romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
A Turco-Mongol conqueror in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane), attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. The Sultan's army was defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, after Timur's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights. He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids, scholars, and the "other Muslims" (artists); 100,000 war prisoners were put to death in one day. The Sultanate suffered significantly from the sacking of Delhi revived briefly under the Lodi Dynasty, but it was a shadow of the former.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?
A: Timur', '
Q: On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?
A: 17 December 1398', '
Q: In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi?
A: in ruins', '
Q: How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi?
A: 100,000', '
Q: What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?
A: sayyids']
The Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. South Indian mathematics flourished under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire in Kerala. The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji and Jyeṣṭhadeva in medieval south India. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor. The empire reached its peak during the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south. Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya. Vijayanagara went into decline after the defeat in the Battle of Talikota (1565).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed?
A: 1336', '
Q: At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?
A: Hampi', '
Q: What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? 
A: Madhava of Sangamagrama', '
Q: When was the Kerala school established?
A: 14th century', '
Q: What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?
A: Hinduism']
For two and a half centuries from the mid 13th, the politics in the Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate and in the Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire which originated as a political heir of the erstwhile Hoysala Empire and Pandyan Empire. However, there were other regional powers present as well. In the North, the Rajputs were a dominant force in the Western and Central India. Their power reached to the zenith under Rana Sanga during whose time Rajput armies were constantly victorious against the Sultanate army. In the South, the Bahmani Sultanate was the chief rival of the Vijaynagara and gave Vijayanagara tough days many a times. In the early 16th century Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed. It was established either by a Brahman convert or patronized by a Brahman and form that source it got the name Bahmani. In the early 16th century, it collapsed and got split into five small Deccan sultanates. In the East, the Gajapati Kingdom remained a strong regional power to reckon with, so was the Ahom Kingdom in the North-east for six centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From the mid 13th century, what dominated politics in northern India?
A: Delhi Sultanate', '
Q: What empire dominated in the south of India in the 13th century?
A: Vijayanagar Empire', '
Q: What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century?
A: Rajputs', '
Q: Gajapati Kingdom was powerful in the east for how many centuries?
A: six centuries', '
Q: What empire beat the last Bahmani Sultanate?
A: Vijayanagara Empire']
Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century. They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later merged with the Hindu religion. From thirteenth till seventeenth century, repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms, however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kingdom came to power in Assam?
A: Ahom Kingdom', '
Q: What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?
A: 1228–1826', '
Q: What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?
A: British rule', '
Q: With what religion did the Ahom merge?
A: Hindu', '
Q: What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom?
A: Muslim rulers of Delhi']
In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What empire did Babur found in northern India?
A: Mughal Empire', "
Q: Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?
A: Sher Shah Suri", '
Q: Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?
A: Afghan', "
Q: At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?
A: Second Battle of Panipat", '
Q: By what route did Babur enter India?
A: Khyber Pass']
Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji. Historian Sir. J.N. Sarkar wrote, "All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in reality all was lost." The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: "The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?
A: 1600', '
Q: What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?
A: Taj Mahal', '
Q: What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?
A: Mughal architecture', '
Q: What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?
A: Maratha military resurgence', '
Q: During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?
A: Aurangzeb']
The empire went into decline thereafter. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi. Under the general Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the imperial Mughal army fled. In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the 1857 War of Independence, and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?
A: Marathas and Afghans', '
Q: Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?
A: Maratha general Bajirao', '
Q: Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?
A: Nizam-ul-mulk', '
Q: What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals?
A: Bhopal', '
Q: What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called?
A: 1857 War of Independence']
The Mughals were perhaps the richest single dynasty to have ever existed. During the Mughal era, the dominant political forces consisted of the Mughal Empire and its tributaries and, later on, the rising successor states – including the Maratha Empire – which fought an increasingly weak Mughal dynasty. The Mughals, while often employing brutal tactics to subjugate their empire, had a policy of integration with Indian culture, which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed. This period marked vast social change in the subcontinent as the Hindu majority were ruled over by the Mughal emperors, most of whom showed religious tolerance, liberally patronising Hindu culture. The famous emperor Akbar, who was the grandson of Babar, tried to establish a good relationship with the Hindus. However, later emperors such as Aurangazeb tried to establish complete Muslim dominance, and as a result several historical temples were destroyed during this period and taxes imposed on non-Muslims. Akbar declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism. He rolled back the jizya tax for non-Muslims. The Mughal emperors married local royalty, allied themselves with local maharajas, and attempted to fuse their Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles, creating a unique Indo-Saracenic architecture. It was the erosion of this tradition coupled with increased brutality and centralization that played a large part in the dynasty's downfall after Aurangzeb, who unlike previous emperors, imposed relatively non-pluralistic policies on the general population, which often inflamed the majority Hindu population.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the richest of all the dynasties?
A: The Mughals', '
Q: What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty? 
A: integration with Indian culture', '
Q: Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims?
A: emperor Akbar', '
Q: Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?
A: Aurangazeb', '
Q: With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture?
A: ancient Indian']
The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as "the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?
A: Maratha suzerainty', '
Q: What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?
A: Maratha confederacy', '
Q: Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?
A: Chatrapati Shivaji', "
Q: What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?
A: great constructive genius", '
Q: Who made the Marathas a strong power?
A: Peshwa Bajirao I']
By the early 18th century, the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas (prime ministers). In 1737, the Marathas defeated a Mughal army in their capital, Delhi itself in Battle of Delhi (1737). The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals, Nizam, Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries. Gordon explained how the Maratha systematically took control over new regions. They would start with annual raids, followed by collecting ransom from villages and towns while the declining Mughal Empire retained nominal control and finally taking over the region. He explained it with the example of Malwa region. Marathas built an efficient system of public administration known for its attention to detail. It succeeded in raising revenue in districts that recovered from years of raids, up to levels previously enjoyed by the Mughals. For example, the cornerstone of the Maratha rule in Malwa rested on the 60 or so local tax collectors who advanced the Maratha ruler Peshwa a portion of their district revenues at interest. By 1760, the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent. The north-western expansion of the Marathas was stopped after the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). However, the Maratha authority in the north was re-established within a decade under Peshwa Madhavrao I. The defeat of Marathas by British in third Anglo-Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820. The last peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. With the defeat of the Marathas, no native power represented any significant threat for the British afterwards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?
A: early 18th century', '
Q: Who ruled the Maratha Empire?
A: Peshwas', '
Q: What were Peshwas?
A: prime ministers', '
Q: By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?
A: 1760', '
Q: In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?
A: British']
The Punjabi kingdom, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. The empire, based around the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. In stages, he added the central Punjab, the provinces of Multan and Kashmir, the Peshawar Valley, and the Derajat to his kingdom. This came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. At its peak, in the 19th century, the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, running along Sutlej river to Himachal in the east. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The first Anglo-Sikh war and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?
A: Sikh religion', '
Q: What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?
A: 1799 to 1849', '
Q: Who was the leader of the Punjabis? 
A: Maharaja Ranjit Singh', '
Q: On what was the disciplined force Singh relied? 
A: Sikh army', '
Q: Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?
A: British']
There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation. However, most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas. The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century. Under their rule, Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas, but mostly against the British, with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?
A: Marathas', '
Q: What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?
A: Wodeyar', '
Q: What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?
A: British and Marathas', '
Q: What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?
A: the French', '
Q: Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?
A: Hyder Ali']
The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British—who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?
A: Ceylon', '
Q: Where did the British initially establish a trading base?
A: port of Surat', '
Q: What was the third European country to establish trading with India?
A: French', '
Q: What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?
A: internal conflicts', '
Q: To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?
A: British']
The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. This was the first real political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first 'Governor of Bengal' in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras, Wandiwash and Pondichéry that, along with wider British successes during the Seven Years' War, reduced French influence in India. The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; this marked the beginning of its formal rule, which within the next century engulfed most of India. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with zamindars set in place.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war?
A: Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah', "
Q: What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab's forces?
A: East India Company", '
Q: Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal?
A: Robert Clive', '
Q: What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?
A: feudal', '
Q: How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal?
A: monopolized']
As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of the vast regions of India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India first fell to Burmese invasion and then to British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826. Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between Nepal and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854, Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?
A: Carnatic', '
Q: During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?
A: 1766–1799', '
Q: When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?
A: 1772–1818', '
Q: To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?
A: Dogra Dynasty of Jammu', '
Q: After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?
A: princely state']
The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule. The rebels were disorganized, had differing goals, and were poorly equipped, led, and trained, and had no outside support or funding. They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it. The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
A: Company's rule", '
Q: What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?
A: brutally suppressed', '
Q: What force took control of the company and the situation?
A: British government', '
Q: What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?
A: full control', '
Q: What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?
A: grievances']