romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Additionally, henna is an important part of Somali culture. It is worn by Somali women on their hands, arms, feet and neck during weddings, Eid, Ramadan, and other festive occasions. Somali henna designs are similar to those in the Arabian peninsula, often featuring flower motifs and triangular shapes. The palm is also frequently decorated with a dot of henna and the fingertips are dipped in the dye. Henna parties are usually held before the wedding takes place. Somali women have likewise traditionally applied kohl (kuul) to their eyes. Usage of the eye cosmetic in the Horn region is believed to date to the ancient Land of Punt.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do Somali women wear on their feet during Eid?
A: henna', '
Q: Along with triangular shapes, what are common henna designs in Somalia?
A: flower motifs', '
Q: What do Somali women traditionally put around their eyes?
A: kohl', '
Q: From what ancient region did kuul application come?
A: Land of Punt', '
Q: What activity is often held before Somali weddings?
A: Henna parties']
Football is the most popular sport amongst Somalis. Important competitions are the Somalia League and Somalia Cup. The multi-ethnic Ocean Stars, Somalia's national team, first participated at the Olympic Games in 1972 and has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since then. The equally diverse Somali beach soccer team also represents the country in international beach soccer competitions. In addition, several international footballers such as Mohammed Ahamed Jama, Liban Abdi, Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim have played in European top divisions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sport do Somalis most enjoy?
A: Football', '
Q: What is the name of the Somali national football team?
A: Ocean Stars', '
Q: In what year did the Ocean Stars first compete in the Olympics?
A: 1972', '
Q: Along with Liban Abdi, Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim, who is a notable Somali football player?
A: Mohammed Ahamed Jama', '
Q: Along with the Somalia Cup, what is an important Somali football competition?
A: the Somalia League']
The FIBA Africa Championship 1981 was hosted by Somalia from 15–23 December 1981. The games were played in Mogadishu, and the Somali national team received the bronze prize. Abdi Bile won the 1500 m event at the World Championships in 1987, running the fastest final 800 m of any 1,500 meter race in history. He was a two-time Olympian (1984 and 1996) and dominated the event in the late 1980s. Hussein Ahmed Salah, a Somalia-born former long-distance runner from Djibouti, won a bronze medal in the marathon at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He also won silver medals in this event at the 1987 and 1991 World Championships, as well as the 1985 IAAF World Marathon Cup. Mo Farah is a double Olympic gold medal winner and world champion, and holds the European track record for 10,000 metres, the British road record for 10,000 metres, the British indoor record in the 3000 metres, the British track record for 5000 metres and the European indoor record for 5000 metres. Mohammed Ahmed (athlete) is a Canadian long-distance runner who represented Canada in the 10,000 meter races at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2013 World Championships in Athletics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?
A: 15–23 December 1981', '
Q: Who hosted the 1981 FIBA African Championship?
A: Somalia', '
Q: In what city did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?
A: Mogadishu', '
Q: For what nation did Hussein Ahmed Salah compete?
A: Djibouti', '
Q: Who did Mohammed Ahmed compete for in the Olympics?
A: Canada']
In the martial arts, Faisal Jeylani Aweys and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place, respectively, at the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup in Tongeren. The Somali National Olympic committee has devised a special support program to ensure continued success in future tournaments. Additionally, Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in K1 and Thai Boxing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who came in fourth in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?
A: Mohamed Deq Abdulle', '
Q: What medal did Faisal Jeylani Aweys win in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?
A: silver', '
Q: Where did the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup take place?
A: Tongeren', '
Q: Along with Thai Boxing, in what has Mohamed Jama won a European title?
A: K1']
When not dressed in Westernized clothing such as jeans and t-shirts, Somali men typically wear the macawis, which is a sarong-like garment worn around the waist. On their heads, they often wrap a colorful turban or wear the koofiyad, an embroidered fez.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a koofiyad?
A: an embroidered fez', "
Q: What do Somali men wear when they aren't wearing Western clothing?
A: the macawis", '
Q: Where is the macawis worn?
A: around the waist', '
Q: What piece of clothing is the macawis similar to?
A: sarong', '
Q: Aside from the koofiyad, what do Somali men wear on their head?
A: turban']
Due to Somalia's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula, many Somali men also wear the jellabiya (jellabiyad or qamiis in Somali), a long white garment common in the Arab world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the jellabiya?
A: a long white garment', '
Q: Along with jellabiyad, what is the jellabiya called in Somali?
A: qamiis', '
Q: In what region do men commonly wear the jellabiya?
A: the Arab world']
During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. It is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can also be made with other fabrics, including white cloth with gold borders. For more formal settings, such as at weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the dirac. It is a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of silk, chiffon, taffeta or saree fabric. The gown is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Known as the gorgorad, the underskirt is made out of silk and serves as a key part of the overall outfit. The dirac is usually sparkly and very colorful, the most popular styles being those with gilded borders or threads. The fabric is typically acquired from Somali clothing stores in tandem with the gorgorad. In the past, dirac fabric was also frequently purchased from South Asian merchandisers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the regular garment of Somali women?
A: the guntiino', '
Q: What is the guntiino normally made from?
A: alandi', '
Q: What is the usual formal attire for Somali women?
A: the dirac', '
Q: Along with silk, saree fabric or chiffon, what might the dirac be made out of?
A: taffeta', '
Q: What is the underskirt of the dirac called?
A: the gorgorad']
Married women tend to sport headscarves referred to as shaash. They also often cover their upper body with a shawl, which is known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb, such as the jilbab and abaya, is also commonly worn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the headscarf worn by married women?
A: shaash', '
Q: What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies?
A: garbasaar', '
Q: Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?
A: the jilbab']
Additionally, Somali women have a long tradition of wearing gold jewelry, particularly bangles. During weddings, the bride is frequently adorned in gold. Many Somali women by tradition also wear gold necklaces and anklets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the jewelry worn by Somali women commonly made from?
A: gold', '
Q: Along with anklets, what pieces of jewelry are traditionally worn by Somali women?
A: necklaces', '
Q: What type of jewelry do Somali women wear at their weddings?
A: gold']
The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Somali flag invented?
A: 1954', '
Q: Who devised the Somali flag?
A: Mohammed Awale Liban', '
Q: What was Mohammed Awale Liban by profession?
A: scholar', '
Q: What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called?
A: Star of Unity', '
Q: How many points does the Star of Unity have?
A: five']
Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the one culinary tradition that is present among all Somali regional cuisines?
A: all food is served halal', '
Q: What type of meat is never present in halal dishes?
A: pork', '
Q: What beverage is not halal?
A: alcohol', '
Q: Along with alcohol, what liquid is never present in halal food?
A: blood']
Qado or lunch is often elaborate. Varieties of bariis (rice), the most popular probably being basmati, usually serve as the main dish. Spices like cumin, cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, and garden sage are used to aromatize these different rice delicacies. Somalis eat dinner as late as 9 pm. During Ramadan, supper is often served after Tarawih prayers; sometimes as late as 11 pm.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the English word for qado?
A: lunch', '
Q: What is bariis in English?
A: rice', '
Q: What is the most popular variety of bariis?
A: basmati', '
Q: When is the latest a Somali might eat dinner during Ramadan?
A: 11 pm', '
Q: After what event during Ramadan is dinner served?
A: Tarawih prayers']
Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense (lubaan) or incense (cuunsi), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another term for xalwo?
A: halva', '
Q: Along with wedding receptions, when is xalwo often consumed?
A: Eid celebrations', '
Q: What do the Somalis call frankincense?
A: lubaan', '
Q: What is the English word for cunnsi?
A: incense', '
Q: What do the Somalis call incense burners?
A: dabqaad']
Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. Of these modern writers, Nuruddin Farah is probably the most celebrated. Books such as From a Crooked Rib and Links are considered important literary achievements, works which have earned Farah, among other accolades, the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Farah Mohamed Jama Awl is another prominent Somali writer who is perhaps best known for his Dervish era novel, Ignorance is the enemy of love. Young upstart Nadifa Mohamed was also awarded the 2010 Betty Trask Prize. Additionally, Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi' is considered by many to be the greatest living Somali poet, and several of his works have been translated internationally.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?
A: 1972', '
Q: Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?
A: Nuruddin Farah', '
Q: In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature?
A: 1998', '
Q: Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love?
A: Farah Mohamed Jama Awl', '
Q: Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize?
A: Nadifa Mohamed']
Somalis for centuries have practiced a form of customary law, which they call Xeer. Xeer is a polycentric legal system where there is no monopolistic agent that determines what the law should be or how it should be interpreted.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Somali system of customary law?
A: Xeer']
The Xeer legal system is assumed to have developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa since approximately the 7th century. There is no evidence that it developed elsewhere or was greatly influenced by any foreign legal system. The fact that Somali legal terminology is practically devoid of loan words from foreign languages suggests that Xeer is truly indigenous.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what century did the Xeer system begin?
A: 7th', '
Q: In what region did the Xeer system develop?
A: the Horn of Africa', '
Q: What fact about Somali legal terms implies that Xeer developed locally?
A: devoid of loan words']
The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the Xeer system, what are judges called?
A: odayal', '
Q: What does xeer boggeyaal mean in English?
A: jurists', '
Q: What does the Xeer system call attorneys?
A: garxajiyaal', '
Q: By what term are witnesses known in the Xeer system?
A: murkhaatiyal', '
Q: What does the Xeer system call cops?
A: waranle']
Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures, cisterns, aqueducts, and lighthouses. Spanning the ancient, medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia, it also includes the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with Western designs in contemporary times.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?
A: Western designs', '
Q: Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?
A: medieval', '
Q: What material was used to make Somali cities?
A: stone']
In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing settlements, such as the Wargaade Wall.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids?
A: taalo', '
Q: What were taalo used for?
A: burial', '
Q: What were ancient Somali houses made out of?
A: dressed stone', '
Q: Ancient Somali houses were similar to houses in what country?
A: Egypt', '
Q: What is a notable stone wall built in ancient Somalia?
A: the Wargaade Wall']
The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in Somali architecture. Many of the new architectural designs, such as mosques, were built on the ruins of older structures. This practice would continue over and over again throughout the following centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what period was the Muslim faith introduced to Somalia?
A: early medieval', '
Q: Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period?
A: Persia', '
Q: In the medieval period, what buildings were notably built atop older ruins?
A: mosques', '
Q: Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam?
A: limestone', '
Q: Before Islam was introduced, what was a common building material in Somalia?
A: drystone']
The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and traditions about Somalis from explorers and geographers in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. Since 1980, prominent Somalist scholars from around the world have also gathered annually to hold the International Congress of Somali Studies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the academic study of the Somali people called?
A: Somali Studies', '
Q: Along with sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology, what field is part of Somali Studies?
A: anthropology', '
Q: Along with chronicles and records, what indigenous sources are used in Somali Studies?
A: oral literature', '
Q: What is the name of the annual gathering of Somali Studies scholars?
A: the International Congress of Somali Studies', '
Q: When did the International Congress of Somali Studies begin?
A: 1980']
In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieval period, and Modern period. The Medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, the High, and the Late Middle Ages.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what century did the Middle Ages begin?
A: 5th', '
Q: What century saw the end of the Middle Ages?
A: 15th', '
Q: What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?
A: the collapse of the Western Roman Empire', '
Q: Along with the Renaissance, what era occurred at the end of the Middle Ages?
A: Age of Discovery', '
Q: What is the first period of the three that Western history is traditionally divided into?
A: Antiquity']
Depopulation, deurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The barbarian invaders, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Eastern Roman Empire—came under the rule of the Caliphate, an Islamic empire, after conquest by Muhammad's successors. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with Antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power. The empire's law code, the Code of Justinian, was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions. Monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century. It covered much of Western Europe, but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions—Vikings from the north, Magyars from the east, and Saracens from the south.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with the movement of peoples, invasion and depopulation, what event started in Late Antiquity and continued into the Middle Ages?
A: deurbanisation', '
Q: In what state did barbarian invaders establish kingdoms?
A: the Western Roman Empire', '
Q: What empire was North Africa previously a part of?
A: the Eastern Roman Empire', '
Q: In what century did the Caliphate conquer North Africa?
A: 7th', '
Q: In what year did Italians discover the Code of Justinian?
A: 1070']
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the architecture of Gothic cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period, and into the Late Middle Ages.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages?
A: 1000', '
Q: What event led to larger crop yields in the High Middle Ages?
A: the Medieval Warm Period', '
Q: What was the name of the economic system that organized peasants into villages owing labor and rent to nobles?
A: Manorialism', '
Q: What was the name of the political system that gave rents to knights in return for military service?
A: feudalism', '
Q: In what year did the Crusades begin?
A: 1095']
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Black Death end?
A: 1350', '
Q: In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur?
A: Late', '
Q: What portion of the European population died in the Black Death?
A: a third', '
Q: What era occurred after the Late Middle Ages?
A: the early modern period', '
Q: Along with controversy and schism, what upset the peace of the Church during the Late Middle Ages?
A: heresy']
The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation, or Antiquity; the Middle Ages; and the Modern Period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with Antiquity and the Middle Ages, what is the other major division of European history?
A: the Modern Period', '
Q: How many major periods is European history divided into?
A: three', '
Q: What is another name for Antiquity?
A: classical civilisation']