romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? 
A: "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"', '
Q: What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?
A: Cardinal [First name] [Surname]', '
Q: How do cardinals sign traditionally?
A: by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname', '
Q: How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?
A: Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis', '
Q: Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?
A: because they do not belong to the Roman clergy']
In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ..." (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...") This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?
A: [First name] Cardinal [Surname]', '
Q: What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?
A: Cardinal', '
Q: When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?
A: 1378', '
Q: When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?
A: 1378']
While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?
A: no', '
Q: Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?
A: the cardinalate']
Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?
A: Cardinal bishops', '
Q: What is a cardinal bishop?
A: cardinals of the episcopal order', '
Q: Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?
A: Cardinal bishops']
In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?
A: a Roman priest', '
Q: Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?
A: To preserve apostolic succession', '
Q: What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? 
A: he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.', '
Q: What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?
A: he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.']
There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many suburbicarian sees?
A: seven', '
Q: When were the two sees combined? 
A: 1150 until 1914', '
Q: Who separated them?
A: Pope Pius X', '
Q: What are the seven sees?
A: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri']
Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?
A: 1962', "
Q: Which see doesn't have its own bishop?
A: Ostia", '
Q: Who is in charge of Ostia? 
A: Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.', '
Q: In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?
A: 1962', '
Q: What see is the one exception to this rule?
A: Ostia', '
Q: Who has power over the exception?
A: the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome']
A cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia. A cardinal's primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante (the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor), the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The entire group of cardinals is known as what?
A: College of Cardinals']
Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?
A: the pope']
To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?
A: a gold ring', '
Q: Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?
A: the pope']
In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?
A: a galero.', '
Q: In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?
A: 1969', '
Q: What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?
A: scarlet biretta']
Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?
A: Eastern Catholic cardinals']
When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?
A: willingness to die for his faith', '
Q: Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?
A: rochet', "
Q: The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?
A: the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture", '
Q: When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?
A: 1460s']
If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?
A: the cardinalate expires']
During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?
A: Pope Martin V']
At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was a "lay cardinal" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?
A: marry', '
Q: In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?
A: 1917', '
Q: What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?
A: only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals']
A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what?
A: perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination', '
Q: Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?
A: 1962']
Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?
A: 1917', '
Q: In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?
A: 1962']
The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?
A: collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals']
The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who announces the election of a new pope?
A: The cardinal protodeacon', '
Q: Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?
A: from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State', '
Q: Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?
A: Pope John Paul I']
When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What color is the hat?
A: white']
As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?
A: 30', '
Q: How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?
A: 10 years']
Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?
A: about half', '
Q: In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?
A: third']
Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?
A: seven deacons in the Papal Household']
The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which cardinals are ranked lowest?
A: cardinal deacons']
The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who can become the cardinal protopriest?
A: The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests', '
Q: Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?
A: Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil']
The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?
A: the Pope']
In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?
A: a suburbicarian see']
Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?
A: cardinal deacons', '
Q: Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?
A: cardinal bishops', '
Q: Which rank has the most cardinals?
A: Cardinal priests']
In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?
A: priests chosen by the pope']