romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
On September 21, 1953, Thomas Watson, Jr., the company's president at the time, sent out a controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing plants with the governors of two states in the U.S. South, he could be clear that IBM would not build "separate-but-equal" workplaces. In 1984, IBM added sexual orientation to its nondiscrimination policy. The company stated that this would give IBM a competitive advantage because IBM would then be able to hire talented people its competitors would turn down.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What date did Thomas Watson, Jr. send out a letter about IBM hiring the best people regardless of race, gender, or origin?
A: September 21, 1953', '
Q: IBM publicized its hiring policy to help negotiations in two states where in the U.S.?
A: the U.S. South', '
Q: What kind of workplaces did IBM commit to not building?
A: separate-but-equal', '
Q: IBM expanded their nondiscrimination policy in 1984 to include what?
A: sexual orientation', '
Q: In what year did IBM add sexual orientation to their nondiscrimination policy?
A: 1984']
IBM has been a leading proponent of the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998. The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers. IBM has also released code under different open source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation), the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (ICU) license, and the Java-based relational database management system (RDBMS) Apache Derby. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see SCO v. IBM).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: IBM began supporting this in 1998.
A: Linux', '
Q: 300 Linux kernel developers work here.
A: the IBM Linux Technology Center', '
Q: IBM created the software framework known as?
A: Eclipse', '
Q: What is a notable legal case involving open source and IBM?
A: SCO v. IBM', '
Q: What does RDBMS refer to?
A: relational database management system']
DeveloperWorks is a website run by IBM for software developers and IT professionals. It contains how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-standard technologies like Java, Linux, SOA and web services, web development, Ajax, PHP, and XML to IBM's products (WebSphere, Rational, Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management). In 2007, developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: IBM runs what website for software developers?
A: DeveloperWorks', '
Q: In 2007 what happened to developerWorks?
A: was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame', '
Q: DeveloperWorks has content about open industry standard technologies like Java and SOA, what is one other industry standard technology it has resources for?
A: Linux', '
Q: IBM products such as WebSphere and Rational are covered on DeveloperWorks, what other three IBM products are covered?
A: Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management', '
Q: The Jolt Hall of Fame inducted DeveloperWorks in what year?
A: 2007']
Virtually all console gaming systems of the previous generation used microprocessors developed by IBM. The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months. Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. IBM also provided the microprocessor that serves as the heart of Nintendo's new Wii U system, which debuted in 2012. The new Power Architecture-based microprocessor includes IBM's latest technology in an energy-saving silicon package. Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed Broadway. The older Nintendo GameCube utilizes the Gekko processor, also designed by IBM.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?
A: PowerPC tri-core processor', '
Q: How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?
A: less than 24 months', '
Q: Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor?
A: Cell BE microprocessor', '
Q: Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor?
A: Toshiba, and Sony', '
Q: What year did the Nintendo Wii U, partly developed by IBM, debut?
A: 2012']
IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Offering" is to cut costs of managing whether to use Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operating systems since the operating systems will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One alternative to Microsoft's office document formats is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with Lotus Notes, instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor – the Mozilla Firefox web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5% of its desktop PCs. The Linux offering has been made available as the IBM Client for Smart Work product on the Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux platforms.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What will Open Client Offering run on?
A: Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X", '
Q: What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?
A: Open Document Format software', '
Q: What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to?
A: 5%', '
Q: Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on?
A: Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux', '
Q: What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?
A: Mozilla Firefox']
In 2006, IBM launched Secure Blue, encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors. A year later, IBM unveiled Project Big Green, a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency. On November 2008, IBM’s CEO, Sam Palmisano, during a speech at the Council on Foreign Relations, outlined a new agenda for building a Smarter Planet. On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter Planet. On Aug 18, 2011, as part of its effort in cognitive computing, IBM has produced chips that imitate neurons and synapses. These microprocessors do not use von Neumann architecture, and they consume less memory and power.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the IBM project that redirected $1 billion each year to increase energy efficiency?
A: Project Big Green', '
Q: Secure Blue was launched in what year?
A: 2006', '
Q: What type of hardware is Secure Blue?
A: encryption hardware', '
Q: Who was the IBM ceo in November 2008?
A: Sam Palmisano', '
Q: What framework did IBM announce on March 1, 2011?
A: Smarter Computing framework']
IBM also holds the SmartCamp program globally. The program searches for fresh start-up companies that IBM can partner with to solve world problems. IBM holds 17 SmartCamp events around the world. Since July 2011, IBM has partnered with Pennies, the electronic charity box, and produced a software solution for IBM retail customers that provides an easy way to donate money when paying in-store by credit or debit card. Customers donate just a few pence (1p-99p) a time and every donation goes to UK charities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the program that IBM uses to search for new start-up companies to solve world problems?
A: SmartCamp', '
Q: How many SmartCamp events does IBM hold worldwide?
A: 17', '
Q: Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money?
A: Pennies', '
Q: Charities of which nation benefit from the IBM partnership with Pennies?
A: UK', '
Q: What company is known for the electronic charity box?
A: Pennies']
The birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered pollution for decades, however. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compounds in the town's soil and aquifer. Traces of volatile organic compounds have been identified in Endicott’s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane, freon, benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Remediation and testing are ongoing, however according to city officials, tests show that the water is safe to drink.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What location is the birthplace of IBM?
A: Endicott', '
Q: How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979?
A: 4,100 gallons', '
Q: How long did IBM use liquid cleaning agents for circuit board manufacturing?
A: more than two decades', '
Q: Starting in 1980 how many gallons of chemicals did IBM pump into the air?
A: 78,000 gallons', '
Q: IBM was identified by what department as a major source of pollution?
A: Department of Environmental Conservation']
The contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism (see New Right). Historically, the party has supported a higher degree of economic protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as anti-socialist. Strong opposition to socialism and communism in Australia and abroad was one of its founding principles. The party's founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australia's middle class would form its main constituency.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is economic liberalism sometimes also referred to?
A: New Right', '
Q: Does the Liberal Party of Australia consider itself socialist or anti-socialist?
A: anti-socialist', "
Q: Who was the Liberal Party of Australia's longest-serving leader?
A: Robert Menzies", "
Q: Who founded Australia's liberal party?
A: Robert Menzies"]
Throughout their history, the Liberals have been in electoral terms largely the party of the middle class (whom Menzies, in the era of the party's formation called "The forgotten people"), though such class-based voting patterns are no longer as clear as they once were. In the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged that no longer voted Liberal.[citation needed] One effect of this was the success of a breakaway party, the Australian Democrats, founded in 1977 by former Liberal minister Don Chipp and members of minor liberal parties; other members of the left-leaning section of the middle-class became Labor supporters.[citation needed] On the other hand, the Liberals have done increasingly well in recent years among socially conservative working-class voters.[citation needed]However the Liberal Party's key support base remains the upper-middle classes; 16 of the 20 richest federal electorates are held by the Liberals, most of which are safe seats. In country areas they either compete with or have a truce with the Nationals, depending on various factors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whom are referred to as "The forgoten people?"
A: the middle class', '
Q: In what year were the Australian Democrats founded?
A: 1977', '
Q: Which former liberal founded the Australian Democrats in 1977?
A: Don Chipp']
Domestically, Menzies presided over a fairly regulated economy in which utilities were publicly owned, and commercial activity was highly regulated through centralised wage-fixing and high tariff protection. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australia's high tariff levels. At that time the Liberals' coalition partner, the Country Party, the older of the two in the coalition (now known as the "National Party"), had considerable influence over the government's economic policies. It was not until the late 1970s and through their period out of power federally in the 1980s that the party came to be influenced by what was known as the "New Right" – a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Did Mezies and Malcom Fraser raise, mainain, or lower tariff levels?
A: generally maintain', '
Q: Which group is currently known as the "National Party"?
A: the Country Party', '
Q: What is the "New Right"?
A: a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts', "
Q: Were utilities publically or privately owned in Menzie's economy?
A: publicly"]
The Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by the second prime minister, Alfred Deakin, in response to Labor's growing electoral prominence. The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents (including Billy Hughes) to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917. That party, in turn, merged with Labor dissidents to form the UAP in 1931.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which group was predecessor to the Liberals?
A: United Australia Party (UAP)', '
Q: From where did the ideology of the Liberals stem?
A: anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments', '
Q: What did the Commonwealth Liberal Party merge to form?
A: Nationalist Party of Australia', '
Q: In what year was the Nationalist Party of Australia formed?
A: 1917']
The UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election, and the Lyons Government went on to win three consecutive elections. It largely avoided Keynesian pump-priming and pursued a more conservative fiscal policy of debt reduction and balanced budgets as a means of stewarding Australia out of the Depression. Lyons' death in 1939 saw Robert Menzies assume the Prime Ministership on the eve of war. Menzies served as Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 but resigned as leader of the minority World War II government amidst an unworkable parliamentary majority. The UAP, led by Billy Hughes, disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the 1943 election.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What economic event influenced the 1931 Election?
A: the Great Depression', '
Q: How many consecutive elections did the Lyons Government win?
A: three', "
Q: What event caused Robert Menzies to become Prime Minister?
A: Lyons' death in 1939", '
Q: What years did Robert Menzies serve as Prime Minister?
A: 1939 to 1941']
Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party, which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury, New South Wales in December 1944. From 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of "The Forgotten People" radio talks–similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's "fireside chats" of the 1930s–in which he spoke of the middle class as the "backbone of Australia" but as nevertheless having been "taken for granted" by political parties.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what are Menzies\' "Forgotten People" radio talks compared to?
A: Franklin D. Roosevelt\'s "fireside chats"', '
Q: How did Roosevelt refer to the middle class?
A: "backbone of Australia"', '
Q: Was the meeting at Canberra a group of people supporting or opposed to the Australian Labor Party?
A: opposed', '
Q: Where was the second anti-Labor Party held in 1944?
A: Albury, New South Wales']
The formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945. It took the name "Liberal" in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party. The new party was dominated by the remains of the old UAP; with few exceptions, the UAP party room became the Liberal party room. The Australian Women's National League, a powerful conservative women's organisation, also merged with the new party. A conservative youth group Menzies had set up, the Young Nationalists, was also merged into the new party. It became the nucleus of the Liberal Party's youth division, the Young Liberals. By September 1945 there were more than 90,000 members, many of whom had not previously been members of any political party.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the formation of the Liberal party officially announced?
A: Sydney Town Hall', '
Q: Where did the name "Liberal" come from?
A: in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party', "
Q: What was the name of the Liberal Party's youth division?
A: Young Liberals", '
Q: How many members were in the Young Liberals by Sept 1945?
A: more than 90,000']
After an initial loss to Labor at the 1946 election, Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the 1949 election, and the party stayed in office for a record 23 years—still the longest unbroken run in government at the federal level. Australia experienced prolonged economic growth during the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949–1966) and Menzies fulfilled his promises at the 1949 election to end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children, as well as for others. While himself an unashamed anglophile, Menzies' government concluded a number of major defence and trade treaties that set Australia on its post-war trajectory out of Britain's orbit; opened Australia to multi-ethnic immigration; and instigated important legal reforms regarding Aboriginal Australians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many years did the Liberals stay in office after the 1949 election?
A: a record 23 years', '
Q: What promises did Menzies make in the 1949 election?
A: end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children', '
Q: During what period did Australia experience long-term economic growth?
A: the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949–1966)']
Menzies came to power the year the Communist Party of Australia had led a coal strike to improve pit miners' working conditions. That same year Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, and Mao Zedong led the Communist Party of China to power in China; a year later came the invasion of South Korea by Communist North Korea. Anti-communism was a key political issue of the 1950s and 1960s. Menzies was firmly anti-Communist; he committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war. The Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement, leading to the foundation of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party whose preferences supported the Liberal and Country parties.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s?
A: Anti-communism', "
Q: What actions showed Menzies' anti-Communist beliefs?
A: committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war", '
Q: Over what did the Labor party divide?
A: concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,']
In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?
A: ANZUS Treaty", '
Q: Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?
A: Australia, New Zealand and the United States', '
Q: What does the acronym SEATO stand for?
A: South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty', '
Q: Which group is a counterpart to NATO?
A: the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)', '
Q: Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?
A: San Francisco']
Menzies continued the expanded immigration program established under Chifley, and took important steps towards dismantling the White Australia Policy. In the early 1950s, external affairs minister Percy Spender helped to establish the Colombo Plan for providing economic aid to underdeveloped nations in Australia's region. Under that scheme many future Asian leaders studied in Australia. In 1958 the government replaced the Immigration Act's arbitrarily applied European language dictation test with an entry permit system, that reflected economic and skills criteria. In 1962, Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections (prior to this, indigenous people in Queensland, Western Australia and some in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen). In 1949 the Liberals appointed Dame Enid Lyons as the first woman to serve in an Australian Cabinet. Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the monarchy and British Commonwealth but formalised an alliance with the United States and concluded the Agreement on Commerce between Australia and Japan which was signed in July 1957 and launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did the Immigration Act's entry permit system include?
A: economic and skills criteria", "
Q: Which ruling allowed indigenous Australians the right to vote?
A: Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act", '
Q: Who was the first women to serve on the Australian Cabinet?
A: Dame Enid Lyons']