romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
During the Gilded Age, there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century. The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion. The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the "robber barons". An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller, who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry. Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices, later widely criticized, Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What happened in the Glided Age/
A: extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class", '
Q: In what time period did the Glided Age occur?
A: late 19th century', '
Q: Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form?
A: industrial and population expansion.', '
Q: What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as?
A: robber barons', '
Q: What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry?
A: effective tactics and aggressive practices']
The creation of a modern industrial economy took place. With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act—the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbade every contract, scheme, deal, or conspiracy to restrain trade, though the phrase "restraint of trade" remained subjective. By the beginning of the 20th century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts. But the courts did protect the marketplace, declaring the Standard Oil group to be an "unreasonable" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911. It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What creations brought in the modern industrial economy?
A: transportation and communication infrastructure', '
Q: What became the dominant form of business organization? 
A: the corporation', '
Q: What transformed business organization in 1890?
A: managerial revolution', '
Q: The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what?
A: all American anti-monopoly laws.', '
Q: What was he Standard Oil Group determined to be by the courts?
A: an "unreasonable" monopoly']
Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a "fifth element" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment—an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did modern physics arise?
A: early 20th century', '
Q: What is the old Quantum  theory?
A: a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent.', '
Q: The "fifth element" was disproved by what?
A: Michelson-Morley experiment', '
Q: What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?
A: an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether', '
Q: What does Darwinism promote?
A: the theory of natural selection.']
The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization. By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China. There were attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (Sūn yì xiān, in one Mandarin form of the name) at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong (Máo zé dōng) added Marxist-Leninist thought. When the Communist Party of China took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts?
A: as steps toward modernization', '
Q: When did the Xinhai Revolution begin?
A: 1911', '
Q: What is the May Forth Movement?
A: to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China', '
Q: What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy? 
A: Marxist-Leninist thought', '
Q: During what event was Legalism abolished?
A: the Cultural Revolution']
Starting one-hundred years before the 20th century, the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s. Developed from earlier secular traditions, modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationality, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts. For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant, the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny. These ideas were challenged, for example by the young Karl Marx, who criticized the project of political emancipation (embodied in the form of human rights), asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose. For Friedrich Nietzsche, humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism. In his Genealogy of Morals, he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong. On this view, such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life, but rather deny it. In the 20th century, the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged?
A: in various quarters around the 1900s.', "
Q: What were Humanist ethical philosophy's developed from?
A: earlier secular traditions", "
Q: Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy's? 
A: it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose", '
Q: What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be?
A: a secular version of theism', '
Q: Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist?
A: as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong.']
Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Albert Einstein known for? 
A: his theories of special relativity and general relativity', '
Q: What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion?
A: mathematical treatment', '
Q: What did Einstein discover a resolution to?
A: the paradox of specific heats', '
Q: What theory  did Einstein have reservations about?
A: quantum field theory']
In 1901, the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the federation of Australia?
A: six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation.', '
Q: What was the federal Government responsible for? 
A: matters concerning the whole nation.', '
Q: When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth  of Australia?
A: When the Constitution of Australia came into force']
The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions. Responding to these civil failures and discontent, the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways, such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906, the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909, and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910. However, many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court, and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright. The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by? 
A: civil unrest and foreign invasions.', '
Q: What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest? 
A: attempt to reform the government in various', '
Q: What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty? 
A: either imprisoned or executed outright.', '
Q: What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty?
A: failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization']
In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Republic of China established?
A: 1912', "
Q: What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic?
A: agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government.", '
Q: Who had control of the Beiyang army?
A: Yuan Shikai', '
Q: Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president? 
A: Sun Yat-sen', '
Q: Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China?
A: Beijing, Shikai']
After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government. The warlord era ended around 1927.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions?
A: shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.", '
Q: Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?
A: various warlords', '
Q: Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing? 
A: because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.', '
Q: What were the military dominated governments known as?
A: the Beiyang government', '
Q: When did the warlord era end?
A: around 1927']
Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power. The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea. The resulting campaigns, in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them, were unexpected by world observers. These victories, as time transpired, would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place?
A: Four years into the 20th century', '
Q: What did the battle of Port Arthur establish?
A: the Empire of Japan as a world power.', '
Q: What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean?
A: warm water port', '
Q: Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians. 
A: over Manchuria and Korea.', '
Q: How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world?
A: unexpected']
The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War, including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic. In the early years of the period, the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti- and pro-war factions. The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide. The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords, which was largely Conservative. Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910. The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Edwardian era?
A: the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,', '
Q: What event split the United Kingdom into two groups?
A: Second Boer War', '
Q: In what year did the Liberals win huge in the general election?
A: 1906', "
Q: What led to a reduction in the power of the peers?
A: Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget", '
Q: Who held the balance of power in the 1910 election?
A: Labour and Irish Nationalist members.']
The causes of World War I included many factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. The alignment of the three powers, supplemented by various agreements with Japan, the United States, and Spain, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict. The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914, the spark (or casus belli) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is The Triple Entente?
A: the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.', '
Q: When was the Anglo -Russia Entente signed?
A: 1907.', '
Q: What was the origin of the war?
A: the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914', '
Q: Who was murdered in Austria?
A: Archduke Franz Ferdinand', '
Q: The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement? 
A: Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,']
However, the crisis did not exist in a void; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914 which had left tensions high. The diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1870. An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq. The railway became a source of international disputes during the years immediately preceding World War I. Although it has been argued that they were resolved in 1914 before the war began, it has also been argued that the railroad was a cause of the First World War. Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, and Serbia) first captured Ottoman-held remaining part of Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus, Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, with incorporation of Romania this time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the Baghdad Railway Suppose to connect?
A: Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq', '
Q: What fundamental cause started the war in 1914?
A: tensions over territory in the Balkans.', '
Q: Who did Austria-Hungary war with over territory?
A: Serbia and Russia', '
Q: Where did the Balkan wars take place?
A: South-eastern Europe', '
Q: Why did Albania fall out with Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus?
A: over the division of the spoils']
The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918. The Allied Powers, led by the British Empire, France, Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the Central Powers, led by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The war caused the disintegration of four empires—the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones—as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the first World War begin? 
A: 1914', '
Q: Who led the Allied powers?
A: British Empire, France, Russia', '
Q: Who defeated the Central Powers led by the German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire??
A: Japan and the United States', '
Q: What were the Allied powers referred to before 1917?
A: Triple Entente', '
Q: How many Empires did the war cause destruction to?
A: four empires']
Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front, within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland. On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and—for the first time—from the air. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. Notably, more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities. The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war, severe overcrowding in barracks, wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings, and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a pandemic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did most of the fighting in World War I take place?
A: along the Western Front', '
Q: What is the Western Front?
A: a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man\'s land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland.', '
Q: What prevented a trench warfare stalemate?
A: On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network', '
Q: How many soldiers died? in World War I?
A: More than 9 million', '
Q: Where did hostiles appear for the first time during the war?
A: from the air.']
Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later. More immediate to the time, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations. The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine (which was later divided into two regions: Palestine and Transjordan). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what century did the Nationalistic revolutions occur?
A: mid-19th century's", '
Q: How many years after world war I did world war II start?
A: 20 years later.', '
Q: What withdrew the political boundaries of West Asia?
A: partitioning of the Ottoman Empire', '
Q: Who did The League of Nations grant  France mandates over?
A: Syria and Lebanon', '
Q: What did the partitioning of the Otto Empire bring about? 
A: the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.']