romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Despite the internal stability (known as the paz porfiriana), modernization, and economic growth in Mexico during the Porfiriato from 1876 to 1910, many across the state became deeply dissatisfied with the political system. When Díaz first ran for office, he committed to a strict “No Re-election” policy in which he disqualified himself to serve consecutive terms. Eventually backtracking on many of his initial political positions Díaz became a de facto dictator. Díaz became increasingly unpopular due to brutal suppression of political dissidents by using the Rurales and manipulating the elections to solidify his political machine. The working class was frustrated with the Díaz regime due to the corruption of the political system that had increased the inequality between the rich and poor. The peasants felt disenfranchised by the policies that promoted the unfair distribution of land where 95% of the land was owned by the top 5%.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The internal stability was known as what?
A: paz porfiriana', '
Q: During what years did the economic growth occur?
A: 1876 to 1910', '
Q: Who committed to a strict "No Re-election" policy when running for office?
A: Díaz', '
Q: Which class was frustrated with Diaz due to corruption?
A: working class']
In response to Madero's letter to action, Pascual Orozco (a wealthy mining baron) and Chihuahua Governor Abraham González formed a powerful military union in the north, taking military control of several northern Mexican cities with other revolutionary leaders, including Pancho Villa. Against Madero's wishes, Orozco and Villa fought for and won Ciudad Juárez. After militias loyal to Madero defeated the Mexican federal army, on May 21, 1911, Madero signed the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez with Díaz. It required that Díaz abdicate his rule and be replaced by Madero. Insisting on a new election, Madero won overwhelmingly in late 1911, and he established a liberal democracy and received support from the United States and popular leaders such as Orozco and Villa. Orozco eventually became disappointed with the Madero's government and led a rebellion against him. He organized his own army, called "Orozquistas"—also called the Colorados ("Red Flaggers")—after Madero refused to agree to social reforms calling for better working hours, pay and conditions. The rural working class, which had supported Madero, now took up arms against him in support of Orozco.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Orozco responded to whose letter to action?
A: Madero', '
Q: Which governor teamed up with Orozco?
A: Governor Abraham González', '
Q: Orozco and Villa fought for and won which city?
A: Ciudad Juárez', '
Q: Madero received support from which country?
A: United States', "
Q: Orozco's army was called by what name?
A: Orozquistas"]
The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent. On April 22, 1914, on the initiative of Felix A. Sommerfeld and Sherburne Hopkins, Pancho Villa traveled to Juárez to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson's emissary George Carothers to tell "Señor Wilson" that he had no problems with the American occupation of Veracruz. Carothers wrote to Secretary William Jennings Bryan: "As far as he was concerned we could keep Vera Cruz [sic] and hold it so tight that not even water could get in to Huerta and . . . he could not feel any resentment". Whether trying to please the U.S. government or through the diplomatic efforts of Sommerfeld and Carothers, or maybe as a result of both, Villa stepped out from under Carranza’s stated foreign policy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: War with what country seemed imminent?
A: United States', '
Q: Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?
A: President Wilson', '
Q: Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?
A: Carranza’s', '
Q: To which Secretary did Carothers write?
A: Secretary William Jennings Bryan']
The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande (The Big State); it accounts for 12.6% of the land of Mexico. The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the south-west, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east, and by the U.S. states of Texas to the northeast and New Mexico to the north. The state is made up of three geologic regions: Mountains, Plains-Valleys, and Desert, which occur in large bands from west to east. Because of the different geologic regions there are contrasting climates and ecosystems.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which state is the largest in the country by land?
A: Chihuahua', '
Q: What percentage of the country does it make up?
A: 12.6%', '
Q: Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west?
A: Sonora', '
Q: Which U.S. state borders to the northeast?
A: Texas']
The climate in the state depends mainly in the elevation of the terrain. According to Köppen climate classification the state has five major climate zones. The Sierra Madre Occidental dominates the western part of the state; there are two main climates in this area: Subtropical Highland (Cfb) and Humid Subtropical (Cwa). There are some microclimates in the state due to the varying topology mostly found in the western side of the state. The two best known microclimates are: Tropical savanna climate (Aw) in deep canyons located in the extreme southern part of the state; Continental Mediterranean climate (Dsb) in the extremely high elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Satellite image to the right shows the vegetation is much greener in the west because of the cooler temperatures and larger amounts of precipitation as compared to the rest of the state.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Climate in the state depends mainly on what?
A: elevation of the terrain', '
Q: Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state?
A: The Sierra Madre Occidental', '
Q: Vegetation is much greener in which side of the state, east or west?
A: west', '
Q: Which side of the state has more precipitation?
A: west', '
Q: Which part of the state has the most desert; north, south, east, or west?
A: southern']
The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals. The most common mammals in the desert include: Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii, black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura, cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus, swift fox Vulpes velox, white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula, pallid bat Antrozous pallidus, and coyote Canis latrans. The most observed reptiles in the desert include: Mohave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus, twin-spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei, prairie rattlesnake Crotalus viridis, ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi, whip snake Masticophis flagellum, New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, and red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Chihuahuan Desert is home to many of which type of animal?
A: mammals', '
Q: Which type of reptile is most common in the desert?
A: rattlesnake', '
Q: Mephitis macroura is which type of mammal?
A: skunk']
Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Gutiérrez. In the winter of 1914 Villa's and Zapata's troops entered and occupied Mexico City. Villa was forced from the city in early 1915 and attacked the forces of Gen. Obregón at the Battle of Celaya and was badly defeated in the bloodiest battle of the revolution, with thousands dead. With the defeat of Villa, Carranza seized power. A short time later the United States recognized Carranza as president of Mexico. Even though Villa's forces were badly depleted by his loss at Celaya, he continued his fight against the Carranza government. Finally, in 1920, Obregón—who had defeated him at Celaya—finally reached an agreement with Villa end his rebellion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Villa became an enemy of whom?
A: Carranza', '
Q: Who took control in 1914?
A: Carranza', '
Q: Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?
A: Convention of Aguascalientes', '
Q: The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom?
A: Eulalio Gutiérrez', '
Q: At which battle was Obregon badly defeated?
A: Battle of Celaya']
The plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre Occidental is an elongated mesa known as Altiplanicie Mexicana that exhibits a steppe climate and serves as a transition zone from the mountain climate in the western part of the state to the desert climate in the eastern side of the state. The steppe zone accounts for a third of the state's area, and it experiences pronounced dry and wet seasons. The pronounced rainy season in the steppe is usually observed in the months of July, August, and September. The steppe also encounters extreme temperatures that often reach over 100 °F in the summer and drop below 32 °F in the winter. The steppe zone is an important agriculture zone due to an extensive development of canals exploiting several rivers that flow down from the mountains. The steppe zone is the most populated area of the state.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?
A: July, August, and September', '
Q: The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?
A: 100 °F', '
Q: The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?
A: canals', '
Q: The mountain climate is found in which part of the state?
A: western']
The state has a great diversity due to the large number of microclimates found and dramatic varying terrain. The flora throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range varies with elevation. Pine (Pinus) and oak (Quercus) species are usually found at an elevation of 2,000 m (6,560 ft) above sea level. The most common species of flora found in the mountains are: Pinus, Quercus, Abies, Ficus, Vachellia, Ipomoea, Acacia, Lysiloma, Bursera, Vitex, Tabebuia, Sideroxylon, Cordia, Fouquieria, Pithecellobium. The state is home to one of the largest variation species of the genus Pinus in the world. The lower elevations have a steppe vegetation with a variety of grasses and small bushes. Several species of Juniperus dot the steppe and the transition zone.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The state has great diversity thanks to the large number of what?
A: microclimates', '
Q: What type of life varies greatly with the elevation in the mountains?
A: flora', '
Q: The state is home to one of the largest variation species of which genus?
A: Pinus', '
Q: Several species of which type dot the steppe and transition zone?
A: Juniperus']
The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Juárez. Ciudad Juárez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most populated. El Paso and Ciudad Juárez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million. In fact, Ciudad Juárez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world in spite of the fact that it is "the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones". For instance, a few years ago the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published that in Ciudad Juárez "the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990–2000 was 5.3 percent. Juárez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole". Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98%; 35% of the population is aged 14 or below, 60% 15-65, and 5% over 65. The growth rate is 2.4%. The 76.5% of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which city in the state exceeds one million?
A: Ciudad Juárez', '
Q: Juarez is ranked where among cities in the country?
A: eighth', '
Q: El Paso and Ciudad Juarez combine for a population of how many people?
A: 2.4 million', '
Q: What is the literacy rate in Chihuahua City?
A: 98%', '
Q: What percentage of people in Chihuahua live in cities?
A: 76.5%']
The French forces tried to subdue and capture the liberal government based in Saltillo. On September 21, 1864, José María Patoni and Jesús González Ortega lost against the French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas; the supreme government led by President Juárez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate to Chihuahua. Juárez stopped in Ciudad Jiménez, Valle de Allende, and Hidalgo de Parral, in turn. He decreed Parral the capital of Mexico from October 2–5, 1864. Perceiving the threat from the advancing French forces, the president continued his evacuation through Santa Rosalía de Camargo, Santa Cruz de Rosales, and finally Chihuahua, Chihuahua. On October 12, 1864, the people of the state gave President Juárez an overwhelmingly supportive reception, led by Governor Ángel Trías. On October 15, 1864 the city of Chihuahua was declared the temporary capital of Mexico.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where?
A: Saltillo', '
Q: Which two generals lost against the French on September 21, 1864?
A: José María Patoni and Jesús González', '
Q: The goverment led by whom was forced to evacuate Saltillo?
A: President Juárez', '
Q: Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated?
A: Chihuahua, Chihuahua', '
Q: Which governor led the supportive reception of President Juarez?
A: Ángel Trías']
President Benito Juárez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Juárez had another crisis on his hands; the Juárez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief José María Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra. Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to a new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Juárez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio Díaz. The federal government was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango an Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Juárez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Benito Juarez was reelected in which year?
A: 1867', '
Q: Which state gave Juarez a particularly notably strong support?
A: Chihuahua', '
Q: Who was confirmed to be the president of the state of Chihuahua?
A: Luis Terrazas', '
Q: Which general turned himself over to Donato Guerra?
A: General Canto', "
Q: Which year's election was perceived to be fraudulent?
A: 1871"]
The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The Díaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad Júarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?
A: monopolies', "
Q: Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?
A: 17", '
Q: This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.
A: Chihuahua', '
Q: What were installed throughout the state in 1883?
A: telephone lines', '
Q: Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?
A: restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.']
The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. Díaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency, but Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero. During the campaign Díaz incarcerated Madero on election day in 1910. Díaz was announced the winner of the election by a landslide, triggering the revolution. Madero supporter Toribio Ortega took up arms with a group of followers at Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua on November 10, 1910.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Porfiriato ended in which year?
A: 1910', '
Q: The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?
A: Mexican Revolution', '
Q: Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?
A: Díaz', '
Q: Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz?
A: Madero', '
Q: Who took up arms in support of Madero?
A: Toribio Ortega']
The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obregón) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?
A: Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata', '
Q: The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?
A: August 15, 1914', '
Q: In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?
A: Teoloyucan', '
Q: Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?
A: Carranza']
The main mountain range in the state is the Sierra Madre Occidental reaching a maximum altitude of 10,826 ft (3,300 m) known as Cerro Mohinora. Mountains account for one third of the state's surface area which include large coniferous forests. The climate in the mountainous regions varies Chihuahua has more forests than any other state in Mexico making the area a bountiful source of wood; the mountainous areas are rich in minerals important to Mexico's mining industry. Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous areas depends on the elevation. Between the months of November and March snow storms are possible in the lower elevations and are frequent in the higher elevations. There are several watersheds located in the Sierra Madre Occidental all of the water that flows through the state; most of the rivers finally empty into the Río Grande. Temperatures in some canyons in the state reach over 100 °F in the summer while the same areas rarely drop below 32 °F in the winter. Microclimates found in the heart of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the state could be considered tropical, and wild tropical plants have been found in some canyons. La Barranca del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a spectacular canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon; the canyon also contains Mexico's two tallest waterfalls: Basaseachic Falls and Piedra Volada. There are two national parks found in the mountainous area of the state: Cumbres de Majalca National Park and Basaseachic Falls National Park.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which is the main mountain range in the state?
A: Sierra Madre Occidental', '
Q: What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum?
A: 10,826 ft (3,300 m)', '
Q: Which state has more forests than any other?
A: Chihuahua', '
Q: Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what?
A: elevation', '
Q: What type of plants can be found in some canyons?
A: tropical']
In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca. There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state: Hot Desert (BWh) and Cool Desert (BWk) which are differentiated by average annual temperature due to differences in elevation. There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which city is known for its sand dunes?
A: Samalayuca', '
Q: The transition zone between east and west is called what?
A: the Steppe', '
Q: Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what?
A: Desert', '
Q: What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state?
A: Desert']
The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species: greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus, cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus, mourning dove Zenaida macroura, broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris, Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae, mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus, turkey vulture Cathartes aura, and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos. Trogon mexicanus is an endemic species found in the mountains in Mexico; it is considered an endangered species[citation needed] and has symbolic significance to Mexicans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?
A: migratory species', '
Q: Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?
A: hummingbird', '
Q: Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird?
A: golden eagle', '
Q: Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans?
A: Trogon mexicanus']