romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. In 1169 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the (Великий Князь/Velikiy Knyaz/Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to Vladimir, this way claiming the primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Slavs from Kievan would eventually settle in the North East of the region, What would this region later become?
A: Grand Duchy of Moscow', '
Q: What was the name of the oldest city in the north east?
A: Rostov', '
Q: In what year did the mongol invasion begin?
A: In 1299']
To the southwest, the principality of Halych had developed trade relations with its Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian neighbours and emerged as the local successor to Kievan Rus'. In 1199, Prince Roman Mstislavich united the two previously separate principalities. In 1202 he conquered Kiev, and assumed the title of Grand Duke of Kievan Rus', which was held by the rulers of Vladimir-Suzdal since 1169. His son, Prince Daniil (r. 1238–1264) looked for support from the West. He accepted a crown as a "Rex Rusiae" ("King of Russia") from the Roman papacy, apparently doing so without breaking with Constantinople. In 1370, the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople granted the King of Poland a metropolitan for his Russian subjects. Lithuanian rulers also requested and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards. Cyprian, a candidate pushed by the Lithuanian rulers, became Metropolitan of Kiev in 1375 and metropolitan of Moscow in 1382; this way the church in the Russian countries was reunited for some time. In 1439, Kiev became the seat of a separate "Metropolitan of Kiev, Galich and all Rus'" for all Greek Orthodox Christians under Polish-Lithuanian rule.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who united the two previously separated principalities?
A: Prince Roman Mstislavich', '
Q: Which neighbors did Halych develop trade relations with?
A: Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian', '
Q: In what year did Mstislavich defeat the Kiev?
A: 1202', '
Q: Who became metropolitan in 1370?
A: Cyprian']
Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political "control" over the surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land. This union developed the first major cities in the Rus' and was the first notable form of self-government. As these communes became larger, the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and placed on the territory that surrounded. This shift in ideology became known as the verv'.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did the leader of Kiev gain political control?
A: Due to the expansion of trade', '
Q: From what did this new princedom emerge from?
A: from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes', '
Q: What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?
A: first notable form of self-government']
In the 11th century and the 12th century, the princes and their retinues, which were a mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites, dominated the society of Kievan Rus'. Leading soldiers and officials received income and land from the princes in return for their political and military services. Kievan society lacked the class institutions and autonomous towns that were typical of Western European feudalism. Nevertheless, urban merchants, artisans and labourers sometimes exercised political influence through a city assembly, the veche (council), which included all the adult males in the population. In some cases, the veche either made agreements with their rulers or expelled them and invited others to take their place. At the bottom of society was a stratum of slaves. More important was a class of tribute-paying peasants, who owed labour duty to the princes. The widespread personal serfdom characteristic of Western Europe did not exist in Kievan Rus'.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two groups dominated the society of Kievan Rus?
A: mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites', '
Q: What was severely lacking in Kievan in the 12th century?
A: class institutions and autonomous towns', '
Q: What was the group called that owed labour duty to the princes?
A: tribute-paying peasants']
The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of the peasant class or smerdy. The smerdy were free un-landed people that found work by labouring for wages on the manors which began to develop around 1031 as the verv' began to dominate socio-political structure. The smerdy were initially given equality in the Kievian law code, they were theoretically equal to the prince, so they enjoyed as much freedom as can be expected of manual labourers. However, in the 13th century they began to slowly lose their rights and became less equal in the eyes of the law.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class?
A: change in political structure', '
Q: When did wages on the manors develop?
A: 1031', '
Q: What were the smerdy initially given in the Kievian law code?
A: given equality']
Kievan Rus', although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe, was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also culturally advanced. Literacy in Kiev, Novgorod and other large cities was high. As birch bark documents attest, they exchanged love letters and prepared cheat sheets for schools. Novgorod had a sewage system and wood paving not often found in other cities at the time. The Russkaya Pravda confined punishments to fines and generally did not use capital punishment. Certain rights were accorded to women, such as property and inheritance rights.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Despite being much smaller than wester europe, what they known for being?
A: the largest contemporary European state', "
Q: What could you find in Novgorod that you couldn't in most other cities?
A: sewage system and wood paving", '
Q: What were some of the rights women had during this time period?
A: property and inheritance rights']
Kievan Rus' also played an important genealogical role in European politics. Yaroslav the Wise, whose stepmother belonged to the Macedonian dynasty, the greatest one to rule Byzantium, married the only legitimate daughter of the king who Christianized Sweden. His daughters became queens of Hungary, France and Norway, his sons married the daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor (not to mention a niece of the Pope), while his granddaughters were a German Empress and (according to one theory) the queen of Scotland. A grandson married the only daughter of the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Thus the Rurikids were a well-connected royal family of the time.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: To which dynasty did Yarolav's step mother belong to?
A: Macedonian dynasty", "
Q: Which three countried did Yaroslav's daughters become queens of?
A: Hungary, France and Norway", "
Q: Who did Yaroslav's sons marry?
A: daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor"]
From the 9th century, the Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus′. For over two centuries they launched sporadic raids into the lands of Rus′, which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars (such as the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev reported in the Primary Chronicle), but there were also temporary military alliances (e.g. the 943 Byzantine campaign by Igor). In 968, the Pechenegs attacked and besieged the city of Kiev. Some speculation exists that the Pechenegs drove off the Tivertsi and the Ulichs to the regions of the upper Dniester river in Bukovina. The Byzantine Empire was known to support the Pechenegs in their military campaigns against the Eastern Slavic states.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How early did the relationship begin between the Pecheneg and the Rus?
A: 9th century', '
Q: What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries?
A: sporadic raids into the lands of Rus', '
Q: What year did the Pechenges attack the city of Kiev?
A: 968', '
Q: Whichgroup was known to support the Pecheneges in their military efforts?
A: Byzantine Empire']
The exact date of creation of the Kiev Metropolis is uncertain, as well as who was the first leader of the church. Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev, however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos, became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes. The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038. Before 1015 there were five dioceses: Kiev, Chernihiv, Bilhorod, Volodymyr, Novgorod, and soon thereafter Yuriy-upon-Ros. The Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the Council of Bari in 1098.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Although uncertian, who is considered to be the first head of Kiev?
A: Michael I', '
Q: Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches?
A: Leontiy']
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (officially abbreviated the Super NES[b] or SNES[c], and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo[d]) is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Australasia (Oceania), and 1993 in South America. In Japan, the system is called the Super Famicom (Japanese: スーパーファミコン, Hepburn: Sūpā Famikon?, officially adopting the abbreviated name of its predecessor, the Family Computer), or SFC for short. In South Korea, it is known as the Super Comboy (슈퍼 컴보이 Syupeo Keomboi) and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent the different versions from being compatible with one another. It was released in Brazil on September 2, 1992, by Playtronic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the SNES released in the US?
A: 1991', '
Q: Where was the SNES first released?
A: Japan and South Korea', '
Q: What was the SNES called in Japan?
A: Super Famicom', '
Q: What was the SNES called in South Korea?
A: Super Comboy', '
Q: When was the SNES released in Australia?
A: 1992']
To compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. However, it took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in Japan?
A: PC Engine", "
Q: What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in Japan?
A: Mega Drive", "
Q: What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in the US?
A: TurboGrafx-16", "
Q: What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in the US?
A: Genesis", "
Q: What were the Genesis's advantages over the NES?
A: built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound"]
Designed by Masayuki Uemura, the designer of the original Famicom, the Super Famicom was released in Japan on Wednesday, November 21, 1990 for ¥25,000 (US$210). It was an instant success; Nintendo's initial shipment of 300,000 units sold out within hours, and the resulting social disturbance led the Japanese government to ask video game manufacturers to schedule future console releases on weekends. The system's release also gained the attention of the Yakuza, leading to a decision to ship the devices at night to avoid robbery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who designed both the NES and SNES?
A: Masayuki Uemura', '
Q: How much in yen did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?
A: ¥25,000', '
Q: How much in dollars did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?
A: US$210', '
Q: How many Super Famicoms were produced in the first run?
A: 300,000', '
Q: What criminal group plotted to steal Super Famicoms?
A: the Yakuza']
On August 23, 1991,[a] Nintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a redesigned version of the Super Famicom, in North America for US$199. The SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for GB£150, with a German release following a few weeks later. Most of the PAL region versions of the console use the Japanese Super Famicom design, except for labeling and the length of the joypad leads. The Playtronic Super NES in Brazil, although PAL, uses the North American design. Both the NES and SNES were released in Brazil in 1993 by Playtronic, a joint venture between the toy company Estrela and consumer electronics company Gradiente.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much did the SNES cost in the US?
A: US$199', '
Q: How much did the SNES cost in the UK?
A: GB£150', '
Q: When was the SNES released in the UK?
A: April 1992', '
Q: When was the SNES released in Brazil?
A: 1993', '
Q: Which company distributed the SNES in Brazil?
A: Playtronic']
The rivalry between Nintendo and Sega resulted in what has been described as one of the most notable console wars in video game history, in which Sega positioned the Genesis as the "cool" console, with more mature titles aimed at older gamers, and edgy advertisements that occasionally attacked the competition. Nintendo however, scored an early public relations advantage by securing the first console conversion of Capcom's arcade classic Street Fighter II for SNES, which took over a year to make the transition to Genesis. Despite the Genesis's head start, much larger library of games, and lower price point, the Genesis only represented an estimated 60% of the American 16-bit console market in June 1992, and neither console could maintain a definitive lead for several years. Donkey Kong Country is said to have helped establish the SNES's market prominence in the latter years of the 16-bit generation, and for a time, maintain against the PlayStation and Saturn. According to Nintendo, the company had sold more than 20 million SNES units in the U.S. According to a 2014 Wedbush Securities report based on NPD sales data, the SNES ultimately outsold the Genesis in the U.S. market.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What market did the Genesis target?
A: older gamers', '
Q: How much sooner than the Genesis did the Street Fighter II game come out for SNES?
A: over a year', '
Q: How much of the US 16-bit console market did the Genesis have in summer 1992?
A: 60%', "
Q: What game was key to the SNES's success?
A: Donkey Kong Country", '
Q: How many SNES units were sold in the US overall?
A: more than 20 million']
During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system—the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's "Ultra Games" brand), those games could not be released on another console within two years, and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges. However, competition from Sega's console brought an end to this practice; in 1991, Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms, with most of Nintendo's other licensees following suit over the next several years; Capcom (which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly) and Square were the most notable holdouts.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES?
A: five", "
Q: What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit?
A: Ultra Games", '
Q: For how many years did Nintendo require exclusivity on NES games?
A: two', '
Q: Which competitor caused Nintendo to end its restrictions on game developers?
A: Sega', '
Q: Which developer began releasing games for both NES and Sega in 1991?
A: Acclaim']
The company continued to carefully review submitted titles, giving them scores using a 40-point scale and allocating Nintendo's marketing resources accordingly. Each region performed separate evaluations. Nintendo of America also maintained a policy that, among other things, limited the amount of violence in the games on its systems. One game, Mortal Kombat, would challenge this policy. A surprise hit in arcades in 1992, Mortal Kombat features splashes of blood and finishing moves that often depict one character dismembering the other. Because the Genesis version retained the gore while the SNES version did not, it outsold the SNES version by a ratio of three or four-to-one.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Nintendo rank submitted games?
A: using a 40-point scale', "
Q: What game first challenged Nintendo's anti-violence policy?
A: Mortal Kombat", '
Q: When was Mortal Kombat released in arcades?
A: 1992', '
Q: Which game console had a full-gore version of Mortal Kombat?
A: Genesis', '
Q: How much did the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat out-sell the SNES version?
A: three or four-to-one']
Game players were not the only ones to notice the violence in this game; US Senators Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman convened a Congressional hearing on December 9, 1993 to investigate the marketing of violent video games to children.[e] While Nintendo took the high ground with moderate success, the hearings led to the creation of the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board, and the inclusion of ratings on all video games. With these ratings in place, Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which senators held a hearing about video game violence in 1993?
A: Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman', '
Q: What was the focus of the hearing about video game violence in 1993?
A: the marketing of violent video games to children', '
Q: What organizations did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?
A: the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board', '
Q: What regulatory change did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?
A: the inclusion of ratings on all video games', '
Q: How did video game ratings affect Nintendo?
A: Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed']
While other companies were moving on to 32-bit systems, Rare and Nintendo proved that the SNES was still a strong contender in the market. In November 1994, Rare released Donkey Kong Country, a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations. With its detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music, Donkey Kong Country rivaled the aesthetic quality of games that were being released on newer 32-bit CD-based consoles. In the last 45 days of 1994, the game sold 6.1 million units, making it the fastest-selling video game in history to that date. This game sent a message that early 32-bit systems had little to offer over the SNES, and helped make way for the more advanced consoles on the horizon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which company developed Donkey Kong Country?
A: Rare', '
Q: How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days?
A: 6.1 million', "
Q: What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?
A: SGI workstations", "
Q: How did Donkey Kong Country's quality compare to games on newer consoles?
A: detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music", '
Q: When was Donkey Kong Country released?
A: November 1994']
In October 1997, Nintendo released a redesigned model of the SNES (the SNS-101 model) in North America for US$99, which sometimes included the pack-in game Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island. Like the earlier redesign of the NES (the NES-101 model), the new model was slimmer and lighter than its predecessor, but it lacked S-Video and RGB output, and it was among the last major SNES-related releases in the region. A similarly redesigned Super Famicom Jr. was released in Japan at around the same time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much did the SNS-101 cost in the US?
A: US$99', "
Q: What game was bundled with the SNS-101?
A: Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island", '
Q: What features were removed in the SNS-101?
A: S-Video and RGB output', '
Q: What redesigned console was released in Japan at the time of the SNS-101?
A: Super Famicom Jr.', '
Q: When was the SNS-101 released in the US?
A: October 1997']
Internally, a regional lockout chip (CIC) within the console and in each cartridge prevents PAL region games from being played on Japanese or North American consoles and vice versa. The Japanese and North American machines have the same region chip. This can be overcome through the use of adapters, typically by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot. Alternatively, disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip will prevent it from locking the console; hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How were adapters used to get around PAL region restrictions?
A: by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot', "
Q: How was hardware modification used to get around PAL region restrictions?
A: disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip", '
Q: What problem did the hardware modification cause with later games?
A: hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed']
PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges: the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz, resulting in approximately 16.7% slower gameplay. Additionally, PAL's higher resolution results in letterboxing of the output image. Some commercial PAL region releases exhibit this same problem and, therefore, can be played in NTSC systems without issue while others will face a 20% speedup if played in an NTSC console. To mostly correct this issue, a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions. Later games will detect this setting and refuse to run, requiring the switch to be thrown only after the check completes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What video frequency does NTSC use?
A: 60 Hz', '
Q: What video frequency does PAL use?
A: 50 Hz', '
Q: How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences?
A: 16.7% slower', '
Q: What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences?
A: a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions']