romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 1886, F.H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever. Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905. Oral corticosteroids began to be used for this condition in the 1950s while inhaled corticosteroids and selective short acting beta agonist came into wide use in the 1960s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the first paper written about asthma?
A: In 1873', '
Q: What was first used as a cure for asthma?
A: by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment', '
Q: In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?
A: pilocarpin', '
Q: When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used? 
A: in the 1960s']
Although the format was capable of offering higher-quality video and audio than its consumer rivals, the VHS and Betamax videocassette systems, LaserDisc never managed to gain widespread use in North America, largely due to high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming. It also remained a largely obscure format in Europe and Australia. By contrast, the format was much more popular in Japan and in the more affluent regions of Southeast Asia, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, being the prevalent rental video medium in Hong Kong during the 1990s. Its superior video and audio quality did make it a somewhat popular choice among videophiles and film enthusiasts during its lifespan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS?
A: higher-quality', "
Q: Why didn't LaserDisk gain popularity in North America?
A: high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming", "
Q: With whom was LaserDisk a popular choice for it's picture and sound quality?
A: videophiles and film enthusiasts", '
Q: In what city was LaserDisk used as a popular rental medium in the 1990s?
A: Hong Kong']
LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology). Initially licensed, sold, and marketed as MCA DiscoVision (also known as simply "DiscoVision") in North America in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System, Reflective Optical Videodisc, Laser Optical Videodisc, and Disco-Vision (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as "Video Long Play".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was LaserDisc first available?
A: Atlanta, Georgia', '
Q: How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?
A: two years', '
Q: Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?
A: MCA DiscoVision', '
Q: How did the first viewers refer to the media?
A: "Video Long Play"']
Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as "Laser Videodisc". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years. Several of the scientists responsible for the early research (Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow) founded Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?
A: Pioneer Electronics', '
Q: Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as "Laser Videodisc"?
A: unofficially', '
Q: Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?
A: discs', '
Q: Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?
A: Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow', '
Q: What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?
A: Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)']
By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater degree in Japan, where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life. In Europe, LaserDisc always remained an obscure format. It was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s, a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England. From 1991 up until the early 2000s, the BBC also used LaserDisc technology to play out the channel idents.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?
A: DVD', '
Q: Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?
A: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)', '
Q: What was the BBC Domesday Project?
A: a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England', '
Q: Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?
A: Japan']
The standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the composite domain (having a video bandwidth approximately equivalent to the 1-inch (25 mm) C-Type VTR format) with analog FM stereo sound and PCM digital audio. The LaserDisc at its most fundamental level was still recorded as a series of pits and lands much like CDs, DVDs, and even Blu-ray Discs are today. However, while the encoding is of a binary nature, the information is encoded as analog pulse width modulation with a 50% duty cycle, where the information is contained in the lengths and spacing of the pits. In true digital media the pits, or their edges, directly represent 1s and 0s of a binary digital information stream. Early LaserDiscs featured in 1978 were entirely analog but the format evolved to incorporate digital stereo sound in CD format (sometimes with a TOSlink or coax output to feed an external DAC), and later multi-channel formats such as Dolby Digital and DTS.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How large was a standard LaserDisc?
A: 30 cm (12 in) in diameter', '
Q: What numbers are used in Binary information coding?
A: 1s and 0s', '
Q: Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted?
A: analog']
As Pioneer introduced Digital Audio to LaserDisc in 1985, they further refined the CAA format. CAA55 was introduced in 1985 with a total playback capacity per side of 55 minutes 5 seconds, reducing the video capacity to resolve bandwidth issues with the inclusion of Digital Audio. Several titles released between 1985 and 1987 were analog audio only due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc (e.g., Back to the Future). By 1987, Pioneer had overcome the technical challenges and was able to once again encode in CAA60, allowing a total of 60 minutes 5 seconds. Pioneer further refined CAA, offering CAA45, encoding 45 minutes of material, but filling the entire playback surface of the side. Used on only a handful of titles, CAA65 offered 65 minutes 5 seconds of playback time per side. There are a handful of titles pressed by Technidisc that used CAA50. The final variant of CAA is CAA70, which could accommodate 70 minutes of playback time per side. There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format?
A: 55 minutes 5 seconds', '
Q: Why was Back to the Future released with analog sound?
A: due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc', '
Q: What was the maximum length of the CAA60 format?
A: 60 minutes 5 seconds', '
Q: How many works were released to the public with the CAA70 format?
A: There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market']
Sound could be stored in either analog or digital format and in a variety of surround sound formats; NTSC discs could carry two analog audio tracks, plus two uncompressed PCM digital audio tracks, which were (EFM, CIRC, 16-bit and 44.056 kHz sample rate). PAL discs could carry one pair of audio tracks, either analog or digital and the digital tracks on a PAL disc were 16-bit 44.1 kHz as on a CD; in the UK, the term "LaserVision" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while "LaserDisc" is used for those with digital audio. The digital sound signal in both formats are EFM-encoded as in CD. Dolby Digital (also called AC-3) and DTS—which are now common on DVD titles—first became available on LaserDisc, and Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) which was released on LaserDisc in Japan, is among the first home video releases ever to include 6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround. Unlike DVDs, which carry Dolby Digital audio in digital form, LaserDiscs store Dolby Digital in a frequency modulated form within a track normally used for analog audio. Extracting Dolby Digital from a LaserDisc required a player equipped with a special "AC-3 RF" output and an external demodulator in addition to an AC-3 decoder. The demodulator was necessary to convert the 2.88 MHz modulated AC-3 information on the disc into a 384 kbit/s signal that the decoder could handle. DTS audio, when available on a disc, replaced the digital audio tracks; hearing DTS sound required only an S/PDIF compliant digital connection to a DTS decoder.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the difference between LaserDisc and LaserVision in the UK?
A: "LaserVision" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while "LaserDisc" is used for those with digital audio', '
Q: The Phantom Menace was one of the first home videos to use what sound format?
A: 6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround.', '
Q: What sound formatting do DVDs use?
A: Dolby Digital audio in digital form']
In the mid to late 1990s many higher-end AV receivers included the demodulator circuit specifically for the LaserDisc players RF modulated Dolby Digital AC-3 signal. By the late 1990s with LaserDisc players and disc sales declining due to DVD's growing popularity the AV receiver manufacturers removed the demodulator circuit. Although DVD players were capable of playing Dolby Digital tracks, the signal out of DVD player were not in a modulated form and not compatible with the inputs designed for LaserDisc AC-3. Outboard demodulators were available for a period that convert the AC-3 signal to standard Dolby Digital signal that was compatible with the standard Dolby Digital/PCM inputs on capable AV receivers. Another type marketed by Onkyo and others converted the RF AC-3 signal to 6-channel analog audio.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What competition caused LaserDisc sales to decline?
A: DVD's growing popularity", '
Q: Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?
A: higher-end', '
Q: What did the Onkyo outboard demodulator covert the RF AC-2 signal to?
A: 6-channel analog audio']
At least where the digital audio tracks were concerned, the sound quality was unsurpassed at the time compared to consumer videotape, but the quality of the analog soundtracks varied greatly depending on the disc and, sometimes, the player. Many early and lower-end LD players had poor analog audio components, and many early discs had poorly mastered analog audio tracks, making digital soundtracks in any form most desirable to serious enthusiasts. Early DiscoVision and LaserDisc titles lacked the digital audio option, but many of those movies received digital sound in later re-issues by Universal, and the quality of analog audio tracks generally got far better as time went on. Many discs that had originally carried old analog stereo tracks received new Dolby Stereo and Dolby Surround tracks instead, often in addition to digital tracks, helping boost sound quality. Later analog discs also applied CX Noise Reduction, which improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Was sound quality from disc to disc and between players consistent or varied?
A: varied greatly', '
Q: Was analog or digital formatting more popular with enthusiasts?
A: digital', '
Q: What result did adding CX Noise Reduction have on analog discs?
A: improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio', '
Q: Which company added digital sound option when re-releasing movies?
A: Universal']
Both AC-3 and DTS surround audio were clumsily implemented on LaserDiscs, leading to some interesting player- and disc-dependent issues. A disc that included AC-3 audio forfeited the right analog audio channel to the modulated AC-3 RF stream. If the player did not have an AC-3 output available, the next most attractive playback option would be the digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks. The reason for this is the RF signal needs to bypass the audio circuitry in order to be properly processed by the demodulator. If either the player did not support digital audio tracks (common in older players), or the disc did not include digital audio tracks at all (uncommon for a disc which is mastered with an AC-3 track), the only remaining option was to fall back to a monophonic presentation of the left analog audio track. However, many older analog-only players not only failed to output AC-3 streams correctly, but were not even aware of their potential existence. Such a player will happily play the analog audio tracks verbatim, resulting in garbage (static) output in the right channel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which channel would not work in conjunction with AC-3 audio?
A: right analog audio channel', '
Q: What audio playback options were available if an AC-3 output was not present?
A: digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks', "
Q: What happens to the right channel in a player that doesn't recognize AC-3?
A: garbage (static) output"]
Only one 5.1 surround sound option exists on a given LaserDisc (either Dolby Digital or DTS), so if surround sound is desired, the disc must be matched to the capabilities of the playback equipment (LD Player and Receiver/Decoder) by the purchaser. A fully capable LaserDisc playback system includes a newer LaserDisc player that is capable of playing digital tracks, has a digital optical output for digital PCM and DTS audio, is aware of AC-3 audio tracks, and has an AC-3 coaxial output; an external or internal AC-3 RF demodulator and AC-3 decoder; and a DTS decoder. Many 1990s A/V receivers combine the AC-3 decoder and DTS decoder logic, but an integrated AC-3 demodulator is rare both in LaserDisc players and in later A/V receivers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Are integrated AC-3 demodulators common in LaserDisc players or a rare find?
A: rare', '
Q: How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs?
A: Only one', '
Q: What type of decoder logic is common in 1990s A/V receivers?
A: DTS']
PAL LaserDiscs have a slightly longer playing time than NTSC discs, but have fewer audio options. PAL discs only have two audio tracks, consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs. In comparison, later NTSC LDs are capable of carrying four tracks (two analog and two digital). On certain releases, one of the analog tracks is used to carry a modulated AC-3 signal for 5.1 channel audio (for decoding and playback by newer LD players with an "AC-3 RF" output). However, older NTSC LDs made before 1984 (such as the original DiscoVision discs) only have two analog audio tracks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?
A: PAL LaserDiscs', '
Q: How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?
A: two', '
Q: Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?
A: two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs']
In March 1984, Pioneer introduced the first consumer player with a solid-state laser, the LD-700. It was also the first LD player to load from the front and not the top. One year earlier Hitachi introduced an expensive industrial player with a laser diode, but the player, which had poor picture quality due to an inadequate dropout compensator, was made only in limited quantities. After Pioneer released the LD-700, gas lasers were no longer used in consumer players, despite their advantages, although Philips continued to use gas lasers in their industrial units until 1985.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the first solid-state laser consumer LaserDisc player?
A: LD-700', '
Q: Besides a solid-state laser, what else was unique about the LD-700?
A: first LD player to load from the front and not the top', '
Q: When did Pioneer release the LD-700?
A: March 1984', '
Q: Which company continued to use gas-lasers in industrial models of LD players although they were no longer used in consumer models?
A: Philips']
During its development, MCA, which co-owned the technology, referred to it as the Optical Videodisc System, "Reflective Optical Videodisc" or "Laser Optical Videodisc", depending on the document; changing the name once in 1969 to Disco-Vision and then again in 1978 to DiscoVision (without the hyphen), which became the official spelling. Technical documents and brochures produced by MCA Disco-Vision during the early and mid-'70s also used the term "Disco-Vision Records" to refer to the pressed discs. MCA owned the rights to the largest catalog of films in the world during this time, and they manufactured and distributed the DiscoVision releases of those films under the "MCA DiscoVision" software and manufacturing label; consumer sale of those titles began on December 15, 1978, with the aforementioned Jaws.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which three names did MCA use for LaserDisc technology during its development?
A: Optical Videodisc System, "Reflective Optical Videodisc" or "Laser Optical Videodisc"', '
Q: To what did MCA change the name to in 1969?
A: Disco-Vision', '
Q: When did MCA remove the hyphen from the name Disco-Vision?
A: 1978', "
Q: Which company owned the rights to the world's largest collection of films during the 1970s?
A: MCA", '
Q: Consumer sales of MCA films began in 1978 with what movie?
A: Jaws']
Philips' preferred name for the format was "VLP", after the Dutch words Video Langspeel-Plaat ("Video long-play disc"), which in English-speaking countries stood for Video Long-Play. The first consumer player, the Magnavox VH-8000 even had the VLP logo on the player. For a while in the early and mid-1970s, Philips also discussed a compatible audio-only format they called "ALP", but that was soon dropped as the Compact Disc system became a non-compatible project in the Philips corporation. Until early 1980, the format had no "official" name. The LaserVision Association, made up of MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox, was formed to standardize the technical specifications of the format (which had been causing problems for the consumer market) and finally named the system officially as "LaserVision".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?
A: Video Long-Play', '
Q: What was the first consumer VLP player?
A: Magnavox VH-8000', '
Q: Which group officially chose the name "Laservision"?
A: The LaserVision Association', '
Q: The Laservision Association was comprised of which companies?
A: MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox']
Pioneer Electronics also entered the optical disc market in 1977 as a 50/50 joint-venture with MCA called Universal-Pioneer and manufacturing MCA designed industrial players under the MCA DiscoVision name (the PR-7800 and PR-7820). For the 1980 launch of the first Universal-Pioneer player, the VP-1000 was noted as a "laser disc player", although the "LaserDisc" logo displayed clearly on the device. In 1981, "LaserDisc" was used exclusively for the medium itself, although the official name was "LaserVision" (as seen at the beginning of many LaserDisc releases just before the start of the film). However, as Pioneer reminded numerous video magazines and stores in 1984, LaserDisc was a trademarked word, standing only for LaserVision products manufactured for sale by Pioneer Video or Pioneer Electronics. A 1984 Ray Charles ad for the LD-700 player bore the term "Pioneer LaserDisc brand videodisc player". From 1981 until the early 1990s, all properly licensed discs carried the LaserVision name and logo, even Pioneer Artists titles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which company joined a 50/50 partnership with MCA in 1977?
A: Pioneer Electronics', '
Q: In what year was the first Universal-Pioneer player released?
A: 1980', '
Q: What was the name of the first Universal-Pioneer player?
A: the VP-1000', '
Q: Which singer did an ad for the LD-700 player in 1984?
A: Ray Charles']
During the early years, MCA also manufactured discs for other companies including Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros. Some of them added their own names to the disc jacket to signify that the movie was not owned by MCA. After Discovision Associates shut down in early 1982, Universal Studio's videodisc software label, called MCA Videodisc until 1984, began reissuing many DiscoVision titles. Unfortunately, quite a few, such as Battlestar Galactica and Jaws, were time-compressed versions of their CAV or CLV Disco Vision originals. The time-compressed CLV re-issue of Jaws no longer had the original soundtrack, having had incidental background music replaced for the video disc version due to licensing cost (the music would not be available until the THX LaserDisc box set was released in 1995). One Universal/Columbia co-production issued by MCA Disco Vision in both CAV and CLV versions, The Electric Horseman, is still not available in any other home video format with its original score intact; even the most recent DVD release has had substantial music replacements of both instrumental score and Willie Nelson's songs. An MCA release of Universal's Howard the Duck, sees only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film. For many years this was the only disc-based release of the film, until widescreen DVD formats were released with extras. Also, the LaserDisc release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is the only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster telling off Elliott for letting the frogs free in the biology class.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What other companies did MCA manufacture discs for?
A: Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros', "
Q: What quirk is present in MCA's release of Howard the Duck?
A: only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film", '
Q: What is unique about the LaserDisc release of E.T.?
A: only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster', '
Q: Which film is only available with its original score in LD format , even today?
A: The Electric Horseman']