romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him 2.Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one exceles him in nobility 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?
A: 2:124', '
Q: What does the Quran verse 17:71 say?
A: no age can be without an Imam', '
Q: Imamah is a position appointed by who?
A: God', '
Q: What is an Imam protected by?
A: divine protection', '
Q: Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?
A: Imam']
According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithnā'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Quranic verses which include: 75:36, 13:7, 35:24, 2:30, 2:124, 36:26, 7:142, 42:23.[citation needed] They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19–20 and Sunni hadith:Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 4478, English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui.[original research?]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?
A: Hussayn ibn 'Alī", '
Q: Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?
A: son', '
Q: What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?
A: Genesis 17:19–20']
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere, where birds are funnelled on to specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Caribbean Sea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does migration mainly occur?
A: the northern hemisphere', '
Q: Why do birds primarily migrate?
A: availability of food', '
Q: Which birds migrate?
A: Many species', '
Q: What is bird migration?
A: the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds', '
Q: What is a cause of death to birds during migration?
A: humans']
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientific studies have used techniques including bird ringing and satellite tracking. Threats to migratory birds have grown with habitat destruction especially of stopover and wintering sites, as well as structures such as power lines and wind farms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was migration first recorded?
A: 3,000 years ago', '
Q: Who recorded the earliest records of migration?
A: Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job', '
Q: Where was Johannes Leche from?
A: Finland', '
Q: Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago?
A: storks, turtle doves, and swallows', '
Q: What is a major threat to migratory birds?
A: habitat destruction']
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, including altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which birds migrate the furthest?
A: The Arctic tern', '
Q: Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year?
A: between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic', '
Q: Where do Manx shearwaters migrate?
A: between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean', '
Q: which bird migrates by circling the earth?
A: albatrosses', '
Q: What is an example of a shorter migration?
A: altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas']
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What causes the timing of migration?
A: changes in day length', '
Q: How do migrating birds navigate?
A: celestial cues from the sun and stars', "
Q: How else to migrating birds navigate?
A: the earth's magnetic field", '
Q: What might help migrating birds navigate?
A: mental maps']
Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah (8:7) wrote: "Even the stork in the heavens knows its seasons, and the turtle dove, the swift and the crane keep the time of their arrival."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who recorded early records of migration?
A: Ancient Greek writers', '
Q: Where in the bible does it mention migration?
A: the Book of Job (39:26)', '
Q: What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?
A: hawk']
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?
A: Aristotle', "
Q: Who repeats Aristotle's observations?
A: Pliny the Elder", "
Q: Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?
A: in his Historia Naturalis", '
Q: What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?
A: cranes']
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selborne, quoted a man's story about swallows being found in a chalk cliff collapse "while he was a schoolboy at Brighthelmstone", though the man denied being an eyewitness. However, he also writes that "as to swallows being found in a torpid state during the winter in the Isle of Wight or any part of this country, I never heard any such account worth attending to", and that if early swallows "happen to find frost and snow they immediately withdraw for a time—a circumstance this much more in favour of hiding than migration", since he doubts they would "return for a week or two to warmer latitudes".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?
A: swallows', '
Q: Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?
A: 1878', '
Q: Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?
A: Elliott Coues', '
Q: Who wrote "The Natural History of Selborne"?
A: Gilbert White']
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and Majorca, saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward", and states the situation in Britain as follows:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was migration finally accepted?
A: the end of the eighteenth century', '
Q: Who wrote A History of British Birds?
A: Thomas Bewick', "
Q: What year was Thomas Bewick's book published?
A: 1797", '
Q: Where were Swallows seen flying?
A: between the islands of Minorca and Majorca', '
Q: Which directions were the Swallows flying?
A: northward']
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who describes an experiment with swallows?
A: Bewick', '
Q: Where did this experiment take place?
A: Britain', '
Q: How did the experiment succeed?
A: they remained warm and dry through the winters', '
Q: How long did the birds stay alive?
A: several years']
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or in only one direction (dispersal, movement of young away from natal area). Migration is marked by its annual seasonality. Non-migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary. Approximately 1800 of the world's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why do birds migrate?
A: response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather', '
Q: What are non=migratory birds called?
A: resident or sedentary', '
Q: How many species of birds are there?
A: 10,000', '
Q: How many bird species are long distance migrants?
A: 1800', '
Q: Which direction do birds primarily migrate?
A: north and south']
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but there is less land area in the far south to support long-distance migration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along where do many birds migrate?
A: a flyway', '
Q: What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?
A: south', '
Q: What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring?
A: flying north', '
Q: Why do the birds fly north?
A: to breed']
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migratory species that remain in the tropics. As the days shorten in autumn, the birds return to warmer regions where the available food supply varies little with the season.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the primary motivation for migration?
A: food', '
Q: Which birds will not migrate if they are well fed through winter?
A: hummingbirds', '
Q: When do the birds return to warmer regions?
A: autumn', '
Q: what do the longer days of summer provide the birds?
A: time for breeding birds to feed their young.', '
Q: What do diurnal birds produce as opposed to non migratory species?
A: larger clutches']
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrants, which it feeds to its young. A similar strategy is adopted by the greater noctule bat, which preys on nocturnal passerine migrants. The higher concentrations of migrating birds at stopover sites make them prone to parasites and pathogens, which require a heightened immune response.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is hightened during migration?
A: Predation', "
Q: Where do Eleonora's falcon breed?
A: Mediterranean islands", "
Q: What do Eleonora's falcon feed their young?
A: southbound passerine migrants", '
Q: What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants?
A: the greater noctule bat', '
Q: What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?
A: higher concentrations of migrating birds']
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migratory and will often winter at lower latitude. The migrating birds bypass the latitudes where other populations may be sedentary, where suitable wintering habitats may already be occupied. This is an example of leap-frog migration. Many fully migratory species show leap-frog migration (birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes), and many show the alternative, chain migration, where populations 'slide' more evenly north and south without reversing order.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is partial migration?
A: not all populations may be migratory', '
Q: Where is partial migration most common?
A: the southern continents', '
Q: In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?
A: 44%', '
Q: In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?
A: 32%', '
Q: What is leap frog migration?
A: birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes']
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?
A: Female', '
Q: Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?
A: Eastern Fennoscandia', '
Q: When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?
A: autumn']
Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water. The specific routes may be genetically programmed or learned to varying degrees. The routes taken on forward and return migration are often different. A common pattern in North America is clockwise migration, where birds flying North tend to be further West, and flying South tend to shift Eastwards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do most migrations begin?
A: the birds starting off in a broad front', '
Q: What to the migrating birds usually follow?
A: mountain ranges or coastlines', '
Q: What obsticals will migrating birds avoid?
A: large stretches of open water', '
Q: What is a common pattern in North America migration?
A: clockwise', '
Q: What are the preferred routes for migration called?
A: flyways']
Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than when they were flying alone.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do most birds migrate?
A: in flocks', '
Q: How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?
A: 12–20%', '
Q: How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?
A: 3.1 mph', '
Q: What does flying in flocks reduce?
A: energy cost', '
Q: How do birds conserve energy?
A: a V-formation']
Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossing the Himalayas, at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird. Anecdotal reports of them flying much higher have yet to be corroborated with any direct evidence. Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land, and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds. However most bird migration is in the range of 150 to 600 m (490 to 1,970 ft). Bird strike aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below 600 m (2,000 ft) and almost none above 1,800 m (5,900 ft).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?
A: skeletons', '
Q: Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?
A: Bar-headed geese Anser indicus', '
Q: What kind of birds fly low over water?
A: Seabirds', '
Q: What altitude range is most migration recorded?
A: 150 to 600 m', '
Q: Where do most in air collisions occur?
A: below 600 m']
Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake long-distance movements on foot during droughts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do penguins migrate?
A: by swimming', '
Q: How far do penguins travel when they migrate?
A: over 1,000 km', '
Q: How do Dusky grouse migrate?
A: mostly by walking', '
Q: How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts?
A: on foot', '
Q: Where are Emus from?
A: Australia']
The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For example, the pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus migrates from Iceland to Britain and neighbouring countries, whilst the dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis migrates from subarctic and arctic climates to the contiguous United States and the American goldfinch from taiga to wintering grounds extending from the American South northwestward to Western Oregon. Migratory routes and wintering grounds are traditional and learned by young during their first migration with their parents. Some ducks, such as the garganey Anas querquedula, move completely or partially into the tropics. The European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca also follows this migratory trend, breeding in Asia and Europe and wintering in Africa.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do the pink-footed goose migrate?
A: from Iceland to Britain', '
Q: Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate?
A: arctic climates to the contiguous United States', '
Q: Where do the European pied flycatcher breed?
A: Asia and Europe', '
Q: Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter?
A: Africa', '
Q: How do young learn migratory routes?
A: during their first migration with their parents']
Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ranges, because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites, or the lack of thermal columns for broad-winged birds.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What route does a migrating bird usually follow?
A: an hooked or arched line', '
Q: What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?
A: large water bodies or high mountain ranges', '
Q: Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?
A: the lack of stopover or feeding sites', '
Q: Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?
A: lack of thermal columns']
The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for example, brent geese Branta bernicla migrating from the Taymyr Peninsula to the Wadden Sea travel via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea rather than directly across the Arctic Ocean and northern Scandinavia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do water birds avoid while migrating?
A: a large area of land without bodies of water', '
Q: Where do brent geese migrate from?
A: the Taymyr Peninsula', '
Q: Where do brent geese migrate to?
A: the Wadden Sea', '
Q: How do brent geese migrate?
A: via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea']
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are waders called in North America?
A: shorebirds', '
Q: Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?
A: warmer locations in the same hemisphere', '
Q: Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?
A: the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere', '
Q: Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from?
A: Arctic breeding grounds']
For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does successful migration depend on for some waders?
A: the availability of certain key food resources', '
Q: Where do migrants refuel?
A: stopover points along the migration route', '
Q: Where is an important stopover location?
A: the Bay of Fundy', '
Q: What is another stopover location?
A: Delaware Bay']
Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which bird has the longest migration?
A: bar-tailed godwits', '
Q: How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate?
A: 11,000 km', '
Q: Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from
A: Alaska', '
Q: Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to?
A: New Zealand', '
Q: How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration?
A: 55 percent']
Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas. One Arctic tern, ringed (banded) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast, reached Melbourne, Australia in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000 km (14,000 mi). Many tubenosed birds breed in the southern hemisphere and migrate north in the southern winter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which seabird has the longest-distance migration?
A: The Arctic tern', '
Q: Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration?
A: The Arctic tern', '
Q: How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate?
A: three months', '
Q: How far did the Arctic tern chick travel?
A: 22,000 km', '
Q: Where do tubenosed birds breed?
A: the southern hemisphere']