romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
During the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?
A: Álvaro Obregón', '
Q: Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?
A: 42%', '
Q: Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly? 
A: German', '
Q: Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?
A: cheese', "
Q: Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?
A: half"]
Agriculture is a relatively small component of the state's economy and varies greatly due to the varying climate across the state. The state ranked first in Mexico for the production of the following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and membrillo. The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state. Delicias is home to Alpura, the second-largest dairy company in Mexico. The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico. The mining industry is a small but continues to produce large amounts of minerals. The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons. Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons, silver at 580,271 kg, and gold at 15,221.8 kg.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?
A: climate', '
Q: Which fruit does the state rank first in production?
A: apples', '
Q: The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product?
A: milk', '
Q: The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood?
A: oak', '
Q: The state ranked second with over 150,000 metric tons of what metal?
A: zinc']
Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored?
A: Nueva Vizcaya', '
Q: Around 1528, a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state?
A: Chihuahua', '
Q: The conquest of the territory lasted nearly how long?
A: one century', '
Q: The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry?
A: mining center', '
Q: Which tribe resisted fiercely this conquest?
A: Conchos tribe']
Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27, 1811. He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, Private Soldiers Ortega and Melchor, in letters for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo placed his right hand over his heart to show the riflemen where they should aim. He also refused the use of a blindfold. His body, along with the bodies of Allende, Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez were decapitated, and the heads were put on display on the four corners of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato. The heads remained there for ten years until the end of the Mexican War of Independence to serve as a warning to other insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body was first displayed outside the prison but then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua. Those remains would later be transferred in 1824 to Mexico City.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Hidalgo was turned over by whom?
A: Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares', '
Q: In which year was Hidalgo turned over?
A: 1811', '
Q: How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty?
A: firing squad', '
Q: Hidalgo refused the use of what during his execution?
A: blindfold', "
Q: In which state was Hidalgo's headless body buried?
A: Chihuahua"]
Because of the general instability of the federal government during 1828, the installation of the new legislature did not take place until the middle of the following year. It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz, who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type. When Guerrero's liberal administration was overthrown in December, Gaspar de Ochoa aligned with Anastasio Bustamante, and in February 1830, organized an opposition group that arrested the new governor, F. Elorriaga, along with other prominent Yorkinos. He then summoned the legislature, which had been dissolved by Baca. The civil and military authorities were now headed by J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During which year was the federal government unstable?
A: 1828', '
Q: Who dissolved the government eventually?
A: Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz', '
Q: With which type of government did Ortiz replace the old one?
A: Yorkino', '
Q: Which new governor was arrested by Ochoa and Bustamente?
A: F. Elorriaga', '
Q: Who now headed the civil and military authorities?
A: J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa']
Comandante general Simón Elías González, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Simón Elías González declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?
A: Colonel J.J. Calvo', '
Q: The state was in a war with what group?
A: Apaches', "
Q: Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?
A: Simón Elías González", '
Q: In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?
A: 1837']
During the American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constant attacks from indigenous on Mexican settlements. After the occupation the people of the state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande; as a result a decree on July 19, 1848, the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande. The new military colonies were to replace the presidios as population centers to prevent future invasions by indigenous tribes; these policies remained prominent in the state until 1883. Eventually the state replaced the old state security with a state policy to form militias organized with every Mexican in the state capable to serve between the ages of 18 and 55 to fulfill the mandate of having six men defending for every 1000 residents.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?
A: indigenous tribes', '
Q: How many military colonies were established by the state?
A: 18', '
Q: The military colonies replaced what as population centers?
A: presidios', '
Q: How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend?
A: six men']
The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again. The intervention had serious repercussions for the state of Chihuahua. President Juárez, in an effort to organize a strong defense against the French, decreed a list of national guard units that every state had to contribute to the Ministry of War and the Navy; Chihuahua was responsible for inducting 2,000 men. Regaining power, Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jesús González Ortega; the battalion was deployed to Puebla. After the defeat of the army in Puebla, the Juárez administration was forced to abandon Mexico City; the president retreated further north seeking refuge in the state of Chihuahua.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?
A: liberal', '
Q: The intervention had serious consequences for which state?
A: Chihuahua', '
Q: Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French?
A: President Juárez', '
Q: Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army?
A: Governor Luis Terrazas', '
Q: To where was the battalion first deployed?
A: Puebla']
President Juárez once again based his government in the state of Chihuahua and it served as the center for the resistance against the French invasion throughout Mexico. On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued in the Plaza de Armas in the center of Chihuahua City between the French imperial forces that were guarding the plaza and the Republican forces led by General Terrazas. Being completely caught off guard, the French imperial forces sought refuge by bunkering themselves in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Our Lady of Regla, and St Fancis of Assisi and made it almost impossible to penetrate their defenses. General Terrazas then decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs. The first cannon fired hit a bell in the tower of the church, instantly breaking it in half; soon after, 200 men of the imperial army forces surrendered. The republican forces had recovered control over the state capital. The bell in the church was declared a historical monument and can be seen today in the Cathedral. By April 1866, the state government had established a vital trading route from Chihuahua City to San Antonio, Texas; the government began to replenish their supplies and reinforce their fight against the Imperial forces.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Juarez again based his government in which state?
A: Chihuahua', '
Q: The base served as the center for the resistance against whose invasion?
A: the French invasion', '
Q: On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued where in Chihuahua City?
A: Plaza de Armas', '
Q: Who decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs?
A: General Terrazas', '
Q: Which structure in the church became a historical monument?
A: The bell']
The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Trías was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Trías to exile. Shortly afterwards, the federal government sent an entourage led by Treviño; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Trías. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, Díaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned the confidence and support of the people.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound?
A: corn', '
Q: Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state?
A: G. Casavantes', '
Q: Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile?
A: Governor Trías', '
Q: Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource?
A: water', '
Q: Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people?
A: Díaz']
A handful of families owned large estates (known as haciendas) and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless. The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining. At the expense of the working class, the Díaz administration promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies from the United Kingdom, France, Imperial Germany and the United States. The proletariat was often exploited, and found no legal protection or political recourse to redress injustices.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries.
A: ranching and mining", '
Q: Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?
A: working class', '
Q: What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families?
A: haciendas', '
Q: This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse.
A: proletariat']
On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta, but with only a handful of comrades. However, by 1913 his forces had swelled into an army of thousands, called the División del Norte (Northern Division). Villa and his army, along with Emiliano Zapata and Álvaro Obregón, united with Carranza to fight against Huerta. In March 1914 Carranza traveled to Ciudad Juárez, which served as rebellion's capital for the remainder of the struggle with Huerta. In April 1914 U.S. opposition to Huerta had reached its peak, blockading the regime's ability to resupply from abroad. Carranza trying to keep his nationalistic credentials threatened war with the United States. In his spontaneous response to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Carranza asked "that the president withdraw American troops from Mexico.”

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe?
A: Venustiano Carranza', '
Q: The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president?
A: Huerta', '
Q: Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta?
A: Carranza', "
Q: Which city was the rebellion's capital for most of the struggle?
A: Ciudad Juárez", '
Q: Carranza threatened war with what country in order to maintain credibility nationally?
A: United States']
The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south. The desert in the state varies slightly with a small variant in climate. The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation. The Samalayuca dunes cover an area of about 150 km2; it is an impressive site of the Chihuahuan Desert and is a protected area by the state due to unique species of plants and animals.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?
A: about a third", '
Q: The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?
A: Coahuila', "
Q: The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape?
A: flat", '
Q: Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west?
A: north', '
Q: Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state?
A: Rio Grande']
The fauna in the state is just as diverse as the flora and varies greatly due to the large contrast in climates. In the mountain zone of the state the most observed mammals are: Mexican fox squirrel (Sciurus nayaritensis), antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni), raccoon (Procyon lotor), hooded skunk (Mephitis macroura), wild boar (Sus scrofa), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer Odocoileus hemionus, American bison Bison bison, cougar (Puma concolor), eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus, North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, bobcat Lynx rufus, Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi, and coyote Canis latrans. American black bear Ursus americanus is also found but in very small numbers. The Mexican wolf, once abundant, has been extirpated. The main cause of degradation has been grazing. Although there are many reptilian species in the mountains the most observed species include: Northern Mexican pine snake, Pituophis deppei jani, Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus), black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus), and plateau tiger salamander Ambystoma velasci, one of possibly many amphibians to be found in the mountains.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Canis latrans is what animal?
A: coyote', '
Q: Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers?
A: American black bear', '
Q: The main cause of degradation has been what?
A: grazing', '
Q: What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species?
A: rattlesnake']
The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent). The second-largest group was whites at 36.33% of the population. The third-largest group was the "pure indigenous" population, constituting 12.76% of the population. The remaining 0.82% of the population of Chihuahua was considered "other", i.e., neither Mestizo, indigenous, nor white. The most important indigenous tribes of the state of Chihuahua are:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?
A: 1921', '
Q: According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo?
A: 50.09%', '
Q: The second largest group of people were whom?
A: whites']
During the 1990s after NAFTA was signed, industrial development grew rapidly with foreign investment. Large factories known as maquiladoras were built to export manufactured goods to the United States and Canada. Today, most of the maquiladoras produce electronics, automobile, and aerospace components. There are more than 406 companies operating under the federal IMMEX or Prosec program in Chihuahua. The large portion of the manufacturing sector of the state is 425 factories divided into 25 industrial parks accounting for 12.47% of the maquiladoras in Mexico, which employ 294,026 people in the state. While export-driven manufacturing is one of the most important components of the state's economy, the industrial sector is quite diverse and can be broken down into several sectors, which are: electronics, agro-industrial, wood base manufacturing, mineral, and biotech. Similar to the rest of the country, small businesses continue to be the foundation of the state’s economy. Small business employs the largest portion of the population.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s?
A: NAFTA', '
Q: Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada?
A: maquiladoras', '
Q: How many in the state are employed by maquiladoras?
A: 294,026', '
Q: What type of business employs the largest portion of the population?
A: Small business', '
Q: Most maquiladoras today produce what?
A: electronics, automobile, and aerospace components']
Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration. Pitch is closely related to frequency, but the two are not equivalent. Frequency is an objective, scientific attribute that can be measured. Pitch is each person's subjective perception of a sound, which cannot be directly measured. However, this does not necessarily mean that most people won't agree on which notes are higher and lower.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of sensation is pitch?
A: auditory', '
Q: What is pitch closely related to?
A: frequency', '
Q: Each persons perception of sound is called?
A: Pitch']
This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and A440 is assigned the number 69. (See Frequencies of notes.) Distance in this space corresponds to musical intervals as understood by musicians. An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into 100 cents. The system is flexible enough to include "microtones" not found on standard piano keyboards. For example, the pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) can be labeled 60.5.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Octaves in linear pitch are what size?
A: 12', '
Q: Semitones in linear pitch are what size?
A: 1', '
Q: A440 in linear pitch are what size?
A: 69', '
Q: An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents?
A: 100', '
Q: The pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) is labeled what?
A: 60.5']
The relative pitches of individual notes in a scale may be determined by one of a number of tuning systems. In the west, the twelve-note chromatic scale is the most common method of organization, with equal temperament now the most widely used method of tuning that scale. In it, the pitch ratio between any two successive notes of the scale is exactly the twelfth root of two (or about 1.05946). In well-tempered systems (as used in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, for example), different methods of musical tuning were used. Almost all of these systems have one interval in common, the octave, where the pitch of one note is double the frequency of another. For example, if the A above middle C is 440 Hz, the A an octave above that is 880 Hz (info).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most common method of organization?
A: twelve-note chromatic scale', '
Q: The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is?
A: the twelfth root of two', '
Q: All these different methods have what in common?
A: the octave']