romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, she was inspired by the name of the river, in preference to terms such as "Central Sudan". The origin of the name ''Nigeria'' came from the name of the Niger River. The word ( Niger )  is an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism. Egerew n-igerewen means River of the Rivers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Nigeria named after?
A: the Niger River', '
Q: Who came up with the name Nigeria in the 19th century?
A: Flora Shaw', "
Q: What was Nigeria's region called by the British before the name Nigeria?
A: Central Sudan", '
Q: What language does the name of the Niger River come from?
A: Tuareg', '
Q: Which river reaches Timbuktu?
A: Niger']
The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911. Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri. In West Africa, the oldest bronzes made using the lost-wax process were from Igbo Ukwu, a city under Nri influence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which tribe ran the city of Nri?
A: Igbo', '
Q: When was Nri taken over by the British?
A: 1911', '
Q: Igbo Ukwu made the oldest bronze art using which process?
A: lost-wax', '
Q: Who ruled Nri?
A: the Eze Nri', '
Q: Which clan is Nri in the territory of?
A: Umeuri']
For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa. In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade. The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry, Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars. Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What region has Nigeria traded with for centuries?
A: North Africa', "
Q: Which countries' explorers were the first Europeans to trade with Nigeria?
A: Spanish and Portuguese", '
Q: Calabar is on which historical Bight?
A: Biafra', '
Q: What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra?
A: Bight of Bonny', '
Q: Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest?
A: Oyo Empire']
The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Britain outlaw slave trade?
A: 1807', '
Q: After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron?
A: Napoleonic Wars', '
Q: Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade?
A: Oba Kosoko', '
Q: Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle?
A: Lagos', '
Q: Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders?
A: Freetown']
In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885?
A: the Berlin Conference", '
Q: What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie?
A: Royal Niger Company', "
Q: When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory?
A: 1900", '
Q: When did Nigeria become a British protectorate?
A: 1 January 1901', '
Q: Which country did Britain conquer in 1897?
A: Benin']
Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What religion built Western schools in Nigeria?
A: Christian', '
Q: Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria?
A: northern', '
Q: What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria?
A: Islamic', '
Q: When did Nigeria receive independence?
A: 1960', '
Q: When did northern Nigeria ban slavery?
A: 1936']
Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups – the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') – were sharp.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Nigeria's status after independence from the UK?
A: a Commonwealth Realm", "
Q: Which Nigerian political party was mostly Islamic?
A: Nigerian People's Congress", '
Q: Which Nigerian political party was mostly Christian?
A: National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons', '
Q: Who led the NCNC party?
A: Nnamdi Azikiwe', '
Q: Which Nigerian political party was mostly Yoruba?
A: Obafemi Awolowo']
The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria?
A: 1966', '
Q: Which group led the first 1966 coup?
A: Igbo soldiers', '
Q: Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup?
A: Abubakar Tafawa Balewa', '
Q: Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?
A: Ahmadu Bello', '
Q: Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?
A: Ladoke Akintola']
In May 1967, the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu. The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side (predominated by soldiers from the North and West) attacked Biafra (Southeastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem. The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970. Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Eastern Nigeria want to call itself as an independent nation?
A: Republic of Biafra', '
Q: When did Eastern Nigeria declare its independence?
A: May 1967', '
Q: Who led Eastern Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War?
A: Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu', '
Q: How many months did the Nigerian Civil War last?
A: 30', '
Q: How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War?
A: between 1 and 3 million']
During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge revenue generated made the economy richer. Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale, the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop other sources of the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which oil group did Nigeria join?
A: OPEC', '
Q: Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure?
A: the military administration', '
Q: Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria?
A: federalism']
Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Nigerian leader transferred power in 1979?
A: Olusegun Obasanjo', '
Q: Which Nigerian leader received power in 1979?
A: Shehu Shagari', '
Q: How did Nigerians view the Shagari administration?
A: corrupt and incompetent', '
Q: Who led a military coup against Shagari?
A: Muhammadu Buhari', '
Q: When did another military coup overthrow Buhari?
A: 1985']
The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, which aggravated religious tensions in the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990?
A: Ibrahim Babangida', "
Q: What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria's national debt?
A: International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program", "
Q: What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on?
A: debt", '
Q: What controversial religious group did Nigeria join?
A: Organisation of the Islamic Conference']
After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida annulled the elections, leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government. Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To when did Babangida delay the return to democracy?
A: 1992', '
Q: When did Nigeria finally hold a fair election?
A: 12 June 1993', '
Q: Who won the 1993 Nigerian election?
A: Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola', "
Q: Babangida's reaction to the election results caused violent protests for how long?
A: weeks", '
Q: Who did Babangida appoint as head of an interim government when he finally stepped down?
A: Ernest Shonekan']
Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Nigeria regain democracy?
A: 1999', '
Q: Who won the 1999 Nigerian election?
A: Olusegun Obasanjo', '
Q: Nigeria was under military rule for how long?
A: almost 33 years', '
Q: How was the 1999 election regarded?
A: unfree and unfair', '
Q: How was the 2003 election regarded?
A: unfree and unfair']
Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who won the 2011 election?
A: Goodluck Jonathan', "
Q: Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate?
A: Muhammadu Buhari", '
Q: How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011?
A: 22,495,187', '
Q: How many votes did Buhari get?
A: 12,214,853', '
Q: What was the main opposition political party in 2011?
A: Congress for Progressive Change']
Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president. It is influenced by the Westminster System model[citation needed] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the March 28, 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria, defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Nigeria's form of government?
A: Federal Republic", '
Q: What houses does the Nigerian legislature have?
A: upper and lower', '
Q: How many times can a Nigerian president be elected?
A: two 4-year terms', '
Q: Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?
A: General Muhammadu Buhari', '
Q: Who lost the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?
A: Goodluck Jonathan']
Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups?
A: Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba", '
Q: When did Nigeria get independence?
A: 1960', '
Q: What major secession movement has Nigeria had?
A: MASSOB', '
Q: What major nationalist movement has Nigeria had?
A: Oodua Peoples Congress']
Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria, which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition formerly All Nigeria People's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). About twenty minor opposition parties are registered.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the House?
A: 223", "
Q: How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the Senate?
A: 76", '
Q: How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the House?
A: 96', '
Q: How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the Senate?
A: 27', '
Q: How many minor opposition parties does Nigeria have?
A: About twenty']
Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa?
A: African National Congress', '
Q: What group was Nigeria a founding member of?
A: Organisation for African Unity', '
Q: What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as?
A: the African Union', "
Q: Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group?
A: the Economic Community of West African States"]
Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as "salt water swamp," also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many inches of rain does southern Nigeria get each year?
A: 60 to 80 inches', '
Q: What type of climate is southern Nigeria?
A: tropical rainforest', '
Q: What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in?
A: southeast', "
Q: What is Nigeria's northernmost climate?
A: rain forest"]
The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. It is habitat for the drill monkey, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What does the Cross River State area of Nigeria have the world's largest variety of?
A: butterflies", '
Q: Southern Nigeria is turning from a forest to what type of environment?
A: grassland', '
Q: What type of monkey is only found in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon?
A: the drill monkey', '
Q: What ecoregion is in Nigeria near the Cameroon border?
A: Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests', '
Q: Why is southern Nigeria losing its forests?
A: development and harvesting by increased population']