romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C (410 °F) and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.79 inches) thick.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?
A: 5%', '
Q: How is asphalt used in the construction industry?
A: waterproofing', '
Q: What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?
A: 7–10%', '
Q: Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?
A: 210 °C', '
Q: What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?
A: 20 millimeters']
Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines?
A: diluted', '
Q: What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen?
A: dilbit', '
Q: What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called?
A: synbit', '
Q: What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named?
A: Western Canadian Select', '
Q: In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?
A: refining']
Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over the eons, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?
A: meteorites', '
Q: What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?
A: living material', '
Q: What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?
A: plants and animals', '
Q: What feature originally covered Alberta?
A: ocean', '
Q: What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?
A: 50 to 150 °C']
Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants. Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry. Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What component is added to bitumen to improve it?
A: Selenizza', '
Q: To what other paving material is Selenizza added?
A: mastic asphalts', '
Q: What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry?
A: fluid additives', '
Q: In what form is Selenizza offered?
A: granular', '
Q: How is Selenizza shipped?
A: bags']
In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance). When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum. The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.[citation needed] In American English, 'asphalt' is equivalent to the British 'bitumen'. However, 'asphalt' is also commonly used as a shortened form of 'asphalt concrete' (therefore equivalent to the British 'asphalt' or 'tarmac'). In Australian English, bitumen is often used as the generic term for road surfaces. In Canadian English, the word bitumen is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil, while asphalt is used for the oil refinery product used to pave roads and manufacture roof shingles and various waterproofing products. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as dilbit in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as syncrude and syncrude blended with bitumen as synbit. Bitumen is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. Bituminous rock is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer?
A: mixture', '
Q: What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called?
A: tarmac', '
Q: When mixed wit clay, what is bitumen called?
A: asphaltum', "
Q: With what word in America, is bitumen used interchangeably?
A: 'asphalt", '
Q: What is the geological term for asphalt?
A: Bitumen']
Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix. Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Théodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818–1819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?
A: Bitumen', '
Q: What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?
A: solidifies', '
Q: What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?
A: deterioration', "
Q: What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?
A: Théodore Géricault's", '
Q: What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?  
A: unstable']
In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used.[note 1] However, the First World War impacted financially on the Clarmac Company, which entered into liquidation in 1915. The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture, both at the outset, and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?
A: Clarmac", "
Q: When did Claridge's company liquidate?
A: 1915", "
Q: What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?
A: First World War", '
Q: What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin?
A: Clarmac Roads Ltd', '
Q: What kind of money did Claridge  invest in attempting  to save his companies?
A: substantial amount']
The largest use of asphalt/bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces and accounts for approximately 85% of the asphalt consumed in the United States. Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% asphalt/bitumen cement and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel). Due to its highly viscous nature, asphalt/bitumen cement must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility. The temperature required varies depending upon characteristics of the asphalt/bitumen and the aggregates, but warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required. There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the U.S., and a similar number in Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the biggest use of asphalt?
A: road surfaces', '
Q: How much is the percentage of use of bitumen for roads is there in the US?
A: 85%', '
Q: How much bitumen is in usual concrete mixtures?
A: 5%', '
Q: What percentage of concrete mixes is aggregates?
A: 95%', '
Q: How many concrete plants are in the US?
A: 4,000']
Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160×10^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is synthetic crude oil usually called?
A: syncrude', '
Q: Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?
A: upgrading facility', '
Q: Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?
A: Dr. Karl Clark', '
Q: Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?
A: 1920s', '
Q: How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?
A: 1 million barrels']
About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the properties of the material to suit applications. In a de-asphalting unit, the crude asphalt is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules, which are then separated. Further processing is possible by "blowing" the product: namely reacting it with oxygen. This step makes the product harder and more viscous.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?
A: 40,000,000', '
Q: What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?
A: 500 °C', '
Q: What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?
A: Vacuum distillation', '
Q: What is the process used to harden the asphalt?
A: blowing', '
Q: In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?
A: de-asphalting']
Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction. The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide), with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point (ring & ball) around 120 °C. The insoluble matter, consisting mainly of silica ore, ranges from 8% to 17%.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?
A: Selenice, in Albania', '
Q: What is it about the mine that is unusual?
A: still in use', '
Q: In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands? 
A: rock asphalt', '
Q: What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?
A: 83% to 92%', '
Q: How is the rock asphalt mainly found?
A: veins']
People can be exposed to asphalt in the workplace by breathing in fumes or skin absorption. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5 mg/m3 over a 15-minute period. Asphalt is basically an inert material that must be heated or diluted to a point where it becomes workable for the production of materials for paving, roofing, and other applications. In examining the potential health hazards associated with asphalt, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that it is the application parameters, predominantly temperature, that effect occupational exposure and the potential bioavailable carcinogenic hazard/risk of the asphalt emissions. In particular, temperatures greater than 199 °C (390 °F), were shown to produce a greater exposure risk than when asphalt was heated to lower temperatures, such as those typically used in asphalt pavement mix production and placement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what means can humans be exposed to bitumen?
A: fumes or skin', '
Q: What is the nationally set limit for exposure of asphalt in a 15 minute period?
A: 5 mg/m3', '
Q: How must asphalt be treated to be workable?
A: heated or diluted', '
Q: At what temperatures is heated asphalt seen to be a greater health risk?
A: greater than 199 °C', '
Q: What feature in the treatment of asphalt in the workplace causes the most potential danger?
A: temperature']
Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Victoria marry?
A: Prince Albert', '
Q: What is her nickname that she was given because her children married into royal families across the continent?
A: the grandmother of Europe', '
Q: In the later half of her reign, what happened to her popularity?
A: her popularity recovered', '
Q: What year did Prince Albert die?
A: 1861', '
Q: How many children did she have?
A: nine', '
Q: How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?
A: nine', '
Q: What was the year of Alberts death?
A: 1861', '
Q: Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilees were a time of public what?
A: celebration', '
Q: What was the name the first cousing that Victoria married?
A: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha', '
Q: What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria because all of her children married into noble families?
A: first cousin', '
Q: What was the name of the first cousin that Queen Victoria was married to?
A: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha', '
Q: Whatyear did Victoria marry Prince Albert?
A: 1840', '
Q: How many children did Victoria and Albert have?
A: nine', '
Q: What year did Prince Albert die?
A: 1861', '
Q: Due to Victorias mourning over Alberts death, what political party gained strength?
A: republicanism', '
Q: When did Queen Victoria get married?
A: 1840', "
Q: What was the name of Victoria's husband?
A: Prince Albert", "
Q: What was Queen Victoria's nickname?
A: the grandmother of Europe", "
Q: When did republicanism gain strength during Queen Victoria's reign?
A: After Albert's death in 1861", '
Q: How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?
A: nine', '
Q: Who did Victoria marry?
A: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha', '
Q: When were Victoria and Prince Albert married?
A: 1840', '
Q: How many children did Victoria and Prince Albert have?
A: nine', "
Q: What was Victoria's unofficial title?
A: the grandmother of Europe", '
Q: When did Prince Albert die?
A: 1861']
Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's bastard children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel, Dash. Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she spoke only English at home.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was extremely protective over Victoria?
A: mother', '
Q: What system of rules kept her isolated from other children?
A: Kensington System', "
Q: Who was the Dutchess' rumored lover?
A: Sir John Conroy", "
Q: What was Victoria's dog's name?
A: Dash", '
Q: During her free time, what did she play with?
A: dolls', '
Q: Who did Victoria share a bedroom with when she was a child?
A: her mother', '
Q: What languages did Victoria take lessons in?
A: French, German, Italian, and Latin', '
Q: What was the only language Victoria spoke at home?
A: English', "
Q: Who was Victoria's mothers lover?
A: Sir John Conroy", '
Q: What is the formal name given to the system of rules Victoria was raised under?
A: Kensington System', '
Q: What system did Victorias mother raise her under?
A: Kensington System', '
Q: Who was Victorias mothers comptroller?
A: Sir John Conroy', '
Q: Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover?
A: Sir John Conroy', "
Q: Who was the Duchess's suspected lover?
A: Sir John Conroy", "
Q: What was the name of Victoria's childhood dog?
A: Dash", '
Q: What was the Kensington System?
A: an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess', '
Q: How did Victoria describe her childhood?
A: rather melancholy', '
Q: What languages did Victoria study? 
A: French, German, Italian, and Latin', "
Q: What was the name of Victoria's King Charles Spaniel?
A: Dash", '
Q: What are some of the languages that Victoria studied?
A: French, German, Italian, and Latin', '
Q: What system was in place to raise and educate Victoria; while also rendering her weak and dependent?
A: Kensington System', "
Q: Who was the Duchess' comptroller and cohort?
A: Sir John Conroy", "
Q: Who was included in the list of people that the Duchess and Sir John Conroy didn't want the Princess Victoria associating with?
A: most of her father's family"]
In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Victoria's eighth child?
A: Leopold", '
Q: What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?
A: chloroform', '
Q: What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?
A: post-natal depression', '
Q: Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?
A: thought it dangerous', '
Q: What did Albert complain about Victoria?
A: her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle"', "
Q: What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?
A: Leopold", '
Q: Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?
A: post-natal depression', '
Q: What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?
A: chloroform', '
Q: What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?
A: 1857', "
Q: What was the name of Victoria's final child?
A: Beatrice", '
Q: When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?
A: 1853', '
Q: What was the name of Victorias eighth child?
A: Leopold', '
Q: What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?
A: chloroform.', '
Q: What year was victorias final child born?
A: 1857', '
Q: What was the name of Victorias final child?
A: Beatrice', "
Q: Who was Victoria's eighth child? 
A: Leopold", "
Q: When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born? 
A: 1857", '
Q: What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths? 
A: chloroform', '
Q: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform? 
A: considered it against biblical teaching', '
Q: What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children? 
A: loss of self-control', "
Q: What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?
A: Leopold", "
Q: What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?
A: chloroform", "
Q: What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?
A: Beatrice", '
Q: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?
A: considered it against biblical teaching', '
Q: After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?
A: post-natal depression']