romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
To distinguish official campaigning from independent campaigning, political advertisements on television were required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement. Advertisements produced by political campaigns usually included the statement, "I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message." Advertisements produced by independent organizations usually included the statement, "[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement", and from September 3 (60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name. Previously, television advertisements only required a written "paid for by" disclaimer on the screen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How were viewers able to determine who endorsed political campaign ads, they saw in advertisements??
A: required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement', "
Q: What was disallowed in advertising during the two months prior to the general election?
A: 60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name", '
Q: Official advertisements generally contained what phrase?
A: "I\'m [candidate\'s name], and I approve this message."', '
Q: Independent advertisements generally contained what phrase?
A: "[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement"', '
Q: What was the tag line requirement before?
A: Previously, television advertisements only required a written "paid for by" disclaimer on the screen.']
A ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36, would have changed the way in which the state apportions its electoral votes. Rather than assigning all 9 of the state's electors to the candidate with a plurality of popular votes, under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system (Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district). Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College, and the amendment ultimately failed, receiving only 34% of the vote.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What action suggested by a state, would have affecting the outcome of the electoral votes?
A: ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36', '
Q: What unique change to the electoral voting process did Colorado suggest should happen?
A: under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system', '
Q: Which two states designated their assigned votes based on their districts?
A: Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district)', "
Q: Did everyone agree that Amendment 36 was a good idea?
A: Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College", '
Q: Did Amendment 36 get passed?
A: the amendment ultimately failed']
The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the original name of IBM?
A: Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company', '
Q: What does IBM stand for?
A: International Business Machines', '
Q: In what year was CTR created?
A: 1911', '
Q: What was the unofficial name given to IBM by analysts?
A: Big Blue', '
Q: Who created the IBM name?
A: Thomas J. Watson', '
Q: In what year did the company that was to become IBM form?
A: 1911', '
Q: What was the name of the company that eventually became IBM?
A: Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR)', '
Q: In what year did IBM get its name?
A: 1924', '
Q: What nickname was given to IBM?
A: Big Blue', '
Q: What is one parent company of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company?
A: Computing Scale Company']
In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include №1 company for leaders (Fortune), №1 green company in the United States (Newsweek), №2 best global brand (Interbrand), №2 most respected company (Barron's), №5 most admired company (Fortune), and №18 most innovative company (Fast Company).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many employees did IBM have in 2012?
A: 435,000 worldwide', '
Q: What was the ranking in terms of market cap for IBM in 2012?
A: fourth largest', '
Q: In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked IBM at what rank globally?
A: 31st largest', '
Q: At what rank was IBM rated as a global brand by Interbrand?
A: №2', '
Q: In 2012 Fortune ranked the largest US firms by number employees, what was IBMs rank?
A: second largest']
IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into IBM Research. As of 2013[update] the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science. Notable company inventions or developments include the automated teller machine (ATM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, the Fortran programming language, SABRE airline reservation system, dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), copper wiring in semiconductors, the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process, and Watson artificial intelligence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Under what name do research laboratories operated by IBM work under?
A: IBM Research', '
Q: How many research labs does IBM have world wide?
A: 12 research laboratories worldwide', '
Q: In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business?
A: 22 consecutive years', '
Q: How many Nobel Prizes have been won by IBM employees?
A: five Nobel Prizes', '
Q: This IBM invention is known by the acronym UPC, what is the full name?
A: Universal Product Code']
IBM has constantly evolved since its inception. Over the past decade, it has steadily shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets such as PCs, hard disk drives and DRAMs and focusing on higher-value, more profitable markets such as business intelligence, data analytics, business continuity, security, cloud computing, virtualization and green solutions, resulting in a higher quality revenue stream and higher profit margins. IBM's operating margin expanded from 16.8% in 2004 to 24.3% in 2013, and net profit margins expanded from 9.0% in 2004 to 16.5% in 2013.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was IBM's operating margin in 2004?
A: 16.8%", '
Q: What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004?
A: 9.0%', "
Q: IBM's net profit margins were 16.5% in what year?
A: 2013", "
Q: IBM's operating margin in 2013 was what?
A: 24.3%", '
Q: IBM focusing on markets like business continuity, business intelligence, security, and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what?
A: exiting commoditizing markets']
IBM acquired Kenexa (2012) and SPSS (2009) and PwC's consulting business (2002), spinning off companies like printer manufacturer Lexmark (1991), and selling off product lines like its personal computer and x86 server businesses to Lenovo (2005, 2014). In 2014, IBM announced that it would go "fabless" by offloading IBM Micro Electronics semiconductor manufacturing to GlobalFoundries, a leader in advanced technology manufacturing, citing that semiconductor manufacturing is a capital-intensive business which is challenging to operate without scale. This transition had progressed as of early 2015[update].

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did IBM acquire Kenexa?
A: 2012', '
Q: IBM made an acquisition in 2009, name it.
A: SPSS', '
Q: IBM span off its printer manufacturer in 1991, what was its name?
A: Lexmark', '
Q: IBM sold two product lines to Lenovo, name them.
A: personal computer and x86 server', '
Q: What was the name of the company that IBM Micro Electronics was offloaded to?
A: GlobalFoundries']
On June 16, 1911, their four companies were consolidated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR). CTR's business office was in Endicott. The individual companies owned by CTR continued to operate using their established names until the businesses were integrated in 1933 and the holding company eliminated. The four companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Washington, D.C.; and Toronto. They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did the companies that became the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company get consolidated?
A: June 16, 1911', '
Q: Name the individual that consolidated the companies that were to become the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company.
A: Charles Ranlett Flint', '
Q: In what year did the companies owned by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company finally integrate?
A: 1933', '
Q: Where was the CTR Business office?
A: Endicott', '
Q: In 1933 the four companies owned by CTR had how many employees?
A: 1,300 employees']
Thomas J. Watson, Sr., fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered CTR. Watson joined CTR as General Manager then, 11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved. Having learned Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies. He implemented sales conventions, "generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker". His favorite slogan, "THINK", became a mantra for each company's employees. During Watson's first four years, revenues more than doubled to $9 million and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia. "Watson had never liked the clumsy hyphenated title of the CTR" and chose to replace it with the more expansive title "International Business Machines". First as a name for a 1917 Canadian subsidiary, then as a line in advertisements. For example, the McClures magazine, v53, May 1921, has a full page ad with, at the bottom:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Thomas J. Watson, Sr. join CTR?
A: 1914', '
Q: Thomas J. Watson Sr. was fired from what company?
A: National Cash Register Company', '
Q: What was the favorite slogan of Thomas J. Watson Sr.?
A: THINK', '
Q: The revenues did what under the first 4 years of Watson being president?
A: more than doubled to $9 million', '
Q: The name International Business Machines was first used in what year?
A: 1917']
In 1937, IBM's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U.S. Government, during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the Social Security Act, and the Third Reich, largely through the German subsidiary Dehomag. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort (M1 Carbine, and Browning Automatic Rifle). IBM provided translation services for the Nuremberg Trials. In 1947, IBM opened its first office in Bahrain, as well as an office in Saudi Arabia to service the needs of the Arabian-American Oil Company that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines (SBM).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?
A: Dehomag', '
Q: Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937?
A: 26 million', '
Q: What service did IBM provide for the Nuremberg Trials?
A: translation services', '
Q: What year did IBM open its first office in Bahrain?
A: 1947', '
Q: What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia?
A: Saudi Business Machines']
In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., was elected chairman of the board and Albert L. Williams became company president. The same year IBM developed the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment) reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?
A: 1952', '
Q: In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?
A: artificial intelligence', '
Q: What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?
A: an IBM 704', '
Q: In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?
A: FORmula TRANslation', '
Q: In 1961 who became the president of IBM?
A: Albert L. Williams']
In 2002, IBM acquired PwC consulting. In 2003 it initiated a project to redefine company values. Using its Jam technology, it hosted a three-day Internet-based online discussion of key business issues with 50,000 employees. Results were data mined with sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) for common themes. Three emerged, expressed as: "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters—for our company and for the world", and "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships". Another three-day Jam took place in 2004, with 52,000 employees discussing ways to implement company values in practice.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: One company that IBM acquired in 2002 is?
A: PwC consulting', '
Q: In 2003 IBM hosted an online discussion with how many employees?
A: 50,000 employees', '
Q: What technology did IBM use for its 2003 internet-based discussion?
A: Jam technology', '
Q: What did IBM use to analyze the results from the online discussion?
A: eClassifier', '
Q: How many employees took part in the subsequent online discussion in 2004?
A: 52,000 employees']
In 2005, the company sold its personal computer business to Chinese technology company Lenovo, and in the same year it agreed to acquire Micromuse. A year later IBM launched Secure Blue, a low-cost hardware design for data encryption that can be built into a microprocessor. In 2009 it acquired software company SPSS Inc. Later in 2009, IBM's Blue Gene supercomputing program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by U.S. President Barack Obama. In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its artificial intelligence program Watson, which was exhibited on Jeopardy! where it won against game-show champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. As of 2012[update], IBM had been the top annual recipient of U.S. patents for 20 consecutive years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: IBM sold its personal computer business to what company?
A: Lenovo', '
Q: In what year did IBM sell its personal computer business?
A: 2005', '
Q: What was the design for low cost data encryption named?
A: Secure Blue', '
Q: SPSS Inc. was acquired in what year?
A: 2009', '
Q: This program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.
A: Blue Gene']
On October 28, 2015, IBM announced its acquisition of digital assets from The Weather Company—a holding company of Bain Capital, The Blackstone Group and NBCUniversal which owns The Weather Channel, including its weather data platforms (such as Weather Services International), websites (Weather.com and Weather Underground) and mobile apps. The acquisition seeks to use Watson for weather analytics and predictions. The acquisition does not include The Weather Channel itself, which will enter into a long-term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its data. The sale closed on January 29, 2016

Questions and answers:
['
Q: IBM acquired digital assets of this company on October 28, 2015.
A: The Weather Company', '
Q: What will IBM use to analyze weather and make predictions?
A: Watson', '
Q: When did the sale of Weather Company assets close?
A: January 29, 2016', '
Q: The Weather Channel entered into what with IBM?
A: long-term licensing agreement', '
Q: Bain Capital is a holding company of which company?
A: The Weather Company']
The company's 14 member Board of Directors is responsible for overall corporate management. As of Cathie Black's resignation in November 2010 its membership (by affiliation and year of joining) included: Alain J. P. Belda '08 (Alcoa), William R. Brody '07 (Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University), Kenneth Chenault '98 (American Express), Michael L. Eskew '05 (UPS), Shirley Ann Jackson '05 (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Andrew N. Liveris '10 (Dow Chemical), W. James McNerney, Jr. '09 (Boeing), James W. Owens '06 (Caterpillar), Samuel J. Palmisano '00 (IBM), Joan Spero '04 (Doris Duke Charitable Foundation), Sidney Taurel '01 (Eli Lilly), and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 (Cemex).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: IBM has how many members on its Board of Directors?
A: 14', "
Q: What board member resigned in November 2010?
A: Cathie Black's", "
Q: What year did William R. Brody join the IBM Board of Directors?
A: '07", '
Q: Kenneth Chenault is affiliated with what company?
A: American Express', '
Q: Who is the most recent member to join the IBM Board of Directors?
A: Andrew N. Liveris']
On January 21, 2014 IBM announced that company executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013. The move came as the firm reported a 5% drop in sales and 1% decline in net profit over 2012. It also committed to a $1.2bn plus expansion of its data center and cloud-storage business, including the development of 15 new data centers. After ten successive quarters of flat or sliding sales under Chief Executive Virginia Rometty IBM is being forced to look at new approaches. Said Rometty, “We’ve got to reinvent ourselves like we’ve done in prior generations.”

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How large of a drop in sales did IBM report for fiscal year 2013?
A: 5% drop', '
Q: What date did IBM announce that its executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013?
A: January 21, 2014', '
Q: IBM committed to an expansion totaling this dollar amount in 2014?
A: $1.2bn', '
Q: How many new data centers did IBM commit to building?
A: 15', '
Q: Who is the chief executive of IBM?
A: Virginia Rometty']
Other major campus installations include towers in Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta; software labs in Raleigh-Durham, Rome, Cracow and Toronto; Johannesburg, Seattle; and facilities in Hakozaki and Yamato. The company also operates the IBM Scientific Center, Hursley House, the Canada Head Office Building, IBM Rochester, and the Somers Office Complex. The company's contributions to architecture and design, which include works by Eero Saarinen, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and I.M. Pei, have been recognized. Van der Rohe's 330 North Wabash building in Chicago, the original center of the company's research division post-World War II, was recognized with the 1990 Honor Award from the National Building Museum.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What building did Van der Rohe create for IBM?
A: 330 North Wabash building in Chicago', "
Q: The 330 North Wabash building served as what post World War 2?
A: center of the company's research division", '
Q: The 330 North Wabash Building was recognized with what award?
A: 1990 Honor Award', '
Q: IBM has towers in which cities?
A: Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta', '
Q: IBM has worked with architects and designers such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, I.M. Pei, and Van der Rohe, name one  more.
A: Eero Saarinen']
IBM's employee management practices can be traced back to its roots. In 1914, CEO Thomas J. Watson boosted company spirit by creating employee sports teams, hosting family outings, and furnishing a company band. IBM sports teams still continue in the present day; the IBM Big Blue continue to exist as semi-professional company rugby and American football teams. In 1924 the Quarter Century Club, which recognizes employees with 25 years of service, was organized and the first issue of Business Machines, IBM's internal publication, was published. In 1925, the first meeting of the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the CEO in 1914?
A: Thomas J. Watson', '
Q: The Quarter Century Club began in this year.
A: 1924', "
Q: What is the name of IBM's internal magazine?
A: Business Machines", '
Q: In 1925 the first meeting of this group occurred.
A: Hundred Percent Club', '
Q: What is the Hundred Percent Club composed of?
A: IBM salesmen who meet their quotas']
IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees, which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933. In 1935, the employee magazine Think was created. Also that year, IBM held its first training class for female systems service professionals. In 1942, IBM launched a program to train and employ disabled people in Topeka, Kansas. The next year classes began in New York City, and soon the company was asked to join the President's Committee for Employment of the Handicapped. In 1946, the company hired its first black salesman, 18 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1947, IBM announced a Total and Permanent Disability Income Plan for employees. A vested rights pension was added to the IBM retirement plan. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s revisions were made to these pension plans to reduce IBM's pension liabilities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did IBM begin to provide group life insurance?
A: 1934', '
Q: IBM created a school house in 1933, what was its name?
A: IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott', '
Q: IBM employees created a magazine in 1935, what was its name?
A: Think', '
Q: What program did IBM launch in 1942?
A: program to train and employ disabled people', '
Q: What year did IBM hire its first black salesman?
A: 1946']
In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, and age. The following year, IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors; and in 1963, the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists, engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?
A: Thomas J. Watson, Jr", "
Q: In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?
A: 1952", "
Q: In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?
A: sex, national origin, and age", '
Q: Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.
A: IBM Fellows', "
Q: How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?
A: 34"]