romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?
A: puppy', '
Q: What two species have the most widespread bonding?
A: humans and dogs', '
Q: When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?
A: after World War II', '
Q: What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?
A: 1980s', '
Q: In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?
A: outside', '
Q: Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?
A: elites', '
Q: Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?
A: outside', '
Q: When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?
A: 1980s']
There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?
A: commodification', '
Q: The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?
A: dogs.', '
Q: How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?
A: two', '
Q: When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?
A: commodification', '
Q: A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?
A: everyday routines']
There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?
A: commodity forms', '
Q: Dog training can be researched back to what century?
A: 18th', '
Q: How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?
A: urine marking', '
Q: How far back can dog training be found?
A: 18th century', '
Q: How do dogs mark their territory?
A: urine marking', "
Q: What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?
A: training"]
The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog–human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?
A: part of the family', '
Q: What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?
A: Dog Whisperer.', '
Q: Most people today describe their dogs as what?
A: part of the family', '
Q: What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?
A: Dog Whisperer']
Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?
A: newspaper', '
Q: Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?
A: plates', '
Q: In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?
A: dog yoga.', '
Q: What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?
A: set tasks or routines', '
Q: What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?
A: the newspaper']
According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?
A: 77.5 million', '
Q: How many people in the United States are said to own dog?
A: 77.5 million']
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?
A: magnetic resonance imaging', '
Q: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?
A: voices', '
Q: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?
A: the brain', '
Q: Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?
A: emotion', '
Q: What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?
A: MRI', '
Q: Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?
A: emotional']
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, "man's best friend", a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?
A: man's best friend", '
Q: Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?
A: hunt', '
Q: Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?
A: nets', '
Q: Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?
A: Laika', '
Q: What breed was Laika?
A: husky-terrier mix', "
Q: What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?
A: man's best friend", '
Q: What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting?
A: pointers and hounds', '
Q: Some dogs help fishermen with what?
A: nets', '
Q: What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?
A: Laika', '
Q: What year was the first dog sent into space?
A: 1957']
Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?
A: Service dogs', '
Q: Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?
A: medical care.']
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are conformation shows also known as?
A: breed shows', '
Q: Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?
A: a judge', '
Q: What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?
A: conformity with their established breed', '
Q: What is the only standard judged?
A: externally observable qualities', '
Q: What is another word for "breed shows"?
A: conformation shows.', '
Q: What is the evaluator called in a breed show?
A: a judge', '
Q: The breed standard only is about what?
A: externally observable qualities', '
Q: Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?
A: health']
Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties—being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do some people eat dogs?
A: East Asian countries', '
Q: In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?
A: taboo.', '
Q: In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?
A: dog fat', '
Q: What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?
A: western hypocrisy', '
Q: The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?
A: taboo', '
Q: Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?
A: medicinal properties']
The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk (also called bosintang), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat?
A: gaejang-guk', '
Q: What is Gaejang-guk?
A: a spicy stew', "
Q: Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months?
A: to balance the body's heat", '
Q: What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk?
A: scallions and chili powder.', '
Q: When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten?
A: the summer months', '
Q: What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?
A: scallions and chili powder.']
Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?
A: 4.5 million', '
Q: During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?
A: 17', '
Q: In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?
A: 26', '
Q: According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?
A: 4.5 million', '
Q: What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?
A: 2000s']
A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?
A: less severe', '
Q: Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States?
A: 12.9', '
Q: Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs?
A: 60.7', '
Q: Children are often bit where by dogs?
A: the face or neck.', '
Q: A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition?
A: infections.', '
Q: Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults?
A: Colorado', '
Q: About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9?
A: 60.7', '
Q: According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?
A: infections.']
In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?
A: cats', '
Q: Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?
A: two-wheeled vehicles.', '
Q: What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?
A: two-wheeled vehicles']
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?
A: dog roundworm', '
Q: How are Toxicara canis infections spread?
A: dog feces', '
Q: About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?
A: 10,000', '
Q: Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?
A: retinal damage and decreased vision.', '
Q: Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?
A: roundworm', '
Q: What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?
A: 14', '
Q: How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?
A: 10,000', '
Q: What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?
A: 24', '
Q: If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?
A: retinal damage and decreased vision']
A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets." In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?
A: 2005', '
Q: What is lowered in children who have pets?
A: absenteeism from school', '
Q: What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?
A: 2005']
In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?
A: exercise', '
Q: People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?
A: exercise']
The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?
A: immune-stimulating microorganisms', '
Q: Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?
A: social interactions', '
Q: What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?
A: 2015', '
Q: What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?
A: anxiety', '
Q: People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?
A: strangers']
The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?
A: mental institutions', "
Q: Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?
A: social behaviors", '
Q: What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?
A: antisocial and violent behavior', '
Q: When did people start using dogs as therapy?
A: the late 18th century', '
Q: Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?
A: mental institutions', '
Q: Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?
A: dogs', "
Q: People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?
A: animal-assisted therapy"]
Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?
A: diseases', '
Q: How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?
A: 40 times larger', '
Q: A dog can detect smells in one part per what?
A: trillion', "
Q: How much larger is a dog's olfactory cortex than a person's?
A: 40 times larger", '
Q: How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?
A: 551']
In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology?
A: Cerberus', '
Q: What did Cerberus guard?
A: the gates of Hades.', '
Q: What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology?
A: Garmr', '
Q: What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning?
A: Kimat', '
Q: Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan, who is the god of what?
A: thunder', '
Q: In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge?
A: Persian', '
Q: Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?
A: Cerberus', '
Q: Who is the dog that guards Helheim?
A: Garmr', '
Q: Who is Tadaklan?
A: god of thunder', "
Q: Who is Tadaklan's pet that is responsible for lightning?
A: Kimat"]