romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In 1937, Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training, but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry. Disappointed, he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University, but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy. From his readings, Nasser, who frequently spoke of "dignity, glory, and freedom" in his youth, became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors; a military career became his chief priority.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Nasser's goal?
A: a military career", '
Q: Where did Nasser apply in 1937?
A: Royal Military Academy', '
Q: Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?
A: record of anti-government protest', '
Q: Where did Nasser attend law school?
A: King Fuad University', '
Q: How long did Nasser attend law school?
A: one semester']
Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his "energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's another term for influential intermediary?
A: wasta", "
Q: Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?
A: Khairy Pasha", '
Q: What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?
A: Sadat and Amer', '
Q: What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?
A: widespread corruption', '
Q: What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?
A: monarchy']
In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, "I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack", and wished for "calamity" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?
A: 1941', "
Q: Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?
A: instructor", '
Q: Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister?
A: British Ambassador Miles Lampson', '
Q: What political group was Nasser associated with?
A: nationalist', "
Q: Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers?
A: Amer"]
In May 1948, following the British withdrawal, King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine, with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion. During the war, he wrote of the Egyptian army's unpreparedness, saying "our soldiers were dashed against fortifications". Nasser was deputy commander of the Egyptian forces that secured the Faluja pocket. On 12 July, he was lightly wounded in the fighting. By August, his brigade was surrounded by the Israeli Army. Appeals for help from Jordan's Arab Legion went unheeded, but the brigade refused to surrender. Negotiations between Israel and Egypt finally resulted in the ceding of Faluja to Israel. According to veteran journalist Eric Margolis, the defenders of Faluja, "including young army officer Gamal Abdel Nasser, became national heroes" for enduring Israeli bombardment while isolated from their command.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948?
A: Palestine', '
Q: In what unit did Nasser serve?
A: 6th Infantry Battalion', '
Q: How badly was Nasser wounded?
A: lightly', "
Q: What army surrounded Nasser's brigade?
A: Israeli", '
Q: What territory was given to Israel?
A: Faluja']
The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers' return despite reservations from the royal government, which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception. The apparent difference in attitude between the government and the general public increased Nasser's determination to topple the monarchy. Nasser had also felt bitter that his brigade had not been relieved despite the resilience it displayed. He started writing his book Philosophy of the Revolution during the siege.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser's brigade?
A: Umm Kulthum", '
Q: What book did Nasser start writing?
A: Philosophy of the Revolution', "
Q: What group opposed the celebration of Nasser's brigade's return?
A: royal government", '
Q: Who has pressured the government to cancel the reception?
A: British', '
Q: What was Nasser increasingly convinced he should topple?
A: monarchy']
After the war, Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy. He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948, but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism. From then on, Nasser prevented the Brotherhood's influence over his cadres' activities without severing ties with the organization. Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel, and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating, particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Nasser do after the war ended?
A: instructor at the Royal Military Academy', '
Q: What group did Nasser try to allign himself with?
A: Muslim Brotherhood', '
Q: What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood?
A: religious agenda', '
Q: How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel?
A: humiliating', '
Q: What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks?
A: Eilat']
Nasser's return to Egypt coincided with Husni al-Za'im's Syrian coup d'état. Its success and evident popular support among the Syrian people encouraged Nasser's revolutionary pursuits. Soon after his return, he was summoned and interrogated by Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel Hadi regarding suspicions that he was forming a secret group of dissenting officers. According to secondhand reports, Nasser convincingly denied the allegations. Abdel Hadi was also hesitant to take drastic measures against the army, especially in front of its chief of staff, who was present during the interrogation, and subsequently released Nasser. The interrogation pushed Nasser to speed up his group's activities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt?
A: Syrian', '
Q: Who questioned Nasser?
A: Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel', "
Q: What was Nasser's reaction to the questions he was asked?
A: convincingly denied the allegations", "
Q: What did the interrogation provoke Nasser to do?
A: speed up his group's activities"]
In the 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory—mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections—and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own. Accusations of corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface, however, breeding an atmosphere of rumor and suspicion that consequently brought the Free Officers to the forefront of Egyptian politics. By then, the organization had expanded to around ninety members; according to Khaled Mohieddin, "nobody knew all of them and where they belonged in the hierarchy except Nasser". Nasser felt that the Free Officers were not ready to move against the government and, for nearly two years, he did little beyond officer recruitment and underground news bulletins.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group boycotted the 1950 elections?
A: Muslim Brotherhood', '
Q: What party advanced in the 1950 elections?
A: Wafd', '
Q: What were Wafd members accused of?
A: corruption', '
Q: What group became prominent in Egyptian politics?
A: Free Officers', '
Q: How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers?
A: nearly two years']
On 11 October 1951, the Wafd government abrogated the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, which had given the British control over the Suez Canal until 1956. The popularity of this move, as well as that of government-sponsored guerrilla attacks against the British, put pressure on Nasser to act. According to Sadat, Nasser decided to wage "a large scale assassination campaign". In January 1952, he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill the royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine guns at his car as he drove through the streets of Cairo. Instead of killing the general, the attackers wounded an innocent female passerby. Nasser recalled that her wails "haunted" him and firmly dissuaded him from undertaking similar actions in the future.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate?
A: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty', "
Q: Who did Nasser's group try to assassinate?
A: Hussein Sirri Amer", '
Q: Who helped Nasser with the assassination attempt?
A: Hassan Ibrahim', "
Q: What was general Amer's political affiliation?
A: royalist", '
Q: Who was wounded in the assassination attempt?
A: an innocent female passerby']
Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk, and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer's Club—normally a ceremonial office—with the king's backing. Nasser was determined to establish the independence of the army from the monarchy, and with Amer as the intercessor, resolved to field a nominee for the Free Officers. They selected Muhammad Naguib, a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War. Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Free Officers, through their connection with a leading Egyptian daily, al-Misri, publicized his victory while praising the nationalistic spirit of the army.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club?
A: Sirri Amer", "
Q: Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers?
A: Muhammad Naguib", '
Q: How many times was Naguib wounded?
A: three', "
Q: What media outlet advanced the Free Officer's agenda?
A: al-Misri", '
Q: In what war was Naguib wounded?
A: Palestine War']
On 25 January 1952, a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen, provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead. Afterwards, Nasser published a simple six-point program in Rose al-Yūsuf to dismantle feudalism and British influence in Egypt. In May, Nasser received word that Farouk knew the names of the Free Officers and intended to arrest them; he immediately entrusted Free Officer Zakaria Mohieddin with the task of planning the government takeover by army units loyal to the association.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate? 
A: 1952', '
Q: Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash?
A: Ismailia', '
Q: How many people were killed in the Cairo riots?
A: 76', "
Q: Who did Nasser enlist to plan the Free Officer's coup?
A: Zakaria Mohieddin", '
Q: What did Nasser want to end in Egypt?
A: feudalism']
The Free Officers' intention was not to install themselves in government, but to re-establish a parliamentary democracy. Nasser did not believe that a low-ranking officer like himself (a lieutenant colonel) would be accepted by the Egyptian people, and so selected General Naguib to be his "boss" and lead the coup in name. The revolution they had long sought was launched on 22 July and was declared a success the next day. The Free Officers seized control of all government buildings, radio stations, and police stations, as well as army headquarters in Cairo. While many of the rebel officers were leading their units, Nasser donned civilian clothing to avoid detection by royalists and moved around Cairo monitoring the situation. In a move to stave off foreign intervention two days before the revolution, Nasser had notified the American and British governments of his intentions, and both had agreed not to aid Farouk. Under pressure from the Americans, Nasser had agreed to exile the deposed king with an honorary ceremony.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish?
A: parliamentary democracy", '
Q: Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup?
A: General Naguib', '
Q: What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup?
A: exile', '
Q: What did Nasser wear during the coup?
A: civilian clothing', '
Q: What day did the revolution begin?
A: 22 July']
On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared, with Naguib as its first president. According to Aburish, after assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the "guardians of the people's interests" against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day tasks of government to civilians. They asked former prime minister Ali Maher to accept reappointment to his previous position, and to form an all-civilian cabinet. The Free Officers then governed as the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman. Relations between the RCC and Maher grew tense, however, as the latter viewed many of Nasser's schemes—agrarian reform, abolition of the monarchy, reorganization of political parties—as too radical, culminating in Maher's resignation on 7 September. Naguib assumed the additional role of prime minister, and Nasser that of deputy prime minister. In September, the Agrarian Reform Law was put into effect. In Nasser's eyes, this law gave the RCC its own identity and transformed the coup into a revolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt?
A: Naguib', '
Q: Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government?
A: civilians', '
Q: Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister?
A: Ali Maher', '
Q: What new name did the Free Officers take?
A: Revolutionary Command Council', '
Q: What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts?
A: Agrarian Reform Law']
Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Muslim Brotherhood supported the RCC, and after Naguib's assumption of power, demanded four ministerial portfolios in the new cabinet. Nasser turned down their demands and instead hoped to co-opt the Brotherhood by giving two of its members, who were willing to serve officially as independents, minor ministerial posts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group rioted at the textile factories?
A: communist', '
Q: How many people died in the textile factory riots?
A: nine', '
Q: What group supported the RCC?
A: Muslim Brotherhood', "
Q: How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet?
A: two", "
Q: What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?
A: opposed"]
In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the only RCC member who still favored holding parliamentary elections, according to his fellow officer Abdel Latif Boghdadi. Although outvoted, he still advocated holding elections by 1956. In March 1953, Nasser led the Egyptian delegation negotiating a British withdrawal from the Suez Canal.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally?
A: secretary-general", '
Q: What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953?
A: all political parties', '
Q: What was Nasser alone in supporting?
A: parliamentary elections', '
Q: What was Nasser negotiating in 1953?
A: British withdrawal from the Suez Canal']
On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior. On 26 February, Nasser accepted the resignation, put Naguib under house arrest, and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister. As Naguib intended, a mutiny immediately followed, demanding Naguib's reinstatement and the RCC's dissolution. While visiting the striking officers at Military Headquarters (GHQ) to call for the mutiny's end, Nasser was initially intimidated into accepting their demands. However, on 27 February, Nasser's supporters in the army launched a raid on the GHQ, ending the mutiny. Later that day, hundreds of thousands of protesters, mainly belonging to the Brotherhood, called for Naguib's return and Nasser's imprisonment. In response, a sizable group within the RCC, led by Khaled Mohieddin, demanded Naguib's release and return to the presidency. Nasser was forced to acquiesce, but delayed Naguib's reinstatement until 4 March, allowing him to promote Amer to Commander of the Armed Forces—a position formerly occupied by Naguib.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who resigned in 1954?
A: Naguib', '
Q: What two positions did Nasser assume?
A: RCC chairman and prime minister', "
Q: What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement?
A: Brotherhood", '
Q: What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser?
A: imprisonment', '
Q: Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander?
A: Amer']
On 5 March, Nasser's security coterie arrested thousands of participants in the uprising. As a ruse to rally opposition against a return to the pre-1952 order, the RCC decreed an end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers' withdrawal from politics. The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries of the revolution, namely the workers, peasants, and petty bourgeois, to oppose the decrees, with one million transport workers launching a strike and thousands of peasants entering Cairo in protest in late March. Naguib sought to crackdown on the protesters, but his requests were rebuffed by the heads of the security forces. On 29 March, Nasser announced the decrees' revocation in response to the "impulse of the street." Between April and June, hundreds of Naguib's supporters in the military were either arrested or dismissed, and Mohieddin was informally exiled to Switzerland to represent the RCC abroad. King Saud of Saudi Arabia attempted to mend relations between Nasser and Naguib, but to no avail.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil?
A: transport workers', '
Q: What group claimed to be leaving the political scene?
A: Free Officers', '
Q: Who was sent to Switzerland?
A: Mohieddin', '
Q: What nation tried to mediate between Nasser and Naguib?
A: Saudi Arabia']
The crowd roared in approval and Arab audiences were electrified. The assassination attempt backfired, quickly playing into Nasser's hands. Upon returning to Cairo, he ordered one of the largest political crackdowns in the modern history of Egypt, with the arrests of thousands of dissenters, mostly members of the Brotherhood, but also communists, and the dismissal of 140 officers loyal to Naguib. Eight Brotherhood leaders were sentenced to death, although the sentence of its chief ideologue, Sayyid Qutb, was commuted to a 15-year imprisonment. Naguib was removed from the presidency and put under house arrest, but was never tried or sentenced, and no one in the army rose to defend him. With his rivals neutralized, Nasser became the undisputed leader of Egypt.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage?
A: assassination attempt', '
Q: To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong?
A: Brotherhood', '
Q: Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail?
A: Sayyid Qutb', '
Q: Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil?
A: house arrest', '
Q: Who assumed total control of Egypt?
A: Nasser']
Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent "sedition". Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez, the leading Arab singers of the era, performed songs praising Nasser's nationalism. Others produced plays denigrating his political opponents. According to his associates, Nasser orchestrated the campaign himself. Arab nationalist terms such "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation" frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954–55, whereas prior he would refer to the Arab "peoples" or the "Arab region". In January 1955, the RCC appointed him as their president, pending national elections.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was too small to keep Nasser in power?
A: street following', '
Q: What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition?
A: press', '
Q: What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches?
A: "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation"', '
Q: Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez?
A: singers', '
Q: In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president?
A: 1955']
Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954–55, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an "expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?
A: Israel', '
Q: What territory did Israel attack in 1955?
A: Gaza Strip', "
Q: What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?
A: did not retaliate militarily", "
Q: How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?
A: a blow to his growing popularity", '
Q: What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?
A: blockade on Israeli shipping']