romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Russell moved the Watch Tower Society's headquarters to Brooklyn, New York, in 1909, combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel. He identified the religious movement as "Bible Students," and more formally as the International Bible Students Association. By 1910, about 50,000 people worldwide were associated with the movement and congregations re-elected him annually as their "pastor." Russell died October 31, 1916, at the age of 64 while returning from a ministerial speaking tour.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did Russell move the Society's headquarters to Brooklyn?
A: 1909", '
Q: What did Russell combine at the headquarters?
A: printing and corporate offices with a house of worship', '
Q: What was the name of the residence where volunteers were housed?
A: Bethel', '
Q: When did Russell die?
A: October 31, 1916', "
Q: How many people worldwide were associated with Russell's movement by 1910?
A: about 50,000 people"]
In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner. The divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade. In June 1917, he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures series. The book, published as the posthumous work of Russell, was a compilation of his commentaries on the Bible books of Ezekiel and Revelation, plus numerous additions by Bible Students Clayton Woodworth and George Fisher. It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War. As a result, Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; charges against the directors were dropped in 1920.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society's president in January of 1917?
A: Joseph Franklin Rutherford", '
Q: When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery?
A: June 1917,', "
Q: What had Rutherford been before being elected the group's president?
A: legal representative", '
Q: Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize? 
A: Catholic and Protestant clergy', '
Q: What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for?
A: sedition']
Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. In 1919, he instituted the appointment of a director in each congregation, and a year later all members were instructed to report their weekly preaching activity to the Brooklyn headquarters. At an international convention held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching. Significant changes in doctrine and administration were regularly introduced during Rutherford's twenty-five years as president, including the 1920 announcement that the Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of Christ's thousand-year Kingdom. Disappointed by the changes, tens of thousands of defections occurred during the first half of Rutherford's tenure, leading to the formation of several Bible Student organizations independent of the Watch Tower Society, most of which still exist. By mid-1919, as many as one in seven of Russell-era Bible Students had ceased their association with the Society, and as many as two-thirds by the end of the 1920s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where as an international convention held in September of 1922?
A: Cedar Point, Ohio', '
Q: What did Rutherford institute the appointment of in each congregation in 1919?
A: a director', '
Q: What was a new emphasis made on at the international convention?
A: house-to-house preaching', '
Q: What were all members instructed to report weekly to the Brooklyn headquarters?
A: preaching activity', "
Q: How long was Rutherford's tenure as president of the Society?
A: twenty-five years"]
On July 26, 1931, at a convention in Columbus, Ohio, Rutherford introduced the new name—Jehovah's witnesses—based on Isaiah 43:10: "Ye are my witnesses, saith Jehovah, and my servant whom I have chosen"—which was adopted by resolution. The name was chosen to distinguish his group of Bible Students from other independent groups that had severed ties with the Society, as well as symbolize the instigation of new outlooks and the promotion of fresh evangelizing methods. In 1932, Rutherford eliminated the system of locally elected elders and in 1938, introduced what he called a "theocratic" (literally, God-ruled) organizational system, under which appointments in congregations worldwide were made from the Brooklyn headquarters.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Rutherford introduce the new name for the Society?
A: July 26, 1931', "
Q: What biblical passage was the name Jehovah's witnesses based on?
A: Isaiah 43:10", '
Q: What system did Rutherford eliminate in 1932?
A: locally elected elders', '
Q: Where were appointments in congregations worldwide made from?
A: the Brooklyn headquarters']
From 1932, it was taught that the "little flock" of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon. Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 "anointed" who would be resurrected—or transferred at death—to live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ, a separate class of members, the "great multitude," would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered part of that class. By the mid-1930s, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parousía), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days" were each moved to 1914.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From when was it taught that the little flock would not be the only people to survive Armageddon?
A: 1932', '
Q: What was the number of the little flock set at?
A: 144,000', '
Q: Where would the great multitude live?
A: a paradise restored on earth', '
Q: All new converts to the movmeent since 1935 were considered part of what class?
A: great multitude', '
Q: When was the start of the last days moved to in the mid-1930s?
A: 1914']
Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942. Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961. He organized large international assemblies, instituted new training programs for members, and expanded missionary activity and branch offices throughout the world. Knorr's presidency was also marked by an increasing use of explicit instructions guiding Witnesses in their lifestyle and conduct, and a greater use of congregational judicial procedures to enforce a strict moral code.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was appointed as the third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942?
A: Nathan Knorr', '
Q: What did Knorr commission?
A: a new translation of the Bible', '
Q: When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released?
A: in 1961', "
Q: What was Knorr's presidency marked by the increasing use of?
A: explicit instructions guiding Witnesses", '
Q: What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce?
A: a strict moral code']
From 1966, Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975 or shortly thereafter. The number of baptisms increased significantly, from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974. By 1975, the number of active members exceeded two million. Membership declined during the late 1970s after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong. Watch Tower Society literature did not state dogmatically that 1975 would definitely mark the end, but in 1980 the Watch Tower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding that year.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: From 1966, what did Witness publications and conventions think would happen in late 1975?
A: Christ's thousand-year reign", '
Q: How many baptisms were there in 1974?
A: more than 297,000', '
Q: How many active members were there in 1975?
A: two million', '
Q: Why did membership decline in the late 1970s?
A: after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong', '
Q: What did the Watch Tower Society admit in 1980?
A: its responsibility in building up hope']
The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body. Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz (1977–1992) and Milton Henschel (1992–2000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by Don A. Adams, not a member of the Governing Body. In 1995, Jehovah's Witnesses abandoned the idea that Armageddon must occur during the lives of the generation that was alive in 1914 and in 2013 changed their teaching on the "generation".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished?
A: president', '
Q: When was the offices of restored to the Witness congregations?
A: 1972', '
Q: When did Knorr die? 
A: 1977', '
Q: Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church?
A: traveling overseers', '
Q: Who has been president of the Society since 2000?
A: Don A. Adams']
Jehovah's Witnesses are organized hierarchically, in what the leadership calls a "theocratic organization", reflecting their belief that it is God's "visible organization" on earth. The organization is led by the Governing Body—an all-male group that varies in size, but since early 2014 has comprised seven members,[note 1] all of whom profess to be of the "anointed" class with a hope of heavenly life—based in the Watch Tower Society's Brooklyn headquarters. There is no election for membership; new members are selected by the existing body. Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (approximately 10,000 self-professed "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses). At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the "faithful and discreet slave" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only. The Governing Body directs several committees that are responsible for administrative functions, including publishing, assembly programs and evangelizing activities. It appoints all branch committee members and traveling overseers, after they have been recommended by local branches, with traveling overseers supervising circuits of congregations within their jurisdictions. Traveling overseers appoint local elders and ministerial servants, and while branch offices may appoint regional committees for matters such as Kingdom Hall construction or disaster relief.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are Jehovah Witnesses organized?
A: hierarchically', '
Q: What does the theocratic organization of Jehovah Witnesses reflect on Earth?
A: God\'s "visible organization"', '
Q: What gender are all the members of the Governing Body?
A: male', '
Q: How many members does the Governing Body consist of?
A: seven', '
Q: Who does the Governing Body direct?
A: several committees']
Each congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial servants. Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance, setting meeting times, selecting speakers and conducting meetings, directing the public preaching work, and creating "judicial committees" to investigate and decide disciplinary action for cases involving sexual misconduct or doctrinal breaches. New elders are appointed by a traveling overseer after recommendation by the existing body of elders. Ministerial servants—appointed in a similar manner to elders—fulfill clerical and attendant duties, but may also teach and conduct meetings. Witnesses do not use elder as a title to signify a formal clergy-laity division, though elders may employ ecclesiastical privilege such as confession of sins.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does each congregation have?
A: a body of appointed unpaid male elders', '
Q: Whose responsibility is it to conduct meetings and decide action for cases involving sexual misconduct?
A: Elders', '
Q: Who appoints new elders?
A: a traveling overseer', '
Q: What does the title of elder not signify?
A: a formal clergy-laity division', '
Q: What ecclesiastical privilege may elders employ?
A: confession of sins']
Baptism is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. Jehovah's Witnesses do not practice infant baptism, and previous baptisms performed by other denominations are not considered valid. Individuals undergoing baptism must affirm publicly that dedication and baptism identify them "as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization," though Witness publications say baptism symbolizes personal dedication to God and not "to a man, work or organization." Their literature emphasizes the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to "his organization,"[note 2] stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God's favor and to survive Armageddon.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses?
A: Baptism", "
Q: What aren't considered valid when performed by other denominations?
A: previous baptisms", "
Q: What do Witness publications say baptism symbolizes a person's personal dedication to?
A: God", "
Q: Jehovah Witnesses' literature puts emphasis on the obedience to not only Jehovah but also to his what?
A: organization", '
Q: Individuals must remain Jehovah Witnesses if they wish to receive what from God?
A: favor']
Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of first-century Christianity. Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture. The Governing Body does not issue any single, comprehensive "statement of faith", but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society. Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose, and that such enlightenment or "new light" results from the application of reason and study, the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels. The Society also teaches that members of the Governing Body are helped by the holy spirit to discern "deep truths", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions. The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility, is said to provide "divine guidance" through its teachings described as "based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of?
A: first-century Christianity', '
Q: Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah Witnesses? 
A: the Governing Body', '
Q: Where does the Governing Body express its doctrinal position?
A: through publications published by the Watch Tower Society', '
Q: How does God reveal his will and purpose?
A: gradually', "
Q: What is the Jehovah Witnesses' leadership said to provide?
A: divine guidance"]
The entire Protestant canon of scripture is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God. Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable and interpret much of it literally, but accept parts of it as symbolic. They consider the Bible to be the final authority for all their beliefs, although sociologist Andrew Holden's ethnographic study of the religion concluded that pronouncements of the Governing Body, through Watch Tower Society publications, carry almost as much weight as the Bible. Regular personal Bible reading is frequently recommended; Witnesses are discouraged from formulating doctrines and "private ideas" reached through Bible research independent of Watch Tower Society publications, and are cautioned against reading other religious literature. Adherents are told to have "complete confidence" in the leadership, avoid skepticism about what is taught in the Watch Tower Society's literature, and "not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding." The religion makes no provision for members to criticize or contribute to official teachings and all Witnesses must abide by its doctrines and organizational requirements.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God?
A: The entire Protestant canon', '
Q: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the science and history within the Bible to be?
A: accurate', '
Q: Whose pronouncements within Jehovah Witnesses group are considered to carry almost as much weight as the Bible?
A: the Governing Body', '
Q: What are members of Jehovah Witnesses cautioned against reading?
A: other religious literature', '
Q: What is there no provision for members of the Jehovah Witnesses to do in relation to the official teachings?
A: criticize or contribute']
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's only direct creation, that everything else was created by means of Christ, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's "only-begotten Son". Jesus served as a redeemer and a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of humanity. They believe Jesus died on a single upright post rather than the traditional cross. They believe that references in the Bible to the Archangel Michael, Abaddon (Apollyon), and the Word all refer to Jesus. Jesus is considered to be the only intercessor and high priest between God and humanity, and appointed by God as the king and judge of his kingdom. His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is applied to the 'anointed' class, though the 'other sheep' are said to also benefit from the arrangement.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who do Jehovah Witnesses believe is God's only direct creation?
A: Jesus", '
Q: What was Jesus a ransom sacrifice to pay for?
A: the sins of humanity', '
Q: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus died on rather than a traditional cross?
A: a single upright post', '
Q: Jesus is considered to be the only what between God and humanity?
A: intercessor and high priest', "
Q: What biblical passage outlines Jesus' role as a mediator?
A: 1 Timothy 2:5"]
Witnesses believe that a "little flock" go to heaven, but that the hope for life after death for the majority of "other sheep" involves being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. They interpret Revelation 14:1–5 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144,000, who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth. Jehovah's Witnesses teach that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving Armageddon, but that God is the final judge. During Christ's millennial reign, most people who died prior to Armageddon will be resurrected with the prospect of living forever; they will be taught the proper way to worship God to prepare them for their final test at the end of the millennium.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Jehovah Witnesses believe who will go to heaven?
A: a "little flock"', '
Q: Where will God resurrected the "other sheep" after Armageddon?
A: a cleansed earth', '
Q: Jehovah Witnesses interrupted Revelation 14:1-5 to limit heaven goers to exactly what number?
A: 144,000', '
Q: Who is the final Judge of whether Jehovah Witnesses get to survive Armageddon?
A: God', "
Q: What will people need to study for during Christ's millennial reign?
A: their final test at the end of the millennium"]
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a "new covenant". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe of God's kingdom?
A: a literal government in heaven", '
Q: Who rules with Jesus Christ in heaven according to Jehovah Witnesses?
A: 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians', '
Q: What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for?
A: accomplish his original purpose for the earth', '
Q: What will the Earth be transformed into?
A: a paradise without sickness or death', '
Q: When do Jehovah Witnesses believe the kingdom of heaven was established?
A: 1914']
A central teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses is that the current world era, or "system of things", entered the "last days" in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably. They consider all other present-day religions to be false, identifying them with "Babylon the Great", or the "harlot", of Revelation 17, and believe that they will soon be destroyed by the United Nations, which they believe is represented in scripture by the scarlet-colored wild beast of Revelation chapter 17. This development will mark the beginning of the "great tribulation". Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's "sheep", or true followers, will be destroyed. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth, which will be transformed into a paradise similar to the Garden of Eden. After Armageddon, most of those who had died before God's intervention will gradually be resurrected during "judgment day" lasting for one thousand years. This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection rather than past deeds. At the end of the thousand years, Christ will hand all authority back to God. Then a final test will take place when Satan is released to mislead perfect mankind. Those who fail will be destroyed, along with Satan and his demons. The end result will be a fully tested, glorified human race.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: One of Jehovah Witnesses' central teachings is that the world entered into its last days at what year?
A: 1914", '
Q: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider all other present day religions to be?
A: false', '
Q: Who do Jehovah Witnesses think is out to destroy them?
A: the United Nations', '
Q: Who needs to attack Jehovah Witnesses for God to begin the war of Armageddon?
A: Satan', "
Q: What will be the end result of God's kingdom?
A: a fully tested, glorified human race"]