romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city "New York" after the Duke of York (later King James II).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the English call New Amsterdam after its capture?
A: New York', '
Q: What was the regnal name of the Duke of York?
A: James II', '
Q: What person gave up New Amsterdam to the English?
A: Peter Stuyvesant', "
Q: What was Peter Stuyvesant's title?
A: Director-General", '
Q: In what year did the English take over New Amsterdam?
A: 1664', '
Q: Who gave up New Amsterdam to the English without a fight in 1664?
A: Peter Stuyvesant']
On August 24, 1673, Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it "New Orange" to honor the Prince of Orange, King William III. However, facing defeat from the British and French, who had teamed up to destroy Dutch trading routes, the Dutch returned the island to England in 1674.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange?
A: William III', "
Q: What was the date of Anthonio Colve's capture of New York?
A: August 24, 1673", '
Q: What did Colve call New York after he captured it?
A: New Orange', '
Q: In what year did the Dutch give New York back to the English?
A: 1674', '
Q: August 24, 1673 is when which Dutch officer  took control of NYC?
A: Anthonio Colve', '
Q: The Dutch gave back the island to which country in 1674 after their trade routes had been destroyed?
A: England', '
Q: New York was called New Orange for a period based off which historical figure?
A: King William III']
At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English gained New Amsterdam (New York) in North America in exchange for Dutch control of Run, an Indonesian island. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After what war did the English receive New Amsterdam?
A: Second Anglo-Dutch War', '
Q: How many Lenape lived in the area in 1700?
A: 200', '
Q: What was the name of the island the English traded to the Dutch in return for New Amsterdam?
A: Run', '
Q: In 1700, the Lenape Native American population had dwindled to how many?
A: 200', '
Q: After which war did England gain New York in exchange for Run, an Indonesian island?
A: Second Anglo-Dutch War']
New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding?
A: 42%', '
Q: In 1730, what American city had the highest percentage of slaveholders?
A: Charleston, South Carolina', '
Q: Near what square was the African Burial Ground unearthed?
A: Foley Square', '
Q: What was being built that resulted in the discovery of the African Burial Ground?
A: courthouse', '
Q: Which city in North America held the most slaves in the 1700s?
A: Charleston, South Carolina', '
Q: When was as African burial ground discovered after the building of new courthouse?
A: 1990s']
The trial in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was John Peter Zenger tried?
A: 1735', "
Q: On what island did Zenger's trial occur?
A: Manhattan", '
Q: In what year was Columbia University chartered?
A: 1754', '
Q: Under what king did the founding of Columbia University occur?
A: George II', "
Q: What was the original name of Columbia University?
A: King's College", '
Q: Which trial in Manhatten helped establish the right of freedom of the press?
A: John Peter Zenger', '
Q: Columbia University of New York was founded in what year?
A: 1754', '
Q: The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city?
A: New York']
The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the biggest battle of the American Revolution?
A: Battle of Long Island', '
Q: In what borough did the Battle of Long Island occur?
A: Brooklyn', '
Q: In what month and year was the Battle of Long Island fought?
A: August 1776', '
Q: About how many escaped slaves were in New York during the time the British occupied it?
A: 10,000', '
Q: In what year did the American Revolutionary War end?
A: 1783', '
Q: Which battle was the largest battle of the American Revolutionary war?
A: The Battle of Long Island', '
Q: Which borough of New York was the Battle of Long Island fought?
A: Brooklyn', '
Q: When did the English army start to retreat and evacuate NYC during the Battle of Long Island?
A: 1783']
The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did the peace conference on Staten Island occur?
A: September 11, 1776', '
Q: Who was the British representative at the Conference House meeting?
A: Lord Howe', '
Q: What notable catastrophe took place under the British occupation?
A: Great Fire of New York', '
Q: In what modern-day borough did the Great Fire happen?
A: Manhattan', '
Q: What noted religious building was destroyed in the Great Fire?
A: Trinity Church', '
Q: Who was the English general who met with Benjamin Franklin on Septermber 11, 1776?
A: Lord Howe', '
Q: Which natural disaster happened after English occupation of Lower Manhattan?
A: the Great Fire of New York']
In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did New York become the United States capital?
A: 1785', "
Q: Who was the United States' first President?
A: George Washington", '
Q: In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit?
A: Federal Hall', '
Q: On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur?
A: Wall Street', '
Q: What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?
A: Philadelphia', '
Q: Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785?
A: Congress of the Confederation', '
Q: New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States?
A: capital', '
Q: The first president, George Washington, took office in what year?
A: 1789', '
Q: By which year, did New York City become the largest city in the United States?
A: 1790']
Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the state of New York pass a law to free the slaves?
A: 1799', '
Q: What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?
A: Manhattan', '
Q: Along with John Jay, who founded the New York Manumission Society?
A: Alexander Hamilton', '
Q: In what year did the state of New York eliminate slavery?
A: 1827', '
Q: In 1840, about how many African-Americans lived in New York City?
A: 16,000', '
Q: The gradual abolition act in New York was formed in what year?
A: 1799', '
Q: When was slavery completely outlawed in the state of New York?
A: 1827']
In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What plan of 1811 spread a grid of streets across Manhattan?
A: Commissioners' Plan", '
Q: In what year did the Erie Canal finish building?
A: 1825', '
Q: What political machine controlled New York politics in this era?
A: Tammany Hall', '
Q: Along with German immigrants, immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall?
A: Irish', '
Q: The Erie Canal was finished being built in what year?
A: 1825']
Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the first urban landscaped park in the United States?
A: Central Park', '
Q: In what year was Central Park founded?
A: 1857', '
Q: Central park, in 1857, became the first park in America to become what?
A: first landscaped']
The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants. Over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event brought many Irish immigrants to the United States?
A: Great Irish Famine', '
Q: In 1860, approximately how many people of Irish extraction were in New York?
A: 200,000', '
Q: In 1860, what fraction of the city population was composed of Irish immigrants?
A: a quarter', '
Q: In 1860, what percentage of the city population was composed of German immigrants?
A: 25%', '
Q: What events provoked the immigration of people from Germany?
A: revolutions', '
Q: Which event brought upon a lot of Irish immigrants to NYC?
A: Great Irish Famine', '
Q: How many immigrants that were Irish were living in New York in 1860?
A: Over 200,000']
Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to $5,766 in 2016) commutation fee to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and blacks for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants. According to historian James M. McPherson (2001), at least 120 people were killed. In all, eleven black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, as well as New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance. Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the mayor of New York City in 1861? 
A: Fernando Wood', '
Q: What was the commutation fee to avoid being conscripted during the American Civil War?
A: $300', '
Q: People of what ethnicity most visibly participated in the Draft Riots of 1863?
A: Irish', '
Q: About how many people died during the Draft Riots of 1863?
A: 120', '
Q: What was the approximate African-American population of New York City in 1865?
A: 10,000', '
Q: The Draft Riots caused which building to burn down in 1863?
A: Colored Orphan Asylum']
In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the modern City of New York founded?
A: 1898', '
Q: In what year did the subway begin operation?
A: 1904', '
Q: Portions of what modern-day borough were included in the County of New York?
A: the Bronx', '
Q: The subway of New York was first available in what year?
A: 1904']
In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the General Slocum disaster occur?
A: 1904', '
Q: How many people died on the General Slocum?
A: 1,021', "
Q: In what building did the city's deadliest industrial disaster occur?
A: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory", '
Q: How many people died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?
A: 146', "
Q: The growth of what organization was prompted by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?
A: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union", '
Q: A catastrophe in 1911 that killed 146 workers was called what?
A: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire']
New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many non-white people lived in New York in 1890?
A: 36,620', '
Q: What was the name of the Prohibition-era African-American cultural flourishing in New York?
A: Harlem Renaissance', '
Q: What was the population of people in New York that were not Caucasian in 1890?
A: 36,620']
New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the early 1920s, what was the second most highly populated city in the world?
A: London', '
Q: What is the term for a city with a population of over 10 million?
A: megacity', '
Q: Who was mayor of New York during the Great Depression?
A: Fiorello La Guardia', '
Q: For about how many years did Tammany Hall control New York political life?
A: eighty', '
Q: In the 1930s, New York City had more than 10 million people becoming the first what in history?
A: megacity']
Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters?
A: 1952', '
Q: Prior to New York, what city was the center of the world of art?
A: Paris', '
Q: What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center?
A: abstract expressionism', '
Q: The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York?
A: United Nations']
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Stonewall riots are named after what building?
A: the Stonewall Inn', '
Q: In what neighborhood did the Stonewall riots occur?
A: Greenwich Village', '
Q: On what date did the Stonewall riots take place?
A: June 28, 1969', '
Q: In what borough did the Stonewall riots happen?
A: Manhattan', '
Q: What event provoked the Stonewall riots?
A: a police raid', '
Q: Where did the Stonewall riots happen?
A: Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan']
In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the population of New York first reach an all-time high in this period?
A: 2000', '
Q: In what year did the population of New York reach an all-time high for the second time in this period?
A: 2010', '
Q: What was the name of a new sector of the New York economy that appeared in the 1990s?
A: Silicon Alley', '
Q: In what decade did the crime rate drop significantly?
A: 1990s', '
Q: In what decade was there a significant decline in industrial jobs?
A: 1970s', '
Q: Which decade did massive job losses happen in NYC due to industrial issues?
A: 1970s']
The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area. The rebuilding of the area, has created a new One World Trade Center, and a 9/11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure. The World Trade Center PATH station, which opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, 2003. A permanent station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, is currently under construction. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of American independence.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower on September 11, 2001?
A: American Airlines Flight 11", "
Q: What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower on September 11, 2001?
A: United Airlines Flight 175", '
Q: How many firefighters died in the World Trade Center attack?
A: 343', '
Q: On what date did the World Trade Center PATH begin operation?
A: July 19, 1909', '
Q: How tall is One World Trade Center in meters?
A: 541.3', '
Q: The Hudson Terminal which was also demolished was build in what year?
A: 1909', '
Q: How many leader terrorists of Al Quada were involved with the 9/11 attacks directly that day?
A: 10', '
Q: What was the plane named that crashed into the World Trade Center?
A: American Airlines Flight 11']