romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids?
A: Buya', '
Q: How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea?
A: over 1 million years', '
Q: What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution?
A: section of the Danakil Depression', '
Q: What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea?
A: hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans', '
Q: What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea?
A: it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind']
The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was James Bruce?
A: Scottish traveler', '
Q: In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia?
A: James Bruce', '
Q: How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?
A: "Kings of the Sea"', '
Q: What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians?
A: geopolitical circumstances', '
Q: Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans?
A: 16th']
The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993. Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?
A: annexation', '
Q: When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?
A: 1947', '
Q: What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?
A: Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia', '
Q: What was the result of the War of Independence?
A: Eritrean independence', '
Q: What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?
A: modern-day Eritrea']
Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?
A: the Gash Group', '
Q: What is the Gash Group?
A: an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization', '
Q: Where is Agordat located?
A: central Eritrea', '
Q: What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?
A: linguistic', '
Q: When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?
A: between 2500–1500 BC']
The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns, the obelisk of Aksum, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320–360), Aksum later adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca also sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What purpose did stelae serve?
A: religious', '
Q: Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times?
A: The Aksumites', '
Q: Which stelae is considered the largest in the world, standing at 90 feet?
A: the obelisk of Aksum', '
Q: Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting?
A: Aksum', '
Q: Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana?
A: Aksum']
Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League. The nation holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the World Customs Organization.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the abbreviation for the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions?
A: ACABQ", '
Q: What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for?
A: International Criminal Police Organization', '
Q: Which league is Eritrea an observing member of?
A: Arab League']
The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis?
A: Zoskales', '
Q: How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade?
A: by minting their own Aksumite currency', '
Q: Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of?
A: on the Arabian peninsula', '
Q: Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?
A: Himyarite Kingdom', '
Q: Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?
A: throughout the ancient world']
In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?
A: 1888', '
Q: When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?
A: 1911', '
Q: What was the longest line in the world during its time?
A: The Asmara–Massawa Cableway', '
Q: Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?
A: the British', '
Q: In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?
A: police and public works departments']
Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation. The federal government, which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950?
A: United States', '
Q: Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?
A: 390A(V)', '
Q: What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??
A: foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation', '
Q: Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore?
A: independence', '
Q: What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea?
A: democratic rights and a measure of autonomy']
Additionally, the Italian Eritrea administration opened a number of new factories, which produced buttons, cooking oil, pasta, construction materials, packing meat, tobacco, hide and other household commodities. In 1939, there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens. The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. The number of Italians residing in the territory increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industries, trade and fruit plantation was expanded across the nation, while some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Eritrea administration open to produce products such as buttons and construction materials?
A: a number of new factories', '
Q: How many factories were in Eritrea by 1939?
A: around 2,198', '
Q: Who were the main employees in the factories of Eritrea?
A: Eritrean citizens', '
Q: Besides Eritreans, which other nationality increased its city population because of new industries?
A: Italians', '
Q: How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built?
A: from 4,600 to 75,000']
Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudus, klipspringers, African leopards, oryxs and crocodiles., The spotted hyena is widespread and fairly common. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region?
A: Lions', '
Q: In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River?
A: about 30', '
Q: What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with?
A: olive baboons', '
Q: Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence?
A: elephant']
Eritrea can be split into three ecoregions. To the east of the highlands are the hot, arid coastal plains stretching down to the southeast of the country. The cooler, more fertile highlands, reaching up to 3000m has a different habitat. Habitats here vary from the sub-tropical rainforest at Filfil Solomona to the precipitous cliffs and canyons of the southern highlands. The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country, Emba Soira, is located in the center of Eritrea, at 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many ecoregions make up Eritrea?
A: three', '
Q: What is the highest point in Eritrea?
A: Emba Soira', '
Q: Where is Emba Soira located?
A: in the center of Eritrea', '
Q: How high is Emba Soira?
A: 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level', '
Q: What is the probably location in Eritrea where three tectonic plates are pulling away from each other?
A: The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression']
It is estimated that there are around 100 elephants left in Eritrea, the most northerly of East Africa's elephants. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country. In Gash Barka, deadly snakes like saw-scaled viper are common. Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and can be found even in the highlands.In the coastal areas marine species that are common include dolphin, dugong, whale shark, turtles, marlin/swordfish, and manta ray.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many elephants are believed to be left in Eritrea?
A: around 100', '
Q: What type of snakes are common in Gash Barka?
A: deadly', '
Q: Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found?
A: widespread', '
Q: Where in Eritrea are marine species such as dolphin, turtles and manta ray found?
A: coastal areas', '
Q: Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country?
A: African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)']
Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed. According to Human Rights Watch, the government's human rights record is considered among the worst in the world. Most Western countries have accused the Eritrean authorities of arbitrary arrest and detentions, and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. However, the Eritrean government has continually dismissed the accusations as politically motivated. In June 2015, a 500-page United Nations Human Rights Council report accused Eritrea's government of extrajudicial executions, torture, indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour, and indicated that sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude by state officials are also widespread.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to Human Rights Watch, how do the human rights in Eritrea compare to the rest of the world?
A: among the worst', '
Q: According to a 500-page UN Human Rights Council report, what was widespread behavior by state officials in Eritrea?
A: sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude', '
Q: What type of state government exists in Eritrea?
A: a one-party state', '
Q: According to many western countries, why have Eritrean authorities detained an unknown number of people?
A: for their political activism', '
Q: In what year was the United Nations Human Rights Council report written?
A: 2015']
In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or communal rights?" In 2007, the Eritrean government also banned female genital mutilation. In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice. Additionally, a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives?
A: In an attempt at reform', '
Q: What did the Eritrean government ban in 2007?
A: female genital mutilation', '
Q: What new movement is aimed at opening dialogue between the government and opposition?
A: Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea', '
Q: Who, along with ordinary citizens, makes up the Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea?
A: some people close to the government', '
Q: What are the main concerns Eritreans speak about in terms of female circumcision?
A: health concerns and individual freedom']
In its 2014 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment in Eritrea at the very bottom of a list of 178 countries, just below totalitarian North Korea. According to the BBC, "Eritrea is the only African country to have no privately owned news media", and Reporters Without Borders said of the public media, "[they] do nothing but relay the regime's belligerent and ultra-nationalist discourse. ... Not a single [foreign correspondent] now lives in Asmara." The state-owned news agency censors news about external events. Independent media have been banned since 2001. In 2015, The Guardian published an opinion piece claiming,

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the 2014 Press Freedom Index, what organization ranked the media environment in Eritrea as the worse of 178 countries?
A: Reporters Without Borders', '
Q: How did Reporters Without Borders rank the media environment of Eritrea compared to totalitarian North Korea?
A: just below', '
Q: What type of media has been banned from Eritrea since 2001?
A: Independent', '
Q: According to the BBC, which African country is the only one that has no privately owned news media?
A: Eritrea', "
Q: According to Reporters Without Borders, where doesn't a single foreign news correspondent live?
A: Asmara"]
Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Massawa with Asseb, as well as the rehabilitation of the Eritrean Railway. The rail line has been restored between the port of Massawa and the capital Asmara, although services are sporadic. Steam locomotives are sometimes used for groups of enthusiasts.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Under which program did Eritrea develp and repair its transportation infrastructure during the war?
A: Warsay Yika'alo", '
Q: How long was the coastal highway between Massawa and Asseb?
A: more than 500 km', '
Q: What type of locomotives are sometimes used on the Eritrean Railway to cater to groups of enthusiasts?
A: Steam', '
Q: What is the capital of Eritrea?
A: Asmara', "
Q: Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program?
A: Eritrean"]
Eritrea is a multilingual country. The nation has no official language, as the Constitution establishes the "equality of all Eritrean languages". However, Tigrinya serves as the de facto language of national identity. With 2,540,000 total speakers of a population of 5,254,000 in 2006, Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language, particularly in the southern and central parts of Eritrea. Modern Standard Arabic and English serve as de facto working languages, with the latter used in university education and many technical fields. Italian, the former colonial language, is widely used in commerce and is taught as a second language in schools, with a few elderly monolinguals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the official language of Eritrea?
A: The nation has no official language', '
Q: What was the most widely spoken language in Eritrea in 2006?
A: Tigrinya', '
Q: What does the Constitution establish of all Eritrean languages?
A: equality', '
Q: What languages serve as de facto working languages in Eritrea?
A: Modern Standard Arabic and English', '
Q: What language is used in Eritrean university education and many technical fields?
A: English']
Eritrea has achieved significant improvements in health care and is one of the few countries to be on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in health, in particular child health. Life expectancy at birth has increased from 39.1 in 1960 to 59.5 years in 2008, maternal and child mortality rates have dropped dramatically and the health infrastructure has been expanded. Due to Eritrea's relative isolation, information and resources are extremely limited and according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) found in 2008 average life expectancy to be slightly less than 63 years. Immunisation and child nutrition has been tackled by working closely with schools in a multi-sectoral approach; the number of children vaccinated against measles almost doubled in seven years, from 40.7% to 78.5% and the underweight prevalence among children decreased by 12% in 1995–2002 (severe underweight prevalence by 28%). The National Malaria Protection Unit of the Ministry of Health has registered tremendous improvements in reducing malarial mortality by as much as 85% and the number of cases by 92% between 1998 and 2006. The Eritrean government has banned female genital mutilation (FGM), saying the practice was painful and put women at risk of life-threatening health problems.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which part of Eritrea's health care goals have they been most successful in?
A: child health", '
Q: What was the Eritrean life expectancy at birth in 1960?
A: 39.1', '
Q: What was the Eritrean life expectancy st birth in 2008?
A: 59.5', '
Q: Which practice was banned by the Eritrean government with claimes it is painful and has life-threatening health problems for women?
A: female genital mutilation', '
Q: How much did the National Malaria Protection Unit reduce malarial mortality by from 1998 - 2006?
A: 85%']