romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events  on the Julian calendar should be used with what action?
A: caution', '
Q: When was the Battle of Agincourt?
A: 25 October 1415', '
Q: When are events usually shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar?
A: prior to 15 October 1582', "
Q: What other date is 25 October known for, that keeps the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October,1415?
A: Saint Crispin's Day", '
Q: In the Julian calendar when is the start of the new year?
A: 1 January']
A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why would a knuckle -space count be used to determine months?
A: language-independent', '
Q: A knuckle count is a month of how many days?
A: 31', '
Q: The space between knuckles is what kind of month?
A: short month', "
Q: What are held together for a knuckle-space month count?
A: one's two fists"]
The Gregorian reform contained two parts: a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church, with the Julian calendar, to calculate the date of Easter. The reform was a modification of a proposal made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common instead of leap years. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many parts did the Gregorian calendar reform have?
A: two parts', '
Q: What was the first reform concerning the calendar?
A: Julian calendar', '
Q: What was the second reform of the calendar?
A: lunar cycle', '
Q: What was calculated using the lunar calendar?
A: date of Easter', "
Q: What did Lilius's calendar plan to reduce in every 400 years?
A: number of leap years"]
Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What calendar did Turkey use before 1917 for general purposes?
A: lunar Islamic', '
Q: What calendar did Turkey utilize for fiscal purposes?
A: Julian', '
Q: Where did Turkey start the fiscal year?
A: 1 March', '
Q: When did Turkey begin to use the Gregorian calendar for fiscal means?
A: 1 March 1917', '
Q: When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes?
A: 1 January 1926']
Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar?
A: subtract one day', '
Q: What does one need to remember about  the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar?
A: February 29 is discounted', '
Q: If you need a date of four days less, what do you subtract from the Julian calendar?
A: -4']
In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days (365 days 6 hours) to 365.2425 days (365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds), a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year, the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the year's position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox the equinox was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes and the earliest date for Easter was fixed at 22 March. The Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the difference in time between the calendars?
A: 10 minutes 48 seconds', '
Q: With what other difference did the Gregorian calendar concern itself?
A: accumulated difference', '
Q: When was the vernal equinox at the end of the third century?
A: 20 March or 21 March', '
Q: In order to account for the full moon coming after the equinox, when was the equinox set?
A: 22 March', '
Q: How did the Gregorian calendar set these same of the full moon not preceding Easterconditions?
A: removing ten days']
The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter. In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted. The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Council of Trent agree to the corrected calendar?
A: 1563', '
Q: To what time did the Council require the date of the vernal equinox to be set?
A: 325', '
Q: What did mathematicians of the time want to use to set the date of Easter?
A: motions of the sun and moon', '
Q: What method was used instead of computations of the sun and moon?
A: tabular method', '
Q: Whose modified proposal was adopted?
A: Aloysius Lilius']
A month after having decreed the reform, the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio, the brother of Luigi Lilio, the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years. The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti, one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform, notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio (Con licentia delli Superiori... et permissu Ant(onii) Lilij). The papal brief was later revoked, on 20 September 1582, because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were the rights to publish the calendar granted?
A: 3 April 1582', '
Q: Who awarded the rights to publish the calendar?
A: the pope', '
Q: What problem caused the papal brief granting the right to publish to be withdrawn?
A: demand for copies', '
Q: When were the rights to print the calendar withdrawn?
A: 20 September 1582', '
Q: Where were the first calendars printed?
A: Rome']
The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC. The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Roman Republic use for dates?
A: consular year', '
Q: What event started the consular year?
A: consuls first entered office', '
Q: What was the date of the consular year before 222 BC?
A: 1 May', '
Q: What was the date of the start of the consular year from 222 BC?
A: 15 March', '
Q: When did Rome begin to use the Julian calendar?
A: 45 BC']
In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What other system of calculations are inherent in the Gregorian calendar?
A: system of weeks', '
Q: Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple?
A: irregularities', '
Q: After each country adopted the calendar how did the weekly cycle continue?
A: uninterrupted', "
Q: What was the previous day's date by the Julian calendar?
A: Thursday, 4 October 1582", '
Q: What was the date of adoption for the calendar?
A: Friday, 15 October 1582']
Because the spring equinox was tied to the date of Easter, the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable. The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon (computed using the Metonic cycle) that falls on or after the vernal equinox, which they placed on 21 March. However, the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March as the equinox (until 342) and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon. In the Alexandrian system, since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April. This meant that Easter varied between 22 March and 25 April. In Rome, Easter was not allowed to fall later than 21 April, that being the day of the Parilia or birthday of Rome and a pagan festival.The first day of the Easter moon could fall no earlier than 5 March and no later than 2 April.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who thought that the seasonal drift in the date of Easter unacceptable?
A: Roman Catholic Church', '
Q: What even is tired to the date for Easter?
A: spring equinox', '
Q: What did the Church of Alexandria use to calculate the date of Easter?
A: Metonic cycle', '
Q: Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox?
A: 21 March', '
Q: Until 342 when did the Church of Rome think the vernal equinox fell?
A: 25 March']
Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the architect of the Gregorian calendar?
A: Christopher Clavius', '
Q: What did the architects of the calendar notice about the astronomical tables?
A: discrepancies', '
Q: Whose solution to the discrepancies of the tables would have been agreeable to astronomers?
A: Petrus Pitatus', '
Q: When did Pitatus offer his solution to the leap year problem?
A: 1560', '
Q: What is the theory about leap year called?
A: Gregorian leap year rule']
"Old Style" (OS) and "New Style" (NS) are sometimes added to dates to identify which system is used in the British Empire and other countries that did not immediately change. Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year, and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar, there is some confusion as to what these terms mean. They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (NS) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year (OS); or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar (OS), formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar (NS).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What designation was added to British dates to differentiate them from countries not using the new calendar? 
A: "Old Style" (OS) and "New Style"', '
Q: When was the Calendar act enacted?
A: 1750', '
Q: With what did the Calendar Act align the British calendar?
A: Gregorian calendar', '
Q: What did the use of Old Style and New Style cause?
A: confusion', '
Q: What law did the British make to cause the use of the Gregorian calendar?
A: Calendar Act of 1750']
The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years, giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long. This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,300 years with respect to the mean tropical year. However, because of the precession of the equinoxes, the error with respect to the vernal equinox (which occurs, on average, 365.24237 days apart near 2000) is 1 day every 7,700 years, assuming a constant time interval between vernal equinoxes, which is not true. By any criterion, the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar (average year 365.25 days).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Gregorian calendar is an improvement over what other calendar?
A: Julian', '
Q: How many days must be skipped to align the calendar with mean solar days in a year?
A: three Julian leap days', '
Q: What is the approximate error for every 3,300 years?
A: one day', '
Q: What is the error rate of the vernal equinox per every 7,700 years?
A: 1 day', '
Q: What was the error rate in the Julian calendar?
A: 1 day in 128 years']
Known during development as Xbox Next, Xenon, Xbox 2, Xbox FS or NextBox, the Xbox 360 was conceived in early 2003. In February 2003, planning for the Xenon software platform began, and was headed by Microsoft's Vice President J Allard. That month, Microsoft held an event for 400 developers in Bellevue, Washington to recruit support for the system. Also that month, Peter Moore, former president of Sega of America, joined Microsoft. On August 12, 2003, ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console, a deal which was publicly announced two days later. Before the launch of the Xbox 360, several Alpha development kits were spotted using Apple's Power Mac G5 hardware. This was because the system's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM's Xenon processor. The cores of the Xenon processor were developed using a slightly modified version of the PlayStation 3's Cell Processor PPE architecture. According to David Shippy and Mickie Phipps, the IBM employees were "hiding" their work from Sony and Toshiba, IBM's partners in developing the Cell Processor. Jeff Minter created the music visualization program Neon which is included with the Xbox 360.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Microsoft executive was in charge of 360 development?
A: J Allard', "
Q: What manufacturer was enlisted to design the 360's graphics processor?
A: ATI", '
Q: Where did Peter Moor work before being recruited to help on the 360?
A: Sega of America', "
Q: Original 360 Alpha dev kits used what existing system's hardware?
A: Apple's Power Mac G5", "
Q: What CPU did the 360 use?
A: IBM's Xenon processor"]
At launch, the Xbox 360 was available in two configurations: the "Xbox 360" package (unofficially known as the 20 GB Pro or Premium), priced at US$399 or GB£279.99, and the "Xbox 360 Core", priced at US$299 and GB£209.99. The original shipment of the Xbox 360 version included a cut-down version of the Media Remote as a promotion. The Elite package was launched later at US$479. The "Xbox 360 Core" was replaced by the "Xbox 360 Arcade" in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1, 2008. The Pro package was discontinued and marked down to US$249 on August 28, 2009 to be sold until stock ran out, while the Elite was also marked down in price to US$299.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Xbox 360 Pro included what size hard drive storage?
A: 20 GB', '
Q: What was the official name of the lower-priced 360 SKU at launch?
A: Xbox 360 Core', '
Q: The Xbox 360 Elite eventually launched at what price point?
A: US$479', "
Q: The 360 Pro's original storage was replaced by a hard drive of what size in 2008?
A: 60 GB", '
Q: What did Microsoft name the SKU that replaced the 360 Core?
A: Xbox 360 Arcade']
The Xbox 360 launched with 14 games in North America and 13 in Europe. The console's best-selling game for 2005, Call of Duty 2, sold over a million copies. Five other games sold over a million copies in the console's first year on the market: Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, Dead or Alive 4, Saints Row, and Gears of War. Gears of War would become the best-selling game on the console with 3 million copies in 2006, before being surpassed in 2007 by Halo 3 with over 8 million copies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many titles did the 360 have at launch in North America?
A: 14 games', "
Q: What title was the console's best seller in 2005?
A: Call of Duty 2", '
Q: How many copies did Halo 3 sell?
A: 8 million copies', '
Q: Halo 3 was released in what year?
A: 2007', '
Q: Other than Call of Duty 2, how many games sold at least 1 million copies the first year of the 360?
A: Five']
The Xbox 360 supports videos in Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4 media. The December 2007 dashboard update added support for the playback of MPEG-4 ASP format videos. The console can also display pictures and perform slideshows of photo collections with various transition effects, and supports audio playback, with music player controls accessible through the Xbox 360 Guide button. Users may play back their own music while playing games or using the dashboard, and can play music with an interactive visual synthesizer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What 3 video formats did the 360 support natively at launch?
A: Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4', '
Q: Support for what video format was added in 2007?
A: MPEG-4 ASP', '
Q: How are music player controls accessed by 360 users?
A: the Xbox 360 Guide button', '
Q: What is one feature of 360 photo slide shows?
A: transition effects']
When the Xbox 360 was released, Microsoft's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade, adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver (later renamed Xbox Live Free) to its already established premium subscription-based service (which was renamed Gold). Xbox Live Free is included with all SKUs of the console. It allows users to create a user profile, join on message boards, and access Microsoft's Xbox Live Arcade and Marketplace and talk to other members. A Live Free account does not generally support multiplayer gaming; however, some games that have rather limited online functions already, (such as Viva Piñata) or games that feature their own subscription service (e.g. EA Sports games) can be played with a Free account. Xbox Live also supports voice the latter a feature possible with the Xbox Live Vision.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the non-subscription Xbox online gaming service?
A: Xbox Live Silver', '
Q: What was the "color" name given to the premium version of Xbox Live?
A: Gold', '
Q: What key feature is not supported by the free version of Live?
A: multiplayer gaming', '
Q: Which popular gaming titles have their own online service outside Xbox Live?
A: EA Sports games', '
Q: Voice support came online with what feature addition?
A: Xbox Live Vision']
The Xbox 360 features an online service, Xbox Live, which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console's lifetime. Available in free and subscription-based varieties, Xbox Live allows users to: play games online; download games (through Xbox Live Arcade) and game demos; purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications. In addition to online multimedia features, the Xbox 360 allows users to stream media from local PCs. Several peripherals have been released, including wireless controllers, expanded hard drive storage, and the Kinect motion sensing camera. The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of the 360's online service?
A: Xbox Live", '
Q: What is the name of the feature that allows users to download games from Live?
A: Xbox Live Arcade', '
Q: What can people owning both a PC and 360 do?
A: stream media', "
Q: What is the name of the 360's motion sensing camera peripheral?
A: the Kinect", "
Q: The 360's multimedia capabilities transformed it from a game console to what?
A: a hub for living-room computing entertainment"]