romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Bell promise to split with his financers?
A: U.S. profits', '
Q: In what country other than the U.S. did Bell try to patent his telegraph?
A: Britain', '
Q: Which country did Bell first try to get a patent?
A: Britain', '
Q: Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain?
A: George Brown', '
Q: What kind of telegraph did Bell create?
A: acoustic']
Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter. That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until February 26.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What material did Elisha Gray use to convey sound?
A: water', '
Q: On what date did Gray and Bell both put in for a patent?
A: February 14, 1876', '
Q: On what day did Bell get to Washington?
A: February 26', '
Q: What office in Washington did Bell and Gray visit?
A: U.S. Patent Office', '
Q: What sort of machine did Bell and Gray both try to patent at the same time?
A: telephone']
Bell's patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell's patent covered "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound" [N 16] Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What number is Bell's patent?
A: 174,465", '
Q: On what date did Bell get his patent?
A: March 7, 1876', "
Q: Bell's patent was for the method and what for transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically?
A: apparatus", '
Q: On what day did Bell go back to Boston?
A: March 7, 1876', '
Q: Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who?
A: Gray']
On March 10, 1876, three days after his patent was issued, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work, using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray's design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell spoke the famous sentence "Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to see you" into the liquid transmitter, Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of transmitter did Bell put in his telephone?
A: liquid', '
Q: How did Bell refer to his partner in his well known line?
A: Mr. Watson', '
Q: What did the vibrations cause to change?
A: electrical resistance']
Although Bell was, and still is, accused of stealing the telephone from Gray, Bell used Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent had been granted, and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment, to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible "articulate speech" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted. After March 1876, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Bell implemented Gray's design as a what?
A: proof of concept", '
Q: Bell stopped using the liquid-based method after what month?
A: March', '
Q: Bell used his own design in all public demonstrations and what?
A: commercial use']
The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell's patent application. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in Bell's previous application in which Bell described a cup of mercury, not water. Bell had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25, 1875, long before Elisha Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had reinvented the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and the first to test it in a telephone.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer?
A: variable resistance', '
Q: When did Bell put in his prior patent?
A: February 25, 1875', '
Q: What liquid did Bell use in his first application?
A: mercury']
The patent examiner, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell's lawyer, Marcellus Bailey, with whom he had served in the Civil War. He claimed he showed Gray's patent caveat to Bailey. Wilber also claimed (after Bell arrived in Washington D.C. from Boston) that he showed Gray's caveat to Bell and that Bell paid him $100. Bell claimed they discussed the patent only in general terms, although in a letter to Gray, Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details. Bell denied in an affidavit that he ever gave Wilber any money.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who declared himself an alcoholic?
A: Zenas Fisk Wilber', '
Q: In what war did Wilber and Bailey fight together?
A: Civil War', "
Q: How much did Wilber say Bell gave him in order to look at Gray's paperwork?
A: $100", '
Q: What did Bell only admit to knowing in a letter?
A: technical details']
Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Mount Pleasant five miles (eight km) away from Brantford, Bell sent a tentative telegram indicating that he was ready. With curious onlookers packed into the office as witnesses, faint voices were heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family when a message was received at the Bell home from Brantford, four miles (six km) distant, along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. These experiments clearly proved that the telephone could work over long distances.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From what city did Bell send his first message?
A: Mount Pleasant', '
Q: Bell sent messages over wires hooked onto telegraph lines and what?
A: fences', '
Q: What did the group at the Bells house hear other people doing?
A: reading and singing']
Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires, while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much did Bell et al. try to sell his patent for?
A: $100,000', '
Q: Who did Bell et al. try to sell his patent to?
A: Western Union', '
Q: What did the President think the telephone was, such that he refused to buy the patent?
A: a toy', '
Q: How much the the President of Western Union want to pay for the patent later on?
A: $25 million']
Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Later Bell had the opportunity to demonstrate the invention personally to Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, as well as to Queen Victoria, who had requested a private audience at Osborne House, her Isle of Wight home. She called the demonstration "most extraordinary". The enthusiasm surrounding Bell's public displays laid the groundwork for universal acceptance of the revolutionary device.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?
A: Philadelphia', '
Q: What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition?
A: Emperor Pedro II', '
Q: Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country?
A: Brazil', '
Q: Which Queen did Bell present his invention to?
A: Victoria']
The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. In 1879, the Bell company acquired Edison's patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union. This made the telephone practical for longer distances, and it was no longer necessary to shout to be heard at the receiving telephone.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Bell Telephone Company founded?
A: 1877', '
Q: How many people in the United States had a telephone by 1886?
A: 150,000', "
Q: In what year did Bell get some of Edison's patents?
A: 1879", '
Q: What addition let people stop yelling into the telephone?
A: carbon microphone', '
Q: What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from?
A: Western Union']
In January 1915, Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental telephone call. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The New York Times reported:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what month and year did Bell telephone across the country?
A: January 1915', '
Q: What company office did Bell make the original cross country phone call from?
A: AT&T', '
Q: What city did Bell make the first cross country call from?
A: New York', '
Q: What city did Bell make the first cross country call to?
A: San Francisco', '
Q: Who was on the other end of the first cross country phone call?
A: Thomas Watson']
As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments can occur, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone. Over a period of 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court, but none was successful in establishing priority over the original Bell patent and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage. Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments. The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbear had acknowledged his prior work, which considerably weakened their later claims.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During how many years did the Bell Company battle lawsuits?
A: 18', "
Q: How many times were Bell's patents contested?
A: 587", '
Q: How many of the court cases wound up at the Supreme Court?
A: 5', '
Q: Elisha Gray and what other man were behind many of the court cases?
A: Amos Dolbear']
On January 13, 1887, the U,S. Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided. By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,465 dated March 7, 1876 and No. 186,787 dated January 30, 1877) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a "precedent". With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the US Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on November 30, 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In 1887 the US Government wanted to undo Bell's patent due to fraud and what?
A: misrepresentation", "
Q: The US Government lost the bid to overturn Bell's patent in what court?
A: Supreme Court", '
Q: How many years did Bell and the US Government fight in court?
A: 9', '
Q: What excuse did the judges have for the trial despite the fact that the patents had expired?
A: precedent', '
Q: On what date did the US Government stop legal action?
A: November 30, 1897']
During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hopes of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's evidence in this case was disputed due to a lack of material evidence for his inventions as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York, which was later incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901. Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon Meucci's death. However, due to the efforts of Congressman Vito Fossella, the U.S. House of Representatives on June 11, 2002 stated that Meucci's "work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged", even though this did not put an end to a still contentious issue.[N 17] Some modern scholars do not agree with the claims that Bell's work on the telephone was influenced by Meucci's inventions.[N 18]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who claimed to have invented the in 1834?
A: Antonio Meucci', '
Q: How many court trials did Meucci participate in?
A: 3', "
Q: At what company were Meucci's prototypes supposedly lost?
A: American District Telegraph (ADT)", '
Q: In what year did Western Union absorb ADT?
A: 1901', "
Q: What event caused Meucci's trials to be dropped?
A: death"]
The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell had delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske (S&H) managed to set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties. The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.[N 19]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?
A: royalties", '
Q: What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company?
A: Brussels', '
Q: In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded?
A: 1880']
On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857–1923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a "working holiday". The courtship had begun years earlier; however, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an "instant" success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897. One unusual request exacted by his fiancée was that he use "Alec" rather than the family's earlier familiar name of "Aleck". From 1876, he would sign his name "Alec Bell". They had four children:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Bell marry in 1877?
A: Mabel Hubbard', '
Q: How many children did Bell and Mabel have?
A: 4', '
Q: Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon?
A: Europe', '
Q: Before 1897, what did Bell get most of his money from?
A: lectures']
The Bell family home was in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until 1880 when Bell's father-in-law bought a house in Washington, D.C., and later in 1882 bought a home in the same city for Bell's family, so that they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what year did Mabel's father move to Washington D.C.?
A: 1880", '
Q: In what year did Bell acquire a house in D.C.?
A: 1882', '
Q: Where did Bell and Mabel live before 1880?
A: Cambridge, Massachusetts', '
Q: What did Bell have to go to court for in D.C.?
A: patent disputes']
Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882, when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1915, he characterized his status as: "I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries." Despite this declaration, Bell has been proudly claimed as a "native son" by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Bell officially become an American?
A: 1882', "
Q: What was Bell's original nationality?
A: British", '
Q: Besides the US and UK, what other country claims Bell as a citizen?
A: Canada', '
Q: What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries?
A: hyphenated']
By 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending time at the small village of Baddeck. Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. By 1889, a large house, christened The Lodge was completed and two years later, a larger complex of buildings, including a new laboratory, were begun that the Bells would name Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic: beautiful mountain) after Bell's ancestral Scottish highlands.[N 21] Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family. An enthusiastic boater, Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional vessels from the H.W. Embree and Sons boatyard in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and at Beinn Bhreagh where they spent increasing amounts of time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Island in Nova Scotia did the Bells go to in 1885?
A: Breton Island', "
Q: In 1886, what lake did Bell start building a house near?
A: Bras d'Or", '
Q: What did the Bells call the house completed in 1889?
A: The Lodge', '
Q: How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard?
A: 40']
Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as "their own".[N 22] The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened?
A: Beinn Bhreagh', '
Q: On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen?
A: December 6, 1917', '
Q: Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged?
A: Beinn Bhreagh', '
Q: What city adopted the Bells?
A: Baddeck', '
Q: What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax?
A: mobilized the community']
Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged "unfettered across the scientific landscape" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclopædia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest. The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for "hydroairplanes" and two for selenium cells. Bell's inventions spanned a wide range of interests and included a metal jacket to assist in breathing, the audiometer to detect minor hearing problems, a device to locate icebergs, investigations on how to separate salt from seawater, and work on finding alternative fuels.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading?
A: Encyclopædia Britannica', '
Q: How many solo patents did Bell get?
A: 18', '
Q: How many patents did Bell co-author?
A: 12']
Bell worked extensively in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive and other magnetic media.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What famous lab did Bell spend time working for?
A: Volta', '
Q: What type of energy did Bell investigate at the Volta Laboratory?
A: magnetic', '
Q: The magnetic field is part of what sort of recorder?
A: tape recorder']
Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a magazine interview published shortly before his death, he reflected on the possibility of using solar panels to heat houses.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What form of water played a part in Bell's home cooling system?
A: ice", '
Q: What did Bell think could be collected from farm and factory byproduct?
A: Methane gas', '
Q: What kind of toilet did Bell work on?
A: composting', '
Q: Right before his death, what kind of energy did he speculate about?
A: solar']