romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide. The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female recording artist and the fourth best-selling act of all time, behind The Beatles, Elvis Presley, and Michael Jackson. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second top-selling female albums artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. Madonna is the most certified artist of all time in United Kingdom, with 45 awards from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) as of April 2013. Billboard named Madonna as the top touring female artist of all time. She is also the highest grossing solo touring artist, with over $1.31 billion in concert gross, starting from the Blond Ambition World Tour; she first crossed a billion gross with The MDNA Tour. Overall, Madonna ranks third on all-time top-grossing Billboard Boxscore list, with just The Rolling Stones ($1.84 billion) and U2 ($1.67 billion) ahead of her. Madonna has been honored with 20 MTV Video Music Awards—the most for any artist—including the lifetime achievement Video Vanguard Award in 1986.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Madonna sold how many albums worldwide?
A: 300 million records', '
Q: Who is the best selling female rock artist in the 20th century?
A: Madonna', '
Q: Who named Madonna as the top female touring artist of all time?
A: Billboard', '
Q: How much did Madonna make in all her concerts together?
A: $1.31 billion', '
Q: How many MTV video music awards does Madonna have?
A: 20']
Madonna holds the record for the most number-ones on all combined Billboard charts, including twelve number-one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the Billboard 200. With 45 songs topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Billboard chart, pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart. She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100, more than any other artist in history. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked her at number two, behind The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who holds the record for the most number 1 hits?
A: Madonna', '
Q: How many songs does Madonna have on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart?
A: 45', '
Q: Who has the most number one songs in an active BiIlboard chart?
A: Madonna', '
Q: How many top 10 singles on the Hot 100 does Madonna have?
A: 38', '
Q: Who is the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart?
A: Madonna']
London i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south eastern part of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties: the small district of the City of London and the county of Greater London. The latter constitutes the vast majority of London, though historically it was split between Middlesex (a now abolished county), Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What city is the capital of England?
A: London', '
Q: Who founded the city of London?
A: the Romans', '
Q: As of 2011, what was the population of London?
A: 7,375', '
Q: What part of London constitutes the bulk of the city?
A: county of Greater London', '
Q: When founded by the Romans, what was the name they gave the city of London?
A: Londinium', '
Q: As of 2011 what was the population of the core of London?
A: 7,375', '
Q: On what river is London situated?
A: River Thames', "
Q: What was London's original name, as founded by the Romans?
A: Londinium", '
Q: What bodies govern Greater London?
A: the Mayor of London and the London Assembly', '
Q: What is the approximate area of the core of the City of London?
A: 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2)']
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3] London is a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London is one of the world's leading investment destinations, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness. In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does London rank in the world in terms of Metropolitan GDP?
A: fifth-or sixth-largest', "
Q: Based on international arrivals, where does London rank in terms of most-visited cities?
A: world's most-visited", '
Q: How many universities are located in London?
A: 43', "
Q: Where does London rank in the world's university rankings?
A: first", '
Q: How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympics?
A: three times', '
Q: Where does London rank in terms of metropolitan area GDP?
A: fifth-or sixth-largest', '
Q: How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympic Games?
A: three', "
Q: What measurement designates London as the world's most visited city?
A: international arrivals", '
Q: How many universities does London boast?
A: 43', '
Q: When did London most recently host the Summer Olympics?
A: 2012']
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London. The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689, the largest of any municipality in the European Union, and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census. The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of the south east) as 22.7 million. London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many different languages are spoken in London?
A: 300', '
Q: What was the population in London in 2014?
A: 8,538,689', "
Q: Where does London's urban area rank in terms of population within the EU?
A: second most", "
Q: How many people are in London's Metropolitan area?
A: 13,879,757", "
Q: What years was London considered the world's most populous city?
A: 1831 to 1925", '
Q: From the 2011 census, London is second in population in the EU to which city?
A: Paris', "
Q: During what time did London have the world's largest population, city-wise?
A: around 1831 to 1925", '
Q: Approximately how many languages are spoken in the Greater London area?
A: more than 300', "
Q: As of mid-2014, London's population forms what percentage of the entire United Kingdom population?
A: 12.5", '
Q: What is the population of metropolitan London?
A: 13,879,757']
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT). Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is one of London's World Heritage Sites?
A: Westminster Abbey", '
Q: Where is the British Museum located?
A: London', '
Q: Are there any bridges located in London?
A: Tower Bridge', '
Q: What is the name of one of the libraries located in London?
A: British Library', '
Q: What is the name of the oldest underground railway in the world?
A: The London Underground', "
Q: How many theaters does London's West End have?
A: 40", '
Q: Where does Greenwich Mean Time marked?
A: the Royal Observatory, Greenwich', '
Q: What famous palace is located in London?
A: Buckingham Palace', "
Q: What is the name of the world's oldest underground railway?
A: The London Underground", '
Q: How many World Heritage Sites can be found in London?
A: four']
From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected. Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon; this requires quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *(h)lōndinion (as opposed to *londīnion), from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Early consensus was that London's name originated in what language?
A: Celtic", "
Q: What is the meaning of the later-believed pre-Celtic Old European origin of London's name?
A: 'river too wide to ford", '
Q: What is the modern Welsh form o the word London?
A: Llundain', "
Q: Who came up with an explanation of the origins of London's name that contradicted earlier assumptions
A: Richard Coates", "
Q: In what year did Richard Coates offer a differing explanation as to the origins of London's name?
A: 1998"]
Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area. In 1999, the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge. This bridge either crossed the Thames, or went to a now lost island in the river. Dendrology dated the timbers to 1500 BC. In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4500 BC, were found on the Thames foreshore, south of Vauxhall Bridge. The function of the mesolithic structure is not known. Both structures are on South Bank, at a natural crossing point where the River Effra flows into the River Thames.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What river flows into the River Thames?
A: the River Effra', '
Q: The remains of an ancient bridge found on the shore of the River Thames was dated back to what archaeological period?
A: Bronze Age', "
Q: The remains of what type of structure from the mesolithic period was found on the River Thames's foreshore?
A: not known", "
Q: How many ancient structures' ruins have been found near the River Thames in recent history?
A: Two", '
Q: The remains of an unknown ancient structure found on the River Thames foreshore dated back to approximately what year?
A: 4500 BC']
Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD. This lasted only until around 61, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londinium prospered, and it superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the leader of the Iceni tribe?
A: Queen Boudica', "
Q: What was Roman London's population in the 2nd century?
A: around 60,000", '
Q: The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year?
A: 43 AD', '
Q: What was the capital of Britannia before Londinium?
A: Colchester', '
Q: Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD?
A: the Iceni tribe']
With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule?
A: St Martin-in-the-Fields', '
Q: What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic?
A: repeated Viking invasions', '
Q: How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit?
A: three', '
Q: By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic?
A: a major port', '
Q: Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?
A: two']
The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester. It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and west-Saxon king, Alfred the Great in 886 AD. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that London was "refounded" by Alfred the Great in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until about 950, after which activity increased dramatically.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD?
A: Alfred the Great', '
Q: Danelaw, established by the Vikings, covered what  geographical area?
A: London to Chester', '
Q: What was the name of the Danish warlord who played a major role in establishing Danelaw?
A: Guthrum', '
Q: Following the Viking invasion, when did London begin to significantly grow and expand?
A: about 950', '
Q: What was Danelaw?
A: political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions']
By the 11th century, London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time on, London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who rebuilt Westminster Abbey?
A: King Edward the Confessor', '
Q: By which century had London started becoming a prominent capital city?
A: the 11th century', '
Q: What architectural style was Westminster Abbey rebuilt in?
A: Romanesque', '
Q: What historian was quoted as saying that London had all the necessary characteristics to be a major capital city?
A: Frank Stenton', "
Q: Prior to the 11th century, what was Anglo-Saxon England's capital?
A: Winchester"]
Following his victory in the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England in the newly finished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William constructed the Tower of London, the first of the many Norman castles in England to be rebuilt in stone, in the southeastern corner of the city, to intimidate the native inhabitants. In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what area of London was the Tower of London built?
A: southeastern corner', '
Q: The Palace of Westminster originated from what building?
A: Westminster Hall', '
Q: On what day did Duke William II of Normandy become King of England?
A: Christmas Day 1066', '
Q: Who built Westminster Hall?
A: William II', '
Q: In which famous battle did Duke William II of Normandy see victory?
A: the Battle of Hastings']
During the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the administration which governed the City of London called?
A: the Corporation of London', '
Q: In the 12th century, where were the various bodies of English government centrally located for the most part?
A: Westminster', '
Q: Where was the royal treasury housed?
A: the Tower', '
Q: Before being centrally located, how was the English government handled in terms of location?
A: accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country']
During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism, much of London passing from church to private ownership. The traffic in woollen cloths shipped undyed and undressed from London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries, where it was considered indispensable. But the tentacles of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean Sea normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565, there ensued a strong outburst of commercial activity. The Royal Exchange was founded. Mercantilism grew, and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company were established, with trade expanding to the New World. London became the principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what era did the Protestant Reformation occur?
A: the Tudor period', '
Q: What event greatly boosted English shipping and commerce?
A: the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping', '
Q: What phenomenon did the Reformation bring about?
A: a gradual shift to Protestantism', '
Q: Typically what were the nationalities of ships that traveled to and from England via the Straight of Gibraltar?
A: Italian or Ragusan', '
Q: When was England again able to ship to the Netherlands?
A: January 1565']
During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called?
A: the Lines of Communication', '
Q: How long did it take to build the Lines of Communication?
A: under two months', '
Q: Who did the Lines of Communication wall fail to prevent from coming into London?
A: the New Model Army', '
Q: Approximately how many workers did it take to build the Lines of Communication?
A: 20,000']
In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death, including petty theft. Most children born in the city died before reaching their third birthday. The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was King George II's royal residence beginning in 1762?
A: Buckingham House", '
Q: What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750?
A: the Bow Street Runners', '
Q: On average, when did children born in the City of London die? 
A: before reaching their third birthday', '
Q: How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty?
A: more than 200', '
Q: What was the London hub of the British press?
A: Fleet Street']
London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925. London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some of the surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of those areas of the counties surrounding the capital. London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War while during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe, killed over 30,000 Londoners and destroyed large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city. Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when London had barely recovered from the war.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the primary cause of the cholera outbreak in 19th century London?
A: London's overcrowded conditions", '
Q: Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II?
A: the Germans', '
Q: When did London host its first Summer Olympics?
A: 1948', '
Q: How many people died of cholera in London in 1848?
A: 14,000', '
Q: Where did the 1948 Summer Olympics in London take place?
A: the original Wembley Stadium']