romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Additionally, owing to its colonial history, cuisine in Eritrea features more Italian influences than are present in Ethiopian cooking, including more pasta and greater use of curry powders and cumin.The Italian Eritrean cuisine started to be practiced during the colonial times of the Kingdom of Italy, when a large number of Italians moved to Eritrea. They brought the use of "pasta" to Italian Eritrea, and it is one of the main food eaten in present-day Asmara. An Italian Eritrean cuisine emerged, and dishes common dishes are 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere', which means "Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere" (spice), but there are many more like "lasagna" and "cotoletta alla milanese" (milano cutlet). Alongside sowa, people in Eritrea also tend to drink coffee. Mies is another popular local alcoholic beverage, made out of honey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does the Italian influences on Eritrean cuisine come from?
A: its colonial history', "
Q: What is Eritrea's popular alcoholic beverage Mies made out of?
A: honey", '
Q: What food item did Italians bring to Eritrea during colonial times?
A: pasta', '
Q: How does \'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere\' translate in English?
A: "Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere" (spice)', "
Q: What is the main food, influenced by Italy, eaten in Eritrea's capital today?
A: pasta"]
The culture of Eritrea has been largely shaped by the country's location on the Red Sea coast. One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony. Coffee (Ge'ez ቡን būn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. During the coffee ceremony, there are traditions that are upheld. The coffee is served in three rounds: the first brew or round is called awel in Tigrinya meaning first, the second round is called kalaay meaning second, and the third round is called bereka meaning "to be blessed". If coffee is politely declined, then most likely tea ("shai" ሻሂ shahee) will instead be served.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What geographical location in Eritrea has largely shaped the culture of Eritrea?
A: Red Sea coast', '
Q: How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony?
A: three', '
Q: What is one of the most recognizable parts of Eritran culture that can be offered when visiting friends as well as being a daily staple of life?
A: the coffee ceremony', "
Q: What do Eritrean's offer a person who declines coffee?
A: most likely tea", '
Q: What is the first round of the coffee ceremony called?
A: awel']
Eritrea (/ˌɛrᵻˈtreɪ.ə/ or /ˌɛrᵻˈtriːə/;, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in East Africa. With its capital at Asmara, it is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its name Eritrea is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα Erythra Thalassa), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country borders Eritrea in the west?
A: Sudan', '
Q: What country borders Eritrea in the south?
A: Ethiopia', '
Q: What country borders Eritrea in the southeast?
A: Djibouti', "
Q: What extensive coastline makes up a portion of Eritrea's East border?
A: Red Sea", '
Q: What is the total area of the nation of Eritrea?
A: 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi)']
Eritrea's ethnic groups each have their own styles of music and accompanying dances. Amongst the Tigrinya, the best known traditional musical genre is the guaila. Traditional instruments of Eritrean folk music include the stringed krar, kebero, begena, masenqo and the wata (a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin). The most popular Eritrean artist is the Tigrinya singer Helen Meles, who is noted for her powerful voice and wide singing range. Other prominent local musicians include the Kunama singer Dehab Faytinga, Ruth Abraha, Bereket Mengisteab, Yemane Baria, and the late Abraham Afewerki.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the best know musical genre amongst the Tigrinya?
A: guaila', '
Q: What is the Eritrean traditional instrument, the wata?
A: a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin', '
Q: Who is the most popular Eritrean singing artist?
A: Helen Meles', '
Q: What is Helen Meles noted for?
A: her powerful voice and wide singing range', '
Q: Who, in Eritrea, have their own styles of music and  accompanying dance?
A: ethnic groups']
During the Middle Ages, the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri ("sea-land"). The name Eritrea is derived from the ancient Greek name for Red Sea (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα Erythra Thalassa, based on the adjective ἐρυθρός erythros "red"). It was first formally adopted in 1890, with the formation of Italian Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea). The territory became the Eritrea Governorate within Italian East Africa in 1936. Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 (nominally within a federation until 1962) and an Eritrean Liberation Front formed in 1960. Eritrea gained independence following the 1993 referendum, and the name of the new state was defined as State of Eritrea in the 1997 constitution.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages?
A: Medri Bahri', '
Q: What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?
A: sea-land', '
Q: When was Eritrea annexed by Ethiopia?
A: 1953', '
Q: When did the Eritrean Liberation Front form?
A: 1960', '
Q: When did Eritrea gain independence?
A: following the 1993 referendum']
In 2010, a genetic study was conducted on the mummified remains of baboons that were brought back as gifts from Punt by the ancient Egyptians. Led by a research team from the Egyptian Museum and the University of California, the scientists used oxygen isotope analysis to examine hairs from two baboon mummies that had been preserved in the British Museum. One of the baboons had distorted isotopic data, so the other's oxygen isotope values were compared to those of present-day baboon specimens from regions of interest. The researchers found that the mummies most closely matched modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia, which they suggested implied that Punt was likely a narrow region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 2010, what was conducted on mummified remains of baboons?
A: genetic', '
Q: Who was determined to be the closest match for the baboon mummies?
A: modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia', '
Q: What type of analysis did the scientists use to examine hairs from the 2 baboon mummies formerly preserved in the British Museum?
A: oxygen isotope analysis', "
Q: Where did the 2 baboons' mummified remains originate?
A: Punt", '
Q: Where did researchers suggest that Punt was located?
A: region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea']
After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus. The area was then known as Ma'ikele Bahr ("between the seas/rivers," i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river). It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, the Medri Bahri ("Sea land" in Tingrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). With its capital at Debarwa, the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What  domain were the Eritrean highlands under after the decline of Aksum?
A: Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus', '
Q: What was the area in the Eritrean highlands named under Emperor Zaro Yaqob?
A: Medri Bahri', '
Q: What was the capitol of Medri Bahri?
A: Debarwa', '
Q: What were the main provinces of Medri Bahri?
A: Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai', '
Q: What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?
A: Sea land']
In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a "new Roman Empire". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea?
A: Benito Mussolini's", '
Q: When was Italian Eritrea significantly enlarged?
A: After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire', '
Q: When was the birth of the Italian Empire declared?
A: May 1936', '
Q: What was Eritrea chosen to be by the Italian government during the Italian Empire?
A: industrial center of Italian East Africa', '
Q: What does Africa Orientale Italiana mean?
A: Italian East Africa']
When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) waged an armed struggle for independence. The ensuing Eritrean War for Independence went on for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991, when the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), a successor of the ELF, defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of Ethiopian rebel forces take control of the Ethiopian Capital Addis Ababa.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who dissolved the Eritrean parliament in 1962?
A: Emperor Haile Selassie', '
Q: Who waged an armed struggle for independence in 1962 after Eritrea was annexed?
A: ELF', '
Q: What does the acroynm ELF stand for?
A: Eritrean Liberation Front', '
Q: How long did the Eritrean War for Independence last?
A: 30 years', "
Q: What is the acronym for Eritrean People's Liberation Front?
A: EPLF"]
Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries.[citation needed] In 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa, which was later supported by a UN report. Eritrea denied the claims.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?
A: stalemate', '
Q: What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?
A: take action on Ethiopia', '
Q: Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit?
A: Ethiopia', '
Q: What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit?
A: a UN report', '
Q: What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit?
A: denied the claims']
However, Eritrea still faces many challenges. Despite number of physicians increasing from only 0.2 in 1993 to 0.5 in 2004 per 1000 population, this is still very low. Malaria and tuberculosis are common in Eritrea. HIV prevalence among the 15–49 group exceeds 2%. The fertility rate is at about 5 births per woman. Maternal mortality dropped by more than half from 1995 to 2002, although the figure is still high. Similarly, between 1995 and 2002, the number of births attended by skilled health personnel has doubled but still is only 28.3%. A major cause of death in neonates is by severe infection. Per capita expenditure on health is low in Eritrea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 2004, how many physicians did Eritrea have per 1000 people?
A: 0.5', '
Q: How prevalent is HIV among the 15-49 age group in Eritrea?
A: exceeds 2%', '
Q: What is the fertility rate in Eriterea?
A: 5 births per woman', '
Q: As of 2002, how many births were attended by skilled health personnel in Eriterea?
A: 28.3%', '
Q: What is a major cause of death in neonates in Eriterea?
A: severe infection']
Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. In the larger cities, most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts. In offices, both men and women often dress in suits. Traditional clothing for Christian Tigrinya-speaking highlanders consists of bright white gowns called zurias for the women, and long white shirts accompanied by white pants for the men. In Muslim communities in the Eritrean lowland, the women traditionally dress in brightly colored clothes. Only Rashaida women maintain a tradition of covering half of their faces, though they do not cover their hair.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea?
A: Western casual', '
Q: How do both men and women often dress in offices in Eritrea?
A: suits', '
Q: What are zurias, the traditional clothes still worn by Christian highlander women in Eritrea?
A: bright white gowns', '
Q: How do women in the Muslim communities of the Eritrean lowland dress?
A: in brightly colored clothes', '
Q: Who are the only women who follow the tradition of covering half of their faces, though not their hair?
A: Rashaida women']
Football and cycling are the most popular sports in Eritrea. In recent years, Eritrean athletes have also seen increasing success in the international arena. Zersenay Tadese, an Eritrean athlete, currently holds the world record in half marathon distance running. The Tour of Eritrea, a multi-stage international cycling event, is held annually throughout the country. The Eritrea national cycling team has experienced a lot of success, winning the continental cycling championship several years in a row. Six Eritrean riders have been signed to international cycling teams, including Natnael Berhane and Daniel Teklehaimanot. Berhane was named African Sportsman of the Year in 2013, ahead of footballers Yaya Touré and Didier Drogba, while Teklehaimanot became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a España in 2012. In 2015 Teklehaimanot won the King of the Mountains classification in the Critérium du Dauphine. Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France when they were selected by the MTN–Qhubeka team for the 2015 edition of the race, where, on 9 July, Teklehaimanot became the first African rider to wear the polkadot jersey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the most popular sports in Eritrea?
A: Football and cycling', '
Q: What world record is held by Eritrean athlete Zersenay Tadese?
A: half marathon distance running', '
Q: What is the name of the multi-stage international cycling event held throughout Eritrea?
A: Tour of Eritrea', '
Q: Who became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France?
A: Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus', '
Q: Who became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espana in 2012?
A: Daniel Teklehaimanot']
During the last interglacial period, the Red Sea coast of Eritrea was occupied by early anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the area was on the route out of Africa that some scholars suggest was used by early humans to colonize the rest of the Old World. In 1999, the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists discovered a Paleolithic site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125,000 years old near the Bay of Zula south of Massawa, along the Red Sea littoral. The tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who occupied the Red Sea coast during the last interglacial period?
A: early anatomically modern humans', '
Q: How old were the obsidian tools that were discovered by the Eritrean Research Project Team?
A: over 125,000 years old', '
Q: Where did the Research Project Team find the obsidian tools?
A: near the Bay of Zula', '
Q: What Team was composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists?
A: Eritrean Research Project Team', '
Q: What were the tools believed to have been used for by early humans?
A: to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters']
At the end of the 16th century, the Aussa Sultanate was established in the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea. The polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa (Asaita) with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Sultanate of Harar. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne. In 1734, the Afar leader Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan, seized power and established the Mudaito Dynasty. This marked the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Aussa Sultanate established?
A: end of the 16th century', '
Q: Where was the Aussa Sultanate established?
A: Denkel lowlands of Eritrea', '
Q: Who was the leader of Afar in 1734?
A: Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan', '
Q: What did Kedafu establish in 1734?
A: Mudaito Dynasty', '
Q: What marked the start of a new and sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period?
A: Mudaito Dynasty']
In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II (r. 1889–1913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Emperor Yohannes II die?
A: 1889', '
Q: What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?
A: the Kingdom of Italy', '
Q: What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?
A: the new colony of Italian Eritrea', '
Q: When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?
A: 1889', '
Q: What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?
A: 1889–1913']
In the 1950s, the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. He laid claim to both territories in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Paris Peace Conference and at the First Session of the United Nations. In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during World War II. The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties consistently requested from the UN General Assembly that a referendum be held immediately to settle the Eritrean question of sovereignty.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's?
A: Eritrea and Italian Somaliland", '
Q: Why did the British and Americans want to cede most of Eritrea to the Ethiopians?
A: as a reward for their support during World War II', '
Q: Who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt?
A: Emperor Haile Selassie', '
Q: Who consistently requested that a referendum be held immediately to settle the question of Eritrean sovereignty?
A: The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties', '
Q: Who did Ethiopians support in World War II?
A: The British and Americans']
The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. The three levels of classification are: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T). The lowest level road is tertiary and serves local interests. Typically they are improved earth roads which are occasionally paved. During the wet seasons these roads typically become impassable. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Eritrea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is the Eritrean highway system named?
A: according to the road classification', '
Q: What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?
A: improved earth roads which are occasionally paved', '
Q: What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?
A: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)', '
Q: What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?
A: single-layered asphalt road', '
Q: What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?
A: fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)']
According to recent estimates, 50% of the population adheres to Christianity, Islam 48%, while 2% of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism. According to a study made by Pew Research Center, 63% adheres to Christianity and 36% adheres to Islam. Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, the Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris) and the Evangelical Lutheran church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?
A: 50%', '
Q: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?
A: 48%', '
Q: What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?
A: a registration process', '
Q: When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?
A: May 2002', "
Q: What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?
A: personal information"]
Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory between seven and 13 years of age. However, the education infrastructure is inadequate to meet current needs. Statistics vary at the elementary level, suggesting that between 65 and 70% of school-aged children attend primary school; Approximately 61% attend secondary school. Student-teacher ratios are high: 45 to 1 at the elementary level and 54 to 1 at the secondary level. There are an average 63 students per classroom at the elementary level and 97 per classroom at the secondary level. Learning hours at school are often less than six hours per day. Skill shortages are present at all levels of the education system, and funding for and access to education vary significantly by gender and location. Illiteracy estimates for Eritrea range from around 40% to as high as 70%.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What ages are officially compulsary for education in Eritrea?
A: between seven and 13 years of age', '
Q: What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend primary school?
A: 70%', '
Q: What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school?
A: 61%', '
Q: What is the student-teacher ratio in elementary schools?
A: 45 to 1', '
Q: What is the student-teacher ratio in secondary schools?
A: 54 to 1']