romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The theoretical difficulties arise from the fact that all of the methods except the X-ray crystal density method rely on the theoretical basis of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect. If these theories are slightly inaccurate – though there is no evidence at present to suggest they are – the methods would not give accurate values for the Planck constant. More importantly, the values of the Planck constant obtained in this way cannot be used as tests of the theories without falling into a circular argument. Fortunately, there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Other than the X-ray crystal density method, other methods rely on what two effects?
A: the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect', '
Q: Why does relying on these effects create concern?
A: If these theories are slightly inaccurate', '
Q: Using Planck constant values from these effects would lead to what logical issue?
A: a circular argument', '
Q: What is the saving grace of relying on these theories?
A: there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.']
A watt balance is an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units. From the definition of the conventional watt W90, this gives a measure of the product KJ2RK in SI units, where RK is the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect. If the theoretical treatments of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect are valid, and in particular assuming that RK = h/e2, the measurement of KJ2RK is a direct determination of the Planck constant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a watt balance?
A: an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units', '
Q: What value does RK represent?
A: the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect', '
Q: If the effects are valid, for RK = n/e2, what is the measurement of KJ2RK equal to?
A: the Planck constant']
The gyromagnetic ratio γ is the constant of proportionality between the frequency ν of nuclear magnetic resonance (or electron paramagnetic resonance for electrons) and the applied magnetic field B: ν = γB. It is difficult to measure gyromagnetic ratios precisely because of the difficulties in precisely measuring B, but the value for protons in water at 7002298150000000000♠25 °C is known to better than one part per million. The protons are said to be "shielded" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule, the same effect that gives rise to chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy, and this is indicated by a prime on the symbol for the gyromagnetic ratio, γ′p. The gyromagnetic ratio is related to the shielded proton magnetic moment μ′p, the spin number I (I = 1⁄2 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The gyromagnetic ratio is the constant proportion between the magentic field and what?
A: the frequency ν of nuclear magnetic resonance', '
Q: How does the water molecule impact the effect of magnetic fields on protons?
A: The protons are said to be "shielded" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule', '
Q: What three factors impact the gyromagnetic ratio?
A: related to the shielded proton magnetic moment μ′p, the spin number I (I = 1⁄2 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant.', '
Q: The gyromagnetic ratio is often difficult to determine due to difficulty accurately determining the value of what?
A: the applied magnetic field B']
A further complication is that the measurement of γ′p involves the measurement of an electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes, so a conversion factor is required. The symbol Γ′p-90 is used for the measured gyromagnetic ratio using conventional electrical units. In addition, there are two methods of measuring the value, a "low-field" method and a "high-field" method, and the conversion factors are different in the two cases. Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there?
A: there are two methods of measuring the value', '
Q: How do conversion factors compare in "low-field" and "high-field" methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio?
A: the conversion factors are different in the two cases', '
Q: Which method is of interest in determining the Planck constant?
A: Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant', '
Q: Why is the measurement of electric current an issue in the estimate of the gyromagnetic ratio?
A: electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes']
The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons, equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e. It can be determined by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current. In practice, it is measured in conventional electrical units, and so given the symbol F90. Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Faraday constant?
A: the charge of one mole of electrons', '
Q: How is the Faraday constant determined?
A: by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current.', '
Q: How does the Faraday constant relate to the Planck constant?
A: Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.', '
Q: How is the Farday constant value quickly calculated?
A: the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e']
The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h. The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance. Crystals of silicon are used, as they are available in high quality and purity by the technology developed for the semiconductor industry. The unit cell volume is calculated from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220. The molar volume Vm(Si) requires a knowledge of the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used. The Planck constant is given by

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant?
A: The X-ray crystal density method', '
Q: The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method?
A: the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance', "
Q: What element is used typically to establish Avogadro's constant?
A: Crystals of silicon", '
Q: How is unit cell volume calculated?
A: from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220', '
Q: Calculating molar volume requires knowledge of what two factors?
A: the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used']
There are a number of proposals to redefine certain of the SI base units in terms of fundamental physical constants. This has already been done for the metre, which is defined in terms of a fixed value of the speed of light. The most urgent unit on the list for redefinition is the kilogram, whose value has been fixed for all science (since 1889) by the mass of a small cylinder of platinum–iridium alloy kept in a vault just outside Paris. While nobody knows if the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram has changed since 1889 – the value 1 kg of its mass expressed in kilograms is by definition unchanged and therein lies one of the problems – it is known that over such a timescale the many similar Pt–Ir alloy cylinders kept in national laboratories around the world, have changed their relative mass by several tens of parts per million, however carefully they are stored, and the more so the more they have been taken out and used as mass standards. A change of several tens of micrograms in one kilogram is equivalent to the current uncertainty in the value of the Planck constant in SI units.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What measurement is deemed most important to redefine in terms of physical constants?
A: the kilogram', '
Q: What is the shape of the object that establishes the base unit of the kilogram?
A: cylinder', '
Q: What alloy is the base unit of the kilogram made from?
A: platinum–iridium', '
Q: Where is the base unit for the kilogram kept?
A: in a vault just outside Paris']
The legal process to change the definition of the kilogram is already underway, but it had been decided that no final decision would be made before the next meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011. (For more detailed information, see kilogram definitions.) The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one. Possible new definitions include "the mass of a body at rest whose equivalent energy equals the energy of photons whose frequencies sum to 7050135639273999999♠135639274×1042 Hz", or simply "the kilogram is defined so that the Planck constant equals 6966662606895999999♠6.62606896×10−34 J⋅s".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where would the decision to change the definition of the kilogram have occured at the earliest?
A: the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011', '
Q: Was the Planck constant the only option for redefining the kilogram?
A: The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one', '
Q: The mass of a resting body with what energy would be equal to a kilogram?
A: 7050135639273999999♠135639274×1042 Hz', '
Q: A kilogram could be definined as having a Planck constant of what value?
A: 6966662606895999999♠6.62606896×10−34 J⋅s']
Comcast Corporation, formerly registered as Comcast Holdings,[note 1] is an American multinational mass media company and is the largest broadcasting and largest cable company in the world by revenue. It is the second largest pay-TV company after the AT&T-DirecTV acquisition, largest cable TV company and largest home Internet service provider in the United States, and the nation's third largest home telephone service provider. Comcast services U.S. residential and commercial customers in 40 states and the District of Columbia. The company's headquarters are located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the largest cable company in the world by revenue?
A: Comcast Corporation', '
Q: What merged companies are the largest pay TV entity in the world?
A: AT&T-DirecTV', '
Q: Comcast is also the largest media company in the United States in what broadband area?
A: Internet service provider', '
Q: In what areas of the US does Comcast operate?
A: 40 states and the District of Columbia', '
Q: Where is Comcast company headquarters?
A: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania']
Comcast operates multiple cable-only channels (including E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN), over-the-air national broadcast network channels (NBC and Telemundo), the film production studio Universal Pictures, and Universal Parks & Resorts, with a global total of nearly 200 family entertainment locations and attractions in the U.S. and several other countries including U.A.E., South Korea, Russia and China, with several new locations reportedly planned and being developed for future operation. Comcast also has significant holding in digital distribution (thePlatform). In February 2014 the company agreed to merge with Time Warner Cable in an equity swap deal worth $45.2 billion. Under the terms of the agreement Comcast was to acquire 100% of Time Warner Cable. However, on April 24, 2015, Comcast terminated the agreement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are some of the cable TV networks owned by Comcast?
A: E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN', '
Q: What two national over-the-air broadcast entities are owned by Comcast?
A: NBC and Telemundo', '
Q: Comcast owns what movie studio?
A: Universal Pictures', '
Q: What company did Comcast propose a merger with?
A: Time Warner Cable', '
Q: What date did Comcast drop their proposed merger agreement with Time Warner?
A: April 24, 2015']
Comcast has been criticized for multiple reasons. The company's customer satisfaction often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry. Comcast has violated net neutrality practices in the past; and, despite Comcast's commitment to a narrow definition of net neutrality, critics advocate a definition of which precludes distinction between Comcast's private network services and the rest of the Internet. Critics also point out a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area; there is limited competition among cable providers. Given Comcast's negotiating power as a large ISP, some suspect that Comcast could leverage paid peering agreements to unfairly influence end-user connection speeds. Its ownership of both content production (in NBCUniversal) and content distribution (as an ISP) has raised antitrust concerns. These issues, in addition to others, led to Comcast being dubbed "The Worst Company in America" by The Consumerist in 2014 and 2010.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the largest criticism leveled by consumers against Comcast
A: customer satisfaction', "
Q: It has been alleged that Comcast's internet service has done what to customers? 
A: has violated net neutrality practices", "
Q: What monopolistic practice draws criticism of Comcast?
A: a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area", '
Q: What dubious distinction has Comcast earned twice from The Consumerist?
A: "The Worst Company in America"', "
Q: How does Comcast's customer service stack up against its competition?
A: often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry"]
Comcast is sometimes described as a family business. Brian L. Roberts, Chairman, President, and CEO of Comcast, is son of co-founder Ralph Roberts. Roberts owns or controls just over 1% of all Comcast shares but all of the Class B supervoting shares, which gives him an "undilutable 33% voting power over the company". Legal expert Susan P. Crawford has said this gives him "effective control over its [Comcast's] every step". In 2010, he was one of the highest-paid executives in the United States, with total compensation of about $31 million.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the current head of Comcast?
A: Brian L. Roberts', '
Q: Who co-founded Comcast?
A: Ralph Roberts', "
Q: In what year was Roberts ranked as the country's highest-paid executive?
A: 2010", "
Q: What was Roberts' yearly salary in that year?
A: about $31 million", '
Q: What is Roberts power on the Comcast board?
A: "undilutable 33% voting power over the company"']
The company is often criticized by both the media and its own staff for its less upstanding policies regarding employee relations. A 2012 Reddit post written by an anonymous Comcast call center employee eager to share their negative experiences with the public received attention from publications including The Huffington Post. A 2014 investigative series published by The Verge involved interviews with 150 of Comcast's employees. It sought to examine why the company has become so widely criticized by its customers, the media and even members of its own staff. The series claimed part of the problem is internal and that Comcast's staff endures unreasonable corporate policies. According to the report: "customer service has been replaced by an obsession with sales; technicians are understaffed while tech support is poorly trained; and the company is hobbled by internal fragmentation." A widely read article penned by an anonymous call center employee working for Comcast appeared in November 2014 on Cracked. Titled "Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company," the article also claimed that Comcast is obsessed with sales, doesn't train its employees properly and concluded that "the system makes good customer service impossible."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Besides customer problems, what other area is Comcast often criticized over?
A: employee relations', '
Q: What online media outlet ran an investigative series on Comcast in 2014?
A: The Verge', '
Q: How many Comcast employees were interviewed for that investigative report?
A: 150', '
Q: What online publication ran a feature from a Comcast employee in 2014 that received attention?
A: Cracked', '
Q: What was this 2014 article anonymously penned by a Comcast Employee called?
A: "Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America\'s Worst Company,"']
Comcast has also earned a reputation for being anti-union. According to one of the company's training manuals, "Comcast does not feel union representation is in the best interest of its employees, customers, or shareholders". A dispute in 2004 with CWA, a labor union that represented many employees at Comcast's offices in Beaverton, Oregon, led to allegations of management intimidating workers, requiring them to attend anti-union meetings and unwarranted disciplinary action for union members. In 2011, Comcast received criticism from Writers Guild of America for its policies in regards to unions.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Comcast's stance on organized labor?
A: anti-union", "
Q: A 2004 labor dispute in what city highlighted Comcast's anti-labor stance?
A: Beaverton, Oregon", '
Q: What was one anti-union thing that workers in Beaverton were required to do?
A: attend anti-union meetings', '
Q: What creative union aired grievances against Comcast in 2011?
A: Writers Guild of America', "
Q: In what internal publication was Comcast's union stance formally enumerated?
A: one of the company's training manuals"]
Despite these criticisms, Comcast has appeared on multiple "top places to work" lists. In 2009, it was included on CableFAX magazine's "Top 10 Places to Work in Cable", which cited its "scale, savvy and vision". Similarly, the Philadelphia Business Journal awarded Comcast the silver medal among extra-large companies in Philadelphia, with the gold medal going to partner organization, Comcast-Spectacor. The Boston Globe found Comcast to be that city's top place to work in 2009. Employee diversity is also an attribute upon which Comcast receives strong marks. In 2008, Black Enterprise magazine rated Comcast among the top 15 companies for workforce diversity. Comcast was also named a "Top 2014 Workplace" by the Washington Post in their annual feature.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What magazine listed Comcast as one of its top places to work?
A: CableFAX', "
Q: What is Comcast's affiliated entity in Philadelphia?
A: Comcast-Spectacor", "
Q: What newspaper named Comcast it's top place to work?
A: The Boston Globe", '
Q: In what year did this newspaper confer this honor on Comcast?
A: 2009', '
Q: On what aspect did Black Enterprise Magazine name Comcast a top 15 employer?
A: workforce diversity']
The book value of the company nearly doubled from $8.19 a share in 1999 to $15 a share in 2009. Revenues grew sixfold from 1999's $6 billion to almost $36 billion in 2009. Net profit margin rose from 4.2% in 1999 to 8.4% in 2009, with operating margins improving 31 percent and return on equity doubling to 6.7 percent in the same time span. Between 1999 and 2009, return on capital nearly tripled to 7 percent. Comcast reported first quarter 2012 profit increases of 30% due to increase in high-speed internet customers. In February 2014, Comcast generated 1.1 billion in revenue during the first quarter due to the Sochi Olympics,.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Comcast's share value in 1999?
A: $8.19", "
Q: What was Comcast's share value in 2009?
A: $15", "
Q: Comcast's revenues in 2009 were how much?
A: $36 billion", "
Q: What was Comcast's profit margin in 2009?
A: 8.4%", '
Q: What caused a 2012 spike in Comcast profits?
A: increase in high-speed internet customers']
With $18.8 million spent in 2013, Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States. Comcast employs multiple former US Congressmen as lobbyists. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association, which has multiple Comcast executives on its board, also represents Comcast and other cable companies as the fifth largest lobbying organization in the United States, spending $19.8 million in 2013. Comcast was among the top backers of Barack Obama's presidential runs, with Comcast vice president David Cohen raising over $2.2 million from 2007 to 2012. Cohen has been described by many sources as influential in the US government, though he is no longer a registered lobbyist, as the time he spends lobbying falls short of the 20% which requires official registration. Comcast's PAC, the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee, is the among the largest PACs in the US, raising about $3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government. Comcast is also a major backer of the National Cable and Telecommunications Association Political Action Committee, which raised $2.6 million from 2011-2012. Comcast spent the most money of any organization in support of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP bills, spending roughly $5 million to lobby for their passage.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Comcast's lobbying budget in 2013?
A: $18.8 million", '
Q: Where did this lobbying budget place the company among all entities in the country?
A: seventh largest', '
Q: What is the name of the industry association that represents all cable companies in Washington?
A: The National Cable & Telecommunications Association', "
Q: What is the name of Comcast's affiliated political action committee?
A: Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee", '
Q: How much did this PAC raise for candidates in US elections from 2011 through 2012?
A: $3.7 million']
In 1963, Ralph J. Roberts in conjunction with his two business partners, Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky, purchased American Cable Systems as a corporate spin-off from its parent, Jerrold Electronics, for US $500,000. At the time, American Cable was a small cable operator in Tupelo, Mississippi, with five channels and 12,000 customers. Storecast Corporation of America, a product placement supermarket specialist marketing firm, was purchased by American Cable in 1965. With Storecast being a Muzak client, American Cable purchased its first Muzak franchise of many in Orlando, Florida.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Ralph Roberts get into the cable TV business?
A: 1963', "
Q: Who were Roberts' business partners in this purchase?
A: Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky", '
Q: What company did this partnership purchase?
A: American Cable Systems', '
Q: What city did American Cable Systems do business in?
A: Tupelo, Mississippi', '
Q: How many customers did ACS have when Roberts and his partners purchased it?
A: 12,000']