romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Other major newspapers include Miami Today, headquartered in Brickell, Miami New Times, headquartered in Midtown, Miami Sun Post, South Florida Business Journal, Miami Times, and Biscayne Boulevard Times. An additional Spanish-language newspapers, Diario Las Americas also serve Miami. The Miami Herald is Miami's primary newspaper with over a million readers and is headquartered in Downtown in Herald Plaza. Several other student newspapers from the local universities, such as the oldest, the University of Miami's The Miami Hurricane, Florida International University's The Beacon, Miami-Dade College's The Metropolis, Barry University's The Buccaneer, amongst others. Many neighborhoods and neighboring areas also have their own local newspapers such as the Aventura News, Coral Gables Tribune, Biscayne Bay Tribune, and the Palmetto Bay News.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what neighborhood of Miami is Miami New Times based?
A: Midtown', '
Q: What neighborhood houses the headquarters of Miami Today?
A: Brickell', '
Q: Approximately how many people read The Miami Herald?
A: million', '
Q: For what university is The Beacon the student newspaper?
A: Florida International', '
Q: What is the name of the student newspaper at Barry University?
A: The Buccaneer']
Miami is also the headquarters and main production city of many of the world's largest television networks, record label companies, broadcasting companies and production facilities, such as Telemundo, TeleFutura, Galavisión, Mega TV, Univisión, Univision Communications, Inc., Universal Music Latin Entertainment, RCTV International and Sunbeam Television. In 2009, Univisión announced plans to build a new production studio in Miami, dubbed 'Univisión Studios'. Univisión Studios is currently headquartered in Miami, and will produce programming for all of Univisión Communications' television networks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Univisión announce it was building a production studio in Miami?
A: 2009', '
Q: What was the name of the production studio built in Miami by Univisión?
A: Univisión Studios', "
Q: Where will the programs made at Univisión Studios be broadcast?
A: all of Univisión Communications' television networks"]
Miami International Airport serves as the primary international airport of the Greater Miami Area. One of the busiest international airports in the world, Miami International Airport caters to over 35 million passengers a year. The airport is a major hub and the single largest international gateway for American Airlines. Miami International is the busiest airport in Florida, and is the United States' second-largest international port of entry for foreign air passengers behind New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport, and is the seventh-largest such gateway in the world. The airport's extensive international route network includes non-stop flights to over seventy international cities in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many passengers use Miami International Airport annually?
A: 35 million', '
Q: What airline uses Miami International as its biggest international gateway?
A: American Airlines', '
Q: What airport is the largest international port of entry for overseas air travelers in the United States?
A: John F. Kennedy International Airport', '
Q: From Miami International Airport, to approximately how many non-American cities can one fly nonstop?
A: seventy']
Miami is home to one of the largest ports in the United States, the PortMiami. It is the largest cruise ship port in the world. The port is often called the "Cruise Capital of the World" and the "Cargo Gateway of the Americas". It has retained its status as the number one cruise/passenger port in the world for well over a decade accommodating the largest cruise ships and the major cruise lines. In 2007, the port served 3,787,410 passengers. Additionally, the port is one of the nation's busiest cargo ports, importing 7.8 million tons of cargo in 2007. Among North American ports, it ranks second only to the Port of South Louisiana in New Orleans in terms of cargo tonnage imported/exported from Latin America. The port is on 518 acres (2 km2) and has 7 passenger terminals. China is the port's number one import country, and Honduras is the number one export country. Miami has the world's largest amount of cruise line headquarters, home to: Carnival Cruise Lines, Celebrity Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, and Royal Caribbean International. In 2014, the Port of Miami Tunnel was completed and will serve the PortMiami.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with "Cargo Gateway of the Americas," what is another nickname for PortMiami?
A: "Cruise Capital of the World"', '
Q: How many passengers used PortMiami in 2007?
A: 3,787,410', '
Q: How many tons of cargo arrived in PortMiami in 2007?
A: 7.8 million', '
Q: What North American port sees the largest amount of imported and exported cargo?
A: Port of South Louisiana', '
Q: How many square kilometers is PortMiami?
A: 2']
Miami's heavy-rail rapid transit system, Metrorail, is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile (39.3 km)-long line. Metrorail connects the urban western suburbs of Hialeah, Medley, and inner-city Miami with suburban The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, South Miami and urban Kendall via the central business districts of Miami International Airport, the Civic Center, and Downtown. A free, elevated people mover, Metromover, operates 21 stations on three different lines in greater Downtown Miami, with a station at roughly every two blocks of Downtown and Brickell. Several expansion projects are being funded by a transit development sales tax surcharge throughout Miami-Dade County.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of Miami's heavy-rail system?
A: Metrorail", '
Q: How many miles long is Metrorail?
A: 24.4', '
Q: How many stations does Metrorail have?
A: 23', '
Q: How many lines does Metromover have?
A: three', '
Q: How much does it cost to use Metromover?
A: free']
Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station, a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Completion of the Miami Intermodal Center is expected to be completed by winter 2011, and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area. Phase I of Miami Central Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012, and Phase II in 2013.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was to see the completion of the Miami Intermodal Center?
A: 2011', '
Q: When was Phase II of the Miami Center Station supposed to enter service?
A: 2013', '
Q: Approximately how many people were intended to use Miami Intermodal Center?
A: 150,000', '
Q: What airport is Miami Intermodal Center next to?
A: Miami International', '
Q: What part of 2012 was to have seen Phase I of Miami Central Station begin?
A: spring']
Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak's Atlantic Coast services, running two lines, the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star, both terminating in New York City. The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah near the Tri-Rail/Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami Central Station will move all Amtrak operations from its current out-of-the-way location to a centralized location with Metrorail, MIA Mover, Tri-Rail, Miami International Airport, and the Miami Intermodal Center all within the same station closer to Downtown. The station was expected to be completed by 2012, but experienced several delays and was later expected to be completed in late 2014, again pushed back to early 2015.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with the Silver Star, what Amtrak line runs to Miami?
A: Silver Meteor', '
Q: From Miami, to where does the Silver Star run?
A: New York City', '
Q: In what city is the Miami Amtrak Station?
A: Hialeah', '
Q: In what year was the Miami Central Station originally supposed to have been completed?
A: 2012', '
Q: After the first delay, in what year was the Miami Central Station supposed to open?
A: 2014']
Florida High Speed Rail was a proposed government backed high-speed rail system that would have connected Miami, Orlando, and Tampa. The first phase was planned to connect Orlando and Tampa and was offered federal funding, but it was turned down by Governor Rick Scott in 2011. The second phase of the line was envisioned to connect Miami. By 2014, a private project known as All Aboard Florida by a company of the historic Florida East Coast Railway began construction of a higher-speed rail line in South Florida that is planned to eventually terminate at Orlando International Airport.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with Orlando, what city would have been connected to Miami via Florida High Speed Rail?
A: Tampa', '
Q: Who was the governor of Florida in 2011?
A: Rick Scott', '
Q: In what year did All Aboard Florida begin?
A: 2014', '
Q: From South Florida, where will All Aboard Florida stretch to?
A: Orlando International Airport', '
Q: What company is responsible for All Aboard Florida?
A: Florida East Coast Railway']
Miami's road system is based along the numerical "Miami Grid" where Flagler Street forms the east-west baseline and Miami Avenue forms the north-south meridian. The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy's (formerly the Burdine's headquarters). The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that, for example, all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of Miami Avenue have "NW" in their address. Because its point of origin is in Downtown, which is close to the coast, therefore, the "NW" and "SW" quadrants are much larger than the "SE" and "NE" quadrants. Many roads, especially major ones, are also named (e.g., Tamiami Trail/SW 8th St), although, with exceptions, the number is in more common usage among locals.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What company was previously headquartered in the Downtown Macy's?
A: Burdine's", '
Q: What is another name for Tamiami Trail?
A: SW 8th St', '
Q: In what neighborhood of Miami is the corner of Miami Avenue and Flagler Street?
A: Downtown', "
Q: What is Miami's street plan called?
A: Miami Grid", '
Q: If a street is west of Miami Avenue and north of Flagler Street, what will necessarily be in its address?
A: NW']
Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland, with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean. The Rickenbacker Causeway is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. The Venetian Causeway and MacArthur Causeway connect Downtown with South Beach. The Julia Tuttle Causeway connects Midtown and Miami Beach. The 79th Street Causeway connects the Upper East Side with North Beach. The northernmost causeway, the Broad Causeway, is the smallest of Miami's six causeways, and connects North Miami with Bal Harbour.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with Virginia Key, what does the Rickenbacker Causeway connect to Brickell?
A: Key Biscayne', '
Q: What causeway connects South Beach with Downtown?
A: MacArthur', '
Q: Which Miami causeway has the smallest size?
A: Broad', '
Q: What causeway is furthest to the south?
A: Rickenbacker', '
Q: How many major causeways are in Miami?
A: six']
In recent years the city government, under Mayor Manny Diaz, has taken an ambitious stance in support of bicycling in Miami for both recreation and commuting. Every month, the city hosts "Bike Miami", where major streets in Downtown and Brickell are closed to automobiles, but left open for pedestrians and bicyclists. The event began in November 2008, and has doubled in popularity from 1,500 participants to about 3,000 in the October 2009 Bike Miami. This is the longest-running such event in the US. In October 2009, the city also approved an extensive 20-year plan for bike routes and paths around the city. The city has begun construction of bike routes as of late 2009, and ordinances requiring bike parking in all future construction in the city became mandatory as of October 2009.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What cannot travel on Downtown Miami streets during "Bike Miami"?
A: automobiles', '
Q: How many people participated in Bike Miami in October of 2009?
A: 3,000', '
Q: Who was a recent mayor of Miami?
A: Manny Diaz', '
Q: Along with Downtown, in what neighborhood of Miami does Bike Miami take place?
A: Brickell', '
Q: In what month in 2008 did Bike Miami start?
A: November']
However, not all highest courts are named as such. Civil law states do not tend to have singular highest courts. Additionally, the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the "Supreme Court", for example, the High Court of Australia; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council. On the other hand, in some places the court named the "Supreme Court" is not in fact the highest court; examples include the New York Supreme Court, the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales, which are all superseded by higher Courts of Appeal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kinds of governed nations may not have a specific, individual high court?
A: Civil law states', '
Q: What is an example of a highest court not being specifically called a Supreme Court?
A: the High Court of Australia', '
Q: To which body can decisions made by this specific high court be appealed?
A: the Privy Council', '
Q: What Canadian courts also are not specifically the highest courts in that country?
A: the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories']
Some countries have multiple "supreme courts" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors?
A: different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law', '
Q: What is an example of the highest court in a federal system of government?
A: the Supreme Court of the United States', '
Q: What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters?
A: Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa', '
Q: A court system with a hierarchy of different administrative courts occurs in what kind of legal system?
A: a civil law system']
In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply, so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it; however, in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent, or jurisprudence constante, for both itself and all lower courts.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What term describes a system where the supreme court's decisions are binding over the lower courts?
A: stare decisis", '
Q: What jurisdictions does this system not apply to?
A: civil law jurisdictions', '
Q: In a civil law jurisdiction, rulings by a supreme court are only binding for which decisions?
A: the immediate case before it', '
Q: Even in civil law jurisdictions, decisions by supreme courts establish what?
A: a very strong precedent', '
Q: What is the legal term for the precedence established by multiple court rulings?
A: jurisprudence constante']
In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished. This court hears appeals of decisions made by courts of appeal from the provinces and territories and appeals of decisions made by the Federal Court of Appeal. The court's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories. The title "Supreme" can be confusing because, for example, The Supreme Court of British Columbia does not have the final say and controversial cases heard there often get appealed in higher courts - it is in fact one of the lower courts in such a process.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was Canada's Supreme Court first established?
A: 1875", "
Q: Canada's Supreme Court didn't actually become that country's highest court until when?
A: 1949", "
Q: If a provincial case is appealed, how is the Supreme Court's decision applied?
A: The court's decisions are final and binding", '
Q: Before 1949, Supreme Court decisions in Canada could be appealed to what body?
A: the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council']
In Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Hong Kong (now known as the High Court of Hong Kong) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The final adjudication power, as in any other British Colonies, rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London, United Kingdom. Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997. Under the Basic Law, its constitution, the territory remains a common law jurisdiction. Consequently, judges from other common law jurisdictions (including England and Wales) can be recruited and continue to serve in the judiciary according to Article 92 of the Basic Law. On the other hand, the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) in Beijing (without retroactive effect), and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases, in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law. This arrangement became controversial in light of the right of abode issue in 1999, raising concerns for judicial independence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Britain formally surrender sovreignty over Hong Kong?
A: 1997', '
Q: When Hong Kong was a colony of Great Britain, which body was the highest court of appeal?
A: the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)', '
Q: Where is the JCPC located?
A: London, United Kingdom', '
Q: When was the Court of Final Appeal established?
A: 1997', "
Q: The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is seated in what city?
A: Beijing"]
In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: On what date was India's Supreme Court established?
A: January 28, 1950", "
Q: What article of India's Constitution makes decisions by their Supreme Court binding on lower courts?
A: Article 141", "
Q: India's Supreme Court has ultimate power to determine interpretations of what?
A: the Constitution", '
Q: When the Supreme Court ensures that lower courts have properly applied the law it is called what?
A: judicial review', "
Q: In addition to national laws, India's Supreme Court may also interpret what regulations?
A: local bylaws"]
The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the highest ranking court in Ireland?
A: The Supreme Court', "
Q: Ireland's highest court has the power to determine whether laws are allowed by what document?
A: the constitution", "
Q: Who is the highest judge in Ireland's Supreme Court?
A: the Chief Justice", "
Q: Besides chief justice, how many other judges sit on Ireland's Supreme Court?
A: seven other judges", "
Q: Where is Ireland's Supreme Court seated?
A: the Four Courts in Dublin"]
Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice. As an appellate court, the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal (both criminal and civil) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts. It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds, such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association. As the High Court of Justice (Hebrew: Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג"ץ), the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities: Government decisions, those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law, and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset. The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice, and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal. The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction, mandamus and Habeas Corpus, as well as through declaratory judgments. The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment. In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices, it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices. A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance, difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing. The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order "trial de novo" (a retrial).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where is Israel's Supreme Court located?
A: Jerusalem", "
Q: Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions?
A: both an appellate court and the high court of justice", "
Q: Israel's legislative body is called what?
A: the Knesset", "
Q: Israel's Supreme court has uses what internal method to review its own decisions?
A: a panel of three or more justices", '
Q: A retrial is also called what?
A: "trial de novo"']