romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs. Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it, and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a deistic view of God?
A: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it', '
Q: How does a deistic God feel about us?
A: no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity', '
Q: What is Pandeism?
A: why God would create a universe and then abandon it', '
Q: What does a deistic God not do?
A: neither answers prayers nor produces miracles', '
Q: What type of religion believes that God is transcendent?
A: Deism', '
Q: What is deism?
A: God has no interest in humanity', '
Q: In deism is God represented in human form?
A: God is not anthropomorphic', '
Q: In deism, does God answer prayers?
A: neither answers prayers']
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God—which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov—but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Pantheism?
A: God is the universe and the universe is God', '
Q: WHat is Panentheism?
A: God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe', '
Q: WHat is Kabbalah?
A: Jewish mysticism', '
Q: Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism?
A: The Baal Shem Tov', '
Q: What is pantheism?
A: God is the universe', '
Q: Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?
A: The Baal Shem Tov', '
Q: What is Panentheism?
A: God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe', '
Q: What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism?
A: Vaishnavism', '
Q: What is another name for Jewish mysticism?
A: Kabbalah', '
Q: What is pantheism?
A: God is the universe']
Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", because "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"; he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god. Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called "non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural, such as those relating to the existence and nature of God, are non-empirical and are the proper domain of theology. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do some non-theists view God as?
A: a symbol of human values and aspirations', '
Q: Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said "the word \'God\' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"?
A: Charles Bradlaugh', '
Q: What is NOMA?
A: non-overlapping magisteria', '
Q: In NOMA, what should be used to answer questions about the physical world?
A: science', '
Q: What should be used to answer ultimate questions on morality and meaning?
A: theology', '
Q: Name the nineteenth century English atheist?
A: Charles Bradlaugh', '
Q: What does Stephen Jay Gould call philosophy that deals in the supernatural?
A: non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA)', '
Q: What category does NOMA fall under?
A: theology']
Another view, advanced by Richard Dawkins, is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds that "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference." Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Sagan argue was the only was to prove the existence of God?
A: the discovery that the universe is infinitely old', '
Q: What is Richard Dawkins belief about the existence of God?
A: "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference."', '
Q: What kind of difference does Dawkins believe would come from the existence of God?
A: a scientific difference', '
Q: Who argued that the existence of God is an empirical question?
A: Richard Dawkins', '
Q: Who stated that God was difficult both to prove or disprove?
A: Carl Sagan', '
Q: How could science discover if there was not a creator?
A: the universe is infinitely old.']
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, The Grand Design, that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings. Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences. Following a biological comparative approach, he concludes that it is highly probable that God exists, and, although not visible, it is possible that we know some of his attributes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow pose as a better question that "Is there a God"?
A: who created God', '
Q: Who wrote The Grand Design?
A: Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow', '
Q: What is Michael Nikoletseas profession?
A: Neuroscientist', '
Q: How do Hawking and Mlodinow believe the question of God can be answered?
A: purely within the realm of science', "
Q: What is the name of Stephen Hawking's book?
A: The Grand Design", "
Q: Who was Hawking's co-author?
A: Leonard Mlodinow", "
Q: Who says the that whether there is or isn't a God are just like questions in natural science?
A: Michael Nikoletseas"]
Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his opinion, more like a modern soap opera than other religious systems. Bertrand du Castel and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' epistemology in positing not directly observable entities as intermediaries. Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar. Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one's father.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why does Stewart Guthrie believe that people project their human features onto non human things?
A: it makes those aspects more familiar', '
Q: What is one of the most common traits of religion according to Boyer?
A: The construction of gods and spirits like persons', "
Q: What did Frued believe about the belief in God?
A: god concepts are projections of one's father", '
Q: How does Pascal Boyer believe that gods and other supernatural beings behave?
A: much like people', '
Q: Who argues that there are lots of supernatural things in the world?
A: Pascal Boyer', '
Q: How do supernatural entities act?
A: much like people', '
Q: Which religion does Boyer equate with a modern soap opera?
A: Greek mythology', "
Q: Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father?
A: Sigmund Freud"]
Likewise, Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are ways that small social groups can force morality?
A: gossip or reputation', '
Q: Who suggested that by including the presence of an omniscient God, selfishness can be controlled and cooperation can be gained?
A: Matt Rossano', '
Q: What did Émile Durkheim suggest about the existence of God?
A: gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings', '
Q: Why would humans have begun to create gods?
A: a means of enforcing morality', '
Q: Who posited that humans created gods to create morality in social groups?
A: Matt Rossano', '
Q: Omnipresent gods are a way to watch large groups and enforce what?
A: morality', '
Q: Omniprestent gods helped build what?
A: more cooperative groups']
St. Anselm's approach was to define God as, "that than which nothing greater can be conceived". Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme: "By God I understand a being absolutely infinite, i.e., a substance consisting of infinite attributes, of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence." For Spinoza, the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature. His proof for the existence of God was a variation of the Ontological argument.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did St. Anselm define the existence of God?
A: "that than which nothing greater can be conceived"', '
Q: Who said that God is "a substance consisting of infinite attributes"?
A: Baruch Spinoza', '
Q: What did Baruch Spinoza use as proof for the existence of God?
A: a variation of the Ontological argument', '
Q: What did Spinoza believe the world was made of?
A: one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature', '
Q: Who defined god as "that than which nothing greater can be conceived"?
A: St. Anselm', '
Q: Name a famous pantheist?
A: Baruch Spinoza', "
Q: What was Spinoza's concept of God?
A: infinite", '
Q: Spinoza believed that the universe was made up of one substance which is?
A: God']
Some findings in the fields of cosmology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by atheists (including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris) as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only, with no basis in reality. A single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly attentive to the lives of humans has been imagined, embellished and promulgated in a trans-generational manner. Richard Dawkins interprets various findings not only as a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God but extensive evidence to the contrary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does Dawkins interpret evidence for or against the existence of God?
A: a lack of evidence for the material existence', '
Q: What do atheists believe of God?
A: an imaginary entity only', '
Q: How long has the thought of the existence of God been carried on?
A: trans-generational', '
Q: How does Dawkins interpret his findings on the existence, or not, of God.
A: a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God', "
Q: Who believes God isn't real?
A: Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris"]
According to the Omnipotence paradox or 'Paradox of the Stone', can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it? Either he can or he can’t. If he can’t, the argument goes, then there is something that he cannot do, namely create the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. If he can, it continues, then there is also something that he cannot do, namely lift the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. Either way, then, God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipotent, though, is not God, according to many theological models. Such a God, therefore, does not exist. Several answers to this paradox have been proposed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Omnipotence paradox?
A: can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it', '
Q: What is another term for the Omnipotence paradox?
A: Paradox of the Stone', '
Q: Does either outcome of the Paradox of the Stone prove the existence of God?
A: God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipotent, though, is not God', '
Q: What shows God is not omnipotent if he creates a stone that he cannot lift?
A: there is something that he cannot do', '
Q: What must God be, in order to be a Supreme Being?
A: omnipotent', "
Q: What paradox states that if a god can't create a stone so heavy he can't lift it?
A: Paradox of the Stone", '
Q: What does the Paradox of the Stone posit?
A: he is not omnipotent', '
Q: What does it mean if a God is not omnipotent?
A: is not God', '
Q: Are there any answers to the Pradox of the Stone?
A: Several']
Different religious traditions assign differing (though often similar) attributes and characteristics to God, including expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature. The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise. For example, attributes of God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do religions share across their belief structures?
A: similarities arising from their common roots', '
Q: What are some religious traditions that are found within differing religions?
A: expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature', '
Q: Who does Christianity share roots with?
A: attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism', '
Q: How many Attributes of Mercy are in Judaism?
A: Thirteen', '
Q: What three religions share similar parts?
A: God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism', '
Q: What three religions share similar beginnings?
A: Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism', '
Q: What attributes do religions all roughly share?
A: expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature']
The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who, in classical western philosophy, transcends bodily form. Polytheistic religions commonly attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually. In most monotheistic religions, God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually. Thus, in classical western philosophy the gender of this one-and-only deity is most likely to be an analogical statement of how humans and God address, and relate to, each other. Namely, God is seen as begetter of the world and revelation which corresponds to the active (as opposed to the receptive) role in sexual intercourse.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is sex by God handled in a monotheistic religion?
A: God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually', '
Q: How do polytheistic religions view sex by God or gods?
A: attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually', "
Q: What is God's role in the creation of the world?
A: begetter", '
Q: In what ways can the gender of God be viewed?
A: literal or an allegorical aspect', '
Q: What do polytheistic religions assign to their gods?
A: gender', '
Q: What role does got serve in a sexual intercourse?
A: the active (as opposed to the receptive) role', '
Q: In which type of religion does God have no sexual partner?
A: monotheistic']
Prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal God and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. Prayer often also includes supplication and asking forgiveness. God is often believed to be forgiving. For example, a hadith states God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance. Christian theologian Alister McGrath writes that there are good reasons to suggest that a "personal god" is integral to the Christian outlook, but that one has to understand it is an analogy. "To say that God is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others. This does not imply that God is human, or located at a specific point in the universe."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a muslims life purpose?
A: to worship God', '
Q: What type of God is the Muslim God?
A: a personal God', '
Q: What aspect does Alister McGrath argue is important in Christianity?
A: a "personal god"', '
Q: What does prayer usually include in Islam?
A: forgiveness', '
Q: What type of God is the Muslim God?
A: forgiving']
Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism, i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is relativistic inclusivism, where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being universalism: the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism, mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who believe they are the one and only chosen few?
A: exclusivists', '
Q: Who believe that they are the only people that know the truth?
A: exclusivists', "
Q: What is one called that believes he has the one religion, but that the others aren't necessarily wrong?
A: pluralism", '
Q: What is it called when someone belives that their own religion is an advancement of older religions?
A: supersessionism', '
Q: What is a religion that believes that all religions are correct?
A: universalism']
Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God, while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, their ostensible free will might be illusory, or foreknowledge does not imply predestination, and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What does it mean if God can't predict the future?
A: God may not be omniscient.", '
Q: Who posited the existence of God?
A: medieval philosophers', "
Q: What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages?
A: God's omniscience"]
The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, as does Alvin Plantinga, that faith is "properly basic", or to take, as does Richard Swinburne, the evidentialist position. Some theists agree that none of the arguments for God's existence are compelling, but argue that faith is not a product of reason, but requires risk. There would be no risk, they say, if the arguments for God's existence were as solid as the laws of logic, a position summed up by Pascal as "the heart has reasons of which reason does not know." A recent theory using concepts from physics and neurophysiology proposes that God can be conceptualized within the theory of integrative level.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does Alvin Plantinga describe faith?
A: "properly basic"', '
Q: Who stated "the heart has reasons of which reason does not know"?
A: Pascal', '
Q: Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position?
A: Richard Swinburne', '
Q: Name three philosophers of the last 100 years arguing for the existence of God?
A: Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew']
On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, President George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an unscripted and controversial comment when he said, "This crusade – this war on terrorism – is going to take a while, ... " Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e.g. of Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again. On 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of congress, Bush stated that, "(o)ur 'war on terror' begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated."

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terrorism'?
A: 16 September 2001", '
Q: Which word did George W. Bush apologize for using when talking about the war?
A: crusade', "
Q: When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terror'?
A: 20 September 2001", "
Q: Where did Bush say the 'war on terror' begins?
A: with al-Qaeda", "
Q: When did Bush say the 'war on terror' ends?
A: every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated"]