romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?
A: Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children', '
Q: Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?
A: girls', '
Q: For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?
A: learn and practice that trade from a very early age', '
Q: Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?
A: education of girls is less valued']
Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, sise of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines and what other country?
A: Thailand', '
Q: Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries?
A: not a new problem', '
Q: Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today?
A: demand', '
Q: What encourages child labour across the globe?
A: Macroeconomic']
Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5–14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Were young apprentices hired for pay?
A: without pay', '
Q: Was child labour common in European colonies?
A: child labour was common place in the colonies of European', '
Q: What was the age range of colonial child workers?
A: 5–14', '
Q: What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?
A: 19th', '
Q: How many children were employed on colonial plantations?
A: Millions']
In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate." Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?
A: Hong Kong', '
Q: What schools required child labour?
A: Christian mission schools', '
Q: Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?
A: provided religious education', '
Q: What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?
A: stipulated jail terms']
Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do African children find their first jobs?
A: home', '
Q: What do African children do primarily while working at home?
A: help their parents run the family farm', '
Q: How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector?
A: estimated five million', '
Q: How many children in Africa pick coffee?
A: 30 percent', '
Q: How many children work year round in Africa?
A: estimated 25,000']
What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area. Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops. Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers. To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959. Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did children from urban areas primarily work?
A: street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers', '
Q: Where did children from rural areas work?
A: farms', '
Q: When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?
A: 1959', '
Q: What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour?
A: physical and emotional abuse']
Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child. Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour. Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development. Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business. In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit. With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country is still an issue today with regards to child labour?
A: Africa', '
Q: What is an issue in Africa with child labour definitions?
A: unclear definition of adolescence', '
Q: In Africa what is a cultural acceptance with regards to child labour?
A: children helping run the family business.']
From European settlement in 1888, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most?
A: Australia', '
Q: What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia?
A: compulsorry schooling', '
Q: Was child labour rampagnt in Australia?
A: Child labour was not as excessive in Australia', '
Q: When did industrailization take off in Australia?
A: 20th century']
Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonized on April 22, 1550 by Pedro Álvares Cabral. Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid. Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood. Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period. Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century. The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits. Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked. Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Brazil colonized?
A: April 22, 1550', '
Q: Who colonized Brazil?
A: Pedro Álvares Cabral', '
Q: Who were the victims of industrial accidents?
A: Boys and girls', '
Q: When was child labour first documented in Brazil?
A: during the time of indigenous societies', '
Q: How did Armando Dias die?
A: electric shock']
In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934, 1937, and 1946. Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 80’s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to the age of twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in the 80’s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the min working age in Brazil?
A: fourteen', '
Q: What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?
A: 1998', '
Q: Is there underage children working in Brazil?
A: there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil', "
Q: In the 80's how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
A: almost nine million"]
Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10-14 year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15-17 year-olds and about 375,000 5-9 year-olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
A: 2.55 million', '
Q: What do drug cartels do with child workers?
A: sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances', '
Q: What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?
A: physical and psychological implications', '
Q: Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?
A: an increase']
Many factors played a role in Britain’s long-term economic growth, such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age. Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially. Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family. Child Labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced the once homemade goods. Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths. Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen. This age range was an important time for many youths as they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: If not forced why did children work?
A: to help feed and support the family', '
Q: What was the age of the majority of child workers in Britain?
A: between the ages of ten and fourteen', '
Q: Why was this age range important?
A: they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families', '
Q: How were the work oppurtunies for parents during this time period?
A: poor']
Besides the obligation, many children had to help support their families financially; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14. Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home. Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of support did child give to their families by working?
A: financially', '
Q: What type of factories saw an increased need for child labour?
A: cotton textiles', '
Q: Was there an increase or decrease in the field of agriculture?
A: large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture']
With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families. Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work. Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What became an issue for the working child?
A: illiteracy', '
Q: Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers?
A: many parents developed a change of opinion', '
Q: What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour?
A: financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation']
The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago. In 1966, the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14. But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments. They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enacted?
A: 1966', '
Q: What did this act due?
A: legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14', '
Q: When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers?
A: 1989', '
Q: What did it help do to?
A: helped to reduce the exploitation of children']
On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, in the Battle of Plassey. The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) – a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade. This led to a large amount of children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods. Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay, and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments. Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights, they did not cause trouble or complain, and they were often more trustworthy. The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the English East India Company defeat Siraj-ud-Daula?
A: 23 June 1757', '
Q: Who was the master of the east of India?
A: British', '
Q: Why were many children employed?
A: increasing need of cheap labour', '
Q: What was the primary reason for India children being employed?
A: lack knowledge of their basic rights', '
Q: How did India child workers act?
A: they did not cause trouble or complain']
A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia’s child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour. Due to a large number of children being illegally employed, the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How much of the world's child labour does India's workers contribute to?
A: one-fourth", '
Q: How many Asian child workers are from India?
A: one-third', '
Q: Did the India goverment take any actions against child labour?
A: extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.']
International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act pass?
A: 1924', '
Q: What did the international acts do?
A: encouraged major changes to the workforce', '
Q: What is the age limit now in India for child workers?
A: 14', '
Q: What child working conditions are they protected from?
A: hazardous conditions']
From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work" as well as their teacher who was supervising them.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were students used as workers?
A: 1950s', '
Q: For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work?
A: 21 days', "
Q: Did they need parental consent?
A: this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission", '
Q: What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project?
A: 2012']
Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov's income, cotton harvesting. In September, when school normally starts, the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work, where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect. This process is repeated in spring, when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded. In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What former Soviet Union continued child labour programs?
A: Uzbekistan', '
Q: What was the main source of income for Islam Karimov?
A: cotton harvesting', '
Q: Did they have daily quotas for cotton?
A: daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton', '
Q: What are the 2016 estimates for child labour in regards to cotton picking?
A: 2.7 million']