romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the most notable religious buildings in the United Kingdom and has been the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England "Royal Peculiar"—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the original abbey church.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Westminster Abbey's original name?
A: Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster", '
Q: What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey considered?
A: Gothic', '
Q: In what city is Westminster Abbey located?
A: City of Westminster, London', '
Q: In what years was the Abbey considered a cathedral?
A: Between 1540 and 1556', '
Q: What type of building is the Abbey now considered?
A: Royal Peculiar', '
Q: What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?
A: the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster', '
Q: Where is Westminster Abbey located?
A: City of Westminster, London', '
Q: When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?
A: Between 1540 and 1556', '
Q: What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?
A: Church of England "Royal Peculiar"']
According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site (then known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)) in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, a Bishop of London. Construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the construction of the church begin?
A: 1245', '
Q: Who commissioned the Abbey to be built?
A: King Henry III', '
Q: What was the area previously named?
A: Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)', '
Q: In what century was the church established at the location?
A: 7th century', '
Q: Who was the Bishop in this time frame?
A: Mellitus, a Bishop of London', '
Q: What is the meaning of Thorn Ey?
A: Thorn Island', '
Q: When was a church first founded at the site?
A: 7th century', '
Q: Who was Mellitus?
A: a Bishop of London', '
Q: When was construction of the present church started?
A: 1245', '
Q: Who ordered the construction of the church?
A: King Henry III']
The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years. In the present era, the Fishmonger's Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, installed a community of Benedictine monks here.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the fisherman in lore that saw a vision of Saint Peter near the Abbey?
A: Aldrich', '
Q: What type of fish did the Abbey receive from Thames fisherman?
A: salmon', '
Q: What kind of monks lived at the Abbey?
A: Benedictine', "
Q: Who, till this day still gives the Abbey a fish?
A: Fishmonger's Company", '
Q: Who along with the King Edgar established the monks at the Abbey?
A: Saint Dunstan', '
Q: Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?
A: Aldrich', '
Q: Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?
A: Thames fishermen', "
Q: Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?
A: Fishmonger's Company", '
Q: When was the monk community installed?
A: 960s or early 970s']
Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What architectural design was St Peter's abbey considered?
A: Romanesque style", '
Q: What year was the building finished?
A: 1090', "
Q: What was the date of the Abbey's coronation? 
A: 28 December 1065", '
Q: Who was the first recorded coronation at the Abbey?
A: William the Conqueror', '
Q: What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1052?
A: King Edward the Confessor', '
Q: Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?
A: King Edward the Confessor', '
Q: What style was the church rebuilt in?
A: Romanesque', '
Q: When was the building consecrated?
A: 28 December 1065', '
Q: When did King Edward the Confessor die?
A: 5 January 1066', '
Q: Who was the first documented coronation?
A: William the Conqueror']
Since 1066, when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned, the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100. Two were of reigning monarchs (Henry I and Richard II), although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were the first monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?
A: Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror', '
Q: Since when have coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?
A: 1066', '
Q: How many royal weddings have occurred at the abbey?
A: 16', '
Q: Which two reigning monarchs had weddings at the abbey?
A: Henry I and Richard II', '
Q: When did royal weddings begin at the church?
A: 1100']
The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry. Some of the lower parts of the monastic dormitory, an extension of the South Transept, survive in the Norman undercroft of the Great School, including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey. Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, up to a maximum about eighty monks, although there was also a large community of lay brothers who supported the monastery's extensive property and activities.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?
A: Bayeux Tapestry", "
Q: What was the original size of Dunstan's original monk community?
A: a dozen", '
Q: How was the community able to increase?
A: endowments', '
Q: What is adjacent the abbey?
A: Palace of Westminster']
The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the seat of government from the later 12th century, became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest. The abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, "the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life", Barbara Harvey concludes, to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest?
A: The abbot and monks', '
Q: The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century?
A: government', '
Q: Who was employed on royal service?
A: The abbot', '
Q: With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify?
A: secular', '
Q: To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?
A: Cluniac']
The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?
A: Lord of the Manor of Westminster', '
Q: What did the monastery help fuel?
A: the town economy', '
Q: What did the abbey build on the west side?
A: shops and dwellings', '
Q: What encroached upon the sanctuary?
A: shops and dwellings']
The abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. None were buried there until Henry III, intensely devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the abbey in Anglo-French Gothic style as a shrine to venerate King Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England. The Confessor's shrine subsequently played a great part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar (the pavement has recently undergone a major cleaning and conservation programme and was re-dedicated by the Dean at a service on 21 May 2010).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the abbey to Norman kings?
A: coronation site', '
Q: What architect continued work on the abbey?
A: Henry Yevele', '
Q: Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey?
A: Richard II', '
Q: What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?
A: Cosmati', "
Q: What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?
A: The Confessor's shrine"]
Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel or the "Lady Chapel"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?
A: Henry VII', '
Q: Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?
A: Blessed Virgin Mary', '
Q: What part of France did the Caen stone come from?
A: Caen', '
Q: Where did the Portland stone come from?
A: Isle of Portland', '
Q: When was the Lady Chapel added?
A: 1503']
In 1535, the abbey's annual income of £2400–2800[citation needed] (£1,310,000 to £1,530,000 as of 2016), during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was the abbey's annual income £2400–2800?
A: 1535", "
Q: What was the abbey's annual income as of 2016?
A: £1,310,000 to £1,530,000", '
Q: To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth?
A: Glastonbury Abbey', '
Q: During what was the abbey made second in wealth?
A: the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries']
Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster. By granting the abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?
A: 1539', '
Q: Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?
A: Henry VIII', '
Q: What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?
A: destruction', '
Q: What did changing the status of the abbey create?
A: the Diocese of Westminster']
Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556. The already-old expression "robbing Peter to pay Paul" may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for the abbey, which is dedicated to Saint Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Westminster Diocese dissolved?
A: 1550', '
Q: The abbey was recognised as what until 1556?
A: a second cathedral of the Diocese of London', '
Q: Who is the abbey dedicated to?
A: Saint Peter']
The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "Royal Peculiar" – a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter (that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.) The last of Mary's abbots was made the first dean.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom?
A: Mary I of England', '
Q: Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559?
A: Elizabeth I', '
Q: What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it?
A: Collegiate Church of St Peter', "
Q: Who was made the first dean of the new church?
A: The last of Mary's abbots"]
It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at Tyburn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the abbey suffer damage?
A: 1640s', '
Q: Who attacked the abbey?
A: Puritan iconoclasts', '
Q: What protected the abbey?
A: ties to the state during the Commonwealth', '
Q: Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1658?
A: Oliver Cromwell', '
Q: When was Oliver Cromwell disinterred?
A: January 1661']
The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the floors of Westminster Abbey, even though the various tombstones are made of different types of marble. Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were the western towers built?
A: between 1722 and 1745', '
Q: Who built the western towers of the abbey?
A: Nicholas Hawksmoor', '
Q: What kind of marble was used for the walls and floors of the abbey?
A: Purbeck', '
Q: Under whom did the 19th century rebulding occur?
A: Sir George Gilbert Scott', '
Q: What were the two western towers built from?
A: Portland stone']
A narthex (a portico or entrance hall) for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th century but was not built. Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce, though the abbey's official website states that the building was without towers following Yevele's renovation, with just the lower segments beneath the roof level of the Nave completed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built?
A: A narthex', '
Q: When was the narthex designed?
A: mid-20th century', '
Q: The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom?
A: Yevele']
Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places?
A: Oxford and Cambridge', '
Q: The first third of what was translated at the abbey?
A: King James Bible Old Testament', '
Q: The last half of what was also translated at the abbey?
A: New Testament', '
Q: The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?
A: 20th century', '
Q: Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?
A: the Blitz']
In the 1990s two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey. On 6 September 1997 the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held at the Abbey. On 17 September 2010 Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1990s?
A: Sergei Fyodorov', '
Q: What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1997?
A: funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales', '
Q: Who was the first pope to set foot in the abbey?
A: Pope Benedict XVI', '
Q: On what date did the first pope set foot in the abbey?
A: 17 September 2010', '
Q: What nationality was Sergei Fyodorov?
A: Russian']
Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was Henry III crowned?
A: Gloucester Cathedral', '
Q: When was Henry III crowned?
A: 1216', '
Q: Who had taken control of London when Henry III was to be crowned?
A: French prince Louis', "
Q: Who deemed Henry III's coronation to be improper?
A: the Pope", '
Q: Who is the usual cleric for coronation ceremonies?
A: The Archbishop of Canterbury']
King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308. From 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned. Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, in Edinburgh Castle, at future coronations it is intended that the Stone will be returned to St Edward's Chair for use during the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of the throne used for coronation?
A: King Edward's Chair", "
Q: What is another name for King Edward's Chair?
A: St Edward's Chair", '
Q: Upon what are kings of Scots coronated?
A: the Stone of Scone', '
Q: Who had stolen the Stone of Scone?
A: Scottish nationalists']
Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign. The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary, assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk. One of the canons is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and often holds also the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of church is Westminster Abbey?
A: collegiate church', '
Q: Who created Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?
A: Queen Elizabeth I', '
Q: Who governs the church?
A: the Dean and Chapter of Westminster', '
Q: Who are the members of the chapter of Westminster?
A: the Dean and four canons residentiary', '
Q: Who assist the chapter of Westminster?
A: the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk']
In addition to the Dean and canons, there are at present two full-time minor canons, one is precentor, and the other is sacrist. The office of Priest Vicar was created in the 1970s for those who assist the minor canons. Together with the clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk, various lay officers constitute the college, including the Organist and Master of the Choristers, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary, the Surveyor of the Fabric, the Head Master of the choir school, the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works, as well as 12 lay vicars, 10 choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many lay vicars are there?
A: 12', '
Q: How many choristers are there at the abbey?
A: 10', '
Q: When was the office of Priest Vicar created?
A: 1970s']
Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint, Edward the Confessor, whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III himself was interred nearby, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and other relatives. Until the death of George II of Great Britain in 1760, most kings and queens were buried in the abbey, some notable exceptions being Henry VI, Edward IV, Henry VIII and Charles I who are buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Other exceptions include Richard III, now buried at Leicester Cathedral, and the de facto queen Lady Jane Grey, buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. Most monarchs and royals who died after 1760 are buried either in St George's Chapel or at Frogmore to the east of Windsor Castle.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?
A: Edward the Confessor', '
Q: When did George II of Great Britain die?
A: 1760', '
Q: Who was Edward the Confessor?
A: a royal saint', "
Q: Where was Henry VI buried?
A: St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle", '
Q: Where was Richard III buried?
A: Leicester Cathedral']
From the Middle Ages, aristocrats were buried inside chapels, while monks and other people associated with the abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King's Works. Other poets, writers and musicians were buried or memorialised around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where were aristocrats buried from the Middle Ages?
A: inside chapels', "
Q: Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what?
A: master of the King's Works", '
Q: Henry Purcell was buried where?
A: in the abbey']
Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, and Charles Darwin, buried 26 April 1882. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833. Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?
A: Admiral Robert Blake', '
Q: Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?
A: Isaac Newton', '
Q: Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?
A: Charles Darwin', '
Q: Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?
A: William Wilberforce', '
Q: Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?
A: William Pitt']