romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, the Reconstruction Era began. The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen, northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years. The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870, in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls, to suppress black voting. Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876, when the Red Shirts, a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party, helped suppress black voting. More than 150 black Americans were murdered in electoral violence in 1876.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the confederacy defeated?
A: 1865', '
Q: What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy?
A: Reconstruction Era', '
Q: The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners?
A: compensation', '
Q: When did white Democrats regain control of the state legislature?
A: 1870', '
Q: What did the KKK target with violence and terrorism at the polls?
A: black voting']
Democrats were elected to the legislature and governor's office, but the Populists attracted voters displeased with them. In 1896 a biracial, Populist-Republican Fusionist coalition gained the governor's office. The Democrats regained control of the legislature in 1896 and passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation of public facilities. Voters of North Carolina's 2nd congressional district elected a total of four African-American congressmen through these years of the late 19th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What political party was elected to the legislature and Governors office?
A: Democrats', '
Q: What political group attracted voters displeased with Democrats?
A: Populists', '
Q: What year did a biracial Populist fusion gain the Governors office?
A: 1896', '
Q: What year did the Democrats regain control of the governors office from the biracial Populists?
A: 1896', '
Q: In the 19th century, how many african american congressmen were elected?
A: four']
In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution, with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state. Exclusion from voting had wide effects: it meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or in any local office. After a decade of white supremacy, many people forgot that North Carolina had ever had thriving middle-class black Americans. Black citizens had no political voice in the state until after the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to enforce their constitutional rights. It was not until 1992 that another African American was elected as a US Representative from North Carolina.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the NC state legislature pass in 1899?
A: a new constitution', '
Q: What type of taxes were required by the new NC constitution?
A: poll taxes', '
Q: What did the new constitution require for voter registration?
A: literacy tests', '
Q: Being excluded from doing what, made it so that black people could not serve on juries or in public office?
A: voting', '
Q: What year was the Federal Civil Rights Act?
A: 1964']
As in the rest of the former Confederacy, North Carolina had become a one-party state, dominated by the Democratic Party. Impoverished by the Civil War, the state continued with an economy based on tobacco, cotton and agriculture. Towns and cities remained few in the east. A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th century in the western counties of the Piedmont, based on cotton mills established at the fall line. Railroads were built to connect the new industrializing cities. The state was the site of the first successful controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air flight, by the Wright brothers, near Kitty Hawk on December 17, 1903. In the first half of the 20th century, many African Americans left the state to go North for better opportunities, in the Great Migration. Their departure changed the demographic characteristics of many areas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What political party Dominated NC after the confederacy?
A: Democratic', '
Q: What was the economy of North Carolina based on after the confederacy?
A: tobacco, cotton and agriculture', '
Q: When did a major industrial base appear in North Carolina?
A: late 19th century', '
Q: Where did the major industrial base appear in North Carolina?
A: western counties of the Piedmont', '
Q: What was the emergence of the industrial base of North carolina based on?
A: cotton mills']
North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression, but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers. After World War II, the state's economy grew rapidly, highlighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte, Raleigh, and Durham in the Piedmont. Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill form the Research Triangle, a major area of universities and advanced scientific and technical research. In the 1990s, Charlotte became a major regional and national banking center. Tourism has also been a boon for the North Carolina economy as people flock to the Outer Banks coastal area and the Appalachian Mountains anchored by Asheville.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What programs created by FDR helped North Carolina during the Great Depression?
A: New Deal programs', '
Q: Who did the new deal programs benefit?
A: farmers', '
Q: What crops was the New Deal Program made for?
A: cotton and tobacco', '
Q: After what war did the states economy improve?
A: World War II', "
Q: In the 1990's what NC city became a national banking center?
A: Charlotte"]
North Carolina was inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of prehistoric indigenous cultures. Before 200 AD, they were building earthwork mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes. Succeeding peoples, including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by 1000 AD in the Piedmont, continued to build or add on to such mounds. In the 500–700 years preceding European contact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex cities and maintained far-flung regional trading networks. Its largest city was Cahokia, located in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What inhibited North Carolina for thousands of years?
A: prehistoric indigenous cultures', '
Q: Before 200 AD, people built what kind of mounds for religious purposes?
A: earthwork', '
Q: Who continued to build on to the religious mounds?
A: Succeeding peoples', '
Q: Before European contact, who built large cities and regional trading networks?
A: Mississippian culture', '
Q: What was the largest city in the Piedmont before European contact?
A: Cahokia']
Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara, a regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton. Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540. In 1567 Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the area for the Spanish colony and to establish another route to protect silver mines in Mexico. Pardo made a winter base at Joara, which he renamed Cuenca. His expedition built Fort San Juan and left a contingent of 30 men there, while Pardo traveled further, and built and garrisoned five other forts. He returned by a different route to Santa Elena on Parris Island, South Carolina, then a center of Spanish Florida. In the spring of 1568, natives killed all but one of the soldiers and burned the six forts in the interior, including the one at Fort San Juan. Although the Spanish never returned to the interior, this effort marked the first European attempt at colonization of the interior of what became the United States. A 16th-century journal by Pardo's scribe Bandera and archaeological findings since 1986 at Joara have confirmed the settlement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the 16th century, where did Spanish explorers meet Mississipian cultureal people?
A: Joara', '
Q: What is Joara?
A: a regional chiefdom', '
Q: Where would present day Joara be?
A: near present-day Morganton', '
Q: What was the name of the Spanish man that met the people in Joara?
A: Hernando de Soto', '
Q: What year did hernando de Soto arrive in Joara?
A: 1540']
In 1584, Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh, for whom the state capital is named, for land in present-day North Carolina (then part of the territory of Virginia). It was the second American territory which the English attempted to colonize. Raleigh established two colonies on the coast in the late 1580s, but both failed. The fate of the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke Island remains one of the most widely debated mysteries of American history. Virginia Dare, the first English child to be born in North America, was born on Roanoke Island on August 18, 1587; Dare County is named for her.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the North Carolina state capital named for?
A: Sir Walter Raleigh', '
Q: Who granted the charter for Sir Walter Raleigh to travel to present day North Carolina?
A: Elizabeth I', '
Q: What year did Elizabeth I grant the charter to Raleigh to travel to North Carolina?
A: 1584', '
Q: What was the second american territory the English attempted to colonize?
A: North Carolina', '
Q: How many colonies did Raleigh establish on the coast of carolina in 1580?
A: two']
As early as 1650, settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent; it generally established North Carolina's borders. He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665, a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions. In 1710, owing to disputes over governance, the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina. The latter became a crown colony in 1729.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1650, settlers from what colony moved in to Albemarie Sound?
A: Virginia', '
Q: What year did King Charles II grant a charter to North America?
A: 1663', "
Q: What did King Charles II's charter establish?
A: North Carolina's borders", "
Q: Carolina was named after King Charles iI's father, what was his name?
A: Charles I", '
Q: What year was a second charter made to establish the borders of Carolina?
A: 1665']
After the Spanish in the 16th century, the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia. The latter had grown rapidly and land was less available. Nathaniel Batts was documented as one of the first of these Virginian migrants. He settled south of the Chowan River and east of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655. By 1663, this northeastern area of the Province of Carolina, known as the Albemarle Settlements, was undergoing full-scale English settlement. During the same period, the English monarch Charles II gave the province to the Lords Proprietors, a group of noblemen who had helped restore Charles to the throne in 1660. The new province of "Carolina" was named in honor and memory of King Charles I (Latin: Carolus). In 1712, North Carolina became a separate colony. Except for the Earl Granville holdings, it became a royal colony seventeen years later. A large revolt happened in the state in 1711 known as Cary's Rebellion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After the Spanish, who were the first Europeans to settle North Carolina?
A: English colonists', '
Q: Where did the English colonists that settle North carolina come from?
A: Virginia', '
Q: The English colonist  left virginia because of what issue with the land there?
A: less available', '
Q: Who was one of the first Virginian migrants to reach the carolinas?
A: Nathaniel Batts', '
Q: What year did Nathaniel Battes settle in North Carolina?
A: 1655']
Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the Low Country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century. The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands. The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots-Irish, English, and German Protestants, the so-called "cohee". Arriving during the mid- to late 18th century, the Scots-Irish from what is today Northern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrant group before the Revolution; English indentured servants were overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group before the Revolution. During the American Revolutionary War, the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the British Crown, because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain. The English, Welsh, Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence from Britain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Eastern North Carolina is also known as what?
A: Low Country', '
Q: Western North carolina is also known as what?
A: uplands', '
Q: Where was The Tidewater located?
A: eastern North Carolina', '
Q: Where did immigrants from England and the Scottish Highlands settle?
A: The Tidewater', '
Q: Who did the Tidewater settlers remain loyal to during the American revolution?
A: the British Crown']
Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants, hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage. In the early years the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid. Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong status. Most of the free colored families formed in North Carolina before the Revolution were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African-American men. Because the mothers were free, their children were born free. Many had migrated or were descendants of migrants from colonial Virginia. As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in Great Britain, planters imported more slaves, and the state's legal delineations between free and slave status tightened, effectively hardening the latter into a racial caste. The economy's growth and prosperity was based on slave labor, devoted first to the production of tobacco.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Most English colonists arrived as what?
A: indentured servants', '
Q: Indentured servants hired theirselves out as what?
A: laborers', '
Q: What did the English settlers get in return for their labor?
A: passage', '
Q: Indentured servants were similar to what people in the early days?
A: African slaves', '
Q: As indentured servants improved the economy, there became a greater need to import more what?
A: slaves']
On April 12, 1776, the colony became the first to instruct its delegates to the Continental Congress to vote for independence from the British Crown, through the Halifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provincial Congress. The dates of both of these events are memorialized on the state flag and state seal. Throughout the Revolutionary War, fierce guerrilla warfare erupted between bands of pro-independence and pro-British colonists. In some cases the war was also an excuse to settle private grudges and rivalries. A major American victory in the war took place at King's Mountain along the North Carolina–South Carolina border; on October 7, 1780, a force of 1000 mountain men from western North Carolina (including what is today the state of Tennessee)and Southwest Virginia overwhelmed a force of some 1000 British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson. Most of the soldiers fighting for the British side in this battle were Carolinians who had remained loyal to the Crown (they were called "Tories" or Loyalists). The American victory at Kings Mountain gave the advantage to colonists who favored American independence, and it prevented the British Army from recruiting new soldiers from the Tories.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did North Carolina instruct its delegates to vote for independence?
A: 1776', '
Q: Who was north carolina seeking independence from in 1776?
A: the British Crown', "
Q: What year was Americas Victory at King's Mountain?
A: 1780", "
Q: How many North Carolina mountain men fought at King's Mountain?
A: 1000", "
Q: How many British troops fought at king's Mountain?
A: 1000"]
The road to Yorktown and America's independence from Great Britain led through North Carolina. As the British Army moved north from victories in Charleston and Camden, South Carolina, the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet them. Following General Daniel Morgan's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17, 1781, southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina, and away from the latter's base of supply in Charleston, South Carolina. This campaign is known as "The Race to the Dan" or "The Race for the River."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who met the British army as they moved north?
A: the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia', '
Q: Who lost the battle of Cowpens?
A: the British Cavalry', '
Q: Who led the British calvary at Cowpen?
A: Commander Banastre Tarleton', '
Q: What was the date of the battle of Cowpens?
A: January 17, 1781', '
Q: What is another name for the race to the Dan?
A: The Race for the River']
In the Battle of Cowan's Ford, Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan's Ford on February 1, 1781, in an attempt to engage General Morgan's forces during a tactical withdrawal. Morgan had moved to the northern part of the state to combine with General Greene's newly recruited forces. Generals Greene and Cornwallis finally met at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in present-day Greensboro on March 15, 1781. Although the British troops held the field at the end of the battle, their casualties at the hands of the numerically superior Continental Army were crippling. Following this "Pyrrhic victory", Cornwallis chose to move to the Virginia coastline to get reinforcements, and to allow the Royal Navy to protect his battered army. This decision would result in Cornwallis' eventual defeat at Yorktown, Virginia, later in 1781. The Patriots' victory there guaranteed American independence.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The Battle of Cowan's Ford was fought on the banks of what river?
A: Catawba", '
Q: What year was the battle of Cowans Ford?
A: 1781', '
Q: What is the present day name of the city that the Battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought at?
A: Greensboro', '
Q: After losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse, Cornawallis moved his troops where?
A: Virginia coastline', '
Q: What did Cornwallis move to the coastline after losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse?
A: to get reinforcements']
On November 21, 1789, North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution. In 1840, it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh, still standing today. Most of North Carolina's slave owners and large plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state. Although North Carolina's plantation system was smaller and less cohesive than that of Virginia, Georgia, or South Carolina, significant numbers of planters were concentrated in the counties around the port cities of Wilmington and Edenton, as well as suburban planters around the cities of Raleigh, Charlotte, and Durham in the Piedmont. Planters owning large estates wielded significant political and socio-economic power in antebellum North Carolina, which was a slave society. They placed their interests above those of the generally non-slave-holding "yeoman" farmers of western North Carolina. In mid-century, the state's rural and commercial areas were connected by the construction of a 129-mile (208 km) wooden plank road, known as a "farmer's railroad", from Fayetteville in the east to Bethania (northwest of Winston-Salem).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: North Carolina was the twelth state to ratify what document?
A: the Constitution', '
Q: What date did North Carolina ratify the constitution?
A: November 21, 1789', '
Q: What year was the state capitol building of North Carolina completed?
A: 1840', '
Q: Where was the capitol building completed in 1840?
A: Raleigh', '
Q: What part of the state were most slave and plantation owners concentrated in?
A: eastern']
Besides slaves, there were a number of free people of color in the state. Most were descended from free African Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from Virginia during the 18th century. The majority were the descendants of unions in the working classes between white women, indentured servants or free, and African men, indentured, slave or free. After the Revolution, Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves. Some were inspired by their efforts and the language of the Revolution to arrange for manumission of their slaves. The number of free people of color rose markedly in the first couple of decades after the Revolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Some of the free people of color migrated from what state during the 18th century?
A: Virginia', '
Q: After the revolution Quakers and mennonited encouraged slaveholders to do what?
A: free their slaves', '
Q: What happened to the number of free colored people for the first few decades after the war?
A: rose']
On October 25, 1836, construction began on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad to connect the port city of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh. In 1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act of the legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro, High Point, and Charlotte. During the Civil War, the Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch of the railroad would be vital to the Confederate war effort; supplies shipped into Wilmington would be moved by rail through Raleigh to the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the railroad that began construction in 1836?
A: Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad', '
Q: The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad was going to connect Wilmington to what city?
A: Raleigh', '
Q: In 1849, what railroad was created?
A: North Carolina Railroad', '
Q: What direction did the North carolina railroad extend?
A: west', '
Q: What stretch of the railroad was vital to the confederates in the civil war?
A: Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch']
While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states, according to the 1860 census, more than 330,000 people, or 33% of the population of 992,622, were enslaved African Americans. They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater. In addition, 30,463 free people of color lived in the state. They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain, especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern, where a variety of jobs were available. Free African Americans were allowed to vote until 1835, when the state revoked their suffrage in restrictions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by Nat Turner. Southern slave codes criminalized willful killing of a slave in most cases.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1860, what percent of the North Carolina population were slaves?
A: 33', '
Q: Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located?
A: eastern Tidewater', '
Q: What type of land did the slaves live on?
A: plantations', '
Q: How many free people of color lived in NC in 1860?
A: 30,463', '
Q: Where were the free people of color located in north carolina in 1860?
A: eastern coastal plain']