romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?
A: 1950', '
Q: What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?
A: the Office of Training and Education', "
Q: What event decreased the CIA's training budget?
A: the Cold War", '
Q: How many annual courses does the CIA University have?
A: between 200 and 300', '
Q: Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?
A: George Tenet']
Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?
A: 1949', '
Q: How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?
A: $52.6 billion', '
Q: Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?
A: the Director of Central Intelligence', "
Q: What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?
A: $2.3 billion", '
Q: What two major things does the CIA\'s "Covert action programs" include?
A: drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities']
There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?
A: 1963", "
Q: Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?
A: Mary Margaret Graham", '
Q: What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?
A: Congress', '
Q: What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?
A: the Marshall Plan', '
Q: What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?
A: 5%']
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?
A: Secret Intelligence Service", '
Q: What does ASIS stand for?
A: Australian Secret Intelligence Service', "
Q: What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?
A: Mossad", "
Q: What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?
A: RAW", "
Q: What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?
A: DGSE"]
The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries. An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?
A: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom', '
Q: What does NOFORN stand for?
A: No Foreign Nationals', '
Q: What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?
A: USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes']
The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?
A: Franklin D. Roosevelt', "
Q: Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?
A: British", '
Q: What does OSS stand for?
A: Office of Strategic Services', '
Q: Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?
A: Harry S. Truman', '
Q: In what year was the OSS dissolved?
A: 1945']
Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It created the program "PL-110", to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?
A: National Security Act', '
Q: What program handled "essential aliens" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?
A: PL-110', '
Q: Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?
A: Central Intelligence Agency Act']
At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its own intelligence gathering abilities. On 21 August 1950, shortly after the invasion of South Korea, Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence.[clarification needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?
A: Walter Bedell Smith', '
Q: What president announced the new CIA director?
A: Truman', "
Q: Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?
A: the Office of Reports and Estimates"]
The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US. Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?
A: Truman', '
Q: What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?
A: military intelligence and covert action', '
Q: What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?
A: create global political change favorable to the US', '
Q: What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?
A: the Soviet Union']
US army general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenberg's goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor; finding out "everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe - their movements, their capabilities, and their intentions." This task fell to the 228 overseas personnel covering Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who created the Office of Special Operations?
A: Hoyt Vandenberg', '
Q: What does ORE stand for?
A: Office of Reports and Estimates', '
Q: What was the Office of Special Operations initial budget?
A: $15 million', '
Q: Who was the OSO trying to track and gain intelligence on?
A: the Soviet forces']
On 18 June 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR, and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against "hostile foreign states or groups" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination was created inside the new CIA. The OPC was quite unique; Frank Wisner, the head of the OPC, answered not to the CIA Director, but to the secretaries of defense, state, and the NSC, and the OPC's actions were a secret even from the head of the CIA. Most CIA stations had two station chiefs, one working for the OSO, and one working for the OPC.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was directive 10/2 issued?
A: 1948', '
Q: Who was the head of the OPC?
A: Frank Wisner', '
Q: Most CIA stations had how many chiefs?
A: two', '
Q: Directive 10/2 called for actions against who?
A: the USSR']
The early track record of the CIA was poor, with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, and the Soviet atomic bomb project. In particular, the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,000 troops. The famous double agent Kim Philby was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence. Through him the CIA coordinated hundreds of airdrops inside the iron curtain, all compromised by Philby. Arlington Hall, the nerve center of CIA cryptanalysisl was compromised by Bill Weisband, a Russian translator and Soviet spy. The CIA would reuse the tactic of dropping plant agents behind enemy lines by parachute again on China, and North Korea. This too would be fruitless.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War?
A: 300,000', '
Q: Who compromised hundreds of airdrops?
A: Kim Philby', '
Q: Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy?
A: Bill Weisband']
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." In medical diagnosis, pain is a symptom.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of stimuli causes pain?
A: intense or damaging', '
Q: What type of feeling is pain?
A: distressing', '
Q: Why has defining pain been a challenge?
A: complex, subjective phenomenon', "
Q: What organization's definition is widely used?
A: The International Association for the Study of Pain", '
Q: In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?
A: a symptom']
Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significantly affect pain's intensity or unpleasantness. In some arguments put forth in physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia debates, pain has been used as an argument to permit terminally ill patients to end their lives.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries?
A: Pain', "
Q: How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?
A: interfere", "
Q: Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain's intensity?
A: Psychological", '
Q: What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do?
A: end their lives']
In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal), (3) duration and pattern of occurrence, (4) intensity and time since onset, and (5) etiology. However, this system has been criticized by Clifford J. Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment. Woolf suggests three classes of pain : (1) nociceptive pain, (2) inflammatory pain which is associated with tissue damage and the infiltration of immune cells, and (3) pathological pain which is a disease state caused by damage to the nervous system or by its abnormal function (e.g. fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, tension type headache, etc.).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the IASP respond to the need to create a more useful system for describing pain?
A: 1994', '
Q: How many classes of pain does the IASP system note?
A: 5', "
Q: Who has criticized the IASP's system?
A: Clifford J. Woolf and others", "
Q: What do some people feel the IASP's system is inadequate for?
A: guiding research and treatment", '
Q: How many classes of research does Woolf encourage?
A: three']
Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persistent, and pain that resolves quickly is called acute. Traditionally, the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time from onset; the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months.:93 Others apply acute to pain that lasts less than 30 days, chronic to pain of more than six months' duration, and subacute to pain that lasts from one to six months. A popular alternative definition of chronic pain, involving no arbitrarily fixed durations, is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing". Chronic pain may be classified as cancer pain or else as benign.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is usually temporary?
A: Pain', '
Q: How long does pain tend to last?
A: only until the noxious stimulus is removed', '
Q: What is pain which resolves quickly called?
A: acute', '
Q: What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by?
A: interval of time from onset', '
Q: What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as?
A: cancer pain']
Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, shearing, etc.) and "chemical" (e.g. iodine in a cut or chemicals released during inflammation). Some nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities and are consequently designated polymodal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain?
A: Nociceptive', '
Q: How is nociceptive pain classified?
A: according to the mode of noxious stimulation', '
Q: The thermal category of pain deals with which two temperature ranges?
A: heat or cold', '
Q: Crushing, tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain?
A: mechanical', '
Q: What is the term for nociceptors which respond to more than one type of stimuli?
A: polymodal']
Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to locate and often referred to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull. Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, fasciae and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include sprains and broken bones. Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of of pain is visceral a division of?
A: Nociceptive', '
Q: What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?
A: Visceral', '
Q: Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point?
A: Deep somatic', '
Q: What can visceral pain be accompanied by?
A: nausea and vomiting', '
Q: What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing?
A: Superficial']
The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quality; others experience several bouts a day, or it may occur only once every week or two. It is often described as shooting, crushing, burning or cramping. If the pain is continuous for a long period, parts of the intact body may become sensitized, so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb, or phantom limb pain may accompany urination or defecation.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain?
A: nearly 82%", '
Q: What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees?
A: 54%', '
Q: What may accompany urination for amputees? 
A: phantom limb pain', '
Q: What may happen with intact body parts if there is continuous pain for a long period?
A: become sensitized', '
Q: After six months, what percentage of people who had limbs amputated still felt pain in those limbs?
A: 65 percent']
Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours, weeks or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain. Vigorous vibration or electrical stimulation of the stump, or current from electrodes surgically implanted onto the spinal cord, all produce relief in some patients.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump?
A: may relieve pain', '
Q: How long can an anesthetic, at max, relieve pain for, despite wearing off in only hours?
A: permanently', '
Q: What is injected in small amounts into the soft tissue between vertebrae to produce local pain?
A: hypertonic saline', "
Q: Vibrating the stump of an amputee's limb can produce what in some patients?
A: relief"]
Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is paraplegia?
A: loss of sensation and voluntary motor control', '
Q: What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?
A: burning or tingling', '
Q: What can cause paraplegia?
A: serious spinal cord damage,', '
Q: What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?
A: Surgical', '
Q: The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?
A: phantom body']