romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?
A: relevant time periods and geographic regions', '
Q: How has human time on Earth been divided up?
A: cultural traditions based on material', '
Q: Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?
A: tool', '
Q: Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?
A: geographers', '
Q: What is a central part of the science of anthropology?
A: comparative method']
Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the "Third World" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?
A: "other cultures', '
Q: A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?
A: time', '
Q: What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?
A: non-European/non-Western societies', '
Q: Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, "Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology"?
A: Ulf Hannerz', '
Q: When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to "look across the tracks"?
A: only in late 1960s']
Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?
A: set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region', '
Q: Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?
A: research to a single locale', '
Q: What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?
A: daily life of ordinary people', '
Q: What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?
A: scientific laboratories', '
Q: Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?
A: research']
Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happened to Joseph I in 1758?
A: wounded in an attempted assassination', '
Q: Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?
A: The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro', '
Q: Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?
A: The Jesuits', '
Q: In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?
A: 1759', '
Q: What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?
A: Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children']
Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?
A: 1770', "
Q: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?
A: until Joseph I's death in 1779", "
Q: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?
A: autocracy", '
Q: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?
A: knew no opposition', '
Q: What was Pombal\'s "enlightenment" an apparatus for?
A: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation']
With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?
A: Napoleon', '
Q: In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?
A: 1822', '
Q: To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?
A: Brazil', '
Q: What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?
A: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves', "
Q: How long did Portugal's decline last?
A: until the 20th century"]
As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?
A: French', '
Q: Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?
A: until the Liberal Revolution of 1820', '
Q: Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?
A: Porto', '
Q: By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?
A: 1815', '
Q: What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?
A: the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family']
With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?
A: before the turn of the 20th century', '
Q: When was the Conference of Berlin held?
A: 1884', "
Q: During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?
A: Scramble for Africa", "
Q: Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?
A: to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa", "
Q: What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?
A: Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia"]
On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?
A: 1 February 1908', '
Q: Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?
A: on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902', '
Q: Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?
A: Manuel II of Portugal', '
Q: On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?
A: 5 October 1910', '
Q: During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?
A: Political instability and economic weaknesses']
This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who led the Estado Novo?
A: António de Oliveira Salazar', '
Q: In what year was the Estado Novo established?
A: 1933', '
Q: How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?
A: five', "
Q: What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?
A: relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa"]
Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?
A: United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries', '
Q: What form of government does Portugal maintain?
A: unitary semi-presidential republican', "
Q: What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?
A: 18th highest", '
Q: Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?
A: France, Spain and Italy', '
Q: In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?
A: decriminalized the usage of all common drugs']
Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Pelayos' plan?
A: to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors", '
Q: Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?
A: Moors', '
Q: In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?
A: Battle of Covadonga', '
Q: In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?
A: 722 AD', '
Q: What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?
A: Reconquista Cristã']
After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália — the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of León, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (León and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of León.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?
A: dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring', '
Q: Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?
A: King Alfonso III', '
Q: In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?
A: 868 AD', '
Q: What was Vimara knighted as?
A: First Count of Portus Cale', '
Q: What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?
A: Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália']
During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language (known as Spanish) slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it. The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian (Spanish Language).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?
A: maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture', '
Q: The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?
A: the Kingdom of Portugal', '
Q: Portugese diverged from which language? 
A: Galician', '
Q: What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?
A: Spanish', '
Q: By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?
A: Castilian (Spanish Language)']
In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was de Melo's second marriage to?
A: the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun", '
Q: Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?
A: Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo', '
Q: What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?
A: Queen consort of Portugal', "
Q: Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?
A: Queen consort of Portugal", "
Q: Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
A: King John V of Portugal"]
Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?
A: earthquakes', '
Q: How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?
A: marching troops around the models', '
Q: Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?
A: Lisbon suffered no epidemics', "
Q: What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?
A: The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre", '
Q: How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?
A: by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country']
Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the official name of Portugal?
A: Portuguese Republic', '
Q: Where is Portugal located?
A: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe', '
Q: Which ocean does Portugal border?
A: Atlantic Ocean', '
Q: How long is the Portugal-Spain border?
A: 1,214 km (754 mi)', '
Q: What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?
A: Azores and Madeira', '
Q: What is the official name of Portugal?
A: Portuguese Republic', '
Q: Where is Portugal located?
A: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe', '
Q: What other country does Portugal border?
A: Spain', '
Q: What ocean does Portugal border?
A: Atlantic Ocean', '
Q: What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?
A: Portugal–Spain']
The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from León. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?
A: The Celts and the Romans', '
Q: Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?
A: Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples', '
Q: By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?
A: 1139', '
Q: What age did Portugal pioneer?
A: Age of Discovery', '
Q: In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?
A: 15th and 16th centuries']
Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the "Estado Novo" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to all its colonies, with the exception of Macau, which was handed over to China in 1999. This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire, leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?
A: Lisbon', '
Q: In which year did Brazel become independent?
A: 1822', '
Q: In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?
A: 1910', '
Q: Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?
A: Macau', '
Q: How many Portugese speakers are there today?
A: 250 million']