romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The constitution of Jordan grants its monarch the right to withhold assent to laws passed by its parliament. Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly; if he vetoes it within that timeframe, the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses; otherwise, the law does not go into effect (but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly). If the monarch fails to act within six months of the bill being presented to him, it becomes law without his signature.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation?
A: six months', '
Q: What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign?
A: two-thirds', "
Q: What happens if the soverign doesn't sign the bill within the six-month time frame?
A: , it becomes law without his signature"]
After the House of Representatives has debated the law, it either approves it and sends it to the Senate with the text "The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber", or it rejects it and returns it to the government with the text "The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law." If the upper house then approves the law, it sends it back to the government with the text "To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What text is written and sent to the Senate if the House approves of a law?
A: "The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber"', '
Q: What text is written and sent back to the government if a bill is rejected?
A: The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law."', '
Q: If the Senate approves the law after receiving it from the House, what is written and sent to the government?
A: "To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here."']
The government, consisting of the monarch and the ministers, will then usually approve the proposal and the sovereign and one of the ministers signs the proposal with the addition of an enacting clause, thereafter notifying the States General that "The King assents to the proposal." It has happened in exceptional circumstances that the government does not approve a law that has been passed in parliament. In such a case, neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that "The King will keep the proposal under advisement." A law that has received royal assent will be published in the State Magazine, with the original being kept in the archives of the King's Offices.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where are laws published after receiving assent?
A: the State Magazine', "
Q: Where is the original law text stored?
A: in the archives of the King's Offices", '
Q: What happens in the rare case the government doesn\'t approve of a law that has passed both houses?
A: neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that "The King will keep the proposal under advisement."']
Articles 77–79 of the Norwegian Constitution specifically grant the monarch of Norway the right to withhold royal assent from any bill passed by the Storting. Should the sovereign ever choose to exercise this privilege, Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be over-ridden: "If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting, constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of the Storting, without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption, and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which, after the most mature deliberation, the Storting considers to be beneficial, it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which articles in the Norwegian Constitution allow the monarch to reject a bill that has been passed through the Sorting?
A: Articles 77–79', "
Q: Which article in the Norweigan Constitution provides a way to override a monarch's veto?
A: Article 79", '
Q: How many elections are required to assend a bill that the monarch has vetoed?
A: two']
Title IV of the 1978 Spanish constitution invests the Consentimiento Real (Royal Assent) and promulgation (publication) of laws with the monarch of Spain, while Title III, The Cortes Generales, Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills, outlines the method by which bills are passed. According to Article 91, within fifteen days of passage of a bill by the Cortes Generales, the sovereign shall give his or her assent and publish the new law. Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum, on the advice of the president of the government (commonly referred to in English as the prime minister) and the authorisation of the cortes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which article in the Spanish constitution gives the monarch the right to ask for a referendum?
A: Article 92', '
Q: Which article specifies the number of days available to the monarch to provide a signature on an assended bill?
A: Article 91', '
Q: In the 1978 Spanish constitution, which title describes how bills are passed?
A: Title III, The Cortes Generales', '
Q: What chapter in the Spanish constitution describes how bills are to be passed?
A: Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills']
No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he answered "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" ("I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium")—a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion. The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005. Likewise, in 2010, King Juan Carlos gave royal assent to a law permitting abortion on demand.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was King Juan Carlos\' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?
A: "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica"', '
Q: What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?
A: a law permitting abortion on demand', '
Q: When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?
A: 3 July 2005']
If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent, a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin's objection would not be possible under the current constitution. If the sovereign were ever declared incapable of discharging royal authority, his or her powers would not be transferred to the Cabinet, pending the parliamentary appointment of a regency. Instead, the constitution mandates the next person of age in the line of succession would immediately become regent. Therefore, had Juan Carlos followed the Belgian example in 2005 or 2010, a declaration of incapacity would have transferred power to Felipe, then the heir apparent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?
A: the next person of age in the line of succession', '
Q: Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?
A: not be possible under the current constitution']
Articles 41 and 68 of the constitution empower the sovereign to withhold royal assent from bills adopted by the Legislative Assembly. In 2010, the kingdom moved towards greater democracy, with King George Tupou V saying that he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers. Nonetheless, this does not preclude an independent royal decision to exercise a right of veto. In November 2011, the assembly adopted an Arms and Ammunitions (Amendment) Bill, which reduced the possible criminal sentences for the illicit possession of firearms. The bill was adopted by ten votes to eight. Two members of the assembly had recently been charged with the illicit possession of firearms. The Prime Minister, Lord Tuʻivakanō, voted in favour of the amendment. Members of the opposition denounced the bill and asked the King to veto it, which he did in December.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which articles allow the soverign to refise consent even when the bills have been passed through the Legislative assembly?
A: 41 and 68', '
Q: What statement by King George Tupou emphasized democracy?
A: he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers', '
Q: In which year was the Arms and Ammunitions (Amemndment) Bill adopted?
A: 2011', '
Q: In what month did the King veto the Arms and Ammunitions Amendment Bill?
A: December']
In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element. The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility. One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation, but the abstract formalization of the group axioms, detached as it is from the concrete nature of any particular group and its operation, applies much more widely. It allows entities with highly diverse mathematical origins in abstract algebra and beyond to be handled in a flexible way while retaining their essential structural aspects. The ubiquity of groups in numerous areas within and outside mathematics makes them a central organizing principle of contemporary mathematics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is an arithmetical structure comprising of a set of elements including an operation that joins any two elements to form a third element?
A: a group', '
Q: What is the name used to describe the four conditions of closure, associativity, identity and invertibility?
A: group axioms', '
Q: What permits elements with different mathematical starting points to be taken care of in a flexible manner while holding their key basic aspects?
A: abstract formalization of the group axioms']
Groups share a fundamental kinship with the notion of symmetry. For example, a symmetry group encodes symmetry features of a geometrical object: the group consists of the set of transformations that leave the object unchanged and the operation of combining two such transformations by performing one after the other. Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics; Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry; and Poincaré groups can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What shares an essential relationship to groups?
A: symmetry', '
Q: What are the symmetry groups utilized as a part of the Standard Model particle physics?
A: Lie groups', '
Q: What groups are are utilized toward comprehending symmetry wonders in chemistry? 
A: Point groups', '
Q: What groups can express the physical symmetry hidden behind special relativity?
A: Poincaré groups']
The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations, starting with Évariste Galois in the 1830s. After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry, the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870. Modern group theory—an active mathematical discipline—studies groups in their own right.a[›] To explore groups, mathematicians have devised various notions to break groups into smaller, better-understandable pieces, such as subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups. In addition to their abstract properties, group theorists also study the different ways in which a group can be expressed concretely (its group representations), both from a theoretical and a computational point of view. A theory has been developed for finite groups, which culminated with the classification of finite simple groups announced in 1983.aa[›] Since the mid-1980s, geometric group theory, which studies finitely generated groups as geometric objects, has become a particularly active area in group theory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the idea of a group come from?
A: the study of polynomial equations,', '
Q: When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled?
A: 1870', '
Q: What are smaller and easier to understand groups broken down into?
A: subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups.', '
Q: When was announcement for the classification of finite simple groups?
A: 1983']
The set G is called the underlying set of the group (G, •). Often the group's underlying set G is used as a short name for the group (G, •). Along the same lines, shorthand expressions such as "a subset of the group G" or "an element of group G" are used when what is actually meant is "a subset of the underlying set G of the group (G, •)" or "an element of the underlying set G of the group (G, •)". Usually, it is clear from the context whether a symbol like G refers to a group or to an underlying set.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is known as underlying set of the group?
A: The set', "
Q: What is often utilized as a short name for the group?
A: the group's underlying set", '
Q: What expressions are utilized when is really implied to be a longer expression?
A: shorthand expressions']
These symmetries are represented by functions. Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry. For example, r1 sends a point to its rotation 90° clockwise around the square's center, and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square's vertical middle line. Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function. These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4. The underlying set of the group is the above set of symmetry functions, and the group operation is function composition. Two symmetries are combined by composing them as functions, that is, applying the first one to the square, and the second one to the result of the first application. The result of performing first a and then b is written symbolically from right to left as

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry? 
A: functions', '
Q:  What gives another symmetry function?
A: Composing two of these symmetry functions', '
Q: What group includes the symmetries of degree 4 and denoted D4?
A: the dihedral group']
The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics. The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4. The 19th-century French mathematician Évariste Galois, extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots (solutions). The elements of such a Galois group correspond to certain permutations of the roots. At first, Galois' ideas were rejected by his contemporaries, and published only posthumously. More general permutation groups were investigated in particular by Augustin Louis Cauchy. Arthur Cayley's On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1 (1854) gives the first abstract definition of a finite group.

Questions and answers:
['
Q:  Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange?
A: Évariste Galois', '
Q: The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what theory?
A: group theory', '
Q:  Who developed a theory giving the first abstract definition of a finite group?
A: Arthur Cayley', '
Q: What modern concept was created from many fields of mathematics?
A: abstract group']
The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an "abstract group", in the terminology of the time. As of the 20th century, groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside, who worked on representation theory of finite groups, Richard Brauer's modular representation theory and Issai Schur's papers. The theory of Lie groups, and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl, Élie Cartan and many others. Its algebraic counterpart, the theory of algebraic groups, was first shaped by Claude Chevalley (from the late 1930s) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the uniform theory of groups develop from different sources? 
A: 1870', '
Q: Who presented a method for specifying a group by means of generators and relations?
A: Walther von Dyck', '
Q: What theory did Hermann Weyl study in addition to locally compact groups?
A: The theory of Lie groups', '
Q: Who initially molded the theory of algebraic groups?
A: Claude Chevalley']
The University of Chicago's 1960–61 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein, John G. Thompson and Walter Feit, laying the foundation of a collaboration that, with input from numerous other mathematicians, classified all finite simple groups in 1982. This project exceeded previous mathematical endeavours by its sheer size, in both length of proof and number of researchers. Research is ongoing to simplify the proof of this classification. These days, group theory is still a highly active mathematical branch, impacting many other fields.a[›]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the group of theorists first meet?
A: The University of Chicago', '
Q: What university class year belonged to the group of theorists?
A: 1960–61', '
Q: What did the group of theorists classify in 1982?
A: all finite simple groups', '
Q: What two factors describe the large size of the project?
A: length of proof and number of researchers.']
To understand groups beyond the level of mere symbolic manipulations as above, more structural concepts have to be employed.c[›] There is a conceptual principle underlying all of the following notions: to take advantage of the structure offered by groups (which sets, being "structureless", do not have), constructions related to groups have to be compatible with the group operation. This compatibility manifests itself in the following notions in various ways. For example, groups can be related to each other via functions called group homomorphisms. By the mentioned principle, they are required to respect the group structures in a precise sense. The structure of groups can also be understood by breaking them into pieces called subgroups and quotient groups. The principle of "preserving structures"—a recurring topic in mathematics throughout—is an instance of working in a category, in this case the category of groups.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What ideas are used to understand groups beyond symbols?
A: structural concepts', '
Q: What has to be compatible with the group operation?
A: constructions related to groups', '
Q: What concept describes groups that can be related to each other via functions?
A: group homomorphisms']
Two groups G and H are called isomorphic if there exist group homomorphisms a: G → H and b: H → G, such that applying the two functions one after another in each of the two possible orders gives the identity functions of G and H. That is, a(b(h)) = h and b(a(g)) = g for any g in G and h in H. From an abstract point of view, isomorphic groups carry the same information. For example, proving that g • g = 1G for some element g of G is equivalent to proving that a(g) ∗ a(g) = 1H, because applying a to the first equality yields the second, and applying b to the second gives back the first.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are two groups called if they include homomorphisms?
A: isomorphic', '
Q: What similar element do isomorphic groups carry?
A: isomorphic groups', '
Q: How can showing the second equality yields the first prove the concept of isomorphic groups?
A: applying a to the first equality yields the second']
In the example above, the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = {id, r1, r2, r3}, highlighted in red in the group table above: any two rotations composed are still a rotation, and a rotation can be undone by (i.e. is inverse to) the complementary rotations 270° for 90°, 180° for 180°, and 90° for 270° (note that rotation in the opposite direction is not defined). The subgroup test is a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset H of a group G to be a subgroup: it is sufficient to check that g−1h ∈ H for all elements g, h ∈ H. Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole.d[›]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is composed of two rotations?
A: a rotation', '
Q: What rotation can a rotation be reversed by?
A: inverse', '
Q: What essential condition must be met for a subset of a group to be a subgroup?
A: The subgroup test']
In many situations it is desirable to consider two group elements the same if they differ by an element of a given subgroup. For example, in D4 above, once a reflection is performed, the square never gets back to the r2 configuration by just applying the rotation operations (and no further reflections), i.e. the rotation operations are irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed. Cosets are used to formalize this insight: a subgroup H defines left and right cosets, which can be thought of as translations of H by arbitrary group elements g. In symbolic terms, the left and right cosets of H containing g are

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When is it preferable to consider two group elements to be the same?
A: irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed', '
Q: What should not be considered when asking if a reflection has been performed?
A: rotation operations', '
Q: What number sets are used to show how subgroups can be seen as translations of the larger group?
A: Cosets']
This set inherits a group operation (sometimes called coset multiplication, or coset addition) from the original group G: (gN) • (hN) = (gh)N for all g and h in G. This definition is motivated by the idea (itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above) that the map G → G / N that associates to any element g its coset gN be a group homomorphism, or by general abstract considerations called universal properties. The coset eN = N serves as the identity in this group, and the inverse of gN in the quotient group is (gN)−1 = (g−1)N.e[›]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another term for coset multiplication?
A: coset addition', '
Q: What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?
A: coset multiplication', '
Q: What group does the inverse of gN include?
A: quotient group']
Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation: any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group, quotiented by the subgroup of relations. The dihedral group D4, for example, can be generated by two elements r and f (for example, r = r1, the right rotation and f = fv the vertical (or any other) reflection), which means that every symmetry of the square is a finite composition of these two symmetries or their inverses. Together with the relations

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What groups can be combined to describe every group?
A: is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group', '
Q: What group can be the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group?
A: any group', '
Q: What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses?
A: every symmetry of the square']