romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 5). Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 1). Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Hall (1992, 1996), for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?
A: category of analysis', '
Q: What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?
A: their own preconceptions of identity', '
Q: The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea? 
A: the idea of identification', '
Q: Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?
A: human social self-expression', '
Q: What is it impossible to do with identity?
A: define it empirically']
Gender identity forms an important part of identity in psychology, as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both as a person and in relation to other people, ideas and nature. Other aspects of identity, such as racial, religious, ethnic, occupational… etc. may also be more or less significant – or significant in some situations but not in others (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 pp26–34). In cognitive psychology, the term "identity" refers to the capacity for self-reflection and the awareness of self.(Leary & Tangney 2003, p. 3)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree?
A: Gender identity', '
Q: What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of?
A: identity', '
Q: Identity refers to the capacity for self-reflection and awareness in what scientific study?
A: cognitive psychology']
Erik Erikson (1902-1994) became one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity. The Eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity, known as the ego identity (sometimes identified simply as "the self"); the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next, known as the personal identity; and the collection of social roles that a person might play, known as either the social identity or the cultural identity. Erikson's work, in the psychodynamic tradition, aimed to investigate the process of identity formation across a lifespan. Progressive strength in the ego identity, for example, can be charted in terms of a series of stages in which identity is formed in response to increasingly sophisticated challenges. The process of forming a viable sense of identity for the culture is conceptualized as an adolescent task, and those who do not manage a resynthesis of childhood identifications are seen as being in a state of 'identity diffusion' whereas those who retain their initially given identities unquestioned have 'foreclosed' identities (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 p7-8). On some readings of Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an identity crisis or confusion (Cote & Levine 2002, p. 22).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity?
A: Erik Erikson', '
Q: What distinction is sometimes referred to as the self?
A: ego identity', '
Q: The personal idiosyncrasies that separate individuals are called what?
A: the personal identity', "
Q: What are the 3 names for the collection of a person's social roles?
A: the social identity or the cultural identity", "
Q: In what tradition is Erikson's work to track identity formation throughout a lifetime?
A: the psychodynamic tradition"]
Laing's definition of identity closely follows Erikson's, in emphasising the past, present and future components of the experienced self. He also develops the concept of the "metaperspective of self", i.e. the self's perception of the other's view of self, which has been found to be extremely important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa. (Saunderson and O'Kane, 2005). Harré also conceptualises components of self/identity – the "person" (the unique being I am to myself and others) along with aspects of self (including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one's characteristics including life history), and the personal characteristics displayed to others.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Whose definition of identity closely follows Erikson's?
A: Laing's", "
Q: One person's perception of another's perception is an example of what concept?
A: metaperspective of self", '
Q: The person, aspects of self, and personal characteristics displayed to others are components of what?
A: self/identity']
Kenneth Gergen formulated additional classifications, which include the strategic manipulator, the pastiche personality, and the relational self. The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from his or her social "self". The pastiche personality abandons all aspirations toward a true or "essential" identity, instead viewing social interactions as opportunities to play out, and hence become, the roles they play. Finally, the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self, and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others. For Gergen, these strategies follow one another in phases, and they are linked to the increase in popularity of postmodern culture and the rise of telecommunications technology.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who formulated the classifications of strategic manipulator, pastiche personality and the relational self?
A: Kenneth Gergen', '
Q: In what classification is a person who regards all experiences are role play and becomes alienated from his or her social self?
A: The strategic manipulator', '
Q: In what classification is a person who gives up the chance for a true self and adopts social perceptions of him or herself?
A: The pastiche personality', '
Q: In what classification is a person who gives up their exclusive sense of self and defines him or herself only in terms of social engagement?
A: the relational self', '
Q: The strategic manipulator, pastiche personality, and relational self are linked to the rise of what culture?
A: postmodern culture']
As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people's experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract 'thing', its manifestations and the ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as language, dress, behaviour and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What concept helps map and define people's experiences of self in society?
A: the concept of boundaries", '
Q: What is a volatile, flexible, and abstract thing?
A: identity', '
Q: Language, dress, behavior, and choice of space are affected by recognition by what group?
A: other social beings', '
Q: What do markers help create?
A: boundaries', '
Q: Markers can be used to exert what on other people?
A: influence']
The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third-fastest growing economy in India.[citation needed] Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. This has made it one of the wealthiest places in the entire South Asia. Abundance of perennial rivers enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the third fastest growing economy in India?
A: Himachal Pradesh', '
Q: What is Himachal Pradesh ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?
A: fourth', '
Q: What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states?
A: Abundance of perennial rivers', '
Q: What three things is the economy of the state dependent on?
A: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture', '
Q: What other Indian states does it sell hydroelectricity to?
A: Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan']
After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudal princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a union territory on 1 November 1956. Following area of Punjab State namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Indian Union.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?
A: 15 April 1948', '
Q: When was the State of Himchal Pradesh Act passed?
A: 18 December 1970', '
Q: When did Himachal emerge as the 18th state of the Indian Union?
A: 25 January 1971', '
Q: When did Himachal Pradesh become a union territory?
A: 1 November 1956', '
Q: Why did the  Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?
A: as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states']
In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority. The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Congress secure an absolute majority?
A: In the assembly elections held in November 2012', '
Q: How many seats did Congress win?
A: 36 of the 68 seats', "
Q: Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term?
A: Virbhadra Singh", '
Q: Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?
A: Governor Urmila Singh', '
Q: Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken?
A: historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla']
Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources. The state has about 25% of the national potential in this respect. It has been estimated that about 20,300MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins. The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for every family.[citation needed] As per the current prices, the total GDP was estimated at ₹ 254 billion as against ₹ 230 billion in the year 2004–05, showing an increase of 10.5%. The recent years witnessed quick establishment of International Entrepreneurship. Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut have rapidly spread.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Himachal is extremely rich in?
A: hydro electric resources', '
Q: Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account?
A: Himachal', '
Q: How much hydroelectric power can be generated?
A: 20,300MW', '
Q: What has rapidly spread due to economic increase?
A: Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut', '
Q: What is current GDP estimated at?
A: ₹ 254 billion']
The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmina shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necessitated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom. Wool is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the state well known for?
A: handicrafts', '
Q: The majority of all households in Himachal own a what?
A: pit-loom', '
Q: What is considered pure and used as a ritual cloth?
A: Wool', '
Q: What is Kullu famous for?
A: shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours', '
Q: What are Kangra and Dharamshala famous for?
A: Kangra miniature paintings']
The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE. Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as "Janapada" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?
A: Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats', '
Q: What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?
A: between 2250 and 1750 BCE', '
Q: Who conquered Kangara?
A: Mahmud Ghaznavi', '
Q: When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?
A: 10th century', '
Q: Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?
A: Timur and Sikander Lodi']
Himachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Himachal have a rich heritage of?
A: handicrafts', '
Q: Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts?
A: increased', '
Q: What handcrafts do they include?
A: woolen and pashmina shawls', '
Q: What declined under competition?
A: aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts', '
Q: Has the demand increased inside or outside the country?
A: within and outside the country']
A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?
A: Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate', '
Q: Who maintains law and order?
A: Superintendent of Police', '
Q: Who assists the Superintendent of Police?
A: the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.']
The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated ₹ 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?
A: 1948', '
Q: How much was allocated?
A: ₹ 52.7 million', '
Q: What kind of plan was it?
A: five-year plan', '
Q: Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?
A: fourth', '
Q: What was more than 50% used on?
A: road construction']
Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the state place on population chart?
A: 21st', '
Q: Who was 22nd of chart?
A: Tripura', '
Q: Who was top ranked in population strength?
A: Kangra district', '
Q: Who was last in population strength?
A: Lahaul Spiti']
Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. For example, they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists constitute 1.15% are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet. The Muslims constitute slightly 2.18% of the population of Himachal Pradesh.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What other religions form a small percentage?
A: Buddhism and Sikhism', '
Q: Who are mainly Buddhists?
A: Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti', '
Q: What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh?
A: slightly 2.18%', '
Q: Where do Sikhs mostly live?
A: towns and cities', "
Q: HOw much of the population do Sikh's make up?
A: 1.16%"]
The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually, the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, Gurkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat, the Gurkhas began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Gurkhas come into power?
A: 1768', '
Q: Where did the Gurkhas come into power?
A: Nepal', '
Q: Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?
A: Amar Singh Thapa', '
Q: In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?
A: Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,', '
Q: Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?
A: rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami']