romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth. The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age". During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks. The Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011 – her sixteenth visit since 1954 – was called her "farewell tour" in the press because of her age.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth?
A: 2010', '
Q: Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN?
A: Ban Ki-moon', '
Q: As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN?
A: "an anchor for our age"', '
Q: For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?
A: British victims', "
Q: When was Elizabeth's farewell visit to Australia?
A: October 2011"]
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George. Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Until she became queen, what flower was on Elizabeth's coat of arms?
A: Tudor rose", "
Q: When did Elizabeth acquire her father's arms?
A: Upon her accession", '
Q: Besides personal flags,what other types of flags does Elizabeth have?
A: royal standards', '
Q: What type of flags are used in foreign countries?
A: personal', '
Q: When did Elizabeth start to bear a coat of royal arms?
A: 21 April 1944']
Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and was the elder of their two daughters. She was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during World War II, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what city was Elizabeth born?
A: London', "
Q: At the time of her birth, what was the rank of Elizabeth's parents?
A: Duke and Duchess of York", "
Q: What were Elizabeth's parents' titles after ascending to the throne?
A: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth", "
Q: How many children did Elizabeth's parents have?
A: two daughters", "
Q: What event caused Elizabeth's father to become King?
A: abdication of his brother"]
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young, and many assumed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When she was born, where in the order of succession was Elizabeth?
A: third', "
Q: Before Elizabeth's father who was next in line for the throne?
A: Edward, Prince of Wales", "
Q: When did Elizabeth's grandfather die?
A: 1936", '
Q: What event caused Edward to abdicate the throne?
A: proposed marriage', "
Q: What did Edward's proposed marriage to Simpson cause?
A: constitutional crisis"]
With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children." In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?
A: Mountbatten,', '
Q: What Prime Minister objected to the name change?
A: Winston Churchill', '
Q: What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?
A: House of Windsor', "
Q: What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles? 
A: Mountbatten-Windsor", '
Q: When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the  surname? 
A: 1960']
The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new  Prime Minister?
A: Lord Salisbury', '
Q: What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?
A: Lord President of the Council', '
Q: Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?
A: Harold Macmillan', '
Q: What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?
A: Lord Chancellor', '
Q: Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?
A: British Cabinet']
In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain. The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Edward Heath ask Elizabeth to call a general election?
A: February 1974', '
Q: Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election?
A: Austronesian Pacific Rim', '
Q: What did Elizabeth do after Heath adviser her?
A: fly back to Britain', '
Q: What did Heath do after his party could not form a coalition with the Labor party?
A: resigned', '
Q: Who did Elizabeth ask to form a government?
A: Harold Wilson']
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true. As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards." Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation. Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents. Thatcher's biographer John Campbell claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making". Belying reports of acrimony between them, Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen, and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did high public interest in the  private lives of the royal family cause in the press?
A: sensational stories', '
Q: Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s?
A: Kelvin MacKenzie', '
Q: What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals?
A: royal soap opera', "
Q: Who, it was rumored,  did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for?
A: Thatcher's political opponents", '
Q: Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid?
A: Brian Mulroney']
In 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons by Charles—Princes William and Harry—wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning. After that single public appearance, for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay. Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral. In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes. As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What incident killed Diana in Paris?
A: car crash', '
Q: When did Diana die?
A: 1997', '
Q: How long did Elizabeth and the royal family remain in seclusion at Balmoral?
A: five days', '
Q: What failure did the public find dismaying?
A: fly a flag at half-mast', '
Q: What did Elizabeth do to diffuse hostile public sentiment?
A: live television broadcast']
Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, she stated: "In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart". She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?
A: 60 years', '
Q: What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?
A: Diamond Jubilee', "
Q: What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?
A: 2012", '
Q: Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?
A: United Kingdom', '
Q: When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting? 
A: 1781']
Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews, little is known of her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously. Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland. She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis. A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What governmental style of monarch is Elizabeth?
A: constitutional monarch', '
Q: How often does Elizabeth give interviews?
A: rarely', '
Q: What type of political religious beliefs does Elizabeth seemed to support?
A: inter-faith relations', "
Q: What is Elizabeth's ranking in the Church of England?
A: Supreme Governor", '
Q: Apart from her membership in the Church of England, to what other church does she belong?
A: Church of Scotland']
Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During whose reign was Elizabeth born?
A: King George V', "
Q: What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?
A: Prince Albert, Duke of York", "
Q: What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?
A: King George VI", '
Q: Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth? 
A: Cosmo Gordon Lang', "
Q: What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?
A: Lilibet"]
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave." Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities. She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Britain enter WWII?
A: September 1939', '
Q: Who recommended that the two princesses be evacuated to Canada?
A: Lord Hailsham', "
Q: Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away?
A: Elizabeth's mother", '
Q: Where did the two princesses live for most of the war?
A: Windsor Castle', '
Q: When did Elizabeth make her first radio broadcast?
A: 1940']
Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the newly married Elizabeth and Philip stay until 1949?
A: Windlesham Moor', '
Q: After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London?
A: Clarence House', '
Q: In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh?
A: Royal Navy', '
Q: Where was Philip stationed during WWII?
A: British Crown Colony of Malta', '
Q: In whose home did Elizabeth and Philip stay in Malta?
A: Lord Mountbatten']
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations. By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established. In 1953, the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land, sea and air. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations. During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her. Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she is the most widely travelled head of state.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What entity did the British Empire slowly become during Elizabeth's reign?
A: Commonwealth of Nations", '
Q: In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?
A: 1952', '
Q: What tour did Elizabeth take in 1953?
A: round-the-world tour', '
Q: How many nations did Elizabeth visit on tour in 1953?
A: 13 countries', '
Q: How many miles did Elizabeth cover on her world tour?
A: 40,000 miles']
According to Paul Martin, Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried that the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian Prime Minister. Tony Benn said that the Queen found Trudeau "rather disappointing". Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office. In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats". She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state. Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution, but the monarchy was retained. Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen favoured his attempt to reform the constitution and that he was impressed by "the grace she displayed in public" and "the wisdom she showed in private".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: About whom was Elizabeth worried in the 1970s?
A: Pierre Trudeau', '
Q: What was the subject under consideration in discussions in 1980?
A: Canadian constitution', '
Q: What did patriation of the Canadian Constitution remove from the constitution?
A: British parliament', '
Q: What was retained in the constitution?
A: monarchy', '
Q: What did Trudeau say Elizabeth favored?
A: reform']
In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year. In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips; during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her; and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny. In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding". Two days later, the Prime Minister, John Major, announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated. The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did Elizabeth's speech on 24 November, 1992 mark?
A: her accession", '
Q: What did Elizabeth call her past year?
A: annus horribilis', '
Q: When did Price Andrew separate from his wife?
A: March', '
Q: Who did Princess Anne divorce in April?
A: Captain Mark Phillips', '
Q: What great house caught fire in November?
A: Windsor Castle']
In May 2007, The Daily Telegraph, citing unnamed sources, reported that the Queen was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair. She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland. On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales. At the invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese, the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who, in 2007, frustrated Elizabeth?
A: Prime Minister, Tony Blair', "
Q: What issue of Blair's did Elizabeth admire?
A: peace in Northern Ireland", '
Q: When did Elizabeth attend a service at Armagm, in Ireland?
A: 20 March 2008', '
Q: What service did Elizabeth attend in Armagm?
A: Maundy', '
Q: When did Elizabeth make the first visit to Ireland by a British monarch?
A: May 2011.']
The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015. She was celebrated in Canada as the "longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over part of Canada for longer.) She is the longest-reigning queen regnant in history, the world's oldest reigning monarch and second-longest-serving current head of state after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Elizabeth surpass in longest lived British monarch?
A: Queen Victoria', '
Q: What relation was Victoria to Elizabeth?
A: great-great-grandmother', '
Q: When did Elizabeth become the longest reigning monarch?
A: 9 September 2015', "
Q: In age of monarchs, what is the rank of Elizabeth's reign?
A: world's oldest", '
Q: What head of stat has served longer than Elizabeth?
A: King Bhumibol Adulyadej']