romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity (for instance, pet or farm animals) will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area. This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close companionship; motivation to ignore the predatory instinct may result from mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters who have made clear that harming co-inhabitants will not be tolerated. Pet cats and pet mice, for example, may live together in the same human residence without incident as companions. Pet cats and pet dogs under human mastership often depend on each other for warmth, companionship, and even protection, particularly in rural areas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation?
A: mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters', '
Q: Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?
A: warmth, companionship, and even protection', '
Q: Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group?
A: wild ones outside the area']
Predatory animals often use their usual methods of attacking prey to inflict or to threaten grievous injury to their own predators. The electric eel uses the same electric current to kill prey and to defend itself against animals (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats) that ordinarily prey upon fish similar to an electric eel in size; the electric eel thus remains an apex predator in a predator-rich environment. A predator small enough to be prey for others, the domestic cat uses its formidable teeth and claws as weapons against animals that might confuse a cat with easier prey. Many non-predatory prey animals, such as a zebra, can give a strong kick that can maim or kill, while others charge with tusks or horns.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are some predators of the electric eel?
A: (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats', '
Q: What defense does a zebra have against predators?
A: strong kick that can maim or kill', '
Q: What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators?
A: formidable teeth and claws', '
Q: The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?
A: to kill prey']
Mobbing can be an interspecies activity: it is common for birds to respond to mobbing calls of a different species. Many birds will show up at the sight of mobbing and watch and call, but not participate. It should also be noted that some species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack. Crows are frequently mobbed by smaller songbirds as they prey on eggs and young from these birds' nests, but these same crows will cooperate with smaller birds to drive away hawks or larger mammalian predators. On occasion, birds will mob animals that pose no threat.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?
A: species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack', '
Q: Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?
A: Crows', '
Q: Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?
A: On occasion', '
Q: Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?
A: hawks or larger mammalian predators']
Aposematism, where organisms are brightly colored as a warning to predators, is the antithesis of camouflage. Some organisms pose a threat to their predators—for example they may be poisonous, or able to harm them physically. Aposematic coloring involves bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns. For example, bright coloration in Variable Checkerspot butterflies leads to decreased predation attempts by avian predators. Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid. While that particular prey organism may be killed, the coloring benefits the prey species as a whole.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What scientific term is used to describe  organisms that are brightly colored as a warning to predators?
A: Aposematism', '
Q: Does aposematism benefit only the organism ddirectly, or the entire population as a whole?
A: species as a whole', '
Q: How does aposematism help a species population?
A: Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid', '
Q: What visual cues are characteristic of aposematism?
A: bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns']
It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey, but on a higher level of organization, populations of predator and prey species also interact. It is obvious that predators depend on prey for survival, and this is reflected in predator populations being affected by changes in prey populations. It is not so obvious, however, that predators affect prey populations. Eating a prey organism may simply make room for another if the prey population is approaching its carrying capacity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do predators depend on for survival?
A: prey', '
Q: Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?
A: carrying capacity', '
Q: Predators lower what aspects of their prey?
A: survival and fecundity']
A lone naked human is at a physical disadvantage to other comparable apex predators in areas such as speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength. Humans also lack innate weaponry such as claws. Without crafted weapons, society, or cleverness, a lone human can easily be defeated by fit predatory animals, such as wild dogs, big cats and bears (see Man-eater). However, humans are not solitary creatures; they are social animals with highly developed social behaviors. Early humans, such as Homo erectus, have been using stone tools and weapons for well over a million years. Anatomically modern humans have been apex predators since they first evolved, and many species of carnivorous megafauna actively avoid interacting with humans; the primary environmental competitor for a human is other humans. The one subspecies of carnivorous megafauna that does interact frequently with humans in predatory roles is the domestic dog, but usually as a partner in predation especially if they hunt together. Cannibalism has occurred in various places, among various cultures, and for various reasons. At least a few people, such as the Donner party, are said to have resorted to it in desperation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What physical disadvantages do humans have against other apex predators?
A: speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength', '
Q: For how long have humans been using stone tools and weapons?
A: well over a million years', "
Q: What are humans' primary competitors?
A: other humans", '
Q: What is one known istance of cannibalism?
A: the Donner party', '
Q: With what species do humans hunt in partnership?
A: domestic dog']
Having small population size is a characteristic almost universally inherent to apex predators, humans and dogs by far the most blatant exceptions. Low numbers wouldn't be a problem for apex predators if there was an abundance of prey and no competition or niche overlap, a scenario that is rarely, if ever, encountered in the wild. The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species' ecological niches overlap, there is a very high likelihood of competition as both species are in direct competition for the same resources. This factor alone could lead to the extirpation of one or both species, but is compounded by the added factor of prey abundance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two apex predators do not have a small population size?
A: humans and dogs', '
Q: Do apex predators generally have a large or small population?
A: small', '
Q: Which principle states that if two species ecologicl niches/ overlap, both species are likely to be in competition with one another?
A: competitive exclusion principle', '
Q: What other factor is relevant to the competitive exclusion principle?
A: prey abundance']
A predator's effect on its prey species is hard to see in the short-term. However, if observed over a longer period of time, it is seen that the population of a predator will correlationally rise and fall with the population of its prey in a cycle similar to the boom and bust cycle of economics. If a predator overhunts its prey, the prey population will lower to numbers that are too scarce for the predators to find. This will cause the predator population to dip, decreasing the predation pressure on the prey population. The decrease in predators will allow the small number of prey left to slowly increase their population to somewhere around their previous abundance, which will allow the predator population to increase in response to the greater availability of resources. If a predator hunts its prey species to numbers too low to sustain the population in the short term, they can cause not only the extinction or extirpation of the prey but also the extinction of their own species, a phenomenon known as coextinction. This is a risk that wildlife conservationists encounter when introducing predators to prey that have not coevolved with the same or similar predators. This possibility depends largely on how well and how fast the prey species is able to adapt to the introduced predator. One way that this risk can be avoided is if the predator finds an alternative prey species or if an alternative prey species is introduced (something that ecologists and environmentalists try to avoid whenever possible). An alternative prey species would help to lift some of the predation pressure from the initial prey species, giving the population a chance to recover, however it does not guarantee that the initial prey species will be able to recover as the initial prey population may have been hunted to below sustainable numbers or to complete extinction.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When a predator hunts too much of its prey, causing both populations to dissappear, the phenomenon is called what?
A: coextinction', "
Q: Are predator's effects on prey easiest to see in the short-term or long-term?
A: longer period of time", '
Q: The rise and fall of predator and prey populations are similar to what, in the US economy?
A: boom and bust cycle of economics']
Predators may be put to use in conservation efforts to control introduced species. Although the aim in this situation is to remove the introduced species entirely, keeping its abundance down is often the only possibility. Predators from its natural range may be introduced to control populations, though in some cases this has little effect, and may even cause unforeseen problems. Besides their use in conservation biology, predators are also important for controlling pests in agriculture. Natural predators are an environmentally friendly and sustainable way of reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How can natural predators benefit crops?
A: reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides', '
Q: How are predators beneficial to agriculture?
A: controlling pests', "
Q: If removing an introduced species entirely isn't a posibility, what is the next best outcome?
A: keeping its abundance down", '
Q: Predators are used in conservation to reduce what type of species from the environment?
A: introduced species']
Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Ant-Man, such teams as the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Inhumans and the X-Men, and antagonists such as Doctor Doom, The Enchantress, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Thanos, Magneto and Loki. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities. Characters such as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City, whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center, New York and Hulk's stories often have been set in the American Southwest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Captain America, Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu?
A: Marvel Universe', '
Q: Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what?
A: real-life cities', "
Q: Spiderman's fictional city is based off what real American location?
A: New York", "
Q: What Marvel character's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest?
A: Hulk", '
Q: Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City?
A: the Fantastic Four, the Avengers']
Martin Goodman founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a pulp magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. Launching his new line from his existing company's offices at 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, he officially held the titles of editor, managing editor, and business manager, with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who originally founded Marvel Comics?
A: Martin Goodman', '
Q: What was the original name of Marvel Comics?
A: Timely Publications', '
Q: When was Marvel founded?
A: 1939', '
Q: In what city was Marvel based when it was founded?
A: New York City', "
Q: What was Abraham Goodman's official title when Marvel was founded?
A: publisher"]
Timely's first publication, Marvel Comics #1 (cover dated Oct. 1939), included the first appearance of Carl Burgos' android superhero the Human Torch, and the first appearances of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, among other features. The issue was a great success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined, nearly 900,000 copies. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc., Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. The company's first true editor, writer-artist Joe Simon, teamed with artist and emerging industry notable Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes, Captain America, in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). It, too, proved a hit, with sales of nearly one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc., beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the cover date on Marvel Comics #1?
A: Oct. 1939', "
Q: Who was Marvel/Timely's first true full-time editor?
A: Joe Simon", '
Q: Besides Simon, who co-created Captain America?
A: Jack Kirby', '
Q: What is the name of the character created by Carl Burgos?
A: the Human Torch', '
Q: In what issue was Namor, The Sub-Mariner introduced?
A: Marvel Comics #1']
While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these "big three", some notable heroes—many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks—include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and the Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, "Powerhouse Pepper", as well as a line of children's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What cartoon humorist did some high profile stories for Marvel in the early years?
A: Basil Wolverton', '
Q: What was the name of the humorous feature penned by Wolverton?
A: "Powerhouse Pepper"', '
Q: What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues?
A: Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal', '
Q: What early Marvel character may have been envisioned as a female counterpoint to Captain America?
A: Miss America', '
Q: The most popular early Marvel heroes were collectively and colloquially known as what?
A: "big three"']
Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55 (May 1944). As well, some comics' covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12 (Winter 1946–47), were labeled "A Marvel Magazine" many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Marvel Comics was part of many entities having what relationship with Timely?
A: shell companies', "
Q: When were all of Goodman's comic entities officially put under the moniker of Marvel Comics?
A: 1961", '
Q: By what other name were some Marvel-related comic books published?
A: "A Marvel Magazine"', "
Q: Under what handle were Marvel's detective fiction comics published?
A: Marvel Mystery Comics"]
Atlas, rather than innovate, took a proven route of following popular trends in television and movies—Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time—and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line. Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer the Happy Ghost (à la Casper the Friendly Ghost) and Homer Hooper (à la Archie Andrews). Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett), and Captain America (writer Stan Lee, artist John Romita Sr.). Atlas did not achieve any breakout hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply, and at a passable quality.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which writer and artist was behind the Sub-Mariner?
A: Bill Everett', "
Q: What was Marvel's major offshoot with Westerns, war stories, and monster comics called?
A: Atlas", "
Q: What was Dan DeCarlo's spooky but humorous comic aimed at kids called?
A: Homer the Happy Ghost", '
Q: DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar?
A: Archie Andrews', "
Q: What was the name of DeCarlo's main character in his humorous teen series?
A: Homer Hooper"]
In 1961, writer-editor Stan Lee revolutionized superhero comics by introducing superheroes designed to appeal to more all-ages readers than the predominantly child audiences of the medium. Modern Marvel's first superhero team, the titular stars of The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961), broke convention with other comic book archetypes of the time by squabbling, holding grudges both deep and petty, and eschewing anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status. Subsequently, Marvel comics developed a reputation for focusing on characterization and adult issues to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them, a quality which the new generation of older readers appreciated. This applied to The Amazing Spider-Man title in particular, which turned out to be Marvel's most successful book. Its young hero suffered from self-doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager, something readers could identify with.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Marvel's first team of superheroes was known by what alliterative name?
A: The Fantastic Four", '
Q: What was the issue date when this superhero team debuted?
A: Nov. 1961', "
Q: What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel's stories and characters?
A: Stan Lee", '
Q: In the Marvel Universe, the public treated conferred what response on the Fantastic Four?
A: celebrity status', "
Q: What is Marvel's best-selling comic?
A: The Amazing Spider-Man"]
Lee and freelance artist and eventual co-plotter Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to revise the superhero conventions of previous eras to better reflect the psychological spirit of their age. Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a "superheroes in the real world" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who joined with Stan Lee in creating the Fantastic Four?
A: Jack Kirby', '
Q: What historic era did the Fantastic Four initially inhabit?
A: Cold War', '
Q: What traditional superhero element did the Fantastic Four initially do without?
A: costumes', '
Q: None of the Fantastic Four had what hidden element so common to other superheroes?
A: secret identities', '
Q: The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel\'s 1960s comics is called what?
A: "superheroes in the real world"']
All of these elements struck a chord with the older readers, such as college-aged adults, and they successfully gained in a way not seen before. In 1965, Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine's list of 28 college campus heroes, alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan. In 2009 writer Geoff Boucher reflected that, "Superman and DC Comics instantly seemed like boring old Pat Boone; Marvel felt like The Beatles and the British Invasion. It was Kirby's artwork with its tension and psychedelia that made it perfect for the times—or was it Lee's bravado and melodrama, which was somehow insecure and brash at the same time?"

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What magazine featured two Marvel Characters in a college campus heroes feature?
A: Esquire', '
Q: What two Marvel characters were part of that campus heroes section?
A: Spider-Man and the Hulk', "
Q: Which publisher is Marvel's biggest rival?
A: DC Comics", '
Q: Writer Geoff Boucher compared DC to what dull 1960s crooner?
A: Pat Boone', '
Q: What two real life persons were also part of the magazine feature alongside fictional Marvel characters?
A: John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan']
In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus, all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What actual US cities have fictional equivalents in Marvel's comic milieu?
A: New York, Los Angeles and Chicago", '
Q: What Marvel hero is related to a tiny insect?
A: Ant-Man', '
Q: The shared milieu inhabited by all Marvel heroes and villains is known as?
A: the Marvel Universe', '
Q: Which two comic book titles were the precursors to the widening of this overall setting?
A: Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four']
In 1968, while selling 50 million comic books a year, company founder Goodman revised the constraining distribution arrangement with Independent News he had reached under duress during the Atlas years, allowing him now to release as many titles as demand warranted. Late that year he sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing businesses to the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation, which continued to group them as the subsidiary Magazine Management Company, with Goodman remaining as publisher. In 1969, Goodman finally ended his distribution deal with Independent by signing with Curtis Circulation Company.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many comics did Marvel sell during 1968?
A: 50 million', "
Q: What company was distributing Marvel's titles at that point?
A: Independent News", '
Q: To whom was Marvel sold in 1968?
A: the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation', '
Q: What wholly-owned affiliate of this company did Marvel operate within?
A: Magazine Management Company', "
Q: What distributor took over Marvel's titles in 1969?
A: Curtis Circulation Company"]