romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The legend of Virgil in his Basket arose in the Middle Ages, and is often seen in art and mentioned in literature as part of the Power of Women literary topos, demonstrating the disruptive force of female attractiveness on men. In this story Virgil became enamoured of a beautiful woman, sometimes described as the emperor's daughter or mistress and called Lucretia. She played him along and agreed to an assignation at her house, which he was to sneak into at night by climbing into a large basket let down from a window. When he did so he was only hoisted halfway up the wall and then left him trapped there into the next day, exposed to public ridicule. The story paralleled that of Phyllis riding Aristotle. Among other artists depicting the scene, Lucas van Leyden made a woodcut and later an engraving.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During which time period did the legend of Virgil in his Basket arise?
A: Middle Ages', '
Q: What is the name of the beautiful woman who Virgil enamoured?
A: Lucretia', '
Q: Which story did Virgil being left halfway in basket parallel?
A: Phyllis riding Aristotle', '
Q: Which artist made a woodcut and later an engraving of Virgil and his basket?
A: Lucas van Leyden']
The structure known as "Virgil's tomb" is found at the entrance of an ancient Roman tunnel (also known as "grotta vecchia") in Piedigrotta, a district two miles from the centre of Naples, near the Mergellina harbor, on the road heading north along the coast to Pozzuoli. While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death, in the Middle Ages his name became associated with miraculous powers, and for a couple of centuries his tomb was the destination of pilgrimages and veneration.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: During which time period did Virgil's name become associated with miraclous powers?
A: Middle Ages", '
Q: In which district is "Virgil\'s tomb" located?
A: Piedigrotta', '
Q: What is the entrance of the ancient Roman tunnel where "Virgil\'s tomb" is located also called?
A: grotta vecchia']
In the Late Empire and Middle Ages Vergilius was spelled Virgilius. Two explanations are commonly given for this alteration. One deduces a false etymology associated with the word virgo ("maiden" in Latin) due to Virgil's excessive, "maiden"-like modesty. Alternatively, some argue that Vergilius was altered to Virgilius by analogy with the Latin virga ("wand") due to the magical or prophetic powers attributed to Virgil in the Middle Ages (this explanation is found in only a handful of manuscripts, however, and was probably not widespread). In Norman schools (following the French practice), the habit was to anglicize Latin names by dropping their Latin endings, hence Virgil. In the 19th century, some German-trained classicists in the United States suggested modification to Vergil, as it is closer to his original name, and is also the traditional German spelling.[citation needed] Modern usage permits both, though the Oxford guide to style recommends Vergilius to avoid confusion with the 8th-century grammarian Virgilius Maro Grammaticus. Some post-Renaissance writers liked to affect the sobriquet "The Swan of Mantua".[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Besides Virgilius, which other spelling is permitted in modern usage?
A: Vergilius', '
Q: During which time period was Vergilius spelled Virgilius?
A: Late Empire and Middle Ages', '
Q: In what century did some German-trained classicists in the US suggest modifying the common usage to Vergil?
A: 19th', '
Q: Which style guide recommends using Vergilius to avoid confusion with Virgilius Maro Grammaticus?
A: Oxford']
The Alps (/ælps/; Italian: Alpi [ˈalpi]; French: Alpes [alp]; German: Alpen [ˈʔalpm̩]; Slovene: Alpe [ˈáːlpɛ]) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) across eight Alpine countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and Switzerland. The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4,810 m (15,781 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4,000 m (13,123 ft), known as the "four-thousanders".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Country are the Alps located in?
A: Europe', '
Q: How many kilometres do the Alps stretch?
A: 1,200 kilometres', '
Q: How long has it taken for the Alps to form? 
A: over tens of millions of years', '
Q: What is the highest mountain in the Alps?
A: Mont Blanc', '
Q: The Alpine region is also known as what? 
A: the "four-thousanders"']
The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Paleolithic era.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What affects the climate in Europe? 
A: The altitude and size of the range', '
Q: What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks?
A: ibex', '
Q: What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range?
A: Edelweiss', '
Q: Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era? 
A: Paleolithic era']
A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established. Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. In 1800 Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular the Romantics, followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks. In World War II, Adolf Hitler kept a base of operation in the Bavarian Alps throughout the war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How old was the mummified man discovered at the Austrian-Italian bored?
A: 5,000 years old', '
Q: What culture was well established by the 6th Century BC? 
A: the Celtic La Tène culture', '
Q: Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants? 
A: Hannibal', '
Q: What person took an army of 40,000 across the mountain passes? 
A: Napoleon', '
Q: Where was Adolf Hitlers base of operation during World War 2?
A: Bavarian Alps']
The Alpine region has a strong cultural identity. The traditional culture of farming, cheesemaking, and woodworking still exists in Alpine villages, although the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded greatly after World War II to become the dominant industry by the end of the century. The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German Alps. At present the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The alps is home to how many people?
A: 14 million people', '
Q: How many visitors go to the Alps annually?
A: 120 million', '
Q: What is the dominant industry in the Alpine region? 
A: tourist industry']
The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes (through French). Maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in his commentary (A. X 13) that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word? 
A: Alpes', '
Q: Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?
A: Maurus Servius Honoratus', '
Q: What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp? 
A: Celtic languages']
This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo-European origin (which is common for prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterranean region). According to the Old English Dictionary, the Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo-European word *alb "hill"; "Albania" is a related derivation. Albania, a name not native to the region known as the country of Albania, has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe. In Roman times, "Albania" was a name for the eastern Caucasus, while in the English language "Albania" (or "Albany") was occasionally used as a name for Scotland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: There is a theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of what origin? 
A: Indo-European origin', '
Q: What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe? 
A: Albania', '
Q: Albania was a name for what during Roman Times? 
A: the eastern Caucasus', '
Q: Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language? 
A: Scotland']
It's likely[weasel words] that alb ("white") and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What words are likely to have common origins?
A: alb ("white") and albus', '
Q: Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from?
A: the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.', '
Q: Alb can also mean what? 
A: white']
In modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks. An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term "the Alps", referring to the mountains, is a misnomer. The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berg are used in German speaking regions: mont, pic, dent and aiguille in French speaking regions; and monte, picco or cima in Italian speaking regions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to what in modern languages? 
A: a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks', '
Q: What refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months?
A: An alp', '
Q: Words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berd are used in what regions?
A: German speaking regions', '
Q: Mont, pic, dent and aiguille are words used in what regions?
A: French speaking regions']
The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km (500 mi) arc from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. The range continues toward Vienna in Austria, and east to the Adriatic Sea and into Slovenia. To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the south border of Bavaria in Germany. In areas like Chiasso, Switzerland, and Neuschwanstein, Bavaria, the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear; in other places such as Geneva, the demarcation is less clear. The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe?
A: The Alps', "
Q: What is the mean height of the Alp's peak?
A: 2.5 km (1.6 mi)", '
Q: How far does the Alps range stretch?
A: the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland', '
Q: Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy have the greatest what? 
A: alpine territory']
The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what? 
A: the glacial trough of the Rhone valley", '
Q: Where are the peaks smaller in the range? 
A: the easterly portion', '
Q: The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range? 
A: northern']
The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid, near the Splügen Pass.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult?
A: The variances in nomenclature', '
Q: Who came up with the general classification?
A: geologist Stefan Schmid', '
Q: Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near?
A: Splügen Pass']
The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The highest peak of the Western Alps is where? 
A: Mont Blanc', '
Q: How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc? 
A: 4,810 m', '
Q: The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?
A: Piz Bernina', '
Q: How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina
A: 4,049 metres']
Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, passing over many of the highest and most well-known peaks in the Alps. From the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs westwards, before turning to the northwest and then, near the Colle della Maddalena, to the north. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-northeast, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where are the French Prealps located? 
A: France', '
Q: What mountains are located in Switzerland and France?
A: the Jura Mountains', '
Q: What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald?
A: The secondary chain of the Alps', '
Q: What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored?
A: the line of the main chain']
The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes. The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran (the highest), the Brenner Pass, the Mont-Cenis, the Great St. Bernard Pass, the Col de Tende, the Gotthard Pass, the Semmering Pass, and the Stelvio Pass.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What have been crossed for war and commerce? 
A: The Alps', '
Q: What was established during medieval periods by religious orders?
A: hospices', '
Q: Where were hospices established? 
A: the summits of many of the main passes', "
Q: What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps?
A: Col de l'Iseran"]
Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built there it has seen continuous use. A railroad with a tunnel 1 mile (1.6 km) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. With a summit of 2,469 m (8,100 ft), the Great St. Bernard Pass is one of the highest in the Alps, crossing the Italian-Swiss border east of the Pennine Alps along the flanks of Mont Blanc. The pass was used by Napoleon Bonaparte to cross 40,000 troops in 1800. The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from Central Switzerland to Ticino; in the late 19th century the 14 km (9 mi) long Saint Gotthard Tunnel was built connecting Lucerne in Switzerland, with Milan in Italy. The Mont Cenis pass has been a major commercial road between Western Europe and Italy. Now the pass has been supplanted by the Fréjus Road and Rail tunnel. At 2,756 m (9,042 ft), the Stelvio Pass in northern Italy is one of the highest of the Alpine passes; the road was built in the 1820s. The highest pass in the alps is the col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France) at 2,770 m (9,088 ft).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What seperates the Otztal Alps and Zillertal Alps?
A: the Brenner Pass', '
Q: How long has the Brenner Pass been used as a trading route? 
A: since the 14th century', '
Q: The lowest of the Alpine passes at what elevation? 
A: 985 m (3,232 ft)', '
Q: Who crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass with 40,000 troops? 
A: Napoleon Bonaparte', "
Q: Where is the highest point in the alps located? 
A: col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France)"]
Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps
A: naturalists', '
Q: When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?
A: the 18th century', '
Q: What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains? 
A: theory of geosynclines', '
Q: What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century? 
A: the theory of plate tectonics']
The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period. The Tethys was later squeezed between colliding plates causing the formation of mountain ranges called the Alpide belt, from Gibraltar through the Himalayas to Indonesia—a process that began at the end of the Mesozoic and continues into the present. The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process, caused by the collision between the African and the Eurasian plates that began in the late Cretaceous Period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the formation of the alps began?
A: about 300 million years ago', '
Q: What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era?
A: a single tectonic plate', '
Q: When did the single tectonic plate break into separate plates?
A: the Mesozoic Era', '
Q: The Tethys sea developed during what period of time? 
A: Jurassic Period', '
Q: The collision between the African and the Eurasian plates began during what time? 
A: the late Cretaceous Period']
Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger nappes (folds) as the orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse. The molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria were well-developed and saw further upthrusting of flysch.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure? 
A: marine sedimentary rocks', '
Q: When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?
A: As the rising peaks underwent erosion', '
Q: What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?
A: Coarse sediments', '
Q: Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?
A: flysch']
The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The Alps are subdivided by different lithology (rock composition) and nappe structure according to the orogenic events that affected them. The geological subdivision differentiates the Western, Eastern Alps and Southern Alps: the Helveticum in the north, the Penninicum and Austroalpine system in the center and, south of the Periadriatic Seam, the Southern Alpine system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What caused the development of the Jura Mountains? 
A: a late-stage orogeny', '
Q: What cause different paleogeographic regions in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?
A: A series of tectonic events', '
Q: What is another word for rock composition? 
A: lithology', '
Q: What geological subdivision is located in the north?
A: Helveticum']
According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in the Cretaceous or later.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Stefan Schmid's profession?
A: geologist", '
Q: What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era
A: a metamorphic event', '
Q: When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event?
A: the Cretaceous Period', '
Q: The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what?
A: nappe formations', '
Q: When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy?
A: Cretaceous']
Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs. Similarly the peaks in Switzerland extending to western Austria (Helvetic nappes) consist of thin-skinned sedimentary folding that detached from former basement rock.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in? 
A: Houillière zone', '
Q: What are more common in the Western Alps?
A: High "massifs"', '
Q: When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?
A: Eastern Alps']
In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an example of the ongoing orogeny and shows evidence of great folding. The tip of the mountain consists of gneisses from the African plate; the base of the peak, below the glaciated area, consists of European basement rock. The sequence of Tethyan marine sediments and their oceanic basement is sandwiched between rock derived from the African and European plates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?
A: the structure of the Alps', '
Q: What is the origin of the bottom nappe structure? 
A: continental Europe', '
Q: Where are the top of the nappes derived from? 
A: the African plate', '
Q: What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?
A: The Matterhorn']