romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) found in the present Mexican states of Jalisco, Guerrero and Veracruz. Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC, and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC. They used the feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes. More than 1,000 years later, they became an important food source. The first Europeans to encounter the bird misidentified it as a guineafowl, a bird known as a "turkey fowl" at that time because it had been introduced into Europe via Turkey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many species is the recent day turkey suspected to have embarked from?
A: descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey', '
Q: When were turkeys first used in a domestication setting?
A: Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC', '
Q: What other purposes have the domesticated turkey been used for aside from food?
A: feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes', '
Q: When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?
A: Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC.']
Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions. These are often large buildings, purpose-built to provide ventilation and low light intensities (this reduces the birds' activity and thereby increases the rate of weight gain). The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly. Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19. Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts. Many different breeds have been developed, but the majority of commercial birds are white, as this improves the appearance of the dressed carcass, the pin feathers being less visible. Turkeys were at one time mainly consumed on special occasions such as Christmas (10 million birds in the United Kingdom) or Thanksgiving (60 million birds in the United States). However, they are increasingly becoming part of the everyday diet in many parts of the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of accomidations are domesticated turkey normally grown in?
A: Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions', '
Q: What type of conditions are used to increase the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys?
A: The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly', '
Q: At what age is the average turkey considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process?
A: Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19', '
Q: How much more does a average commercial  turkey weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?
A: Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts', '
Q: What the average for the amount of  turkeys are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day?
A: 60 million birds in the United States']
The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domestication of the quail was not difficult, although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity. It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC. It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand. These were the common quail (Coturnix coturnix), but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan. They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?
A: They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.', '
Q: Where can quails typically be found in the wild?
A: it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.', '
Q: What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?
A: seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.', '
Q: From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?
A: modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)']
In the early 20th century, Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production. By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing, but the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production. After the war, the few surviving domesticated quail were used to rebuild the industry, and all current commercial and laboratory lines are considered to have originated from this population. Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year and countries such as Japan, India, China, Italy, Russia, and the United States have established commercial Japanese quail farming industries. Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies. These quail are closely related to the common quail, and many young hybrid birds are released into the wild each year to replenish dwindling wild populations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did the Japanses begin to breed quails in teh 20th century?
A: Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production.', '
Q: When did the quail egg business begin to really become an economic driven industry?
A: By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing,', '
Q: What caused a marked sownturn in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom?
A: the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production', '
Q: How many eggs can be laid by the present day decendants of the Japanese quail?
A: Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year', '
Q: Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ?
A: Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies']
Guinea fowl originated in southern Africa, and the species most often kept as poultry is the helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris). It is a medium-sized grey or speckled bird with a small naked head with colourful wattles and a knob on top, and was domesticated by the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Guinea fowl are hardy, sociable birds that subsist mainly on insects, but also consume grasses and seeds. They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease. They happily roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators. Their flesh and eggs can be eaten in the same way as chickens, young birds being ready for the table at the age of about four months.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What continent is the evolution of guinea fowl credited to?
A: Africa', '
Q: Who first domesticated the guinea fowl ?
A: ancient Greeks and Romans.', '
Q: Aside from consumption how are Guinea fowl  useful to humans.
A: They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease.', '
Q: What are Guinea fowl  also praised for accomplishing for humans?
A: roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators.']
A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (18 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?
A: A squab', '
Q: From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?
A: rock pigeon (Columba livia)', '
Q: Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?
A: When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon\'s milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop', '
Q: How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?
A: a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months']
Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs. Traditionally, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in developing countries, where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry. However, rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities. Profitability of production depends very much on the price of feed, which has been rising. High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most popular type of poulty that is farmed?
A: Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry', '
Q: How many birds are routinely raised in the world for the consumption process?
A: 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs.', '
Q: How is the cost of the price for animal feed related to the poulty cost for consumers?
A: High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production', '
Q: Before industrialization how were chickens normally cared for?
A: birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night.', '
Q: What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?
A: the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry']
In free-range husbandry, the birds can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day. Often, this is in large enclosures, but the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours. A more intensive system is yarding, in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate. Poultry can also be kept in a barn system, with no access to the open air, but with the ability to move around freely inside the building. The most intensive system for egg-laying chickens is battery cages, often set in multiple tiers. In these, several birds share a small cage which restricts their ability to move around and behave in a normal manner. The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection. Battery cages for hens have been illegal in the EU since January 1, 2012.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the benefit to chickens of being in a free-range farming location?
A: the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours', '
Q: What is yarding in relation to the pultry industry?
A: birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate', '
Q: What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?
A: battery cages, often set in multiple tiers', '
Q: How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system?
A: The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection']
Chickens raised intensively for their meat are known as "broilers". Breeds have been developed that can grow to an acceptable carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb)) in six weeks or less. Broilers grow so fast, their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles. Mortality rates at 1% are much higher than for less-intensively reared laying birds which take 18 weeks to reach similar weights. Processing the birds is done automatically with conveyor-belt efficiency. They are hung by their feet, stunned, killed, bled, scalded, plucked, have their heads and feet removed, eviscerated, washed, chilled, drained, weighed, and packed, all within the course of little over two hours.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the average size of chickens used extensively for it's meat production raised in an intensive environment? 
A: carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb))", '
Q: How long does it take for an broiler raisedin an intensive environment very to reach optimum size?
A: six weeks or less', '
Q: What is the death rate among chickens who are intensivley breed to be broilers?
A: Mortality rates at 1%', '
Q: Do chicken raised in the intensive broiler method suffer from health condions?
A: their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles.', '
Q: How long does it take for a chicken raised in a less intensive envionment to reach optimal broiler size?
A: 18 weeks to reach similar weights']
Both intensive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. In intensive systems, cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common, with some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure. Diseases can also be common and spread rapidly through the flock. In extensive systems, the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds. Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare. In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are some of the major concerns with intensive breeding programs?
A: cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common', '
Q: What harsh measures do farmers use to prevent the chickens from harming themselves or others?
A: some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure', '
Q: What are some of the major concerns with extensive breeding programs such as free range ?
A: the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds.', '
Q: How is the spread of the avian flu related to the conditions in which chickens are kept?
A: In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.', '
Q: What is considered the most alarming setting for chickens to be raised in?
A: Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare.']
In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards. The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry. Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity. Sometimes, poultry shows are part of general livestock shows, and sometimes they are separate events such as the annual "National Championship Show" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Is there a pplace where lovers of the chicken are able to see some of its best attributes ?
A: In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds', '
Q: In such competitions what are the chickens juged on? What attibutes are considered viable?
A: birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards', '
Q: Are there breed standards used for the competitions?
A: Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity', '
Q: What are some of the most widely known poultry tournaments?
A: the annual "National Championship Show" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.', '
Q: From where does the idea of a poultry tournament orginate?
A: The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry']
Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide compared to pork at 38%. Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption, more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units. Global broiler meat production rose to 84.6 million tonnes in 2013. The largest producers were the United States (20%), China (16.6%), Brazil (15.1%) and the European Union (11.3%). There are two distinct models of production; the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin. This model faces the increasing costs of implementing additional food safety requirements, welfare issues and environmental regulations. In contrast, the United States model turns the product into a commodity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Jo w common is the consumtion of poultry in the world?
A: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide', '
Q: How many animals of the poultry variety are raised for consumtion each year?
A: Sixteen billion birds are raised annually', '
Q: What type of enviornment is poultry most commonly raised in?
A: more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units', '
Q: How many industry models are followed for the production process of poultry?
A: There are two distinct models of production;', '
Q: What is the Europeon model of the poultry business ?
A: the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin']
World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds. Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total). France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West, followed by other EU nations (3%) and North America (1.7%). China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat, with a 94% share of the 2.6 million tonne global market.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011?
A: China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds', '
Q: What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business?
A: Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total)', '
Q: Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations?
A: France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West,', '
Q: What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat
A: 94% share']
Poultry is available fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked. The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick". The wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments, the meatier "drumette", the "wingette" (also called the "flat"), and the wing tip (also called the "flapper"). In Japan, the wing is frequently separated, and these parts are referred to as 手羽元 (teba-moto "wing base") and 手羽先 (teba-saki "wing tip").

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most substantial part of a birds antomy as it apples to consupmtion og the meat?
A: The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick"', '
Q: Are certain parts of the bird used for particular reasons in relation to receipes?
A: wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments,', '
Q: Is poultry available in various forms?
A: fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked.']
Dark meat, which avian myologists refer to as "red muscle", is used for sustained activity—chiefly walking, in the case of a chicken. The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells. White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying. Thus, the chicken's leg and thigh meat are dark, while its breast meat (which makes up the primary flight muscles) is white. Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout. Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours, an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Are there reasons for the dark meat  that poultry has?
A: The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells', '
Q: What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?
A: White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying', '
Q: What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?
A: the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours', '
Q: Do some varities of  poultry have more dark meat than others?
A: birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout']
A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47% of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics. Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present. Also, some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poultry products may become contaminated by these bacteria during handling, processing, marketing, or storage, resulting in food-borne illness if the product is improperly cooked or handled.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?
A: Translational Genomics Research', '
Q: What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?
A: 47%', '
Q: Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?
A: Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria,', '
Q: What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??
A: a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present']