romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics. Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) says, "We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons." The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed (canon xv): "We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics." The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly: "Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful, but not quiet (quieta) hunting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times?
A: Roman Catholic Church clerics', '
Q: Who forbid to all servants of God hunting?
A: Corpus Juris Canonici', '
Q: What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under?
A: Pope Innocent III', '
Q: What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply?
A: not all hunting is illicit', '
Q: What type of hunting is unlawful?
A: clamorosa', '
Q: Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time?
A: Roman Catholic Church clerics', '
Q: What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons?
A: Corpus Juris Canonici', '
Q: Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran?
A: Pope Innocent III', '
Q: How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded?
A: mildly', '
Q: Who stated quiet hunting is allowed?
A: Council of Trent']
Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diœces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What distinction is undoubtedly permissible?
A: between lawful and unlawful hunting', '
Q: What can a bishop absolutely prohibit?
A: all hunting', '
Q: Where did synods prohibit all hunting at?
A: Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere', '
Q: What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting?
A: not too severe', '
Q: Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics?
A: bishop', '
Q: Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who?
A: Benedict XIV', '
Q: What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do?
A: prohibit all hunting to the clerics']
New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the natural environment and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does New Zealand have?
A: strong hunting culture', '
Q: What was the only land mammal native to New Zealand?
A: bats', '
Q: Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies?
A: to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource', '
Q: Why did the population of pigs and rabbits explode in New Zealand?
A: no natural predators', '
Q: What do government agencies view the animals as?
A: pests', '
Q: What country has a strong hunting culture?
A: New Zealand', '
Q: What were the the only land mammal in New Zealand?
A: bats', '
Q: What is New Zealand made up of?
A: islands', '
Q: Game animals were introduced here by whom?
A: acclimatisation societies', '
Q: What resulted having no natural predators for the animals introduced?
A: their population exploded']
During the feudal and colonial times in British India, hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states, as many maharajas and nawabs, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of shikaris (big-game hunters), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the hunt, who might be styled mir-shikar. Often, they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques. Big game, such as Bengal tigers, might be hunted from the back of an elephant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was hunting regarded as in British India?
A: regal sport', '
Q: What does the Indian word "shikaris" mean in English?
A: big-game hunters', '
Q: What did British officers maintain whole corps of?
A: shikaris', '
Q: Why did the regals recruit low-ranking local tribes when hunting?
A: because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques', '
Q: What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of?
A: an elephant', '
Q: Where was hunting reguarded as a regal sport?
A: British India', '
Q: What is hunted from the back of an elephant?
A: Bengal tigers', '
Q: Who did British officers maintain?
A: shikaris', '
Q: Who were the shikaris headed by?
A: master of the hunt', '
Q: Why were low-ranking local tribes recruited?
A: because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques']
Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few sects, such as the Bishnoi, lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the antelope. India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the Chief Wildlife Warden may, if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life, or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, permit any person to hunt such an animal. In this case, the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What norms are generally antagonistic to hunting?
A: Regional social', '
Q: What sect lays special emphasis on conservation of particular species?
A: Bishnoi', '
Q: What bans the killing of all wild animals in India?
A: Wildlife Protection Act of 1972', '
Q: Who may permit a person to hunt animals in India despite it being banned?
A: the Chief Wildlife Warden', '
Q: Whose property does the body of any wild animal killed or wounded become?
A: government', '
Q: Who lay special emphasis on conservation of particular species?
A: Bishnoi', "
Q: What bans the killing of all wild animals?
A: India's Wildlife Protection Act", '
Q: What year was this protection act put into place?
A: 1972', '
Q: Who can permit a person to hunt wild animals?
A: Chief Wildlife Warden', '
Q: What happens to the body of the wild animal killed?
A: becomes government property']
Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, "hunting" without qualification implies fox hunting. What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds) or "stalking" (deer) in Britain. Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock, fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with hounds. Pairs of Sight hounds (or long-dogs), such as greyhounds, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with scent hounds such as beagles or harriers. Other sorts of foxhounds may also be used for hunting stags (deer) or mink. Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK?
A: fox hunting', '
Q: How do the English hunt foxes?
A: on horseback with hounds', '
Q: In England, what is hunted when "shooting" is called for?
A: birds', '
Q: Why were foxes originally hunted?
A: form of vermin control to protect livestock', '
Q: How is deer stalking with rifles carried out?
A: on foot without hounds, using stealth', '
Q: What hunting is done on horseback with hounds?
A: fox', '
Q: Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom?
A: United Kingdom', '
Q: In Victorian times a popular social activity was?
A: fox hunting', '
Q: What is carried out on foot without hounds?
A: Deer stalking', '
Q: Hounds were used for what purpose?
A: to pursue']
Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, "beaters" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called "drives". The open season for grouse in the UK begins on 12 August, the so-called Glorious Twelfth. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the Game Act 1831.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does shooting in Britain require little questing for?
A: game', '
Q: About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK?
A: thirty-five million', '
Q: What kind of affairs can shoots be?
A: elaborate', '
Q: Who uses swinging sticks or flags to drive game out?
A: "beaters"', '
Q: What is the Glorious Twelfth in the UK?
A: open season for grouse', '
Q: About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year?
A: thirty-five million', '
Q: Who swings sticks or flags to drive game out?
A: beaters', '
Q: When does open season for grouse begin in the UK?
A: 12 August', '
Q: What is the UK definition of game is governed by?
A: Game Act 1831', '
Q: Why are assistants used?
A: help load shotguns']
Hunting is primarily regulated by state law; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. Regulations vary widely from state to state and govern the areas, time periods, techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunted. Some states make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species (often vermin or varmints for which there are no hunting regulations). Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states, for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What law primarily regulates hunting?
A: state', '
Q: What additional type of law applies in the case of migratory birds and endangered species?
A: environmental', '
Q: What varies widely from state to state?
A: Regulations', '
Q: What do some states make a distinction between?
A: protected species and unprotected species', '
Q: What do hunters of protected species require in all states?
A: a hunting license', '
Q: How is hunting regulated?
A: by state law', '
Q: Migratory birds and endangered species are protected by what law?
A: United States environmental law', '
Q: What hunters require a hunting license in all states?
A: Hunters of protected species', '
Q: What is sometimes a prerequisite of obtaining a hunting license?
A: hunting safety course']
Hunting big game typically requires a "tag" for each animal harvested. Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery. Tags may be further restricted to a specific area, or wildlife management unit. Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a duck stamp from the Fish and Wildlife Service in addition to the appropriate state hunting license.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is required when hunting big game?
A: a "tag" for each animal harvested', '
Q: Tags are purchased in addition to what?
A: the hunting license', '
Q: What is typically limited to an individual?
A: number of tags issued', '
Q: A wildlife management unit is a place where what may be restricted to?
A: Tags', '
Q: What kind of stamp is required to hunt migratory waterfowl?
A: duck', '
Q: When hunting big game what is typically required?
A: tag', '
Q: What must be purchased with hunting license is comes in a limited number?
A: Tags', '
Q: How are tags assigned if there are more hunters than game?
A: by lottery', '
Q: What is required of hunting migratory waterfowl?
A: duck stamp', '
Q: Who issues requirement for hunting migratory waterfowl?
A: Fish and Wildlife Service']
Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms. The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief. Regulations may also limit or ban the use of lead in ammunition because of environmental concerns. Specific seasons for bow hunting or muzzle-loading black-powder guns are often established to limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is gun usage typically regulated?
A: game category, area within the state, and time period', '
Q: What often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms?
A: Regulations for big-game hunting', '
Q: Why is the use of rifles often banned?
A: safety reasons', '
Q: Why may regulations ban the use of lead in ammunition?
A: environmental concerns', '
Q: Why are specific seasons for bow hunting established?
A: limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons', '
Q: Why are the use of rifles banned?
A: safety reasons', '
Q: How is gun useage regulated?
A: by game category', '
Q: What is specified in big-game hunting?
A: minimum caliber']
Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight percent of Americans supported legal hunting, although relatively few Americans actually hunt. At the beginning of the 21st century, just six percent of Americans hunted. Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five percent, slightly below the national average, and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine percent, these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states, where twelve percent of Midwesterners hunted. Hunting in other areas of the country fell below the national average. Overall, in the 1996–2006 period, the number of hunters over the age of sixteen declined by ten percent, a drop attributable to a number of factors including habitat loss and changes in recreation habits.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is hunting in the U.S. not associated with?
A: any particular class or culture', '
Q: What percentage of Americans supported legal hunting in 2006?
A: seventy-eight percent', '
Q: What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?
A: just six percent', '
Q: What percentage of Midwesterners hunted?
A: twelve percent', '
Q: How much did the number of hunters over the age of sixteen decline in the period between 1996-2006?
A: ten percent', '
Q: What percentage of Americans support legal hunting?
A: seventy-eight percent', '
Q: What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?
A: six percent', '
Q: South Easterners hunted at what rate?
A: five percent', '
Q: Midwesterners hunted at what rate?
A: twelve percent', '
Q: What years did hunting decline?
A: 1996–2006']
Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When do hunting regulations date from in the US?
A: 19th century', '
Q: What do some modern hunters see themselves as?
A: conservationists and sportsmen', '
Q: What organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport?
A: Local hunting clubs and national organizations', '
Q: Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what?
A: a specific hunting interest', '
Q: What do many hunting groups participate in doing at the federal and state level?
A: lobbying', '
Q: What do modern hunters see themselves as?
A: conservationists and sportsmen', '
Q: Who provides hunter education?
A: Local hunting clubs', '
Q: What do hunting groups also participate in?
A: lobbying the federal government and state government', '
Q: What century is U.S. regulations dates from?
A: 19th']
Each year, nearly $200 million in hunters' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open to hunters, and hunter education and safety classes. Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps, a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old, has raised over $700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting. States also collect money from hunting licenses to assist with management of game animals, as designated by law. A key task of federal and state park rangers and game wardens is to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting, including species protection, hunting seasons, and hunting bans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much money is distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs each year?
A: $200 million', '
Q: How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps raised since 1934?
A: over $700 million', '
Q: How many acres can the money raised from the sale of federal duck stamps help purchase?
A: 5,200,000 acres', '
Q: What do states use some of the money from hunting licenses to assist with?
A: management of game animals', '
Q: What is a key task of state park rangers and game wardens?
A: to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting', '
Q: Who are federal excise taxes are distributed to?
A: state agencies', '
Q: What do the taxes support?
A: wildlife management programs', '
Q: How much has Federal Duck Stamps raised?
A: $700 million', '
Q: What does land has Federal Duck Stamp money helped purchase?
A: 5,200,000 acres', '
Q: Park rangers and game wardens enforce laws and regulations related to what?
A: hunting']
Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is varmint hunting an American phrase for?
A: selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests', '
Q: What does varmint hunting achieve? 
A: selective control of pests', '
Q: What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on?
A: crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets.', '
Q: Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive?
A: Louisiana', '
Q: What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria?
A: initiated a bounty program', '
Q: What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals.
A: Varmint hunting', '
Q: What was once considered a varmint but is now protected?
A: wolves', '
Q: What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana?
A: nutria', '
Q: What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population?
A: bounty program']
When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explained, "The NRA has always maintained that fair chase, being in the field with your firearm or bow, is an important element of hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was internet hunting introduced?
A: 2005', '
Q: How did Internet hunting allow people to hunt?
A: using remotely controlled guns', '
Q: Who criticized the practice of Internet hunting?
A: hunters', '
Q: What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated?
A: principles of fair chase', '
Q: What has the NRA always maintained that being in the field with your firearm is?
A: an important element of hunting tradition', '
Q: What allows people to hunt over the internet?
A: Internet hunting', '
Q: When was this type of hunting introduced?
A: 2005', '
Q: How is this type of hunting done?
A: hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns', '
Q: What was the principle was this type of hunting said to violate?
A: fair chase', '
Q: Who spoke on this violation?
A: National Rifle Association (NRA)']