romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Grey Cup was established in 1909 after being donated by Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, The Governor General of Canada as the championship of teams under the CRU for the Rugby Football Championship of Canada. Initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, withdrew from competition in 1954. The move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who donated a championship trophy for Canadian football teams in 1909?
A: Albert Grey', '
Q: When did professional teams begin to dominate the Canadian football championship?
A: 1940s and early 1950s', '
Q: Which trophy was awarded to a Canadian football champion beginning in 1909?
A: Grey Cup', '
Q: Which was the last amateur team to compete for the Canadian football championship?
A: Ontario Rugby Football Union', '
Q: What government position was held by the man who donated the Grey Cup to Canadian football?
A: The Governor General of Canada']
Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the only other country to have hosted a high-level Canadian football game. The CFL's controversial "South Division" as it would come to be officially known attempted to put CFL teams in the United States playing under Canadian rules between 1992 and 1995. The move was aborted after three years; the Baltimore Stallions were the most successful of the numerous Americans teams to play in the CFL, winning the 83rd Grey Cup. Continuing financial losses, a lack of proper Canadian football venues, a pervasive belief that the American teams were simply pawns to provide the struggling Canadian teams with expansion fee revenue, and the return of the NFL to Baltimore prompted the end of Canadian football on the American side of the border.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which one country besides Canada has hosted a professional Canadian football game?
A: United States', '
Q: In which year did the CFL first attempt an expansion into the United States?
A: 1992', '
Q: Which American CFL team won the Grey Cup?
A: Baltimore Stallions', "
Q: The return of an NFL team to which city contributed to the demise of the CFL's American expansion?
A: Baltimore", '
Q: How many years did the CFL South Division last?
A: three']
Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams in three divisions in the Canadian Junior Football League competing for the Canadian Bowl. The Quebec Junior Football League includes teams from Ontario and Quebec who battle for the Manson Cup.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which organization oversees amateur Canadian football?
A: Football Canada', '
Q: How many football teams compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport?
A: 26', '
Q: Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion?
A: Vanier Cup', '
Q: What is the name of the championship game for junior Canadian football teams?
A: Canadian Bowl', '
Q: Which provinces field teams in the Quebec Junior Football League?
A: Ontario and Quebec']
The Canadian football field is 150 yards (137 m) long and 65 yards (59 m) wide with end zones 20 yards (18 m) deep, and goal lines 110 yards (101 m) apart. At each goal line is a set of 40-foot-high (12 m) goalposts, which consist of two uprights joined by an 18 1⁄2-foot-long (5.6 m) crossbar which is 10 feet (3 m) above the goal line. The goalposts may be H-shaped (both posts fixed in the ground) although in the higher-calibre competitions the tuning-fork design (supported by a single curved post behind the goal line, so that each post starts 10 feet (3 m) above the ground) is preferred. The sides of the field are marked by white sidelines, the goal line is marked in white, and white lines are drawn laterally across the field every 5 yards (4.6 m) from the goal line. These lateral lines are called "yard lines" and often marked with the distance in yards from and an arrow pointed toward the nearest goal line. In previous decades, arrows were not used and every yard line was usually marked with the distance to the goal line, including the goal line itself which was marked with a "0"; in most stadiums today, the 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-yard lines are marked with numbers, with the goal line sometimes being marked with a "G". The centre (55-yard) line usually is marked with a "C". "Hash marks" are painted in white, parallel to the yardage lines, at 1 yard (0.9 m) intervals, 24 yards (21.9 m) from the sidelines. On fields that have a surrounding running track, such as Commonwealth Stadium, Molson Stadium, and many universities, the end zones are often cut off in the corners to accommodate the track. In 2014, Edmonton placed turf over the track to create full end zones. This was particularly common among U.S.-based teams during the CFL's American expansion, where few American stadiums were able to accommodate the much longer and noticeably wider CFL field.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many yards wide is a Canadian football field?
A: 65', '
Q: How long in meters is the crossbar of a Canadian football goal?
A: 5.6', '
Q: What part of a Canadian football field was sometimes marked with a "G"?
A: goal line', '
Q: What distance from the sidelines are hash marks painted on a CFL field?
A: 24 yards (21.9 m)']
At the beginning of a match, an official tosses a coin and allows the captain of the visiting team call heads or tails. The captain of the team winning the coin toss is given the option of having first choice, or of deferring first choice to the other captain. The captain making first choice may either choose a) to kick off or receive the kick and the beginning of the half, or b) which direction of the field to play in. The remaining choice is given to the opposing captain. Before the resumption of play in the second half, the captain that did not have first choice in the first half is given first choice. Teams usually choose to defer, so it is typical for the team that wins the coin toss to kick to begin the first half and receive to begin the second.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which team calls heads or tails in the coin flip before a CFL game?
A: visiting', "
Q: Who on a football team articulates the team's decision following the coin flip?
A: captain", '
Q: What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball?
A: which direction of the field to play in', '
Q: Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision?
A: the opposing captain']
Play stops when the ball carrier's knee, elbow, or any other body part aside from the feet and hands, is forced to the ground (a tackle); when a forward pass is not caught on the fly (during a scrimmage); when a touchdown (see below) or a field goal is scored; when the ball leaves the playing area by any means (being carried, thrown, or fumbled out of bounds); or when the ball carrier is in a standing position but can no longer move forwards (called forward progress). If no score has been made, the next play starts from scrimmage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the term for play stopped because the ball carrier, although not fully tackled, can no longer advance the ball?
A: forward progress', '
Q: Where does the next play start unless a team has just scored?
A: scrimmage', "
Q: Which parts of the ball carrier's body do not cause play to stop when they touch the ground?
A: feet and hands", '
Q: Which direction of pass causes play to stop when it is not caught?
A: forward']
Before scrimmage, an official places the ball at the spot it was at the stop of clock, but no nearer than 24 yards from the sideline or 1 yard from the goal line. The line parallel to the goal line passing through the ball (line from sideline to sideline for the length of the ball) is referred to as the line of scrimmage. This line is similar to "no-man's land"; players must stay on their respective sides of this line until the play has begun again. For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players, excluding the quarterback, within one yard of the line of scrimmage. The defending team must stay a yard or more back from the line of scrimmage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What minimum distance from the sideline does the official place the ball before play starts?
A: 24 yards', '
Q: What is the term for the line across the field where the ball is positioned before a play?
A: line of scrimmage', '
Q: How many players must the team with possession place near the line of scrimmage?
A: seven', '
Q: How close to the line of scrimmage can defensive players approach before a play is run?
A: one yard']
On the field at the beginning of a play are two teams of 12 (unlike 11 in American football). The team in possession of the ball is the offence and the team defending is referred to as the defence. Play begins with a backwards pass through the legs (the snap) by a member of the offensive team, to another member of the offensive team. This is usually the quarterback or punter, but a "direct snap" to a running back is also not uncommon. If the quarterback or punter receives the ball, he may then do any of the following:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many players does each side field in an American football game?
A: 11', '
Q: What is the term for the team who begins a play with control of the ball?
A: offence', '
Q: What is the initial backward movement of the ball in a play called?
A: the snap', '
Q: Which two players most commonly receive the first backward pass in a football play?
A: quarterback or punter']
Each play constitutes a down. The offence must advance the ball at least ten yards towards the opponents' goal line within three downs or forfeit the ball to their opponents. Once ten yards have been gained the offence gains a new set of three downs (rather than the four downs given in American football). Downs do not accumulate. If the offensive team completes 10 yards on their first play, they lose the other two downs and are granted another set of three. If a team fails to gain ten yards in two downs they usually punt the ball on third down or try to kick a field goal (see below), depending on their position on the field. The team may, however use its third down in an attempt to advance the ball and gain a cumulative 10 yards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another term for a completed play?
A: down', '
Q: How many plays can the offence run without gaining ten yards?
A: three', '
Q: What does a team do when they have not advance the ball enough to score or likely gain a new set of downs?
A: punt', "
Q: How many downs does a team get after they've gained ten on their first down?
A: three"]
There are many rules to contact in this type of football. First, the only player on the field who may be legally tackled is the player currently in possession of the football (the ball carrier). Second, a receiver, that is to say, an offensive player sent down the field to receive a pass, may not be interfered with (have his motion impeded, be blocked, etc.) unless he is within one yard of the line of scrimmage (instead of 5 yards (4.6 m) in American football). Any player may block another player's passage, so long as he does not hold or trip the player he intends to block. The kicker may not be contacted after the kick but before his kicking leg returns to the ground (this rule is not enforced upon a player who has blocked a kick), and the quarterback, having already thrown the ball, may not be hit or tackled.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the term for the player that is currently handing the football when play is underway?
A: ball carrier', '
Q: Within what distance from the line of scrimmage can offensive players who do not have the ball be legally contacted by defensive players?
A: one yard', "
Q: What are two illegal ways to block an opposing player's progress near the line of scrimmage?
A: hold or trip", '
Q: Which player may not be tackled immediately after they have thrown a pass?
A: quarterback']
Infractions of the rules are punished with penalties, typically a loss of yardage of 5, 10 or 15 yards against the penalized team. Minor violations such as offside (a player from either side encroaching into scrimmage zone before the play starts) are penalized five yards, more serious penalties (such as holding) are penalized 10 yards, and severe violations of the rules (such as face-masking) are typically penalized 15 yards. Depending on the penalty, the penalty yardage may be assessed from the original line of scrimmage, from where the violation occurred (for example, for a pass interference infraction), or from where the ball ended after the play. Penalties on the offence may, or may not, result in a loss of down; penalties on the defence may result in a first down being automatically awarded to the offence. For particularly severe conduct, the game official(s) may eject players (ejected players may be substituted for), or in exceptional cases, declare the game over and award victory to one side or the other. Penalties do not affect the yard line which the offence must reach to gain a first down (unless the penalty results in a first down being awarded); if a penalty against the defence results in the first down yardage being attained, then the offence is awarded a first down.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the usual penalty when the rules of play are violated?
A: loss of yardage', '
Q: How many yards does a team lose when they commit a minor penalty?
A: five', '
Q: How many yards does a team lose for face-masking?
A: 15', '
Q: What other than yardage is sometimes awarded the offence on a defensive penalty?
A: first down']
Penalties never result in a score for the offence. For example, a point-of-foul infraction committed by the defence in their end zone is not ruled a touchdown, but instead advances the ball to the one-yard line with an automatic first down. For a distance penalty, if the yardage is greater than half the distance to the goal line, then the ball is advanced half the distance to the goal line, though only up to the one-yard line (unlike American football, in Canadian football no scrimmage may start inside either one-yard line). If the original penalty yardage would have resulted in a first down or moving the ball past the goal line, a first down is awarded.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the ball placed when a defensive penalty is committed in their own end zone?
A: one-yard line', '
Q: In which North American style of football is the line of scrimmage never inside the one-yard line?
A: Canadian', '
Q: A play that results in what outcome will never also be a scoring play?
A: Penalties', '
Q: How many penalty yards are awarded when the ball is nearer the goal line than the usual penalty yardage?
A: half the distance to the goal line']
In most cases, the non-penalized team will have the option of declining the penalty; in which case the results of the previous play stand as if the penalty had not been called. One notable exception to this rule is if the kicking team on a 3rd down punt play is penalized before the kick occurs: the receiving team may not decline the penalty and take over on downs. After the kick is made, change of possession occurs and subsequent penalties are assessed against either the spot where the ball is caught, or the runback.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who can decline a penalty?
A: the non-penalized team', '
Q: A team receiving a punt cannot decline a penalty on which down?
A: 3rd down', '
Q: The outcome of which play determines the placement of the ball when a penalty is declined?
A: the previous play', '
Q: What can a team do when they prefer the original outcome of a play to the situation they would have with a penalty assessed on the other team for that play?
A: decline the penalty']
During the last three minutes of a half, the penalty for failure to place the ball in play within the 20-second play clock, known as "time count" (this foul is known as "delay of game" in American football), is dramatically different from during the first 27 minutes. Instead of the penalty being 5 yards with the down repeated, the base penalty (except during convert attempts) becomes loss of down on first or second down, and 10 yards on third down with the down repeated. In addition, as noted previously, the referee can give possession to the defence for repeated deliberate time count violations on third down.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At which point in a game is the time the offence takes to put the ball in play measured?
A: last three minutes of a half', '
Q: How many seconds elapse before a time count penalty is assessed?
A: 20', '
Q: What is the penalty for a time count on the first two downs?
A: loss of down', '
Q: Who can turn the ball over to the other side if an offensive team incurs too many time count violations?
A: referee', '
Q: How many yards does the offense lose for a time count on third down?
A: 10']
The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end while a penalty is pending: after the penalty yardage is applied, the quarter is extended one scrimmage. Note that the non-penalized team has the option to decline any penalty it considers disadvantageous, so a losing team cannot indefinitely prolong a game by repeatedly committing infractions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play?
A: extended', '
Q: Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half?
A: convert attempts', '
Q: What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out?
A: penalty', '
Q: How long is a quarter in minutes?
A: 15']
In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it scores or loses possession. If the team scores a touchdown, starting with the 2010 season, it is required to attempt a 2-point conversion. The other team then scrimmages the ball at the same 35-yard line and has the same opportunity to score. After the teams have completed their possessions, if one team is ahead, then it is declared the winner; otherwise, the two teams each get another chance to score, scrimmaging from the other 35-yard line. After this second round, if there is still no winner, during the regular season the game ends as a tie. In a playoff or championship game, the teams continue to attempt to score from alternating 35-yard lines, until one team is leading after both have had an equal number of possessions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie?
A: coin toss', "
Q: At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules?
A: 35", '
Q: In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation?
A: 2010', '
Q: Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game?
A: second', '
Q: Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results?
A: playoff or championship']
The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Considered a prelude to the two world wars and the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th century, it once again split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What countries led the two coalitions during the Seven Years' War?
A: two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France", "
Q: What major power of the time was not involved in The Seven Years' War?
A: It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire", "
Q: When was the Seven Year' War fought?
A: The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764", "
Q: What country emerged as the world's predominate power?
A: Britain rose as the world's predominant power", "
Q: What was the Seven Years' War considered as the prelude to?
A: Considered a prelude to the two world wars"]
Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched an utterly unsuccessful invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who made the first strike of the Seven Years' War?
A: Prussia preemptively struck", "
Q: What area was the site of the first action in the Seven Years' War
A: Saxony", "
Q: What country allied with Prussia?
A: Prussia's alliance with Britain", '
Q: What was the initial country to ally with France?
A: Austria formed an alliance with France', '
Q: The smaller German states joined which side?
A: Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states']