romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music. Pop recording artist Madonna's 1990 single "Vogue" became an international hit single and topped the US charts. The single is credited as helping to bring house music to the US mainstream.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?
A: Vogue', '
Q: when was madonna\'s hit single "vogue" released?
A: 1990', '
Q: what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us?
A: 1990s', '
Q: who sang the hit single "vogue"?
A: Madonna', '
Q: how well did madonna\'s single "vogue" do in the us? 
A: topped the US charts']
Influential gospel/R&B-influenced Aly-us released "Time Passes On" in 1993 (Strictly Rhythm), then later, "Follow Me" which received radio airplay as well as being played in clubs. Another U.S. hit which received radio play was the single "Time for the Perculator" by Cajmere, which became the prototype of ghetto house subgenre. Cajmere started the Cajual and Relief labels (amongst others). By the early 1990s artists such as Cajmere himself (under that name as well as Green Velvet and as producer for Dajae), DJ Sneak, Glenn Underground and others did many recordings. The 1990s saw new Chicago house artists emerge such as DJ Funk, who operates a Chicago house record label called Dance Mania. Ghetto house and acid house were other house music styles that were also started in Chicago.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What gospel/R&B-influenced group released "Time Passes On" in 1993?
A: Aly-us', '
Q: who released the hit single "time for the perculator" in the us?
A: Cajmere', "
Q: what was cajmere's alternate name?
A: Green Velvet", '
Q: what was the name of the label operated by dj funk in chicago?
A: Dance Mania', '
Q: what was the prototype of ghetto house?
A: "Time for the Perculator" by Cajmere']
In Britain, further experiments in the genre boosted its appeal. House and rave clubs such as Lakota and Cream emerged across Britain, hosting house and dance scene events. The 'chilling out' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin. The Godskitchen superclub brand also began in the midst of the early 90's rave scene. After initially hosting small nights in Cambridge and Northampton, the associated events scaled up in Milton Keynes, Birmingham and Leeds. A new indie dance scene also emerged in the 90's. In New York, bands such as Deee-Lite furthered house's international influence. Two distinctive tracks from this era were the Orb's "Little Fluffy Clouds" (with a distinctive vocal sample from Rickie Lee Jones) and the Happy Mondays' "Wrote for Luck" ("WFL") which was transformed into a dance hit by Vince Clarke.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: where did the "chilling out" concept develop?
A: Britain', '
Q: who released the album analogue bubblebath?
A: Aphex Twin', '
Q: where was the band deee-lite based?
A: New York', '
Q: who released the track "little fluffy clouds"?
A: Orb', '
Q: who transformed happy mondays\' "wrote for luck" into a dance hit?
A: Vince Clarke']
In England, one of the few licensed venues The Eclipse attracted people from up and down the country as it was open until the early hours. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was a government attempt to ban large rave dance events featuring music with "repetitive beats". There were a number of abortive "Kill the Bill" demonstrations. The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten was probably the nail in the coffin for illegal raves, and forced through the bill, which became law, in November 1994. The music continued to grow and change, as typified by Leftfield with "Release the Pressure", which introduced dub and reggae into the house sound, although Leftfield had prior releases, such as "Not Forgotten" released in 1990 on Sheffield's Outer Rhythm records.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what act was passed in england in an attempt to ban large rave dance events?
A: Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994', '
Q: what was the nail in the coffin for illegal raves?
A: The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten', '
Q: when did the bill become a law? 
A: November 1994', '
Q: what single introduced dub and reggae into the house sound?
A: "Release the Pressure"', '
Q: who recorded the hit single "release the pressure"?
A: Leftfield']
A new generation of clubs such as Liverpool's Cream and the Ministry of Sound were opened to provide a venue for more commercial sounds. Major record companies began to open "superclubs" promoting their own acts. These superclubs entered into sponsorship deals initially with fast food, soft drinks, and clothing companies. Flyers in clubs in Ibiza often sported many corporate logos. A new subgenre, Chicago hard house, was developed by DJs such as Bad Boy Bill, DJ Lynnwood, DJ Irene, Richard "Humpty" Vission and DJ Enrie, mixing elements of Chicago house, funky house and hard house together. Additionally, Producers such as George Centeno, Darren Ramirez, and Martin O. Cairo would develop the Los Angeles Hard House sound. Similar to gabber or hardcore techno from the Netherlands, this sound was often associated with the "rebel" culture of the time. These 3 producers are often considered "ahead of their time" since many of the sounds they engineered during the late 20th century became more prominent during the 21st century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: where was a new type of club called Cream located?
A: Liverpool', '
Q: what was a new subgenre of house in chicago, developed by bad boy bill and others, called?
A: Chicago hard house', '
Q: george centeno, darren ramirez, and martin o. cairo developed a hard house sound in what city?
A: Los Angeles', '
Q: what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands?
A: gabber', '
Q: who began opening "superclubs"?
A: Major record companies']
Towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s, producers such as Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain and DJ Falcon began producing a new sound out of Paris's house scene. Together, they laid the groundwork for what would be known as the French house movement. By combining the harder-edged-yet-soulful philosophy of Chicago house with the melodies of obscure funk, state-of-the-art production techniques and the sound of analog synthesizers, they began to create the standards that would shape all house music.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Daft Punk began producing a new sound out of what european city?
A: Paris', '
Q: When did Daft Punk begin producing a new sound?
A: end of the 1990s and into the 2000s', "
Q: Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain, and DJ Falcon all came from what scene?
A: Paris's house scene"]
Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed August 10, 2005 to be "House Unity Day" in Chicago, in celebration of the "21st anniversary of house music" (actually the 21st anniversary of the founding of Trax Records, an independent Chicago-based house label). The proclamation recognized Chicago as the original home of house music and that the music's original creators "were inspired by the love of their city, with the dream that someday their music would spread a message of peace and unity throughout the world". DJs such as Frankie Knuckles, Marshall Jefferson, Paul Johnson and Mickey Oliver celebrated the proclamation at the Summer Dance Series, an event organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was House Unity Day in Chicago?
A: August 10, 2005', '
Q: Who proclaimed House Unity Day in Chicago?
A: Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley', '
Q: In 2005, what anniversary was house music celebrating?
A: "21st anniversary of house music"', '
Q: what was recognized as the original home of house music in 2005?
A: Chicago', "
Q: What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate house music?
A: Summer Dance Series"]
It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established, both in the underground and as part of the pop market, and labels such as Defected Records, Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound. In the mid-2000s, fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged.[citation needed] This fusion is apparent in the crossover of musical styles by artists such as Dennis Ferrer and Booka Shade, with the former's production style having evolved from the New York soulful house scene and the latter's roots in techno.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of house music?
A: vocal house', '
Q: Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of house music?
A: vocal house', '
Q: Dennis Ferrer produced what type of house fusion?
A: electro house and fidget house', '
Q: in what time period did fusion genres of house emerge?
A: mid-2000s']
Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade, including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami's Winter Music Conference. The genre even gained popularity in the Middle East in cities such as Dubai & Abu Dhabi[citation needed] and at events like Creamfields.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the Winter Music Conference take place? 
A: Miami', '
Q: The Shambhala Music Festival was dedicated to what? 
A: house music', '
Q: where did house music gain popularity in the middle east?
A: Dubai & Abu Dhabi', '
Q: what event led to an increase in popularity for house music in the middle east?
A: Creamfields', '
Q: what large event in Miami was industry sponsored?
A: Shambhala Music Festival']
2010s saw multiple new sounds in house music developed by numerous DJs. Sweden knew a prominence of snare-less "Swedish progressive house" with the emergence of Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, Steve Angello (These three formed a trio called Swedish House Mafia), Avicii, Alesso, etc. Netherlands brought together a concept of "Dirty Dutch", electro house subgenre characterized by very abrasive leads and darker arpeggios, with prominent DJs Chuckie, Hardwell, Laidback Luke, Afrojack, R3hab, Bingo Players, Quintino, Alvaro, Cedric Gervais, 2G, etc. Elsewhere, fusion genres derivative of 2000s progressive house returned to prominence, especially with the help of DJs Calvin Harris, Eric Prydz, Mat Zo, Above & Beyond and Fonzerelli in Europe, Deadmau5, Kaskade, Steve Aoki, Porter Robinson and Wolfgang Gartner in the US and Canada. The growing popularity of such artists led to the emergence of electro house and progressive house blended sounds in popular music, such as singles Lady Gaga's "Marry the Night", The Black Eyed Peas' "The Best One Yet (The Boy)" and the will.i.am and Britney Spears "Scream & Shout". Big room house found increasing popularity since 2010, particularly through international dance music festivals such as Tomorrowland, Ultra Music Festival, and Electric Daisy Carnival.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was different about swedish progressive house music?
A: snare-less', '
Q: Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, and Steve Angello formed what successful trio?
A: Swedish House Mafia', '
Q: What concept is characterized by abrasive leads and darker arpeggios?
A: Dirty Dutch', '
Q: Progressive house blended sounds were prominent in the song "Marry the Night" by what popular artist?
A: Lady Gaga', '
Q: Big room house has found increasing popularity since what year?
A: 2010']
In addition to these popular examples of house, there has also been a reunification of contemporary house and its roots. Many hip hop and R&B artists also turn to house music to add a mass appeal to the music they produce.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: There has been a reunification of contemporary house with what?
A: its roots', '
Q: Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music?
A: to add a mass appeal to the music they produce', '
Q: What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add mass appeal?
A: hip hop and R&B']
The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?
A: shallow', '
Q: Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?
A: hyphen', '
Q: In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?
A: located above', '
Q: Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember.
A: taller']
The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?
A: sentences', '
Q: What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?
A: sentence-style', '
Q: What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?
A: sentence case', '
Q: Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?
A: International Organization for Standardization', '
Q: Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?
A: publication titles']
Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate?
A: 7th', '
Q: Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form?
A: 8th', '
Q: Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script?
A: uncial', '
Q: Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?
A: 835', '
Q: In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?
A: Uspenski Gospels']
In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used):

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case
A: letter case', '
Q: Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?
A: smaller lower', '
Q: Capital letters refer to which case of letter?
A: larger upper', '
Q: Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?
A: written']
Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?
A: formal', '
Q: In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?
A: capital', '
Q: What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?
A: beginning of a line of verse', '
Q: How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?
A: capitalised', '
Q: The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?
A: oh']
Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?
A: majuscule', '
Q: Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?
A: pen', '
Q: Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?
A: Alcuin', '
Q: Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?
A: Europe', '
Q: What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?
A: faster readability']
Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?
A: Letter case', '
Q: Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?
A: special', '
Q: Which is the most common variant of case in text?
A: lowercase', '
Q: Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?
A: upper-case', '
Q: Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?
A: easier to distinguish than lowercase']
Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t  are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?
A: generally have the same height', '
Q: In Time New Roman the letter "b" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height?
A: ascenders', '
Q: Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?
A: lower than the average', '
Q: Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?
A: 8']
Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?
A: letter cases', '
Q: What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?
A: unicameral script', '
Q: Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?
A: Georgian', '
Q: What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?
A: bicameral']
In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?
A: old Roman cursive', '
Q: Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?
A: Knut Kleve', '
Q: Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?
A: Europe', '
Q: What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? 
A: stylistic', '
Q: Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?
A: handwritten']