romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The port on Montevideo Bay is one of the reasons the city was founded. It gives natural protection to ships, although two jetties now further protect the harbour entrance from waves. This natural port is competitive with the other great port of Río de la Plata, Buenos Aires. The main engineering work on the port occurred between the years 1870 and 1930. These six decades saw the construction of the port's first wooden pier, several warehouses in La Aguada, the north and south Rambla, a river port, a new pier, the dredged river basin and the La Teja refinery. A major storm in 1923 necessitated repairs to many of the city's engineering works. Since the second half of the 20th century, physical changes have ceased, and since that time the area has degraded due to national economic stagnation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What gives natural protection to ships in Montevideo?
A: The port on Montevideo Bay', '
Q: Between what years did the main engineering work on the port of Montevideo Bay take place?
A: 1870 and 1930', "
Q: What happened in 1923 that required repairs to many of the city's engineering works?
A: A major storm"]
Hospital Maciel is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay and stands on the block bounded by the streets Maciel, 25 de Mayo, Guaraní and Washington, with the main entrance at 25 de Mayo, 172. The land was originally donated in Spanish colonial times by philanthropist Francisco Antonio Maciel, who teamed up with Mateo Vidal to establish a hospital and charity. The first building was constructed between 1781 and 1788 and later expanded upon. The present building stems from the 1825 plans of José Toribio (son of Tomás Toribio) and later Bernardo Poncini (wing on the Guaraní street, 1859), Eduardo Canstatt (corner of Guaraní and 25 de Mayo) and Julián Masquelez (1889). The hospital has a chapel built in Greek style by Miguel Estévez in 1798.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay?
A: Hospital Maciel', '
Q: Who originally donated the land for Hospital Macie?
A: Francisco Antonio Maciel', '
Q: When was the first building of the Hospital Maciel established?
A: between 1781 and 1788']
Hospital Vilardebó is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo. Named after the physician and naturalist Teodoro Vilardebó Matuliche, it opened 21 May 1880. The hospital was originally one of the best of Latin America and in 1915 grew to 1,500 inpatients. Today the hospital is very deteriorated, with broken walls and floors, lack of medicines, beds, and rooms for the personnel. It has an emergency service, outpatient, clinic and inpatient rooms and employs approximately 610 staff, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, administrators, guards, among others. The average patient age is 30 years; more than half of the patients arrive by court order; 42% suffer from schizophrenia, 18% from depression and mania, and there are also a high percentage of drug addicted patients.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo?
A: Hospital Vilardebó', '
Q: Who is Hospital Vilardebo named after?
A: Teodoro Vilardebó Matuliche', '
Q: When did the Hospital Vilardebo open?
A: 21 May 1880', '
Q: How many inpatients did the the Hospital Vilardebo have in 1915?
A: 1,500 inpatients']
Poultry (/ˌpoʊltriː/) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys) and the family Anatidae, in order Anseriformes, commonly known as "waterfowl" and including domestic ducks and domestic geese. Poultry also includes other birds that are killed for their meat, such as the young of pigeons (known as squabs) but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game. The word "poultry" comes from the French/Norman word poule, itself derived from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the significance of poultry in the lives of humans?
A: kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets.', '
Q: Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry  ?
A: but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game.', '
Q: What types of  birds are most commonly considered poultry?
A: chickens, quails and turkeys', '
Q: Was the Latin word for poultry also used to decribe other small animals as opposed to any poulty?
A: from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.', '
Q: Are any other birds considered common in the world of poultry?
A: domestic ducks and domestic geese.']
The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?
A: domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago', '
Q: What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?
A: cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs', '
Q: Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty? 
A: Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place', '
Q: Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?
A: modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors.', '
Q: How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?
A: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally']
"Poultry" is a term used for any kind of domesticated bird, captive-raised for its utility, and traditionally the word has been used to refer to wildfowl (Galliformes) and waterfowl (Anseriformes). "Poultry" can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs and the word is also used for the flesh of these birds used as food. The Encyclopædia Britannica lists the same bird groups but also includes guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons). In R. D. Crawford's Poultry breeding and genetics, squabs are omitted but Japanese quail and common pheasant are added to the list, the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild. In his 1848 classic book on poultry, Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management, Edmund Dixon included chapters on the peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams. In colloquial speech, the term "fowl" is often used near-synonymously with "domesticated chicken" (Gallus gallus), or with "poultry" or even just "bird", and many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl". Both words are also used for the flesh of these birds. Poultry can be distinguished from "game", defined as wild birds or mammals hunted for food or sport, a word also used to describe the flesh of these when eaten.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two addtional types of birds are listed in teh Encyclopedia Britanica as poultry?
A: guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons)', '
Q: Who is the authoor of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics?
A: R. D. Crawford', '
Q: What is the most likely outout for the common variety of pheasant ?
A: frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild.', '
Q: Edmund Dixon is most famous for what inclusions in his 1854 book on poultry ?
A: peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams', '
Q: Do all language make the distinction between poultry and fowls?
A: many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl']
Chickens are medium-sized, chunky birds with an upright stance and characterised by fleshy red combs and wattles on their heads. Males, known as cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens). Chickens are gregarious, omnivorous, ground-dwelling birds that in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals. They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached. Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia, with some additional input from grey junglefowl. Domestication is believed to have taken place between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago, and what are thought to be fossilized chicken bones have been found in northeastern China dated to around 5,400 BC. Archaeologists believe domestication was originally for the purpose of cockfighting, the male bird being a doughty fighter. By 4,000 years ago, chickens seem to have reached the Indus Valley and 250 years later, they arrived in Egypt. They were still used for fighting and were regarded as symbols of fertility. The Romans used them in divination, and the Egyptians made a breakthrough when they learned the difficult technique of artificial incubation. Since then, the keeping of chickens has spread around the world for the production of food with the domestic fowl being a valuable source of both eggs and meat.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are male chickens called ?
A: cocks', '
Q: How are male chickens able to be identified ?
A: cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens).', '
Q: What do chickens normally consume when in the natural wild environment?
A: in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals.', '
Q: Do chickens fly like other birds?
A: They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached.', "
Q: From what birds are chickens decended from ?
A: Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia"]
Since their domestication, a large number of breeds of chickens have been established, but with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin. In about 1800, chickens began to be kept on a larger scale, and modern high-output poultry farms were present in the United Kingdom from around 1920 and became established in the United States soon after the Second World War. By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry. Poultry breeding has produced breeds and strains to fulfil different needs; light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption at a young age, and utility birds which produce both an acceptable number of eggs and a well-fleshed carcase. Male birds are unwanted in the egg-laying industry and can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling. In meat breeds, these birds are sometimes castrated (often chemically) to prevent aggression. The resulting bird, called a capon, has more tender and flavorful meat, as well.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the poultry business boom in the United States ?
A: By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry', '
Q: How can you normally identify a cock when recently hatched?
A: can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling', '
Q: How has breeding helped in the pultry industry?
A: light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption', '
Q: Are there any purebreed lines for poultry today?
A: with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin.']
A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart. The name derives from the town of Bantam in Java where European sailors bought the local small chickens for their shipboard supplies. Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs. They are kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?
A: A bantam', '
Q: How are bantams different from other chickens?
A: A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart', '
Q: Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?
A: Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs', '
Q: Where are bantams kept?
A: kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.']
Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago. Two mature males (cocks or roosters) are set to fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed. Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour. The sport formed part of the culture of the ancient Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans, and large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter. Cockfighting has been banned in many countries during the last century on the grounds of cruelty to animals.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How long ago was the sport of fighting chickens been around?
A: Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago.", '
Q: What is the termed used to define the game of fighting chickens called?
A: Cockfighting', '
Q: Do chickens die in the sport of cockfighting?
A: fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed.', '
Q: Have theere been any types of chickens who were really good at cockfighting?
A: Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour', '
Q: Do people bet on the cockfighting or is it just for entertainment?
A: large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter.']
Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are omnivores, eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses. They feed in shallow water by dabbling, with their heads underwater and their tails upended. Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly, and they are social birds, preferring to live and move around together in groups. They keep their plumage waterproof by preening, a process that spreads the secretions of the preen gland over their feathers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How can you identify a duck from other poultry?
A: medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet.', '
Q: What do you call a male duck?
A: drakes', '
Q: How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species?
A: larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds', '
Q: What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?
A: aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses.', '
Q: Do all ducks fly south for the winter?
A: Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly']
Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture. Even if this is not the case, domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West. Lucius Columella, writing in the first century BC, advised those who sought to rear ducks to collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen, because when raised in this way, the ducks "lay aside their wild nature and without hesitation breed when shut up in the bird pen". Despite this, ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD, when they began to be mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long have ducks possibly been in domesticated domicile with humans?
A: Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture', '
Q: How far behind the east society was the western culture in domesticating ducks?
A: domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West', '
Q: How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go abbout the business of domesticating ducks.?
A: collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen,', '
Q: When did ducks begin to appear in the books of Western Europeon Society ?
A: ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD', '
Q: Where ducks ever used as a type of commerence in the world?
A: mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.']
It is widely agreed that the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), which is not closely related to other ducks). Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat, eggs, and down. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days. In the Western world, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat. While popular in haute cuisine, duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What breed of duck is considered the first?
A: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck', '
Q: What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans?
A: various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase.', '
Q: What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K.
A: Pekin duck', '
Q: Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world?
A: can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days', '
Q: Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??
A: Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in']
The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago, and a different wild species, the swan goose (Anser cygnoides), domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later, is known as a Chinese goose. The two hybridise with each other and the large knob at the base of the beak, a noticeable feature of the Chinese goose, is present to a varying extent in these hybrids. The hybrids are fertile and have resulted in several of the modern breeds. Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans?
A: The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago', '
Q: What other name is the swan goose know by ?
A: Chinese goose', '
Q: Where is it believed that the greylag goose was first domesticated in theworld?
A: Siberia', '
Q: Are geese an important part of the poultry industry?
A: Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.']
Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends. The greylag-derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat, while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production. The fine down of both is valued for use in pillows and padded garments. They forage on grass and weeds, supplementing this with small invertebrates, and one of the attractions of rearing geese is their ability to grow and thrive on a grass-based system. They are very gregarious and have good memories and can be allowed to roam widely in the knowledge that they will return home by dusk. The Chinese goose is more aggressive and noisy than other geese and can be used as a guard animal to warn of intruders. The flesh of meat geese is dark-coloured and high in protein, but they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids. The birds are killed either around 10 or about 24 weeks. Between these ages, problems with dressing the carcase occur because of the presence of developing pin feathers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: do domestic and wild geese have the same apperearance ?
A: Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends', '
Q: What types of geese are used for human consumption?
A: The greylag-derived birds', '
Q: What types of geese are used most efficiently for their egg production?
A: Chinese geese', '
Q: What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ?
A: use in pillows and padded garments', '
Q: Why is the meat of geese considered fatty ?
A: they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids']