romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
At extremely large airports, a circuit is in place but not usually used. Rather, aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport, often before they even take off from their departure point. Large airports have a frequency called Clearance Delivery which is used by departing aircraft specifically for this purpose. This then allows aircraft to take the most direct approach path to the runway and land without worrying about interference from other aircraft. While this system keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel waiting in the air.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At an extremely large airport, what is in place but not usually used?
A: a circuit', '
Q: What is the frequency called that is used by departing aircraft for the purpose of requesting approach clearance?
A: Clearance Delivery', '
Q: Which aircraft request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport?
A: commercial with long routes']
There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. A visual approach slope indicator (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a distance measuring equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually be the primary means for instrument landings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What helps pilots fly the approach for landing?
A: visual approach slope indicator', '
Q: What does VASI stand for?
A: visual approach slope indicator', '
Q: What does VOR stand for?
A: VHF omnidirectional range', '
Q: What helps pilots find the direction to the airport?
A: VHF omnidirectional range', '
Q: What instruments do pilots use to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground?
A: instrument landing system']
On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an approach lighting system, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On runways, what indicate the beginning of the runway for landing?
A: green lights', '
Q: On runways, what indicate the end of the runway?
A: red lights', '
Q: What indicates the edge of a runway?
A: white lights', '
Q: What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs?
A: pilot controlled lighting', '
Q: What does ALS stand for?
A: approach lighting system']
Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What includes debris and nesting birds?
A: Hazards to aircraft', '
Q: In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?
A: ice and snow clearing equipment', '
Q: What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?
A: airfield rubber removal']
Many ground crew at the airport work at the aircraft. A tow tractor pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges, The ground power unit is plugged in. It keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal. The engines are not working, therefore they do not generate the electricity, as they do in flight. The passengers disembark using the airbridge. Mobile stairs can give the ground crew more access to the aircraft's cabin. There is a cleaning service to clean the aircraft after the aircraft lands. Flight catering provides the food and drinks on flights. A toilet waste truck removes the human waste from the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft. A water truck fills the water tanks of the aircraft. A fuel transfer vehicle transfers aviation fuel from fuel tanks underground, to the aircraft tanks. A tractor and its dollies bring in luggage from the terminal to the aircraft. They also carry luggage to the terminal if the aircraft has landed, and is being unloaded. Hi-loaders lift the heavy luggage containers to the gate of the cargo hold. The ground crew push the luggage containers into the hold. If it has landed, they rise, the ground crew push the luggage container on the hi-loader, which carries it down. The luggage container is then pushed on one of the tractors dollies. The conveyor, which is a conveyor belt on a truck, brings in the awkwardly shaped, or late luggage. The airbridge is used again by the new passengers to embark the aircraft. The tow tractor pushes the aircraft away from the terminal to a taxi area. The aircraft should be off of the airport and in the air in 90 minutes. The airport charges the airline for the time the aircraft spends at the airport.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges?
A: tow tractor', '
Q: What keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal?
A: ground power unit', '
Q: The passengers disembark using what?
A: airbridge', '
Q: What can give the ground crew more clearance after the aircraft lands?
A: Mobile stairs', '
Q: How long should it take for an aircraft to be off the airport and in the air?
A: 90 minutes']
An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: An airfield is also referred to as what?
A: airbase', '
Q: What provides basing and support of military aircraft?
A: airbase', '
Q: Where is RAF Brize Norton located?
A: the UK', '
Q: Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?
A: Norway', '
Q: Where is Pune Airport located?
A: India']
Airports have played major roles in films and television programs due to their very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as The V.I.P.s, Airplane!, Airport (1970), Die Hard 2, Soul Plane, Jackie Brown, Get Shorty, Home Alone, Liar Liar, Passenger 57, Final Destination (2000), Unaccompanied Minors, Catch Me If You Can, Rendition and The Langoliers. They have also played important parts in television series like Lost, The Amazing Race, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10 which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. Good Will Hunting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the movie Airport made?
A: 1970', '
Q: What is the title of the film where a man becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal?
A: The Terminal', '
Q: When was the movie Final Destination released?
A: 2000']
Most airports welcome filming on site, although it must be agreed in advance and may be subject to a fee. Landside, filming can take place in all public areas. However airside, filming is heavily restricted, the only airside locations where filming is permitted are the Departure Lounge and some outside areas. To film in an airside location, all visitors must go through security, the same as passengers, and be accompanied by a full airside pass holder and have their passport with them at all times. Filming can not be undertaken in Security, at Immigration/Customs, or in Baggage Reclaim.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Landside, where can filming take place?
A: all public areas', '
Q: What are the only airside locations where filming is allowed?
A: Departure Lounge and some outside areas', '
Q: What can not be undertaken n Security, at Immigration/Customs or in Baggage Reclaim?
A: Filming']
Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882–912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control, fighting a war of conquest against the Khazar Empire. Vladimir the Great (980–1015) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I (1019–1054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Rus' Justice, shortly after his death.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was Kievan Rus became a territory?
A: 882', '
Q: Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?
A: Kiev. Sviatoslav I', '
Q: Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?
A: Prince Oleg', '
Q: Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?
A: Vladimir the Great', '
Q: What did Yaroslav sons achieve  during his time in Keivan Rus?
A: issued its first written legal code']
The term "Kievan Rus'" (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь Kijeŭskaja Rus’ and Ки́ївська Русь Kyivs'ka Rus’, respectively.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?
A: 19th century', '
Q: When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?
A: 1913', '
Q: Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?
A: Vasily Klyuchevsky']
Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century AD, the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes. In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs and neighboring Krivichi, who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga Rivers. To their north, in the Ladoga and Karelia regions, were the Finnic Chud tribe. In the south, in the area around Kiev, were the Poliane, a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins, the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper, and the Severiane to the east. To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?
A: Slavic tribes', '
Q: Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?
A: Novgorod', '
Q: Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?
A: Ladoga and Karelia regions', '
Q: Which tribe resided in the south?
A: Poliane']
Controversy persists over whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the "Normanist" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?
A: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs', '
Q: What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?
A: Scandinavians', '
Q: What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?
A: Slavs']
Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free." Liutprand of Cremona, who was twice an envoy to the Byzantine court (949 and 968), identifies the "Russi" with the Norse ("the Russi, whom we call Norsemen by another name") but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits ("A certain people made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [...] the Russi on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin."). Leo the Deacon, a 10th-century Byzantine historian and chronicler, refers to the Rus' as "Scythians" and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?
A: Ahmad ibn Fadlan', '
Q: What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing?
A: garments that only cover half of his body', '
Q: Which historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians"?
A: Leo the Deacon']
According to the Primary Chronicle, the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars. The Varangians are first mentioned imposing tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859. In 862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varangians, driving them "back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves." The tribes had no laws, however, and soon began to make war with one another, prompting them to invite the Varangians back to rule them and bring peace to the region:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two groups were divided inn the territories of the East Slavs?
A: Varangians and the Khazars', '
Q: In what year did the Varangians impose tribute from the Slavic and Finnic?
A: 859', '
Q: In what year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes rebel againts the Varangians?
A: 862']
The three brothers—Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor—established themselves in Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk, respectively. Two of the brothers died, and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik Dynasty. A short time later, two of Rurik’s men, Askold and Dir, asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad (Constantinople). On their way south, they discovered "a small city on a hill," Kiev, captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars, populated the region with more Varangians, and "established their dominion over the country of the Polyanians."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?
A: Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor', '
Q: Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories?
A: Rurik', "
Q: What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?
A: Kiev"]
The Chronicle reports that Askold and Dir continued to Constantinople with a navy to attack the city in 863–66, catching the Byzantines by surprise and ravaging the surrounding area, though other accounts date the attack in 860. Patriarch Photius vividly describes the "universal" devastation of the suburbs and nearby islands, and another account further details the destruction and slaughter of the invasion. The Rus' turned back before attacking the city itself, due either to a storm dispersing their boats, the return of the Emperor, or in a later account, due to a miracle after a ceremonial appeal by the Patriarch and the Emperor to the Virgin. The attack was the first encounter between the Rus' and Byzantines and led the Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage and attempt to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Between what years did Askold and Dir continued to attack Kiev?
A: 863–66', '
Q: What did the attack between Rus and Byzantines lead to?
A: Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage', "
Q: Wat was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent north?
A: to convert the Rus' and the Slavs."]
Rurik led the Rus' until his death in about 879, bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman, Prince Oleg, as regent for his young son, Igor. In 880-82, Oleg led a military force south along the Dnieper river, capturing Smolensk and Lyubech before reaching Kiev, where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir, proclaimed himself prince, and declared Kiev the "mother of Rus' cities." Oleg set about consolidating his power over the surrounding region and the riverways north to Novgorod, imposing tribute on the East Slav tribes. In 883, he conquered the Drevlians, imposing a fur tribute on them. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slav lands, begun by Rurik in the north.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Ruik past away?
A: 879', '
Q: Who declared Kiev "The mother of Rus citis\'?
A: Prince Oleg', '
Q: When Rurik past away, who took over?
A: Prince Oleg', '
Q: What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians?
A: 883']
The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East. Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did the Kievan state prosper?
A: abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export', '
Q: How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?
A: three', '
Q: What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?
A: money-lending system', '
Q: Which route was a central post in Kiev?
A: Dnieper route']
The rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the Khazars and other neighbors on the Pontic steppe. The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century, trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the Göktürk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs, Ugric and Turkic peoples from Central Asia, to migrate west into the steppe region, leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate. The Rus' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the trade routes.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What led to constant problems with the Khazars?
A: rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south", '
Q: Which area did the Khazars rule over?
A: Black Sea steppe', '
Q: Who were allies with the Khazars?
A: Byzantine Empire', '
Q: Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?
A: Persians and Arabs']
The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce. The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?
A: turmoil', '
Q: What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs? 
A: Khazars', '
Q: What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?
A: build a fortress at Sarkel']