romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying, or sometimes swimming (see below, Locomotion). As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight. Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water, with larval adaptations that include gills, and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming. Some species, such as water striders, are capable of walking on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as certain bees, ants and termites, are social and live in large, well-organized colonies. Some insects, such as earwigs, show maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyridae in the beetle order Coleoptera communicate with light.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles?
A: tripedal', '
Q: What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects?
A: gills', '
Q: What species of insect has the capability to walk on the surface of water?
A: water striders', '
Q: What do crickets do in order to attract or repel a mate?
A: stridulate', '
Q: What variation of beetle in the Coleoptera order communicate by way of light?
A: Lampyridae', '
Q: Insects move by walking, flying, and what else?
A: swimming', '
Q: Which insects walk, fly, and swim?
A: Adult', '
Q: Insects walk the ground in alternating what?
A: triangles', '
Q: Insects walking in an alternating triangle is called a what?
A: tripedal gait', '
Q: What can insects do with each other in a variety of ways?
A: communicate']
Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but also spread diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated. Many other insects are considered ecologically beneficial as predators and a few provide direct economic benefit. Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey, respectively. In some cultures, people eat the larvae or adults of certain insects.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?
A: insecticides', '
Q: What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?
A: terrestrial', '
Q: What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?
A: Silkworms', '
Q: What insect is known to consume carrion?
A: blow-flies', '
Q: Humans consider most insects as what?
A: pests', '
Q: Humans can control insects using what?
A: insecticides', '
Q: Insects have the potential to damage what?
A: crops', '
Q: Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?
A: leaves', '
Q: Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?
A: silk']
The word "insect" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning "with a notched or divided body", or literally "cut into", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut"; because insects appear "cut into" three sections. Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος (éntomos) or "insect" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their "notched" bodies. "Insect" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's term also form the usual word for "insect" in Welsh (trychfil, from trychu "to cut" and mil, "animal"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, from rezati, "to cut"), Russian (насекомое nasekomoje, from seč'/-sekat', "to cut"), etc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Latin term for insect?
A: insectum', '
Q: Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?
A: Pliny the Elder', "
Q: How many sections does an insect's body appear to be divided?
A: three", '
Q: Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects, making reference to their notched bodies?
A: Aristotle', '
Q: In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English?
A: 1601', '
Q: Insect means to have a notched or divided what?
A: body', '
Q: Insects are cut into how many sections?
A: three sections', '
Q: Who gave this class of life the name "insect"?
A: Aristotle', '
Q: In what year did the word "insect" appear in a document?
A: 1601', '
Q: Who introduced the Latin version of the word "insect"?
A: Pliny the Elder']
The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research. In 2008, researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect, a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period. The oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti, from the 396-million-year-old Rhynie chert. It may have superficially resembled a modern-day silverfish insect. This species already possessed dicondylic mandibles (two articulations in the mandible), a feature associated with winged insects, suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time. Thus, the first insects probably appeared earlier, in the Silurian period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates?
A: Carboniferous', '
Q: What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil?
A: Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti', '
Q: In what year did Tufts researchers reportedly uncover what is believed to be the oldest known impression of a flying insect?
A: 2008', '
Q: What is the term for a mandible with two articulations?
A: dicondylic', '
Q: With what type of insect is a dicondylic mandible associated?
A: winged', '
Q: What higher-level is constantly up for debate and research?
A: phylogeny', '
Q: The higher-level phylogeny is of the what?
A: arthropods', '
Q: What kind of impression has been uncovered by a University?
A: full-body', '
Q: A University discovered a primitive flying what?
A: insect', '
Q: How old is the primitive plying insect found by the University?
A: 300 million-year-old']
Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups, their stem groups, and a number of Paleozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Most extinct orders of insects developed during the Permian period that began around 270 million years ago. Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?
A: Early Permian', '
Q: To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?
A: 55 to 70', '
Q: Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism? 
A: oxygen', '
Q: How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun? 
A: 270', '
Q: The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?
A: Permian-Triassic', '
Q: Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?
A: insect orders', '
Q: The insect orders include both of what?
A: extant groups', '
Q: The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?
A: Paleozoic groups', '
Q: What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?
A: dragonfly-like forms', '
Q: How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?
A: 55 to 70 cm']
Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants. Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity using warning colors. This successful evolutionary pattern has also been used by mimics. Over time, this has led to complex groups of coevolved species. Conversely, some interactions between plants and insects, like pollination, are beneficial to both organisms. Coevolution has led to the development of very specific mutualisms in such systems.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects?
A: chemical', '
Q: What is the term for a plant-eating insect?
A: herbivores', '
Q: What do many insects adaptively utilize in self-defense from predators?
A: plant toxins', '
Q: How is toxicity sometimes visibly displayed by insects as a warning?
A: colors', '
Q: What is an example of a mutually beneficial process indicating the coevolution of plants and insects?
A: pollination', '
Q: Insects are considered terrestrial what?
A: herbivores', '
Q: What were insects the major selection agents of?
A: plants', '
Q: What did plants eventually form against insects?
A: chemical defenses', '
Q: Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what?
A: plant toxins', '
Q: Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors?
A: warning colors']
Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. The Thysanura themselves possibly are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the term for the class of insects with wings?
A: Pterygota', '
Q: What is the term for the class of insects without wings? 
A: Apterygota', '
Q: What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?
A: Archaeognatha', '
Q: What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?
A: Dicondylia', '
Q: Insects are historically divided into how many groups?
A: two groups', '
Q: Insects with wings are known as what?
A: Pterygota', '
Q: Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?
A: wingless', '
Q: What is a Thysanura?
A: silverfish', '
Q: Thysanura and Pterygota are what?
A: Dicondylia']
Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass,:180 and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa have been shown to be paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings for the Insecta.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?
A: systematics', '
Q: What class is the Hexapoda ranked?
A: superclass', '
Q: How many groups are defined in the superclass?
A: four groups', '
Q: Springtails are also known as what?
A: Collembola', '
Q: Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?
A: Entognatha']
Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites, and in the Neoptera, muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen. Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and complete metamorphosis-based groups. It has proved difficult to clarify the relationships between the orders in Polyneoptera because of constant new findings calling for revision of the taxa. For example, the Paraneoptera have turned out to be more closely related to the Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea. Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form the Eukinolabia. Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? 
A: winged', '
Q: An insects hard body parts are called what?
A: sclerites', "
Q: Insect's wings fold flat over their what?
A: abdomen", '
Q: Neoptera can be divided into what kind of "based" group?
A: metamorphosis-based', '
Q: Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?
A: related']
The Exopterygota likely are paraphyletic in regard to the Endopterygota. Matters that have incurred controversy include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs – a position not well-supported in the entomological community. The Neuropterida are often lumped or split on the whims of the taxonomist. Fleas are now thought to be closely related to boreid mecopterans. Many questions remain in the basal relationships amongst endopterygote orders, particularly the Hymenoptera.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are likely to be paraphyletic?
A: The Exopterygota', '
Q: Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?
A: Matters', '
Q: Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?
A: Halteria', '
Q: A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community?
A: the entomological community', '
Q: What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist?
A: The Neuropterida']
Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain, estimates range from 2.6–7.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million. This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate. About 850,000–1,000,000 of all described species are insects. Of the 24 orders of insects, four dominate in terms of numbers of described species, with at least 3 million species included in Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. A recent study estimated the number of beetles at 0.9–2.1 million with a mean of 1.5 million.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The true diversity within the insect species remains what?
A: uncertain', '
Q: How many insect species are estimated to exist?
A: 2.6–7.8 million species', '
Q: How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year?
A: 20,000', '
Q: Of all the species on earth, how much do insects make up?
A: less than 20%', '
Q: For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?
A: undescribed']
Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and, if present, one to three simple eyes (or ocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six segmented legs—one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax—and, none, two or four wings. The abdomen consists of eleven segments, though in a few species of insects, these segments may be fused together or reduced in size. The abdomen also contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures.:22–48 Considerable variation and many adaptations in the body parts of insects occur, especially wings, legs, antenna and mouthparts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of bodies to insects have?
A: segmented bodies', '
Q: Insects bodies are supported by what?
A: exoskeletons', '
Q: Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?
A: hard', "
Q: An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?
A: interconnected", '
Q: What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?
A: tagmata']
The head is enclosed in a hard, heavily sclerotized, unsegmented, exoskeletal head capsule, or epicranium, which contains most of the sensing organs, including the antennae, ocellus or eyes, and the mouthparts. Of all the insect orders, Orthoptera displays the most features found in other insects, including the sutures and sclerites. Here, the vertex, or the apex (dorsal region), is situated between the compound eyes for insects with a hypognathous and opisthognathous head. In prognathous insects, the vertex is not found between the compound eyes, but rather, where the ocelli are normally. This is because the primary axis of the head is rotated 90° to become parallel to the primary axis of the body. In some species, this region is modified and assumes a different name.:13

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs?
A: head', '
Q: What is another word for head capsule?
A: epicranium', '
Q: What displays the most features on an insect?
A: Orthoptera', '
Q: What is the vertex also known as?
A: apex', '
Q: The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes?
A: compound']
The thorax is a tagma composed of three sections, the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax. The anterior segment, closest to the head, is the prothorax, with the major features being the first pair of legs and the pronotum. The middle segment is the mesothorax, with the major features being the second pair of legs and the anterior wings. The third and most posterior segment, abutting the abdomen, is the metathorax, which features the third pair of legs and the posterior wings. Each segment is dilineated by an intersegmental suture. Each segment has four basic regions. The dorsal surface is called the tergum (or notum) to distinguish it from the abdominal terga. The two lateral regions are called the pleura (singular: pleuron) and the ventral aspect is called the sternum. In turn, the notum of the prothorax is called the pronotum, the notum for the mesothorax is called the mesonotum and the notum for the metathorax is called the metanotum. Continuing with this logic, the mesopleura and metapleura, as well as the mesosternum and metasternum, are used.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The throax has how many sections?
A: three sections', '
Q: Another term for tagma is?
A: thorax', '
Q: The anterior section is closest to the what?
A: head', '
Q: The prothrorax is what segment of the insect?
A: anterior', '
Q: The pleura is made of how many lateral regions?
A: two']
The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect, which typically consists of 11–12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen is represented by a sclerotized tergum and sternum. Terga are separated from each other and from the adjacent sterna or pleura by membranes. Spiracles are located in the pleural area. Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present. In modern insects there is a tendency toward reduction in the number of the abdominal segments, but the primitive number of 11 is maintained during embryogenesis. Variation in abdominal segment number is considerable. If the Apterygota are considered to be indicative of the ground plan for pterygotes, confusion reigns: adult Protura have 12 segments, Collembola have 6. The orthopteran family Acrididae has 11 segments, and a fossil specimen of Zoraptera has a 10-segmented abdomen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the largest tagma of an insect?
A: abdomen', '
Q: How many segments make up an insects abdomen?
A: 11–12 segments', '
Q: The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?
A: head', '
Q: An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?
A: sternum', '
Q: The pleural area holds what?
A: Spiracles']
The insect outer skeleton, the cuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin, and a lower layer called the procuticle. The procuticle is chitinous and much thicker than the epicuticle and has two layers: an outer layer known as the exocuticle and an inner layer known as the endocuticle. The tough and flexible endocuticle is built from numerous layers of fibrous chitin and proteins, criss-crossing each other in a sandwich pattern, while the exocuticle is rigid and hardened.:22–24 The exocuticle is greatly reduced in many soft-bodied insects (e.g., caterpillars), especially during their larval stages.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?
A: the cuticle", '
Q: The cuticle has how many layers?
A: two', '
Q: Which cuticle later is like wax?
A: the epicuticle', '
Q: The epicuticle does not consist of what?
A: chitin', '
Q: Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?
A: thicker']
Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability, and this has played an important role in their success.:186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse, allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible. Having their muscles attached to their exoskeletons is more efficient and allows more muscle connections; crustaceans also use the same method, though all spiders use hydraulic pressure to extend their legs, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors. Unlike insects, though, most aquatic crustaceans are biomineralized with calcium carbonate extracted from the water.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra?
A: invertebrates', '
Q: Insects have developed what kind of active capability?
A: flight', '
Q: Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects?
A: important', '
Q: How many times are insects muscles able to contract?
A: multiple', '
Q: Insects muscles are attached to their what?
A: exoskeletons']