romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Atlantic City is considered as the "Gambling Capital of the East Coast," and currently has eight large casinos and several smaller ones. In 2011, New Jersey's casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees, had 28.5 million visitors, made $3.3 billion in gaming revenue, and paid $278 million in taxes. They are regulated by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Atlantic City known for?
A: Gambling Capital of the East Coast', '
Q: How many large casinos are located in Atlantic City?
A: eight', '
Q: Approximately how many people did New Jersey casinos employ in 2011?
A: 33,000', "
Q: Approximately how many people visited New Jersey's casinos in 2011?
A: 28.5 million", "
Q: What two entities regulate New Jersey's casino?
A: New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement"]
In the wake of the United States' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states (including Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania), four casino closures took place in 2014: the Atlantic Club on January 13; the Showboat on August 31; the Revel, which was Atlantic City's second-newest casino, on September 2; and Trump Plaza, which originally opened in 1984, and was the poorest performing casino in the city, on September 16.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014?
A: four', '
Q: What was the name of the poorest performing casino in the city that ultimately closed in 2014?
A: Trump Plaza', '
Q: What year did Trump Plaza originally open?
A: 1984', "
Q: What was the name of Atlantic City's second-newest casino that ultimately closed in 2014?
A: Revel", '
Q: What was the name of the first casino to close in 2014?
A: Atlantic Club']
Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?
A: selling', '
Q: What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?
A: Trump Taj Mahal', '
Q: In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj?
A: 2013', '
Q: Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj?
A: winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business', '
Q: Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future?
A: Executives']
Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties (Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's), in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company's casino operating unit in January 2015.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many remaining properties belong to Caesars Entertainment?
A: three', "
Q: What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?
A: Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's", '
Q: What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for?
A: Chapter 11', '
Q: What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy?
A: 2015', '
Q: Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015?
A: casino operating unit']
Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall", is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) of showroom space, 5 exhibit halls, 45 meeting rooms with 109,000 sq ft (10,100 m2) of space, a garage with 1,400 parking spaces, and an adjacent Sheraton hotel. Both the Boardwalk Hall and Convention Center are operated by the Atlantic City Convention & Visitors Authority.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Boardwalk Hall formerly known as?
A: Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall', '
Q: What is the Boardwalk Hall?
A: an arena', '
Q: In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open?
A: 1997', '
Q: How many sq ft of showroom space is included in the Atlantic City Convention Center?
A: 500,000 sq ft', '
Q: What hotel is adjacent to the Atlantic City Convention Center?
A: Sheraton hotel']
Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlantic City, it was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game, and took it back to Atlantic City. After she arrived, Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names, and taught it to a group of local Quakers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to?
A: Monopoly City', '
Q: The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game?
A: Monopoly', '
Q: Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City?
A: Ruth Hoskins', '
Q: What location was originally featured in the  Monopoly game? 
A: Indianapolis', '
Q: Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to?
A: a group of local Quakers']
Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling although the spelling error was not corrected.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling?
A: Marvin Gardens', '
Q: What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from?
A: Marven Gardens', '
Q: Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after?
A: Charles Darrow', '
Q: In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game?
A: 1995', "
Q: Who copied Charles Todd's Monopoly board?
A: Charles Darrow"]
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In general, what does immunology study?
A: immune systems in all organisms', '
Q: Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?
A: both health and diseases', '
Q: Name three types of immunological disorders?
A: autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection', '
Q: Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?
A: in vitro, in situ, and in vivo', '
Q: What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?
A: organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology']
Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?
A: exempt', '
Q: What are the major organs of the immune system?
A: thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver', '
Q: Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?
A: early physicians', "
Q: How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?
A: surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive", '
Q: Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?
A: thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues']
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The structure of immune system components can be described as what?
A: typically cellular in nature', '
Q: Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?
A: not associated with any specific organ', '
Q: What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?
A: embedded', '
Q: What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?
A: circulating']
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?
A: epidemiology and medicine', '
Q: Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?
A: the body systems, pathogens, and immunity', '
Q: When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?
A: 430 BCE', '
Q: Which Greek historian made that notation?
A: Thucydides', '
Q: When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?
A: 19th and 20th centuries']
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?
A: innate immune system', '
Q: Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?
A: acquired or adaptive immune system', '
Q: What is one type of adaptive immune system component?
A: humoral (or antibody)', '
Q: Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?
A: cell-mediated', '
Q: The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?
A: molecular and cellular components']
The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?
A: antibodies and antigens', '
Q: What are antibodies comprised of?
A: specific proteins', '
Q: What cells produce antibodies?
A: B lymphocytes', '
Q: The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?
A: "anti"body "gen"erators', '
Q: Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?
A: cellular response']
Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?
A: research', '
Q: What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?
A: non-classical models of immunity', '
Q: The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?
A: cells, organs and systems', '
Q: These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?
A: not previously associated with the immune system']
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?
A: Clinical immunology', '
Q: What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?
A: failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth', '
Q: Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?
A: cellular elements', '
Q: What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?
A: diseases of other systems', '
Q: Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?
A: immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features']
Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a type of immune system disorder?
A: hypersensitivities', '
Q: What are some examples of hypersensitivities?
A: asthma and other allergies', '
Q: What characterizes a hypersensitivity?
A: respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.']
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most famous immune system disease?
A: AIDS', '
Q: What kind of disease is AIDS?
A: an immunodeficiency', '
Q: Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?
A: CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages', '
Q: What virus specifically suppresses those cells?
A: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)']
The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child’s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?
A: person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area", '
Q: Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?
A: low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas', '
Q: What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?
A: phagocytic', '
Q: Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?
A: both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed', '
Q: Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?
A: activate T cells']
Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?
A: Maternal factors', '
Q: Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?
A: breast milk', '
Q: For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?
A: up to 18 months', "
Q: At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?
A: glycoproteins", '
Q: The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?
A: distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules']
During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?
A: hormones', '
Q: What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?
A: 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)', '
Q: Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?
A: testosterone', '
Q: Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?
A: increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity', '
Q: Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?
A: detect sex hormones in the system']
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?
A: strongly experimental', '
Q: What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?
A: "cellular" and "humoral"', '
Q: Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?
A: phagocytes', '
Q: Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?
A: soluble components (molecules)', '
Q: Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?
A: the organism’s “humors”']
In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?
A: Frank Burnet', '
Q: What triggers an immune response according to CST?
A: self/nonself distinction', '
Q: In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?
A: "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)', '
Q: What property of T cells caused modification of CST?
A: the complex "two-signal" activation', '
Q: When was clonal selection theory first proposed?
A: In the mid-1950s']
Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research, (AAAAI, 2013). The most important thing about being immunologists is the research because it is the biggest portion of their jobs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?
A: Bioscience', '
Q: Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?
A: bioscience', '
Q: The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?
A: humans and animals', "
Q: The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?
A: research", '
Q: What two conditions apply to good immunological study?
A: effective yet consistent research']