romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: Congregatio a Sancta Cruce, abbreviated postnominals: "CSC"). While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic. Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. There are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of Mary on the Main Building, the Notre Dame Grotto, and the Word of Life mural on Hesburgh Library depicting Christ as a teacher. Additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. There are many religious clubs (catholic and non-Catholic) at the school, including Council #1477 of the Knights of Columbus (KOC), Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM), Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The Notre Dame KofC are known for being the first collegiate council of KofC, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Congregation of Holy Cross in Latin?
A: Congregatio a Sancta Cruce', '
Q: What percentage of Notre Dame students feel they are Christian?
A: more than 93%', '
Q: How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week?
A: over 100 times', '
Q: How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus?
A: Fifty-seven', '
Q: What amount of the student body of Notre Dame identifies as Catholic?
A: over 80%']
This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?
A: Washington Hall', '
Q: In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?
A: 1879', '
Q: Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?
A: Rev. William Corby', '
Q: On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?
A: 17th of May', '
Q: What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?
A: LaFortune Student Center']
In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?
A: scholastic and classical', '
Q: Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?
A: College of Commerce', '
Q: In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?
A: Father James Burns', '
Q: Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?
A: three years', '
Q: Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?
A: Harvard Law School']
One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the "Four Horsemen". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?
A: Knute Rockne', '
Q: What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?
A: 105', '
Q: In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?
A: 1925', '
Q: How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame?
A: 13', '
Q: How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame?
A: three']
The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?
A: the Protestant establishment', '
Q: Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?
A: the Ku Klux Klan', '
Q: Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?
A: Fr. Matthew Walsh', '
Q: What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?
A: a week-long Klavern', '
Q: Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?
A: South Bend']
Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara was elected vice-president in 1933 and president of Notre Dame in 1934. During his tenure at Notre Dame, he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus; he selected Frank H. Spearman, Jeremiah D. M. Ford, Irvin Abell, and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal, instituted in 1883. O'Hara strongly believed that the Fighting Irish football team could be an effective means to "acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate" Notre Dame. He wrote, "Notre Dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of God and of his Blessed Mother. When St. Paul said: 'Whether you eat or drink, or whatsoever else you do, do all for the glory of God,' he included football."

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which person became vice-president of Notre Dame in 1933?
A: Father John Francis O'Hara", "
Q: Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1934?
A: Father John Francis O'Hara", '
Q: Irvin Abell was given what award by Notre Dame?
A: Laetare Medal', '
Q: Which year was the Laetare Medal first given out at Notre Dame?
A: 1883', "
Q: For whos glory did Father O'Hara believed that the Notre Dame football team played?
A: God"]
The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. served as president from 1946 to 1952. Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university. Cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university, which continue today and are vital to the university's governance and development

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Around the time that Rev. Cavanaugh became president of Notre Dame by how much did the undergrad student body of Notre Dame increase?
A: more than half', '
Q: Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame?
A: Lobund Institute for Animal Studies', "
Q: What is O'Shaughnessy Hall of Notre Dame formerly known as?
A: Hall of Liberal Arts", '
Q: Which president did Notre Dame have in 1947?
A: Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C.', '
Q: Outside of an institute studying animals, what other institute did Cavanugh create at Notre Dame?
A: Medieval Institute']
The Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., (1917–2015) served as president for 35 years (1952–87) of dramatic transformations. In that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty more than doubled 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the lifespan of Theodore Hesburgh?
A: 1917–2015', '
Q: In the time that Hesburgh was president of Notre Dame by what factor did the operating budget increase?
A: 18', '
Q: What was the size of the Notre Dame endowment when Theodore Hesburgh became president?
A: $9 million', '
Q: During what years was Theodor Hesburgh president of Notre Dame?
A: 1952–87', '
Q: How many faculty members were at Notre Dame when Hesburgh left the role of president?
A: 950']
Hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of Notre Dame by making it a coeducational institution. In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution, an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools. After extensive debate, merging with St. Mary's was rejected, primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales. "In American college education," explained the Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters, "certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place.... In this environment of diversity, the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect, replacing separatism." Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs, added that coeducation "opened up a whole other pool of very bright students." Two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year, while two others were converted for the next school year. In 1971 Mary Ann Proctor became the first female undergraduate; she transferred from St. Mary's College. In 1972 the first woman to graduate was Angela Sienko, who earned a bachelor's degree in marketing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of educational institute is Hesburgh given credit for creating at Notre Dame?
A: coeducational', '
Q: Which role did Charles Sheedy have at Notre Dame?
A: Dean of Arts and Letters', '
Q: What title did Thomas Blantz have at Notre Dame?
A: Vice President of Student Affairs', '
Q: In what year did Notre Dame have its earliest undergraduate that was female?
A: 1971', "
Q: With what institute did Notre Dame agree to an exchange program in the 1960s?
A: Saint Mary's College"]
In the 18 years under the presidency of Edward Malloy, C.S.C., (1987–2005), there was a rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame's most recent[when?] capital campaign raised $1.1 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what years was Edward Malloy president of Notre Dame?
A: 1987–2005', '
Q: What was the SAT score, on average, at Notre Dame when Edward Malloy became president?
A: 1240', '
Q: When Malloy became president of Notre Dame what was the size of the endowment?
A: $350 million', '
Q: When Malloy reached the end of his time as president how much annuals funding for research did Notre Dame have?
A: more than $70 million', '
Q: The amount of professors at Notre Dame increased by what amount under Malloy?
A: 500']
Since 2005, Notre Dame has been led by John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., the 17th president of the university. Jenkins took over the position from Malloy on July 1, 2005. In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies. During his tenure, Notre Dame has increased its endowment, enlarged its student body, and undergone many construction projects on campus, including Compton Family Ice Arena, a new architecture hall, additional residence halls, and the Campus Crossroads, a $400m enhancement and expansion of Notre Dame Stadium.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did John Jenkins become the president of Notre Dame?
A: 2005', '
Q: In terms of the amount of presidents Notre Dame has had, where is John Jenkins on the list?
A: 17th', '
Q: Who was the Notre Dame president that preceded John Jenkins?
A: Malloy', '
Q: Which arena was constructed under Jenkins at Notre Dame?
A: Compton Family Ice Arena', '
Q: How much money was spent on enhancing Notre Dame Stadium under John Jenkins?
A: $400m']
Because of its Catholic identity, a number of religious buildings stand on campus. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr. Sorin's original church, which became too small for the growing college. It is built in French Revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from France. The interior was painted by Luigi Gregori, an Italian painter invited by Fr. Sorin to be artist in residence. The Basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon. Inside the church there are also sculptures by Ivan Mestrovic. The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was built in 1896, is a replica of the original in Lourdes, France. It is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation, and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which congregation is in charge of the Old College at Notre Dame?
A: Congregation of Holy Cross', '
Q: What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame?
A: Basilica of the Sacred Heart', '
Q: In which architectural style is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame made?
A: French Revival', '
Q: Which individual painted the inside of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame?
A: Luigi Gregori', '
Q: In what year was the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes at Notre Dame constructed?
A: 1896']
A Science Hall was built in 1883 under the direction of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as "LaFortune" or "LaFun," it is a 4-story building of 83,000 square feet that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and has an annual budget of $1.2 million. Many businesses, services, and divisions of The Office of Student Affairs are found within. The building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which person oversaw the creation of a science hall at Notre Dame in 1883?
A: Fr. Zahm', '
Q: In what year did the student union building at Notre Dame get renamed to LaFortune Center?
A: 1950', '
Q: After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named?
A: Joseph LaFortune', '
Q: How large in square feet is the LaFortune Center at Notre Dame?
A: 83,000 square feet', "
Q: What is the annual budget of Notre Dame's LaFortune Center?
A: $1.2 million"]
Since the construction of its oldest buildings, the university's physical plant has grown substantially. Over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel. Many academic building were added together with a system of libraries, the most prominent of which is the Theodore Hesburgh Library, built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books. Since 2004, several buildings have been added, including the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex, and the Jordan Hall of Science. Additionally, a new residence for men, Duncan Hall, was begun on March 8, 2007, and began accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester. Ryan Hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law school addition have recently been completed as well. Additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011. The Stayer Center for Executive Education, which houses the Mendoza College of Business Executive Education Department opened in March 2013 just South of the Mendoza College of Business building. Because of its long athletic tradition, the university features also many building dedicated to sport. The most famous is Notre Dame Stadium, home of the Fighting Irish football team; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people. Prominent venues include also the Edmund P. Joyce Center, with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, and the Compton Family Ice Arena, a two-rink facility dedicated to hockey. Also, there are many outdoor fields, as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many halls are at Notre Dame that house students?
A: 29', '
Q: Which library was built at Notre Dame in 1963?
A: Theodore Hesburgh Library', '
Q: How many books are housed at the Theodore Hesburgh Library?
A: almost 4 million', '
Q: Construction for which hall started on March 8th 2007 at Notre Dame?
A: Duncan Hall', '
Q: Which baseball stadium is found at Notre Dame?
A: Frank Eck Stadium']
The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation, design and construction, waste reduction, procurement, food services, transportation, and water.As of 2012[update] four building construction projects were pursuing LEED-Certified status and three were pursuing LEED Silver. Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame received a "B" grade. The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Notre Dame create the Office of Sustainability?
A: 2008', '
Q: What percentage of the food served at Notre Dame is locally grown?
A: 40%', '
Q: Notre Dame got a "B" for its sustainability practices from which entity?
A: Sustainable Endowments Institute', '
Q: Gustavo Gutierrez is faculty of which institute?
A: Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies']
The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Notre Dame first have a facility in England?
A: 1968', '
Q: At which location is the London Center operated by Notre Dame found?
A: 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square', '
Q: Notre Dame has a center in Beijing, what is it referred to as?
A: Global Gateways', '
Q: In what year did the Suffolk Street location start to house a Notre Dame facility?
A: 1998']