romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are, in alphabetical order: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal. A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another name for denominational families?
A: branches', '
Q: What are the major branches of Protestantism?
A: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal', '
Q: What created the differentiation of Protestant branches?
A: how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation', '
Q: What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed?
A: Anabaptist', '
Q: What do some branches share in common?
A: lineage']
Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth. The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Adventist movement has encouraged examining what in full?
A: the whole Bible', '
Q: What Adventist groups observe the Sabbath?
A: Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups', "
Q: What is the name of the Seventh-day Adventist's core beliefs?
A: the 28 Fundamental Beliefs", '
Q: What is used for justification of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs?
A: Biblical references', '
Q: What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on?
A: annihilation or eternal torment']
The name Anabaptist, meaning "one who baptizes again", was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants. Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism. As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics.[aa] While most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise.[ab] They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are diveded into Radical and the so-called Second Front. Some important Radical Reformation theologians were John of Leiden, Thomas Müntzer, Kaspar Schwenkfeld, Sebastian Franck, Menno Simons. Second Front Reformers included Hans Denck, Conrad Grebel, Balthasar Hubmaier and Felix Manz.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the word Anabaptist describe?
A: one who baptizes again', '
Q: Who named the Anabaptists?
A: their persecutors', '
Q: What baptism do Anabaptists reject?
A: baptism of infants', '
Q: Who persecuted the Anabaptists in the 16th century?
A: Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics', '
Q: Hans Denck was considered what type of reformer?
A: Second Front Reformers']
Anglicanism comprises the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion, which has 80 million adherents.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Anglican mean?
A: the English Church', '
Q: When did the word Anglican begin?
A: 1246', '
Q: Who do the Anglican churches have communion with?
A: the Archbishop of Canterbury', '
Q: How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world?
A: 80 million', '
Q: What power does each national or regional church possess?
A: full autonomy']
The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them, the then Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism. By the end of the century, the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did the Church of England split from?
A: the Catholic Church', '
Q: At what time did the Church of England become independent?
A: the Elizabethan Religious Settlement', '
Q: Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century?
A: Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer', "
Q: The Church of England's reforms put it in the middle of what two traditions?
A: Lutheranism and Calvinism", '
Q: What liturgical forms in Anglicanism were considered unacceptable by many progressive Protestants?
A: traditional']
Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to Baptists, who should have baptisms?
A: professing believers', '
Q: What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be?
A: Protestant', '
Q: What two offices do Baptists have?
A: pastors and deacons', '
Q: What type of baptism do Baptists conduct?
A: complete immersion', '
Q: What is another term for soul competency?
A: liberty']
Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the earliest Baptist church founded?
A: Amsterdam', '
Q: Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church?
A: John Smyth', "
Q: Who believed that Christ's atonement was for everyone?
A: General Baptists", '
Q: Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States?
A: Roger Williams', '
Q: Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent?
A: Baptist missionaries']
Today, this term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader. Less commonly, it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself. The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism, though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole. Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things — in salvation but also in all of life. This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the most well-known summary of Calvin's teachings?
A: the five points of Calvinism", '
Q: What area does the five points of Calvinism focus on?
A: the Calvinist view on soteriology', '
Q: What is a brief description of Calvinism?
A: the sovereignty or rule of God in all things', '
Q: What Calvinism doctrines are examples of the concept of the sovereignty of God?
A: predestination and total depravity', '
Q: Who was an early leader in the Reformed churches?
A: Calvin']
Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. With approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people. Additionally, there are also many smaller bodies such as the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one of the largest Protestant branches with 80 million members?
A: Lutheranism', '
Q: How popular is the branch of Lutheranism?
A: third', '
Q: What is the largest body of Lutheran churches?
A: The Lutheran World Federation', '
Q: How many people belong to the Lutheran World Federation?
A: over 72 million people', '
Q: Name two smaller Lutheran church bodies.
A: International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference']
Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley—an Anglican priest and evangelist. This evangelical movement originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide. Originally it appealed especially to workers, agricultural workers, and slaves.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the inspiration for Methodism?
A: John Wesley', '
Q: Who did Methodism originally attract?
A: workers, agricultural workers, and slaves', "
Q: What was John Wesley's occupation?
A: Anglican priest", '
Q: How many Methodists are there in the world today?
A: approximately 80 million', '
Q: How did the Methodist movement spread so far and wide?
A: vigorous missionary activity']
Soteriologically, most Methodists are Arminian, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism). Methodism is traditionally low church in liturgy, although this varies greatly between individual congregations; the Wesleys themselves greatly valued the Anglican liturgy and tradition. Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition; John Wesley's brother, Charles, was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church, and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Methodism known for, as far as music goes?
A: its rich musical tradition', '
Q: Methodists believe that Christ achieved salvation for whom?
A: every human being', "
Q: What do Methodists believe that one must do to receive Christ's salvation?
A: exercise an act of the will", "
Q: Who wrote most of the Methodist hymns?
A: John Wesley's brother, Charles", '
Q: What Calvinist doctrine is focuses on salvation?
A: monergism']
This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit–filled and empowered life. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Give two examples of spiritual gifts.
A: speaking in tongues and divine healing', '
Q: What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism?
A: Apostolic or Full Gospel', '
Q: Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?
A: Apostolic', '
Q: Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity?
A: the Holy Spirit', '
Q: What three things are Pentecostals committed to?
A: biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous']
Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations, including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, both in the United States and elsewhere. There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many denominations were spawned by Pentecostalism?
A: hundreds', '
Q: How many Pentecostals are there in the world?
A: over 279 million', '
Q: What movement has caused non-Pentecostal churches to accept some Pentecostal beliefs?
A: Charismatic', '
Q: Who can claim over 500 million members?
A: Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity', '
Q: Where is Pentecostalism currently growing the most?
A: the global South']
There are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches, and are far smaller in membership. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or "born-again Christians". They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and/or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves "non-denominational" or "evangelical". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What denomination do these small groups belong to?
A: "non-denominational" or "evangelical"', '
Q: How much affiliation do these small groups have with historical denominations?
A: little', '
Q: Who has founded these small groups of Christians?
A: individual pastors', '
Q: What do some groups of people who believe in basic Protestant principles identify as?
A: "Christians" or "born-again Christians"']
The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative, low church, evangelical movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism. Among other beliefs, the group emphasizes sola scriptura. Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination, but as a network, or even as a collection of overlapping networks, of like-minded independent churches. Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself—a stance that some of them still maintain—the title The Brethren, is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as brethren.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do the Plymouth Brethren hail from?
A: Dublin, Ireland', '
Q: What belief is the emphasis of the Plymouth Brethren?
A: sola scriptura', '
Q: Though the Plymouth Brethren do not have a denominational name, what name is generally used for them?
A: The Brethren', '
Q: When did the Plymouth Brethren originate?
A: late 1820s', '
Q: What denomination do the Brethren originate from?
A: Anglicanism']
Quakers, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers. Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity. Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity, the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid creeds and hierarchical structures.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another informal name for Quaker?
A: Friends', '
Q: What is the Quakers unifying belief?
A: the priesthood of all believers', '
Q: What have the Quakers tried to avoid?
A: creeds and hierarchical structures', '
Q: What collective movement are the Quakers associated with?
A: the Religious Society of Friends', '
Q: What types of Christianity do Quakers belong to?
A: evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative']
There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church, such as does it the Charismatic Movement, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity. Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Nondenominational churches often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a prominent example of a movement which crosses over denominational lines?
A: Evangelicalism', '
Q: Which movement actually affected the Catholic Church?
A: Charismatic Movement', '
Q: What groups beliefs does the Charismatic Movement seek to add to branches of Christianity?
A: Pentecostals', '
Q: Name a sub-group of the Charismatic Movement.
A: Neo-charismatic churches', '
Q: What other types of churches often adopt charismatic or evangelical beliefs?
A: Nondenominational churches']
It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?
A: the 18th and 19th centuries', '
Q: Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism?
A: Britain and North America', '
Q: Methodism is part of what movement?
A: Evangelicalism', '
Q: What man is associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism?
A: Nicolaus Zinzendorf']
In America, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence. In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement?
A: Dennis Bennett', '
Q: When was the Massey conference held?
A: 1964', '
Q: The Massey conference eventually led to developing what seminars?
A: Life in the Spirit', '
Q: Name UK influences on the Charismatic movement.
A: Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson', '
Q: Where was the Massey conference held?
A: New Zealand']
Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially "Hosanna!" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s?
A: Larry Christenson', '
Q: In what state did charismatic Lutheran congregations grow to be quite large?
A: Minnesota', '
Q: Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity?
A: Huntington Beach', '
Q: What was published in 1974?
A: Touched by the Spirit', '
Q: Who wrote Touched by the Spirit?
A: Richard A. Jensen']
In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit. Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the USA, in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement, which leading figure is Terry Virgo.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who heads the Newfrontiers movement?
A: Terry Virgo', '
Q: What tendencies do reformed charismatics avoid?
A: overemotional', '
Q: Where is Every Nations Churches located?
A: USA', '
Q: What is a name for gifts of the Spirit?
A: charismata', '
Q: Name the renewal movements which could be considered overemotional.
A: Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival']