romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sensor controls light with motion sensors? 
A: Occupancy sensors', '
Q: What does a passive infrared sensor react to? 
A: changes in heat', '
Q: What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?
A: Ultrasonic sensors', '
Q: Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage?
A: no']
Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the oldest method of interior lighting? 
A: Daylighting', '
Q: Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?
A: not']
In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a form of solid state lighting?
A: LEDs', '
Q: What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?
A: nonimaging optics']
Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can cause health effects such headache frequency?
A: higher lighting levels']
Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? 
A: Alzheimer's Disease", '
Q: The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?
A: 24', '
Q: What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?
A: disrupt the natural circadian cycle']
A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?
A: Robert Ulrich', '
Q: Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?
A: no', '
Q: Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?
A: no']
Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at?
A: University of Toronto Scarborough', '
Q: What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with?
A: Northwestern University']
In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?
A: Dr. Abraham Gesner', '
Q: What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? 
A: 1849', '
Q: What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?
A: coal-gas methods']
Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent lamps CFL's need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does CFL stand for?
A: Compact fluorescent lamps', '
Q: Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?
A: not']
LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?
A: 10%', '
Q: What is the average lifetime of a CFL?
A: 50,000', '
Q: What is the average lifetime of a CFL?
A: 50,000 hours', '
Q: How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?
A: 70%']
Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive?
A: Light pollution', '
Q: What causes sharp shadows around buildings? 
A: glare']
From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? 
A: searchlights and flares', '
Q: The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? 
A: light', '
Q: Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? 
A: infrared cameras']
Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can be used by military for targeting?
A: Flares', '
Q: What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?
A: laser-guided and GPS weapons']
The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the CIE stand for?
A: International Commission on Illumination']
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the IESNA stand for? 
A: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America', '
Q: Who else publishes along with IESNA? 
A: ANSI and ASHRAE', '
Q: What defines photo metric data?
A: distribution of light released']
The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does IALD stand for?
A: The International Association of Lighting Designers']
The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does PLDA stand for?
A: The Professional Lighting Designers Association', '
Q: What was the PLDA formerly known as?
A: ELDA']
The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? 
A: NCQLP', '
Q: What does NCQLP stand for?
A: The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions', '
Q: Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?
A: LC', '
Q: What other national examinations are available?
A: CLEP and CLMC']
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does PLASA stand for? 
A: The Professional Lighting And Sound Association', '
Q: Where is PLASA based?
A: UK', '
Q: How many individuals does PLASA represent?
A: 500+', '
Q: What does RoHS stand for?
A: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive']
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which political practice did Montesquieu originate?
A: Separation of powers', '
Q: How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for?
A: three', '
Q: What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers?
A: United States Constitution', '
Q: What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote?
A: checks and balances', '
Q: What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other?
A: separation of powers']
During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers?
A: John Locke', '
Q: Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers?
A: Thomas Hobbes', '
Q: Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches?
A: Montesquieu', "
Q: Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy?
A: the framers of the United States Constitution", '
Q: Who was an advocate of separation of powers?
A: John Locke', '
Q: Who was an opponent of separation of powers?
A: Thomas Hobbes', "
Q: Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution?  
A: Montesquieu"]
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?
A: UK", '
Q: What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK?
A: parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government', '
Q: What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?
A: separate and distinct', "
Q: What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?
A: United Kingdom", '
Q: In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? 
A: a member of the Court of Appeals']
Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities?
A: Congress', '
Q: Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?
A: Clinton v. City of New York', '
Q: When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?
A: 1998', '
Q: In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation?
A: Congress', '
Q: What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?
A: nondelegation doctrine', '
Q: What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?
A: Clinton v. City of New York', '
Q: What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?
A: 1998']
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?
A: Wayman v. Southard', '
Q: In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?
A: 1825', '
Q: Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?
A: John Marshall', '
Q: In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?
A: the judiciary', '
Q: What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?
A: Wayman v. Southard', '
Q: Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?
A: John Marshall']