romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Protestantism begin to split?
A: the mid-to-late 16th century', '
Q: What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?
A: controversy over the Eucharist', '
Q: What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?
A: transubstantiation', '
Q: What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?
A: bread and wine', '
Q: Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?
A: Christ']
In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?
A: Arnold of Brescia', '
Q: When were the Waldensians created?
A: the early 1170s', '
Q: In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?
A: 1215', '
Q: Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?
A: Italy', '
Q: What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?
A: apostolic poverty']
Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus—a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who started the Hussite movement?
A: Jan Hus', '
Q: Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?
A: John Wycliffe', '
Q: How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?
A: five', '
Q: Who called the crusades against the Hussites?
A: the Pope', '
Q: How did Jan Hus die?
A: burned at the stake']
On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints', the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. He would later write works on the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, further on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church?
A: 31 October 1517', '
Q: What did the theses argue against selling?
A: indulgences', '
Q: What Catholic devotion would Martin Luther write about after the 95 theses/
A: Virgin Mary', "
Q: Where was All Saints' Church?
A: Wittenberg", '
Q: Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses?
A: the Church and the papacy']
Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the "fallen city" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who condemned the Reformation?
A: the Pope', '
Q: Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541?
A: John Calvin', '
Q: What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement?
A: Geneva', '
Q: When did John Calvin die?
A: 1563', '
Q: What type of missionaries were taught in Geneva?
A: Calvinist']
Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the nickname for French Protestants?
A: Huguenots', '
Q: What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?
A: the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment', '
Q: When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?
A: the 1550s', "
Q: When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
A: August 1572", '
Q: Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?
A: Henry II']
Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?
A: Huldrych Zwingli', '
Q: Which two areas had a long history of resentment?
A: the German states and the Swiss Confederation', '
Q: What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther?
A: the Colloquy of Marburg', '
Q: What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg?
A: Prince Philip of Hesse', '
Q: What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?
A: its failure']
The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome?
A: Henry VIII', '
Q: When was the Act of Supremacy passed?
A: 1534', '
Q: What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?
A: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement', '
Q: In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out?
A: Between 1535 and 1540', '
Q: Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534?
A: King Henry']
The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?
A: the Elizabethan Age', '
Q: What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?
A: the Protestant churches of Europe', '
Q: The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?
A: the Church of England', '
Q: What was another name for the later Puritan movement?
A: dissenters and nonconformists', '
Q: What did the later Puritan movement create?
A: various Reformed denominations']
The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Scottish Reformation?
A: 1560', "
Q: The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence?
A: France", '
Q: Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation?
A: John Knox', '
Q: Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?
A: Mary of Guise', '
Q: When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed?
A: 1560']
In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524–25 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its population. The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was the German Peasants' War?
A: 1524–25", "
Q: What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?
A: the Thirty Years' War", "
Q: How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War?
A: between 25% and 40%", "
Q: What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?
A: the Peace of Westphalia", "
Q: Where was the German Peasants' War?
A: the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities"]
The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's?
A: The First Great Awakening", '
Q: What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?
A: The First Great Awakening']
The Second Great Awakening began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood. It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Second Great Awakening start?
A: around 1790', '
Q: Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820?
A: Baptist and Methodist', '
Q: When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum?
A: by the late 1840s', '
Q: What did the Second Great Awakening create?
A: the formation of new denominations', '
Q: What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against?
A: skepticism, deism, and rationalism']
The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century. It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Third Great Awakening?
A: the late 1850s to the early 20th century', '
Q: What denominations did the Third Great Awakening affect?
A: pietistic Protestant denominations', '
Q: What other movement gained its force from the Third Great Awakening?
A: the worldwide missionary movement', '
Q: What movement was affiliated with the Third Great Awakening?
A: the Social Gospel Movement', '
Q: What new groups were formed as a result of the Third Great Awakening?
A: the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements']
A noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern Pentecostal movement. Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots, it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles. From there it spread around the world, carried by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there. These Pentecost-like manifestations have steadily been in evidence throughout the history, such as seen in the two Great Awakenings. Pentecostalism, which in turn birthed the Charismatic movement within already established denominations, continues to be an important force in Western Christianity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What modern movement began in the 20th century?
A: the modern Pentecostal movement', '
Q: What were the roots of the modern Pentecostal movement?
A: Methodist and Wesleyan', '
Q: What movement did Pentecostalism create?
A: the Charismatic movement', '
Q: In what city did the modern Pentecostal movement begin?
A: Los Angeles', '
Q: What type of mission was the birthplace of the modern Pentecostal movement?
A: urban']
In the United States and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations, especially those that are more exclusively evangelical, and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches. In the post–World War I era, Liberal Christianity was on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the post–World War II era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where has there been a rise in evangelical Protestantism?
A: In the United States and elsewhere in the world', '
Q: What type of churches have declined?
A: mainstream liberal churches', '
Q: When did Liberal Christianity increase?
A: In the post–World War I era', '
Q: When did conservative churches start to increase?
A: In the post–World War II era', '
Q: What type of evangelical churches are the most popular?
A: those that are more exclusively evangelical']
In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism, attributing it to the wide-ranging freedom in the Protestant countries. In North America, South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. South America, historically Roman Catholic, has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What direction has Europe moved towards?
A: secularism', '
Q: What caused the spread of secularism?
A: The Enlightenment', '
Q: What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?
A: North America, South America and Australia', '
Q: When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?
A: the 20th and 21st centuries', '
Q: What country is more religious than other developed nations?
A: United States']
In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the "new papists". Since the term "magister" also means "teacher", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?
A: the Magisterial Reformation', '
Q: What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians?
A: new papists', '
Q: What were reform movement leaders compared to?
A: Roman Popes', '
Q: What is another name for magister?
A: teacher', '
Q: What has been linked with pacifism?
A: Anabaptism']
Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine that it is the one true church, believing in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ. Some Protestant denominations are less accepting of other denominations, and the basic orthodoxy of some is questioned by most of the others. Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of church do Protestants believe in?
A: the invisible church', '
Q: Who comprises the invisible church?
A: all who profess faith in Jesus Christ', '
Q: What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?
A: the five solas', '
Q: What other entities are also considered to be Protestant?
A: non-denominational groups and organizations', '
Q: What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in?
A: it is the one true church']
Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of movements have tried to unite Protestant denominations?
A: Various ecumenical', '
Q: Which is larger, divisions or unions of Protestantism?
A: divisions', '
Q: What beliefs do most denominations agree on?
A: common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith', '
Q: What types of doctrines do denominations not agree on?
A: secondary', '
Q: What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine?
A: idiosyncratic']
Several countries have established their national churches, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries; Denmark (including Greenland), the Faroe Islands (its church being independent since 2007), Iceland and Norway have established Evangelical Lutheran churches. Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world, while Tonga—in the Methodist tradition. The Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England, and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do national churches bring together?
A: the ecclesiastical structure with the state', '
Q: How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent?
A: since 2007', '
Q: Who has the only Reformed church?
A: Tuvalu', '
Q: Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion?
A: The Church of England', '
Q: What type of church does Tonga have?
A: Methodist']