romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?
A: Freemasonry was not a religion", '
Q: What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?
A: existence of God and the immortality of the soul', '
Q: Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?
A: United Grand Lodge of England', "
Q: What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?
A: political tension between France and Britain", '
Q: How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?
A: Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity', '
Q: What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?
A: 1875', '
Q: What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?
A: Grand Orient of France', "
Q: What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?
A: political tension between France and Britain", '
Q: Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?
A: Grand Orient de France']
At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?
A: during the 1720s', '
Q: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?
A: James Anderson', '
Q: Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?
A: women', '
Q: What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?
A: Lodges of Adoption', '
Q: When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?
A: early 19th century', '
Q: When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?
A: during the 1720s', '
Q: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?
A: James Anderson', '
Q: Who is excluded from Freemasonry?
A: women', '
Q: What were lodges called that included women?
A: Lodges of Adoption', "
Q: Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?
A: The French"]
In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?
A: mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism', '
Q: What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?
A: rationalism and naturalism', '
Q: Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?
A: No one voice', '
Q: Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?
A: Albert Pike', '
Q: What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?
A: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA', '
Q: What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?
A: Protestant', '
Q: What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational? 
A: Catholic', '
Q: Who was controversial among Freemasons?
A: Albert Pike', '
Q: Who has spoke for all Freemasons?
A: No one', "
Q: Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?
A: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA"]
In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What put English Freemasonry at risk?
A: Parliamentary proclamation', '
Q: What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?
A: meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation', '
Q: When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?
A: 1799', '
Q: What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?
A: a list of the members of his lodge', '
Q: Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?
A: Prime Minister William Pitt', '
Q: English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?
A: 1799', '
Q: Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?
A: Parliamentary proclamation', '
Q: What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?
A: the Unlawful Societies Act 1799', '
Q: Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?
A: Prime Minister William Pitt', '
Q: What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?
A: 1967']
In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism. For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations". Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes: "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?
A: antisemitism and anti-Zionism', "
Q: What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?
A: 1980", '
Q: Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?
A: Professor Andrew Prescott', '
Q: According to  Professor Andrew Prescott, how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry?
A: Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion', '
Q: In some countries, anti-Masonry is related to what?
A: antisemitism and anti-Zionism', "
Q: Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980?
A: Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party", '
Q: Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order?
A: Professor Andrew Prescott']
The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do most masonic rituals consist of?
A: degree ceremonies', '
Q: What is the first degree of Masonry?
A: Entered Apprentice', '
Q: What is the second degree of Masonry?
A: Fellowcraft', '
Q: What is the final degree of Masonry?
A: Master Mason', '
Q: What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?
A: passwords, signs and grips', '
Q: The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?
A: degree ceremonies', '
Q: What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?
A: the degree of Fellowcraft', '
Q: What is the first of degree ceremonies?
A: the degree of Entered Apprentice', '
Q: What is the final degree in the Freemasons?
A: the degree of Master Mason', '
Q: What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?
A: the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge']
English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites, and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the Duke of Orléans, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the French Revolution, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did English Freemasonry arrive in France?
A: the 1720s', '
Q: Who were the first English Freemasons in France?
A: lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites', '
Q: When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe?
A: 18th century', '
Q: Who formed the Grand Loge de France?
A: Duke of Clermont', '
Q: Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont?
A: Duke of Orléans', '
Q: When did English Freemasonry spread to France?
A: the 1720s', '
Q: When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe?
A: the 18th century', '
Q: The Grand Loge de France formed under who?
A: the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont', '
Q: Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont?
A: the Duke of Orléans', '
Q: When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted?
A: 1773']
The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. For the Continental lodges, however, having a different approach to Freemasonry was not a reason for severing masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation, Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg (CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions, and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg set up?
A: provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide", '
Q: When was CLIPSAS set up?
A: 1961', '
Q: What are two major sections of Freemasonry?
A: Anglo-American and Continental', '
Q: What is the Continental Strand consideres to be by most of Freemasonry?
A: Irregular', '
Q: What strand is considered to be irregular by the majority of Freemasons?
A: the Liberal (Continental) strand', '
Q: The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year?
A: 1961', '
Q: How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are listed in the CLIPSAS list?
A: 70', '
Q: Does the United Grand Lodge of England communicate with any of the 70 lodges on the CLIPSAS list?
A: does not communicate']
The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?
A: the Roman Catholic Church', '
Q: Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?
A: teaches a naturalistic deistic religion', '
Q: Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?
A: Pope Clement XII', '
Q: When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?
A: 28 April 1738', "
Q: What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?
A: Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890", '
Q: Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?
A: the Roman Catholic Church', '
Q: What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?
A: The 1917 Code of Canon Law', '
Q: The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?
A: Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion', '
Q: What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
A: Pope Clement XII', '
Q: What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
A: Pope Leo XIII']
In 1933, the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the Eucharist. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?
A: cannot partake of the Eucharist', '
Q: What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?
A: cannot be at all compatible with Christianity', '
Q: What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?
A: constitutes an act of apostasy', '
Q: When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?
A: 1933', '
Q: Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?
A: Roman Catholic and Protestant', '
Q: In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?
A: 1933', '
Q: Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?
A: Christianity', '
Q: Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?
A: the Eucharist']
In addition, most Grand Lodges require the candidate to declare a belief in a Supreme Being. In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia (known as the Swedish Rite), for example, accepts only Christians. At the other end of the spectrum, "Liberal" or Continental Freemasonry, exemplified by the Grand Orient de France, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity, and accepts atheists (a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What belief is required of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?
A: belief in a Supreme Being', '
Q: Are candadites required to express belief in a specific religion?
A: few cases', '
Q: Which branch of Freemasonry does not require a belief in a supreme being?
A: Continental Freemasonry', '
Q: Which branch of Freemasonry accepts atheists?
A: "Liberal" or Continental', '
Q: Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts Christians?
A: Swedish Rite', '
Q: Most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in what?
A: a Supreme Being', '
Q: Freemasons most common in Scandinavia only accept who as members?
A: Christians', '
Q: What Freemason group accept atheists?
A: the Grand Orient de France', '
Q: The Grand Orient de France is considered what type of Freemasonry?
A: Liberal" or Continental Freemasonry']
Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?
A: only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area', '
Q: What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?
A: the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them', '
Q: What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?
A: Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived', '
Q: If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?
A: recognise both', '
Q: What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?
A: choose between them', '
Q: What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?
A: Exclusive Jurisdiction', '
Q: In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?
A: 1849', '
Q: When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?
A: when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction']
There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges, but the earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known. The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge. It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From what centuries are the earliest passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?
A: 17th–18th', "
Q: What is the oldest Masonic lodge in the world?
A: Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland", '
Q: What were members who did not practice the physical craft known as?
A: accepted or speculative Masons', '
Q: When compared, how similar are the rituals and passwords from the turn of the 17 - 18 centuries to the ones from the later 18th century?
A: show continuity', "
Q: What is the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world?
A: the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1", '
Q: When was the Lodge of Edinburgh started?
A: 1598', '
Q: When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges?
A: in the later 18th century']
Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans. In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall, along with fourteen other African-Americans, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto "Grand Lodge" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?
A: refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans', '
Q: When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?
A: 1775', '
Q: What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813?
A: U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls', '
Q: What did Africian Lodge, Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE?
A: African Lodge, Number 1', '
Q: What was Africian Lodge, Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge, Number 459?
A: became a de facto "Grand Lodge"', '
Q: What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?
A: Prince Hall Freemasonry', '
Q: In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge?
A: 1775', '
Q: When was the African Lodge, number 459, formed?
A: 1784', '
Q: When was the UGLE formed?
A: 1813', '
Q: The African Lodge re-titled itself what?
A: the African Lodge, Number 1']