romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material in their own right and, these days, in the manufacture of engineered flooring, panels and veneer. Another major plant group that produce material that often is called wood are the palms. Of much less importance are plants such as Pandanus, Dracaena and Cordyline. With all this material, the structure and composition of the structural material is quite different from ordinary wood.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What\'s another term used for "conifer" wood?
A: dicot', '
Q: What type of plants produce material that is referred to as "wood" even though it is technically not?
A: monocot', '
Q: What monocot plant produces "wood" by the same name that\'s often used for flooring and veneer?
A: bamboo', '
Q: While we call bamboo "wood," what botanical family does it belong to?
A: grass', '
Q: Along with bamboo, what\'s the other monocot that\'s a major source of so-called "wood"?
A: palms']
The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a quantity of a substance to the volume of that quantity and is expressed in mass per unit substance, e.g., grams per millilitre (g/cm3 or g/ml). The terms are essentially equivalent as long as the metric system is used. Upon drying, wood shrinks and its density increases. Minimum values are associated with green (water-saturated) wood and are referred to as basic specific gravity (Timell 1986).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality?
A: specific gravity', "
Q: In addition to lumber strength, what important indicator of wood's quality can be determined using specific gravity?
A: pulp yield", '
Q: What measurement is expressed in mass per unit substance?
A: density', '
Q: When wood dries and shrinks, what happens to its density?
A: increases', '
Q: When wood is described as "green," what does "green" mean?
A: water-saturated']
Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into “one fairly easily measured wood characteristic” (Elliott 1970).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood?
A: physiological', '
Q: Into how many characteristics are the factors of wood combined?
A: one', '
Q: What author called wood\'s density "fairly easily measured"?
A: Elliott']
Age, diameter, height, radial growth, geographical location, site and growing conditions, silvicultural treatment, and seed source, all to some degree influence wood density. Variation is to be expected. Within an individual tree, the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that between different trees (Timell 1986). Variation of specific gravity within the bole of a tree can occur in either the horizontal or vertical direction. :)

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What should be anticipated because of the many factors that influence wood's density?
A: Variation", '
Q: What specific type of growth has an effect on the density of wood?
A: radial', '
Q: Which part of a tree can have vertical or horizontal variation in its specific gravity?
A: bole', '
Q: Variation in what measurement is sometimes greater within one tree than from one tree to another?
A: density', "
Q: What tiny object's source plays a role in determining wood density?
A: seed"]
It is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not necessarily soft. The well-known balsa (a hardwood) is actually softer than any commercial softwood. Conversely, some softwoods (e.g. yew) are harder than many hardwoods.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term do we use for the wood that comes from pine trees?
A: softwood', '
Q: What kind of wood does an oak tree have?
A: hardwood', '
Q: Is balsa a softwood or a hardwood?
A: hardwood', '
Q: What\'s an example of a softwood that isn\'t "soft," and is actually harder than a lot of hardwoods?
A: yew', "
Q: What's the scientific name for trees like the oak with broad leaves?
A: dicotyledons"]
There is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent for fine furniture crafting, whereas balsa is light, making it useful for model building. One of the densest woods is black ironwood.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What kind of relationship exists between a tree's properties and its wood's properties?
A: strong", '
Q: What property of wood varies according to species?
A: density', '
Q: What property of wood has a correlation to its density?
A: strength', '
Q: Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood?
A: hardwood', '
Q: What hobby is balsa wood often used for?
A: model building']
The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species, but is approximately 50% carbon, 42% oxygen, 6% hydrogen, 1% nitrogen, and 1% other elements (mainly calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and manganese) by weight. Wood also contains sulfur, chlorine, silicon, phosphorus, and other elements in small quantity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What approximate percentage of carbon does wood have?
A: 50%', '
Q: What element makes up about 6% of the chemical composition of wood?
A: hydrogen', '
Q: About what percentage of wood is composed of nitrogen?
A: 1%', '
Q: Which element in wood composes about 42% of its weight?
A: oxygen', '
Q: What element joins potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and sodium to make a combined 1% of the chemical composition of wood?
A: magnesium']
Aside from water, wood has three main components. Cellulose, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41–43%. Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly five-carbon sugars that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to the cellulose. Lignin is the third component at around 27% in coniferous wood vs. 23% in deciduous trees. Lignin confers the hydrophobic properties reflecting the fact that it is based on aromatic rings. These three components are interwoven, and direct covalent linkages exist between the lignin and the hemicellulose. A major focus of the paper industry is the separation of the lignin from the cellulose, from which paper is made.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many main components make up wood, not counting water?
A: three', "
Q: What's the name for the crystalline polymer derived from glucose?
A: Cellulose", '
Q: After cellulose, what component is most plentiful in wood?
A: hemicellulose', '
Q: What kind of trees have about 30% hemicellulose?
A: conifers', '
Q: Which of the three main components of wood is used to manufacture paper?
A: cellulose']
In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from coniferyl alcohol.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood?
A: lignin', '
Q: Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?
A: Softwood', '
Q: Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin?
A: coniferyl', '
Q: In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin?
A: sinapyl', '
Q: Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources?
A: Hardwood']
Aside from the lignocellulose, wood consists of a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds, called extractives. The wood extractives are fatty acids, resin acids, waxes and terpenes. For example, rosin is exuded by conifers as protection from insects. The extraction of these organic materials from wood provides tall oil, turpentine, and rosin.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the name for the low molecular weight organic compounds in wood?
A: extractives", '
Q: Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood?
A: resin', '
Q: Wood extractives include resin and fatty acids, terpenes, and what other component?
A: waxes', '
Q: What do conifers use rosin to protect themselves from?
A: insects', "
Q: Along with tall oil and rosin, what commercial product do we get from wood's extractives?
A: turpentine"]
Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continues to this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer. Adding a woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of wood is preferred as fuel?
A: Hardwood', '
Q: What type of wood burns quickly and makes more smoke than hardwood?
A: softwood', '
Q: What type of areas use more wood for fuel?
A: rural', '
Q: What benefit besides the cozy atmosphere would a wood-burning fireplace add to a home?
A: warmth']
Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, houses and boats. Nearly all boats were made out of wood until the late 19th century, and wood remains in common use today in boat construction. Elm in particular was used for this purpose as it resisted decay as long as it was kept wet (it also served for water pipe before the advent of more modern plumbing).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What wood is decay-resistant when wet?
A: Elm', '
Q: What plumbing component was once made out of elm?
A: water pipe', '
Q: Until the late 19th century, what vessels were almost always wooden?
A: boats', '
Q: What significant purpose has wood been used for as long as humans have built shelters?
A: construction material', '
Q: Other than boats, what do people often build with wood?
A: houses']
Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider variety of woods is used: solid wood doors are often made from poplar, small-knotted pine, and Douglas fir.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term is used in North America for wood used in construction?
A: lumber', '
Q: Outside of North America, if someone said "lumber," to what would they be referring?
A: felled trees', '
Q: What do people outside of North America call the sawn boards used for building?
A: timber', '
Q: What was the preferred wood for construction in Medieval Europe?
A: oak', '
Q: For modern solid wood doors, what wood is often used in addition to small-knotted pine or poplar?
A: Douglas fir']
New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction. Engineered wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry. They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of construction is often used now to build homes in much of the world?
A: timber-framed', '
Q: In addition to residential applications, what type of buildings often have engineered wood components?
A: commercial', '
Q: Along with decorative components, what type of building materials can be engineered from wood?
A: structural', '
Q: What industry benefits greatly from engineered wood products?
A: construction']
In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?
A: supporting material', '
Q: What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?
A: roof', '
Q: Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?
A: cladding', '
Q: Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?
A: doors']
Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What holds together an engineered wood product?
A: glue', '
Q: Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?
A: industrial', '
Q: What requirements do engineered wood products meet?
A: application-specific performance requirements', '
Q: What efficient type of unit does the process of "engineering" wood result in?
A: composite structural unit', '
Q: Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?
A: veneers']
These products include glued laminated timber (glulam), wood structural panels (including plywood, oriented strand board and composite panels), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, parallel strand lumber, and I-joists. Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991. The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What category do composite panels, strand board, and plywood all fit into?
A: wood structural panels', "
Q: What's another word for glued laminated timber?
A: glulam", '
Q: What does LVL stand for?
A: laminated veneer lumber', '
Q: If current building trends continue, what material will be replaced by particle and fiber board?
A: plywood', '
Q: About how many cubic meters of wood was used in 1991 to make products like glulam, LVL, and structural composite lumber?
A: 100 million']
Wood unsuitable for construction in its native form may be broken down mechanically (into fibers or chips) or chemically (into cellulose) and used as a raw material for other building materials, such as engineered wood, as well as chipboard, hardboard, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Such wood derivatives are widely used: wood fibers are an important component of most paper, and cellulose is used as a component of some synthetic materials. Wood derivatives can also be used for kinds of flooring, for example laminate flooring.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What material results from chemically breaking down wood?
A: cellulose', "
Q: What's the abbreviation for medium-density fiberboard?
A: MDF", '
Q: How is wood broken down into chips and fibers?
A: mechanically', '
Q: What type of flooring can be made from wood derivatives?
A: laminate', '
Q: What widely-used product is almost always made of wood fibers?
A: paper']
Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, such as chairs and beds. It is also used for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What category of products usually made from wood includes chairs?
A: furniture', '
Q: What wooden utensil could you stir a pot of soup with?
A: wooden spoon', '
Q: Which parts of tools are sometimes made out of wood?
A: handles', '
Q: What pieces of furniture that most people use every night can be made out of wood?
A: beds', '
Q: What special wooden utensils do many people use to eat Chinese takeout?
A: chopsticks']
Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites. As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to wood, new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace. Moisture content electronic monitoring can also enhance next generation wood protection.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?
A: Moisture content', '
Q: Development in the wood manufacturing industry include using lignin to make what substance?
A: glue', '
Q: Instead of rubber, what important part of a car might someday be replaced by components of wood?
A: tire', '
Q: What material might be developed from wood that could make clothes that resist wear and tear?
A: high strength fabrics', '
Q: In addition to extracting components from wood, what might scientist do by adding components, for example, to make innovative products?
A: modify wood']
Wood has long been used as an artistic medium. It has been used to make sculptures and carvings for millennia. Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks, often Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), and the Millennium clock tower, now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. It is also used in woodcut printmaking, and for engraving.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with sculptures, what type of art have people been making out of wood for centuries?
A: carvings', '
Q: What did indigenous people in North America make out of the trunks of conifers?
A: totem poles', '
Q: What type of tree was often used for totem poles?
A: Western Red Cedar', '
Q: What city in Scotland would you visit to see the Millennium clock tower?
A: Edinburgh', '
Q: What museum exhibits the Millennium clock tower?
A: National Museum of Scotland']
Certain types of musical instruments, such as those of the violin family, the guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the xylophone, and the marimba, are traditionally made mostly or entirely of wood. The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument, and tonewoods have widely differing properties, ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood (used for the bodies of clarinets) to the light but resonant European spruce (Picea abies), which is traditionally used for the soundboards of violins. The most valuable tonewoods, such as the ripple sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), used for the backs of violins, combine acoustic properties with decorative color and grain which enhance the appearance of the finished instrument.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of wood are clarinet bodies made from?
A: african blackwood', '
Q: What expensive wood with a prized color is used to make the backs of violins?
A: ripple sycamore', '
Q: What category of wood is often used for musical instruments?
A: tonewoods', "
Q: What's the common name for Picea abies?
A: European spruce", '
Q: Along with resonance, what property of an instrument will be affected by the wood used to make it?
A: tone']
Despite their collective name, not all woodwind instruments are made entirely of wood. The reeds used to play them, however, are usually made from Arundo donax, a type of monocot cane plant.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What type of instruments with a misleading name aren't always made completely out of wood?
A: woodwind instruments", "
Q: What are woodwind instrument's reeds often made out of?
A: Arundo donax", '
Q: Is the Arundo donax a monocot or dicot cane plant?
A: monocot', '
Q: What objects do musicians have to have in order to play woodwind instruments?
A: reeds']
Many types of sports equipment are made of wood, or were constructed of wood in the past. For example, cricket bats are typically made of white willow. The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory, and in recent years have been constructed from maple even though that wood is somewhat more fragile. NBA courts have been traditionally made out of parquetry.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What wood is usually used for cricket bats?
A: white willow', '
Q: Ash and hickory are often used for baseball bats to comply with the rules of what organization?
A: Major League Baseball', '
Q: What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on?
A: parquetry', '
Q: What wood has recently started being used to make baseball bats in addition to hickory and ash?
A: maple', '
Q: Compared to hickory and ash, what adjective might be used for a maple baseball bat?
A: fragile']
Many other types of sports and recreation equipment, such as skis, ice hockey sticks, lacrosse sticks and archery bows, were commonly made of wood in the past, but have since been replaced with more modern materials such as aluminium, fiberglass, carbon fiber, titanium, and composite materials. One noteworthy example of this trend is the golf club commonly known as the wood, the head of which was traditionally made of persimmon wood in the early days of the game of golf, but is now generally made of synthetic materials.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What pieces of equipment for shooting arrows used to be wooden?
A: archery bows', '
Q: Which pieces of ice hockey equipment were once made out of wood?
A: sticks', '
Q: When the golf club called the "wood" was actually made out of it, what type of wood was used?
A: persimmon', '
Q: What is the golf club known as the "wood" usually made out of today?
A: synthetic materials', '
Q: What other modern material has joined composites, carbon fiber, titanium, and aluminum to replace wood in the manufacture of sporting equipment?
A: fiberglass']
Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about?
A: cellulose', '
Q: What type of bacteria are present in Xylophaga?
A: Symbiotic', '
Q: What type of wood is it possible the bacteria in Xylophaga help break down?
A: sunken', '
Q: How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it?
A: over a year', '
Q: What bacteria starting with the letter "F" were found in wood after it was underwater for more than a year?
A: Flavobacteria']
Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: صومال‎) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language family is Somali a part of?
A: Afro-Asiatic', '
Q: What part of the Afro-Asiatic language family is Somali a part of?
A: Cushitic', '
Q: What is the majority religion of Somalis?
A: Sunni Muslim', '
Q: How many people of Somali ethnicity live in Somalia?
A: 12.3 million', '
Q: What country has the second largest Somali population?
A: Ethiopia']