romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?
A: Charles Dickens", '
Q: Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?
A: Travel+Leisure', '
Q: What is Yale largely known for?
A: Collegiate Gothic campus', '
Q: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?
A: 2011']
Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931
A: Edward S. Harkness', "
Q: What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?
A: a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading", '
Q: What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?
A: contemporary scenes', '
Q: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?
A: splashing the walls with acid', '
Q: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?
A: breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages']
Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?
A: Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis', '
Q: What is the largest residential college?
A: Silliman College', '
Q: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?
A: Sheffield Scientific School', '
Q: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?
A: neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic']
Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?
A: Alumnus Eero Saarinen', '
Q: What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
A: Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal', '
Q: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?
A: the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano', "
Q: What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?
A: fortress-like stone towers", '
Q: Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
A: Finnish-American']
Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges. Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification. Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls. Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a "B+" grade overall.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?
A: Yale's Office of Sustainability", '
Q: By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?
A: 10%', '
Q: How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?
A: Eleven', "
Q: What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?
A: Yale Sustainable Food Project", "
Q: What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?
A: B+"]
Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869–70); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; Shabtai, 1882, the Anderson Mansion built in the Second Empire architectural style; and Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?
A: tombs", '
Q: Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?
A: Benedict Arnold', '
Q: Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?
A: Dan Kniley', '
Q: Who was the architect for St. Elmo?
A: Kenneth M. Murchison', '
Q: Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?
A: King Lui-Wu']
Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were the first campus police formed at Yale?
A: 1894', '
Q: Who were the the first campus police composed of?
A: city police officers', '
Q: Why was the campus police established?
A: quell unrest between students and city residents', '
Q: What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?
A: blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.']
Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid. About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?
A: need-based", '
Q: How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?
A: grants and scholarships', '
Q: What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?
A: $46,395', '
Q: What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?
A: 15%', '
Q: What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?
A: $13,000']
Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?
A: The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library', '
Q: What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?
A: The Lewis Walpole Library', '
Q: Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios? 
A: The Elizabethan Club', '
Q: What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?
A: The Beinecke Rare Book Library']
Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?
A: The Yale University Art Gallery", '
Q: How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?
A: more than 180,000', '
Q: Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?
A: The Yale Center for British Art', '
Q: Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?
A: Paul Mellon', '
Q: Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?
A: Louis Kahn']
Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?
A: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks', '
Q: Who is known as the father of deconstruction?
A: Jacques Derrida', "
Q: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?
A: Department of Comparative Literature", '
Q: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?
A: David Montgomery', '
Q: When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?
A: 1957']
Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas," but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was Yale's residential college system established?
A: 1933", "
Q: Who established Yale's residential college system?
A: Edward S. Harkness", "
Q: Who runs Yale's residential colleges?
A: The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean", "
Q: Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?
A: do not contain programs of study or academic departments", "
Q: Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?
A: Faculty of Arts and Sciences"]
While Harkness' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?
A: Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic", '
Q: Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?
A: Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges', "
Q: What are Yale's colleges encircling?
A: a courtyard", '
Q: Who are the Yale colleges named after?
A: important alumni or significant places in university history', '
Q: In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?
A: 2017']
In the wake of the racially-motivated" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests." Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college” due to its connotation of slavery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was Calhoun college named for?
A: John C. Calhoun', '
Q: Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?
A: a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century', '
Q: What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?
A: the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college”', '
Q: What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun\'s name was removed from the college?
A: it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it."', '
Q: Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?
A: Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika']
The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?
A: The Yale Record", '
Q: What year was The Yale Record first published?
A: 1872', '
Q: In what year was the Yale Daily News established?
A: 1878', '
Q: When was the Yale Herald established?
A: 1986', '
Q: What is the name of the campus radio station?
A: WYBC Yale Radio']
Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?
A: clay pipes', '
Q: What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?
A: bubble pipes', '
Q: What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?
A: Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus', '
Q: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?
A: the toe', '
Q: What game was created, to later be banned by administration?
A: Bladderball']
Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?
A: Yale Bowl", '
Q: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?
A: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl', "
Q: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?
A: Payne Whitney Gymnasium", '
Q: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?
A: October 21, 2000', '
Q: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?
A: $7.5 million']
Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?
A: $250 million', '
Q: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?
A: $70 million', '
Q: Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?
A: Richard Gilder']