romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
San Diego is served by the San Diego Trolley light rail system, by the SDMTS bus system, and by Coaster and Amtrak Pacific Surfliner commuter rail; northern San Diego county is also served by the Sprinter light rail line. The Trolley primarily serves downtown and surrounding urban communities, Mission Valley, east county, and coastal south bay. A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley will operate from Old Town to University City and the University of California, San Diego along the I-5 Freeway, with planned operation by 2018. The Amtrak and Coaster trains currently run along the coastline and connect San Diego with Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura via Metrolink and the Pacific Surfliner. There are two Amtrak stations in San Diego, in Old Town and the Santa Fe Depot downtown. San Diego transit information about public transportation and commuting is available on the Web and by dialing "511" from any phone in the area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What areas of San Diego are primarily served by the trolley?
A: downtown and surrounding urban communities', '
Q: What public transportation is in the works to be completed by 2018?
A: A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley', '
Q: How many Amtrak stations are in San Diego?
A: two', '
Q: What number can you dial from any phone for public transportation information in San Diego?
A: 511', '
Q: Where do the Amtrak and Coaster trains primarily run?
A: along the coastline']
The city's primary commercial airport is the San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field. It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States. It served over 17 million passengers in 2005, and is dealing with an increasingly larger number every year. It is located on San Diego Bay three miles (4.8 km) from downtown. San Diego International Airport maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States including Hawaii, as well as to Mexico, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. In addition, the city itself operates two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM). By 2015, the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal in Otay Mesa will give direct access to Tijuana International Airport, with passengers walking across the U.S.–Mexico border on a footbridge to catch their flight on the Mexican side.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the more popular name of Lindbergh Field?
A: San Diego International Airport (SAN)', '
Q: How many passengers did San Diego Internatonal Airport serve in 2005?
A: 17 million', '
Q: What is the purpose of the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal?
A: give direct access to Tijuana International Airport', '
Q: What independent agency operates San Diego International Airport?
A: San Diego Regional Airport Authority', '
Q: What two general aviation airports are operated by the San Diego Regional Airport Authority?
A: Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM)']
Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around "The Merge," a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) "managed lanes". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name given to the highly congested spot where Interstates 5 and 805 meet?
A: The Merge', '
Q: What tollway connects Otay Mesa with SR 54?
A: The South Bay Expressway', '
Q: Which terminal was expanded in the San Diego International Airport in 2013?
A: Terminal 2', '
Q: What type of special lanes were added to Interstate 15?
A: high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) "managed lanes"', '
Q: In 2007, what percentage of the roads in San Diego were considered acceptable?
A: 37 percent']
The term Muslim world, also known as Islamic world and the Ummah (Arabic: أمة‎, meaning "nation" or "community") has different meanings. In a religious sense, the Islamic Ummah refers to those who adhere to the teachings of Islam, referred to as Muslims. In a cultural sense, the Muslim Ummah refers to Islamic civilization, exclusive of non-Muslims living in that civilization. In a modern geopolitical sense, the term "Islamic Nation" usually refers collectively to Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Islamic World is another way to refer to what?
A: Muslim world', '
Q: When speaking of religion, what does Ummah refer to?
A: those who adhere to the teachings of Islam', '
Q: When speaking about culture, what does Ummah refer to?
A: Islamic civilization', '
Q: Community, or Nation are direct translations of what word in reference to Islam?
A: Ummah']
The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world, starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid (786 to 809), the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Islamic Golden age start?
A: 622', '
Q: What other age occurred at the same time as the Islamic Golden Age?
A: the Middle Ages', '
Q: There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age?
A: 1492', '
Q: What years did Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid reign?
A: 786 to 809', '
Q: Where was the House of Wisdom held?
A: Baghdad']
Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacified glazing was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of stone-paste ceramics, originating from 9th century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included Fustat (from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and Tabriz (from 1470 to 1550).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam?
A: glazed ceramics', '
Q: Which ceramic glazing was developed by those potters which were Islamic?
A: Tin-opacified glazing', '
Q: Where would one find the earliest examples of opaque glazes in the Muslim world?
A: Basra', '
Q: Around when were the first opaque glazes developed?
A: 8th century', '
Q: Where were stone-paste ceramics invented?
A: 9th century Iraq']
The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights (In Persian: hezār-o-yek šab > Arabic: ʔalf-layl-at-wa-l’-layla= One thousand Night and (one) Night) or *Arabian Nights, a name invented by early Western translators, which is a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and later Arabian fables. The original concept is derived from a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables) that relied on particular Indian elements. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales tend to be called Arabian Nights stories when translated into English, regardless of whether they appear in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights or not. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor and Ali Baba.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most widely known fictional work from the Islamic world?
A: One Thousand and One Nights', '
Q: Arabian nights was originally based upon what Persian work?
A: Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables)', '
Q: In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed?
A: 14th century', '
Q: When did One Thousand and One Nights first get translated in the West?
A: 18th century', '
Q: Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights?
A: Antoine Galland']
A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance (love) is Layla and Majnun, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet, which was itself said to have been inspired by a Latin version of Layla and Majnun to an extent. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Layla and Majnun is an example of what kind of poetry?
A: Arabic poetry and Persian poetry', '
Q: Which era is Layla and Majnun from?
A: Umayyad era', '
Q: In what century does Layla and Majnun originate?
A: 7th century', '
Q: What kind of story is told in Shahnameh?
A: a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history', '
Q: Who wrote Shahnameh?
A: Ferdowsi']
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus) who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in Philosophus Autodidactus, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in Theologus Autodidactus, developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another name for Ibn Tufail?
A: Abubacer', '
Q: What Arabic book is Ibn Tufail noted for writing?
A: Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)', '
Q: Who wrote Theologus Autodidactus?
A: Ibn al-Nafis', '
Q: What person wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers?
A: Al-Ghazali', '
Q: Who was the main chracter of Philosophus Autodidactus?
A: Hayy']
Theologus Autodidactus, written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), is the first example of a science fiction novel. It deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, the end of the world and doomsday, resurrection, and the afterlife. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and Islamic philosophy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the life span of Ibn al-Nafis?
A: 1213–1288', '
Q: What type of book is Theologus Autodidactus the first type of?
A: science fiction', '
Q: What did Ibn al-Nafis use to explain the events in Theologus Autodidactus?
A: scientific knowledge']
A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations might have later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English. Philosophus Autodidactus, continuing the thoughts of philosophers such as Aristotle from earlier ages, inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which year did a translation of Philosophus Autodidactus in Latin come to be?
A: 1671', '
Q: Who wrote Robinson Crusoe?
A: Daniel Defoe', '
Q: Who first translated Philosophus Autodidactus into latin?
A: Edward Pococke the Younger', '
Q: Simon Ockley translated Philosophus Autodidactus into English, in what year did he do that?
A: 1708', '
Q: What book is Robert Boyle believe to have written after being inspired by Philosophus Autodidactus?
A: The Aspiring Naturalist']
Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, derived features of and episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi) concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was Kitab al-Miraj likely translated into Latin?
A: in 1264 or shortly before', '
Q: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
A: Dante Alighieri', '
Q: Which works by Shakespeare is believed to be inspired by The Moors?
A: Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello', '
Q: In what century is it believed that delegations of Moors began to influence western works by the likes of Shakespeare?
A: 17th century', '
Q: What aspects from Islamic works did the Divine Comedy feature?
A: episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology']
One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook The Canon of Medicine was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote The Book of Healing, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the life span of Ibn Sina?
A: 980–1037', '
Q: How many books were said to have been written by Ibn Sina?
A: 450', '
Q: What subjects did Ibn Sina mainly write about?
A: philosophy and medicine', '
Q: What medical book is Ibn Sina most noted for in European universities?
A: The Canon of Medicine', '
Q: What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing?
A: The Book of Healing']
Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail. His philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdha, translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa, nature versus nurture, condition of possibility, materialism, and Molyneux's problem. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens, George Keith, Robert Barclay, the Quakers, and Samuel Hartlib.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which philosopher from the Muslim world influenced modern philosophy?
A: Ibn Tufail', '
Q: Who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdha?
A: Ibn Tufail', '
Q: In what year was Hayy ibn Yaqdha translated to the Latin language?
A: 1671', '
Q: What kind of book is Hayy ibn Yaqdha?
A: philosophical novel']
Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz, a pioneer in evolutionary thought; Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle's concept of place (topos); Al-Biruni, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, founder of Illuminationist philosophy; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic; and Ibn Khaldun, a pioneer in the philosophy of history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which philosopher of the Muslim world is considered an important author of work on evolution?
A: al-Jahiz', '
Q: Ibn al-Haytham can be known by another name, what is it?
A: Alhazen', '
Q: What type of work is Ibn al-Haytham known to have pioneered?
A: phenomenology and the philosophy of science', '
Q: Who is considered to have been the one that founded Illuminationist philosophy?
A: Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi', '
Q: Which philosopher in the Muslim world championed inductive logic in their works?
A: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi']
Muslim scientists contributed to advances in the sciences. They placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from circa 1000, in his Book of Optics. The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Some have also described Ibn al-Haytham as the "first scientist." al-Khwarzimi's invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced decagonal quasicrystal geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Ibn al-Haytham experimented with what around the year 1000?
A: optics', '
Q: Ibn al-Haytham wrote about his work around the year 1000, what was it?
A: Book of Optics', '
Q: Who is believed to have discovered decagonal quasicrystal geometry?
A: Medieval Muslim artists', '
Q: Regarding the intromission theory of light, who showed the first proof?
A: Ibn al-Haytham', '
Q: Which Muslim scientist worked on trigonometry?
A: al-Khwarzimi']
Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of anatomy and physiology: such as in the 15th century Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation. Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (also known as Abulcasis) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his Kitab al-Tasrif ("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of pharmacology and pharmacy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What work is Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas known for writing?
A: Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body)', '
Q: In what century did Tashrih al-badan come into being?
A: 15th century', '
Q: Who theorized about pulmonary circulation?
A: Ibn al-Nafis', '
Q: Who wrote The Canon of Medicine?
A: Avicenna', '
Q: Who wrote Kitab al-Tasrif?
A: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi']
In astronomy, Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories were also discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Al-Biruni, Al-Sijzi, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was perfected by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and was subsequently brought to Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What field did Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī contribute to?
A: astronomy', "
Q: What work is Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī known for as it regards to earth?
A: improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis", '
Q: Who created the astrolabe?
A: the Greeks', '
Q: What model did the work of Muslim World astronomers contribute to?
A: the Copernican heliocentric model', '
Q: Who is said to have mastered the astrolabe?
A: Islamic astronomers and engineers']
Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: which crops were brought to europe from the Muslim World?
A: almonds and citrus fruit', '
Q: What was the windmill used for?
A: irrigation and farming', '
Q: Trading in the Indian ocean was mainly controlled by whom?
A: Arab merchants', '
Q: Where was an important center of Indian Ocean trading in the 16th century?
A: Hormuz', '
Q: When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean?
A: 16th century']