romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The mandolin's popularity in the United States was spurred by the success of a group of touring young European musicians known as the Estudiantina Figaro, or in the United States, simply the "Spanish Students." The group landed in the U.S. on January 2, 1880 in New York City, and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds. Ironically, this ensemble did not play mandolins but rather bandurrias, which are also small, double-strung instruments that resemble the mandolin. The success of the Figaro Spanish Students spawned other groups who imitated their musical style and costumes. An Italian musician, Carlo Curti, hastily started a musical ensemble after seeing the Figaro Spanish Students perform; his group of Italian born Americans called themselves the "Original Spanish Students," counting on the American public to not know the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins. The imitators' use of mandolins helped to generate enormous public interest in an instrument previously relatively unknown in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group in the US was popular?
A: Estudiantina Figaro', '
Q: When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?
A: January 2, 1880', '
Q: Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play? 
A: Boston and New York', '
Q: What group was inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro? 
A: Original Spanish Students', '
Q: What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the American  public not to know? 
A: the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins']
Mandolin awareness in the United States blossomed in the 1880s, as the instrument became part of a fad that continued into the mid-1920s. According to Clarence L. Partee, the first mandolin made in the United States was made in 1883 or 1884 by Joseph Bohmann, who was an established maker of violins in Chicago. Partee characterized the early instrument as being larger than the European instruments he was used to, with a "peculiar shape" and "crude construction," and said that the quality improved, until American instruments were "superior" to imported instruments. At the time, Partee was using an imported French-made mandolin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did madolin awareness in the US become fluent?
A: 1880s', '
Q: When was the first madolin made in the US?
A: 1883 or 1884', '
Q: Who made the first US mandolin?
A: Joseph Bohm', '
Q: Where was Joseph Bohmann from? 
A: Chicago', '
Q: What type of madolin was Partee using ?
A: French-made mandolin']
Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. Often, these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments. However, alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians, working to create a spot for the instrument in classical music, ragtime and jazz. Like the teacher-dealers, they traveled the U.S., recording records, giving performances and teaching individuals and mandolin orchestras. Samuel Siegel played mandolin in Vaudeville and became one of America's preeminent mandolinists. Seth Weeks was an African American who not only taught and performed in the United States, but also in Europe, where he recorded records. Another pioneering African American musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was composer James Reese Europe. W. Eugene Page toured the country with a group, and was well known for his mandolin and mandola performances. Other names include Valentine Abt, Samuel Adelstein, William Place, Jr., and Aubrey Stauffer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer? 
A: The Music Man', '
Q: What did these teacher-dealers often conduct? 
A: mandolin orchestras', '
Q: How many people were usually in these teacher-dealer orchestras? 
A: 4-50 musicians', '
Q: Who played the mandolin in Vaudeville? 
A: Samuel Siegel', '
Q: Who was the famous African American musican and director? 
A: composer James Reese Europe.']
The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s, and although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s, the instruments that were developed for the orchestra found a new home in bluegrass. The famous Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson (1923) was designed to boost the flagging interest in mandolin ensembles, with little success. However, The "Loar" became the defining instrument of bluegrass music when Bill Monroe purchased F-5 S/N 73987 in a Florida barbershop in 1943 and popularized it as his main instrument.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930's was? 
A: ensemble setting", '
Q: Where did the mandolins find a new home? 
A: bluegrass', '
Q: What mandolin was designed to boost interest in the mandolin?
A: Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson', '
Q: What mandolin became the face of bluegrass music?
A: Loar', '
Q: What instrument did artist Bill Monroe use? 
A: F-5 S/N 73987']
The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, and guitars, and sometimes supplemented by other instruments) continues to grow in popularity. Since the mid-nineties, several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country, including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra, the first of its kind. The national organization, Classical Mandolin Society of America, founded by Norman Levine, represents these groups. Prominent modern mandolinists and composers for mandolin in the classical music tradition include Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla, Dave Apollon, Neil Gladd, Evan Marshall, Marilynn Mair and Mark Davis (the Mair-Davis Duo), Brian Israel, David Evans, Emanuil Shynkman, Radim Zenkl, David Del Tredici and Ernst Krenek.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools?
A: mandolin-based guitar programs', '
Q: What are two of the popular public school groups? 
A: Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra', '
Q: Who found the Classical Mandolin Society of America?
A: Norman Levine', '
Q: Who are modern mandolinists and composers?
A: Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla']
When Cowan Powers and his family recorded their old-time music from 1924-1926, his daughter Orpha Powers was one of the earliest known southern-music artists to record with the mandolin. By the 1930s, single mandolins were becoming more commonly used in southern string band music, most notably by brother duets such as the sedate Blue Sky Boys (Bill Bolick and Earl Bolick) and the more hard-driving Monroe Brothers (Bill Monroe and Charlie Monroe). However, the mandolin's modern popularity in country music can be directly traced to one man: Bill Monroe, the father of bluegrass music. After the Monroe Brothers broke up in 1939, Bill Monroe formed his own group, after a brief time called the Blue Grass Boys, and completed the transition of mandolin styles from a "parlor" sound typical of brother duets to the modern "bluegrass" style. He joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1939 and its powerful clear-channel broadcast signal on WSM-AM spread his style throughout the South, directly inspiring many musicians to take up the mandolin. Monroe famously played Gibson F-5 mandolin, signed and dated July 9, 1923, by Lloyd Loar, chief acoustic engineer at Gibson. The F-5 has since become the most imitated tonally and aesthetically by modern builders.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What family recorded an old-time music in 1924-1926?
A: Cowan Powers and his family', '
Q: Who was the earliest known southern music artist?
A: Orpha Powers', "
Q: What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1930's? 
A: single mandolins", '
Q: Who was considered the father of Bluegrass music?
A: Bill Monroe', "
Q: What was Bill Monroe's group called? 
A: Blue Grass Boys"]
Monroe's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler, and also a percussive chording sound referred to as "the chop" for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings. He also perfected a sparse, percussive blues style, especially up the neck in keys that had not been used much in country music, notably B and E. He emphasized a powerful, syncopated right hand at the expense of left-hand virtuosity. Monroe's most influential follower of the second generation is Frank Wakefield and nowadays Mike Compton of the Nashville Bluegrass Band and David Long, who often tour as a duet. Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What chording sound was Monroe popular for?
A: the chop', '
Q: What keys was Monroe popular for? 
A: B and E', "
Q: Who was Monroe's most influential follower?
A: Frank Wakefield", '
Q: Who developed a electric five-string mandolin?
A: Moore of the Texas Playboys', '
Q: What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize?
A: Western Swing music']
Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds (of Jim and Jesse) who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking—and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers, who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs. Highly respected and influential modern bluegrass players include Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, and the multi-genre Sam Bush, who is equally at home with old-time fiddle tunes, rock, reggae, and jazz. Ronnie McCoury of the Del McCoury Band has won numerous awards for his Monroe-influenced playing. The late John Duffey of the original Country Gentlemen and later the Seldom Scene did much to popularize the bluegrass mandolin among folk and urban audiences, especially on the east coast and in the Washington, D.C. area.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?
A: Jesse McReynolds", '
Q: What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of?
A: Jim and Jesse', '
Q: What technique did Jesse McReynolds create?
A: crosspicking', '
Q: What is crosspicking?
A: syncopated banjo-roll-like style', '
Q: Who won several award for his Monroe influenced music? 
A: Ronnie McCoury']
Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Modern players David Grisman, Sam Bush, and Mike Marshall, among others, have worked since the early 1970s to demonstrate the mandolin's versatility for all styles of music. Chris Thile of California is a well-known player, and has accomplished many feats of traditional bluegrass, classical, contemporary pop and rock; the band Nickel Creek featured his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles, and he now plays in his band Punch Brothers. Most commonly associated with bluegrass, mandolin has been used a lot in country music over the years. Some well-known players include Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?
A: half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro', '
Q: What type of music did Jethro Burns play? 
A: jazz mandolinist', '
Q: Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music?
A: Tiny Moore', '
Q: Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass?
A: Chris Thile of California is', '
Q: Who are othe rwell know players? 
A: Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs']
Mandolin has also been used in blues music, most notably by Ry Cooder, who performed outstanding covers on his very first recordings, Yank Rachell, Johnny "Man" Young, Carl Martin, and Gerry Hundt. Howard Armstrong, who is famous for blues violin, got his start with his father's mandolin and played in string bands similar to the other Tennessee string bands he came into contact with, with band makeup including "mandolins and fiddles and guitars and banjos. And once in a while they would ease a little ukulele in there and a bass fiddle." Other blues players from the era's string bands include Willie Black (Whistler And His Jug Band), Dink Brister, Jim Hill, Charles Johnson, Coley Jones (Dallas String Band), Bobby Leecan (Need More Band), Alfred Martin, Charlie McCoy (1909-1950), Al Miller, Matthew Prater, and Herb Quinn.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who got his start with his father's mandolin? 
A: Howard Armstrong,", '
Q: Who is the most popular blue music mandolinist?
A: Ry Cooder', '
Q: What other instrument did the Tennessee string bands use? 
A: ukulele in there and a bass fiddle', '
Q: Who played in the Whistler and His Jug Band? 
A: Willie Black']
The mandolin has been used occasionally in rock music, first appearing in the psychedelic era of the late 1960s. Levon Helm of The Band occasionally moved from his drum kit to play mandolin, most notably on Rag Mama Rag, Rockin' Chair, and Evangeline. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull played mandolin on Fat Man, from their second album, Stand Up, and also occasionally on later releases. Rod Stewart's 1971 No. 1 hit Maggie May features a significant mandolin riff. David Grisman played mandolin on two Grateful Dead songs on the American Beauty album, Friend of the Devil and Ripple, which became instant favorites among amateur pickers at jam sessions and campground gatherings. John Paul Jones and Jimmy Page both played mandolin on Led Zeppelin songs. The popular alt rock group Imagine Dragons feature the mandolin on a few of their songs, most prominently being It's Time. Dash Crofts of the soft rock duo Seals and Crofts extensively used mandolin in their repertoire during the 1970s. Styx released the song Boat on the River in 1980, which featured Tommy Shaw on vocals and mandolin. The song didn't chart in the United States but was popular in much of Europe and the Philippines.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the mandolin first appear in rock music?
A: psychedelic era of the late 1960s', '
Q: Who played the drums and the mandolin in the group called The Band?
A: Levon Helm', '
Q: What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin?
A: Maggie May', '
Q: What artist from the Greatful Dead played the mandolin?
A: David Grisman', '
Q: Tommy Shaw sang and played the mandolin in which Styx song?
A: Boat on the River']
Some rock musicians today use mandolins, often single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins. One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys. In addition to electric guitar, bass, and drums, the band uses several instruments associated with traditional Celtic music, including mandolin, tin whistle, and Great Highland bagpipes. The band explains that these instruments accentuate the growling sound they favor. The 1991 R.E.M. hit "Losing My Religion" was driven by a few simple mandolin licks played by guitarist Peter Buck, who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs. The single peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (#1 on the rock and alternative charts), Luther Dickinson of North Mississippi Allstars and The Black Crowes has made frequent use of the mandolin, most notably on the Black Crowes song "Locust Street." Armenian American rock group System of A Down makes extensive use of the mandolin on their 2005 double album Mezmerize/Hypnotize. Pop punk band Green Day has used a mandolin in several occasions, especially on their 2000 album, Warning. Boyd Tinsley, violin player of the Dave Matthews Band has been using an electric mandolin since 2005. Frontman Colin Meloy and guitarist Chris Funk of The Decemberists regularly employ the mandolin in the band's music. Nancy Wilson, rhythm guitarist of Heart, uses a mandolin in Heart's song "Dream of the Archer" from the album Little Queen, as well as in Heart's cover of Led Zeppelin's song "The Battle of Evermore." "Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee, the theme song to the film Days of Thunder, prominently features a mandolin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use? 
A: single-stringed electric', '
Q: Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins?
A: Dropkick Murphys', '
Q: What REM song uses simple mandolin licks?
A: Losing My Religion', '
Q: What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins? 
A: System of A Down', "
Q: What film's theme song uses a mandolin?
A: Days of Thunder"]
As in Brazil, the mandolin has played an important role in the Music of Venezuela. It has enjoyed a privileged position as the main melodic instrument in several different regions of the country. Specifically, the eastern states of Sucre, Nueva Esparta, Anzoategui and Monagas have made the mandolin the main instrument in their versions of Joropo as well as Puntos, Jotas, Polos, Fulias, Merengues and Malagueñas. Also, in the west of the country the sound of the mandolin is intrinsically associated with the regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes: Bambucos, Pasillos, Pasodobles, and Waltzes. In the western city of Maracaibo the Mandolin has been played in Decimas, Danzas and Contradanzas Zulianas; in the capital, Caracas, the Merengue Rucaneao, Pasodobles and Waltzes have also been played with mandolin for almost a century. Today, Venezuelan mandolists include an important group of virtuoso players and ensembles such as Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What place in Brazil do mandolins play an important role?  
A: Venezuela', '
Q: What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country? 
A: regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes', '
Q: Who are the famous Venezuelen mandolinist? 
A: Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.']
To fill this gap in the literature, mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles. Some players have sought out contemporary composers to solicit new works. Traditional mandolin orchestras remain especially popular in Japan and Germany, but also exist throughout the United States, Europe and the rest of the world. They perform works composed for mandolin family instruments, or re-orchestrations of traditional pieces. The structure of a contemporary traditional mandolin orchestra consists of: first and second mandolins, mandolas (either octave mandolas, tuned an octave below the mandolin, or tenor mandolas, tuned like the viola), mandocellos (tuned like the cello), and bass instruments (conventional string bass or, rarely, mandobasses). Smaller ensembles, such as quartets composed of two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello, may also be found.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of music has mandolins played? 
A: mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles', '
Q: Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular? 
A: Japan and Germany', '
Q: What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of?
A: first and second mandolins,', '
Q: What are smalled ensambles composed of? 
A: two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello,', '
Q: What are the mandocellos usually tuned like? 
A: cello']
Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek ἔντομον [éntomon], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what phylum are insects classified? 
A: arthropod', '
Q: How many parts comprise the body of an insect?
A: three-part', "
Q: In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an insect's body?
A: thorax", '
Q: What type of exoskeleton do insects have?
A: chitinous', '
Q: How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have?
A: three', '
Q: What does insect mean in latin?
A: cut into sections', '
Q: What is the Latin word for insect?
A: insectum', '
Q: Insects are a class of what?
A: invertebrates', '
Q: Insects have what kind of skeleton?
A: chitinous exoskeleton', '
Q: An insects 3-part body includes a throat, abdomen, and what?
A: head']
The life cycles of insects vary but most hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages can differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo 4-stage metamorphosis (see holometabolism). Insects that undergo 3-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages. The higher level relationship of the Hexapoda is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era, including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22–28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin?
A: hatch from eggs', '
Q: What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?
A: inelastic exoskeleton', '
Q: What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis, notably absent in the latter?
A: pupal stage', '
Q: What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect?
A: nymphal', '
Q: What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans? 
A: Paleozoic', '
Q: Insects hatch from what?
A: eggs', '
Q: Insects growth is constrained by what?
A: the inelastic exoskeleton', '
Q: An insects developement involves a series of what?
A: molts', '
Q: How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through?
A: 4-stage', '
Q: The most diverse insects coevolved with what?
A: flowering plants']