romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
British Prime Minister William Pitt's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the taking of Louisbourg after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena and in the successful capture of Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac. The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island), the St. John River valley, and the Petitcodiac River valley. The celebration of these successes was dampened by their embarrassing defeat in the Battle of Carillon (Ticonderoga), in which 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did the British assure numerical superiority in taking Louisbourg?
A: French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena', '
Q: Identify two other French possessions captured by the British.
A: Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac', '
Q: Who did the British deport from Lie Saint-Jean?
A: the Acadian population', '
Q: What is Lie Saint-Jean called today?
A: Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island)', '
Q: How much were the French outnumbered at the Battle of Carillion?
A: 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British']
All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an Annus Mirabilis. Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham outside the city. The French staged a counteroffensive in the spring of 1760, with initial success at the Battle of Sainte-Foy, but they were unable to retake Quebec, due to British naval superiority following the battle of Neuville. The French forces retreated to Montreal, where on 8 September they surrendered to overwhelming British numerical superiority.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759
A: All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759", '
Q: What two forts fell on the same day in 1758?
A: Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces', '
Q: When did General Wolfe take Quebec?
A: On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French', '
Q: Did the French take Quebec back?
A: they were unable to retake Quebec', '
Q: What military advantage brought the success for the British in defending Quebec?
A: British naval superiority']
In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where did the French attack in 1762?
A: St. John's, Newfoundland", "
Q: What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?
A: the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table", "
Q: Did the French hold St. John's?
A: French forces were eventually defeated by British troops", "
Q: Did the French take St. John's?
A: they took St. John's", '
Q: Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?
A: Battle of Signal Hill']
The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec, the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America.
A: the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec", "
Q: Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North America.
A: the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry", "
Q: How did the events of the Seven Years' War affects the production of art?
A: generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels", "
Q: What are some novels about the Seven Years' War period?
A: Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans", "
Q: What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years' War?
A: maps and other printed materials"]
The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Minorca to the British. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How were the British-French hostilities concluded?
A: hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris', "
Q: Who ended up owning Louisiana?
A: the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana", '
Q: What part of North America did Britain end up with?
A: they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.', "
Q: What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans
A: Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans", '
Q: What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?
A: Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter']
In India, the British retained the Northern Circars, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined with the loss of France's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did France retain in India?
A: returned all the French trading ports', '
Q: How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their military usefulness?
A: treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt', "
Q: What French ally in the area abandoned the French?
A: loss of France's ally in Bengal", '
Q: What happened to French power in the area?
A: this effectively brought French power in India to an end', '
Q: Who defected to the British?
A: the defection of Hyderabad to the British']
The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, was signed on February 15, 1763, at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig. Negotiations had started there on December 31, 1762. Frederick, who had considered ceding East Prussia to Russia if Peter III helped him secure Saxony, finally insisted on excluding Russia (in fact, no longer a belligerent) from the negotiations. At the same time, he refused to evacuate Saxony until its elector had renounced any claim to reparation. The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz, which they had in fact reconquered, but Frederick would not allow it. The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748, with Silesia and Glatz reverting to Frederick and Saxony to its own elector. The only concession that Prussia made to Austria was to consent to the election of Archduke Joseph as Holy Roman emperor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the Treaty of Hubertusburg signed?
A: at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig.', '
Q: Who were the parties in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?
A: Austria, Prussia, and Saxony', '
Q: What country made gains in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?
A: The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748', '
Q: What did Austrian want in the Treaty of Hubertusburg
A: The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz', '
Q: Did the Austrians retain Glatz?
A: Frederick would not allow it']
Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain. However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. More significantly, its military performance proved far better than during the War of the Austrian Succession and seemed to vindicate Maria Theresa's administrative and military reforms. Hence, Austria's prestige was restored in great part and the empire secured its position as a major player in the European system. Also, by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections, Frederick II accepted the Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire. The survival of Prussia as a first-rate power and the enhanced prestige of its king and its army, however, was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What happened to Austrian prestige due to the war?
A: Austria's prestige was restored in great part", "
Q: How would Prussia's outcome affect Austria in the long run?
A: was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.", '
Q: What area was preserved from Prussian invasion?
A: it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony', '
Q: Did Austria get Silesia back?
A: Austria was not able to retake Silesia', '
Q: Who did Frederick II promise to vote for in the imperial elections?
A: by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections']
Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Beside the rise of Prussia, Augustus III, although ineffective, could mustered up an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, considering the elector was also the King of Poland. Bavaria's growing power and independence was also apparent as she had more voices on the path that its army should have taken, and managed to slip out of the war at its own will. Most importantly, with the now somehow-belligerent Hanover united personally under George III of Great Britain, It can amassed a considerable power, even brought Britain in, on the future conflicts. This power dynamic is important to the future and the latter conflicts of the empire. The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still not enough to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria?
A: the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war.', '
Q: What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war?
A: Beside the rise of Prussia', "
Q: What was Hanover's attitude toward Austria?
A: -belligerent Hanover", '
Q: How much military aggression did Maria Theresa exert following the war?
A: she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.', '
Q: Which British king supported Hanover following the war?
A: George III of Great Britain']
Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia’s volte-face after Elizabeth’s death) and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive. Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The First Partition of Poland (1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France simply ignored.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?
A: Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced', '
Q: What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen?
A: his military genius was strenuously kept alive', '
Q: What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great?
A: Russia’s volte-face', '
Q: What gain did Russia make from the results of the war?
A: Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland', '
Q: What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland?
A: a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved']
The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. George III's Proclamation of 1763, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended to appease the latter but led to considerable outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands. The Quebec Act of 1774, similarly intended to win over the loyalty of French Canadians, also spurred resentment among American colonists. The act protected Catholic religion and French language, which enraged the Americans, but the Québécois remained loyal and did not rebel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763?
A: American Indian tribes', '
Q: Who was aggravated by the Proclamation of 1763?
A: outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands', '
Q: Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774?
A: French Canadians', '
Q: How did the Quebec Act of 1774 affect religion?
A: The act protected Catholic religion', '
Q: What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do about language?
A: The act protected Catholic religion and French language']
The war had also brought to an end the "Old System" of alliances in Europe, In the years after the war, under the direction of Lord Sandwich, the British did try to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, The Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Ottoman Empire, and Russia now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join them, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778–83, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years' War?
A: Lord Sandwich", '
Q: What countries joined Britain as allies?
A: lacking any substantial ally', '
Q: Did the European countries see Britain or France as a greater threat?
A: now saw Britain as a greater threat than France', '
Q: When did the American War of Independence turn into a global conflict?
A: 1778–83', '
Q: What drove Prussia away from renewing its alliance with Britain?
A: Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762']
Richard Phillips Feynman (/ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Feynman proposed a integral model in particle physics, what was it?
A: parton model', '
Q: Who were the two men that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman?
A: Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga', '
Q: In what year did Feynman win his Nobel Prize?
A: 1965', '
Q: Feynman was famous for diagrams that showed how subatomic particles behaved, what are these known as?
A: Feynman diagrams', '
Q: What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1999 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World?
A: ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time']
Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him, such as Tuva or Bust! and Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?
A: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", "
Q: What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?
A: The Feynman Lectures on Physics", "
Q: What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books?
A: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!", '
Q: Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___
A: lectures', '
Q: What book did James Gleck write about Feynman?
A: Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman']
Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, the son of Lucille (née Phillips), a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager. His family originated from Russia and Poland; both of his parents were Ashkenazi Jews. They were not religious, and by his youth Feynman described himself as an "avowed atheist". He also stated "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'." Later in his life, during a visit to the Jewish Theological Seminary, he encountered the Talmud for the first time, and remarked that he found it a "wonderful book" and "valuable".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the date of Feynman's birth?
A: May 11, 1918", '
Q: In what city was Feynman born?
A: New York City', "
Q: Whats is Feynman's religious affiliation?
A: atheist", '
Q: What Jewish affiliation did his parents hold?
A: Ashkenazi', '
Q: What did Feynam think of the Talmud?
A: "wonderful book" and "valuable"']
The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What personality trait did Feynman acquire from his mother?
A: humor', '
Q: What person influenced Feynman to think deeply?
A: father', '
Q: What electronic instrument did Feynman repair as a child?
A: radios', '
Q: As a grade school child he created an electronic device while his parents were away, what was it?
A: home burglar alarm system', '
Q: What talent did Feynman have, even early in his childhood?
A: engineering']
When Richard was five years old, his mother gave birth to a younger brother, but this brother died at four weeks of age. Four years later, Richard gained a sister, Joan, and the family moved to Far Rockaway, Queens. Though separated by nine years, Joan and Richard were close, as they both shared a natural curiosity about the world. Their mother thought that women did not have the cranial capacity to comprehend such things. Despite their mother's disapproval of Joan's desire to study astronomy, Richard encouraged his sister to explore the universe. Joan eventually became an astrophysicist specializing in interactions between the Earth and the solar wind.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What happened to Feyman's younger brother?
A: died at four weeks of age", "
Q: What is Feynman's sister's name?
A: Joan", '
Q: What science displicine did Feyman encourage his sister to study?
A: astronomy', '
Q: Who was the one that pushed Joan to explore the universe?
A: Richard', '
Q: What career did Joan hold?
A: astrophysicist']
Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, a school in Far Rockaway, Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted into a higher math class. An unspecified school-administered IQ test estimated his IQ at 123—high, but "merely respectable" according to biographer James Gleick. When he turned 15, he taught himself trigonometry, advanced algebra, infinite series, analytic geometry, and both differential and integral calculus. In high school he was developing the mathematical intuition behind his Taylor series of mathematical operators. Before entering college, he was experimenting with and deriving mathematical topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What IQ score did Feyman attain in high school?
A: 123', '
Q: What high school did Feynman go to?
A: Far Rockaway High School', '
Q: What did Feyman derive before he went to college?
A: half-derivative', '
Q: Feyman taught himself many math subjects, including Trigonometry at what age?
A: 15', "
Q: What burrough was Feynman's high school in?
A: Queens"]
He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in mathematics and physics—an unprecedented feat—but did rather poorly on the history and English portions. Attendees at Feynman's first seminar included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. He received a PhD from Princeton in 1942; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. Feynman's thesis applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, laying the groundwork for the "path integral" approach and Feynman diagrams, and was titled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman excel in?
A: mathematics and physics', '
Q: Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman do poorly in?
A: history and English', '
Q: What score did Feyman receive on his math and physics entrance exams?
A: perfect score', '
Q: When did he receive his PhD?
A: 1942', "
Q: What was Feynman's PhD thesis titled?
A: The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics"]