romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, "We are your soldiers, Gamal!" Nasser retracted his decision the next day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war?
A: imminent Arab victory', "
Q: What day did Nasser announce Egypt's defeat?
A: 9 June", '
Q: What did Nasser do about his position as President?
A: announced his resignation', "
Q: Who rejected Nasser's offer to become the new president?
A: Zakaria Mohieddin", '
Q: What did Nasser do after mass demonstrations?
A: retracted his decision']
On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 27 August. Nasser was tipped off about their activities and, after several invitations, he convinced Amer to meet him at his home on 24 August. Nasser confronted Amer about the coup plot, which he denied before being arrested by Mohieddin. Amer committed suicide on 14 September. Despite his souring relationship with Amer, Nasser spoke of losing "the person closest to [him]". Thereafter, Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces, arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces?
A: Mohamed Fawzi", '
Q: How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup?
A: suicide', '
Q: How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt?
A: depoliticizing the armed forces', '
Q: What loyalists did Nasser target?
A: figures loyal to Amer']
At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum, Nasser's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead. A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution. The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with about half of its former arsenals and broke diplomatic relations with Israel. Nasser cut relations with the US following the war, and, according to Aburish, his policy of "playing the superpowers against each other" ended. In November, Nasser accepted UN Resolution 242, which called for Israel's withdrawal from territories acquired in the war. His supporters claimed Nasser's move was meant to buy time to prepare for another confrontation with Israel, while his detractors believed his acceptance of the resolution signaled a waning interest in Palestinian independence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the Arab League summit held?
A: Khartoum', "
Q: What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser's difficulites?
A: King Faisal", '
Q: What agreement ended the Yemeni civil war?
A: Khartoum Resolution', '
Q: What nation granted military aid to Egypt?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: What document called for Israel to abandon land it obtained during the war?
A: UN Resolution 242']
Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the "fall of the mukhabarat state".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What new positions did Nasser give himself ?
A: prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces', '
Q: When did students protest for political reforms?
A: 1968', "
Q: What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?
A: Arab Socialist Union", '
Q: What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?
A: external']
On 30 March, Nasser proclaimed a manifesto stipulating the restoration of civil liberties, greater parliamentary independence from the executive, major structural changes to the ASU, and a campaign to rid the government of corrupt elements. A public referendum approved the proposed measures in May, and held subsequent elections for the Supreme Executive Committee, the ASU's highest decision-making body. Observers noted that the declaration signaled an important shift from political repression to liberalization, although its promises would largely go unfulfilled.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What organization was to undergo a big overhaul?
A: ASU', '
Q: What trend was Nasser trying to cause?
A: liberalization', "
Q: How did Nasser's promises of increased freedoms turn out?
A: unfulfilled", '
Q: How did Nasser want to change the relationship between parliament and the executive?
A: independence']
Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month. He also advised Arafat to think of peace with Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the "Palestine issue" to Arafat.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?
A: War of Attrition', '
Q: In what year did the War of Attrition begin?
A: 1968', '
Q: Who led the Fatah movement?
A: Yasser Arafat', '
Q: In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself?
A: Battle of Karameh', '
Q: To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel?
A: Arafat']
Israel retaliated against Egyptian shelling with commando raids, artillery shelling and air strikes. This resulted in an exodus of civilians from Egyptian cities along the Suez Canal's western bank. Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses, while receiving the financial backing of various Arab states. The war resumed in March 1969. In November, Nasser brokered an agreement between the PLO and the Lebanese military that granted Palestinian guerrillas the right to use Lebanese territory to attack Israel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks?
A: build a network of internal defenses', '
Q: When did the war start up again?
A: March 1969', '
Q: What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with?
A: PLO and the Lebanese military', '
Q: Who would get to attack Israel from Lebanon?
A: Palestinian guerrillas']
In June 1970, Nasser accepted the US-sponsored Rogers Plan, which called for an end to hostilities and an Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, but it was rejected by Israel, the PLO, and most Arab states except Jordan. Nasser had initially rejected the plan, but conceded under pressure from the Soviet Union, which feared that escalating regional conflict could drag it into a war with the US. He also determined that a ceasefire could serve as a tactical step toward the strategic goal of recapturing the Suez Canal. Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel. In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender. Following Nasser's acceptance, Israel agreed to a ceasefire and Nasser used the lull in fighting to move SAM missiles towards the canal zone.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel?
A: Rogers Plan', '
Q: What did Nasser want to use the agreement to do?
A: recapturing the Suez Canal', '
Q: Who pressured Nasser to accept the Rogers Plan?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: How did Nasser equate peace with Israel?
A: surrender', '
Q: What did Nasser move to the canal zone?
A: SAM missiles']
As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease—two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Nasser die?
A: 28 September 1970', '
Q: How did Nasser die?
A: heart attack', "
Q: Who was with Nasser when he died?
A: Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia", '
Q: What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969?
A: heart attacks', "
Q: How old were Nasser's brothers when they died?
A: in their fifties"]
Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many people attended Nasser's funeral?
A: at least five million", '
Q: At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?
A: the old RCC headquarters', "
Q: Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral?
A: Saudi King Faisal", '
Q: What leader twice fainted during the funeral?
A: Muammar Gaddafi', "
Q: Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral?
A: Alexei Kosygin"]
Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, "men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, "Nasser will never die." As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, "One hundred million human beings—the Arabs—are orphans." Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that "Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together."

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death?
A: Over a dozen", '
Q: How many people marched in Jerusalem?
A: 75,000', '
Q: Who said, "The world will never again see five million people crying together?"
A: Sherif Hetata', "
Q: What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death?
A: orphans"]
Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?
A: British influence', '
Q: What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?
A: social justice', "
Q: How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?
A: improved considerably", "
Q: What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?
A: war effort"]
The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a "golden age" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow?
A: agrarian', '
Q: What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on?
A: Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam', '
Q: How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to?
A: golden age', '
Q: What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized?
A: Suez Canal']
During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi's 1997 founding of Al-Karama. Sabahi came in third place during the 2012 presidential election. Nasserist activists were among the founders of Kefaya, a major opposition force during Mubarak's rule. On 19 September 2012, four Nasserist parties (the ADNP, Karama, the National Conciliation Party, and the Popular Nasserist Congress Party) merged to form the United Nasserist Party.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president?
A: Nasserist', '
Q: What was the first Nasserist political party?
A: Arab Democratic Nasserist Party', '
Q: What party came in third in the 2013 election?
A: Sabahi', '
Q: What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups?
A: United Nasserist Party']
Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was "his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile—more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?
A: availability to the public', '
Q: How many speeches did Nasser give?
A: 1,359', '
Q: Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?
A: Nasser', "
Q: What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?
A: press"]
While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, "nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was most critical of Nasser's rule?
A: Egyptian intellectuals", "
Q: What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite?
A: Six-Day War", '
Q: During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser?
A: Mubarak', "
Q: What ideals are associated with Nasser's time as prsident?
A: national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture"]
Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a "confused Sultan" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?
A: dictator", '
Q: Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?
A: dissidents', '
Q: What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?
A: confused Sultan']
Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal?
A: New Wafd Party", "
Q: Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser?
A: Alaa al-Din Desouki", "
Q: To what did critics attribute Nasser's popular appeal?
A: successful manipulation and demagoguery"]
American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary?
A: intermediaries", '
Q: What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?
A: strong political institutions', '
Q: Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader?
A: Abd al-Azim Ramadan', "
Q: Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor?
A: Miles Copeland, Jr"]
Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffing game "but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding. In this case Nasser's opponent could see his hand in the mirror and knew he was only holding a pair of deuces" and Nasser knew that his army is not prepared yet. "All of this was out of character...His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Nasser's vice president?
A: Zakaria Mohieddin", '
Q: What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel?
A: bluffing', '
Q: What did Nasser do over the years of his rule?
A: gradually changed', "
Q: What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to?
A: diabetes"]
Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries—an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations?
A: seek good relations with Egypt', '
Q: What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world?
A: several nationalist revolutions', '
Q: What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was?
A: communicated directly with the public masses', '
Q: What did Nasser symbolize?
A: the popular Arab will']
To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as "leader of the Arabs". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the "parochialism" of successive Arab leaders "transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist?
A: Ben Bella", '
Q: What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen?
A: Abdullah al-Sallal', '
Q: Which leader considered Nasser his hero?
A: Muammar Gaddafi', '
Q: What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser?
A: Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry', "
Q: What organization continued Nasser's philosophies?
A: Arab Nationalist Movement"]