romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637–1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Chöpel urged Güshi Khan to assault the Ü-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which Güshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the Ü-Tsang forces surrendered. Güshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of Ü-Tsang, King of Tibet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?
A: the Mongol prince Güshi Khan', '
Q: What role did Güshi Khan take on?
A: protector', '
Q: Which enemies did Güshi Khan defeat? 
A: the Gelugpas', '
Q: Where did Güshi Khan resettle his tribe?
A: Amdo', '
Q: When did the  Ü-Tsang forces surrender?
A: 1642']
Soon after the victory in Ü-Tsang, Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, Güshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Chöpel. Although Güshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama "supreme authority" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon Güshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point Güshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and Güshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually "expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokiteśvara through the performance of rituals," by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of Güshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Güshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?
A: Lozang Gyatso', '
Q: What did Güshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?
A: his conquest of Tibet', '
Q: Who did Güshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?
A: the Dalai Lama', '
Q: Who did Güshi Khan grant the governing authority to?
A: the regent Sonam Chöpel', "
Q: The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?
A: Güshi Khan"]
Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened administration of Tibet." However, Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644–1661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the "Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?
A: the rebellion of Li Zicheng', '
Q: According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?
A: the Dalai Lama', '
Q: Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?
A: Shunzhi']
When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes that "Chinese claims to suzerainty over Tibet date from this time."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?
A: the Dzungar Mongols', '
Q: Who helped the Tibetan? 
A: the Kangxi Emperor', '
Q: When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa?
A: 1720', '
Q: When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?
A: 1751', '
Q: When did the Qianlong Emperor reign? 
A: 1735–1796']
The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which company produces the iPod?
A: Apple', '
Q: When was the original iPod released?
A: October 23, 2001', '
Q: How many different types of iPod are currently available?
A: three', '
Q: What kind of device is the iPod?
A: portable media players', '
Q: The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?
A: touchscreen', '
Q: In what year was the first iPod released?
A: 2001', '
Q: What company manufactures the iPod?
A: Apple', '
Q: How many versions of the iPod currently exist?
A: 3', '
Q: Which is the smallest version of the iPod?
A: Shuffle', '
Q: In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?
A: 2015']
Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?
A: data storage', '
Q: What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?
A: 2 GB', '
Q: What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?
A: 128 GB', '
Q: Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?
A: iPod Shuffle', '
Q: Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?
A: iPod Touch', "
Q: What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?
A: 2 GB", "
Q: What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?
A: 128 GB"]
Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?
A: iTunes', '
Q: Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?
A: Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows', "
Q: What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?
A: iTunes"]
Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?
A: one', '
Q: In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?
A: iPhone', '
Q: With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?
A: iOS 5', '
Q: In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?
A: 2010', '
Q: What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?
A: "Music" and "Videos"']
In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?
A: A8', '
Q: Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?
A: sixth', "
Q: What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?
A: sixth", '
Q: In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?
A: 2015', '
Q: What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?
A: A8', '
Q: In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?
A: 5']
Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's "digital hub" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user interfaces that were "unbelievably awful," so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product ("the Walkman of the twenty-first century" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the iPod first introduced?
A: 2001', '
Q: In what year did iPod sales show improvement?
A: 2004', '
Q: Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group?
A: Jon Rubinstein', '
Q: What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod?
A: Braun T3 transistor radio', '
Q: What was the storage capacity of the first iPod?
A: 5 GB', '
Q: in what year was the original iPod released?
A: 2001', '
Q: How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?
A: 5 GB', '
Q: What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?
A: the Walkman', "
Q: What is the name of Apple's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod?
A: Jon Rubinstein", '
Q: Who manufactured the hard drives for the first iPods?
A: Toshiba']
Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans—a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. iPods with color displays then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod?
A: Pixo', '
Q: What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini?
A: Chicago', '
Q: In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released?
A: 2007', '
Q: The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?
A: Helvetica', '
Q: Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface?
A: Steve Jobs', '
Q: What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software?
A: PortalPlayer', '
Q: What typeface does the current iPod use?
A: Helvetica']
In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was a special edition of the iPod produced?
A: 2006', '
Q: For what musical group was a special edition of the iPod first made?
A: U2', '
Q: What color was the metal on the U2 version of the iPod?
A: black', '
Q: What type of media was included with purchase of the U2 version of the iPod?
A: video', '
Q: Of what band did Apple present a special edition iPod 5G?
A: U2', '
Q: What color was the special U2 iPod model?
A: black', '
Q: In what year did apple release the special U2 model of the iPod?
A: 2006']
In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a "plastic music box" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007?
A: Burst.com', '
Q: Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device?
A: Kane Kramer', '
Q: In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?
A: UK', '
Q: In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?
A: 1981', '
Q: What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent?
A: IXI', '
Q: What patent holding company sued Apple in 2007?
A: Burst.com', '
Q: What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981?
A: IXI', '
Q: Who was the holder of the previous patent for the "plastic music box"?
A: Kane Kramer']
The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open the pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an "iPod" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who came up with the name for Apple's portable mp3 player?
A: Vinnie Chieco", "
Q: What was Vinnie Chieco's profession?
A: freelance copywriter", '
Q: What film inspired the name of the iPod?
A: 2001: A Space Odyssey', '
Q: Who first trademarked the iPod name?
A: Joseph N. Grasso', '
Q: In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name?
A: 2005', '
Q: What movie inspired the iPod name?
A: 2001: A Space Odyssey', '
Q: What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name "iPod"?
A: Vinnie Chieco', '
Q: Who held the original trademark for the iPod name?
A: Joseph N. Grasso']
In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were images of new iPod colors leaked?
A: mid-2015', '
Q: Who leaked the photos of new iPod colors?
A: Pierre Dandumont', '
Q: What version of iTunes contained the leaked photos of new iPod colors?
A: 12.2', '
Q: What was the latest version of iTunes as of mid-2015?
A: 12.2', '
Q: Who first leaked the photos of the new iPod color scheme?
A: Pierre Dandumont']
The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?
A: weak bass response', '
Q: What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?
A: high-impedance', '
Q: What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?
A: external headphone amplifier', '
Q: What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?
A: bass', '
Q: What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?
A: undersized DC-blocking capacitors']
For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What acoustic element could be distorted by different audio settings in iPods prior to 2007?
A: Bass', '
Q: Name four sound profiles that would result in bass distortion on pre-2007 iPods.
A: R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster', '
Q: What specific problem caused the issue with bass distortion?
A: clipping', '
Q: iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass?
A: 2006', '
Q: What EQ settings were known to have issues with bass distortion?
A: R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster']
From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. However, users that have bought a new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit. It has been said that these new iPods came with an updated software that allowed this change. Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of sensory issue was a concern prior to the release of 5th gen iPods?
A: hearing loss', '
Q: In what markets did 6th gen iPods limit the highest volume of the player?
A: EU', '
Q: What was the limit imposed on how loud the iPod could play sounds in the EU?
A: 100 dB', '
Q: In what country did Apple have to recall iPods?
A: France', '
Q: What is the highest volume output level of European 6th-generation iPods?
A: 100 dB', '
Q: What country originally pulled iPods due to higher-than-allowed volume levels?
A: France']
Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the first type of connection used by the iPod to charge and transfer files?
A: FireWire', '
Q: What was an alternate method of charging the iPod?
A: power adapter', '
Q: What type of connector was originally required to upload songs or recharge the iPod?
A: FireWire']
The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?
A: third generation', '
Q: What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device?
A: 30-pin dock connector', '
Q: Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?
A: fifth', '
Q: Starting with which generation of iPod Nano was FireWire charging functionality no longer available?
A: fourth', '
Q: What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer?
A: 3.5 mm minijack', '
Q: Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector?
A: third generation', '
Q: Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port?
A: Shuffle', '
Q: What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer?
A: FireWire', '
Q: What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod?
A: USB']