romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
After returning from Egypt, Napoleon engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. Another victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in 1800 secured his political power. With the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church while keeping the lands seized by the Revolution. The state continued to nominate the bishops and to control church finances. He extended his political control over France until the Senate declared him Emperor of the French in 1804, launching the French Empire. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the elimination of the Holy Roman Empire. In October 1805, however, a Franco-Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar, allowing Britain to impose a naval blockade of the French coasts. In retaliation, Napoleon established the Continental System in 1806 to cut off continental trade with Britain. The Fourth Coalition took up arms against him the same year because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon knocked out Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then turned his attention towards the Russians and annihilated them in June 1807 at Friedland, which forced the Russians to accept the Treaties of Tilsit.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Napoleon engineer a coup?
A: November 1799', "
Q: What victory in 1800 secured Napoleon's political power?
A: Battle of Marengo", '
Q: What document restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church?
A: Concordat of 1801', '
Q: When was Napoleon named Emperor of the French?
A: 1804', '
Q: What did Napoleon eliminate in October 1805?
A: Holy Roman Empire', "
Q: Napoleon's political power was secured by his victory at which 1800 battle?
A: the Battle of Marengo", '
Q: At the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of what entity? 
A: the Catholic Church', '
Q: When did the French Senate declare Napoleon Emperor?
A: 1804', "
Q: Napoleon's victory at which battle led to the end of the Holy Roman Empire?
A: the Battle of Austerlitz", '
Q: The results of which battle allowed the British to blockade French coasts?
A: the Battle of Trafalgar']
Hoping to extend the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, noted for its brutal guerrilla warfare, and culminated in an Allied victory. Fighting also erupted in Central Europe, as the Austrians launched another attack against the French in 1809. Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Wagram, dissolving the Fifth Coalition formed against France. By 1811, Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe, which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire. He maintained his strategic status through a series of alliances and family appointments. He created a new aristocracy in France while allowing the return of nobles who had been forced into exile by the Revolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country did Napoleon invade to extend the Continental System?
A: Iberia', '
Q: How long did the Peninsular War last?
A: six years', '
Q: With what victory did Napoleon dissolve the Fifth Coalition against France?
A: Battle of Wagram', '
Q: How many people did Napoleon rule by 1811?
A: over 70 million', '
Q: When, before Napoleon, had Europe last seen the same level of political consolidation?
A: the Roman Empire', '
Q: What region did Napoleon invade in an effort to extend the Continental System?
A: Iberia', '
Q: Who did Napoleon declare King of Spain in 1808?
A: his brother Joseph', '
Q: How long did the Peninsular War last?
A: six years', "
Q: Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition?
A: the Battle of Wagram", "
Q: By 1811, what was the population of Napoleon's Empire?
A: over 70 million people"]
Tensions over rising Polish nationalism and the economic effects of the Continental System led to renewed confrontation with Russia. To enforce his blockade, Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic collapse of the Grand Army, forcing the French to retreat, as well as leading to the widespread destruction of Russian lands and cities. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. A chaotic military campaign in Central Europe eventually culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October. The next year, the Allies invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba. The Bourbons were restored to power and the French lost most of the territories that they had conquered since the Revolution. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of the government once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which ultimately defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The Royal Navy then thwarted his planned escape to the United States in July, so he surrendered to the British after running out of other options. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. His death in 1821 at the age of 51 was received with shock and grief throughout Europe. In 1840, a million people witnessed his remains returning to Paris, where they still reside at Les Invalides.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What nation did Napoleon invade in 1812 to enforce his blockade?
A: Russia', '
Q: The 1812 invasion of Russia resulted in the collapse of which military unit?
A: the Grand Army', '
Q: In what year was the Sixth Coalition formed?
A: 1813', '
Q: In addition to Russia, the Sixth Coalition consisted of forces from which two nations?
A: Prussia and Austria', "
Q: In what year did the Allies capture Paris and force Napoleon's abdication?
A: 1814"]
Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 2]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Napoleon's father?
A: Carlo Maria di Buonaparte", "
Q: Who was Napoleon's mother?
A: Maria Letizia Ramolino", '
Q: On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?
A: Corsica', "
Q: What was the name of Napoleon's family home?
A: Casa Buonaparte", '
Q: Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?
A: an uncle']
Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time. In January 1779, he was enrolled at a religious school in Autun. In May, he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château. His first language was Corsican, and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell French properly. He was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography... This boy would make an excellent sailor."[note 3]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?
A: January 1779', '
Q: Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?
A: Brienne-le-Château', "
Q: What was Napoleon's first language?
A: Corsican", '
Q: Why did other students often tease Napoleon?
A: his accent', '
Q: According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?
A: mathematics']
Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.[note 4] He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, and took nearly two years' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist, and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789, "As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Napoleon graduate?
A: September 1785', '
Q: What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation?
A: second lieutenant', '
Q: What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?
A: La Fère artillery regiment', '
Q: What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?
A: Pasquale Paoli', '
Q: When did the Revolution begin?
A: 1789']
Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, but Napoleon's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs. According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy (with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time). Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defense in a letter to the commissar Salicetti, and he was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was Napoleon put under house arrest?
A: Nice', '
Q: What historical event brought about the fall of the Robespierres?
A: the Thermidorian Reaction', '
Q: When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place?
A: July 1794', '
Q: At the time of his house arrest, Napoleon was serving with what military entity?
A: the Army of Italy', '
Q: After his house arrest, who was the commissar that Napoleon sent a letter to protesting innocence?
A: Salicetti']
By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to Désirée Clary, daughter of François Clary. Désirée's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vendée—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée, a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general—for which the army already had a full quota—and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?
A: Désirée Clary', '
Q: In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?
A: the Army of the West', "
Q: At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?
A: the War in the Vendée", "
Q: Which older brother of Napoleon's did Désirée Clary's sister Julie marry?
A: Joseph", '
Q: What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?
A: poor health']
He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eugénie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Désirée. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?
A: Constantinople', '
Q: Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?
A: Clisson et Eugénie', '
Q: On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vendée?
A: 15 September', '
Q: In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?
A: the Bureau of Topography', '
Q: Napoleon\'s novella "Clisson et Eugénie" was based on his relationship with whom?
A: Désirée']
Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign, he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring notable victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli. The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli, the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After his marriage, Napoleon left Paris to lead what army?
A: the Army of Italy', '
Q: In which series of battles did Napoleon eliminate the forces of Piedmont from the war?
A: the Montenotte Campaign', '
Q: When did the French victory at Rivoli occur?
A: January 1797', '
Q: Up to how many Austrian soldiers died at Rivoli?
A: 14,000', '
Q: Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli?
A: 5,000']
The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first notable encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100 km from Vienna, and finally decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. He also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles?
A: 1796', "
Q: After Napoleon's attack, the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city?
A: Vienna", '
Q: What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles?
A: the Battle of Tarvis', '
Q: When did the Battle of Tarvis take place?
A: March 1797', '
Q: Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?
A: 100 km']
Bonaparte could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the 'hinge' of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170 standards. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Napoleon's favorite strategy?
A: envelopment", "
Q: How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
A: 150,000", "
Q: How many cannons did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
A: 540", '
Q: In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents?
A: artillery', "
Q: How many standards did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
A: 170"]
During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. All told, Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12 million in precious metals and jewels; atop that, his forces confiscated more than three-hundred priceless paintings and sculptures. Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d'état and purge the royalists on 4 September—Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent on Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero. He met Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister—who later served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon—and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte?
A: looting', "
Q: About how much money did Napoleon's army take from Italy during the conflict there?
A: $45 million", "
Q: Approximately how many valuable paintings and sculpture's did Napoleon's forces loot from Italy during the campaign there?
A: three-hundred", '
Q: What was the name of the general sent to Paris by Napoleon to organize a coup against the royalists there?
A: Pierre Augereau', "
Q: Napoleon's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty?
A: the Treaty of Campo Formio"]
General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practice their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the morale of the French army.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Before landing at Alexandria, Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity?
A: the Royal Navy', '
Q: On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria?
A: 1 July', '
Q: What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks?
A: the Battle of Shubra Khit', "
Q: What was the name of Egypt's dominant military class?
A: the Mamluks", '
Q: Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?
A: 2,000']
On 1 August, the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and 1,400 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning to save bullets. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt?
A: the Battle of the Nile', '
Q: Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile?
A: Horatio Nelson', '
Q: In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus?
A: 1799', '
Q: During the battles in Damascus, the attack on which city was know for its brutality?
A: Jaffa', '
Q: Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus?
A: 13,000']
Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men; 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium; the number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many men were in Napoleon's army when the battle began?
A: 13,000", "
Q: How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?
A: 1,200", "
Q: How many soldiers from Napoleon's army were reported missing?
A: 1,500", "
Q: What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon's army?
A: bubonic plague", '
Q: To speed his retreat to Egypt, Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance?
A: opium']
Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, his brother Lucien, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos, director Joseph Fouché, and Talleyrand, and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'état on 9 November 1799 ("the 18th Brumaire" according to the revolutionary calendar), closing down the council of five hundred. Napoleon became "first consul" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only. His power was confirmed by the new "Constitution of the Year VIII", originally devised by Sieyès to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favor, 1,567 opposed). The constitution preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a dictatorship.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Napoleon's ally Roger Ducos was the speaker for what organization?
A: the Council of Five Hundred", "
Q: On what date did Napoleon's alliance overthrow the Directory?
A: 9 November 1799", "
Q: Napoleon's successful coup against the directory resulted in the closure of what organization?
A: the council of five hundred", '
Q: After his successful coup against the Directory, what political office did Napoleon assume?
A: "first consul"', '
Q: What was the count of the popular vote in favor of the "Constitution of the Year VIII"?
A: 3,000,000']