romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?
A: Charles Léon', '
Q: Who was the mother of Charles Léon?
A: Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne', "
Q: Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?
A: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski", "
Q:  DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?
A: Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype", "
Q: Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?
A: Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld"]
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the largest private foundation in the world?
A: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world', '
Q: Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based? 
A: The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington']
On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008) pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$1.5 billion. Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the Foundation's annual giving: "Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Gates foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement." The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008). In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion, is going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008 
A: Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)", '
Q: How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation 
A: pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares', "
Q: In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much 
A: In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion"]
In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely applauded by those who are working in the area of capacity building and knowledge sharing.[citation needed] Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies. As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the foundation announce in November 2014
A: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data', '
Q: What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?
A: open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation', '
Q: What does the OA policy cover ?
A: As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.']
The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two entities was the foundation divided into 
A: trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust', '
Q: What does the foundation entity focus on
A: The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty', '
Q: What does the Trust entity focus on 
A: The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation\'s charitable goals', '
Q: What is held in the trust entity 
A: it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett']
The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world. In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the Trust invest
A: The foundation trust invests undistributed assets', '
Q: What is the goal of the Trust investments 
A: exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment', '
Q: What are some of the negatives of the investments 
A: its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries', "
Q: What type of company's are  critiscized
A: These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world", '
Q: As a result of the critics what did the company announce 
A: the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review']
In March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking. The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the following purposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the foundation announce in March 2006 
A: n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)', '
Q: What is the International Justice Mission
A: a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.', '
Q: What would the grant allow the IJM to do 
A: the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery', '
Q: What did the office that ijm opened do specifically 
A: conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".']
The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu. In 2010 the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the project founded by the IJM 
A: The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern', '
Q: Where did project lantern open an office 
A: "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.', '
Q: What did project lantern announce in 2010
A: IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases', '
Q: What services were also increased by project lantern
A: increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors"', '
Q: What was project Lantern exploring 
A: the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.']
The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "Learning Initiative," and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010. The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers), and less on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the WSH program launched in 2005
A: The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005', '
Q: When did the WSH become a full fledeged program
A: and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010', '
Q: What efforts have the WSH taken 
A: since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation', '
Q: What did the foundation decide in 2009 
A: In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services', '
Q: WHy did the foundation make the switch 
A: This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments']
In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has been the focus since 2011
A: Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies")', '
Q: What models have been delivered
A: delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications', '
Q: What is the purpose of the new overview
A: funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions', '
Q: What did the foundation announce in 2011
A: In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview"']
Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is need in the developing world 
A: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need', '
Q: What does data collected by unicef and Who show
A: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected', '
Q: How many people have no sanatation facilities
A: About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies', '
Q: What country is the worst violator
A: India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people', '
Q: India is host to what activity
A: "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.']
In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of US$100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was reinvent the toilet launched 
A: In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge', '
Q: What is the aim of reinvent the toilet 
A: to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation', '
Q: WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet 
A: It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)', '
Q: What was excluded by the funding schemes 
A: Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts']
Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What countries have received grants 
A: universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions', '
Q: How much were the grants for 
A: The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase', '
Q: What did many investigate 
A: many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.']
The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor") and fecal sludge processing (called "Omni-Processor"). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop
A: The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet', '
Q: What compliments the challenge 
A: This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying', '
Q: What does the Omni processor do
A: The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients']
The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation". Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of 
A: The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria', '
Q: How many children were protected from death 
A: protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases', '
Q: What are some consequences of the investments 
A: Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa', '
Q: What has the focus on a few diseases caused 
A: "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation', '
Q: Vaccinations programs encouraged what 
A: discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".']
Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation "has decided not to fund abortion". In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she "struggle[s] with the issue" and that "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning". Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood, the primary U.S. abortion provider, and affiliated organizations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the foundation decide not to fund
A: has decided not to fund abortion"', '
Q: WHy did they decide not to fund abortion
A: the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning', '
Q: Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood
A: Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood']
In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge. Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what is the US libraries initiative 
A: U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet', "
Q: How much of the worlds population can reach the internet
A: Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet", '
Q: what have the grants provided public libraries
A: The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide', '
Q: What has the grant enabled 
A: this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.']
A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US
A: A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels", '
Q: What do these efforts include
A: including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs', '
Q: how much did it spend in 2009
A: It spent $373 million on education in 2009.', '
Q: It was an early backer of what 
A: The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.']