romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Germans launched a surprise counter offensive, in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Air Force to engage. German defenses continued to deteriorate on both the eastern front with the Soviets and the western front with the Allies. The British wanted Berlin, but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin, and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit. The British backed down, but then wanted Eisenhower to move into Czechoslovakia for political reasons. Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against Moscow. The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon. The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a very large-scale bloody battle, and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Battle of the Bulge begin?
A: December 1944', '
Q: What German city did the British wish to conquer?
A: Berlin', '
Q: Along with Roosevelt and Churchill, what political leader decided upon the division of Germany?
A: Stalin', "
Q: What nation's military conquered Berlin?
A: Soviet", '
Q: What date saw the surrender of Nazi Germany?
A: May 7, 1945']
Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main. He had no responsibility for the other three zones, controlled by Britain, France and the Soviet Union, except for the city of Berlin, which was managed by the Four-Power Authorities through the Allied Kommandatura as the governing body. Upon discovery of the Nazi concentration camps, he ordered camera crews to document evidence of the atrocities in them for use in the Nuremberg Trials. He reclassified German prisoners of war (POWs) in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), who were no longer subject to the Geneva Convention. Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in directive JCS 1067, but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more fraternization. In response to the devastation in Germany, including food shortages and an influx of refugees, he arranged distribution of American food and medical equipment. His actions reflected the new American attitudes of the German people as Nazi victims not villains, while aggressively purging the ex-Nazis.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Eisenhower's title after Germany's surrender?
A: Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone", "
Q: In what structure was Eisenhower's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone?
A: IG Farben Building", '
Q: In what city was the headquarters of the US Occupation Zone located?
A: Frankfurt am Main', '
Q: Aside from the US, what other countries had occupation zones in Germany?
A: Britain, France and the Soviet Union', '
Q: What agreement was not applicable to Disarmed Enemy Forces?
A: Geneva Convention']
In November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army. His main role was rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, a slow job that was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the U.S. State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, "First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon." Initially, Eisenhower was characterized by hopes for cooperation with the Soviets. He even visited Warsaw in 1945. Invited by Bolesław Bierut and decorated with the highest military decoration, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city. However, by mid-1947, as East–West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was Chief of Staff of the Army before Eisenhower?
A: Marshall', '
Q: About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended?
A: millions', "
Q: What president ignored Eisenhower's recommendations in regard to atomic weapons?
A: Truman", "
Q: What was Eisenhower's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan?
A: opposed", '
Q: What city did Eisenhower notably visit in 1945?
A: Warsaw']
In June 1943 a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become President of the United States after the war. Believing that a general should not participate in politics, one author later wrote that "figuratively speaking, [Eisenhower] kicked his political-minded visitor out of his office". As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job "from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe", and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions. In 1945 Truman told Eisenhower during the Potsdam Conference that if desired, the president would help the general win the 1948 election, and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?
A: June 1943', '
Q: Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for?
A: Grand High Supreme King of the Universe', '
Q: What role did Eisenhower believe he could not fulfill if he was believed to want to become involved in politics?
A: Army Chief of Staff', '
Q: What general was considered a potential Republican presidential candidate in 1948?
A: MacArthur', '
Q: At what meeting did Truman tell Eisenhower that he would assist him in running for president?
A: Potsdam Conference']
As the election approached, other prominent citizens and politicians from both parties urged Eisenhower to run for president. In January 1948, after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention, Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was "not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office"; "life-long professional soldiers", he wrote, "in the absence of some obvious and overriding reason, [should] abstain from seeking high political office". Eisenhower maintained no political party affiliation during this time. Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president; Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the other probable winner, would presumably serve two terms, and Eisenhower, at age 66 in 1956, would then be too old.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What state's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948?
A: New Hampshire", '
Q: How old would Eisenhower be in 1956?
A: 66', '
Q: Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president in 1956?
A: too old', '
Q: Who was it assumed would win the election of 1948?
A: Thomas E. Dewey']
In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?
A: President of Columbia University', '
Q: Where is Columbia University located?
A: New York City', "
Q: What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?
A: Crusade in Europe", '
Q: What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?
A: Ivy League', '
Q: What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?
A: Department of the Treasury']
Eisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's "vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature". His biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook suggested that this period served as "the political education of General Eisenhower", since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational, administrative, and financial demands for the university. Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations, he also gained exposure to economic analysis, which would become the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy. "Whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings," one Aid to Europe member claimed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?
A: Council on Foreign Relations', '
Q: What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?
A: biographer', '
Q: Along with business and government, what leaders did Eisenhower see meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations?
A: professional', '
Q: What sort of analysis did Eisenhower first experience with the Council on Foreign Relations?
A: economic']
Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What position was held by James Forrestal?
A: Secretary of Defense', '
Q: What position did Eisenhower informally hold?
A: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff', '
Q: After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?
A: Augusta National Golf Club', "
Q: What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?
A: Columbia Associates", '
Q: When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?
A: July 1949']
The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen, including Leonard McCollum, the president of Continental Oil; Frank Abrams, the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey; Bob Kleberg, the president of the King Ranch; H. J. Porter, a Texas oil executive; Bob Woodruff, the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation; and Clarence Francis, the chairman of General Foods.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?
A: American Assembly', '
Q: What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?
A: Leonard McCollum', "
Q: What was the political orientation of Columbia's teachers?
A: liberal", "
Q: What state was Frank Abrams' oil company located in?
A: New Jersey", '
Q: From where did H.J. Porter hale?
A: Texas']
The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down?
A: December 1950", '
Q: What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia?
A: Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization', '
Q: On what date did Eisenhower leave active duty in the military?
A: May 31, 1952', '
Q: What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia?
A: President of the United States', '
Q: When did Eisenhower become President of the United States?
A: January 20, 1953']
President Truman, symbolizing a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, again in 1951 pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat. It was at this time that Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democratic party and declared himself and his family to be Republicans. A "Draft Eisenhower" movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft. The effort was a long struggle; Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty for him to offer himself as a candidate, and that there was a mandate from the populace for him to be their President. Henry Cabot Lodge, who served as his campaign manager, and others succeeded in convincing him, and in June 1952 he resigned his command at NATO to campaign full-time. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes from Texas. Eisenhower's campaign was noted for the simple but effective slogan, "I Like Ike". It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at Yalta and against Truman's policies in Korea and China—matters in which he had once participated. In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard M. Nixon as the Vice-President on the ticket was designed in part for that purpose. Nixon also provided a strong anti-communist presence as well as some youth to counter Ike's more advanced age.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was President of the United States prior to Eisenhower?
A: Truman', '
Q: Truman wanted Eisenhower to run for the presidency as a member of what party?
A: Democratic', '
Q: Who did the Republicans want to block with an Eisenhower candidacy in 1952?
A: Robert A. Taft', "
Q: What was Taft's political office?
A: Senator", "
Q: Who was Eisenhower's campaign manager in 1952?
A: Henry Cabot Lodge"]
In the general election, against the advice of his advisors, Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South, refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party. The campaign strategy, dubbed "K1C2", was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: Korea, Communism and corruption. In an effort to accommodate the right, he stressed that the liberation of Eastern Europe should be by peaceful means only; he also distanced himself from his former boss President Truman.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign?
A: South', '
Q: Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on?
A: corruption', "
Q: What was the strategy called that was used by Eisenhower's campaign?
A: K1C2", '
Q: How did Eisenhower claim Eastern Europe should be liberated?
A: peaceful means']
Two controversies during the campaign tested him and his staff, but did not affect the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance. Just two weeks prior to the election, Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea and end the war there. He promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO; finally, he stressed a corruption-free, frugal administration at home.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy?
A: Wisconsin', '
Q: Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war?
A: Korea', '
Q: During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received money improperly?
A: a secret trust', '
Q: What topic did Eisenhower not discuss during the campaign?
A: NATO']
Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency (The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what century was Eisenhower born?
A: 19th', '
Q: Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?
A: James Buchanan', '
Q: What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?
A: did not have prior elected office', '
Q: How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president?
A: never', '
Q: How old was Truman in 1948?
A: 64']
Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber." The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Eisenhower's budget director?
A: Joseph M. Dodge", '
Q: Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?
A: Herbert Brownell', "
Q: What woman was a member of Eisenhower's cabinet?
A: Oveta Culp Hobby", '
Q: Along with George Humphrey, what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with?
A: John Foster Dulles', "
Q: What quip was used to describe Eisenhower's cabinet?
A: Eight millionaires and a plumber"]
Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address, as well, was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy, as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?
A: Korean', '
Q: What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?
A: pre-inaugural', "
Q: Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting?
A: Russia", "
Q: What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address?
A: foreign"]
Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described "progressive conservative," he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Eisenhower describe his political views?
A: progressive conservative', '
Q: How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?
A: ten million', '
Q: What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support?
A: Social Security', '
Q: What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of?
A: Department of Health, Education and Welfare', '
Q: What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?
A: integration']
As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?
A: right', '
Q: In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?
A: 1954', '
Q: What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as?
A: moderate, progressive', '
Q: Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?
A: Republicans']
Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group, in addition to his doctor, concluded a second term was well advised, and he announced in February 1956 he would run again. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat, who rejected his offer; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?
A: one', '
Q: In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?
A: 1955', '
Q: When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term?
A: February 1956', '
Q: Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate?
A: Robert B. Anderson', '
Q: Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?
A: Adlai Stevenson']