romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues—the Feast of the Assumption is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, Dormition or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others.  While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15, some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos, and may do so on August 28, if they follow the Julian calendar. The Eastern Orthodox also celebrate it as the Dormition of the Theotokos, one of their 12 Great Feasts. Protestants do not celebrate this, or any other Marian feasts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date does the Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Assumption?
A: August 15', '
Q: What do Eastern Catholics call the Feast of the Assumption?
A: Dormition of the Theotokos', '
Q: On what date of the Julian calendar do Eastern Catholics celebrate the Domition of the Theotokos?
A: August 28', '
Q: How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate?
A: 12', '
Q: Do Protestants celebrate Marian feasts or not?
A: do not']
In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c.500 AD, where blue was "the colour of an empress". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?
A: blue', '
Q: What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?
A: lapis lazuli', '
Q: From which country was lapis lazuli imported?
A: Afghanistan', '
Q: Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?
A: gold', '
Q: Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue?
A: Byzantine Empire']
Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but do not recognise Marian titles such as "Mother of God" as these groups generally reject Christ's divinity. Since Nontrinitarian churches are typically also mortalist, the issue of praying to Mary, whom they would consider "asleep", awaiting resurrection, does not arise. Emanuel Swedenborg says God as he is in himself could not directly approach evil spirits to redeem those spirits without destroying them (Exodus 33:20, John 1:18), so God impregnated Mary, who gave Jesus Christ access to the evil heredity of the human race, which he could approach, redeem and save.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?
A: biological mother", '
Q: Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?
A: Emanuel Swedenborg', "
Q: Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church?
A: Nontrinitarians", '
Q: "Mother of God" is an example of what kind of title?
A: Marian']
The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, Qur'an 3:35–47 and 19:16–34. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and Good News of the birth of Yahya (John), followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an?
A: Maryam", "
Q: Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya?
A: 19", "
Q: In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed accounts of Mary?
A: two", "
Q: Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an? 
A: Luke", "
Q: Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur'an?
A: Zakariya"]
The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek ἀειπάρθενος) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous. While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed, step-siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed, Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus' cousins.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term is used to describe the belief that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life?
A: Ever-Virgin', "
Q: Which Latin father described the belief that Jesus' siblings were his cousins?
A: Jerome", "
Q: Which churches teach that Jesus' brothers and sister were step-siblings from a previous marriage of Joseph the Betrothed?
A: Orthodox Churches", "
Q: What document teaches that Jesus' brothers and sisters were older children of Joseph from a previous marriage?
A: Protoevangelium of James", '
Q: Which doctrine describes the belief that Mary remained a virgin, even though she gave birth to Jesus?
A: The Perpetual Virginity of Mary']
Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the "Lady of the Angels".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In Orthodox tradition, what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints?
A: Angels', '
Q: What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition?
A: The Theotokia', '
Q: In the liturgical sequences of the Eastern Church, who is placed next in prominence after Christ?
A: the Theotokos', '
Q: What is Mary proclaimed to be in the Orthodox tradition?
A: "Lady of the Angels"', '
Q: What do the Orthodox believe Mary remained to be before and after she gave birth to Christ?
A: a virgin']
The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the Church of England) understands itself to be both "catholic" and "Reformed". Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large, the Anglican Communion (which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States) includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the mother church of the Angican Communion?
A: the Church of England', '
Q: Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion?
A: the Episcopal Church', '
Q: What practice differentiates the Angican Communon from Protestant churches at large?
A: veneration of Mary', '
Q: What branch of Christianity does the Angican Communion fall under?
A: Protestant']
Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For what practice did the first Protestants criticize the Roman Catholics?
A: venerating Mary', '
Q: In which century did the Council of Trent occur?
A: 16th', '
Q: Which Protestant churches still honor Mary?
A: Anglicans and Lutherans', '
Q: During which historical era did Protestant interest in Mary almost disappear?
A: Age of the Enlightenment', '
Q: Marian veneration became associated with which Christians after the Council of Trent?
A: Catholics']
In Methodism, Mary is honored as the Mother of God. Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth, although they, along with Orthodox Christians and other Protestant Christians, reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary "continued a pure and unspotted virgin", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary. Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ. In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?
A: the Immaculate Conception', '
Q: Who was the founder of the Methodist movement?
A: John Wesley', '
Q: What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists?
A: Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds', '
Q: The Methodist movement began in which church?
A: the Church of England', '
Q: Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism?
A: the perpetual virginity of Mary']
She is the only woman directly named in the Qur'an; declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a Sign of God to humanity; as one who "guarded her chastity"; an obedient one; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb; uniquely (amongst women) Accepted into service by God; cared for by (one of the prophets as per Islam) Zakariya (Zacharias); that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab (understood to be the Holy of Holies), and was provided with heavenly "provisions" by God.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To whom was Mary dedicated while still in the womb?
A: Allah', '
Q: Which prophet cared for Mary?
A: Zakariya', '
Q: What is understood to be the Holy of Holies in Islam?
A: Al-Mihrab', '
Q: Where did Mary reside in her chilhood?
A: the Temple', '
Q: What did God provide for Mary?
A: heavenly "provisions"']
From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike. In the 2nd century, as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics, Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The views of Celsus drew responses from Origen, the Church Father in Alexandria, Egypt, who considered it a fabricated story. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier?
A: Celsus', '
Q: What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus?
A: Panthera', '
Q: Origen was a Church Father in which Egyptian city?
A: Alexandria', "
Q: In which century did Celsus suggest that Jesus' father was a Roman soldier?
A: 2nd", "
Q: For what purpose did detractors use the idea of Mary's virginity and the virgin conception of Jesus?
A: to challenge the divinity of Jesus"]
Mary had been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary, as Mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God and the Theotokos, literally "Giver of birth to God". There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas; namely her status as the mother of God; her Immaculate Conception; her perpetual virginity; and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary (Maryam) also has a revered position in Islam, where a whole chapter of the Qur'an is devoted to her, also describing the birth of Jesus.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the literal meaning of Theotokos?
A: Giver of birth to God', '
Q: Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?
A: Protestants', '
Q: What is Mary called in Islam?
A: Maryam', "
Q: What is the basis for Mary's diminished role in Protestantism?
A: brevity of biblical references", '
Q: Which two Protestant churches, along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, believe that Mary is the Mother of God?
A: Anglican, and Lutheran']
Mary resided in "her own house"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal — the first stage of a Jewish marriage — the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, "I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word." After a number of months, when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by "an angel of the Lord", he planned to divorce her; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.[Mt 1:18-25]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the first stage of Jewish marriage?
A: betrothal', '
Q: Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?
A: Gabriel', "
Q: What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?
A: divorce her", '
Q: Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel?
A: in Nazareth in Galilee', "
Q: In his dream, who told Joseph about Mary's conception?
A: an angel of the Lord"]
The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary" (the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form) and the Apostles' Creed. The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14, mistranslating the Hebrew word alma ("young woman") in Isaiah 7:14 as "virgin", though.[citation needed] The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth.[Mt 1:18] [Mt 1:25] [Lk 1:34] This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah?
A: Matthew', '
Q: What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14?
A: alma', '
Q: Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held almost universally among Christians?
A: 19th', '
Q: Which verse in Luke states that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus\' birth?
A: 1:34', "
Q: Along with the Nicene Creed, which other Christian creed asserts the Virgin birth of Jesus?
A: the Apostles' Creed"]
In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title "Blessed", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek μακάριος, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: Mother of God, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Immaculate Conception (of Mary) and Assumption of Mary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church?
A: Blessed', "
Q: What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived?
A: beatus", '
Q: How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary?
A: four', '
Q: Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?
A: Perpetual virginity of Mary']
The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e. standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration. A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are Akathists?
A: standing hymns', '
Q: How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?
A: Five', '
Q: What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary?
A: the Akathist Hymn', '
Q: Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration?
A: Sunday of Orthodoxy']
Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple. This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2. The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the "Annunciation of our Lady" in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, August 15. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on September 8.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer?
A: Annunciation of our Lady', '
Q: On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?
A: 31 May', '
Q: What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion?
A: the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary', '
Q: On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans?
A: February 2', "
Q: On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century?
A: New Year's Day"]
Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality in today's Protestant communities. Within these views, Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected, e.g., theologian Karl Barth wrote that "the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which theologian described Mariology as "the heresy of the Catholic Church?"
A: Karl Barth', '
Q: Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus?
A: mother', '
Q: Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints?
A: veneration and invocation', '
Q: Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom?
A: God']
The statement that Joseph "knew her not till she brought forth her first born son" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?
A: Virgin Mary', "
Q: Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?
A: 1:23", "
Q: Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?
A: Luke", '
Q: What is the English tranlation of the Greek word "parthenos?"
A: virgin', '
Q: What is the meaning of the Greek word "heos?"
A: until']
The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: "And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him ... And looking at those who sat in a circle around him, Jesus said, 'These are my mother and my brothers. Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother'."[3:31-35] Other verses suggest a conflict between Jesus and his family, including an attempt to have Jesus restrained because "he is out of his mind", and the famous quote: "A prophet is not without honor except in his own town, among his relatives and in his own home." A leading Biblical scholar commented: "there are clear signs not only that Jesus's family rejected his message during his public ministry but that he in turn spurned them publicly".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Jesus say were his "brother, and sister, and mother?"
A: Whoever does the will of God', '
Q: According to Jesus, who is "without honor except in his own town?"
A: A prophet', "
Q: What do some Biblical scholars claim that Jesus' family did with his message during his ministry?
A: rejected"]