romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In November 2013, Somalia received its first fiber optic connection. The country previously had to rely on expensive satellite links due to the civil conflict, which limited internet usage. However, residents now have access to broadband internet cable for the first time after an agreement reached between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom. The deal will see Liquid Telecom link Hormuud to its 17,000 km (10,500 mile) network of terrestrial cables, which will deliver faster internet capacity. The fiber optic connection will also make online access more affordable to the average user. This in turn is expected to further increase the number of internet users. Dalkom Somalia reached a similar agreement with the West Indian Ocean Cable Company (WIOCC) Ltd, which it holds shares in. Effective the first quarter of 2014, the deal will establish fiber optic connectivity to and from Somalia via the EASSy cable. The new services are expected to reduce the cost of international bandwidth and to better optimize performance, thereby further broadening internet access. Dalkom Somalia is concurrently constructing a 1,000 square mile state-of-the-art data center in Mogadishu. The site will facilitate direct connection into the international fiber optic network by hosting equipment for all of the capital's ISPs and telecommunication companies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did Somalia receive its first fiber optic connection?
A: 2013', '
Q: in 2013, an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider?
A: broadband', '
Q: How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network?
A: 10,500 mile', '
Q: How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user?
A: more affordable', '
Q: Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center?
A: Mogadishu']
Catalan (/ˈkætəlæn/; autonym: català [kətəˈla] or [kataˈla]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What place is Catalan named for?
A: Catalonia', '
Q: What type of language is Catalan?
A: Romance language', '
Q: What is Catalan called in Valencia?
A: Valencian', '
Q: Where is Catalan the only official language?
A: Andorra']
According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language. The Generalitat of Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?
A: Catalan', '
Q: What is the most used language in Catalonia?
A: Spanish', '
Q: What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?
A: native', '
Q: What group spends money to promote the language?
A: The Generalitat of Catalunya', '
Q: What language is promoted in Catalonia?
A: Catalan']
Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939–75) banned the language again.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From what language did Catalan come?
A: Vulgar Latin', '
Q: In what area did Catalan develop?
A: eastern Pyrenees', '
Q: When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?
A: 9th century', "
Q: When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?
A: Low Middle Ages", '
Q: What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?
A: 1479']
Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happened in 1975-1982?
A: Spanish transition to democracy', '
Q: What has this official language state done for Catalan?
A: increased prestige', '
Q: Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?
A: Europe', '
Q: Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?
A: mass media']
Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the division of Catalan dialects?
A: Eastern and Western', '
Q: What is the basic difference between the dialects?
A: pronunciation', '
Q: What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?
A: different varieties', '
Q: What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?
A: the same language', '
Q: What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?
A: two standard varieties']
Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languages, etc.). These similarities are most notable with Occitan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?
A: many traits', '
Q: Where is Catalonia located?
A: Iberian Peninsula', '
Q: What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?
A: Spanish and Portuguese', '
Q: Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?
A: pronunciation', '
Q: What are these similar Latin derived languages called?
A: Gallo-Romance']
Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many genders does Catalan have?
A: two', '
Q: What numbers does Catalan have?
A: singular, plural', '
Q: What style of grammar does Catalan have?
A: inflectional', '
Q: What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages? 
A: consonants']
The word Catalan derives from the territory of Catalonia, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that Catalunya (Latin Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia ("Land of the Goths"), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia, whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Catalan the derivitive of?
A: Catalonia', '
Q: What is the Latin for Calalunya?
A: Gathia Launia', '
Q: Where did the Catalan  people originate?
A: March of Gothia', '
Q: What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?
A: Gothia']
In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /ˈkætəlæn/, /kætəˈlæn/ or /ˈkætələn/.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the reference Catelaner first appear?
A: mid 14th century', '
Q: What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?
A: Catellain', '
Q: What language is the source of the term Catellain?
A: French', '
Q: What is the language source of the term Catelaner?
A: English', '
Q: Since what year has this term been used?
A: 1652']
The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?
A: Valencian Community', '
Q: What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?
A: the same language', '
Q: What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?
A: dialects']
By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language did Catalan descend from?
A: Vulgar Latin', '
Q: When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?
A: 9th century', '
Q: Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?
A: Hispania Tarraconensis', '
Q: Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?
A: Catalan counts', '
Q: When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?
A: 988']
In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?
A: 11th century', '
Q: When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?
A: by 1080', '
Q: To what language did Catalan display similarities?
A: Gallo-Romance', '
Q: What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from?
A: Old Occitan']
During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?
A: 11th and 12th centuries', '
Q: When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?
A: 13th century', '
Q: When Catalan reach Sardinia?
A: 14th century', '
Q: Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?
A: Murcia', '
Q: When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?
A: 15th century']
In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the golden age of Catalan?
A: Low Middle Ages', '
Q: Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?
A: city of Valencia', '
Q: What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?
A: Catalan', '
Q: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?
A: 17th', '
Q: Who called Catalan one of the great languages?
A: Costa Carreras']
Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?
A: Martorell', '
Q: What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?
A: chivalry', "
Q: To what does Matorell's work show a transition?
A: Renaissance values", '
Q: What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance? 
A: Metge', '
Q: In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?
A: movable type']
With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were Castille and Aragon united?
A: 1479', '
Q: After 1479, what language became more valued?
A: Spanish', '
Q: When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?
A: 16th century', '
Q: What language began to supersede Catalan?
A: Spanish', '
Q: At this time what classes became bilingual?
A: urban and literary']
With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?
A: 1659', '
Q: What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?
A: northern part', '
Q: Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?
A: Treaty of the Pyrenees', '
Q: What language began to influence Catalan?
A: French', '
Q: When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?
A: 1700']
Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did France outlaw Catalan?
A: 1789', '
Q: What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?
A: French Revolution', '
Q: Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?
A: Occitan, Flemish, and Basque', '
Q: What are French non standard languages called?
A: patois']
Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the French obtain Algeria?
A: 1833', '
Q: Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?
A: Northern Catalonia and Minorca', "
Q: What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?
A: patuet", '
Q: How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?
A: around 100,000', '
Q: When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?
A: 1962']
Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the official language of France?
A: French', '
Q: Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?
A: in public life and education', '
Q: Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?
A: General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales', '
Q: What language does the General Council want to promote?
A: Catalan']
The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?
A: Catalan', '
Q: Where did Catalan experience defeat?
A: War of Spanish Succession', '
Q: When was the war of Spanish Succession?
A: 1714', '
Q: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?
A: Spanish', '
Q: Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?
A: Catalan']
In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?
A: revival', '
Q: What is Renaixenca?
A: Catalan literary revival', '
Q: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?
A: 1833', '
Q: When did this revival period begin?
A: 1833', '
Q: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
A: early 20th']
Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?
A: Catalan', '
Q: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?
A: in all schools', '
Q: Since the transition, what is the official language?
A: Catalan', '
Q: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?
A: mass media']
In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where has Catalan always been the only language?
A: Andorra', '
Q: When was the Andorran constitution produced?
A: 1993', '
Q: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?
A: Andorranization policies', '
Q: What is an Andorran school policy?
A: Catalan medium education', '
Q: What is the only language of Andorra?
A: Catalan']
On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?
A: language shift processes', '
Q: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?
A: 60 or older', '
Q: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?
A: 2004', '
Q: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?
A: 30%', '
Q: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?
A: Catalan']
In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?
A: Spanish', '
Q: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?
A: Italian', '
Q: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?
A: ingrained diglossic attitudes', '
Q: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?
A: diglossic attitudes', '
Q: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?
A: Catalan']
The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?
A: Occitano-Romance', '
Q: Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?
A: linguists', '
Q: What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?
A: Spanish ones']
Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Catalan a variety of?
A: Occitan language', '
Q: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
A: varying degrees', '
Q: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?
A: differences', '
Q: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?
A: many traits', '
Q: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?
A: closely related']
Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?
A: many traits', '
Q: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?
A: Iberian Peninsula', '
Q: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
A: Ibero-Romance group', '
Q: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?
A: Spanish and Portuguese', '
Q: To what group is Catalan most closely related?
A: Occitan']