romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
A cabinet of coins is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG. The Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen is the largest police museum in Germany. Textiles from all over the world can be visited in the Museum for textile art. The EXPOseeum is the museum of the world-exhibition "EXPO 2000 Hannover". Carpets and objects from the orient can be visited in the Oriental Carpet Museum. The Blind Man Museum is a rarity in Germany, another one is only in Berlin. The Museum of veterinary medicine is unique in Germany. The Museum for Energy History describes the 150 years old history of the application of energy. The Home Museum Ahlem shows the history of the district of Ahlem. The Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ahlem describes the history of the Jewish people in Hanover and the Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte / Kestner Pro Arte shows modern art. Modern art is also the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust, the Nord/LB Art Gellery and of the Foro Artistico / Eisfabrik.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG?
A: A cabinet of coins', '
Q: What is the name of the largest police museum in Germany?
A: Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen', '
Q: Where can you find carpets and objects from the orient?
A: Oriental Carpet Museum', '
Q: Other than in Hanover, where else can you find a Blind Man Museum?
A: Berlin', '
Q: What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust?
A: Modern art']
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What system of the body is related to emotion's physiology?
A: nervous", '
Q: What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive?
A: Extroverted', '
Q: What type of people hide their emotions?
A: introverted', '
Q: What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?
A: motivation', '
Q: Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?
A: psychological']
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?
A: wheel of emotions', "
Q: How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?
A: eight", "
Q: In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?
A: surprise", '
Q: What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?
A: contempt', '
Q: What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?
A: trust']
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?
A: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals', '
Q: Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?
A: communication', '
Q: Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?
A: natural selection', '
Q: In what century did Darwin write?
A: 19th']
An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?
A: stimulus', '
Q: What sort of response does the stimulus cause?
A: physiological', '
Q: How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?
A: as a particular emotion', '
Q: In the James-Lange theory, what causes emotions?
A: bodily states']
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?
A: Richard Lazarus', '
Q: Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?
A: judgments', "
Q: In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?
A: unconscious"]
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?
A: Gut Reactions', '
Q: What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?
A: Feelings', "
Q: What is Laird's job title?
A: psychologist", "
Q: What is Jesse Prinz's profession?
A: philosopher", '
Q: What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?
A: the perceptual theory']
Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?
A: sociology', '
Q: What discipline makes use of ethnography?
A: anthropology', '
Q: What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?
A: communication sciences', '
Q: Who developed the concept of emotional labor?
A: Arlie Russell Hochschild', '
Q: Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?
A: 700']
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?
A: fear', '
Q: Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?
A: changes in pulse rate', '
Q: Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?
A: baring teeth', '
Q: Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?
A: Jonathan Turner', '
Q: How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?
A: four']
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?
A: Carl Lange', "
Q: What was William James' nationality?
A: American", '
Q: What was the nationality of Carl Lange?
A: Danish', '
Q: What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?
A: the James–Lange theory', '
Q: In what year did Lange die?
A: 1900']
Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?
A: computer science', '
Q: Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?
A: GABA', '
Q: Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?
A: neurobiology']
A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?
A: emotional dispositions', '
Q: What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?
A: character traits', '
Q: What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?
A: affective states']
The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?
A: psychological construction', '
Q: At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?
A: at the moment of its occurrence', '
Q: What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?
A: fear']
Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?
A: Walter Bradford Cannon', '
Q: Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?
A: a conscious experience of an emotion', '
Q: Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?
A: too slow and often imperceptible']
A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?
A: Paul E. Griffiths', '
Q: What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?
A: external', '
Q: The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?
A: situationism', '
Q: Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?
A: phobias']
Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Broca publish his pioneering work?
A: 1878', '
Q: Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?
A: Papez', '
Q: Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is a notable part of the limbic system?
A: hypothalamus']
In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?
A: ethics', '
Q: Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?
A: romance', '
Q: Of what discipline is ethology a branch?
A: zoology', '
Q: Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?
A: field science', '
Q: Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?
A: ecology']
Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emilé Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. These feelings of exaltation, he argued, ultimately lead people to believe that there were forces that governed sacred objects.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?
A: Emilé Durkheim', '
Q: What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?
A: Australian aborigine society', '
Q: Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity?
A: totemic rituals', '
Q: What is another term for collective effervescence?
A: emotional energy']