romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews, also designed by Nash, where the royal carriages, including the Gold State Coach, are housed. This rococo gilt coach, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1760, has painted panels by G. B. Cipriani. It was first used for the State Opening of Parliament by George III in 1762 and has been used by the monarch for every coronation since George IV. It was last used for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Also housed in the mews are the coach horses used at royal ceremonial processions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who designed the Royal Mews?
A: Nash', '
Q: Where is the Gold State Coach housed?
A: the Royal Mews', '
Q: Who designed the Gold State Coach?
A: Sir William Chambers', '
Q: When was the Gold State Coach first used?
A: 1762', '
Q: The Royal Mews houses which type of animal?
A: horses', '
Q: Who designed the Royal Mews?
A: Nash', '
Q: Where is the Gold State Coach kept?
A: the Royal Mews', '
Q: Who designed the Gold State Coach?
A: Sir William Chambers', '
Q: In what year was the Gold State Coach first used?
A: 1762', '
Q: What animals are kept in the mews?
A: horses']
In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace. The new King and his wife Queen Alexandra had always been at the forefront of London high society, and their friends, known as "the Marlborough House Set", were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age. Buckingham Palace—the Ballroom, Grand Entrance, Marble Hall, Grand Staircase, vestibules and galleries redecorated in the Belle époque cream and gold colour scheme they retain today—once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel King Edward's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash's original work.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Edward VII ascend to the throne?
A: 1901', '
Q: Kind Edward VII and Queen Alexandra\'s friends were know as what?
A: "the Marlborough House Set"', "
Q: Some thought that King Edward VII's redecoration choices were at odds with whose prior work?
A: Nash's", '
Q: Which king commissioned massive redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and gold color scheme?
A: King Edward', '
Q: What were the group of friends of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra called?
A: the Marlborough House Set', "
Q: What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace?
A: King Edward's heavy redecorations", '
Q: When did King Edward VII take the throne?
A: 1901', '
Q: What colors were used in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VII?
A: Belle époque cream and gold']
The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade (of Portland stone) was designed to be the backdrop to the Victoria Memorial, a large memorial statue of Queen Victoria, placed outside the main gates. George V, who had succeeded Edward VII in 1910, had a more serious personality than his father; greater emphasis was now placed on official entertaining and royal duties than on lavish parties. He arranged a series of command performances featuring jazz musicians such as the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (1919) – the first jazz performance for a head of state, Sidney Bechet, and Louis Armstrong (1932), which earned the palace a nomination in 2009 for a (Kind of) Blue Plaque by the Brecon Jazz Festival as one of the venues making the greatest contribution to jazz music in the United Kingdom. George V's wife Queen Mary was a connoisseur of the arts, and took a keen interest in the Royal Collection of furniture and art, both restoring and adding to it. Queen Mary also had many new fixtures and fittings installed, such as the pair of marble Empire-style chimneypieces by Benjamin Vulliamy, dating from 1810, which the Queen had installed in the ground floor Bow Room, the huge low room at the centre of the garden façade. Queen Mary was also responsible for the decoration of the Blue Drawing Room. This room, 69 feet (21 metres) long, previously known as the South Drawing Room, has a ceiling designed specially by Nash, coffered with huge gilt console brackets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Under whose reign did the last major building works take place?
A: King George V', '
Q: The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone?
A: Portland stone', '
Q: Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties?
A: George V', '
Q: Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection?
A: Queen Mary', '
Q: Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room?
A: Queen Mary', "
Q: Who redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front?
A: Sir Aston Webb", '
Q: The refaced facade was made from what type of stone?
A: Portland stone', '
Q: Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties?
A: George V', '
Q: What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces?
A: Royal Collection of furniture and art', '
Q: Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room?
A: Queen Mary']
During World War I, the palace, then the home of King George V and Queen Mary, escaped unscathed. Its more valuable contents were evacuated to Windsor but the royal family remained in situ. The King imposed rationing at the palace, much to the dismay of his guests and household. To the King's later regret, David Lloyd George persuaded him to go further by ostentatiously locking the wine cellars and refraining from alcohol, to set a good example to the supposedly inebriated working class. The workers continued to imbibe and the King was left unhappy at his enforced abstinence. In 1938, the north-west pavilion, designed by Nash as a conservatory, was converted into a swimming pool.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who lived at Buckingham Palace during WWI?
A: King George V and Queen Mary', '
Q: Where were valuable items from Buckingham Palace taken during WWI?
A: Windsor', '
Q: The king refrained from doing what during the war?
A: alcohol', '
Q: In what year was the north-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool?
A: 1938', '
Q: Who persuaded the king to lock the wine cellars during WWI?
A: David Lloyd George', '
Q: Buckingham Palace was untouched during which war?
A: World War I', '
Q: Where were valuables evacuated to during the war?
A: Windsor', '
Q: What did the King give up during the war?
A: alcohol', '
Q: Who convinced the king to lock the wine cellars?
A: David Lloyd George', '
Q: What was the north-west pavilion converted into in 1938?
A: swimming pool']
During World War II, the palace was bombed nine times, the most serious and publicised of which resulted in the destruction of the palace chapel in 1940. Coverage of this event was played in cinemas all over the UK to show the common suffering of rich and poor. One bomb fell in the palace quadrangle while King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were in residence, and many windows were blown in and the chapel destroyed. War-time coverage of such incidents was severely restricted, however. The King and Queen were filmed inspecting their bombed home, the smiling Queen, as always, immaculately dressed in a hat and matching coat seemingly unbothered by the damage around her. It was at this time the Queen famously declared: "I'm glad we have been bombed. Now I can look the East End in the face". The royal family were seen as sharing their subjects' hardship, as The Sunday Graphic reported:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many times was the palace bombed in WWII?
A: nine times', '
Q: What was destroyed in 1940?
A: the palace chapel', '
Q: Which monarchs were in residence at Buckingham Palace during WWII?
A: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth', '
Q: The bombing of Buckingham Palace showed what to the public?
A: the common suffering of rich and poor', '
Q: What was destroyed in one of the bombing that hit the palace in WWII?
A: the chapel', '
Q: The King and Queen were filmed doing what after a bombing?
A: inspecting their bombed home', "
Q: The royal family was seen as sharing what with their subjects after the bombings?
A: their subjects' hardship"]
On 15 September 1940, known as the Battle of Britain Day, an RAF pilot, Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF rammed a German bomber he believed was going to bomb the Palace. Holmes had run out of ammunition and made the quick decision to ram it. Holmes bailed out. Both aircraft crashed. In fact the Dornier Do 17 bomber was empty. It had already been damaged, two of its crew had been killed and the remainder bailed out. Its pilot, Feldwebel Robert Zehbe, landed, only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack. During the Dornier's descent, it somehow unloaded its bombs, one of which hit the Palace. It then crashed into the forecourt of London Victoria station. The bomber's engine was later exhibited at the Imperial War Museum in London. The British pilot became a King's Messenger after the war, and died at the age of 90 in 2005.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the date of the Battle of Britain Day?
A: 15 September 1940', '
Q: What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to bomb?
A: the Palace', '
Q: What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes rammed into?
A: Dornier Do 17 bomber', "
Q: After the war what did Holmes become?
A: King's Messenger", '
Q: What year did Ray Holmes die?
A: 2005', '
Q: What is September 15, 1940 known as?
A: the Battle of Britain Day', '
Q: What did Ray Holmes believe the German pilot was targeting?
A: the Palace', '
Q: What did Holmes do to stop the German Plane?
A: ram it', '
Q: What type of aircraft was the German Plane?
A: Dornier Do 17 bomber', '
Q: When did Holmes die?
A: 2005']
An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence). The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?
A: electric current', '
Q: Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?
A: wire filament', '
Q: What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current?
A: feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass', '
Q: What provides the electricity to most light bulbs?
A: a socket', '
Q: Which type of light bulb uses inert gas?
A: incandescent light bulb']
Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?
A: less efficient', '
Q: What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?
A: 2.2%', '
Q: Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?
A: LED', '
Q: How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?
A: 1,000 hours', '
Q: What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?
A: The remaining energy is converted into heat.']
Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, have prohibited them already.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?
A: prohibited them already', '
Q: How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?
A: phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs', '
Q: What does the acronym CCFL refer to?
A: cold cathode fluorescent lamps', '
Q: What does the acronym CFL refer to?
A: compact fluorescent lamps', '
Q: What does the acronym LED refer to?
A: light-emitting diode']
In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed. Later he lived in the USA, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments, and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874?
A: Alexander Lodygin', '
Q: What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?
A: two carbon rods', "
Q: In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?
A: 1900", '
Q: What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?
A: Alexander de Lodyguine', '
Q: When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?
A: 1872']
With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879. It was also shown to 700 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1879. These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament. Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current, so they were not commercially practical, although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum, a carbon conductor, and platinum lead-in wires. Besides requiring too much current for a central station electric system to be practical, they had a very short lifetime. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread' and obtained British Patent 4933 in 1880. From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. His house was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb and also the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power. In 1878 the home of Lord Armstrong at Cragside was also among the first houses to be lit by electricity. In the early 1880s he had started his company. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?
A: at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society', '
Q: Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?
A: Charles Stearn', "
Q: Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?
A: 'parchmentised thread'", '
Q: When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?
A: 1880', '
Q: What was the first public building to install electric lighting?
A: the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London']
Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on 22 October 1879, and lasted 13.5 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by 4 November 1879, filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact wires." Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways," Edison and his team later discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last more than 1200 hours. In 1880, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamer, Columbia, became the first application for Edison's incandescent electric lamps (it was also the first ship to execute use of a dynamo).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting?
A: 1878', '
Q: With what material did Edison make his first filament?
A: carbon', "
Q: How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879?
A: 13.5 hours", '
Q: What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament?
A: bamboo', "
Q: What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp?
A: Columbia"]
Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercantile Safe Deposit Company in New York City, about six months after the Edison incandescent lamps had been installed on the Columbia. Hiram S. Maxim was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company?
A: Albon Man', '
Q: Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company?
A: Hiram S. Maxim', '
Q: Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?
A: Mercantile Safe Deposit Company', '
Q: When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?
A: fall of 1880', '
Q: Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company?
A: Electro-Dynamic Light Company']
Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments, which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company. Latimer patented other improvements such as a better way of attaching filaments to their wire supports.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes?
A: Lewis Latimer', '
Q: When did Latimer patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"?
A: 17 January 1882', "
Q: Which company purchased Latimer's patent?
A: United States Electric Light Company", '
Q: Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent?
A: Edison']
On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries. Filling a bulb with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen retards the evaporation of the tungsten filament compared to operating it in a vacuum. This allows for greater temperatures and therefore greater efficacy with less reduction in filament life.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp?
A: Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman', '
Q: When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp?
A: 13 December 1904', '
Q: Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp?
A: Tungsram', '
Q: What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb?
A: argon or nitrogen', '
Q: What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe?
A: Tungsram-bulbs']
Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power input to the source, such as a lamp. Visible light is measured in lumens, a unit which is defined in part by the differing sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light. Not all wavelengths of visible electromagnetic energy are equally effective at stimulating the human eye; the luminous efficacy of radiant energy (LER) is a measure of how well the distribution of energy matches the perception of the eye. The units of luminous efficacy are "lumens per watt" (lpw). The maximum LER possible is 683 lm/W for monochromatic green light at 555 nanometers wavelength, the peak sensitivity of the human eye.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the acronym LER refer to?
A: radiant luminous efficacy', '
Q: What is the maximum LER possible?
A: 683 lm/W', '
Q: In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?
A: two ways', '
Q: What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?
A: the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths', '
Q: What does the acronym LES refer to?
A: source luminous efficacy']
The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid – below 3,695 K (3,422 °C; 6,191 °F). Donald L. Klipstein explains it this way: "An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6,300 °C (6,600 K; 11,400 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous efficacy (LER) is 95 lumens per watt." No known material can be used as a filament at this ideal temperature, which is hotter than the sun's surface. An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy (LER) is around 52 lumens per watt, the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?
A: 6,300 °C', '
Q: What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?
A: 52 lumens per watt', '
Q: What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?
A: infrared radiation', '
Q: What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?
A: the light emitted does not appear white,', '
Q: What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?
A: 52 lumens per watt']