romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and also 49% by 234U (since the latter is formed from the former) and about 2.0% of them by the 235U. When the Earth was young, probably about one-fifth of its uranium was uranium-235, but the percentage of 234U was probably much lower than this.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What isotope of uranium has the most stability?
A: Uranium-238', '
Q: About how old is the Earth?
A: 4.468×109 years', '
Q: What is the half-life of uranium-234?
A: 2.48×105 years', "
Q: What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth?
A: one-fifth", '
Q: What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?
A: 49%']
Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the lungs, pose a more serious exposure hazard. After entering the bloodstream, the absorbed uranium tends to bioaccumulate and stay for many years in bone tissue because of uranium's affinity for phosphates. Uranium is not absorbed through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happens to a majority of ingested uranium?
A: excreted', '
Q: Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested?
A: 5%', '
Q: About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested?
A: 0.5%', '
Q: What does uranium have an affinity for?
A: phosphates', '
Q: Where does uranium accumulate in the body?
A: bone tissue']
Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from the Commonwealth realms, in which the monarch remained head of state. These overseas nominations have been discontinued in realms that have established their own Orders—such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit—but members of the Order are still appointed in the British Overseas Territories.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made?
A: nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors', '
Q: What remained the head of state of the British Empire?
A: the monarch', '
Q: What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued?
A: Empire', '
Q: Why did the oversea nominations discontinue?
A: established their own Orders', '
Q: What countries established new orders?
A: Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit']
Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the Order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves. However, they only used the post-nominal letters of the higher grade.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves?
A: Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry', '
Q: What year was it replaced?
A: 1974', '
Q: What was the emblem?
A: two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge', "
Q: What kind of medal was replaced in 1974?
A: Queen's Gallantry Medal", '
Q: They continued to wear what the insignia of what?
A: lower grade with the oak leaves']
Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees who later become a citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. An example is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan, who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005 and on successful application for dual British and Irish citizenship was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as "Sir Terry Wogan KBE".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who are appointed to citizens of nations?
A: Honorary knighthoods', '
Q: Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State?
A: citizens of nations', '
Q: What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to?
A: Sir or Dame', '
Q: Who are examples of Sir of Dame?
A: Bill Gates or Bob Geldof', '
Q: What is an example of irish broadcaster?
A: Terry Wogan']
The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod; he does not – unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod – perform any duties related to the House of Lords.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who are the six officials of The Order?
A: Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher', '
Q: Who was The Dean of St. Paul?
A: ex officio the Dean of the Order', "
Q: Who serves as the Order's Prelate?
A: The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England", "
Q: Who is not a member of the College of Arms?
A: The Order's King of Arms", '
Q: What is the Usher of the Order?
A: Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod']
Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit. In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the Imperial system they replaced. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all have (in increasing level of precedence) Members of, Officers of, and Companions to (rather than Commanders of) their respective orders, with both Australia and New Zealand having Knights and Dames as their highest classes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms?
A: Appointments to the Order of the British Empire', '
Q: Who established a national system of honours and awards?
A: Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit', '
Q: How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system?
A: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand', '
Q: What were the highest class?
A: Knights and Dames']
The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more." Lennon later returned his MBE insignia on 25 November 1969 as part of his ongoing peace protests. Other criticism centres on the claim that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs; critics claim that the civil service and judiciary receive far more orders and honours than leaders of other professions.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who were MBE'S?
A: The members of The Beatles", "
Q: In what year was the Beatles made MBE's?
A: 1965", '
Q: Who compared military membership in the Order?
A: John Lennon', '
Q: Who said "lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war.
A: John Lennon', '
Q: When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?
A: 25 November 1969']
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises five classes, in civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male, or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire?
A: order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy', '
Q: When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established?
A: 4 June 1917', '
Q: Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences?
A: "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy', '
Q: Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?
A: King George V', '
Q: Who is the recipient?
A: knight if male, or dame if female']
At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled "A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was "now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country’s population".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation?
A: Medal of the Order of the British Empire', '
Q: What was the medal renamed as?
A: British Empire Medal', '
Q: In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?
A: 1922', '
Q: When was it stopped being rewarded?
A: 1993', "
Q: How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?
A: 293"]
From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (and with more junior people instead receiving the British Empire Medal). Oddly, this meant that it was awarded for lesser acts of gallantry than the George Medal, but, as an Order, was worn before it and listed before it in post-nominal initials. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?
A: 1940', '
Q: Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?
A: below the level required for the George Medal', '
Q: When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?
A: 14 January 1958', '
Q: What grade was determined?
A: same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry']
Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir or Dame as they do not receive the accolade (i.e., they are not dubbed "knight" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who would prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross?
A: Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander', '
Q: Who would prefix Dame, to their forenames?
A: Dames Grand Cross', '
Q: Who would prefix Lady to their surnames?
A: Wives of Knights', '
Q: Such forms are not used by whom?
A: peers and princes', "
Q: Who wouldn't use the title Sir of Dame?
A: Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland"]
India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in descending order. These do not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person and may not be used as titles along with individuals' names.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who has set honours awarded by the President of India?
A: India', '
Q: What is referred to as the Padma Awards?
A: President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain', '
Q: Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?
A: President of India', '
Q: What does the Padma Awards consist of?
A: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri', '
Q: What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?
A: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri']
The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry, with over 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Knights are in The Order?
A: 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross', '
Q: How many commanders are in The Order?
A: 8,960', '
Q: How many Knights and Dames Commander?
A: 845', '
Q: How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?
A: 858 Officers and 1,464 Members', '
Q: Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?
A: Order of the British Empire']
Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives (see order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to?
A: positions in the order of precedence', '
Q: Who of the male members feature on the order?
A: Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law', '
Q: Who are not assigned any special precedence?
A: relatives of Ladies of the Order', '
Q: Who can individuals derive precedence from?
A: fathers or husbands', '
Q: Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?
A: mothers or wives']
French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians?
A: 1715', "
Q: Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620's which was also the start of what revolution?
A: scientific revolution", "
Q: A variety of movements such as liberalism and neoclassicism's intellectual heritage can be traced back to what period of time?
A: the Enlightenment.", '
Q: What was the French term for philosophers in the period of Enlightenment?
A: The Philosophes', '
Q: In what year did Louis XIV die?
A: 1715', '
Q: In what year did the French Revolution begin?
A: 1789', '
Q: In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?
A: 1620s']
Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who said that virtue provides "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"? 
A: Francis Hutcheson', '
Q: Who was a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy?
A: David Hume', '
Q: Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by David Hume and what other philosopher?
A: Adam Smith', '
Q: Which moral philosopher said "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"?
A: Francis Hutcheson', "
Q: Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?
A: David Hume and Adam Smith", '
Q: The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?
A: the scientific method', '
Q: What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?
A: moral', '
Q: In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?
A: skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions']
The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books (1712). After Newton's death in 1727, poems were composed in his honour for decades. James Thomson (1700–1748) penned his "Poem to the Memory of Newton," which mourned the loss of Newton, but also praised his science and legacy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of topics began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment?
A: scientific topics', '
Q: Who penned a poem called "Poem to the Memory of Newton" to mourn the loss and praise the legacy of Newton? 
A: James Thomson', '
Q: Sir Richard Blackmore committed what system to verse in Creation?
A: Newtonian system', "
Q: What year was Newton's death?
A: 1727", '
Q: Who wrote "Poem to the Memory of Newton?"
A: James Thomson', '
Q: In what year did Newton die?
A: 1727', '
Q: Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?
A: Newton', '
Q: Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?
A: Sir Richard Blackmore', '
Q: In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?
A: 1712']
John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought?
A: Thomas Hobbes', '
Q: Thomas Hobbes ushered in the new debate of social contract theory through which work of his?
A: Leviathan', '
Q: What did John Locke base his governance philosophy on?
A: social contract theory', '
Q: What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in?
A: social contract theory', '
Q: Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651?
A: Thomas Hobbes', '
Q: Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative?"
A: Thomas Hobbes', "
Q: Which of Hobbes' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state?
A: the artificial character of the political order"]
Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Second Treatise, when he introduces the state of nature. For Locke the law of nature is grounded on mutual security, or the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights, as every man is equal and has the same inalienable rights. These natural rights include perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property. Locke also argued against slavery on the basis that enslaving yourself goes against the law of nature; you cannot surrender your own rights, your freedom is absolute and no one can take it from you. Additionally, Locke argues that one person cannot enslave another because it is morally reprehensible, although he introduces a caveat by saying that enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How does John Locke define mutual security?
A: the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights", "
Q: What do Locke's idea of natural rights include?
A: perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property", '
Q: Why did John Locke believe that one person cannot enslave another?
A: because it is morally reprehensible', "
Q: What was John Locke's one exception to denouncing slavery?
A: enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights", "
Q: In which of John Locke's works are natural rights most famously defined and discussed?
A: Second Treatise"]