romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning, which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, leaving eight American battleships out of action, 188 American aircraft destroyed, and 2,403 American citizens dead. At the time of the attack, the U.S. was not officially at war anywhere in the world, which means that the people killed or property destroyed at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese attack had a non-combatant status.[nb 11] The Japanese had gambled that the United States, when faced with such a sudden and massive blow, would agree to a negotiated settlement and allow Japan free rein in Asia. This gamble did not pay off. American losses were less serious than initially thought: The American aircraft carriers, which would prove to be more important than battleships, were at sea, and vital naval infrastructure (fuel oil tanks, shipyard facilities, and a power station), submarine base, and signals intelligence units were unscathed. Japan's fallback strategy, relying on a war of attrition to make the U.S. come to terms, was beyond the IJN's capabilities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks?
A: eight', '
Q: Was America at war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor?
A: not officially at war', '
Q: How many Americans died in the Pearl Harbor attacks?
A: 2,403', '
Q: Why did Japan attack America?
A: allow Japan free rein in Asia', '
Q: What were the most vital American ships at the time of the attack?
A: aircraft carriers', '
Q: When did Japan launch the aattack on Pearl Harbor?
A: 7 December', '
Q: How many American battleships were put out of action in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
A: eight', '
Q: How many US citizens were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
A: 2,403', '
Q: How many aircraft did the United States lose in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
A: 188', '
Q: Where were the American aircraft carriers during the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
A: at sea']
Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. Opposition to war in the U.S. vanished after the attack. On 8 December, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands declared war on Japan, followed by China and Australia the next day. Four days after Pearl Harbor, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, drawing the country into a two-theater war. This is widely agreed to be a grand strategic blunder, as it abrogated the benefit Germany gained by Japan's distraction of the U.S. (predicted months before in a memo by Commander Arthur McCollum)[nb 12] and the reduction in aid to Britain, which both Congress and Hitler had managed to avoid during over a year of mutual provocation, which would otherwise have resulted.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What program allowed America to sell military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union?
A: Lend-Lease', '
Q: On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan?
A: 8 December', '
Q: How long after the Pearl Harbor attacks did Germany and Italy declare war?
A: Four days', "
Q: Was Germany's declaration of war with the U.S. considered to be sound strategy?
A: strategic blunder", '
Q: how many members did the America First Committee have?
A: 800,000', '
Q: What group was opposed to American involvement in the war in Europe?
A: America First Committee', '
Q: When did the United States declare war on Japan?
A: 8 December', '
Q: How many days after the attack on Pearl Harbor did Germany wait to declare war on the United States?
A: Four', "
Q: Who predicted Germany's declaration of war against the United States months before?
A: Commander Arthur McCollum"]
Following the Declaration by United Nations (the first official use of the term United Nations) on 1 January 1942, the Allied governments appointed the British General Sir Archibald Wavell to the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM), a supreme command for Allied forces in Southeast Asia. This gave Wavell nominal control of a huge force, albeit thinly spread over an area from Burma to the Philippines to northern Australia. Other areas, including India, Hawaii, and the rest of Australia remained under separate local commands. On 15 January Wavell moved to Bandung in Java to assume control of ABDACOM.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What date was the first official use of the term United Nations?
A: 1 January 1942', '
Q: Who was appointed to command the Allied forces in Southeast Asia in 1942?
A: General Sir Archibald Wavell', '
Q: When did General Wavell assume control of the Southheast Asia Allied forces?
A: 15 January', '
Q: How spread out were the Allied forces in Southeastern Asia?
A: thinly', '
Q: Where did General Wavell command the Allied forces from?
A: Bandung']
In January, Japan invaded Burma, the Dutch East Indies, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and captured Manila, Kuala Lumpur and Rabaul. After being driven out of Malaya, Allied forces in Singapore attempted to resist the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore but surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942; about 130,000 Indian, British, Australian and Dutch personnel became prisoners of war. The pace of conquest was rapid: Bali and Timor also fell in February. The rapid collapse of Allied resistance had left the "ABDA area" split in two. Wavell resigned from ABDACOM on 25 February, handing control of the ABDA Area to local commanders and returning to the post of Commander-in-Chief, India.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What islands did Japan invade?
A: Solomon Islands', '
Q: When did Allied forces surrender Singapore to the Japanese?
A: 15 February 1942', '
Q: How many Allied prisoners did Japan take after the Battle of Singapore?
A: about 130,000', '
Q: When did General Wavell resign as commander of the Allied forces of Southeastern Asia?
A: 25 February', '
Q: After Wavell resigned from ABDACOM, What post did he return to?
A: Commander-in-Chief, India']
In Burma the British, under intense pressure, made a fighting retreat from Rangoon to the Indo-Burmese border. This cut the Burma Road which was the western Allies' supply line to the Chinese Nationalists. In March 1942, Chinese Expeditionary Force started to attack Japanese forces in northern Burma. On 16 April, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division led by Sun Li-jen. Cooperation between the Chinese Nationalists and the Communists had waned from its zenith at the Battle of Wuhan, and the relationship between the two had gone sour as both attempted to expand their area of operations in occupied territories. Most of the Nationalist guerrilla areas were eventually overtaken by the Communists. On the other hand, some Nationalist units were deployed to blockade the Communists and not the Japanese. Furthermore, many of the forces of the Chinese Nationalists were warlords allied to Chiang Kai-Shek, but not directly under his command. "Of the 1,200,000 troops under Chiang's control, only 650,000 were directly controlled by his generals, and another 550,000 controlled by warlords who claimed loyalty to his government; the strongest force was the Szechuan army of 320,000 men. The defeat of this army would do much to end Chiang's power." The Japanese exploited this lack of unity to press ahead in their offensives.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Chinese attack Burma?
A: March 1942', '
Q: How many British soldiers were rescued by the Chinese 38th Division on April 16??
A: 7,000', '
Q: Who led the rescue of British forces during the Battle of Yenangyaung?
A: Sun Li-jen', "
Q: How many of Chiang Kai-Shek's troops were controlled by warlords?
A: 550,000", "
Q: What was Chiang Kai-Shek's strongest army?
A: Szechuan army"]
Two battle-hardened Australian divisions were steaming from the Mid-East for Singapore. Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma, but Curtin insisted on a return to Australia. In early 1942 elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy proposed an invasion of Australia. The Japanese Army opposed the plan and it was rejected in favour of a policy of isolating Australia from the United States via blockade by advancing through the South Pacific. The Japanese decided upon a seaborne invasion of Port Moresby, capital of the Australian Territory of Papua which would put Northern Australia within range of Japanese bomber aircraft.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Australian divisions steamed from the Mid-East for Singapore?
A: Two', '
Q: Where did Churchill want the Australian divisions bound for Singapore to be diverted to?
A: Burma', '
Q: What Japanese group opposed an invasion of Australia?
A: Japanese Army', '
Q: What was the capital of Papua?
A: Port Moresby', '
Q: What country did Japan isolate Australia from with a blockade?
A: United States']
President Franklin Roosevelt ordered General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of MacArthur who became Supreme Commander, South West Pacific. MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia. Enemy naval activity reached Sydney in late May 1942, when Japanese midget submarines launched a daring raid on Sydney Harbour. On 8 June 1942, two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who ordered General MacArthur to make a defense plan with Australia?
A: President Franklin Roosevelt', '
Q: When was General MacArthur ordered to make a defense plan with Australia?
A: March 1942', '
Q: Who was the Supreme Commander of the South West Allied forces?
A: MacArthur', "
Q: Where was MacArthur's headquarters moved to in March of 1942?
A: Melbourne", '
Q: How many Japanese submarines shelled Sydney on June 8, 1942?
A: two']
In early 1942, the governments of smaller powers began to push for an inter-governmental Asia-Pacific war council, based in Washington, D.C.. A council was established in London, with a subsidiary body in Washington. However, the smaller powers continued to push for an American-based body. The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington, on 1 April 1942, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, his key advisor Harry Hopkins, and representatives from Britain, China, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada. Representatives from India and the Philippines were later added. The council never had any direct operational control, and any decisions it made were referred to the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff, which was also in Washington. Allied resistance, at first symbolic, gradually began to stiffen. Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What American president was a member of the Pacific War Council?
A: President Franklin D. Roosevelt', '
Q: When was the Pacific War Council formed in Washingto D.C.?
A: 1 April 1942', "
Q: Who was President Roosevelt's key advisor?
A: Harry Hopkins", '
Q: Where was the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff located?
A: Washington', '
Q: Where was the Australian and Dutch guerilla campaign led?
A: Portuguese Timor']
By mid-1942, the Japanese found themselves holding a vast area from the Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific, even though they lacked the resources to defend or sustain it. Moreover, Combined Fleet doctrine was inadequate to execute the proposed "barrier" defence. Instead, Japan decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific. While she had the element of surprise at Pearl Harbor, Allied codebreakers had now turned the tables. They discovered an attack was planned against Port Moresby; if it fell, Japan would control the seas to the north and west of Australia and could isolate the country. The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance. The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea, fought in May 1942, was the first naval battle in which ships involved never sighted each other and only aircraft were used to attack opposing forces. Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged, the Japanese lost the carrier Shōhō, and suffered extensive damage to Shōkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku, both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month. Although Allied losses were heavier than Japanese, the attack on Port Moresby was thwarted and the Japanese invasion force turned back, a strategic victory for the Allies. The Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia. Moreover, Japan lacked the capacity to replace losses in ships, planes and trained pilots.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?
A: USS Lexington', '
Q: What admiral was the USS Lexington under?
A: Admiral Fletcher', '
Q: When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?
A: May 1942', '
Q: What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
A: Shōhō', '
Q: What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
A: Lexington']
A Japanese force was sent north to attack the Aleutian Islands. The next stage of the plan called for the capture of Midway, which would give him an opportunity to destroy Nimitz's remaining carriers. In May, Allied codebreakers discovered his intentions. Nagumo was again in tactical command but was focused on the invasion of Midway; Yamamoto's complex plan had no provision for intervention by Nimitz before the Japanese expected him. Planned surveillance of the U.S. fleet by long range seaplane did not happen (as a result of an abortive identical operation in March), so Fletcher's carriers were able to proceed to a flanking position without being detected. Nagumo had 272 planes operating from his four carriers, the U.S. 348 (115 land-based).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In Yamamoto's plan, what northern islands were to be attacked?
A: Aleutian Islands", "
Q: What was the second stage objective of Yamaoto's plan?
A: capture of Midway", '
Q: How many planes did Nagumo have for the Midway invasion?
A: 272', '
Q: How many planes did the United States have in the Battle of Midway?
A: 348', '
Q: How many U.S. planes were land-based?
A: 115']
As anticipated by Nimitz, the Japanese fleet arrived off Midway on 4 June and was spotted by PBY patrol aircraft. Nagumo executed a first strike against Midway, while Fletcher launched his aircraft, bound for Nagumo's carriers. At 09:20 the first U.S. carrier aircraft arrived, TBD Devastator torpedo bombers from Hornet, but their attacks were poorly coordinated and ineffectual; thanks in part to faulty aerial torpedoes, they failed to score a single hit and all 15 were wiped out by defending Zero fighters. At 09:35, 15 additional TBDs from Enterprise attacked in which 14 were lost, again with no hits. Thus far, Fletcher's attacks had been disorganized and seemingly ineffectual, but they succeeded in drawing Nagumo's defensive fighters down to sea level where they expended much of their fuel and ammunition repulsing the two waves of torpedo bombers. As a result, when U.S. dive bombers arrived at high altitude, the Zeros were poorly positioned to defend. To make matters worse, Nagumo's four carriers had drifted out of formation in their efforts to avoid torpedoes, reducing the concentration of their anti-aircraft fire. Nagumo's indecision had also created confusion aboard his carriers. Alerted to the need of a second strike on Midway, but also wary of the need to deal with the American carriers that he now knew were in the vicinity, Nagumo twice changed the arming orders for his aircraft. As a result, the American dive bombers found the Japanese carriers with their decks cluttered with munitions as the crews worked hastily to properly re-arm their air groups.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Japanese fleet arrive off Midway?
A: 4 June', '
Q: How many TBD Devastator torpedo bombers were lauched from the Hornet?
A: 15', '
Q: How many times did Nagumo change orders for arming his aircraft?
A: twice', '
Q: How many carriers did Nagumo have at the Battle of Midway?
A: four', '
Q: What were on the decks of the Japanese aircraft carriers when the American dive bobers attacked?
A: munitions']
With the Japanese CAP out of position and the carriers at their most vulnerable, SBD Dauntlesses from Enterprise and Yorktown appeared at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and commenced their attack, quickly dealing fatal blows to three fleet carriers: Sōryū, Kaga, and Akagi. Within minutes, all three were ablaze and had to be abandoned with great loss of life. Hiryū managed to survive the wave of dive bombers and launched a counter-attack against the American carriers which caused severe damage to Yorktown (which was later finished off by a Japanese submarine). However, a second attack from the U.S. carriers a few hours later found and destroyed Hiryū, the last remaining fleet carrier available to Nagumo. With his carriers lost and the Americans withdrawn out of range of his powerful battleships, Yamamoto was forced to call off the operation, leaving Midway in American hands. The battle proved to be a decisive victory for the Allies. For the second time, Japanese expansion had been checked and its formidable Combined Fleet was significantly weakened by the loss of four fleet carriers and many highly trained, virtually irreplaceable, personnel. Japan would be largely on the defensive for the rest of the war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At what altitude did the American dive bombers commence their attck on the Japanese carriers?
A: 10,000 feet', '
Q: Which Japanese carrier survived the first wave of American dive bombers in the Battle of Midway.
A: Hiryū', '
Q: Who won the Battle of Midway?
A: Allies', '
Q: How many fleet carriers were lost by the Japanese in the Battle of Midway?
A: four']
Japanese land forces continued to advance in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them very young and untrained, fought a stubborn rearguard action in New Guinea, against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track, towards Port Moresby, over the rugged Owen Stanley Ranges. The militia, worn out and severely depleted by casualties, were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force, returning from action in the Mediterranean theater. In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay, near the eastern tip of New Guinea. They were beaten back by Allied (primarily Australian Army) forces.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What mountains did the Australian battalions fight a rearguard action over on the Kokoda Track?
A: Owen Stanley Ranges', '
Q: What forces releived the worn Australian reserve battalions? 
A: Second Australian Imperial Force', '
Q: In 1942, what Australian Air Force base was attacked by Japanese marines?
A: Milne Bay', '
Q: Where was Milne Bay located in New Guinea?
A: eastern tip', '
Q: What theater did the Second Australian Imperial Force come from before they relieved the reserve battalions in New Guinea?
A: Mediterranean']
With Japanese and Allied forces occupying various parts of the island, over the following six months both sides poured resources into an escalating battle of attrition on land, at sea, and in the sky. Most of the Japanese aircraft based in the South Pacific were redeployed to the defense of Guadalcanal. Many were lost in numerous engagements with the Allied air forces based at Henderson Field as well as carrier based aircraft. Meanwhile, Japanese ground forces launched repeated attacks on heavily defended US positions around Henderson Field, in which they suffered appalling casualties. To sustain these offensives, resupply was carried out by Japanese convoys, termed the "Tokyo Express" by the Allies. The convoys often faced night battles with enemy naval forces in which they expended destroyers that the IJN could ill-afford to lose. Later fleet battles involving heavier ships and even daytime carrier battles resulted in a stretch of water near Guadalcanal becoming known as "Ironbottom Sound" from the multitude of ships sunk on both sides. However, the Allies were much better able to replace these losses. Finally recognizing that the campaign to recapture Henderson Field and secure Guadalcanal had simply become too costly to continue, the Japanese evacuated the island and withdrew in February 1943. In the sixth month war of attrition, the Japanese had lost as a result of failing to commit enough forces in sufficient time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where were most of the Japanese aircraft in the South Pacific redeployed to defend?
A: Guadalcanal', '
Q: Where did Japanese ground attack repeatedly?forces 
A: Henderson Field', '
Q: What did the Allies call the Japanese convoys supplying the ground forces attacking Henderson Field?
A: "Tokyo Express"', '
Q: What was the reason for the name "Ironbottom Sound" of the water stretches new Guadalcanal?
A: the multitude of ships sunk', '
Q: When did the Japanese give up trying to recapture Henderson Field?
A: February 1943']