romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The town was the subject of an attempt by a separate company, the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway, to open another rail route to the North in the 1880s and some building work, including a surviving embankment, was undertaken in the Hill Lane area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What competing railway company tried to open a rail route in the 1880s?
A: Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway', '
Q: In which direction did the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway want to expand?
A: North', "
Q: What feature survives in the Hill Lane area as evidence of the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway's work?
A: embankment"]
Southampton Airport is a regional airport located in the town of Eastleigh, just north of the city. It offers flights to UK and near European destinations, and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport (Parkway) railway station, and by bus services.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what town is Southampton Airport located?
A: Eastleigh', '
Q: What direction would one travel from Southampton to get to the airport in Eastleigh?
A: north', "
Q: If passengers don't want to take a train to the airport, what other transport is available?
A: bus", '
Q: To take a train to Southampton Airport, what railway station would you need to go through?
A: Southampton Airport (Parkway)']
Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water, including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What cruise line has its headquarters in Southampton?
A: Carnival Corporation & plc', '
Q: Besides Carnival, what other major cruise line parks its record-breaking cruise ships in Southampton Water? 
A: Royal Caribbean', '
Q: In addition to P&O Cruises and Cunard Line, what other brand does Carnival Corporation own?
A: Princess Cruises']
The city has a particular connection to Cunard Line and their fleet of ships. This was particularly evident on 11 November 2008 when the Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 departed the city for the final time amid a spectacular fireworks display after a full day of celebrations. Cunard ships are regularly launched in the city, for example Queen Victoria was named by HRH The Duchess of Cornwall in December 2007, and the Queen named Queen Elizabeth in the city during October 2011. The Duchess of Cambridge performed the naming ceremony of Royal Princess on 13 June 2013.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What brand of cruise ships has a special importance to Southampton?
A: Cunard Line', '
Q: What was the name of the liner that left Southampton on its final journey on November 11, 2008?
A: RMS Queen Elizabeth 2', '
Q: Who christened the Cunard ship Queen Victoria in December 2007?
A: HRH The Duchess of Cornwall', '
Q: In what year did the Queen Elizabeth receive its name from the Queen?
A: 2011', '
Q: What ship did the Duchess of Cambridge christen on June 13, 2013?
A: Royal Princess']
At certain times of the year, The Queen Mary 2, Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria may all visit Southampton at the same time, in an event commonly called 'Arrival of the Three Queens'.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Southampton call the event when three ships named after queens all visit the city?
A: Arrival of the Three Queens', '
Q: Which of the "Three Queens" has a number in its name?
A: Queen Mary 2', "
Q: Along with the Queen Mary 2 and Queen Victoria, which third ship must be present for the 'Arrival of the Three Queens'?
A: Queen Elizabeth"]
The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises's 175th anniversary celebrations, which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. Adonia, Arcadia, Aurora, Azura, Oceana, Oriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What cruise line celebrated a landmark anniversary in Southampton in July of 2012?
A: P&O Cruises', '
Q: Which anniversary did P&O celebrate in Southampton?
A: 175th', '
Q: How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations?
A: seven', '
Q: Which of the seven P&O cruise liners has a name that begins with "V"?
A: Ventura', "
Q: Along with the Oriana, what's the other P&O liner with a name that starts with the same letter?
A: Oceana"]
While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries, it is the terminus for three internal ferry services, all of which operate from terminals at Town Quay. Two of these, a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry service, provide links to East Cowes and Cowes respectively on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel. The third ferry is the Hythe Ferry, providing a passenger service to Hythe on the other side of Southampton Water.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many internal ferry services does Southampton serve?
A: three', '
Q: What is the name of the quay where all three ferries have their terminals?
A: Town Quay', '
Q: How many of the ferries connect to the Isle of Wight?
A: Two', '
Q: What company operates the ferries to East Cowes and Cowes?
A: Red Funnel', '
Q: What body of water does the Hythe Ferry cross to reach Hythe from Southampton?
A: Southampton Water']
Southampton used to be home to a number of ferry services to the continent, with destinations such as San Sebastian, Lisbon, Tangier and Casablanca. A ferry port was built during the 1960s. However, a number of these relocated to Portsmouth and by 1996, there were no longer any car ferries operating from Southampton with the exception of services to the Isle of Wight. The land used for Southampton Ferry Port was sold off and a retail and housing development was built on the site. The Princess Alexandra Dock was converted into a marina. Reception areas for new cars now fill the Eastern Docks where passengers, dry docks and trains used to be.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what decade was the ferry port built in Southampton to carry people to exotic destinations on the continent?
A: 1960s', '
Q: By what year did car ferries finish operating from Southampton, other than the one to the Isle of Wight?
A: 1996', '
Q: What was built on the site where the Southampton Ferry Port used to be?
A: a retail and housing development', '
Q: What has the Princess Alexandra Dock become?
A: a marina', '
Q: What location that was once filled with passengers, dry docks, and trains is now a holding area for new cars?
A: Eastern Docks']
Buses now provide the majority of local public transport. The main bus operators are First Southampton and Bluestar. Other operators include Brijan Tours, Stagecoach and Xelabus. The other large service provider is the Uni-link bus service (running from early in the morning to midnight), which was commissioned by the University of Southampton to provide transport from the university to the town. Previously run by Enterprise, it is now run by Bluestar. Free buses are provided by City-link'. The City-link runs from the Red Funnel ferry terminal at Town Quay to Central station via WestQuay and is operated by Bluestar. There is also a door-to-door minibus service called Southampton Dial a Ride, for residents who cannot access public transport. This is funded by the council and operated by SCA Support Services.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What form of public transport do most people in Southampton use now?
A: Buses', '
Q: Along with First Southampton, what is the other main bus operator in Southampton?
A: Bluestar', '
Q: What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university?
A: Uni-link', '
Q: What time does Uni-link stop service to the university each night?
A: midnight', '
Q: What operator ran Uni-link before Bluestar?
A: Enterprise']
There are two main termini for bus services. As the biggest operator, First uses stops around Pound Tree Road. This leaves the other terminal of West Quay available for other operators. Uni-link passes West Quay in both directions, and Wilts & Dorset drop passengers off and pick them up there, terminating at a series of bus stands along the road. Certain Bluestar services also do this, while others stop at Bargate and some loop round West Quay, stopping at Hanover Buildings. There was a tram system from 1879 to 1949.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What road does First use stops around to leave a terminal available for other buses?
A: Pound Tree Road', '
Q: Which bus service passes West Quay going in both directions?
A: Uni-link', '
Q: What operator drops off and picks up passengers at West Quay?
A: Wilts & Dorset', '
Q: When did the tram system stop operating in Southampton?
A: 1949', '
Q: Where do buses that loop around West Quay stop?
A: Hanover Buildings']
A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an (international) agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. Regardless of terminology, all of these forms of agreements are, under international law, equally considered treaties and the rules are the same.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who are the actors in international law?
A: sovereign states and international organizations', '
Q: What is an agreement entered into by actors in international law?
A: A treaty', '
Q: How are different forms of agreements treated under international law compared to treaties?
A: equally', '
Q: How would you compare the rules of a treaty and a covenant under international law?
A: the rules are the same']
Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What must a party to a treaty do to prevent being held liable under international law?
A: live up to their obligations', '
Q: What is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law?
A: contracts', '
Q: Under what will a party to a treaty be held liable for failing to uphold their obligations?
A: international law', '
Q: What must be the attitude of a party towards assuming the legal obligations of the treaty?
A: willing', '
Q: What do we call the willingly-assumed burdens placed upon parties to both treaties and contracts?
A: obligations']
A treaty is an official, express written agreement that states use to legally bind themselves. A treaty is the official document which expresses that agreement in words; and it is also the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their defined relationships.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are the agreements in a treaty expressed?
A: in words', '
Q: How are states that enter into a treaty bound?
A: legally', '
Q: What is an official document which expresses an agreement between two states?
A: A treaty', '
Q: What is an objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the defined relationships of its parties?
A: A treaty', '
Q: Who is responsible for the legally-bound obligations of the parties to a treaty?
A: themselves']
Since the late 19th century, most treaties have followed a fairly consistent format. A treaty typically begins with a preamble describing the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty, as well as summarizing any underlying events (such as a war). Modern preambles are sometimes structured as a single very long sentence formatted into multiple paragraphs for readability, in which each of the paragraphs begins with a verb (desiring, recognizing, having, and so on).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is shared by most treaties since the late 19th century?
A: a fairly consistent format', '
Q: What is the beginning of a typical treaty called?
A: a preamble', '
Q: Why are long sentences in a modern preamble formatted into multiple paragraphs?
A: readability', '
Q: Each paragraph of a modern preamble typically begins with which part of speech?
A: a verb', '
Q: In addition to describing the parties and their joint objectives, what else does a modern preamble typically summarize?
A: any underlying events (such as a war)']
The contracting parties' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble, along with the full names and titles of their representatives, and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated (or exchanged) their full powers (i.e., the official documents appointing them to act on behalf of their respective states) and found them in good or proper form.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term describes a common clause in a treaty stating that the representatives of the parties have communicated their full powers?
A: boilerplate', "
Q: What are the official documents appointing a party's representative to act on their behalf?
A: full powers", '
Q: In addition to their full names, what else is included in the preamble that identifies the parties to a treaty?
A: sovereign titles', "
Q: How must the full powers of a parties' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty?
A: in good or proper form.", '
Q: Who else besides the parties themselves is typically identified in the preamble to a treaty?
A: their representatives']
After the preamble comes numbered articles, which contain the substance of the parties' actual agreement. Each article heading usually encompasses a paragraph. A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What follows the preamble in a treaty?
A: numbered articles', "
Q: What is contained in the numbered articles of a treaty?
A: the substance of the parties' actual agreement", '
Q: What does each article heading usually encompass?
A: a paragraph', '
Q: How might the articles in a long treaty be grouped?
A: under chapter headings', '
Q: The numbered articles of a treaty may be grouped by chapter heading in what kind of treaty?
A: A long treaty']
Modern treaties, regardless of subject matter, usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of resolution to disputes is typically outlined in a treaty?
A: peaceful', '
Q: Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty?
A: articles', '
Q: Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty?
A: their interpretation', '
Q: Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties?
A: the final authentic copies', '
Q: Modern treaties typically outline the procedures for the peaceful resolution of what?
A: disputes']
The end of a treaty, the eschatocol (or closing protocol), is often signaled by a clause like "in witness whereof" or "in faith whereof," the parties have affixed their signatures, followed by the words "DONE at," then the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s) of its execution. The date is typically written in its most formal, longest possible form. For example, the Charter of the United Nations was "DONE at the city of San Francisco the twenty-sixth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and forty-five." If the treaty is executed in multiple copies in different languages, that fact is always noted, and is followed by a stipulation that the versions in different languages are equally authentic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the formal name for the closing protocol of a treaty?
A: the eschatocol', "
Q: What typically follows the signatures in a treaty?
A: the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s)", '
Q: How is the date typically written in a treaty?
A: its most formal, longest possible form', '
Q: What is the nature of the different versions of a treaty executed in multiple languages?
A: equally authentic', '
Q: A clause like "in witness whereof" or "in faith whereof" typically signals what in a treaty?
A: The end']
The signatures of the parties' representatives follow at the very end. When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty?
A: the parties' representatives", '
Q: Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted?
A: in a collection of treaties currently in effect', '
Q: Who, upon reprinting, will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect?
A: an editor', '
Q: Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect?
A: ratified the treaty', '
Q: Even if signed  and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates?
A: came into effect']
Bilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreement. Each of these treaties has seventeen parties. These however are still bilateral, not multilateral, treaties. The parties are divided into two groups, the Swiss ("on the one part") and the EU and its member states ("on the other part"). The treaty establishes rights and obligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member states severally—it does not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU and its member states.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Bilateral treaties are concluded between how many states or entities?
A: two', '
Q: Is it possible for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties?
A: It is possible', '
Q: The bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union followed the Swiss rejection of what?
A: the European Economic Area agreement', '
Q: Does the bilateral treaty between Switzerland and the European Union establish rights or obligations amongst the EU and its member states?
A: it does not', '
Q: The treaty between Switzerland and the European Union is an example of what kind of treaty?
A: bilateral']
A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of "mutual guarantee" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a treaty concluded among several countries?
A: A multilateral treaty', '
Q: Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations?
A: each party and every other party', '
Q: The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory?
A: attack', '
Q: What type of treaty is a mutual guarantee?
A: international compacts', '
Q: Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what?
A: region']
Reservations are essentially caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. These must be included at the time of signing or ratification, i.e. "a party cannot add a reservation after it has already joined a treaty".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What are caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty?
A: Reservations", '
Q: What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state?
A: Reservations', '
Q: When must reservations be included in a treaty?
A: at the time of signing or ratification', '
Q: What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty?
A: add a reservation', '
Q: A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects?
A: exclude or to modify']
Originally, international law was unaccepting of treaty reservations, rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty accepted the same reservations. However, in the interest of encouraging the largest number of states to join treaties, a more permissive rule regarding reservations has emerged. While some treaties still expressly forbid any reservations, they are now generally permitted to the extent that they are not inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A more permissive rule regarding what emerged to encourage the largest number of states to join treaties?
A: reservations', '
Q: Reservations are generally permitted so long as they are not what?
A: inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty', '
Q: How did international law originally respond to treaty reservations?
A: rejecting them', '
Q: Originally reservations were rejected under international law unless which parties of the treaty accepted them?
A: all parties', '
Q: Because they are generally accepted under international law, a treaty must forbid reservations in what manner to prevent their adoption?
A: expressly']
When a state limits its treaty obligations through reservations, other states party to that treaty have the option to accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them. If the state accepts them (or fails to act at all), both the reserving state and the accepting state are relieved of the reserved legal obligation as concerns their legal obligations to each other (accepting the reservation does not change the accepting state's legal obligations as concerns other parties to the treaty). If the state opposes, the parts of the treaty affected by the reservation drop out completely and no longer create any legal obligations on the reserving and accepting state, again only as concerns each other. Finally, if the state objects and opposes, there are no legal obligations under that treaty between those two state parties whatsoever. The objecting and opposing state essentially refuses to acknowledge the reserving state is a party to the treaty at all.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When a state adds reservations to a treaty, other parties to the treaty can respond to those reservations in what ways?
A: accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them', "
Q: Who remains unaffected when a party's reservation is accepted by a second party?
A: other parties to the treaty", '
Q: What happens to the parts of the treaty affected by a rejected reservation as they concern the reserving and rejecting parties?
A: drop out completely', "
Q: What legal obligations exist between two state parties if one objects and opposes the other's reservations?
A: no legal obligations", "
Q: If a state party objects and opposes another state's reservations it essentially refuses to acknowledge what?
A: the reserving state is a party to the treaty"]