romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
As in many other countries, child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder ("chimney sweep children") and chidren working p.e. in spinning mills, factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland, but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder (literally: "contract children" or "indentured child laborers") were children who were taken from their parents, often due to poverty or moral reasons – usually mothers being unmarried, very poor citizens, of Gypsy–Yeniche origin, so-called Kinder der Landstrasse, etc. – and sent to live with new families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Kaminfegerkinder?
A: chimney sweep children', '
Q: What types of child labour did Switzerland employ?
A: spinning mills, factories and in agriculture', '
Q: Where did the children go to work primarily in Switzerland?
A: poor farmers who needed cheap labour']
There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children. In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15. Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes. 10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive. Therefore, the so-called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014. In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happened at Verdingkinder auctions?
A: children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money', '
Q: In 1930s how many indentured children were there?
A: 35,000', '
Q: How many Swiss citizen signatures were collected?
A: 100,000']
In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States. This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, debt bondage, and forced labour, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict. The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking; and in hazardous work. Both the Worst Forms Convention (C182) and the Minimum Age Convention (C138) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many countries have signed the Worst Forms Convention 183 (C182)?
A: 151', '
Q: What types of child labour does this prohibit?
A: all forms of slavery', '
Q: What other international laws deal with child labour?
A: Minimum Age Convention (C138)']
In addition to setting the international law, the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in 1992. This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour. Amongst the key initiative is the so-called time-bounded programme countries, where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking. The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things, universal primary school availability. The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, El Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the United Nations take charge of with regards to child labour?
A: International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)', '
Q: What is the aim of this?
A: progressively eliminate child labour', '
Q: What are some of the target countries?
A: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt', '
Q: What do they want to do with regards to schooling of young children?
A: universal primary school']
In 2004, the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938. The amendment allows certain children aged 14–18 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood. The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States. The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job. The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families, once they are passed eighth grade in school.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the United States pass in 2004?
A: amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938', '
Q: What is the age of US children allowed to work outside of the home?
A: aged 14–18', '
Q: What culture in the US benefits from this Act?
A: Amish', '
Q: What grade do Amish children need to pass in order to be able to work for their families?
A: eighth grade']
Similarly, in 1996, member countries of the European Union, per Directive 94/33/EC, agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws. Under these rules, children of various ages may work in cultural, artistic, sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority. Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country. Additionally, the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work/training scheme. The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances. Nonetheless, many children under the age of 13 do work, even in the most developed countries of the EU. For instance, a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-old kids had a job, the most common being babysitting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happened in the European Union in 1996?
A: agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws', '
Q: What age were children allowed to do light labour?
A: 13', '
Q: What age were children able to take part in European training programs?
A: aged 14 years or over', '
Q: What is the most common occupation for Dutch youth to have?
A: babysitting']
Some scholars[who?] suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital. Child labour, claim these activists, also leads to poor labour standards for adults, depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries, and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports. More children that work in poor countries, the fewer and worse-paid are the jobs for adults in these countries. In other words, there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less, everywhere in the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does child labour do for adults?
A: leads to poor labour standards', '
Q: What happens to the wages of adults?
A: depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries', '
Q: What are the implications for third world countries with regards to child labour?
A: low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports', '
Q: Does ending child labour have a global value?
A: there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour']
Other scholars[who?] suggest that these arguments are flawed, ignores history and more laws will do more harm than good. According to them, child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty. If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive, informal economy, illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive. These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour - such as Ethiopia, Chad, Niger and Nepal - schools are not available, and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable. The alternatives for children who currently work, claim these studies, are worse: grinding subsistence farming, militia or prostitution. Child labour is not a choice, it is a necessity, the only option for survival. It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do some scholars agress is the "disease" of child labour?
A: poverty', '
Q: Do these scholars argue for or against ending child labour?
A: These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour', '
Q: What do these scholars argue for keeping child labour as a practice?
A: only option for survival']
These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity. Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later. Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth. These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world. International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century?
A: economic development', '
Q: What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam?
A: economic reforms', '
Q: What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions?
A: emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world', '
Q: What do international actions do according to these scholars?
A: increase child labour']
In 1998, UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children – many from surrounding countries. In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa—the main ingredient in chocolate— in West Africa. Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa. In 2001, the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa, cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast, and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest.[not in citation given][better source needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who reported Ivory Coast farmers usage of child labour?
A: UNICEF', '
Q: What do child labourers work on in West Africa?
A: production of cocoa', '
Q: How many child slaves were reported in cocoa, coffee and cotton farms?
A: 15,000']
Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees. The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away. Malian officials believed that 15,000 children, some as young as 11 years old, were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001. These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries. Parents were told the children would find work and send money home, but once the children left home, they often worked in conditions resembling slavery. In other cases, children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves. In 2002, the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were trafficked, likely from neighboring Mali, Burkina Faso and Togo.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What migrants worked on the Ivory Coast?
A: Malian', '
Q: After a 10 year low in prices what did some farmers resort to?
A: stopped paying their employees', '
Q: Where did the children mainly come from?
A: slums', '
Q: Where were begging children often targeted for being sold into slavery?
A: bus stations']
The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking. The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as "false and excessive" and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas. Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored. In a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What industry was accused of profiting from child labour?
A: cocoa industry', '
Q: Who dismissed the allegations?
A: European Cocoa Association', '
Q: What are the figures for cocoa farmers using child labour?
A: 700,000', '
Q: Who claimed these reports as being inaccurate?
A: ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom']
In 2001, a voluntary agreement called the Harkin-Engel Protocol, was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO's Convention 182, in West Africa. This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002. The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry. Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of agreement was the 2001 Harkin-Engel Protocol?
A: voluntary', '
Q: What was the foundation that was the direct result of the agreement?
A: International Cocoa Initiative', '
Q: How many active programs does the foundation have? 
A: 290', '
Q: What happened to the 2005 deadlines?
A: have not yet been met']
In 2008, Bloomberg claimed child labour in copper and cobalt mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo. The children are creuseurs, that is they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs, and these are then purchased by these companies. Over 60 of Katanga's 75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 percent of the region's minerals go to China. An African NGO report claimed 80,000 child labourers under the age of 15, or about 40% of all miners, were supplying ore to Chinese companies in this African region. Amnesty International alleged in 2016 that some cobalt sold by Congo Dongfang Mining was produced by child labor, and that it was being used in lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the supplier of copper and cobalt to China?
A: Congo', '
Q: What are child creuseurs?
A: they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs', '
Q: What percent of materials go to China?
A: 90 percent', '
Q: What is the cobalt used for?
A: lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide']
BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa. Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour. The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter. Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012?
A: mining and smelting operations of Africa', '
Q: What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?
A: denied', '
Q: What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor?
A: being aware of child miners']
Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy. Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines. In west Africa, in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining. Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as 6 years old work with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore. The poor work practices harm the long term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes. Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana. For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers?
A: gold', '
Q: What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa?
A: Mali', '
Q: Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?
A: it is the second largest earner of its export revenue', '
Q: What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali?
A: primary and sometimes the only source of income']
In early August 2008, Iowa Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that Agriprocessors, a kosher meatpacking company in Postville which had recently been raided by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, had employed 57 minors, some as young as 14, in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant. Neil announced that he was turning the case over to the state Attorney General for prosecution, claiming that his department's inquiry had discovered "egregious violations of virtually every aspect of Iowa's child labour laws." Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations. Agriprocessors' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010. After a five-week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many minors did Agriprocessors employ?
A: 57', '
Q: What did Agriprocessors say in regards to the allegations?
A: claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations', '
Q: When did the CEO go on trial?
A: 4 May 2010', '
Q: What was the verdict?
A: not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010.']
In December 2009, campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children. Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh. It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan, where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields. The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a "track and trace" systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who accused H&M of using products made by child labours?
A: Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF)', '
Q: Who else did they accuse of using child labor products?
A: Zara', '
Q: What country did the cotton come from that was picked by children?
A: Bangladesh', '
Q: What are activists trying to get implemented?
A: "track and trace" systems']
In 2008, the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labor in the manufacture of clothing. In particular, a £4 hand-embroidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced by BBC's Panorama programme. The programme asks consumers to ask themselves, "Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top? This item looks handmade. Who made it for such little cost?", in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did the BBC in 2008 report as using child labor?
A: Primark', '
Q: What does Primark produce?
A: clothing', '
Q: What did the BBC program make their viewers question?
A: "Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top?', '
Q: What else did the BBC expose?
A: the violent side of the child labour industry']
Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake. In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust’s Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, "Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic." BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage, and returned the television award for investigative reporting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many years was Primark investigated for?
A: three years', '
Q: What did they claim about the BBC report?
A: fake', '
Q: What did the BBC do?
A: apologised for faking footage', '
Q: What happened to the reward the BBC received?
A: returned the television award']
Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production". The study suggests that boycotts are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole?
A: may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution', '
Q: What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study?
A: stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution"', '
Q: What does the study say in regards to boycotts?
A: that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."']