romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?
A: in the early 6th century', '
Q: The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?
A: the Antes and the Sclaveni', '
Q: According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?
A: the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea', '
Q: Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?
A: the Danubian provinces', '
Q: Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?
A: under Justinian I']
Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times." He describes their social structure and beliefs:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?
A: Procopius', '
Q: When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?
A: 545', '
Q: Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?
A: Spori', '
Q: What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?
A: their social structure and beliefs', '
Q: Who did Procopius write about in 545?
A: the Sclaveni and the Antae']
Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?
A: Jordanes', '
Q: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?
A: the Sclaveni', '
Q: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?
A: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes']
Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
A: Menander Protector', '
Q: Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
A: Daurentius', '
Q: The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?
A: the Avars', '
Q: Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?
A: Daurentius', '
Q: Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?
A: Khagan Bayan I']
The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?
A: the Veneti', '
Q: The Veneti tribe was located where?
A: east of the River Vistula', '
Q: What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?
A: Veneti', '
Q: When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?
A: in the Roman period']
According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?
A: multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia', '
Q: What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?
A: the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires', '
Q: Who started the great migration of the Slavs?
A: Germans', '
Q: Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?
A: Iberia and north Africa', '
Q: Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?
A: the Huns and their allies']
Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?
A: Around the 6th century', '
Q: The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?
A: Byzantine borders', '
Q: Where else reported Slavic settlements?
A: Peloponnese and Asia Minor', '
Q: Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?
A: the Eastern Alps', '
Q: When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?
A: By the end of the 6th century']
When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation, and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?
A: the first rudiments of state organizations', '
Q: When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?
A: When their migratory movements ended', '
Q: Early state organizations where headed by what?
A: a prince with a treasury and a defense force', '
Q: Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?
A: the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors']
In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?
A: the 7th century', '
Q: What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?
A: Samo', '
Q: What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?
A: Carantania', '
Q: When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?
A: 681', '
Q: Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?
A: Slavic literacy and Christianity']
As of 1878, there were only three free Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro. Bulgaria was also free but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. In the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire of approximately 50 million people, about 23 million were Slavs. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination. During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition. In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878?
A: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro', '
Q: When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?
A: 1878', '
Q: Whose official independence was declared in 1908?
A: Bulgaria', '
Q: When were independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs established?
A: In 1918']
During World War II, Hitler's Generalplan Ost (general plan for the East) entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavic and Jewish population of occupied Eastern Europe to create Lebensraum (living space) for German settlers. The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Whose plan for the East entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavs?
A: Hitler's", '
Q: What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?
A: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost', '
Q: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people?
A: 19.3 million civilians', '
Q: What is the German word for living space?
A: Lebensraum']
The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?
A: succession of wars, famines and other disasters', '
Q: Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?
A: Stephen J. Lee', '
Q: When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?
A: 1945', '
Q: What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?
A: Russia and the Soviet Union']
Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?
A: In the 19th century', '
Q: Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?
A: Russian Empire', '
Q: The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?
A: Pan-Slavism', '
Q: What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?
A: Yugoslavia', '
Q: When did Yugoslavia break apart?
A: 1990s']
The word "Slavs" was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Yugoslavia (1943–1992) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic?
A: 1939–1945', '
Q: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia?
A: 1943–1992', '
Q: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?
A: 1992–2003', '
Q: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro?
A: 2003–2006']
Former Soviet states, as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact, have numerous minority Slavic populations, many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. As of now, Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians (Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?
A: the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR', '
Q: What is the largest Slavic minority?
A: Russians', '
Q: Where is the largest Slavic minority located?
A: Kazakhstan', '
Q: What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?
A: Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles']
Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?
A: Pan-Slavism', '
Q: Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?
A: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice', '
Q: Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?
A: The Russian Empire', '
Q: When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?
A: between 1945 and 1948', '
Q: How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?
A: until the period 1989–1991']
Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?
A: Slavic studies', '
Q: When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?
A: As early as 1833', '
Q: What languages were recognized as Indo-European?
A: Slavic languages', '
Q: In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?
A: Indo-European']
Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?
A: The alphabet', '
Q: Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?
A: The Orthodox', '
Q: Who uses the Latin alphabet?
A: the Roman Catholics', '
Q: Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?
A: the Bosniaks', '
Q: What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?
A: the Lacinka alphabet']
Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?
A: Proto-Slavic', '
Q: Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?
A: Baltic languages', '
Q: The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?
A: Balto-Slavic', '
Q: Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?
A: Indo-Europeans', '
Q: Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?
A: Proto-Indo-European']
Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?
A: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic', '
Q: What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?
A: Proto-Slavic', '
Q: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?
A: Thessaloniki', '
Q: What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?
A: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts']
The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?
A: between the 6th and 10th centuries', '
Q: What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?
A: Orthodox Christianity', '
Q: What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?
A: Roman Catholicism', '
Q: When did the East-West Schism begin?
A: 11th century', '
Q: The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?
A: Orthodox']
Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?
A: Slavs', '
Q: What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?
A: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs', '
Q: The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?
A: non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age']
^1 Also considered part of Rusyns
^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians
^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad
^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language).
^5 Also considered Poles.
^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?
A: the Lemkos', '
Q: The idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?
A: Transcarpathia and abroad', '
Q: Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?
A: Czechs', '
Q: What group is considered part of the Poles?
A: Silesians']
^7 A census category recognized as an ethnic group. Most Slavic Muslims (especially in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) now opt for Bosniak ethnicity, but some still use the "Muslim" designation. Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably. However, a small number of people within Bosnia and Herzegovina declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity?
A: Bosniak', '
Q: What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably?
A: Bosniak and Muslim', '
Q: A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions?
A: Bosnia and Herzegovina']
^8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics. The nationality is also declared by diasporans living in the USA and Canada. There are a multitude of reasons as to why people prefer this affiliation, some published on the article.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics?
A: Yugoslav republics', '
Q: The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?
A: USA and Canada']
^9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci (in Bačka), Šokci (in Slavonia and Vojvodina), Janjevci (in Kosovo), Burgenland Croats (in Austria), Bosniaks (in Hungary), Molise Croats (in Italy), Krashovans (in Romania), Moravian Croats (in the Czech Republic)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where are Bunjevci located?
A: Bačka', '
Q: Where are Šokci located?
A: Slavonia and Vojvodina', '
Q: Where are Janjevci located?
A: Kosovo', '
Q: Where are Burgenland Croats located?
A: Austria', '
Q: Where are Krashovans located?
A: Romania']
^10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians, and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct?
A: Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes', '
Q: What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes?
A: Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians']