romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in Time was called "tactile brilliance". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, "Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition." Lee combines the narrator's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman's reflecting on her childhood, using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives. This narrative method allows Lee to tell a "delightfully deceptive" story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition. However, at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding. Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson's life.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Lee's strongest style of writing?
A: narration", "
Q: What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??
A: flashback"]
Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s. However, she gave some insight into her themes when, in a rare letter to the editor, she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused: "Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?
A: all Southerners']
When the book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem's observations of their quirky neighbors. One writer was so impressed by Lee's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism. This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character's behavior in the novel. Scout's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb's inhabitants' faults and advantages to genealogy (families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks), and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb. This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson, and Scout's definition of "fine folks" being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have. The South itself, with its traditions and taboos, seems to drive the plot more than the characters.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Besides the children's fascination with Boo, the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what?
A: the neighborhood", "
Q: Lee's detailed explanations of the characters' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what?
A: Southern romantic regionalism", '
Q: Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who?
A: fine folks', '
Q: What drives the plot of the book more than the characters?
A: The South itself']
Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: "Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'—that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished." The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson states about a character who was misunderstood, "when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice," to which he responds, "Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?
A: Tom Robinson', '
Q: What  does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird?
A: Boo Radley', '
Q: According to Atticus, most people are how when you truly view them?
A: real nice']
The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy. In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat, Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools. She guides the reader in such judgments, alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony. Scout's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her, gossip, and "reflect a smug, colonialist attitude toward other races" while giving the "appearance of gentility, piety, and morality". Conversely, when Atticus loses Tom's case, he is last to leave the courtroom, except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony, who rise silently as he walks underneath them, to honor his efforts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how?
A: classical tragedy']
Initial reactions to the novel were varied. The New Yorker declared it "skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenious", and The Atlantic Monthly's reviewer rated it as "pleasant, undemanding reading", but found the narrative voice—"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult"—to be implausible. Time magazine's 1960 review of the book states that it "teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life" and calls Scout Finch "the most appealing child since Carson McCullers' Frankie got left behind at the wedding". The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even-handed approach to the narration of the novel's events, writing: "This is in no way a sociological novel. It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?
A: The Chicago Sunday Tribune']
Not all reviewers were enthusiastic. Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners, and one-dimensional black victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book "melodramatic and contrived". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, "I think for a child's book it does all right. It's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don't know they're reading a child's book. Somebody ought to say what it is." Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review, writing to a cousin: "Well, honey, one thing we know is that she's been poaching on my literary preserves."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived?
A: Granville Hicks', "
Q: Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?
A: Flannery O'Connor"]
The 50th anniversary of the novel's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact. Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee's "rich use of language" but writes that the central lesson is that "courage isn't always flashy, isn't always enough, but is always in style". Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees, stating that the book "still rouses fresh and horrified indignation" as it examines morality, a topic that has recently become unfashionable. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with "a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that "one’s moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled" is eloquently discussed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?
A: William Faulkner', '
Q: Rosemary  Goring connected Lee to whom?
A: Jane Austen']
Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a "repository of cracker-barrel epigrams" and the novel represents a "sugar-coated myth" of Alabama history. Barra writes, "It's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature. Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated". Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus' stiff and self-righteous demeanor, and calls Scout "a kind of highly constructed doll" whose speech and actions are improbable. Although acknowledging that the novel works, Mallon blasts Lee's "wildly unstable" narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama, following with his observation that "the book has begun to cherish its own goodness" by the time the case is over.[note 2] Defending the book, Akin Ajayi writes that justice "is often complicated, but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all." Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race, class, and society, but that it was not written to resolve them.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?
A: Allen Barra', '
Q: Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them?
A: Akin Ajayi']
Furthermore, despite the novel's thematic focus on racial injustice, its black characters are not fully examined. In its use of racial epithets, stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks, and Calpurnia, who to some critics is an updated version of the "contented slave" motif and to others simply unexplored, the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters. One writer asserts that the use of Scout's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict. Scout's voice "functions as the not-me which allows the rest of us—black and white, male and female—to find our relative position in society". A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions, "what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another". A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it "demoralizing". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural "white trash".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?
A: Calpurnia', '
Q: According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?
A: black students', '
Q: Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?
A: poor rural "white trash"']
Diane McWhorter, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, "for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual—by its very existence an act of protest."[note 4] Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave: "I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed, but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar's been lowered. And that's really distressing. We need a thousand Atticus Finches." McBride, however, defends the book's sentimentality, and the way Lee approaches the story with "honesty and integrity".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?
A: the harsh reality of inequality', '
Q: McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?
A: an act of protest']
According to a National Geographic article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because "she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame". To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum. David Lister in The Independent states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence "makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart". Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made to Monroeville a destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them "Mockingbird groupies", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic "Hell, no!"

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?
A: like Scripture', '
Q: What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?
A: Mockingbird groupies']
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does solar energy come from?
A: the Sun', '
Q: What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?
A: Solar energy', '
Q: What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?
A: solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis', '
Q: What is solar energy?
A: radiant light and heat from the Sun']
The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts (TW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many terawatts of solar radiation does the Earth receive?
A: 174,000', '
Q: What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere?
A: 30%', '
Q: The areas that people live in typically receive what range of kWh/m2 per day?
A: 3.5 to 7.0', '
Q: How many terrawatts of radiation does the earth receive?
A: 174,000', '
Q: How much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space?
A: Approximately 30%', '
Q: What are the insolation levels of most populated areas?
A: 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day', '
Q: Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed?
A: clouds, oceans and land masses']
Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?
A: 71", "
Q: What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?
A: 14", '
Q: What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?
A: photosynthesis', '
Q: How much of the earth is covered by oceans?
A: about 71%', '
Q: What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?
A: Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises', '
Q: How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?
A: When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds', '
Q: What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?
A: The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection', '
Q: What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?
A: photosynthesis']
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules?
A: 3,850,000', '
Q: In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?
A: one year', '
Q: How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year?
A: 3,000', '
Q: Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources  on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time?
A: one year', '
Q: What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth?
A: approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year', '
Q: How much solar energy is captured by photosynthesis?
A: approximately 3,000 EJ per year', '
Q: The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?
A: coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined']
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?
A: the Sun', '
Q: How are solar technologies defined?
A: passive or active', '
Q: What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?
A: depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight', '
Q: Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?
A: geothermal and tidal', '
Q: How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun?
A: direct or indirect']
Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?
A: Active', '
Q: Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?
A: Passive', '
Q: What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?
A: solar thermal collectors', '
Q: What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?
A: designing spaces that naturally circulate air', '
Q: What does an active solar technique do?
A: increase the supply of energy', '
Q: What does a passive solar technique do?
A: reduce the need for alternate resources']
In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?
A: Frank Shuman', '
Q: In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?
A: 1908', '
Q: Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?
A: 1912', '
Q: Who is Frank Shuman?
A: a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer', '
Q: In what year did solar engine build his solar engine?
A: 1897', '
Q: What was the solar engine used to power?
A: steam engine', '
Q: In what year was the Sun Power Company established?
A: 1908', '
Q: In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine?
A: 1912']
Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. Shuman’s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman’s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying:

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station?
A: Maadi, Egypt", "
Q: How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?
A: 22,000", "
Q: In what decade were Shuman's ideas about solar energy revived?
A: the 1970s", '
Q: Where was the first solar thermal power plant built?
A: Maadi, Egypt', '
Q: What was used to power the plants engine?
A: parabolic troughs', '
Q: From what river did the engine pump water?
A: Nile River', '
Q: What slowed down the growth of solar energy?
A: the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil', '
Q: When was the interest in solar energy restored?
A: the 1970s']