romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was "a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995." Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between "1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted." The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive. Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What institution does James Liebman work for?
A: Columbia Law School', '
Q: What does James Liebman teach?
A: law', '
Q: According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?
A: 40', '
Q: According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?
A: 47', '
Q: In what year did Liebman announce his findings?
A: 1996']
The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, 1965. The last use of the electric chair between the first electrocution on August 6, 1890 and the moratorium was when Oklahoma electrocuted James French on August 10, 1966. The last use of the gas chamber between the first gassing on February 8, 1924 and the moratorium was when Colorado gassed Luis Monge on June 2, 1967.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was executed on March 30, 1960?
A: James W. Rodgers', '
Q: What method of execution was used on James W. Rodgers?
A: firing squad', '
Q: In what state was Rodgers executed?
A: Utah', '
Q: On what date was George York executed?
A: June 22, 1965', '
Q: Which state executed James French?
A: Oklahoma']
Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1642?
A: 364', '
Q: In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?
A: 1642', '
Q: Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?
A: Twenty-two', '
Q: How old was George Stinney when he was executed?
A: 14', '
Q: What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?
A: gas chamber']
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?
A: Oklahoma', "
Q: As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?
A: Director of Corrections", '
Q: What race was Clayton Lockett?
A: African-American', '
Q: What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?
A: nitrogen', "
Q: What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?
A: heart attack"]
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?
A: socio-economic', '
Q: According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?
A: human life', '
Q: According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?
A: criminals involved in murder', "
Q: What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?
A: deterring crime", '
Q: Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?
A: the innocent']
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?
A: Sixteen', '
Q: In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?
A: 1988', '
Q: In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?
A: March 2005', '
Q: In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?
A: 5', '
Q: Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?
A: 18']
Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?
A: 1919', '
Q: What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?
A: hanging', '
Q: In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?
A: the local sheriff', '
Q: In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?
A: 1890']
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?
A: Toney Anaya', '
Q: Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?
A: New Mexico', '
Q: Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?
A: Dick Celeste', "
Q: How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?
A: four", '
Q: In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?
A: 1979']
In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?
A: Kansas', '
Q: Who did Idaho execute in 2011?
A: Paul Ezra Rhoades', '
Q: Who was executed on October 30, 2012?
A: Donald Moeller', '
Q: Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?
A: 12', '
Q: Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?
A: 1992']
Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?
A: three', '
Q: What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?
A: sodium thiopental', '
Q: When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
A: 2011', '
Q: In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
A: Italy', '
Q: What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?
A: Torture Regulation']
The game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided that children might step on joysticks left on the floor and their durability was also questioned. Katsuyah Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use and had no discomfort. Ultimately though, they did install a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an arcade-style joystick could be used optionally. The controllers were hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype?
A: Katsuyah Nakawaka', '
Q: What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used?
A: 15-pin expansion port', '
Q: Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors?
A: cost reasons', '
Q: Where were the game pad controllers copied from?
A: Game & Watch machines']
At June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial "NES". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York City on October 18, 1985, following up with a full-fledged North American release of the console in February of the following year. Nintendo released 17 launch titles: 10-Yard Fight, Baseball, Clu Clu Land, Duck Hunt, Excitebike, Golf, Gyromite, Hogan’s Alley, Ice Climber, Kung Fu, Pinball, Soccer, Stack-Up, Tennis, Wild Gunman, Wrecking Crew, and Super Mario Bros.h[›] Some varieties of these launch games contained Famicom chips with an adapter inside the cartridge so they would play on North American consoles, which is why the title screen of Gyromite has the Famicom title "Robot Gyro" and the title screen of Stack-Up has the Famicom title "Robot Block".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System?
A: NES', '
Q: What day did Nintendo unveil the new systems?
A: October 18, 1985', '
Q: Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems?
A: New York City', '
Q: What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Famicom?
A: Consumer Electronics Show']
In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously released consoles worldwide.[better source needed] The slogan for this brand was It can't be beaten. In Europe and South America, however, the NES was outsold by Sega's Master System, while the Nintendo Entertainment System was not available in the Soviet Union.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?
A: Peter Main", '
Q: In 1990, what percentage of American households owned an NES?
A: 30%', "
Q: What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand?
A: It can't be beaten", "
Q: What outsold the NES in Europe and South America?
A: Sega's Master System", '
Q: Where was Nintendo not available?
A: Soviet Union']
Japanese (Famicom) cartridges are shaped slightly differently. While the NES used a 72-pin interface, the Famicom system used a 60-pin design. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory Game Genie, are available that allow Famicom games to be played on an NES. In Japan, several companies manufactured the cartridges for the Famicom. This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes, such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?
A: Japanese (Famicom)', '
Q: Which interface did the NES use?
A: 72-pin', '
Q: Which interface did Famicom use?
A: 60-pin', '
Q: Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?
A: develop their own customized chips']
In the longer run, however, with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation, which eroded and then took over Nintendo's dominance in the home console market, respectively. Consoles from Nintendo's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo, which relied more heavily on first-party games.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?
A: Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation', '
Q: Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?
A: Electronic Arts', '
Q: Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?
A: first-party games', '
Q: Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?
A: post-SNES era']
As the Nintendo Entertainment System grew in popularity and entered millions of American homes, some small video rental shops began buying their own copies of NES games, and renting them out to customers for around the same price as a video cassette rental for a few days. Nintendo received no profit from the practice beyond the initial cost of their game, and unlike movie rentals, a newly released game could hit store shelves and be available for rent on the same day. Nintendo took steps to stop game rentals, but didn't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including original, copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced their own short instructions—usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box—that explained the game's basic premise and controls. Video rental shops continued the practice of renting video games and still do today.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who caused Nintendo to take formal action regarding rentals?
A: Blockbuster Video', '
Q: According to Nintendo what was the danger in renting games?
A: would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games', '
Q: Blockbuster was banned from including what with their games?
A: copyrighted instruction booklets', '
Q: What did Blockbuster do instead of use copyrighted instruction booklets?
A: produced their own short instructions']
In the UK, Italy and Australia which share the PAL A region, two versions of the NES were released; the "Mattel Version" and "NES Version". When the NES was first released in those countries, it was distributed by Mattel and Nintendo decided to use a lockout chip specific to those countries, different from the chip used in other European countries. When Nintendo took over European distribution in 1990, they produced consoles that were then labelled "NES Version"; therefore, the only differences between the two are the text on the front flap and texture on the top/bottom of the casing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which company distributed the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?
A: Mattel', '
Q: When did Nintendo take over European distribution?
A: 1990', '
Q: Which three countries share the PAL A region?
A: UK, Italy and Australia', '
Q: What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, Italy, and Australia?
A: "Mattel Version" and "NES Version"']
Nintendo also made two turbo controllers for the NES called NES Advantage and the NES Max. Both controllers had a Turbo feature, a feature where one tap of the button represented multiple taps. This feature allowed players to shoot much faster during shooter games. The NES Advantage had two knobs that adjusted the firing rate of the turbo button from quick to Turbo, as well as a "Slow" button that slowed down the game by rapidly pausing the game. The "Slow" button did not work with games that had a pause menu or pause screen and can interfere with jumping and shooting. The NES Max also had the Turbo Feature, but it was not adjustable, in contrast with the Advantage. It also did not have the "Slow" button. Its wing-like shape made it easier to hold than the Advantage and it also improved on the joystick. Turbo features were also featured on the NES Satellite, the NES Four Score, and the U-Force. Other accessories include the Power Pad and the Power Glove, which was featured in the movie The Wizard.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?
A: NES Advantage and the NES Max', '
Q: What did the Turbo feature allow players to do?
A: shoot much faster during shooter games', '
Q: Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?
A: The NES Max', '
Q: Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?
A: Power Pad and the Power Glove', '
Q: The NES Max also did not feature what?
A: "Slow" button']
In 1986, Nintendo released the Famicom Disk System (FDS) in Japan, a type of floppy drive that uses a single-sided, proprietary 5 cm (2") disk and plugs into the cartridge port. It contains RAM for the game to load into and an extra single-cycle wavetable-lookup sound chip. The disks were originally obtained from kiosks in malls and other public places where buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk. This process would cost less than cartridges and users could take the disk back to a vending booth and have it rewritten with a new game. The disks were used both for storing the game and saving progress and total capacity was 128k (64k per side).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did Nintendo release the Famicom Disk System?
A: 1986', '
Q: Where could the disks for the game be obtained?
A: kiosks in malls', '
Q: How were the disks purchased?
A: buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk', '
Q: What were the storage disks used for?
A: storing the game and saving progress', '
Q: What was the total capacity of a disk?
A: 128k']
The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back. After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall, retailers had reportedly stated the system "failed miserably".[contradictory] While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City, Nintendo tried a second time; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986, with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the system originally supposed to be released?
A: spring of 1985', '
Q: Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?
A: New York City', '
Q: When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?
A: February 1986', '
Q: When was the nationwide release of the NES?
A: September 1986']
In Europe and Australia, the system was released to two separate marketing regions. One region consisted of most of mainland Europe (excluding Italy), and distribution there was handled by a number of different companies, with Nintendo responsible for most cartridge releases. Most of this region saw a 1986 release. Mattel handled distribution for the other region, consisting of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Italy, Australia and New Zealand, starting the following year. Not until the 1990s did Nintendo's newly created European branch direct distribution throughout Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the system released to two separate marketing areas?
A: Europe and Australia', '
Q: One region comprised the entirety of mainland Europe save for which country?
A: Italy', '
Q: Who released cartridges in mainland Europe?
A: Nintendo', '
Q: Who handled distribution in the other region?
A: Mattel', '
Q: When did the European brance finally directly distribute throughout Europe?
A: 1990s']