romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. It was, by 1961, the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially-organized public-health services provided health care. After 1985, the restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives. The effects of market policies led to the failure of many enterprises and total instability by 1990.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How much of the USSR's electricity was produced in the RSFSR?
A: two-thirds", '
Q: What two countries produced more petroleum than Russia in 1961?
A: the United States and Saudi Arabia', '
Q: How many students were in institutions of higher education in Russia in 1974?
A: 23,941,000', '
Q: How many institutions of higher education did Russia possess in 1974?
A: 475', '
Q: In how many languages were students in institutions of higher education being educated in 1974?
A: 47']
On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On June 12, 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first President. On December 8, 1991, heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its founder states (i.e. denunciation of 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the CIS. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament, therefore Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty adopted?
A: June 12, 1990', '
Q: Who became president on June 12, 1991?
A: Boris Yeltsin', '
Q: On what date were the Belavezha Accords signed?
A: December 8, 1991', '
Q: When did the Russian Parliament ratify the Belavezha Accords?
A: December 12', '
Q: What agreement did the Belavezha Accords supersede?
A: 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR']
On December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation. On December 26, 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities, which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics). After dissolution of the USSR, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, including UN membership.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the new name given to the RSFSR on December 25, 1991?
A: Russian Federation', '
Q: On what date was the USSR dissolved?
A: December 26, 1991', '
Q: What body was responsible for the dissolution of the USSR?
A: Soviet of Nationalities', '
Q: What house of the Supreme Soviet was not functioning as of December 26, 1991?
A: Soviet of the Union', '
Q: What was one right of the Soviet government that the government of Russia assumed?
A: UN membership']
On January 25, 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date was the state named the Soviet Russian Republic?
A: January 25, 1918', '
Q: What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic?
A: All-Russian Congress of Soviets', '
Q: When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?
A: March 3, 1918', '
Q: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceded land to what state?
A: Germany', '
Q: What document renamed the state the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?
A: Russian Constitution of 1918']
Internationally, in 1920, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What treaty resulted in the recognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states?
A: Treaty of Tartu', '
Q: Along with Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania, what state recognized the RSFSR in 1920?
A: Irish Republic']
For most of the Soviet Union's existence, it was commonly referred to as "Russia," even though technically "Russia" was only one republic within the larger union—albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the common name of the Soviet Union?
A: Russia', '
Q: Technically, what type of state was Russia?
A: republic', '
Q: What was the largest republic in the Soviet Union?
A: Russia']
Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?
A: 70%', '
Q: In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?
A: the east', '
Q: Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?
A: natural gas']
On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union. Later treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution,[clarification needed] adopted on January 31, 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date was the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR passed?
A: December 30, 1922', '
Q: What body passed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR?
A: First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR', '
Q: Along with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, what state joined Russia to form the Soviet Union?
A: Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic', '
Q: On what date was the 1924 Soviet Constitution adopted?
A: January 31, 1924', '
Q: What body adopted the 1924 Soviet Constitution?
A: the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR']
Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932–1933: Volga; Central Black Soil Region; North Caucasus; the Urals; the Crimea; part of Western Siberia; and the Kazak ASSR. With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on December 5, 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics. The Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek SSR.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what span was there a famine in the Soviet Union?
A: 1932–1933', '
Q: What document was ratified on December 5, 1936?
A: the 1936 Soviet Constitution', '
Q: What were the Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR renamed per the 1936 Soviet Constitution?
A: the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics', '
Q: What republic did the Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic become a part of?
A: the Uzbek SSR', '
Q: What effect did the 1936 Soviet Constitution have on the size of the Russia?
A: reduced']
The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937?
A: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic', '
Q: What document changed the name of Russia in 1937?
A: the Russian Constitution of 1937']
On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944?
A: the Chechen-Ingush ASSR', '
Q: Who ordered the deportation of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR?
A: Stalin', '
Q: Why were the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR deported?
A: accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism', '
Q: Along with the RSFSR, what republic received territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR?
A: Georgian SSR']
On October 11, 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the Tuvan People's Republic renamed when it joined the RSFSR?
A: Tuvan Autonomous Oblast", "
Q: On what date did the Tuvan People's Republic join the Russian SFSR?
A: October 11, 1944", "
Q: What did the former Tuvan People's Republic become in 1961?
A: an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"]
After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with Estonia, what country was taken over by the Russian SFSR in 1944?
A: Latvia', '
Q: What modern districts of Estonia and Latvia were annexed by the RSFSR in 1944?
A: Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts', '
Q: Near what town did the RSFSR annex territory in 1944?
A: Ivangorod']
At the end of World War II Soviet troops occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils remains in dispute with Japan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with Sakhalin Island, what islands were occupied by the Soviets after the Second World War?
A: Kuril Islands', '
Q: What administrative division did Sakhalin Island become a part of?
A: the RSFSR', '
Q: The ownership of what islands are disputed with Japan?
A: the southernmost Kurils']
On April 17, 1946, the Kaliningrad Oblast — the northern portion of the former German province of East Prussia—was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date was Kaliningrad Oblast annexed?
A: April 17, 1946', '
Q: What province of Germany did Kaliningrad Oblast form a part of?
A: East Prussia', '
Q: What administrative division did Kaliningrad Oblast become a part of?
A: the Russian SFSR']
On February 8, 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov's demotion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was demoted on February 8, 1955?
A: Malenkov', '
Q: To what position was Malenkov demoted?
A: deputy Prime Minister', '
Q: What position was held by Nikita Khrushchev?
A: First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party', '
Q: Who benefited from the demotion of Malenkov?
A: Nikita Khrushchev']
On January 9, 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?
A: January 9, 1957', '
Q: What territory was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?
A: Karachay Autonomous Oblast', '
Q: Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957?
A: Khrushchev', '
Q: To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred in 1957?
A: the Russian SFSR', '
Q: What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously been a part of?
A: the Georgian SSR']
In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through an era of stagnation. Even after he died in 1982, the era didn’t end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who lost power in 1964?
A: Nikita Khrushchev', '
Q: Who assumed a position of power in 1964?
A: Leonid Brezhnev', '
Q: When did Leonid Brezhnev die?
A: 1982', '
Q: Whose assumption of power ended the era of stagnation?
A: Mikhail Gorbachev', '
Q: How did Mikhail Gorbachev end the era of stagnation?
A: introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society']
On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR, which was the beginning of the "War of Laws", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR adopted?
A: June 12, 1990', "
Q: What body passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?
A: the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic", '
Q: What was the name of the period inaugurated by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?
A: the "War of Laws"', '
Q: What government was the Russian Federation fighting against during this period?
A: the Soviet Union']
On March 17, 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR. On June 12, Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia by popular vote. During an unsuccessful coup attempt on August 19–21, 1991 in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, President of Russia Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date was the office of President of the RSFSR created?
A: March 17, 1991', '
Q: Who was the first President of the RSFSR?
A: Boris Yeltsin', '
Q: Who was the President of the Soviet Union in 1991?
A: Mikhail Gorbachev', '
Q: On what date did the first election for President of the RSFSR occur?
A: June 12', '
Q: During what period was there an attempted coup in Moscow?
A: August 19–21, 1991']
On August 23, after the failure of GKChP, in the presence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia. On November 6, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the RSFSR.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date was the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR suspended?
A: August 23', '
Q: Who signed the decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR?
A: Yeltsin', '
Q: On what date was the Communist Parties of the USSR banned from operating in the RSFSR?
A: November 6', '
Q: Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree?
A: Gorbachev']
On December 8, 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), the President of the Russian SFSR and the heads of Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR signed the "Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States" (known in media as Belavezha Accords). The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union ceased to exist as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality. However, based on the historical community of peoples, relations between them, given the bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against, 7 abstentions. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The legality of this act is the subject of discussions because, according to the 1978 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian SFSR, the Russian Supreme Soviet had no right to do so. However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. Although the December 12 vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it was not possible to secede from an entity that no longer existed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what country is Viskuli located?
A: Belarus', '
Q: On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed?
A: December 8, 1991', '
Q: What is another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States?
A: Belavezha Accords', '
Q: What body ratified the Belavezha Accords on December 12?
A: the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR', '
Q: The Belavezha Accords consisted of how many articles?
A: fourteen']
On December 24, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including permanent membership in the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original member of the UN (since October 24, 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On December 25—just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union—the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency. The change was originally published on January 6, 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals and stamps). The Russian Federation's Constitution (Fundamental Law) of 1978, though with the 1991–1992 Amendements, remained in effect until the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did the Russian Federation assume the Soviet Union's membership in the UN?
A: December 24", '
Q: On what day did Gorbachev give up the presidency of the Soviet Union?
A: December 25', '
Q: What was the new name given to the Russian SFSR after the resignation of Gorbachev?
A: the Russian Federation', '
Q: Who was the first president of the Russian Federation?
A: Yeltsin', '
Q: In what periodical was the new sovereign status of the Russian Federation first published?
A: Rossiyskaya Gazeta']
The Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917–1946), Council of Ministers (1946–1978) and Council of Ministers–Government (1978–1991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR" and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title "President".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the government of the RSFSR called up to 1946?
A: the Council of People's Commissars", '
Q: What was the RSFSR government called starting in 1946?
A: Council of Ministers', '
Q: When the Soviet Union ended in 1991, what was the RSFSR government called?
A: Council of Ministers–Government', '
Q: Who led the first government of the RSFSR?
A: Vladimir Lenin', '
Q: Who led the final government of the RSFSR?
A: Boris Yeltsin']
The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, until the abortive 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991?
A: the Communist Party of the Soviet Union', '
Q: What event prompted the end to the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the RSFSR?
A: the abortive 1991 August coup', '
Q: Who suspended the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?
A: Yeltsin']
Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City. Universal Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Universal was founded in 1912 by the German Carl Laemmle (pronounced "LEM-lee"), Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules Brulatour.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which company is directly above Universal Studios?
A: NBCUniversal', '
Q: Which company runs NBC Universal?
A: Comcast', '
Q: What is the nickname given to the large studios of which Universal is a part?
A: Big Six', '
Q: When was Universal Studios created?
A: 1912', "
Q: Where does Universal's filming take place?
A: Universal City, California", '
Q: What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.?
A: Universal Pictures', '
Q: Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?
A: Comcast', "
Q: What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?
A: 100 Universal City Plaza Drive", '
Q: In what city and state are its production studios located?
A: Universal City, California', "
Q: In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located?
A: New York City"]
It is the world's fourth oldest major film studio, after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, and the Danish Nordisk Film company.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What rank does Universal Studios have in terms of age?
A: fourth', '
Q: Which film studio from Denmark is older than Universal?
A: Nordisk', '
Q: Which French companies are older than Universal?
A: Gaumont Film Company and Pathé', '
Q: What is the nationality of Pathé?
A: French', '
Q: Along with Pathé and the Gaumont Film Company, what major film studio is older then Universal Studios?
A: Nordisk Film company', '
Q: Among major film studies, where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age?
A: fourth']
Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane[a] and Jules Brulatour. One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Based on the Latham Loop used in cameras and projectors, along with other patents, the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business?
A: Chicago', '
Q: In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created?
A: 1908', '
Q: What notable historical figure was involved in the Motion Picture Trust?
A: Edison', '
Q: For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent?
A: the Latham Loop']