romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In August 1855 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on Åland Islands. In the same month, the Western Allied Baltic Fleet tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg outside Helsinki. More than 1000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days. Despite the shelling, the sailors of the 120-gun ship Rossiya, led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky, defended the entrance to the harbor. The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries. A massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels was prepared[by whom?], but before the attack was launched, the war ended.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?
A: August 1855', '
Q: Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?
A: Åland Islands', '
Q: Who led the ship Rossiya?
A: Captain Viktor Poplonsky', '
Q: What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending? 
A: entrance to the harbor']
Part of the Russian resistance was credited[by whom?] to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines. Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia, the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel (the father of Alfred Nobel). Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives, such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder. One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War: "Torpedo mines, if I may use this name given by Fulton to self-acting mines underwater, were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol", as one American officer put it in 1860.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What greatly benefited the Russian resistance?
A: newly invented blockade mines', '
Q: Who contributed the most to developing naval mining?
A: Immanuel Nobel', '
Q: Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field?
A: industrial explosives', '
Q: Who named the torpedo mines?
A: Fulton', "
Q: What was Immanuel Nobel son's name?
A: Alfred Nobel"]
Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?
A: Rear Admiral David Price', '
Q: The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?
A: snow', '
Q: Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?
A: the Kamchatka Peninsula']
Camillo di Cavour, under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora, to side with French and British forces during the war.:111–12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?
A: Victor Emmanuel II', '
Q: Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?
A: 15,000', '
Q: Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?
A: General Alfonso La Marmora', '
Q: The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?
A: 1855', '
Q: Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?
A: Piedmont-Sardinia']
Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.:32–40 When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war.:139 The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?
A: King Otto of Greece', '
Q: When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?
A: Thessaly and Epirus', '
Q: From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?
A: Greek port at Piraeus', '
Q: In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?
A: 1854', '
Q: Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?
A: Greeks']
Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos, especially the humiliating defeat of the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. On Sunday, 21 January 1855, a "snowball riot" occurred in Trafalgar Square near St. Martin-in-the-Field in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses, cabs, and pedestrians with snow balls. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at them. The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons. In Parliament, Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties that had been sustained by all British armed forces in the Crimea; they were especially concerned with the Battle of Balaclava. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855. The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister. Palmerston took a hard line; he wanted to expand the war, foment unrest inside the Russian Empire, and permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe. Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France, and Russia was isolated.:400–402, 406–408

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?
A: Trafalgar Square', '
Q: How did troops stop the riot?
A: with truncheons', '
Q: What were the people using during the protest?
A: snowballs', '
Q: Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?
A: Aberdeen', '
Q: What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?
A: Foreign Secretary']
Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856. In compliance with article III, Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and citadel of Kars in common with "all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession". Russia ceded some land in Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube to Moldavia. By article IV The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia "the towns and ports of Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch, Jenikale, Kinburn, as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops". In conformity with article XI and XIII, the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia, and it no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans. The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire; in practice they became independent. The Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire.:432–33

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the Treaty of Paris signed?
A: the Congress of Paris', '
Q: What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?
A: 1856', '
Q: Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?
A: the Tsar and the Sultan', '
Q: Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?
A: the Ottoman Empire', '
Q: Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?
A: The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey']
The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871, when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire, the Emperor of the French, Napoleon III, was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic. During his reign, Napoleon III, eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question. Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire, however, did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France. Thus, France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of a republic. Encouraged by the decision of the French, and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck, Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Treaty of Paris fall?
A: 1871', '
Q: In what war was France defeated by Prussia?
A: Franco-Prussian War', '
Q: Between what years did the  Franco-Prussian War take place?
A: 1870–1871', '
Q: Napoleon III was removed to form what?
A: a Third French Republic', '
Q: Who renounced the Black Sea clause?
A: Russia']
Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty, in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it.:433 Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war,:433 which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy. Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War:433 with its loss of Venetia and more important than that, its influence in most German-speaking lands. The status of Austria as a great power, with the unifications of Germany and Italy was now severely questioned. It had to compromise with Hungary, the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became a little more than a German satellite. With France now hostile to Germany, allied with Russia, and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to World War I.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who lost the most due to the Crimean War?
A: Austria', '
Q: Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?
A: Austro-Prussian War', '
Q: Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?
A: Kingdom of Sardinia']
The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent,:411 the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia. As Fuller notes, "Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness." The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe, the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and which had included France, Russia, Austria and the United Kingdom.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: France rose to power after what war?
A: The Crimean War', '
Q: What empire declined after the Crimean War?
A: the Ottoman Empire', '
Q: The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power?
A: Concert of Europe']
This view of 'diplomatic drift' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W, Kinglake, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy. More recently, the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that, first, Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and second that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?
A: A. W, Kinglake', '
Q: What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?
A: as victims', '
Q: Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?
A: Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart']
Russia feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British. While Alaska attracted little interest at the time, the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended. Therefore, the Russian emperor, Alexander II, decided to sell Alaska. In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States, hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia's greatest regional rival, the United Kingdom.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Russians fear losing without compensation?
A: British Columbia', '
Q: What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war?
A: British Columbia', '
Q: Who made the call to sell Alaska?
A: Alexander II', '
Q: Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to?
A: the United States', "
Q: Who is Russia's largest regional rival?
A: the United Kingdom"]
Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell (writing for The Times newspaper) and the photographs of Roger Fenton.:306–309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date. The British public was very well informed regarding the day-to-day realities of the war in the Crimea. After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854, the news reached London in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister.:304–11

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who provided notable documentation of the war?
A: William Howard Russell', '
Q:  William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?
A: The Times', "
Q: Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?
A: Roger Fenton", '
Q: Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?
A: the French', '
Q: After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?
A: two days']
As the memory of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army. However, the reform campaign was not well organized, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.:469–71

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who demanded drastic reforms after the war?
A: the newspapers', '
Q: The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year?
A: 1857', '
Q: What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?
A: Charge of the Light Brigade']
The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions, such as the electric telegraph, with the first "live" war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell. Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea. Additionally, the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications. Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before. It was the first European war to be photographed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The tactical use of railways was first used during what war?
A: The Crimean War', '
Q: Who gave the first live war report?
A: William Howard Russell', '
Q: Due to his reporting skills, some give Russell credit for doing what?
A: prompting the resignation of the sitting British government', '
Q: What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London?
A: the telegraph', '
Q: What was the first European war to be photographed?
A: The Crimean War']
Literature consists of written productions, often restricted to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera, letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, but intertwined with the roman concept of cultura: learning or cultivation. Literature often uses language differently than ordinary language (see literariness). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two key elements that distinguish literature as a written form of art?
A: deemed to have artistic or intellectual value', '
Q: What are two major divisions of literature?
A: fiction or non-fiction', '
Q: Besides this major division, what are two other sub-divisions to describe literature?
A: poetry or prose', '
Q: Prose literature can be sub-divided into what formats?
A: the novel, short story or drama', '
Q: What words are the Latin roots of the word "literature?"
A: literatura/litteratura']
Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The changing nature of the meaning of the term "literature" can be described as what?
A: a "culturally relative definition"', '
Q: In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?
A: all books and writing', '
Q: During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?
A: the Romantic period', '
Q: During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?
A: it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature']
The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing." However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes "literature"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?
A: writing that possesses high quality or distinction', '
Q: What French term for value-based literature literally translates as "fine writing?"
A: belles-lettres', '
Q: Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?
A: "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing."', '
Q: What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?
A: anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded']
The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., "scientific literature"), as such writing must use language according to particular standards. The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?
A: formalist', '
Q: What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?
A: journalism', '
Q: What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?
A: "ordinary language"', '
Q: What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?
A: an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history', '
Q: The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?
A: must use language according to particular standards']