002', "
Q: What other massive agency's creation was the DHS compared to?
A: the Department of Defense", '
Q: What did the DHS focus on?
A: domestic efforts to prevent future attacks']
The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury's authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act's expanded law enforcement powers could be applied. A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored the movements of terrorists' financial resources (discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times). Global telecommunication usage, including those with no links to terrorism, is being collected and monitored through the NSA electronic surveillance program. The Patriot Act is still in effect.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Patriot Act passed?
A: October 2001', '
Q: What did the Patriot Act make it easier for law enforcement to search?
A: telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records', '
Q: What did the Patriot Act make it easier to do to immigrants?
A: detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts', '
Q: How was the definition of terrorism expanded by the Patriot Act?
A: to include domestic terrorism', '
Q: Which newspaper revealed the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program?
A: The New York Times']
Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act?
A: 30 July 2003', '
Q: What rights did the ACLU say the Patriot Act violated?
A: First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process', "
Q: What did Section 215 of the Patriot Act allow the FBI to search?
A: a person's business, bookstore, and library records", '
Q: Who passed symbolic resolutions against the Patriot Act?
A: governing bodies in a number of communities']
In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws. Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations, the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports. In the same year, the United States Department of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a planning document, by the name "National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism", which stated that it constituted the "comprehensive military plan to prosecute the Global War on Terror for the Armed Forces of the United States...including the findings and recommendations of the 9/11 Commission and a rigorous examination with the Department of Defense".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What terrorism-related resolution did the UN Security Council adopt in 2005?
A: Resolution 1624', "
Q: Which countries haven't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council?
A: the United States and Israel", '
Q: What plan did the DoD release in 2005?
A: National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism', '
Q: What did Resolution 1624 try to protect?
A: international human rights laws']
Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights. It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context (as in War on Drugs), since there is no identifiable enemy, and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What phrase has been called a misnomer?
A: War on Terror', "
Q: What has the 'war on terror' been used as an excuse for?
A: to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights", "
Q: Which other misnamed 'war' has 'war on terror' been compared to?
A: War on Drugs", "
Q: What is the likely fate of the 'war on terror'?
A: it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means"]
Other critics, such as Francis Fukuyama, note that "terrorism" is not an enemy, but a tactic; calling it a "war on terror", obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen. With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its associated collateral damage Shirley Williams maintains this increases resentment and terrorist threats against the West. There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy, media-induced hysteria, and that differences in foreign and security policy have damaged America's image in most of the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What flaw in the \'war on terror\' name did Francis Fukuyama point out?
A: "terrorism" is not an enemy, but a tactic', "
Q: What does the 'war on terror' name obscure?
A: differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen", "
Q: Who said the US's presence in Iraq increases resentment and terrorists?
A: Shirley Williams", '
Q: What fed US hysteria about terrorism?
A: media', "
Q: What has the 'war on terror' done to the US's international image?
A: damaged"]
Labour runs a minority government in the Welsh Assembly under Carwyn Jones, is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament, sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group. The party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who runs the Welsh Assembly?
A: Carwyn Jones', '
Q: What is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament?
A: The Labour Party', '
Q: How many MEPs does it have in the British Parliament?
A: twenty', '
Q: What year was Jeremy Corbyn elected?
A: 2015']
The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: About when did the Labour Parry start?
A: late 19th century', '
Q: when was george odger elected?
A: 1870']
In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street on 26 and 27 February 1900. The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations — trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch?
A: 1899', '
Q: Where was Thomas R. Steels a member?
A: Doncaster', '
Q: WHere was the proposed conference held?
A: Memorial Hall']
After a debate, the 129 delegates passed Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour." This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and represent the working-class population. It had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the difficult task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 "Khaki election" came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively; total expenses for the election only came to £33. Only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful; Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many delegates passed the motion?
A: 129', '
Q: Who was elected Secretary?
A: Ramsay MacDonald', '
Q: How many candidates were sponsored in the 1900 electrion?
A: 15']
Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay £23,000 damages for a strike. The judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. The apparent acquiescence of the Conservative Government of Arthur Balfour to industrial and business interests (traditionally the allies of the Liberal Party in opposition to the Conservative's landed interests) intensified support for the LRC against a government that appeared to have little concern for the industrial proletariat and its problems.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What boosted support in 1901?
A: Taff Vale Case', '
Q: What was the Taft Vale Case?
A: a dispute between strikers and a railway company', '
Q: From this case, what happened?
A: made strikes illegal', '
Q: How much were they ordered to pay in damages for the strike?
A: £23,000']
In their first meeting after the election the group's Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name "The Labour Party" formally (15 February 1906). Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the Leader), although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots. In the party's early years the Independent Labour Party (ILP) provided much of its activist base as the party did not have individual membership until 1918 but operated as a conglomerate of affiliated bodies. The Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who overturned the Taft Vale judgement?
A: Liberal Government', '
Q: Who was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party?
A: Keir Hardie', '
Q: How many votes did Keir Hardie win by?
A: one vote', "
Q: Who was Keir Hardie's opponent?
A: David Shackleton"]
The 1910 election saw 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons, a significant victory since, a year before the election, the House of Lords had passed the Osborne judgment ruling that Trades Unions in the United Kingdom could no longer donate money to fund the election campaigns and wages of Labour MPs. The governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation. The height of Liberal compromise was to introduce a wage for Members of Parliament to remove the need to involve the Trade Unions. By 1913, faced with the opposition of the largest Trades Unions, the Liberal government passed the Trade Disputes Act to allow Trade Unions to fund Labour MPs once more.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many MP were elected in the 1910 election?
A: 42', '
Q: Who passed the Osborne judgment?
A: Trade Disputes Act', '
Q: When was the Trade Disputes Act passed?
A: 1913']
The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923. Meanwhile, the Liberal Party declined rapidly, and the party also suffered a catastrophic split which allowed the Labour Party to gain much of the Liberals' support. With the Liberals thus in disarray, Labour won 142 seats in 1922, making it the second largest political group in the House of Commons and the official opposition to the Conservative government. After the election the now-rehabilitated Ramsay MacDonald was voted the first official leader of the Labour Party.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: WHen was the COmmunist party refused affiliation?
A: between 1921 and 1923', '
Q: HOw many seats id Labour win in 1922?
A: 142', '
Q: Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party?
A: Ramsay MacDonald']
The 1923 general election was fought on the Conservatives' protectionist proposals but, although they got the most votes and remained the largest party, they lost their majority in parliament, necessitating the formation of a government supporting free trade. Thus, with the acquiescence of Asquith's Liberals, Ramsay MacDonald became the first ever Labour Prime Minister in January 1924, forming the first Labour government, despite Labour only having 191 MPs (less than a third of the House of Commons).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM?
A: 1924', '
Q: How many MP did they get in the election in 1924?
A: 191']
The government collapsed after only nine months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case, a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence. The ensuing 1924 general election saw the publication, four days before polling day, of the Zinoviev letter, in which Moscow talked about a Communist revolution in Britain. The letter had little impact on the Labour vote—which held up. It was the collapse of the Liberal party that led to the Conservative landslide. The Conservatives were returned to power although Labour increased its vote from 30.7% to a third of the popular vote, most Conservative gains being at the expense of the Liberals. However many Labourites for years blamed their defeat on foul play (the Zinoviev Letter), thereby according to A. J. P. Taylor misunderstanding the political forces at work and delaying needed reforms in the party.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Zinoviev letter published?
A: 1924', '
Q: After how long did the government collapse?
A: nine months']
As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a "National Government" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This caused great anger among those within the Labour Party who felt betrayed by MacDonald's actions: he and his supporters were promptly expelled from the Labour Party and formed a separate National Labour Organisation. The remaining Labour Party MPs (led again by Arthur Henderson) and a few Liberals went into opposition. The ensuing 1931 general election resulted in overwhelming victory for the National Government and disaster for the Labour Party which won only 52 seats, 225 fewer than in 1929.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did MacDonald submit the resignation of his ministers?
A: 1931', '
Q: What caused MacDonald to form a separate party?
A: he and his supporters were promptly expelled', '
Q: Who won the 1931 election?
A: National Government']