romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?
A: the Congress of Erfurt', '
Q: In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?
A: 1808', '
Q:  Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?
A: Tilsit', '
Q: In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?
A: 1807', '
Q: Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?
A: the Continental System']
In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, Napoleon termed the war the Second Polish War—the First Polish War had been the Bar Confederation uprising by Polish nobles against Russia in 1768. Polish patriots wanted the Russian part of Poland to be joined with the Duchy of Warsaw and an independent Poland created. This was rejected by Napoleon, who stated he had promised his ally Austria this would not happen. Napoleon refused to manumit the Russian serfs because of concerns this might provoke a reaction in his army's rear. The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France's retreat.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Napoleon name the war with Russia in an effort to garner support from Poland?
A: the Second Polish War', '
Q: What was the name of the 1768 war that involved the Bar Confederation uprising against Russia?
A: the First Polish War', '
Q: Polish nationalists wanted Russian territories in Poland to be joined with which national entity?
A: the Duchy of Warsaw', '
Q: Napoleon rejected Polish demands for an independent state because of prior promises to which ally?
A: Austria', "
Q: During France's retreat, atrocities were committed against French soldiers by which Russian subjects?
A: serfs"]
The Russians avoided Napoleon's objective of a decisive engagement and instead retreated deeper into Russia. A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles, and Napoleon resumed his advance. The Russians again avoided battle, although in a few cases this was only achieved because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity arose. Owing to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found it increasingly difficult to forage food for themselves and their horses.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To avoid direct fighting with Napoleon, the Russians retreated into which country?
A: Russia', '
Q: Where did the Russians try to resist Napoleon and get defeated?
A: Smolensk', '
Q: In what month were the Russians defeated at Smolensk?
A: August', '
Q: What methods used by the Russian army made it hard for the French to find food?
A: scorched earth tactics']
The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive. Napoleon's own account was: "The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Outside what city did the Battle of Borodino occur?
A: Moscow', '
Q: On what date did the Battle of Borodino take place?
A: 7 September', '
Q: Approximately how many Russians were hurt, killed, or captured in the Battle of Borodino?
A: 44,000', '
Q:  Around how many French were killed, injured, or taken prisoner in the Battle of Borodino?
A: 35,000', '
Q: Who won the Battle of Borodino?
A: the French']
The Russian army withdrew and retreated past Moscow. Napoleon entered the city, assuming its fall would end the war and Alexander would negotiate peace. However, on orders of the city's governor Feodor Rostopchin, rather than capitulation, Moscow was burned. After five weeks, Napoleon and his army left. In early November Napoleon got concerned about loss of control back in France after the Malet coup of 1812. His army walked through snow up to their knees and nearly 10,000 men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November alone. After Battle of Berezina Napoleon succeeded to escape but had to abandon much of the remaining artillery and baggage train. On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left the army in a sledge.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When Napoleon entered Moscow, he expected an offer of peace from whom?
A: Alexander', '
Q: What was the name of the governor who ordered the burning of Moscow?
A: Feodor Rostopchin', '
Q: How long did Napoleon stay in Moscow before leaving?
A: five weeks', "
Q: What 1812 event turned Napoleon's attention back to France?
A: the Malet coup", '
Q: Approximately how many French men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November?
A: 10,000']
The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France, but it would be reduced to its "natural frontiers." That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats, while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Allies suggested peace terms in which set of proposals?
A: the Frankfurt proposals', '
Q: When were the Frankfurt proposals made?
A: November 1813', '
Q: The Frankfurt proposals allowed Napoleon to retain what position in France?
A: Emperor', '
Q: The Frankfurt proposals sought to reduce France to what?
A: its "natural frontiers."', '
Q:  Who told Napoleon that the Frankfurt proposals were probably the best terms the Allies would offer?
A: Metternich']
Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium. Napoleon would remain Emperor, however he rejected the term. The British wanted Napoleon permanently removed; they prevailed. Napoleon adamantly refused.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Allies took back their offer to Napoleon in what month?
A: December', '
Q: In what year did Napoleon attempt to resume peace talks?
A: 1814', '
Q: Which peace initiative did Napoleon refer to when he attempted to make peace in 1814?
A: the Frankfurt proposals', '
Q: The new Allied demands for peace insisted France return to its boundaries of what year?
A: 1791', '
Q: In the new Allied peace proposal, what territory would France have been forced to surrender?
A: Belgium']
On 1 April, Alexander addressed the Sénat conservateur. Long docile to Napoleon, under Talleyrand's prodding it had turned against him. Alexander told the Sénat that the Allies were fighting against Napoleon, not France, and they were prepared to offer honorable peace terms if Napoleon were removed from power. The next day, the Sénat passed the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur ("Emperor's Demise Act"), which declared Napoleon deposed. Napoleon had advanced as far as Fontainebleau when he learned that Paris was lost. When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his senior officers and marshals mutinied. On 4 April, led by Ney, they confronted Napoleon. Napoleon asserted the army would follow him, and Ney replied the army would follow its generals. While the ordinary soldiers and regimental officers wanted to fight on, without any senior officers or marshals any prospective invasion of Paris would have been impossible. Bowing to the inevitable, on 4 April Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie-Louise as regent. However, the Allies refused to accept this under prodding from Alexander, who feared that Napoleon might find an excuse to retake the throne. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication only two days later.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did Alexander speak to the Sénat conservateur?
A: 1 April', "
Q:  The Sénat conservateur became hostile to Napoleon due to whose efforts?
A: Talleyrand's", "
Q: What was the act passed by the Sénat conservateur that deposed Napoleon?
A: the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur", '
Q: Where had Napoleon advanced to when he received word that Paris was lost?
A: Fontainebleau', "
Q: What did Napoleon's senior officers and marshals do when he suggested they march on Paris?
A: mutinied"]
In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?
A: the Treaty of Fontainebleau', '
Q: What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?
A: Elba', '
Q: In what sea is Elba located?
A: the Mediterranean', '
Q: The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?
A: Emperor', '
Q: When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?
A: Austria']
The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on March 7, 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish." The soldiers quickly responded with, "Vive L'Empereur!" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together towards Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support. On March 13, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What military unit was charged with intercepting Napoleon?
A: The 5th Regiment', '
Q: On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment?
A: March 7, 1815', '
Q:  When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond?
A: "Vive L\'Empereur!"', '
Q:  Ney had told Louis XVIII that he would carry Napoleon to Paris in what kind of container?
A: an iron cage', '
Q:  After fleeing France, where did Louis XVIII go?
A: Belgium']
Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?
A: Paris', '
Q:  On what date did Napoleon abdicate?
A: 22 June', '
Q:  How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?
A: three days', '
Q:  On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?
A: 29 June', '
Q:  When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?
A: Josephine']
In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?
A: 1840", '
Q:  On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?
A: 15 December 1840', "
Q: At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?
A: the Arc de Triomphe", "
Q:  In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?
A: St Jérôme's Chapel", "
Q: In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?
A: 1861"]
In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted that Napoleon's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?
A: 1955", "
Q: What was the name of Napoleon's valet?
A: Louis Marchand", "
Q:  What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?
A: arsenic poisoning", '
Q: In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?
A: Sten Forshufvud', "
Q: What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?
A: well preserved"]
They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison. Their hypothesis was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. According to a 2007 article, the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts was mineral, the most toxic, and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz, this supported the conclusion that he was murdered.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What substance used in Napoleon's treatment is it suggested prevented his stomach from expelling arsenic compounds?
A: potassium tartrate", '
Q: What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this?
A: his thirst', "
Q: According to Patrick Knize, what conclusion does the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts suggest?
A: that he was murdered", "
Q: In what year was the article describing the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair published?
A: 2007"]
There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives.[note 7] Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?
A: arsenic poisoning", "
Q: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?
A: peptic ulcer and gastric cancer", "
Q:  A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?
A: hair", "
Q: The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?
A: 100 times"]
Napoleon had a civil marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. During the campaign in Egypt, Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general, holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations, but General Dupuy, who accompanied Napoleon, revealed, shortly after Pope Pius VI's death, the political reasons for such behaviour: "We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct's one".[note 8] In his memoirs, Bonaparte's secretary Bourienne wrote about Napoleon's religious interests in the same vein. His religious opportunism is epitomized in his famous quote: "It is by making myself Catholic that I brought peace to Brittany and Vendée. It is by making myself Italian that I won minds in Italy. It is by making myself a Moslem that I established myself in Egypt. If I governed a nation of Jews, I should reestablish the Temple of Solomon." However, according to Juan Cole, "Bonaparte's admiration for the Prophet Muhammad, in contrast, was genuine" and during his captivity on St Helena he defended him against Voltaire's critical play Mahomet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A: civil', '
Q: What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?
A: religion', "
Q: General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?
A: Pope Pius VI", "
Q: Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?
A: Juan Cole", "
Q: Napoleon's marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?
A: religious"]
Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 "I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours." and that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
A: 2 December 1804', '
Q:  Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
A: Notre Dame de Paris', '
Q: Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?
A: Pope Pius VII', '
Q: When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?
A: 1 April 1810', "
Q: What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?
A: the Spanish Inquisition"]
Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics?
A: the Concordat of 1801', '
Q: Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801?
A: Pope Pius VII', '
Q: The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France?
A: the Roman Catholic Church', '
Q:  What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed?
A: 15 July 1801', '
Q: What were the Organic Articles a part of?
A: the Concordat']
While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favor with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, "Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them." French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Concodat restored significant power to what position?
A: the papacy', "
Q: Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?
A: Napoleon's", '
Q: Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?
A: the pope', '
Q:  The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?
A: Napoleon', '
Q: In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?
A: 1801']
Historians agree that Napoleon's remarkable personality was one key to his influence. They emphasize the strength of his ambition that took him from an obscure village to command of most of Europe. George F. E. Rudé stresses his "rare combination of will, intellect and physical vigour." At 5 ft 6 in (168 cm), he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will. He understood military technology, but was not an innovator in that regard. He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. He could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point, and like a chess master, "seeing" the best plays moves ahead.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How tall was Napoleon, in feet and inches?
A: 5 ft 6 in', '
Q: How tall was Napoleon in centimeters?
A: 168 cm', "
Q: How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France's financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic systems?
A: an innovator", '
Q: What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon\'s "rare combination of will, intellect, and physical vigour?"
A: George F. E. Rudé', "
Q: How do historians describe Napoleon's impact on people in one-on-one encounters?
A: hypnotic"]