romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned the term and the subdivision in favor of Middle East, North Africa and various forms of Asia. In many cases, such as France, no distinct regional substructures have been employed. Each country has its own French diplomatic apparatus, although regional terms, including Proche-Orient and Moyen-Orient, may be used in a descriptive sense. The most influential agencies in the United States still using Near East as a working concept are as follows.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East?
A: The United States', '
Q: What has the state department been most influential in promulgating?
A: the Near Eastern regional system', '
Q: Who has abandoned the term Near East?
A: The countries of the former empires of the 19th century']
The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is traditional and historic. There is, however, no distinct Middle East. All official Middle Eastern affairs are referred to this bureau.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what?
A: the United States Department of State', '
Q: What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East?
A: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs', '
Q: Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what?
A: statecraft']
Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA), an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and military officers who will work or are working within its region. As the name indicates, that region is a combination of State Department regions; however, NESA is careful to identify the State Department region. As its Near East is not different from the State Department's it does not appear in the table. Its name, however, is not entirely accurate. For example, its region includes Mauritania, a member of the State Department's Africa (Sub-Sahara).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who works closely with the definition of the Near East?
A: the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA)', '
Q: What is NESA?
A: an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense', '
Q: What does NESA Teach?
A: It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops']
The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the Near East to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are independent. The WINEP bundles the countries of Northwest Africa together under "North Africa." Details can be found in Policy Focus #65.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is WINEP?
A: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy', '
Q: What is WINEPS target countries as?
A: the Middle East', '
Q: How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa?
A: under "North Africa."']
The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separate topic and subdivision of the African and Middle Eastern division. The Middle East contains a Hebraic section consisting of only Israel for a country, but including eleven modern and ancient languages relating to Judaism, such as Yiddish, a European pidgin language. The Near East is otherwise nearly identical to the Middle East, except that it extends partly into Central Asia and the Caucasus, regions that the State Department considers to be in Asia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does LoC stand for?
A: The Library of Congress', '
Q: What is the Library of Congress?
A: an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government', '
Q: The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?
A: the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library']
The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNESCO recognizes neither a Near East nor a Middle East, dividing the countries instead among three regions: Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, and Africa. Its division "does not forcibly reflect geography" but "refers to the execution of regional activities." The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) describes its entire theatre of operations as the Near East, but then assigns many of its members to other regions as well; for example, Cyprus, Malta and Turkey are in both the European and the Near Eastern regions. Its total area extends further into Central Asia than that of most agencies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations?
A: The United Nations', '
Q: Who recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region?
A: UNICEF', '
Q: The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what?
A: the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East', '
Q: The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what?
A: the Near East']
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government. It appears to have multiple leadership. On the one hand its director is appointed by the president. It plays a significant role in providing the president with intelligence. On the other hand, Congress oversees its operations through a committee. The CIA was first formed under the National Security Act of 1947 from the army's Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which furnished both military intelligence and clandestine military operations to the army during the crisis of World War II. Many revisions and redefinitions have taken place since then. Although the name of the CIA reflects the original advised intent of Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, the government's needs for strategic services have frustrated that intent from the beginning. The press received by the agency in countless articles, novels and other media have tended to create various popular myths; for example, that this agency replaced any intelligence effort other than that of the OSS, or that it contains the central intelligence capability of the United States. Strategic services are officially provided by some 17 agencies called the Intelligence Community. Army intelligence did not come to an end; in fact, all the branches of the Armed Forces retained their intelligence services. This community is currently under the leadership (in addition to all its other leadership) of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government?
A: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)', '
Q: The CIA appears to have what?
A: multiple leadership', '
Q: Who appoints the director of the CIA?
A: the president', '
Q: Who oversees the operations of the CIA?
A: Congress']
Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries, as well as on the South Asian nations of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan." The total range of countries is in fact the same as the State Department's Near East, but the names do not correspond. The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource, The World Factbook. Its list of countries is limited by the Red Sea, comprises the entire eastern coast of the Mediterranean, including Israel, Turkey, the small nations of the Caucasus, Iran and the states of the Arabian Peninsula.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?
A: The World Factbook', '
Q: What does NESA stand for?
A: Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis', '
Q: Whose duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?"
A: (NESA)']
The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid, does not use the term Near East. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, which officially prefers the term Near East.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does USAID stand for?
A: U.S. Agency for International Development', '
Q: What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called?
A: USAID', '
Q: What term does USAID not use?
A: the term Near East']
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?
A: a Middle East and North Africa region', '
Q: What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?
A: Near East', '
Q: What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?
A: Their original Middle East']
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Middle East, the Balkans and others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?
A: "bilateral relationships"', '
Q: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?
A: Near East', '
Q: The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?
A: Republic of Turkey']
The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent, a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of Mesopotamia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?
A: The Ancient Near East', '
Q: The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what?
A: the Ancient Near East', '
Q: What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?
A: Fertile Crescent']
Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edition dated 1950. The last great book written by Leonard Woolley, British archaeologist, excavator of ancient Ur and associate of T.E. Lawrence and Arthur Evans, was The Art of the Middle East, Including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine, published in 1961. Woolley had completed it in 1960 two weeks before his death. The geographical ranges in each case are identical.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?
A: Texts relating to the Old Testament', '
Q: When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?
A: 1950', '
Q: Who was a British archaeologist?
A: Leonard Woolley', '
Q: Who excavated ancient Ur?
A: Leonard Woolley']
Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into "centres" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the Ancient Near East or Near East in the sense of Ancient Near East.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do most universities teaching liberal arts have? 
A: library and museum collections', '
Q: What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?
A: the collection of resources', '
Q: What are these resources collected for?
A: for scholarship and research']
One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers "a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions." These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does CSAD stand for?
A: Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents', '
Q: Who founded the CSAD?
A: Oxford University', '
Q: Where is Oxford University?
A: Great Britain']
A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often "Ancient Near East" is abbreviated to "Near East" without any implication of modern times. For example, "Near Eastern Languages" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?
A: university departments named for the Near East', '
Q: What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?
A: Middle East', '
Q: What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?
A: Expertise on the modern Middle East', '
Q: What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?
A: Near Eastern Languages']
Zhejiang (help·info), formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?
A: Chekiang', '
Q: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?
A: Anhui', '
Q: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?
A: Jiangxi', '
Q: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?
A: Fujian', '
Q: Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?
A: East China Sea']
The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?
A: Zhe River', '
Q: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?
A: Hangzhou Bay', '
Q: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?
A: Crooked', '
Q: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?
A: Zhe River', '
Q: What does the Qiantang River flow past?
A: Hangzhou']
Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?
A: Neolithic', '
Q: Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?
A: Zhejiang', '
Q: What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture?
A: 2007', '
Q: Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis?
A: Liangzhu', '
Q: What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?
A: O1']
The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Hundred Yue, including the Dongyue and the Ouyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was located in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great. Evidence suggests that Baiyue and the kingdom of Yue possessed their own culture and history that are different from those kingdoms in north and central China, whose cultures and histories were carefully recorded in chronicles and histories during the Spring and Autumn Period and into the Qin dynasty. The Song of the Yue Boatman (Chinese: 越人歌, p Yuèrén Gē, lit. "Song of the man of Yue") was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north and inland China. The Yue peoples seem to have had their own written script. The Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü (Chinese: 越女; pinyin: Yuènǚ; Wade–Giles: Yüeh-nü; literally: "the Lady of Yue") was a swordswoman from the state of Yue. In order to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC. The Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, succeeded in destroying it. Yue's former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?
A: Hundred Yue', '
Q: When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?
A: Spring and Autumn Period', '
Q: Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?
A: northern Zhejiang', '
Q: Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?
A: Yu the Great', '
Q: What does the Sword of Goujian bear?
A: bird-worm seal script']
Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?
A: Kuaiji Commandery", '
Q: Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?
A: the Han', '
Q: In Later Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?
A: Kuaiji', '
Q: Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire?
A: Xiang Yu', '
Q: Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against?
A: the Qin Empire']
At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (south Vietnam).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?
A: 220–280 CE', '
Q: What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?
A: Zhejiang', '
Q: What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?
A: the Kingdom of Wu', '
Q: Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?
A: Jianye', '
Q: Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?
A: Funan']
Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Wu (229–280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force. The story depicts how the states of Wei (魏) and Shu (蜀), lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wu's military resources including arrows and bows.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?
A: during the Three Kingdoms', '
Q: What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?
A: Sun Wu', '
Q: What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?
A: Wu', '
Q: Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force?
A: Romance of the Three Kingdoms', '
Q: Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu?
A: Shu']