romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs?
A: A number of sculptural ensembles", '
Q: In what district are these sculptural pieces located?
A: Qixia and Jiangning District', '
Q: Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition?
A: the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu', '
Q: Who was Xiao Xiu?
A: a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang', '
Q: When did Xiao Xiu live?
A: 475–518']
The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it. It renamed Shengzhou (昇州) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling (金陵) during the Southern Tang (937–976), a state that succeeded Wu state. It renamed Jiangning (江寧) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The court of Da Chu, a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city. Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Nanjing made a capital again?
A: during the Southern Tang (937–976)', '
Q: During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city?
A: the Song dynasty', '
Q: What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens?
A: The court of Da Chu', '
Q: Who defeated the court of Song?
A: the Mongol empire']
The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?
A: Zhu Yuanzhang', '
Q: Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?
A: the Yuan dynasty', '
Q: What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?
A: long city wall', '
Q: How long did it take to finish the wall?
A: 21 years', '
Q: How many workers worked on the wall?
A: 200,000']
It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world?
A: from 1358 to 1425', '
Q: What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400?
A: 487,000', '
Q: When did Nanjing cease to be the capital?
A: 1421', '
Q: Where was the capital moved to?
A: Beijing', '
Q: Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty?
A: the Yongle Emperor']
Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?
A: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum', '
Q: Who decimated the Porcelain Tower?
A: the Taipings', '
Q: When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed?
A: in the 19th century', "
Q: One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility?
A: superstitious fear of its geomantic properties"]
A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry?
A: 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city', '
Q: What large item is abandoned at the Quarry?
A: a gigantic stele', '
Q: How long ago was the stele abandoned?
A: 600 years ago', '
Q: Why was the stele abandoned?
A: it was impossible to move or complete it', '
Q: Who ordered the creation of the stele?
A: the Yongle Emperor']
As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni 渤泥), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Admiral called Nanjing his home?
A: admiral Zheng He', '
Q: What visiting king died in China in 1408?
A: (Boni 渤泥)', '
Q: What country did this visiting king come from?
A: Borneo', "
Q: What stele is at Boni's tomb?
A: a tortoise stele"]
Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty?
A: 1644", '
Q: What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing?
A: Zhu Yousong', '
Q: When was Zhu Yousong enthroned?
A: in June 1644', "
Q: What was Zhu Yousong's title?
A: the Hongguang Emperor", "
Q: The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty?
A: the so-called Southern Ming dynasty"]
Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated?
A: late May 1645', '
Q: Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6?
A: Zhao the Earl of Xincheng', "
Q: What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do?
A: shave their heads"]
Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江寧) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (天京, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven").

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Qing dynasty in power?
A: 1644–1911', '
Q: What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty?
A: Jiangning', '
Q: What emperors visited Nanjing more than once?
A: the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors', '
Q: What year did the First Opium War end?
A: 1842']
Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace?
A: the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king', '
Q: When did Qing troops regain Nanjing?
A: 1864', '
Q: How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing?
A: over 100,000', '
Q: Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender?
A: Taiping', '
Q: Who was the leader of the Qing troops?
A: Zeng Guofan']
The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Republic of China founded?
A: January 1912', '
Q: Who was the first president of the Republic of China?
A: Sun Yat-sen', '
Q: Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing?
A: Yuan Shikai']
In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China?
A: 1927', '
Q: What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China?
A: the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)', '
Q: Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)?
A: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek', "
Q: What are the 1930's known as, in China?
A: the Nanking decade", '
Q: When did the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) defeat and take over Beijing?
A: 1928']
In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the "Rape of Nanking"). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Japan invade Manchuria?
A: 1931', '
Q: When did Japan invade all of China?
A: 1937', '
Q: Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre?
A: the Imperial Japanese Army', '
Q: How many died in the Nanking Massacre?
A: between 300,000 and 350,000', '
Q: When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built?
A: 1985']
A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking?
A: A few days before the fall of the city', '
Q: When was the Nanjing Regime established?
A: 1940', '
Q: Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime?
A: Wang Jingwei', '
Q: When did the KMT move back to Nanjing?
A: 1946', '
Q: What was another name for the Nanjing Regime?
A: "Reorganized National Government of China"']
On 21 April, Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River. On April 23, 1949, the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) captured Nanjing. The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10. By late 1949, the PLA was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only Tibet was left. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, Nanjing was initially a province-level municipality, but it was soon merged into Jiangsu province and again became the provincial capital by replacing Zhenjiang which was transferred in 1928, and retains that status to this day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Communist troops cross the Yangtze River?
A: 21 April', "
Q: When was Nanjing conquered by the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA)?
A: April 23, 1949", '
Q: Where did the KMT government stay until October 15?
A: Canton (Guangzhou)', '
Q: When did the KMT government head to Taiwan?
A: December 10', "
Q: When was the People's Republic of China formed?
A: October 1949"]
Nanjing, with a total land area of 6,598 square kilometres (2,548 sq mi), is situated in the heartland of drainage area of lower reaches of Yangtze River, and in Yangtze River Delta, one of the largest economic zones of China. The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then north side of Nanjing City, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south side of the city. The city is 300 kilometres (190 mi) west-northwest of Shanghai, 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) south-southeast of Beijing, and 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) east-northeast of Chongqing. The downstream Yangtze River flows from Jiujiang, Jiangxi, through Anhui and Jiangsu to East Sea, north to drainage basin of downstream Yangtze is Huai River basin and south to it is Zhe River basin, and they are connected by the Grand Canal east to Nanjing. The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region, with Jianghuai (江淮) stressing northern part and Jiangzhe (江浙) stressing southern part. The region is also known as Dongnan (東南, South East, the Southeast) and Jiangnan (江南, River South, south of Yangtze).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How large is Nanjing, in miles?
A: 2,548 sq mi', '
Q: Where does the Yangtze River flow in Nanjing?
A: past the west side and then north side', '
Q: How far is Nanjing from Shanghai, in miles?
A: 190 mi', '
Q: How far is Nanjing from Beijing?
A: 750 mi', '
Q: What is the name of the area of land around Nanjing?
A: Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region']
Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast, one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze, Zhenjiang to the east, one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze, and Changzhou to the southeast. On its western boundary is Anhui province, where Nanjing borders five prefecture-level cities, Chuzhou to the northwest, Wuhu, Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What city is northeast of Nanjing?
A: Yangzhou', '
Q: What is southeast of Nanjing?
A: Changzhou', '
Q: What province is to the west of Nanjing?
A: Anhui province', '
Q: How many prefecture-size cities are in the province of Anhui?
A: five', '
Q: What city is on the border of Nanjing to the East?
A: Zhenjiang']
Nanjing is the intersection of Yangtze River, an east-west water transport artery, and Nanjing–Beijing railway, a south-north land transport artery, hence the name “door of the east and west, throat of the south and north”. Furthermore, the west part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing; the Loong-like Zhong Mountain is curling in the east of the city; the tiger-like Stone Mountain is crouching in the west of the city, hence the name “the Zhong Mountain, a dragon curling, and the Stone Mountain, a tiger crouching”. Mr. Sun Yet-sen spoke highly of Nanjing in the “Constructive Scheme for Our Country”, “The position of Nanjing is wonderful since mountains, lakes and plains all integrated in it. It is hard to find another city like this.”

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the east-west waterway near Nanjing?
A: Yangtze River', '
Q: What is the railway that runs South to North called?
A: Nanjing–Beijing railway', '
Q: What mountain is in the East are of Nanjing?
A: Zhong Mountain', '
Q: What mountain lies in the west of Nanjing?
A: Stone Mountain', '
Q: Stone Mountain is compared to what animal?
A: tiger']
Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon. The four seasons are distinct, with damp conditions seen throughout the year, very hot and muggy summers, cold, damp winters, and in between, spring and autumn are of reasonable length. Along with Chongqing and Wuhan, Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the "Three Furnacelike Cities" along the Yangtze River (长江流域三大火炉) for the perennially high temperatures in the summertime. However, the time from mid-June to the end of July is the plum blossom blooming season in which the meiyu (rainy season of East Asia; literally "plum rain") occurs, during which the city experiences a period of mild rain as well as dampness. Typhoons are uncommon but possible in the late stages of summer and early part of autumn. The annual mean temperature is around 15.46 °C (59.8 °F), with the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranging from 2.4 °C (36.3 °F) in January to 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −14.0 °C (7 °F) on 6 January 1955 to 40.7 °C (105 °F) on 22 August 1959. On average precipitation falls 115 days out of the year, and the average annual rainfall is 1,062 millimetres (42 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37 percent in March to 52 percent in August, the city receives 1,983 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of climate does Nanjing enjoy?
A: a humid subtropical climate', '
Q: What monsoon affects Nanjing?
A: the East Asian monsoon', '
Q: Nanjing is one of three "Furnacelike" cities. What are the other two cities?
A: Chongqing and Wuhan', '
Q: How many days of rain does Nanjing get a year, on average?
A: 115 days', '
Q: How many hours of bright sunshine does Nanjing get each year?
A: 1,983 hours']
Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many types of minerals are found in Nanjing?
A: 40', '
Q: Which minerals comprise 40 percent of those in the province?
A: iron and sulfur', '
Q: For what mineral reserve does Nanjing rank first in both East Asia and the South East Asia areas?
A: strontium', "
Q: What are Nanjing's main water sources?
A: the Yangtze River and groundwater", '
Q: What hot spring is in Jiangning?
A: Tangshan Hot Spring']
Surrounded by the Yangtze River and mountains, Nanjing also enjoys beautiful natural scenery. Natural lakes such as Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the centre of the city and are easily accessible to the public, while hills like Purple Mountain are covered with evergreens and oaks and host various historical and cultural sites. Sun Quan relocated his capital to Nanjing after Liu Bei's suggestion as Liu Bei was impressed by Nanjing's impeccable geographic position when negotiating an alliance with Sun Quan. Sun Quan then renamed the city from Moling (秣陵) to Jianye (建鄴) shortly thereafter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What lakes are in the middle of Nanjing?
A: Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake', '
Q: What type of trees are on Purple Mountain?
A: evergreens and oaks', '
Q: Who convinced Sun Quan to make Nanjing his capital?
A: Liu Bei', "
Q: What impressed Liu Bei so much about Nanjing?
A: Nanjing's impeccable geographic position", '
Q: What is Nanjing surrounded by?
A: the Yangtze River and mountains']
A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region. The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing, with its AQI pollution Index at "severely polluted" for five straight days and "heavily polluted" for nine. On 3 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic metre, falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic metre on 4 December 2013. Between 3:00 pm, 3 December and 2:00pm, 4 December local time, several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed, stranding dozens of passenger buses in Zhongyangmen bus station. From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools. Children's Hospital outpatient services increased by 33 percent; general incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections significantly increased. The smog dissipated 12 December. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO2) towards China's east coast.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did a thick wave of smog first appear in Central and Eastern China?
A: 2 December 2013', '
Q: How long was Nanjing ranked as "severely polluted" during this wave?
A: five straight days', '
Q: On what days did Nanjing have to issue a Red Alert because of the severe air pollution?
A: From 5 to 6 December']
At present, the full name of the government of Nanjing is "People's Government of Nanjing City" and the city is under the one-party rule of the CPC, with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the full name for Nanjing\'s government?
A: "People\'s Government of Nanjing City"', '
Q: How many parties rule Nanjing?
A: one-party', '
Q: What party rules Nanjing?
A: the CPC', '
Q: Who is considered to be the governor of Nanjing?
A: the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary', '
Q: who is the executive leader of Nanjing, working under the secretary?
A: the mayor']