romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the purpose of Obstruction?
A: frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness", "
Q: How can obstruction be employed?
A: motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes", '
Q: Is it safe to employ negative strategy?
A: "going negative" carries risks', '
Q: What may be a risk negative tactic?
A: if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public']
Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor. If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections?
A: develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals', '
Q: How can a minority leader attempt to set some agenda for house?
A: may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor.', '
Q: How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition?
A: 218', '
Q: What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections?
A: independents and swing voters']
Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized?
A: "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings"', '
Q: What items are discussed at party retreats?
A: issues and assess the party\'s public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages', '
Q: How do minority leaders gauge party preferences?
A: conduct surveys of party colleagues']
House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country; and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel. In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: With whom does minority leader consult and participate in news conference?
A: counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House', '
Q: What is the overall party strategy for minority leader?
A: develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues', '
Q: What speaking obligations does minority leader have?
A: floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country', '
Q: What are the purpose of minority leader writings?
A: write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements']
Confer With the White House. If his or her party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents. President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's." Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How often does minority leader speak with president when party controls white house?
A: minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress', '
Q: What was Robert Michel\'s role as minority leader?
A: point man" for Republican presidents', "
Q: Is the minority leader's strategic role always consitent?
A: will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party"]
When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI. Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection. As Ford explained:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the difference in role for Minority leader when majority party holds white house?
A: assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party', "
Q: What was Gerald Ford's role as minority leader under Johnson administration?
A: propose Republican alternatives", "
Q: What did Ford's alternatives provide for republican's?
A: political protection"]
"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What options do minority party have in amendment phase?
A: offer our program as a substitute', '
Q: If minority party loses committ of the whole, then what motion may be filed?
A: motion to recommit and get a vote on that', '
Q: If recommit fails, then what choice needs to be made by minority representatives?
A: say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument']
Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party. Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a good technique to foster party harmony?
A: appointment of task forces', '
Q: What colleagues are best to work with to reach a consensus?
A: partisan colleagues with conflicting views', '
Q: What does the creation of leadership positions allow for?
A: way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure']
The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for his or her party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus. The current senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the chief vote counter for party?
A: The Chief Deputy Whip', '
Q: Who holds the highest appointed Republican position in House?
A: Patrick McHenry.', '
Q: Who is the leader of chief deputy whips in democratic conference?
A: Senior Chief Deputy Whip', '
Q: How long has democratic leader of whips held position?
A: senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991']
Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria. With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states, the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do Armenians mostly live besides Armenia?
A: Nagorno-Karabakh Republic', '
Q: How many Armenians live outside Armenia and the republic within it?
A: around 5 million', '
Q: Where do most emigrant Armenians live?
A: Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria', '
Q: Why did many Armenians leave Armenia?
A: the Armenian Genocide']
Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in Babylonian) as Armina (in Old Persian; Armina (    ) and Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used?
A: around the 6th century BC", "
Q: What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?
A: 476 BC", "
Q: Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?
A: Hecataeus of Miletus", '
Q: Who described Armenian life in 401 BC?
A: Xenophon', '
Q: What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like?
A: Persians']
The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600–1200 BC). Soon after Hayasa-Azzi were Arme-Shupria (1300s–1190 BC), the Nairi (1400–1000 BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (860–590 BC), who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. Under Ashurbanipal (669–627 BC), the Assyrian empire reached the Caucasus Mountains (modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What mountain does Armenia surround?
A: Mount Ararat', '
Q: What era was the Hittite Empire in?
A: the Bronze Age', '
Q: When did the Hayasa-Azzi rule?
A: 1600–1200 BC', '
Q: When did the Arme-Shupria rule?
A: 1300s–1190 BC', '
Q: When did the Nairi rule?
A: 1400–1000 BC']
Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. He assumes that they migrated from there southeast through the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining after Batumi while the pre-Greeks proceeded westwards along the southern coast of the Black Sea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in?
A: Pontic Indo-European', '
Q: Where does Hamp say the Pontic Indo-European languages originate?
A: the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands', '
Q: What languages does Hamp say are similar to Armenian?
A: Greek and Ancient Macedonian']
The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became a kingdom. At its zenith (95–65 BC), the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran. The imperial reign of Tigranes the Great is thus the span of time during which Armenia itself conquered areas populated by other peoples.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Armenia established?
A: in the late 6th century BC', '
Q: What famous inscription mentioned Armenia?
A: the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription', '
Q: During which dynasty was Armenia established?
A: Orontid dynasty', '
Q: When was Armenia at its largest?
A: 95–65 BC']
The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with Greco-Roman deities). in the early years of the 4th century, likely AD 301, partly in defiance of the Sassanids it seems. In the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land, but by the Christianisation, previously predominant Zoroastrianism and paganism in Armenia gradually declined. Later on, in order to further strengthen Armenian national identity, Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet, in 405 AD. This event ushered the Golden Age of Armenia, during which many foreign books and manuscripts were translated to Armenian by Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty again in 428 AD to the rivalling Byzantine and Sassanid Persian empires, until the Muslim conquest of Persia overran also the regions in which Armenians lived.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion?
A: The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia', '
Q: What religion was Armenian paganism influenced by?
A: Zoroastrianism', '
Q: When did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?
A: AD 301', '
Q: Why did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?
A: in defiance of the Sassanids', '
Q: Who invented the Armenian alphabet?
A: Mesrop Mashtots']
In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. They settled in large numbers in Cilicia, an Anatolian region where Armenians were already established as a minority since Roman times. In 1080, they founded an independent Armenian Principality then Kingdom of Cilicia, which became the focus of Armenian nationalism. The Armenians developed close social, cultural, military, and religious ties with nearby Crusader States, but eventually succumbed to Mamluk invasions. In the next few centuries, Djenghis Khan, Timurids, and the tribal Turkic federations of the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu ruled over the Armenians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?
A: 885 AD', '
Q: Under which ruler did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?
A: Ashot I', '
Q: What dynasty was Ashot I part of?
A: the Bagratid Dynasty', '
Q: Who invaded Armenia in 1064?
A: Seljuk Turks', '
Q: What Turkic federations ruled Armenia?
A: the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu']
From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. In the late 1820s, the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan (all of Eastern Armenia) were incorporated into the Russian Empire following Iran's forced ceding of the territories after its loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the outcoming Treaty of Turkmenchay. Western Armenia however, remained in Ottoman hands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Russo-Persian War begin?
A: 1826', '
Q: When did the Russo-Persian War end?
A: 1828', '
Q: What treaty ended the Russo-Persian War?
A: Treaty of Turkmenchay', '
Q: When was the Peace of Amasya?
A: mid 16th century', '
Q: When did parts of Armenia under Iranian control become part of Russia?
A: In the late 1820s']
Governments of Republic of Turkey since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Passage of legislation in various foreign countries condemning the persecution of the Armenians as genocide has often provoked diplomatic conflict. (See Recognition of the Armenian Genocide)

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who says they didn't kill Armenians as genocide, just because they were 'in the way of the war'?
A: Governments of Republic of Turkey", '
Q: What has happened when other countries condemned Armenian genocide?
A: diplomatic conflict', '
Q: Who ruled Turkey when the Armenian genocide happened?
A: the Ottoman Empire']
Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I for a brief period, from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was an independent republic. In late 1920, the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army, and in 1922, Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union, later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936 to September 21, 1991). In 1991, Armenia declared independence from the USSR and established the second Republic of Armenia.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Armenia's status from 1918 to 1920?
A: independent republic", '
Q: When did communists take over Armenia?
A: late 1920', '
Q: Who invaded Armenia in 1920?
A: the Red Army', '
Q: What part of the USSR did Armenia join?
A: the Transcaucasian SFSR', '
Q: When did Armenia leave the USSR?
A: 1991']
Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (Հայաստանցի), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long have Armenians lived in the highlands?
A: over four thousand years', '
Q: Who founded the first Armenian nation?
A: Hayk', '
Q: Who did Hayk defeat?
A: Bel of Babylon', '
Q: What does Hayastantsis mean?
A: those that are from Armenia', '
Q: How many native Armenians are in Armenia today?
A: 3.5 million']