romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?
A: 45%", '
Q: What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?
A: Native Peruvian traditions', '
Q: What is not very well developed in Peru?
A: Cultural citizenship', '
Q: What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?
A: Amazonian']
Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"?
A: the contiguous United States', '
Q: Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?
A: Alaska Natives', '
Q: How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?
A: 11', '
Q: Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?
A: Polynesian', '
Q: How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A: geographically and culturally']
Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US–Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Iñupiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?
A: 0.97% to 2%', '
Q: How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?
A: 5.2 million', '
Q: How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?
A: 1.8 million', '
Q: Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?
A: Indian reservations', '
Q: What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?
A: Haudenosaunee', '
Q: What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?
A: 0.97% to 2%', '
Q: How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?
A: 1.8 million', '
Q: How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?
A: 5.2 million', '
Q: What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?
A: Haudenosaunee', '
Q: Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?
A: Indian reservations']
Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important indigenous groups are the Ye'kuana, the Wayuu, the Pemon and the Warao. The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas, who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes. In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants, the most densely populated area being the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do most Venezuelans have?
A: some indigenous heritage', '
Q: How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak?
A: around 29', '
Q: Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct?
A: groups are very small', '
Q: Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela?
A: Timoto-cuicas', '
Q: What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced?
A: agricultural techniques used']
The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A: The Native American name', '
Q: How may subsets of peoples be named?
A: shared language, region, or historical relationship', '
Q: Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A: English exonyms', '
Q: Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples?
A: earlier explorers and colonists', '
Q: Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations?
A: out of prejudice and fear']
However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?
A: the ways they wish to be referred to', '
Q: What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?
A: obsolete, inaccurate, or racist.', '
Q: Who initially proposed using the term "Native American" to recognize the primacy of the native population?
A: United States government', '
Q: What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups?
A: none']
In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?
A: the Americas (mainly South America)', '
Q: What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?
A: preservation of their culture', '
Q: What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?
A: Indian Council of South America', '
Q: Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?
A: Canada and the United States,']
Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?
A: Representatives", '
Q: What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?
A: destabilize the country', '
Q: What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?
A: solidarity', '
Q: What did the forum question about US interference?
A: diplomats and NGOs', '
Q: What was the forum suspicious of?
A: plots against Bolivia and other countries']
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?
A: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups', '
Q: How is Y-DNA passed along?
A: patrilineal line', '
Q: What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?
A: chance mutation', '
Q: Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?
A: mtDNA', '
Q: What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?
A: average continent-of-ancestry']
Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?
A: Amerindians", '
Q: What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?
A: Asian population', '
Q: When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?
A: Middle Paleolithic', '
Q: When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?
A: 2012', '
Q: What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?
A: mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome']
Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did human settlement of the New World occur in?
A: stages', '
Q: How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?
A: 15,000 to 20,000-year', '
Q: What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?
A: isolated since the initial colonization of the region', '
Q: What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A: Alaskan', '
Q: What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?
A: later migrant populations']
A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said,

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?
A: 2013', "
Q: How old was the young boy's remains?
A: 24,000-year-old", "
Q: What culture was the boy from?
A: Mal'ta-Buret'", '
Q: What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?
A: western Eurasians', "
Q: What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?
A: 14 to 38 percent"]
A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?
A: route through Beringia', '
Q: What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?
A: similarities in ages and geographical distributions', '
Q: What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?
A: the mtDNA phylogeny', '
Q: When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?
A: 2012', '
Q: Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?
A: an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America']
Egypt (i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر‎ Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr, Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation. Most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley. Egypt is a Mediterranean country. It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What 2 continents meet at Egypt?
A: Africa and southwest corner of Asia', '
Q: What land bridge between Asian and Africa?
A: Sinai Peninsula', '
Q: How larger is Egypt?
A: 1,010,408 square kilometres', '
Q: What Sea borders Egypt to the east?
A: Red Sea', '
Q: What country borders Egypt to the south?
A: Sudan']
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How far back does Egypt's history date back?
A: tenth millennium BC", '
Q: Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?
A: earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government', "
Q: What were some of Egypt's foreign influences?
A: Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European", '
Q: What are iconic monumuents of Egypt?
A: Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx', '
Q: In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt?
A: seventh century']
With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many inhabitants does Egypt have?
A: over 90 million', '
Q: What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?
A: third-most populous in Africa', '
Q: Majority of Egypt people live near what river?
A: Nile River', '
Q: What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?
A: Sahara desert']
Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. In 2011, longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests. Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What leader stepped down in 2011?
A: President Hosni Mubarak', '
Q: What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?
A: Muslim Brotherhood', '
Q: What economic sectors does Egypt have?
A: tourism, agriculture, industry and services', '
Q: What influence does Egypt have?
A: cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world']
Miṣr (IPA: [mi̠sˤr] or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mesˤɾ]; Arabic: مِصر‎) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصر) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim). The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian 𒆳 𒈪 𒄑 𒊒 KURmi-iṣ-ru miṣru, related to miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru, meaning "border" or "frontier".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?
A: Miṣr', '
Q: What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?
A: מִצְרַיִם', '
Q: What is the oldest term for Egypt?
A: Akkadian', '
Q: What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?
A: "border" or "frontier".']
By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?
A: Nile Valley', '
Q: What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?
A: Badarian culture', '
Q: When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?
A: 3200 BC', '
Q: How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?
A: more than two thousand years']
The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?
A: 150 years', '
Q: In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?
A: Hyksos', '
Q: What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?
A: Avaris', '
Q: What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?
A: Semitic Hyksos']