romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called "dictatorship by plebiscite." Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting "yes." Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite; the real number was 1.5 million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5 million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the Consulate. In the first few months of the Consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was historian Martin Lyons\' term for the political system created by Napoleon?
A: "dictatorship by plebiscite."', '
Q:  What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?
A: the Constitution of the Year VIII', '
Q:   After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?
A: the Tuileries.', "
Q:  What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?
A: 99.94", "
Q:  What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?
A: 1.5 million"]
In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt.[note 5] After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. The fierce resistance of this French army, under André Masséna, gave the northern striking force precious time to carry out their operations with little interference. After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies finally collided at the Battle of Marengo on June 14. General Melas had a numerical advantage, fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops. The battle began favorably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. Melas concluded that he'd won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. However, the French lines never broke during their tactical retreat; Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and dramatically reversed the tide of the battle. A series of artillery barrages and fortunate cavalry charges managed to decimate the Austrian army, which fled chaotically over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?
A: 1800', '
Q: Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege?
A: André Masséna', '
Q:  What was the date of the Battle of Marengo?
A: June 14', '
Q: Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo?
A: General Melas', '
Q: How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo?
A: 24,000']
Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign; in 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that "Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless" while "[attaining] the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy?
A: the north', '
Q:  What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from?
A: the west', '
Q: Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there?
A: a year', '
Q: How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?
A: a month', "
Q: According to Alfred von Shlieffen, what was the object of Napoleon's 1800 Italian campaign?
A: the conquest of North Italy"]
Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Britain now remained the only nation that was still at war with France.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?
A: Marengo', "
Q: Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?
A: Lunéville", '
Q: What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?
A: Moreau', '
Q: What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?
A: the Treaty of Lunéville', '
Q: Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?
A: Hohenlinden']
After a decade of constant warfare, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Amiens called for the withdrawal of British troops from recently conquered colonial territories as well as for assurances to curtail the expansionary goals of the French Republic. With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Napoleon's popularity soared to its highest levels under the Consulate, both domestically and abroad. In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802, the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent, essentially elevating Napoleon to dictator for life. Whereas the plebiscite two years earlier had brought out 1.5 million people to the polls, the new referendum enticed 3.6 million to go and vote (72% of all eligible voters). There was no secret ballot in 1802 and few people wanted to openly defy the regime; the constitution gained approval with over 99% of the vote. His broad powers were spelled out in the new constitution: Article 1. The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life. After 1802, he was generally referred to as Napoleon rather than Bonaparte.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What 1802 treaty between Britain and France ended the Revolutionary Wars?
A: the Treaty of Amiens', '
Q: What year was the Treaty of Amiens signed?
A: 1802', '
Q: In what year did French voters approve a constitution making the Consulate permanent?
A: 1802', "
Q: What percentage of the French vote approved Napoleon's new constitution?
A: over 99%", '
Q: What position was Napoleon granted in Article 1 of the new French constitution?
A: First Consul for Life']
The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw his chance to recuperate the formerly wealthy colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. During the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Under the terms of Amiens, however, Napoleon agreed to appease British demands by not abolishing slavery in any colonies where the 1794 decree had never been implemented. The resulting Law of 20 May never applied to colonies like Guadeloupe or Guyane, even though rogue generals and other officials used the pretext of peace as an opportunity to reinstate slavery in some of these places. The Law of 20 May officially restored the slave trade to the Caribbean colonies, not slavery itself. Napoleon sent an expedition under General Leclerc designed to reassert control over Sainte-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army. In May 1803, the last 8000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Haïti in 1804. Seeing the failure of his colonial efforts, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During the short peace in Europe, where did Napoleon turn his focus?
A: the French colonies abroad', '
Q: During the Revolutionary War, which French colony had moved towards political independence?
A: Saint-Domingue', '
Q:  Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801?
A: Toussaint Louverture', '
Q: In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery?
A: 1794', '
Q: What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue?
A: Leclerc']
During the Consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the Infernal Machine) two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, become one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine?
A: the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise', '
Q:  When did the Conspiration des poignards take place?
A: October 1800', '
Q: What  family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon?
A: the Bourbon family', '
Q:  What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards?
A: Dagger plot', '
Q: The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale?
A: Baden']
To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99%. As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model?
A: the Roman', '
Q: What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?
A: assassination plots', "
Q: Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?
A: Bourbon", '
Q: Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters?
A: 99%', '
Q: About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?
A: 3.6 million']
Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?
A: December 2, 1804", "
Q: How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?
A: Two", '
Q: Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?
A: Italy', '
Q: When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
A: May 26, 1805', '
Q: Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
A: at the Cathedral of Milan']
Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the Armée d'Angleterre, around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called La Grande Armée. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Armée countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?
A: the Armée d'Angleterre", "
Q: Where in Northern France were the camps of the Armée d'Angleterre located?
A: Boulogne", "
Q: What country was the Armée d'Angleterre intended to strike at?
A: England", "
Q: What was the name of the later military organization that the Armée d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?
A: La Grande Armée.", '
Q: How many men were in the Grande Armée by 1805?
A: 350,000']
Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?
A: the Royal Navy', "
Q:  Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?
A: the West Indies.", '
Q:  Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?
A: the Western Approaches', "
Q:  Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?
A: the Battle of Cape Finisterre", '
Q: When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?
A: July 1805']
By August 1805, Napoleon had realized that the strategic situation had changed fundamentally. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. His basic objective was to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian allies could arrive. On 25 September, after great secrecy and feverish marching, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of 260 km (160 mi). Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon swung his forces to the southeast and the Grande Armée performed an elaborate wheeling movement that outflanked the Austrian positions. The Ulm Maneuver completely surprised General Mack, who belatedly understood that his army had been cut off. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of Ulm, Mack finally surrendered after realizing that there was no way to break out of the French encirclement. For just 2000 French casualties, Napoleon had managed to capture a total of 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, Britain had total domination of the seas for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: By August 1805, Napoleon changed the primary target of his army's efforts from the English Channel to what area?
A: the Rhine", '
Q:  On what date did French troops begin to cross the Rhine?
A: 25 September', '
Q: How many French troops were involved in the crossing of the Rhine?
A: 200,000', '
Q: Who was the Austrian commander who led the army at the fortress of Ulm?
A: Karl Mack', '
Q: How many casualties did the French suffer at the Battle of Ulm?
A: 2000']
Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan — of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2000 years before.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In November, after the Ulm Campaign, what city was captured by French forces?
A: Vienna', '
Q:  How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna?
A: 100,000', '
Q: How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell?
A: 500', '
Q: When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
A: 2 December', '
Q: In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
A: Moravia']
The Allied disaster at Austerlitz significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lunéville between the two powers. The treaty confirmed the Austrian loss of lands to France in Italy and Bavaria, and lands in Germany to Napoleon's German allies. It also imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil. Napoleon went on to say, "The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought." Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one". Vincent Cronin disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, "he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Allied defeat at what location caused Emperor Francis to doubt the chances of the war effort?
A: Austerlitz', '
Q: What was the name of the treaty signed by France and Austria on 26 December?
A: the Treaty of Pressburg', '
Q: On what date was the Treaty of Pressburg signed?
A: 26 December', '
Q: The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in which country leaving the war?
A: Austria', '
Q: How much did the Habsburgs have to pay as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg?
A: 40 million francs']
Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally." That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar. It collapsed in 1807, when France and Russia themselves formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon had made no effective alliances in the Middle East.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Napoleon's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world?
A: the Middle East", '
Q: In 1806, what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor?
A: Selim III', '
Q: In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor?
A: 1806', '
Q: Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler?
A: Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar', "
Q: In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?
A: 1807"]