romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Teenage alcohol drug use is currently at an all-time low. Out of a polled body of students, 4.4% of 8th graders reported having been on at least one occasion been drunk within the previous month; for 10th graders, the number was 13.7%, and for 12th graders, 25%. More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less prevalent activity among American middle- and high-school students; in fact, a greater number of teens now smoke marijuana than smoke cigarettes, with one recent study showing a respective 15.2% versus 11.7% of surveyed students. Recent studies have shown that male late adolescents are far more likely to smoke cigarettes rather than females. The study indicated that there was a discernible gender difference in the prevalence of smoking among the students. The finding of the study show that more males than females began smoking when they were in primary and high schools whereas most females started smoking after high school. This may be attributed to recent changing social and political views towards marijuana; issues such as medicinal use and legalization have tended towards painting the drug in a more positive light than historically, while cigarettes continue to be vilified due to associated health risks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Is teenage alcohol drug use at al all-time high or low?
A: low', '
Q: Do teens smoke marijuana or cigarettes more commonly?
A: marijuana', '
Q: Are male or female late adolescents more likely to smoke cigarettes?
A: male', '
Q: What is one possible explanation for the shift towards marijuana and away from cigarettes?
A: recent changing social and political views towards marijuana']
Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation; 80% of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment, while only 7% drank to improve a bad mood. The most prevalent answers among Canadian adolescents were to "get in a party mood," 18%; "because I enjoy it," 16%; and "to get drunk," 10%. In Hong Kong, female participants most frequently reported drinking for social enjoyment, while males most frequently reported drinking to feel the effects of alcohol.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Are motives behind teen alcohol use varied or uniform across different cultures?
A: uniform', '
Q: What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts?
A: Social engagement and personal enjoyment', '
Q: What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood?
A: 7%', '
Q: What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada?
A: pleasure and recreation', '
Q: In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol?
A: males']
A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this transition varies drastically by culture. In some countries, such as the United States, adolescence can last nearly a decade, but in others, the transition—often in the form of a ceremony—can last for only a few days.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The transition from child-to-adulthood can be broadly defined as what?
A: adolescence', '
Q: How long does the United States believe adolescence lasts?
A: nearly a decade', '
Q: Does the time frame of adolescence vary from culture to culture or remain universally agreed upon?
A: varies drastically by culture', "
Q: Leaving school, starting a full-time job, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time are markers in what stage of one's development, according to Hogan & Astone?
A: adolescence"]
The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore, even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered (chronologically and legally) mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsibilities. Such milestones include driving a vehicle, having legal sexual relations, serving in the armed forces or on a jury, purchasing and drinking alcohol, voting, entering into contracts, finishing certain levels of education, and marriage. Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence?
A: independence', '
Q: Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility?
A: different ages', '
Q: Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country?
A: varies by country']
Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 to 17 years of age. It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip. This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of the cheeks, and the area under the lower lip. The hair eventually spreads to the sides and lower border of the chin, and the rest of the lower face to form a full beard. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, around ages 17 and 18, but may not appear until significantly later. Some men do not develop full facial hair for 10 years after puberty. Facial hair continues to get coarser, darker and thicker for another 2–4 years after puberty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When do the first facial hairs present in pubescent males?
A: between 14 to 17 years of age', '
Q: For how long does facial hair continue to get darker, coarser, and thicker?
A: 2–4 years after puberty', '
Q: Where does facial hair first present during puberty?
A: corners of the upper lip']
The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler—about 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year for males and 3.5 inches (9 cm) for females. In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight. Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Do males or females experience growth spurts first?
A: females', '
Q: How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt?
A: two years later', '
Q: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent?
A: 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year', '
Q: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent?
A: 3.5 inches (9 cm)', '
Q: Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage?
A: toddler']
Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. However, this does not mean that the brain loses functionality; rather, it becomes more efficient due to increased myelination (insulation of axons) and the reduction of unused pathways.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Does the amount of white matter in the brain increase or decrease over the course of adolescence?
A: increases', '
Q: Does the amount of grey matter in the brain increase linearly or follow an inverted-U pattern over the course of adolescence?
A: inverted-U pattern', '
Q: During which process are unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain eliminated?
A: synaptic pruning', '
Q: Does the brain become more or less efficient as a result of synaptic pruning?
A: more efficient']
Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease. This allows the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural and fMRI studies have demonstrated development of executive functions, that is, cognitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behaviour, which are generally associated with the prefrontal cortex. The thoughts, ideas and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence one's future life, playing a major role in character and personality formation.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form?
A: Piaget", '
Q: What is another term for congitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behavior?
A: executive functions', '
Q: Which cortex is commonly associated with the coordination of thoughts and behavior?
A: prefrontal cortex', '
Q: Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence?
A: decrease']
The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits them to appreciate the ways in which language can be used to convey multiple messages, such as satire, metaphor, and sarcasm. (Children younger than age nine often cannot comprehend sarcasm at all.) This also permits the application of advanced reasoning and logical processes to social and ideological matters such as interpersonal relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, morality, friendship, faith, democracy, fairness, and honesty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Do adolescents or children understand puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies most effectively?
A: adolescents', '
Q: Children under what age often cannot comprehend sarcasm?
A: nine', '
Q: Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic?
A: higher-order', '
Q: The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence?
A: cognitive']
Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors (prevalence), whether they make risk-related decisions similarly or differently than adults (cognitive processing perspective), or whether they use the same processes but value different things and thus arrive at different conclusions. The behavioral decision-making theory proposes that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action. However, research has shown that adolescents seem to give more weight to rewards, particularly social rewards, than do adults.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to what?
A: risky behavior', '
Q: Do adolescents, adults, or both weight the potential rewards and consequences of an action?
A: both', '
Q: Do adolescents or adults seem to give more weight to rewards?
A: adolescents', '
Q: Which theory proposes that adults and adolescents both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action?
A: behavioral decision-making theory']
Further distinctions in self-concept, called "differentiation," occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in the 7th-9th grades, the personality traits adolescents use to describe themselves refer to specific contexts, and therefore may contradict one another. The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years (see Cognitive dissonance), but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When does differentiation appear fully developed?
A: by mid-adolescence', "
Q: Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent?
A: distress", '
Q: When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating?
A: differentiation']
In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage, the youth is overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation, and begins to engage sexual experiences with same-sex partners. In the third stage of identity assumption, which usually takes place a few years after the adolescent has left home, adolescents begin to come out to their family and close friends, and assumes a self-definition as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. In the final stage, known as commitment, the young adult adopts their sexual identity as a lifestyle. Therefore, this model estimates that the process of coming out begins in childhood, and continues through the early to mid 20s. This model has been contested, and alternate ideas have been explored in recent years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Troiden propose a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity?
A: 1989', "
Q: What is Troiden's first stage of development known as?
A: sensitization", '
Q: When does sensitization usually start?
A: childhood', '
Q: In what stage is youth overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation?
A: identity confusion', "
Q: Troiden's second stage is referred to as what?
A: identity confusion"]
During childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs act differently; siblings drift apart during early adolescent years, but experience an increase in intimacy starting at middle adolescence. Sibling interactions are children's first relational experiences, the ones that shape their social and self-understanding for life. Sustaining positive sibling relations can assist adolescents in a number of ways. Siblings are able to act as peers, and may increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth. Older siblings can give guidance to younger siblings, although the impact of this can be either positive or negative depending on the activity of the older sibling.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Does intimacy between same-sex siblings increase or decrease during adolescence?
A: increases', "
Q: When siblings act as peers, what positive effects are possible?
A: increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth", '
Q: At what stage to mixed-sex siblings generally experience an increase in intimacy?
A: middle adolescence']
Adolescents tend to associate with "cliques" on a small scale and "crowds" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they may help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity. Within a clique of highly athletic male-peers, for example, the clique may create a stronger sense of fidelity and competition. Cliques also have become somewhat a "collective parent," i.e. telling the adolescents what to do and not to do. Towards late adolescence, cliques often merge into mixed-sex groups as teenagers begin romantically engaging with one another. These small friend groups then break down further as socialization becomes more couple-oriented. On a larger scale, adolescents often associate with crowds, groups of individuals who share a common interest or activity. Often, crowd identities may be the basis for stereotyping young people, such as jocks or nerds. In large, multi-ethnic high schools, there are often ethnically-determined crowds. While crowds are very influential during early and middle adolescence, they lose salience during high school as students identify more individually.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Do adolescents associate with "cliques" on a large or small scale?
A: small', '
Q: What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent?
A: help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity', '
Q: How are cliques defined?
A: exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close', '
Q: Do adolescents associate with "crowds" on a large or small scale?
A: larger']
Dating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitting, throwing things, or slaps, although most of this physical aggression does not result in a medical visit. Physical aggression in relationships tends to decline from high school through college and young adulthood. In heterosexual couples, there is no significant difference between the rates of male and female aggressors, unlike in adult relationships.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of adolescents reporting having experienced physical violence in a relationship?
A: 10-45%', '
Q: What percentage of adolescents reported experiencing psychological aggression?
A: a quarter to a third', '
Q: Hitting, throwing objects, and slaps are examples of what type of aggression?
A: Physical', '
Q: In heterosexual adolescent couples, is there a significant difference in the rates of male and female aggressors?
A: no', '
Q: Does physical aggression decline or increase during high-school, college, and early adulthood?
A: decline']
The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain cultures are expected to contribute significantly to household chores and responsibilities. Household chores are frequently divided into self-care tasks and family-care tasks. However, specific household responsibilities for adolescents may vary by culture, family type, and adolescent age. Some research has shown that adolescent participation in family work and routines has a positive influence on the development of an adolescent's feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others?
A: positive', '
Q: How are household chores frequently divided?
A: self-care tasks and family-care tasks', '
Q: What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior?
A: The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities']
Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or her interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments. While organized religion is not necessarily a part of every adolescent's life experience, youth are still held responsible for forming a set of beliefs about themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in. This process is often accompanied or aided by cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood through a ceremony, ritual, confirmation, or rite of passage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Through what means does an adolescent develop a unique belief system?
A: interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments', '
Q: The active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority is known as what stage of development?
A: Adolescence', '
Q: What things are youth responsible for forming a set of beliefs about during adolescence?
A: themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in', '
Q: Ceremonies, rituals, and confirmations are examples of what?
A: cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood']
Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' homes have access to the Internet, and more than 90% of American adolescents use the Internet at least occasionally. As a result of the amount of time adolescents spend using these devices, their total media exposure is high. In the last decade, the amount of time that adolescents spend on the computer has greatly increased. Online activities with the highest rates of use among adolescents are video games (78% of adolescents), email (73%), instant messaging (68%), social networking sites (65%), news sources (63%), music (59%), and videos (57%).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of adolescent homes have access to the internet?
A: more than three-quarters', '
Q: What percentage of adolescents use the internet at least occasionally?
A: 90%', '
Q: In the last decade, has the amount oftime adolescents spend on the computer increased or dereased?
A: greatly increased', '
Q: What percentage of adolescents report using social networking sites?
A: (65%)', '
Q: What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation?
A: video games']