romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?
A: computer science', "
Q: What is the foundational document of affective computing?
A: Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper", '
Q: In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?
A: passive sensors', "
Q: How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?
A: analyzing speech patterns"]
Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?
A: instrumental behavior', '
Q: With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?
A: subjective experience', '
Q: What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?
A: instrumental behavior', '
Q: What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?
A: psychophysiologists', '
Q: Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?
A: Peggy Thoits']
In Scherer's components processing model of emotion, five crucial elements of emotion are said to exist. From the component processing perspective, emotion experience is said to require that all of these processes become coordinated and synchronized for a short period of time, driven by appraisal processes. Although the inclusion of cognitive appraisal as one of the elements is slightly controversial, since some theorists make the assumption that emotion and cognition are separate but interacting systems, the component processing model provides a sequence of events that effectively describes the coordination involved during an emotional episode.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What model of emotion was developed by Scherer?
A: components processing model', '
Q: How many important emotional elements are present in the components processing model?
A: five', '
Q: What processes drive the other components processing model processes?
A: appraisal']
Through the use of multidimensional scaling, psychologists can map out similar emotional experiences, which allows a visual depiction of the "emotional distance" between experiences. A further step can be taken by looking at the map's dimensions of the emotional experiences. The emotional experiences are divided into two dimensions known as valence (how negative or positive the experience feels) and arousal (how energized or enervated the experience feels). These two dimensions can be depicted on a 2D coordinate map. This two-dimensional map was theorized to capture one important component of emotion called core affect. Core affect is not the only component to emotion, but gives the emotion its hedonic and felt energy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do psychologists use to visually map emotional experiences?
A: multidimensional scaling', '
Q: Along with valence, what is the other of the two dimensions used to map emotional experiences?
A: arousal', '
Q: What is the term for the feeling of energy or enervation created by an emotional experience?
A: arousal', '
Q: What is the term for the degree to which an emotional experience feels positive or negative?
A: valence', '
Q: What component of emotion provides its perceived energy?
A: core affect']
More contemporary views along the evolutionary psychology spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment. Current research[citation needed] suggests that emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it seems. Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand. The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by Joseph E. LeDoux and António Damásio.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What technology has allowed for research into the earlier-evolved parts of the brain?
A: neuroimaging', '
Q: Along with LeDoux, who was a notable neurological brain researcher?
A: António Damásio', '
Q: Who argued that emotional responses compete with instinct and reason?
A: Paul D. MacLean', '
Q: In what decade did Damásio and LeDoux do notable work?
A: 1990s']
This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano (1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially in work contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which in turn influence attitudes and behaviors. This theoretical frame also emphasizes time in that human beings experience what they call emotion episodes— a "series of emotional states extended over time and organized around an underlying theme." This theory has been utilized by numerous researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative lens, and was reviewed further by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article, "Reflections on Affective Events Theory", published in Research on Emotion in Organizations in 2005.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with Cropanzano, who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience?
A: Howard M. Weiss', '
Q: When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work?
A: 1996', '
Q: What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to?
A: work', '
Q: Who did Beal write "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" with?
A: Howard M. Weiss', '
Q: Where was "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" published?
A: Research on Emotion in Organizations']
The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active mammals, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the olfactory sense, which is proposed to have developed into mammalian emotion and emotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept—one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What parts of reptiles respond to sensory cues?
A: motor centers', '
Q: What is the principal sense of night-active mammals?
A: smell', '
Q: Why were early mammals active at night?
A: reptiles slept', '
Q: What developed from the mammalian odor pathways?
A: limbic brain', '
Q: How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles?
A: larger']
This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition. Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the Action Tendency Model.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What model described the opposite of approach as moving away?
A: Direction Model', '
Q: What model described the opposite of approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?
A: Movement Model', '
Q: According to the Action Tendency Model, the opposite of approach is described as unmoving with what?
A: passive yielding', '
Q: Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model?
A: shyness']
In economics, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and risk perception. In criminology, a social science approach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, and psychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as anomie theory and studies of "toughness," aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In law, which underpins civil obedience, politics, economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in tort law claims for compensation and in criminal law prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of the defendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In political science, emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the analysis of voter decision-making.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what economics sub-field are emotions discussed?
A: microeconomics', '
Q: What is a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed?
A: the analysis of voter decision-making', '
Q: Along with criminal law, what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion?
A: tort law', '
Q: Along with sociology and behavioral sciences, what discipline informs the field of criminology?
A: psychology', '
Q: Along with risk perception, what do economists study emotion in relate to?
A: purchase decision-making']
Attempts are frequently made to regulate emotion according to the conventions of the society and the situation based on many (sometimes conflicting) demands and expectations which originate from various entities. The emotion of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women, while fear is discouraged in boys and men. Expectations attached to social roles, such as "acting as man" and not as a woman, and the accompanying "feeling rules" contribute to the differences in expression of certain emotions. Some cultures encourage or discourage happiness, sadness, or jealousy, and the free expression of the emotion of disgust is considered socially unacceptable in most cultures. Some social institutions are seen as based on certain emotion, such as love in the case of contemporary institution of marriage. In advertising, such as health campaigns and political messages, emotional appeals are commonly found. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaigns emphasizing the fear of terrorism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What emotion do many cultures discourage in women?
A: anger', '
Q: Some cultures attempt to regulate what emotion in boys?
A: fear', '
Q: The open expression of what emotion is generally frowned upon in most cultures?
A: disgust', '
Q: What social institution is associated with the emotion of love?
A: marriage', '
Q: What emotion do political campaigns appeal to in regard to terrorism?
A: fear']
Domestically, Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de España, 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. In international club football, Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Copa del Rey trophies has Barcelona won?
A: 27', '
Q: How many UEFA Champions League titles has Barcelona won?
A: five', '
Q: Barcelona ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking in what years?
A: 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015', '
Q: How many Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies has Barcelona won?
A: three', '
Q: What position is Barcelona ranked on the UEFA club rankings?
A: second', '
Q: How many UEFA Championship League titles has Barcelona won?
A: five', "
Q: How many UEFA  Cup Winners' Cup wins does Barcelona have?
A: four", '
Q: How many FIFA Club World Cup trophies does football club Barcelona have?
A: three', "
Q: What club is Barcelona's long time rival?
A: Real Madrid", '
Q: How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have?
A: five']
On 14 June 1925, in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March. As a reprisal, the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club. This coincided with the transition to professional football, and, in 1926, the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed, for the first time, to operate a professional football club. On 3 July 1927, the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara, against the Spanish national team. To kick off the match, local journalist and pilot Josep Canudas dropped the ball onto the pitch from his airplane. In 1928, victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled "Oda a Platko", which was written by a member of the Generation of '27, Rafael Alberti, inspired by the heroic performance of the Barcelona goalkeeper, Franz Platko. On 23 June 1929, Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League. A year after winning the championship, on 30 July 1930, Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: On what day did the stadium crowd jeer the Royal March in protest against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship?
A: 14 June 1925", '
Q: In what year did the directors of Barcelona first claim to operate a professional football club?
A: 1926', '
Q: On what date did the FC Barca hold a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara against the Spanish national team?
A: 3 July 1927', '
Q: Who wrote the poem titled "Oda a Platko"?
A: Rafael Alberti', '
Q: When did Gamper commit suicide?
A: 30 July 1930', '
Q: In 1925 what incident by the crowd caused the closing of the stadium?
A: jeered the Royal March', '
Q: How long was the stadium closed?
A: six months', '
Q: What year did Barcelona claim to be a professional football club?
A: 1926', '
Q: When did Barcelona win the Spanish League?
A: 23 June 1929', '
Q: What past president of the Barcelona club committed suicide in 1930?
A: Gamper']
The 1973–74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff, who was bought for a world record £920,000 from Ajax. Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco. He further endeared himself when he named his son Jordi, after the local Catalan Saint George. Next to champions like Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach and Hugo Sotil, he helped the club win the 1973–74 season for the first time since 1960, defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Bernabéu along the way. He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971). Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Johan Cruyff join Barcelona?
A: The 1973–74 season', '
Q: What did Johan Cruyff say to the European press that won over Barelona fans?
A: he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco', '
Q: Who did Johan Cruyff name his son after?
A: Catalan Saint George', '
Q: When was Johan Cruyff first crowned footballer of the year while playing for Barcelona?
A: 1973', '
Q: When was Johan Cruyff crowned footballer of the year for the third time?
A: 1974', '
Q: How much did Barcelona pay to acquire Johan Cruyff?
A: £920,000', '
Q:  For what team did Cruyff refuse to play?
A: Real Madrid', "
Q: What dictator's rule was Cruyff's reason for avoiding Real Madrid?
A: Francisco Franco", '
Q: What award did Cruyff win during his first year with Barcelona?
A: European Footballer of the Year', "
Q: When did Cruyff win his third Ballon d'Or?
A: 1974"]
Like Maradona, Ronaldo only stayed a short time before he left for Internazionale. However, new heroes emerged, such as Luís Figo, Patrick Kluivert, Luis Enrique and Rivaldo, and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998. In 1999, the club celebrated its centenari, winning the Primera División title, and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year. Despite this domestic success, the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and Núñez resigning in 2000.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double?
A: 1998', '
Q: In what year did Barcelona win the Primera División title?
A: 1999', '
Q: In what year did van Gaal and Núñez resign from Barcelona?
A: 2000', '
Q: Who was the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year?
A: Rivaldo', '
Q: How long did Ronaldo remain with Barcelona?
A: short time', '
Q: When did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double?
A: 1998', '
Q: When was the centenari of Barcelona celebrated?
A: 1999', '
Q: What title did Barcelona win in 1999?
A: Primera División', '
Q: Which Barcelona player was the fourth to win European Footballer of the Year?
A: Rivaldo']
On 4 January 2016, Barcelona's transfer ban ended. The same day, they registered 77 players across all categories and ages, and both last summer signings Arda Turan and Aleix Vidal became eligible to play with the first team. On 10 February, qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons, Luis Enrique’s Barcelona broke the club's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola’s team in the 2010–11 season, with a 1–1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015–16 Copa del Rey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many players did Barcelona list on the day their transfer ban ended?
A: 77', '
Q: What event in February did Barcelona qualify for for the sixth time?
A: Copa del Rey final', '
Q: How many consecutive wins did Barcelona have in 2010-11?
A: 28', '
Q: With which team did Barcelona have a 1-1 draw in the 2015-16 Copa del Rey?
A: Valencia', '
Q: Besides Arda Turan, what other player became eligible to play in 2016?
A: Aleix Vidal']
Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga, it is also the most unbalanced, with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant. In the primera división league table, Espanyol has only managed to end above Barça on three occasions from 80 seasons (1928–2015) and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957. Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6–0 in 1951, while Barcelona's biggest win was 5–0 on five occasions (in 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975 and 1992). Espanyol achieved a 2–1 win against Barça during the 2008–09 season, becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What team is dominate in won games in La Liga?
A: Barcelona', '
Q: What team has beaten Barcelona three times in 80 seasons?
A: Espanyol', '
Q: What team won the all-Catalan Copa del Rey in 1957?
A: Barcelona', '
Q: Which team has the largest margin win?
A: Espanyol', "
Q: When was Espanyol's margin win of 6-0?
A: 1951"]
Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011, the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team, which reached a record six consecutive Champions League semi-finals and won 14 trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time. In June 2015, Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Besides Barcelona and Real Madrid, what other team has remained in the Primera Division?
A: Athletic Bilbao', '
Q: What series of wins did Barcelona achieve in 2009?
A: continental treble', '
Q: How many competition wins did Barcelona have in 2011?
A: five', '
Q: When was Barcelona able to win the continental treble for the second time?
A: June 2015']
As of December 2015[update], Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de España, three Copa Eva Duarte[note 2] and two Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. They have also won five UEFA Champions League, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. They also won a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies, considered the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many UEFA Champions League wins does Barcelona have?
A: five', "
Q: What is the  number of UEFA Cup Winners' Cup competitions Barcelona has won?
A: four", '
Q: How many UEFA Super Cup awards does Barcelona have?
A: five', '
Q: What is the number of FIFA Club World  Cup trophies Barcelona has?
A: three', '
Q: What competition is the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League?
A: Inter-Cities Fairs Cup']