romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
However, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range and had displays at guns; it was used with their 75 mm. The British Wilson-Dalby gun director used a pair of trackers and mechanical tachymetry; the operator entered the fuse length, and deflection angles were read from the instruments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the tachymetric devices do?
A: track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles', '
Q: Which system had electrical tracking?
A: French Brocq', '
Q: What gun was the French Brocq system used with?
A: 75 mm', '
Q: Which system used a pair of trackers?
A: British Wilson-Dalby gun director', '
Q: Deflection settings were also called what?
A: aim-off']
Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch 20-cwt were also used. The Army's Anti-aircraft command, which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation, grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps. 40-mm Bofors entered service in increasing numbers. In addition the RAF regiment was formed in 1941 with responsibility for airfield air defence, eventually with Bofors 40mm as their main armament. Fixed AA defences, using HAA and LAA, were established by the Army in key overseas places, notably Malta, Suez Canal and Singapore.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Poland and other European countries could not defend against what?
A: German attack', '
Q: What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?
A: Battle of Britain', "
Q: What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?
A: Army's Anti-aircraft command", '
Q: The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?
A: 3', '
Q: What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?
A: RAF regiment']
Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static positions. At the same time the Royal Navy adopted a new 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret, which the army adopted in simplified single-gun mountings for static positions, mostly around ports where naval ammunition was available. However, the performance of both 3.7 and 4.5-in guns was limited by their standard fuse No 199, with a 30-second running time, although a new mechanical time fuse giving 43 seconds was nearing readiness. In 1939 a Machine Fuse Setter was introduced to eliminate manual fuse setting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun?
A: 1918', '
Q: When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred?
A: 1928', '
Q: What gun did the Royal Navy start using?
A: 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret', '
Q: How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have?
A: 30-second running time', '
Q: What was introduced in 1939?
A: Machine Fuse Setter']
Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the aircraft remains in firing range for a long time, so the necessary calculations can in theory be done by slide rules - though, because small errors in distance cause large errors in shell fall height and detonation time, exact ranging is crucial. For the ranges and speeds that the Bofors worked at, neither answer was good enough.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?
A: ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets', '
Q: How was target lead watched at short range?
A: by watching the tracers', '
Q: Target area is relatively large at what range?
A: short range', '
Q: At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?
A: slide rules', '
Q: What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?
A: small errors in distance']
Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38. Nevertheless, while 20 mm was better than a machine gun and mounted on a very small trailer made it easy to move, its effectiveness was limited. Germany therefore added a 3.7 cm. The first, the 3.7 cm FlaK 18 developed by Rheinmetall in the early 1930s, was basically an enlarged 2 cm FlaK 30. It was introduced in 1935 and production stopped the following year. A redesigned gun 3.7 cm FlaK 36 entered service in 1938, it too had a two-wheel carriage. However, by the mid-1930s the Luftwaffe realised that there was still a coverage gap between 3.7 cm and 8.8 cm guns. They started development of a 5 cm gun on a four-wheel carriage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the 1920s, which company developed the automatic 20 mm?
A: Rheinmetall', '
Q: Which Switzerland company obtained the patent for an automatic 20 mm gun during the first World War?
A: Oerlikon', '
Q: Which company redesigned the rapid fire 2 cm FlaK 30?
A: Mauser-Werke', '
Q: What did Germany add to the 20 mm to make it more effective?
A: a 3.7 cm', '
Q: When was the first 3.7 cm FlaK 18 introduced?
A: 1935']
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the large blockhouses called that the Germans developed?
A: Hochbunker "High Bunkers"', '
Q: Another name for the High Bunkers was what?
A: "Flaktürme" flak towers', '
Q: What was placed on the blockhouses by the Germans?
A: anti-aircraft artillery', '
Q: What city had some of the last buildings to fall in 1945?
A: Berlin', '
Q: What structure did the British build in the North Sea?
A: Maunsell Forts']
The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?
A: the U.S. Army', '
Q: What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers?
A: the 75 mm Skysweeper system', '
Q: The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one?
A: the 40 mm Bofors', '
Q: What does NADGE stand for?
A: NATO Air Defence Ground Environment', '
Q: What did NADGE become?
A: the NATO Integrated Air Defence System']
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation?
A: the Kerrison Predictor', '
Q: What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target?
A: the proper aim point automatically', '
Q: How did the Predictor display the information needed?
A: as a pointer mounted on the gun', '
Q: What two things did the operators of the gun have to do?
A: followed the pointer and loaded the shells', '
Q: What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor?
A: Germany']
Although the firearms used by the infantry, particularly machine guns, can be used to engage low altitude air targets, on occasion with notable success, their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions. Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities, and critical systems may be armored in aircraft designed for the ground attack role. Adaptations of the standard autocannon, originally intended for air-to-ground use, and heavier artillery systems were commonly used for most anti-aircraft gunnery, starting with standard pieces on new mountings, and evolving to specially designed guns with much higher performance prior to World War II.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal?
A: infantry positions', '
Q: Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities?
A: altitude', '
Q: Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what?
A: most anti-aircraft gunnery']
Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of these devices during an air raid is suspected to have caused the Bethnal Green disaster in 1943. Facing the threat of Japanese Kamikaze attacks the British and US developed surface-to-air rockets like British Stooge or the American Lark as counter measures, but none of them were ready at the end of the war. The Germans missile research was the most advanced of the war as the Germans put considerable effort in the research and development of rocket systems for all purposes. Among them were several guided and unguided systems. Unguided systems involved the Fliegerfaust (literally "aircraft fist") as the first MANPADS. Guided systems were several sophisticated radio, wire, or radar guided missiles like the Wasserfall ("waterfall") rocket. Due to the severe war situation for Germany all of those systems were only produced in small numbers and most of them were only used by training or trial units.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries?
A: World War II', '
Q: What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?
A: the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch', '
Q: When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?
A: 1943', "
Q: What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes?
A: American Lark", "
Q: Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles?
A: Germans missile research"]
The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viable weapons systems. The US started an upgrade of their defences using the Nike Ajax missile, and soon the larger anti-aircraft guns disappeared. The same thing occurred in the USSR after the introduction of their SA-2 Guideline systems.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy?
A: guided missile', '
Q: Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful?
A: Germany', '
Q: What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with?
A: the Nike Ajax missile', '
Q: The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear?
A: the larger anti-aircraft guns', '
Q: The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR?
A: SA-2 Guideline systems']
The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 megajoules of energy. Its expected performance is over 13,000 miles (21,000 km) per hour muzzle velocity, accurate enough to hit a 5-meter target from 200 nautical miles (370 km) away while shooting at 10 shots per minute. It is expected to be ready in 2020 to 2025.[verification needed] These systems while currently designed for static targets would only need the ability to be retargeted to become the next generation of AA system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where can the future of projectile based weapons possibly be found?
A: the railgun', '
Q: Testing is being done on weapons to create as much damage as what missile at a much lower cost?
A: a Tomahawk', '
Q: When did the United States Navy test a railgun?
A: February 2008', '
Q: How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun?
A: 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour', '
Q: When is the railgun expected to be ready?
A: 2020 to 2025']
The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target. Weapons between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber have been widely used in this role. Smaller weapons, typically .50 caliber or even 8 mm rifle caliber guns have been used in the smallest mounts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are two types of fuses used for shells?
A: barometric, time-delay, or proximity', '
Q: At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?
A: a higher rate of fire', '
Q: What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?
A: between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber', '
Q: Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?
A: smallest mounts']
Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate this layer, then the next layers would come from the surface-to-air missiles carried by the carrier's escorts; the area-defence missiles, such as the RIM-67 Standard, with a range of up to 100 nmi, and the point-defence missiles, like the RIM-162 ESSM, with a range of up to 30 nmi. Finally, virtually every modern warship will be fitted with small-calibre guns, including a CIWS, which is usually a radar-controlled Gatling gun of between 20mm and 30mm calibre capable of firing several thousand rounds per minute.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what?
A: a system of concentric layers', '
Q: What protects the outer layer?
A: AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP', "
Q: The next layer's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what?
A: the carrier's escorts", '
Q: What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard?
A: 100', '
Q: What is the rate of fire for a radar-controlled Gatling gun of 20 and 30 millimeter?
A: several thousand rounds per minute']
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is likely to entirely replace gun systems?
A: missiles', '
Q: What is being lead to specialty roles?
A: Guns', '
Q: What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS?
A: GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun', '
Q: What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments?
A: RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile', "
Q: What weapon's system uses guns and missiles?
A: Kashtan CIWS"]
Most modern air defence systems are fairly mobile. Even the larger systems tend to be mounted on trailers and are designed to be fairly quickly broken down or set up. In the past, this was not always the case. Early missile systems were cumbersome and required much infrastructure; many could not be moved at all. With the diversification of air defence there has been much more emphasis on mobility. Most modern systems are usually either self-propelled (i.e. guns or missiles are mounted on a truck or tracked chassis) or easily towed. Even systems that consist of many components (transporter/erector/launchers, radars, command posts etc.) benefit from being mounted on a fleet of vehicles. In general, a fixed system can be identified, attacked and destroyed whereas a mobile system can show up in places where it is not expected. Soviet systems especially concentrate on mobility, after the lessons learnt in the Vietnam war between the USA and Vietnam. For more information on this part of the conflict, see SA-2 Guideline.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Contemporary air defence systems are usually what?
A: mobile', '
Q: What are larger weapon systems usually mounted on?
A: trailers', '
Q: Radars, command posts and other such things are usually mounted on what?
A: a fleet of vehicles', '
Q: A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?
A: places where it is not expected', '
Q: What systems are really geared toward mobility?
A: Soviet']
Most Western and Commonwealth militaries integrate air defence purely with the traditional services, of the military (i.e. army, navy and air force), as a separate arm or as part of artillery. In the United States Army for instance, air defence is part of the artillery arm, while in the Pakistan Army, it was split off from Artillery to form a separate arm of its own in 1990. This is in contrast to some (largely communist or ex-communist) countries where not only are there provisions for air defence in the army, navy and air force but there are specific branches that deal only with the air defence of territory, for example, the Soviet PVO Strany. The USSR also had a separate strategic rocket force in charge of nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What military forces usually integrate air defnce as a separate arm or part of artillery?
A: Western and Commonwealth militaries', '
Q: Air defence in the US Army is part of what arm?
A: artillery arm', '
Q: Air defence in Pakistan was separated from the Army in what year?
A: 1990', '
Q: What type of countries have set branches for territorial air defence?
A: largely communist or ex-communist', '
Q: Who had a separate military force for controlling nuclear ICBMs?
A: USSR']
Armies typically have air defence in depth, from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70, Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot. Often, the high-altitude long-range missile systems force aircraft to fly at low level, where anti-aircraft guns can bring them down. As well as the small and large systems, for effective air defence there must be intermediate systems. These may be deployed at regiment-level and consist of platoons of self-propelled anti-aircraft platforms, whether they are self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (SPAAGs), integrated air-defence systems like Tunguska or all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms like Roland or SA-8 Gecko.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do armies tend to have in depth?
A: air defence', '
Q: Angara and Patriot are two examples of what type of system?
A: army-level missile defence systems', '
Q: Stinger and Igla are two examples of what type of system?
A: smaller force levels', '
Q: What does SPAAG stand for?
A: self-propelled anti-aircraft guns', '
Q: What kind of platform are Roland and SA-8 Gecko?
A: all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms']
Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In agreement with NATO members, the US Air Force and which country has created tactics for air defence suppression?
A: Israel', '
Q: The goal of what is to suppress opposing air defence systems?
A: Dedicated weapons', '
Q: As better weapons are created, what systems continue to improve as well to counter them?
A: SAM systems with ECCM capabilities']
NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as "measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites." In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS ("Man Portable AD Systems": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced "SAM" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does AAAD stand for?
A: All-Arms Air Defence', '
Q: What does GBAD stand for?
A: Ground Based AD', '
Q: What does SHORAD stand for?
A: Short Range AD', '
Q: What does MANPADS stand for?
A: Man Portable AD Systems', '
Q: What does SAGW stand for?
A: Surface to Air Guided Weapon']