romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Rajasthan (/ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen); literally, "Land of Kings") is India's largest state by area (342,239 square kilometres (132,139 sq mi) or 10.4% of India's total area). It is located on the western side of the country, where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert (also known as the "Rajasthan Desert" and "Great Indian Desert") and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej-Indus river valley. Elsewhere it is bordered by the other Indian states: Punjab to the north; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast; and Gujarat to the southwest. Its features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization at Kalibanga; the Dilwara Temples, a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan's only hill station, Mount Abu, in the ancient Aravalli mountain range; and, in eastern Rajasthan, the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. Rajasthan is also home to two national tiger reserves, the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur and Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many square kilometers is Rajasthan?
A: 342,239', "
Q: What percentage of India's total area is Rajasthan?
A: 10.4%", '
Q: What are alternative names the Thar Desert is known by?
A: the "Rajasthan Desert" and "Great Indian Desert"', '
Q: What province in Pakistan does Rajasthan border on its north?
A: Punjab', '
Q: The Dilwara Temples are a pilgrimage site for whom?
A: Jain']
The first mention of the name "Rajasthan" appears in James Tod's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of "Rajputana" as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories. John Keay, in his book India: A History, stated that "Rajputana" was coined by the British in 1829, John Briggs, translating Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, used the phrase "Rajpoot (Rajput) princes" rather than "Indian princes".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the first usage of the word Rajasthan?
A: 1829', "
Q: In what publication did the name Rajasthan first appear?
A: Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India", '
Q: What is another name for the Rajasthan region?
A: Rajputana', '
Q: In what year did George Thomas write the memoir known as Military Memories?
A: 1800', '
Q: Who wrote the book entitled India: A History?
A: John Keay']
Parts of what is now Rajasthan were part of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization,. It is believed that Western Kshatrapas (405–35 BC) were Saka rulers of the western part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Southern Sindh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan). They were successors to the Indo-Scythians and were contemporaneous with the Kushans, who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era (with their calendar), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state. Matsya, a state of the Vedic civilisation of India, is said to roughly corresponded to the former state of Jaipur in Rajasthan and included the whole of Alwar with portions of Bharatpur. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar (modern Bairat), which is said to have been named after its founder king Virata.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Some portions of Rajasthan were involved with what ancient civilization?
A: the Indus Valley Civilization', '
Q: In what Indus Valley Civilization district was Kalibangan within?
A: Hanumangarh district', '
Q: What were the Saka Rulers of Western India believed to be called?
A: Western Kshatrapas', '
Q: Over what time period were the Western Kshatrapas in power?
A: 405–35 BC', '
Q: The Kushans ruled what part of the Indian subcontinent?
A: the northern part']
Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali (Saini) and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land. A number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Bhils once ruled Kota. Meenas were rulers of Bundi and the Dhundhar region.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Members of what tribe were exterminated in Ajmer?
A: Gurjars', '
Q: What tribe formerly ruled Kota?
A: Bhils', '
Q: What was the name of the group that formerly ruled Bundi?
A: Meenas', '
Q: What is another way to refer to the PhulMali?
A: Saini', '
Q: The Jats assisted in building what state?
A: Rajasthan']
The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century. The chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Historian R. C. Majumdar says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Gurjara Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly 300 years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What empire stopped Arab invasions?
A: Gurjar Pratihar Empire', '
Q: Arab attempted to invade the Gurjar Pratihar Empire beginning in what century?
A: 8th', '
Q: Arab conquest was limited to what region?
A: Sindh', '
Q: What was the most notable accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire?
A: its successful resistance to foreign invasions', '
Q: Which historian claims that even the Arabs acknowledged the importance of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire in stopping invasions?
A: Historian R. C. Majumdar']
Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states, two chiefships, and the British district of Ajmer-Merwara. Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Chittorgarh), Alwar and Dhundhar (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput princely states. Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under a Muslim Nawab. Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs put up a valiant resistance to the Islamic invasions and protected this land with their warfare and chivalry for more than 500 years. They also resisted Mughal incursions into India and thus contributed to their slower-than-anticipated access to the Indian subcontinent. Later, the Mughals, through skilled warfare, were able to get a firm grip on northern India, including Rajasthan. Mewar led other kingdoms in its resistance to outside rule. Most notably, Rana Sanga fought the Battle of Khanua against Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many princely states of Rajputana contain?
A: nineteen', '
Q: What is the name of the British district within Rajputana?
A: Ajmer-Merwara', '
Q: Bharatpur is an example of what kind of state?
A: princely', '
Q: Under a Muslim Nawab there was a princely state, what was its name?
A: Tonk', '
Q: What families rose to power in the 6th century?
A: Rajput families']
Over the years, the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times. The Mughal Empire continued to weaken, and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, Rajputana came under the suzerainty of the Marathas. The Marathas, who were Hindus from the state of what is now Maharashtra, ruled Rajputana for most of the eighteenth century. The Maratha Empire, which had replaced the Mughal Empire as the overlord of the subcontinent, was finally replaced by the British Empire in 1818.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group in the Rajasthan region started to have internal disputes?
A: Mughals', '
Q: In what century did the Mughal Empire come into decline?
A: 18th century', '
Q: The Maratharas gained what over Rajputana?
A: suzerainty', '
Q: Where were the Marathas from?
A: the state of what is now Maharashtra', '
Q: In what year did the British Empire replace the Maratha Empire?
A: 1818']
The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850 kilometres (530 mi). Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River, although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which mountain range goes through Rajasthan?
A: the Aravalli Range', '
Q: What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range?
A: 530 mi', '
Q: What peak is at the southwestern part of the Aravalli Range?
A: Mount Abu', '
Q: What portion of Rajasthan is east and south of the Aravalli Range?
A: two-fifths', '
Q: Which river separates the main Aravelli ranges?
A: West Banas River']
The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region are covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of thar desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour. This area is also important defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is Indias largest airbase and military, BSF bases are also situated here. A single civil airport is also situated in Jodhpur. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can exceed 48 °C in the summer months and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighboring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati river.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Dry and sandy conditions are indicative of which region of Rajasthan? 
A: The northwestern portion', '
Q: Which desert is in the northwestern part of Rajasthan?
A: the Thar Desert', '
Q: What is the most populous city in the Thar Desert?
A: Jodhpur', '
Q: What are the names of the major districts of the Thar?
A: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour', '
Q: Rainfall in the Thar Desert region is less than what amount each year on avarage?
A: 400 mm']
The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered. This region is home to the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. The hilly Vagad region, home to the cities of Dungarpur and Banswara lies in southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan, and the most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the Mewar region, home to the cities of Udaipur and Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar lies the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of Jaipur. Mewat, the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers, tributaries of the Ganges.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a characteristic of the region to the east of the Aravalli range?
A: more fertile and better watered', '
Q: What is the name of the ecoregion to the east and southeast of the Aravalli Range?
A: the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion', "
Q: What are two examples of trees in the broadleaf forests east of the Aravalli's?
A: teak, Acacia", '
Q: What is the name of the region which is home to Dungarpur?
A: Vagad region', '
Q: What is the most heavily forested region in Rajasthan?
A: Vagad']
The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. in the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical center of Rajasthan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many meters high is Guru Shikhar?
A: 1,722', '
Q: What percentage of Rajasthan is to the northwest of the Aravalli range?
A: 60%', '
Q: What is the average elevation of the south-eastern region of Rajasthan?
A: 100 to 350 m above sea level', '
Q: A tableland is contained within what to southeastern districts?
A: Kota and Bundi', '
Q: What river runs along the badlands in the northeast of Rajasthan
A: the Chambal River']
The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer is spread over an area of 3,162 square kilometres (1,221 sq mi), is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse fauna. Seashells and massive fossilised tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of the desert. One can see many eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrels and vultures. Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga), laggar falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels are the commonest of these.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which region contains Desert National Park?
A: Jaisalmer', '
Q: How many square miles is Desert National Park?
A: 1,221 sq mi', '
Q: What types of large fossils are found in Desert National Park?
A: massive fossilised tree trunks', '
Q: What are the most common types of eagles one might see in the Jaisalmer region?
A: Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga)', '
Q: What is another name for a laggar falcon?
A: Falco jugger']
Ranthambore National Park is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct at Sariska, but five tigers have been relocated there. Prominent among the wildlife sanctuaries are Mount Abu Sanctuary, Bhensrod Garh Sanctuary, Darrah Sanctuary, Jaisamand Sanctuary, Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar sanctuary, and Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Rajasthani national park is known for its tigers?
A: Ranthambore National Park', '
Q: How many tigers were relocated to Sariska?
A: five tigers', '
Q: Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what?
A: one of the best place in India to spot tigers', '
Q: Why did tigers became extinct in Sariska?
A: poaching and negligence']
Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton and tobacco are the state's cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Rajasthan economy is largely composed of what type of industries?
A: agricultural and pastoral', '
Q: What are Rajasthans two main cash crops?
A: Cotton and tobacco', '
Q: What type of oil does Rajasthan produce some of the largest amounts of in India?
A: edible oils', '
Q: Rajasthan consumes the most of what product?
A: opium', '
Q: How many crop seasons are there in Rajasthan?
A: two crop seasons']
The main industries are mineral based, agriculture based, and textile based. Rajasthan is the second largest producer of polyester fibre in India. The Pali and Bhilwara District produces more cloth than Bhiwandi, Maharashtra and the bhilwara is the largest city in suitings production and export and Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces and rubia production and export. Several prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the city of Kota, in southern Rajasthan. Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The Taj Mahal was built from the white marble which was mined from a town called Makrana. The state is the second largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar, copper mines at Khetri, Jhunjhunu, and zinc mines at Dariba, Zawar mines and Rampura Aghucha (opencast) near Bhilwara. Dimensional stone mining is also undertaken in Rajasthan. Jodhpur sandstone is mostly used in monuments, important buildings and residential buildings. This stone is termed as "chittar patthar". Jodhpur leads in Handicraft and Guar Gum industry. Rajasthan is also a part of the Mumbai-Delhi Industrial corridor is set to benefit economically. The State gets 39% of the DMIC, with major districts of Jaipur, Alwar, Kota and Bhilwara benefiting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of fibre is Rajasthan ranked 2nd in production of?
A: polyester fibre', '
Q: What is the largest city for polyster blouse pieces in Rajasthan?
A: Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces', '
Q: From what town did the marble in the Taj Mahal come?
A: Makrana', '
Q: What type of deposits are found at Sambhar?
A: rich salt deposits', '
Q: What kind of mines are found in Khetri and Jhunjhunu ?
A: copper mines']
Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach ₹250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of ₹100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are earnings from crude oil in Rajasthan expected to be in 2013?
A: ₹250 million per day', '
Q: How many barrels of crude oil from Barmer is Rajasthan allowed to extract each day?
A: 300,000 barrels', '
Q: The leader in Indian crude oil production at 250,000 barrels per day is what region?
A: Bombay High', "
Q: What group is conducting exploration for Rajasthan's crude oil??
A: Cairn India", '
Q: How many barrels per day is currently being extracted from the Barmer region?
A: 175,000 barrels']
Rajasthani cooking was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking. It is known for its snacks like Bikaneri Bhujia. Other famous dishes include bajre ki roti (millet bread) and lashun ki chutney (hot garlic paste), mawa kachori Mirchi Bada, Pyaaj Kachori and ghevar from Jodhpur, Alwar ka Mawa(Milk Cake), malpauas from Pushkar and rassgollas from Bikaner. Originating from the Marwar region of the state is the concept Marwari Bhojnalaya, or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many parts of India, which offer vegetarian food of the Marwari people. 4 Dal-Bati-Churma is very popular in Rajasthan. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the Baati then pour pure Ghee on top of it. It is served with the daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney. Also served with Besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in Rajasthan. "Dal-Baati-Churma", is a combination of three different food items — Daal (lentils), Baati and Churma (Sweet). It is a typical Rajasthani dish.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of food was preferred in Rajasthani cooking?
A: Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating', '
Q: Along with scarce green vegetables, what had an impact on Rajasthani cooking?
A: scarcity of water', '
Q: What type of snack is Rajasthan known for?
A: Bikaneri Bhujia', '
Q: What famous dish is also known as hot garlic paste?
A: lashun ki chutney', '
Q: Vegetarian restaurants come from which Rajasthani region?
A: the Marwar region']
The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a large part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, and Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, and sarangi are also sung.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of dance comes from Jodhpur Marwar?
A: The Ghoomar dance', '
Q: Kalbeliya dance is from which region?
A: Jaisalmer', '
Q: What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan?
A: Folk music', '
Q: Heroic deeds are often a theme of what type of Rajasthani song?
A: Folk songs', '
Q: What kind of song is referred to as a bhajan?
A: religious or devotional']