romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, as well as pterosaurs. All this climatic change, however, resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, in which all archosaurs (excluding ancient crocodiles), most synapsids, and almost all large amphibians went extinct, as well as 34% of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world. The cause is debatable.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the span of the Late Triassic?
A: 237 million to 200 million years', '
Q: Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?
A: heat spells', '
Q: When did the first dinosaurs evolve?
A: Triassic', '
Q: According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?
A: Triassic-Jurassic extinction', '
Q: What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?
A: crocodiles']
The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways, and as a result, the decline and extinction of sauropods (except in South America). Many coastal shallows were created, and that caused Ichthyosaurs to die out. Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as head of the seas. Some island-hopping dinosaurs, like Eustreptospondylus, evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe. Other dinosaurs rose up to fill the empty space that the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction left behind, such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus. Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent. Seasons came back into effect and the poles got seasonally colder, but dinosaurs still inhabited this area like the Leaellynasaura which inhabited the polar forests year-round, and many dinosaurs migrated there during summer like Muttaburrasaurus. Since it was too cold for crocodiles, it was the last stronghold for large amphibians, like Koolasuchus. Pterosaurs got larger as species like Tapejara and Ornithocheirus evolved.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?
A: 145 million to 100 million years', '
Q: What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?
A: expansion of seaways', '
Q: What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows?
A: Ichthyosaurs', '
Q: What species dominated the seas?
A: Mosasaurs', '
Q: What dinosaur spread to every continent?
A: Iguanodon']
Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?
A: increase in seafloor', '
Q: Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?
A: flooded coastal areas', '
Q: Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?
A: Tethys Sea', '
Q: What weather condition increased?
A: Temperatures', '
Q: As humidity increased what land area decreased?
A: deserts']
The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago. The climate was much more humid than the Triassic, and as a result, the world was very tropical. In the oceans, Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites fill waters as the dominant races of the seas. On land, dinosaurs and other reptiles stake their claim as the dominant race of the land, with species such as Dilophosaurus at the top. The first true crocodiles evolved, pushing out the large amphibians to near extinction. All-in-all, reptiles rise to rule the world. Meanwhile, the first true mammals evolve, but remained relatively small sized.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?
A: 200 million years to 175 million', '
Q: Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?
A: Plesiosaurs', '
Q: What was the highest order of species n land?
A: Dilophosaurus', '
Q: What other order evolved during the Jurassic?
A: true mammals', '
Q: What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world?
A: more humid']
Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria. This orogeny was related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and subduction of the North China and Siberian cratons under the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, the era featured the dramatic rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent, Laurasia, and a southern continent, Gondwana. This created the passive continental margin that characterizes most of the Atlantic coastline (such as along the U.S. East Coast) today.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At what time was tectonic formation mild?
A: Mesozoic', '
Q: Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur?
A: Arctic', '
Q: What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents?
A: Pangaea', '
Q: What was the northern continent split from Pangaea?
A: Laurasia', "
Q: What was Pangaea's southern continent called?
A: Gondwana"]
Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of animals took longer to reestablish?
A: specialized animals', '
Q: How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?
A: 30M years', '
Q: When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?
A: mid-Triassic', '
Q: What dominated animal life in the Triassic?
A: reptiles', '
Q: How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?
A: 4M to 6M']
The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic, climate and evolutionary activity. The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions. The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods. Overall, however, the Earth was hotter than it is today. Non-avian dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic, occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous. Birds first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small—less than 15 kg (33 lb)—until the Cenozoic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?
A: Permian–Triassic extinction', '
Q: When did the Mesozoic end?
A: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction', '
Q: What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
A: tectonic', '
Q: Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
A: evolutionary', '
Q: When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?
A: Cenozoic']
The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger. New aquatic reptiles evolved such as Ichthyosaurs and Nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, Pine forests flourished, bringing along mosquitoes and fruit flies. The first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?
A: 247 million to 237 million', '
Q: What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?
A: breakup of Pangaea', '
Q: From what had the ecosystem had to recover?
A: the Great Dying', '
Q: During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?
A: Tethys Sea', '
Q: What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?
A: reptiles']
The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?
A: 163 million to 145 million', '
Q: What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?
A: sauropods and Ichthyosaurs', '
Q: What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?
A: Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction', '
Q: What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?
A: Sea levels rose', '
Q: What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways? 
A: Atlantic sea']
The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large bodies of water—especially the oceans—experience less variation in temperature. Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans, temperatures fluctuated greatly, and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert. Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions, but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall. Most important humid episodes were the Carnian Pluvial Event and one in the Rhaetian, few million years before the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?
A: dry', '
Q: What could have made temperatures more extreme?
A: Low sea levels', '
Q: Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like?
A: desert', '
Q: What were there periods of during the Triassic?
A: increased rainfall', '
Q: What was the Carnian Pluvial event?
A: increased rainfall']
The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?
A: gymnosperms', '
Q: What is an example of a gymnosperm?
A: conifers', '
Q: What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?
A: angiosperms', '
Q: When did the Ginkgo evolve?
A: Mesozoic', '
Q: What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?
A: Sequoia']
It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp., which had an Initial Public Offering in November, 1984.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?
A: the 1980s', '
Q: What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?
A: 128 kilobits/s', '
Q: What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?
A: the Media space', '
Q: In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as?
A: ISDN networks', '
Q: What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?
A: PictureTel Corp.']
The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?
A: The MC', '
Q: What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?
A: endpoint signaling', '
Q: Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation?
A: the signaling plane', '
Q: On what plane does the MC operate?
A: the media plane', '
Q: What generates output streams from each endpoint?
A: The MP']
High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality, and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware (often as part of chat programs) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What technology has become more widely available and affordable?
A: High speed Internet connectivity', '
Q: What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?
A: webcam', '
Q: What has made videoconferencing accessible to many?
A: The availability of freeware', '
Q: Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?
A: chat programs']
Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?
A: serve individuals, not groups', '
Q: What is an example of a videophone call program?
A: Skype', '
Q: What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?
A: videoconferencing', '
Q: What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?
A: a video link', '
Q: What is another name for videophone calls?
A: video chat']
Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks, independent of location. Mobile collaboration systems now allow multiple people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an off-shore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?
A: the 2010s', '
Q: What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?
A: Mobile collaboration systems', '
Q: What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?
A: still image streaming', '
Q: What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer?
A: mobile', '
Q: What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?
A: hand-held mobile devices']
Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can videoconferencing offer students?
A: participating in two-way communication forums', '
Q: Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?
A: students', '
Q: What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?
A: language', '
Q: What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?
A: virtual field trips', '
Q: What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?
A: visit museums']
One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the "Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair –two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications?
A: AT&T', "
Q: What was the name of AT&T's videophone device?
A: Picturephone", '
Q: In what year was AT&T\'s "Picturephone" device introduced?
A: 1964', '
Q: Where was AT&T\'s "Picturephone" device unveiled?
A: 1964 New York World\'s Fair', '
Q: In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed?
A: 1990s']
In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?
A: film', '
Q: On what film was videoconferencing widely used?
A: Frozen', '
Q: What year was the movie Frozen released?
A: 2013', '
Q: In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?
A: New York City', '
Q: How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?
A: 14']
A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a video-conference also known as?
A: videoteleconference', '
Q: What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations?
A: a multipoint control unit', '
Q: What is a multi-point control unit?
A: call management system', '
Q: How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?
A: web-based applications', '
Q: How many locations can one use videoconferencing for?
A: two or more']