romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who can translations of a sung text aid?
A: audiences, singers and conductors', '
Q: What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?
A: subtitles or surtitles', '
Q: What do professional and amateur singers often sing?
A: works in languages they do not know', '
Q: Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?
A: understand the meaning of the words they are singing.']
One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the "Septuagint", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?
A: rendering of the Old Testament into Greek', '
Q: When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?
A: 3rd century BCE', '
Q: Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?
A: seventy translators', '
Q: How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?
A: in solitary confinement', '
Q: According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?
A: identical']
The period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages (although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things, such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption). Lasting effects on the religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther's into German, Jakub Wujek's into Polish, and the King James Bible's translators' into English. Debate and religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day, as demonstrated by, for example, the King James Only movement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?
A: European', '
Q: Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?
A: religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries', '
Q: Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?
A: Roman Catholicism and Protestantism', '
Q: What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?
A: religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day', '
Q: Who translated the Bible to German?
A: Martin Luther']
An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars  and terminals. Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, airport aprons, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land?
A: airport', '
Q: What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?
A: landing area', '
Q: What is an airport?
A: aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land']
The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports have air traffic control (ATC) system. All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain, snow, or fog. In the U.S. and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of automated airport weather station, a human observer or a combination of the two. Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and airports often have their own safety services.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does ATC stand for?
A: air traffic control', '
Q: What do airports use to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?
A: traffic pattern', '
Q: What is an important concern in the operation of an airport?
A: Air safety']
Most of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major commercial airports - it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s, and following its takeover by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium in 2006, has been further divested and downsized to operating just five. Germany's Frankfurt Airport is managed by the quasi-private firm Fraport. While in India GMR Group operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. Bengaluru International Airport and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport are controlled by GVK Group. The rest of India's airports are managed by the Airports Authority of India.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many commercial airports did the British Airports Authority originally operate?
A: eight', '
Q: What group took over the British Airports Authority in 2006?
A: Spanish Ferrovial consortium', '
Q: What group manages the Frankfurt Airport?
A: Fraport', '
Q: Who operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport?
A: GMR Group']
Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at most airports. Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through terminals, where they can purchase tickets, clear security check, or claim luggage and board aircraft through gates. The waiting areas which provide passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses, although this term is often used interchangeably with terminal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do landside areas include?
A: parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads', '
Q: Airports are divided into what two areas?
A: landside and airside', '
Q: What do airside areas include?
A: all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons', '
Q: Where can passengers purchase tickets?
A: terminals', '
Q: What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?
A: concourses']
Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?
A: products and services', '
Q: Where are most of these companies located in an airport?
A: within the departure areas', '
Q: Some of these companies include what type of businesses?
A: clothing boutiques and restaurants', '
Q: Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?
A: higher']
Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium customers away from rival airlines.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are some services that are offered by VIP services?
A: express check-in and dedicated check-in counters', '
Q: These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?
A: First and Business class', "
Q: What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?
A: Premium services"]
Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?
A: near railway trunk routes', '
Q: What does MBTA stand for?
A: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority', '
Q: It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?
A: rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems']
The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotrén to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?
A: buses', '
Q: What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?
A: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport', '
Q: Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.
A: Mexico City International Airport']
The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona was declared "the first international airport of the Americas" by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington had a dirigible land in 1905 and planes in 1911 and is still in use. Bremen Airport opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened on September 16, 1916 as a military airfield, but only accepted civil aircraft from December 17, 1920, allowing Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia—which started operations in January 1920—to claim to be one of the world's oldest continually operating commercial airports. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 passengers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000 foot (3,355 meter) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. Rome Ciampino Airport, opened 1916, is also a contender, as well as the Don Mueang International Airport near Bangkok,Thailand, which opened in 1914. Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield?
A: College Park Airport", '
Q: In what year was the College Park Airport established?
A: 1909', '
Q: Who established the College Park Airport?
A: Wilbur Wright', '
Q: How many passengers does the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport serve each year?
A: 35,000,000', '
Q: In what year did Rome Ciampino Airport open?
A: 1916']
Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919, but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In 1922, the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was opened at Flughafen Devau near what was then Königsberg, East Prussia. The airports of this era used a paved "apron", which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Following the war, why did some military airfields add civil facilities?
A: for handling passenger traffic', '
Q: Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic?
A: Le Bourget Airport', '
Q: What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services?
A: Hounslow Heath Aerodrome', '
Q: When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services?
A: August 1919', '
Q: What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft?
A: a paved "apron"']
The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the first lighting used on an airport?
A: latter part of the 1920s', '
Q: When did approach lighting come into use?
A: 1930s', '
Q: When was the slope-line approach system introduced?
A: 1940s', '
Q: What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?
A: approach lighting', "
Q: What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?
A: slope-line approach system"]
Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s?
A: increase in jet aircraft traffic', '
Q: How far were runways extended out?
A: 9,800 ft', '
Q: What was constructed out of reinforced concrete?
A: The fields', '
Q: When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals?
A: early 1960s']
The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. However, at particularly busy airports, or airports with other special requirements, there is an air traffic control (ATC) system whereby controllers (usually ground-based) direct aircraft movements via radio or other communications links. This coordinated oversight facilitates safety and speed in complex operations where traffic moves in all three dimensions. Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: ground and tower, though a single controller may work both stations. The busiest airports also have clearance delivery, apron control, and other specialized ATC stations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does ATC stand for?
A: air traffic control', '
Q: ATC responsibilities are usually divided into how many main areas?
A: two']
Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control. After a plane has landed, it will depart the runway and be returned to Ground Control.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated areas?
A: Ground Control', '
Q: Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use?
A: Ground Control', '
Q: When a plane is ready to take off, who takes over the direction of a plane?
A: Tower Control', '
Q: When is control turned back over to ground control?
A: After a plane has landed']
Tower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely join and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who controls aircraft on the runway?
A: Tower Control', "
Q: Tower controllers use what to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space?
A: radar", '
Q: Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?
A: Tower Control', '
Q: Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control?
A: in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic']
At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very differently though.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S.?
A: traffic pattern', '
Q: What assures smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?
A: traffic pattern', '
Q: Due to this, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided.
A: so-called SLOT-times']
Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?
A: 800 or 1,000 ft', '
Q: Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?
A: left-handed', '
Q: What does AGL stand for?
A: above ground level', '
Q: What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?
A: Standard traffic patterns are left-handed']