romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009. It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products. In March 2010, Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell’s founder and CEO Michael Dell to ‘drop the toxics’ and claiming that Dell’s aspiration to be ‘the greenest technology company on the planet’ was ‘hypocritical’. Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors (G2210 and G2410) in 2009.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What toxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products?
A: polyvinyl chloride', '
Q: By what year does Dell plan to remove chemicals from its computers?
A: 2011', "
Q: What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of toxic chemicals?
A: Greenpeace", '
Q: What year did Dell launch its first products that were free of toxic chemicals?
A: 2009']
In 2006, Dell acknowledged that it had problems with customer service. Issues included call transfers of more than 45% of calls and long wait times. Dell's blog detailed the response: "We're spending more than a $100 million — and a lot of blood, sweat and tears of talented people — to fix this." Later in the year, the company increased its spending on customer service to $150 million. Despite significant investment in this space, Dell continues to face public scrutiny with even the company's own website littered with complaints regarding the issue escalation process.[original research?]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of Dell support calls were transferred?
A: 45%', '
Q: How much did Dell originally spend to fix their customer service?
A: $100 million', '
Q: What amount did Dell increase its customer service budget to?
A: $150 million']
The company aims to reduce its external environmental impact through energy-efficient evolution of products, and also reduce its direct operational impact through energy-efficiency programs. Internal energy-efficiency programs reportedly save the company more than $3 million annually in energy-cost savings. The largest component of the company's internal energy-efficiency savings comes through PC power management: the company expects to save $1.8 million in energy costs through using specialized energy-management software on a network of 50,000 PCs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Dell aim to reduce by creating energy efficient products?
A: external environmental impact', '
Q: How much does energy efficiency save Dell per year?
A: $3 million', "
Q: What is the largest contributor to Dell's energy efficiency savings?
A: PC power management", '
Q: How many PCs does Dell employ energy management software on?
A: 50,000']
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?
A: direct review', '
Q: In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?
A: appellate', '
Q: How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?
A: three', '
Q: In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?
A: trial', '
Q: What percentage of convictions survive direct review?
A: 60']
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?
A: 1996', '
Q: How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?
A: one', '
Q: What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
A: 42 U.S.C. § 1983', '
Q: Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
A: to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights']
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?
A: Gary Gilmore', '
Q: In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?
A: Utah', '
Q: On what date was John Spenkelink executed?
A: May 25, 1979', "
Q: In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?
A: Nevada", '
Q: How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?
A: lethal injection']
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was a common nickname for the electric chair?
A: Old Sparky', "
Q: What color was Alabama's electric chair?
A: Yellow", '
Q: What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?
A: Florida', '
Q: Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?
A: lethal injection', '
Q: Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?
A: Electrocution']
Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What state has had only a single execution?
A: Wisconsin', '
Q: When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia?
A: 1957', '
Q: When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty?
A: 1984', '
Q: In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be shot down due to a court ruling?
A: 1978', "
Q: What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, but didn't use it again?
A: Rhode Island"]
Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed, or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions. However, 32 of the 50 states still execute people. Among them, Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences. This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty. No other states allow this.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?
A: 700', '
Q: How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?
A: 325', '
Q: How many states in the US have the death penalty?
A: 32', '
Q: What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?
A: Alabama', "
Q: What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?
A: overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty"]
Puerto Rico's constitution expressly forbids capital punishment, stating "The death penalty shall not exist", setting it apart from all U.S. states and territories other than Michigan, which also has a constitutional prohibition (eleven other states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment through statutory law). However, capital punishment is still applicable to offenses committed in Puerto Rico, if they fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government, though federal death penalty prosecutions there have generated significant controversy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What territory\'s constitution says "The death penalty shall not exist"?
A: Puerto Rico\'s', '
Q: What US state prohibits the death penalty in its constitution?
A: Michigan', '
Q: How many US states have passed laws outlawing the death penalty?
A: eleven', '
Q: Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses still be committed in Puerto Rico?
A: federal']
Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia. The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2, 1967. In this case, the court found that the death penalty was being imposed in an unconstitutional manner, on the grounds of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US?
A: 1972', '
Q: What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended?
A: Furman v. Georgia', '
Q: Who was executed on June 2, 1967?
A: Luis Monge', '
Q: What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment?
A: Eighth', '
Q: In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?
A: 1976']
Present-day statutes from across the nation use the same words and phrases, requiring modern executions to take place within a wall or enclosure to exclude public view. Connecticut General Statute § 54–100 requires death sentences to be conducted in an "enclosure" which "shall be so constructed as to exclude public view." Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220 and Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730 contain substantially identical language. New Mexico's former death penalty, since repealed, see N.M. Stat. § 31-14-12, required executions be conducted in a "room or place enclosed from public view." Similarly, a dormant Massachusetts law, see Mass. Gen. Law ch. 279 § 60, required executions to take place "within an enclosure or building." North Carolina General Statute § 15-188 requires death sentences to be executed "within the walls" of the penitentiary, as do Oklahoma Statute Title 22 § 1015 and Montana Code § 46-19-103. Ohio Revised Code § 2949.22 requires that "[t]he enclosure shall exclude public view." Similarly, Tennessee Code § 40-23-116 requires "an enclosure" for "strict seclusion and privacy." United States Code Title 18 § 3596 and the Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4 limit the witnesses permitted at federal executions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What state\'s law says that death sentences must take place in an "enclosure"?
A: Connecticut', '
Q: What state\'s law requires that capital punishment occur "within the walls" of a penitentiary?
A: North Carolina', '
Q: What law has similar language to Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730?
A: Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220', '
Q: Along with United States Code Title 18 § 3596, what federal law limits the people who can witness a federal execution?
A: Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4', '
Q: What state\'s law mandated that executions occur in ""room or place enclosed from public view"?
A: New Mexico\'s']
In 1976, contemporaneously with Woodson and Roberts, the Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld a procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases. At the first proceeding, the jury decides the defendant's guilt; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first-degree murder, the death penalty will not be imposed. At the second hearing, the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist, whether any mitigating factors exist, and, in many jurisdictions, weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty – either death or life in prison, either with or without parole.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was Gregg v. Georgia decided?
A: 1976', '
Q: Along with the guilt-innocence phase, what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia?
A: sentencing', '
Q: What is the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty?
A: first-degree murder', '
Q: Along with aggravating factors, what other factors are considered at the second hearing?
A: mitigating', "
Q: What is decided at the first proceeding?
A: the defendant's guilt"]
Possibly in part due to expedited federal habeas corpus procedures embodied in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the pace of executions picked up, reaching a peak of 98 in 1999 and then they declined gradually to 28 in 2015. Since the death penalty was reauthorized in 1976, 1,411 people have been executed, almost exclusively by the states, with most occurring after 1990. Texas has accounted for over one-third of modern executions (although only two death sentences were imposed in Texas during 2015, with the courts preferring to issue sentences of life without parole instead) and over four times as many as Oklahoma, the state with the second-highest number. California has the greatest number of prisoners on death row, has issued the highest number of death sentences but has held relatively few executions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many executions occurred in 1999?
A: 98', '
Q: What was the number of people executed in 2015?
A: 28', '
Q: In what year did the reauthorization of capital punishment occur?
A: 1976', '
Q: How many people have been executed in the United States since 1976?
A: 1,411', '
Q: Which state has the largest number of people awaiting execution?
A: California']
As of November 2008, there is only one person on death row facing capital punishment who has not been convicted of murder. Demarcus Sears remains under a death sentence in Georgia for the crime of "kidnapping with bodily injury." Sears was convicted in 1986 for the kidnapping and bodily injury of victim Gloria Ann Wilbur. Wilbur was kidnapped and beaten in Georgia, raped in Tennessee, and murdered in Kentucky. Sears was never charged with the murder of Wilbur in Kentucky, but was sentenced to death by a jury in Georgia for "kidnapping with bodily injury."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In November 2008, who was on death penalty without a murder conviction?
A: Demarcus Sears', '
Q: Who did Demarcus Sears kidnap?
A: Gloria Ann Wilbur', '
Q: In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur murdered?
A: Kentucky', '
Q: In what year was Demarcus Sears convicted of kidnapping?
A: 1986', '
Q: A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to death?
A: Georgia']
At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review, it is considered final. Yet, supplemental methods to attack the judgment, though less familiar than a typical appeal, do remain. These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review, that is, an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final. Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state-level trial, as is usually the case, the first step in collateral review is state collateral review. (If the case is a federal death penalty case, it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus.) Although all states have some type of collateral review, the process varies widely from state to state. Generally, the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review. Most often these are claims, such as ineffective assistance of counsel, which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record, something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal. State collateral review, though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus, is rarely successful in and of itself. Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review. In 2010, the death sentences of 53 inmates were overturned as a result of legal appeals or high court reversals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the first step of collateral review?
A: state collateral review', '
Q: About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review?
A: 6', '
Q: In 2010, how many death sentences were overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?
A: 53', '
Q: What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review?
A: ineffective assistance of counsel']
Traditionally, Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus, not Section 1983, is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death. In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case, however, the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death, but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out. Therefore, the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit. Yet, as Clarence Hill's own case shows, lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay. Further, the Court's decision in Baze v. Rees, upholding a lethal injection method used by many states, has drastically narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1983 to be used to challenge a method of execution?
A: Hill v. McDonough', '
Q: In what year was Hill v. McDonough decided?
A: 2006', '
Q: What amendment of the Constitution does cruel and unusual punishment violate?
A: Eighth', '
Q: What case notably upheld the use of a method of lethal injection?
A: Baze v. Rees', '
Q: Along with Section 1983, through what means can a convict on death row challenge his execution?
A: habeas corpus']
The largest single execution in United States history was the hanging of 38 American Indians convicted of murder and rape during the Dakota War of 1862. They were executed simultaneously on December 26, 1862, in Mankato, Minnesota. A single blow from an axe cut the rope that held the large four-sided platform, and the prisoners (except for one whose rope had broken and who had to be re-hanged) fell to their deaths. The second-largest mass execution was also a hanging: the execution of 13 African-American soldiers for taking part in the Houston Riot of 1917. The largest non-military mass execution occurred in one of the original thirteen colonies in 1723, when 26 convicted pirates were hanged in Newport, Rhode Island by order of the Admiralty Court.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people were killed in the largest mass execution in US history?
A: 38', '
Q: On what date did the largest mass execution in American history take place?
A: December 26, 1862', '
Q: In what state did the largest American mass execution occur?
A: Minnesota', '
Q: What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-largest mass execution in US history?
A: African-American', '
Q: In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island?
A: 1723']
After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review, the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus, which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts. Federal habeas corpus is a species of collateral review, and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court (other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review). The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, which restricted significantly its previous scope. The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts, through the process of direct review and state collateral review, have done at least a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner's federal constitutional rights. Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime, though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process, evidence of innocence must be truly compelling.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What act restricted the scope of federal habeas corpus?
A: the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996', '
Q: How may state prisoners seek to have a death sentence overturned in federal court?
A: Federal habeas corpus', '
Q: In what courts can federal habeas corpus suits be brought?
A: federal', "
Q: If prisoners use federal habeas corpus to present evidence that they're innocent, what must the evidence be?
A: truly compelling"]