romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the Americas. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east while Russia has a maritime border with the state to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean. To the south and southwest is the Pacific Ocean. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's residents (the total estimated at 738,432 by the Census Bureau in 2015) live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaska's economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, and oil industries, resources which it has in abundance. Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Alaska's total population according to the 2015 Census?
A: 738,432", "
Q: How many of Alaska's residents reside in the Anchorage area?
A: Approximately half", "
Q: Which industries are most prevalent in Alaska's economy?
A: fishing, natural gas, and oil", '
Q: How does Alaska compare in size to other US states?
A: largest state in the United States by area', '
Q: Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other US states?
A: 3rd least populous']
Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called "the Lower 48". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the contiguous states sometimes called?
A: "the Lower 48"', "
Q: What is Alaska's capital city?
A: Juneau", '
Q: How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state?
A: 500', '
Q: Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere?
A: Aleutian Islands']
Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States. It contains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka, and Ketchikan, at one time Alaska's largest city. The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital surface transportation link throughout the area, as only three communities (Haines, Hyder and Skagway) enjoy direct connections to the contiguous North American road system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which forest is the largest national forest in the US?
A: Tongass National Forest', "
Q: Which city was Alaska's former capital?
A: Sitka", '
Q: What is the area closest to the continental US called?
A: Panhandle or Inside Passage', '
Q: Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase?
A: Panhandle or Inside Passage']
The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region. However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one people.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?
A: The North Slope', '
Q: What is the northernmost city in the US?
A: Barrow', '
Q: What resource is the North Slope known for?
A: massive reserves of crude oil']
With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles (54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest, which is actively undergoing continent building.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles?
A: nearly 34,000 miles', '
Q: On which island is Mount Shishaldin located?
A: Unimak Island', '
Q: What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia?
A: actively undergoing continent building', '
Q: What is most impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji?
A: most perfect volcanic cone on Earth', '
Q: How high does Mount Shishaldin rise above sea level?
A: 10,000 feet (3,048 m)']
According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges. Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres (35 million hectares), or 23.8% of the state. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the world's largest wildlife refuge, comprising 16 million acres (6.5 million hectares).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of Alaska is maintained by the US federal government?
A: 65%', '
Q: What types of areas are managed by the federal government as public lands?
A: national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges', '
Q: How many acres is the Bureau of Land Management in charge of?
A: 87 million', '
Q: How much of the state is controlled by the Bureau of Land Management?
A: 23.8%', "
Q: What is the world's largest wildlife refuge?
A: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge"]
Of the remaining land area, the state of Alaska owns 101 million acres (41 million hectares), its entitlement under the Alaska Statehood Act. A portion of that acreage is occasionally ceded to organized boroughs, under the statutory provisions pertaining to newly formed boroughs. Smaller portions are set aside for rural subdivisions and other homesteading-related opportunities. These are not very popular due to the often remote and roadless locations. The University of Alaska, as a land grant university, also owns substantial acreage which it manages independently.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many acres of its land does the state of Alaska own?
A: 101 million acres', '
Q: How much land is the state of Alaska provided by the Alaska Statehood Act?
A: 101 million acres (41 million hectares)', "
Q: Why aren't homestead and subdivision areas more popular?
A: remote and roadless locations"]
Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Native allotments can be and are sold on the open market, however.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which group claims it is Alaska's largest private land owner?
A: Doyon, Limited", '
Q: What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?
A: hold title (including subsurface title in many cases', '
Q: Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?
A: repealed before they could take effect']
The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, Southeast is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 in (130 cm) of precipitation a year, and Ketchikan averages over 150 in (380 cm). This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much precipitation does Juno receive each year?
A: over 50 in', '
Q: In what region of Alaska is the daytime temperature above freezing during summer?
A: Southeast', '
Q: Southern Alaska has what two Koppen climate classifications?
A: mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts', '
Q: How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each year?
A: over 150 in (380 cm)']
The climate of Western Alaska is determined in large part by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north. The temperature is somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is. This region has a tremendous amount of variety in precipitation. An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley (i. e., the region around Kotzebue Sound) is technically a desert, with portions receiving less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually. On the other extreme, some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 in (250 cm) of precipitation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two bodies of water influene the climate in Western Alaska?
A: Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska', '
Q: Is precipitation varied or uniform in Western Alaska?
A: tremendous amount of variety', '
Q: Which area of Western Alaska is techincally a desert?
A: the region around Kotzebue Sound', '
Q: How much precipitation does the desert area of Western Alaska receive?
A: less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually']
Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.[citation needed] The Tlingit people developed a society with a matrilineal kinship system of property inheritance and descent in what is today Southeast Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia and the Yukon. Also in Southeast were the Haida, now well known for their unique arts. The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887, when President Grover Cleveland, and later the U.S. Congress, granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla. All three of these peoples, as well as other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, experienced smallpox outbreaks from the late 18th through the mid-19th century, with the most devastating epidemics occurring in the 1830s and 1860s, resulting in high fatalities and social disruption.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island?
A: Grover Cleveland', '
Q: What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1860s?
A: smallpox', '
Q: In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?
A: 1887', '
Q: Which Alaskan indigenous group is now well-known for their art?
A: the Haida']
The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on protected land?
A: The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region", '
Q: The Inuplat population inhabit what areas?
A: The North Slope and Little Diomede Island', '
Q: Which Alaskan indigenous group was the fist to be exploited by Russians?
A: Aleut']
Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century. According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by "bearded men" who "pray to the icons". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?
A: 17th century', '
Q: Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1648?
A: Semyon Dezhnyov', '
Q: Whom did Nikolai Durkin say lived in a village on the Kheuveren River?
A: "bearded men" who "pray to the icons"', '
Q: During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?
A: 1764–1765']
Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s?
A: gold rushes', '
Q: What year was Alaska officially incorporated as a territory?
A: 1912', "
Q: In what year was Alaska's capital officially changed to Juneau?
A: 1906", '
Q: Which industries did European settlers in Alaska begin?
A: fishing and logging', '
Q: From what countries were European settlers in Alaska?
A: Norway and Sweden']
Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what day was Alaska officially named a state?
A: January 3, 1959', '
Q: In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum?
A: 1946', '
Q: What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his early Congressional tenure?
A: Statehood for Alaska', '
Q: From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges?
A: mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska', '
Q: On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally approved by Congress?
A: July 7, 1958']
On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchorage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What major event happened in Alaska on March 27, 1964 killing 133 people?
A: Good Friday earthquake', '
Q: Did the earthquake or resulting tsunamis and landslides do the most damage to Alaskan communities?
A: resultant tsunamis and landslides', '
Q: How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world?
A: second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world', '
Q: Which factors concerning the Good Friday earthquake do some believe caused a higher survival rate?
A: The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter', '
Q: How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to the 1989 San Francisco earthquake?
A: over one thousand times more powerful']
The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks claims that at least 20 Alaskan native languages exist and there are also some languages with different dialects. Most of Alaska's native languages belong to either the Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene language families however some languages are thought to be isolates (e.g. Haida) or have not yet been classified (e.g. Tsimshianic). As of 2014[update] nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At least how many native Alaskan languages exist, according to the Alaska Native Language Center?
A: at least 20', '
Q: What are the two main native Alaskan language families?
A: Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene', "
Q: How many of Alaska's native languages are in danger of becoing dormant or extinct languages according to a 2014 study?
A: nearly all", "
Q: A study completed in what year found that nearly all of Alaska's native languages are at risk of becoming extinct?
A: 2014"]
According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. 100,960 people identified as Evangelical Protestants, 50,866 as Roman Catholic, and 32,550 as mainline Protestants. Roughly 4% are Mormon, 0.5% are Jewish, 1% are Muslim, 0.5% are Buddhist, and 0.5% are Hindu. The largest religious denominations in Alaska as of 2010[update] were the Catholic Church with 50,866 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 38,070 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 32,170 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 19,891 adherents. Alaska has been identified, along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon, as being the least religious states of the USA, in terms of church membership.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to the Association of Religion Data in 2010, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?
A: 34%', '
Q: Which religion is most prevalent in Alaska?
A: Evangelical Protestants', '
Q: How does Alaska compare with other states in church membership?
A: least religious states of the USA', '
Q: Which other nearby states are also considered to be less religious than others?
A: Washington and Oregon']
In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state. In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems). Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795?
A: First Russian Orthodox Church', '
Q: What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society?
A: Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives', '
Q: Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?
A: Quaker population', '
Q: What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews?
A: observance of halakha']
The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska had the fifth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.75 percent. The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more than 80% of the state's revenues derived from petroleum extraction. Alaska's main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the per capita personal income in Alaska in 2007?
A: $40,042', "
Q: How does Alaska's per capita personal income rank against other states?
A: 15th in the nation", '
Q: How much of Alaskan state revenue comes from petroleum extraction?
A: 80%', "
Q: Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's largest export?
A: seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab"]
Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy?
A: Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak', '
Q: What program allows Alaska to keep low taxes?
A: Federal subsidies', "
Q: What are some of Alaska's industrial products?
A: crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products", '
Q: How, specifically, have tourists helped the local economy in Alaska?
A: supporting local lodging']