romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Olympic Sport did Hrant Shahinyan compete in?
A: gymnastics', '
Q: What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics?
A: two golds and two silvers', '
Q: Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics held?
A: Helsinki', '
Q: What year did Armenia begin competiting in the Olympics seperate from the USSR?
A: 1992']
Football is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at the quarter final stage to eventual winner FC Bayern Munich. Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSR national football team until the Armenian national football team was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the FIFA World Rankings in September 2011. The national team is controlled by the Football Federation of Armenia. The Armenian Premier League is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by FC Pyunik in recent seasons. The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the Armenian First League.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975?
A: FC Ararat Yerevan team', '
Q: Which team did the FC Ararat lose to in the European Cup?
A: FC Bayern Munich', '
Q: What FIFA ranking did Armenia hold in 2011?
A: 44th', '
Q: How many teams does the Armenian Premier League have?
A: eight teams']
Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of Tsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events. In 2005, a cycling center was opened in Yerevan with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who provided the funds to rebuild the Armenian sports schools?
A: the Armenian government', '
Q: What year did Yerevan create a cyclying center?
A: 2005', '
Q: What prize do Armenians receive from the government if they win a gold medal?
A: $700,000', '
Q: How much money was spent to revamp Tsaghkadzor for winter sports?
A: $9.3 million', '
Q: How much did Armenia spend to fix up their sports schools?
A: $1.9 million']
Armenian cuisine is as ancient as the history of Armenia, a combination of different tastes and aromas. The food often has quite a distinct aroma. Closely related to eastern and Mediterranean cuisine, various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits combine to present unique dishes. The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food, the use of herbs, the use of wheat in a variety of forms, of legumes, nuts, and fruit (as a main ingredient as well as to sour food), and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of food is Armenian food most similair to?
A: eastern and Mediterranean cuisine', '
Q: What does Armenian cuisine place an emphasis on?
A: quality of the ingredients', '
Q: What does Armenian cuisine use to create its distinctive dishes?
A: various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits', '
Q: What different uses does fruit have in Armenian food?
A: main ingredient as well as to sour food']
Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?
A: Bacteria', '
Q: What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?
A: spheres to rods and spirals', '
Q: When is the typical lenght  for bacteria?
A: few micrometres', '
Q: What environments can bacteria live?
A: present in most of its habitats', '
Q: What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria?
A: symbiotic and parasitic relationships']
There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest part of the Earth's oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?
A: 40 million bacterial cells', '
Q: How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water?
A: million bacterial cells', '
Q: How does bacteria help to sustain life in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps?
A: by converting dissolved compounds', '
Q: What deepest part of the ocean was bacteria found?
A: Mariana Trench', '
Q: Can bacteria survive inside rocks under the sea level?
A: thrive inside rocks']
There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora?
A: ten times as many bacterial cells', '
Q: What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?
A: the immune system', '
Q: What type of bacteria can cause infectious diseases?
A: pathogenic', '
Q: What are the deadliest diseases caused by bacteria?
A: respiratory infections', '
Q: What makes bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment?
A: farming']
Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What living organisms are bacteria being reffered as?
A: prokaryotes', '
Q: What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes?
A: nucleus', '
Q: When did the scientific classification change?
A: 1990s', '
Q: What are two main groups prokaryotes can be divided into?
A: Bacteria and Archaea']
The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. In 2008, fossils of macroorganisms were discovered and named as the Francevillian biota. Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea. This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of alphaproteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still found in all known Eukarya (sometimes in highly reduced form, e.g. in ancient "amitochondrial" protozoa). Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms. This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events. Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a "second-generation" plastid. This is known as secondary endosymbiosis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the first antecedents of bacteria appear on Earth?
A: 4 billion years ago', '
Q: Why were bacteria and archaea dominant forms of life?
A: most organisms were microscopic', '
Q: What are Stromatolites?
A: bacterial fossils', '
Q: What pre-historic group did bacteria evolve from?
A: archaeal/eukaryotic lineage', '
Q: How did chloroplast appear in first vegetation?
A: mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms']
Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells?
A: one-tenth the size', '
Q: What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria?
A: morphologies', '
Q: How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?
A: 0.7 mm', '
Q: What are one of the smallest bacteria?
A: genus Mycoplasma', '
Q: Is ultramicrobacteria is well examined?
A: not well-studied']
Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. More recently, some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section. The large surface area to volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient-poor environments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What shape does usually cocci type of bacteria can be?
A: spherical', '
Q: What type of bacteria usually takes rod-shaped form?
A: bacilli', '
Q: What shape Spirochaetes are?
A: tightly coiled', '
Q: What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth?
A: branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section', '
Q: Can shape of bacteria be beneficial to their survival?
A: can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients']
Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also be elongated to form filaments, for example the Actinobacteria. Filamentous bacteria are often surrounded by a sheath that contains many individual cells. Certain types, such as species of the genus Nocardia, even form complex, branched filaments, similar in appearance to fungal mycelia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria?
A: diploids (pairs)', '
Q: What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule?
A: Filamentous bacteria', '
Q: What well known bacteria structure chains?
A: Streptococcus', '
Q: What does typically Staphylococcus look like?
A: clusters', '
Q: Formation of what can be related to fungal mycelia?
A: branched filaments']
Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms or bacterial mats. These films can range from a few micrometers in thickness to up to half a meter in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea. Bacteria living in biofilms display a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular components, forming secondary structures, such as microcolonies, through which there are networks of channels to enable better diffusion of nutrients. In natural environments, such as soil or the surfaces of plants, the majority of bacteria are bound to surfaces in biofilms. Biofilms are also important in medicine, as these structures are often present during chronic bacterial infections or in infections of implanted medical devices, and bacteria protected within biofilms are much harder to kill than individual isolated bacteria.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does bacteria use to adhere to surfaces?
A: biofilms', '
Q: How extent can biofilm be?
A: up to half a meter in depth', '
Q: What is part of secondary structure in the complex formation of bacteria?
A: microcolonies,', '
Q: What is the purpose of networks of channels in microcolonies?
A: to enable better diffusion of nutrients', '
Q: Which bacteria is more difficult to eradicate?
A: bacteria protected within biofilms']
Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial cells. In these fruiting bodies, the bacteria perform separate tasks; this type of cooperation is a simple type of multicellular organisation. For example, about one in 10 cells migrate to the top of these fruiting bodies and differentiate into a specialised dormant state called myxospores, which are more resistant to drying and other adverse environmental conditions than are ordinary cells.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the vital nutriment for Myxobacteria?
A: amino acids', '
Q: Why do cells of Myxobacteria migrate towards each other?
A: aggregate to form fruiting bodies', '
Q: How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state?
A: more resistant', '
Q: What bacteria do in fruiting bodies?
A: multicellular organisation']
The bacterial cell is surrounded by a cell membrane (also known as a lipid, cytoplasmic or plasma membrane). This membrane encloses the contents of the cell and acts as a barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components of the cytoplasm within the cell. As they are prokaryotes, bacteria do not usually have membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm, and thus contain few large intracellular structures. They lack a true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles present in eukaryotic cells. Bacteria were once seen as simple bags of cytoplasm, but structures such as the prokaryotic cytoskeleton and the localization of proteins to specific locations within the cytoplasm that give bacteria some complexity have been discovered. These subcellular levels of organization have been called "bacterial hyperstructures".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a cell membrane?
A: lipid', '
Q: What does membrane accomplish?
A: barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components', '
Q: Do bacteria have membrabe-bound organelles in their cytoplasm?
A: do not', '
Q: Absence of what make bacteria belong to prokaryotes?
A: true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles', '
Q: What bacteria was observed as before prokaryotic cytoskeleton was discovered?
A: simple bags of cytoplasm']
Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, use concentration gradients across membranes. The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. However, in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and fills most of the cell with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Other proteins import nutrients across the cell membrane, or expel undesired molecules from the cytoplasm.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is crucial for biochemical reactions?
A: concentration gradients across membranes', '
Q: What kind of membrane do bacteria cells are filled with?
A: light-gathering membrane', '
Q: How does electron transit occur in bacteria?
A: between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space', '
Q: Can membrane of bacteria create lipid structure?
A: light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures']
Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. The phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria may be exceptions to the general absence of internal membranes in bacteria, because they appear to have a double membrane around their nucleoids and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. Like all living organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes, often grouped in chains called polyribosomes, for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Bacterial ribosomes have a sedimentation rate of 70S (measured in Svedberg units): their subunits have rates of 30S and 50S. Some antibiotics bind specifically to 70S ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Those antibiotics kill bacteria without affecting the larger 80S ribosomes of eukaryotic cells and without harming the host.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is genetic make of bacteria?
A: a single circular DNA chromosome', '
Q: Where is DNA chromosome of bacteria located?
A: in the cytoplasm', '
Q: How does nucleoid look?
A: irregularly shaped body', '
Q: What are the exceptions of non-internal membrane bacteria?
A: phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria', '
Q: What is the purpose of polyribosomes in bacteria?
A: production of proteins']
Some bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to move up or down into water layers with different light intensities and nutrient levels. Intracellular membranes called chromatophores are also found in membranes of phototrophic bacteria. Used primarily for photosynthesis, they contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. An early idea was that bacteria might contain membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy. Inclusions are considered to be nonliving components of the cell that do not possess metabolic activity and are not bounded by membranes. The most common inclusions are glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments. Volutin granules are cytoplasmic inclusions of complexed inorganic polyphosphate. These granules are called metachromatic granules due to their displaying the metachromatic effect; they appear red or blue when stained with the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine blue. Gas vacuoles, which are freely permeable to gas, are membrane-bound vesicles present in some species of Cyanobacteria. They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy. Microcompartments are widespread, membrane-bound organelles that are made of a protein shell that surrounds and encloses various enzymes. Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments that contain enzymes involved in carbon fixation. Magnetosomes are bacterial microcompartments, present in magnetotactic bacteria, that contain magnetic crystals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?
A: glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates', '
Q: What gas vacuoles are respoonsible for in bacteria?
A: to control their buoyancy', '
Q: What are the most common nonliving compositions in bacteria?
A: glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments', '
Q: How does gas vesicles produced by Cyanobacteria help her to move in water?
A: move up or down into water layers with different light intensities', '
Q: What are chromatophores used for?
A: photosynthesis']