romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas, and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium,[page needed] Persian forces occupied Athens, which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 500 BC, Greece was ruled over by who?
A: Persian Empire', '
Q: What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?
A: Battle of Marathon', '
Q: The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?
A: Thermopylae', '
Q: The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?
A: Greco-Persian Wars', '
Q: After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?
A: Golden Age of Athens']
Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? 
A: Peloponnesian War', '
Q: What often caused strife between Greek states?
A: Lack of political unity', '
Q: Who won the Peloponnesian war?
A: Sparta', '
Q: Who eventually brought the Greeks together?
A: Macedon', '
Q: Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?
A: Phillip II']
After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC. From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon. Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece. In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who controlled Macedon after Alexander died?
A: the Antigonid dynasty', '
Q: The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year?
A: 200 BC', '
Q: Macedon lost what war in 168 BC?
A: Battle of Pydna', '
Q: In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?
A: 146 BC', '
Q: The end of Antigonid rule began in what year?
A: 168 BC']
The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"). The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus, tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?
A: Augustus', '
Q: What saying by Horace became famous?
A: "Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"', '
Q: What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?
A: Nero', '
Q: What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?
A: Homer', '
Q: What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?
A: Scipio Africanus']
Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were mostly Greek-speaking, though generally not from Greece itself. The New Testament was written in Greek, and some of its sections (Corinthians, Thessalonians, Philippians, Revelation of St. John of Patmos) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391-392. The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393, and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD and even later. The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?
A: Greek', '
Q: What religion did early Greece practice?
A: paganism', '
Q: The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year? 
A: 393', '
Q: Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?
A: Theodosius I', '
Q: Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?
A: Justinian']
From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula. Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority. Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Slavs invade Greece?
A: 7th century', '
Q: What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.
A: Barbarian', "
Q: After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?
A: islands and coastal areas"]
The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century. This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated. During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth – much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?
A: 8th', '
Q: The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?
A: 9th', '
Q: Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?
A: Asia Minor', '
Q: A stable Greece allowed it to have what?
A: strong economic growth']
Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the "Latins" in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus (a Byzantine successor state) and Frankish rule (known as the Frankokratia), while some islands came under Venetian rule. The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year?
A: 1204', '
Q: Constantinople once again became a capital  in what year?
A: 1261', '
Q: The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?
A: Genoese and Venetian', '
Q: In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?
A: Byzantine']
In the 14th century, much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the Serbs and then to the Ottomans. By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece. With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?
A: Byzantine Empire', '
Q: At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?
A: Thessaloniki', '
Q: Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?
A: the Ottomans', '
Q: The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?
A: 1460', '
Q: Who had a large impact on the Renaissance? 
A: Byzantine Greek scholars']
While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?
A: Cyprus and Crete', '
Q: In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?
A: 1797', '
Q: Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?
A: United Kingdom', '
Q: The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?
A: Aegean islands', '
Q: The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?
A: Cyprus and Crete']
The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many "crypto-Christians" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Due to discrimination, some Christians converted to what religion?
A: Islam', '
Q: What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population?
A: Greek Orthodox Church', '
Q: Which empire thought that Christians were inferior?
A: Ottoman Empire']
When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601, the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?
A: 1571', '
Q: The Morean War took place during which years?
A: 1684–1699', '
Q: The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?
A: 1770', "
Q: The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?
A: Russian", "
Q: During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?
A: Ottoman Empire"]
The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a "dark age" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However, in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.[page needed] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna, and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.[page needed]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?
A: 16th and 17th centuries", '
Q: Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?
A: 18th', '
Q: Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?
A: Rigas Feraios', '
Q: Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year? 
A: 1798']
In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which year did the Society of Friends begin?
A: 1814', '
Q: The Society of Friends goal was what?
A: liberating Greece', '
Q: The Society of Friends was also known by what name?
A: Filiki Eteria', '
Q: The first of several revolutions began when?
A: 6 March 1821', '
Q: War was started with the Ottomans when?
A: 17 March 1821']
By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population. This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.[page needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?
A: 1821', '
Q: Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?
A: Theodoros Kolokotronis', '
Q: The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?
A: Aegean Sea', '
Q: Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?
A: 1822 and 1824']
Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi—put under siege by the Turks since April 1825—fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans?
A: two', '
Q: Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?
A: Ibrahim Pasha', '
Q: Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?
A: February 1825', '
Q: In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?
A: 1826', '
Q: Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?
A: Mani']
After years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at Navarino. After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?
A: Russia, the United Kingdom and France', '
Q: Which navy won the battle of Hydra?
A: the allied fleet', "
Q: Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?
A: Ottoman–Egyptian", '
Q: The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?
A: 1830', '
Q: What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?
A: London Protocol']
Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1893 Greece announced what?
A: public insolvency', '
Q: To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?
A: International Financial Control authority', '
Q: The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?
A: Demotic', '
Q: A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?
A: language']
All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire, regardless of the dialect they spoke. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866–1869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?
A: 1877', '
Q: A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?
A: Crete', '
Q: In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?
A: 1881']
At the end of the Balkan Wars, the extent of Greece's territory and population had increased. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During parts of the First World War, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki. The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What divided Greece into two political groups?
A: the country's foreign policy", '
Q: How many governments did Greece have in World War 1?
A: two', '
Q: When Greece entered World War I, on whose side did they fight?
A: the Triple Entente', "
Q: Greece's multiple governments came together in what year?
A: 1917"]
In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the Greek genocide (1914-1922), a period during which, according to various sources, Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?
A: 1919–1922', '
Q: After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?
A: Asia Minor', '
Q: An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?
A: Treaty of Lausanne', '
Q: In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?
A: 1914-1922', '
Q: Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?
A: Ottoman and Turkish officials']