romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe, the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians. The brazen reorganization of German territory by the French risked threatening Prussian influence in the region, if not eliminating it outright. War fever in Berlin rose steadily throughout the summer of 1806. At the insistence of his court, especially his wife Queen Louise, Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the political body composed of German states established by Napoleon in 1806?
A: the Confederation of the Rhine', '
Q: When was the Confederation of the Rhine formed?
A: 1806', '
Q: The existence of the Confederation of the Rhine brought about the end of which imperial power?
A: the Holy Roman Empire', '
Q:  Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe?
A: Frederick William III', "
Q: What other royal figure strongly influenced Frederick William III's decision to go to war with France?
A: Queen Louise"]
The initial military maneuvers began in September 1806. In a notable letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carré ('square battalion'). In the bataillon-carré system, the various corps of the Grande Armée would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. As in previous campaigns, his fundamental objective was to destroy one opponent before reinforcements from another could tip the balance of the war. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which began to quickly disintegrate. In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the "peak of Napoleonic warfare," according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: "Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered." Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia?
A: 180,000', '
Q:  What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army?
A: the Saale', '
Q: To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia?
A: Marshal Soult', '
Q:  On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought?
A: 14 October', '
Q: How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt?
A: 140,000']
Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and was involved in the bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at Heilsberg that proved indecisive. On 14 June, however, Napoleon finally obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the Battle of Friedland, wiping out the majority of the Russian army in a very bloody struggle. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. On 19 June, Czar Alexander sent an envoy to seek an armistice with Napoleon. The latter assured the envoy that the Vistula River represented the natural borders between French and Russian influence in Europe. On that basis, the two emperors began peace negotiations at the town of Tilsit after meeting on an iconic raft on the River Niemen. The very first thing Alexander said to Napoleon was probably well-calibrated: "I hate the English as much as you do."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System?
A: the Berlin Decree', '
Q:  What was the system Napoleon imposed though the Berlin Decree?
A: The Continental System', '
Q: When was the Berlin Decree issued?
A: November 1806', '
Q: In what year was the Battle of Eylau?
A: 1807', '
Q: In what 14 June conflict did Napoleon win a decisive victory over the Russians?
A: the Battle of Friedland']
Alexander faced pressure from his brother, Duke Constantine, to make peace with Napoleon. Given the victory he had just achieved, the French emperor offered the Russians relatively lenient terms–demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia, and hand over the Ionian Islands to France. By contrast, Napoleon dictated very harsh peace terms for Prussia, despite the ceaseless exhortations of Queen Louise. Wiping out half of Prussian territories from the map, Napoleon created a new kingdom of 1,100 square miles called Westphalia. He then appointed his young brother Jérôme as the new monarch of this kingdom. Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused a deep and bitter antagonism which festered as the Napoleonic era progressed. Moreover, Alexander's pretensions at friendship with Napoleon led the latter to seriously misjudge the true intentions of his Russian counterpart, who would violate numerous provisions of the treaty in the next few years. Despite these problems, the Treaties of Tilsit at last gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the Duke who pressured Alexander to make peace with Napoleon?
A: Constantine', '
Q:  Which ocean territories did Napoleon demand Russia cede to France as part of the terms for peace?
A: the Ionian Islands', '
Q: What was the name of the new kingdom Napoleon created from Prussian territories?
A: Westphalia', '
Q: What was the name of the younger brother who Napoleon appointed as the ruler of Westphalia?
A: Jérôme', '
Q:  What was the name of the series of agreements that ended war for a time and allowed Napoleon to return to France?
A: the Treaties of Tilsit']
The settlements at Tilsit gave Napoleon time to organize his empire. One of his major objectives became enforcing the Continental System against the British. He decided to focus his attention on the Kingdom of Portugal, which consistently violated his trade prohibitions. After defeat in the War of the Oranges in 1801, Portugal adopted a double-sided policy. At first, John VI agreed to close his ports to British trade. The situation changed dramatically after the Franco-Spanish defeat at Trafalgar; John grew bolder and officially resumed diplomatic and trade relations with Britain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the agreements that gave Napoleon time to structure his empire take place?
A: Tilsit', "
Q: One of Napoleon's primary goals was to enforce the Continental System against whom?
A: the British", '
Q: Napoleon chose to focus his attention on which country that flouted his trade restrictions?
A: the Kingdom of Portugal', '
Q: In what year did Portugal experience defeat in the War of the Oranges?
A: 1801', '
Q: After the Franco-Spanish loss at Trafalgar, John VI resumed relations with what nation?
A: Britain']
Unhappy with this change of policy by the Portuguese government, Napoleon sent an army to invade Portugal. On 17 October 1807, 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish cooperation and headed towards Portugal to enforce Napoleon's orders. This attack was the first step in what would eventually become the Peninsular War, a six-year struggle that significantly sapped French strength. Throughout the winter of 1808, French agents became increasingly involved in Spanish internal affairs, attempting to incite discord between members of the Spanish royal family. On 16 February 1808, secret French machinations finally materialized when Napoleon announced that he would intervene to mediate between the rival political factions in the country. Marshal Murat led 120,000 troops into Spain and the French arrived in Madrid on 24 March, where wild riots against the occupation erupted just a few weeks later. Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as the new King of Spain in the summer of 1808. The appointment enraged a heavily religious and conservative Spanish population. Resistance to French aggression soon spread throughout the country. The shocking French defeat at the Battle of Bailén in July gave hope to Napoleon's enemies and partly persuaded the French emperor to intervene in person.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did Napoleon's invasion of Portugal begin?
A: 17 October 1807", '
Q: How many troops did Napoleon send to begin the invasion of Portugal?
A: 24,000', '
Q: Who did Napoleon select to lead the troops sent to invade Portugal?
A: General Junot', '
Q: The invasion of Portugal was the beginning of what six-year conflict?
A: the Peninsular War', '
Q: How many troops did Marshal Murat lead into Spain?
A: 120,000']
Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria "to the best of its ability." Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for war. The Grande Armée, under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?
A: the Congress of Erfurt', '
Q: In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held?
A: 1808', '
Q: The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation?
A: France', '
Q: The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession?
A: Finland', '
Q: When was the Battle of Corunna fought?
A: January 1809']
Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal guerrilla warfare that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favor of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814, after scores of battles and sieges throughout Iberia, the Allies had managed to push the French out of the peninsula.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?
A: the Austrians', '
Q: Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War?
A: 300,000', '
Q: During the Peninsular War, in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur?
A: Spain', '
Q: By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula?
A: 1814', '
Q:  In what year did the invasion of Russia take place?
A: 1812']
After four years on the sidelines, Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats. Austria could not count on Russian support because the latter was at war with Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire in 1809. Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians, but reneged before conflict began. A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized. Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon, a stance that landed him in the so-called "peace party," he did not want to see the army demobilized either. On 8 February 1809, the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the Prussian ruler who at first  claimed he would help Austria in its battle with France, but later refused to?
A: Frederick William', '
Q: The finance minister of Austria predicted that if the country kept its large army mobilized, the national treasury would be bankrupt by the middle of what year?
A: 1809', "
Q:  Which Archduke warned that Austria wasn't prepared for an additional conflict with Napoleon?
A: Charles", '
Q: On what date did the Austrian government secretly decide on going to war with France?
A: 8 February 1809']
In the early morning of 10 April, leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the Inn River and invaded Bavaria. The early Austrian attack surprised the French; Napoleon himself was still in Paris when he heard about the invasion. He arrived at Donauwörth on the 17th to find the Grande Armée in a dangerous position, with its two wings separated by 75 miles (121 km) and joined together by a thin cordon of Bavarian troops. Charles pressed the left wing of the French army and hurled his men towards the III Corps of Marshal Davout. In response, Napoleon came up with a plan to cut off the Austrians in the celebrated Landshut Maneuver. He realigned the axis of his army and marched his soldiers towards the town of Eckmühl. The French scored a convincing win in the resulting Battle of Eckmühl, forcing Charles to withdraw his forces over the Danube and into Bohemia. On 13 May, Vienna fell for the second time in four years, although the war continued since most of the Austrian army had survived the initial engagements in Southern Germany.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did the Austrian army first cross the Inn River?
A: 10 April', '
Q:  Where was Napoleon when he received news of an Austrian invasion?
A: Paris', '
Q:  When Napoleon reached Donauwörth, how much distance were the wings of the Grande Armée separated by?
A: 75 miles (121 km)', '
Q: What was the name of the plan Napoleon devised to cut off the Austrians during battle?
A: Landshut Maneuver', '
Q: What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia?
A: Battle of Eckmühl']
By 17 May, the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld. Charles kept the bulk of his troops several miles away from the river bank in hopes of concentrating them at the point where Napoleon decided to cross. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The Austrians enjoyed a comfortable numerical superiority over the French throughout the battle; on the first day, Charles disposed of 110,000 soldiers against only 31,000 commanded by Napoleon. By the second day, reinforcements had boosted French numbers up to 70,000. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. By the end of the fighting, the French had lost Aspern but still controlled Essling. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he could be beaten on the battlefield.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield?
A: 17 May', '
Q:  Who led the main Austrian army?
A: Charles', '
Q: On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube?
A: 21 May', '
Q: How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?
A: 110,000', '
Q: Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?
A: 23,000']
After the setback at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took more than six weeks in planning and preparing for contingencies before he made another attempt at crossing the Danube. From 30 June to the early days of July, the French recrossed the Danube in strength, with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians. Charles received the French with 150,000 of his own men. In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Neither side made much progress on 5 July, but the 6th produced a definitive outcome. Both sides launched major assaults on their flanks. Austrian attacks against the French left wing looked dangerous initially, but they were all beaten back. Meanwhile, a steady French attack against the Austrian left wing eventually compromised the entire position for Charles. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat. Austrian losses were very heavy, reaching well over 40,000 casualties. The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Approximately how long did Napoleon take to prepare another Danube crossing after his defeat at Aspern-Essling?
A: six weeks', '
Q: On what date did the French begin the re-crossing of the Danube?
A: 30 June', '
Q:  Approximately how many French troops met Charles at the Battle of Wagram?
A: 180,000', '
Q: How many Austrian troops did Charles lead at the Battle of Wagram?
A: 150,000', '
Q: How long did the Battle of Wagram last?
A: two days']
In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed "Walcheren Fever." Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis wanted to wait and see how the British performed in their theater before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent that the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?
A: the Walcheren Campaign', '
Q: The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom?
A: the Austrians', '
Q:  On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?
A: 30 July', '
Q: What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign?
A: "Walcheren Fever."', '
Q: When did the British withdraw from Walcheren?
A: December 1809']
The resulting Treaty of Schönbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Treaty of Schönbrunn signed?
A: October 1809', '
Q: The goal of Metternich and Archduke Charles regarding the Treaty of Schönbrunn was to attempt the preservation of what?
A: the Habsburg Empire', '
Q: In the Treaty of Schönbrunn, what territory was given to the Poles?
A: Galicia', '
Q: In the Treaty of Schönbrunn, who received the Salzburg area of the Tyrol?
A: the Bavarians', '
Q: Approximately how many subjects did Austria lose as the result of the changes brought about by the Treaty of Schönbrunn?
A: three million']
Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Joséphine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Joséphine in January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise, who was 18 years old at the time. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of King of Rome. His son never actually ruled the empire, but historians still refer to him as Napoleon II.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After the war, what did Napoleon focus on?
A: domestic affairs', '
Q:  When did Napoleon divorce Josephine?
A: January 1810', '
Q: After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?
A: Archduchess Marie Louise', '
Q: How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon?
A: 18', '
Q:  When did Marie Louise give birth?
A: 20 March 1811']