romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (−2,800) and Austria (−900).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?
A: +6,700 persons', '
Q: How many migrants went to Eisenach? 
A: +1,400', '
Q: Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating? 
A: The international migration is fluctuating heavily']
Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many municipalities are in Thuringia? 
A: 850', '
Q: How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns?
A: 126', '
Q: How many towns have populations greater than 30,000?
A: ten', '
Q: What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia?
A: the 20th century', '
Q: Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power?
A: Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.']
Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades. Nevertheless, they are more important than in the most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions. 54% of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use. The fertile basins such as the large Thuringian Basin or the smaller Goldene Aue, Orlasenke and Osterland are in intensive use for growing cereals, vegetables, fruits and energy crops. Important products are apples, strawberries, cherries and plums in the fruit sector, cabbage, potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes (grown in greenhouses), onions, cucumbers and asparagus in the vegetable sector, as well as maize, rapeseed, wheat, barley and sugar beets in the crop sector.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is something more important to Thuringia than most areas of Germany?
A: Agriculture and forestry', "
Q: How much of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use?
A: 54%", '
Q: What is the largest fertile area of Thuringia?
A: the large Thuringian Basin', '
Q: Where do they grow tomatoes in Thuringia?
A: greenhouses', '
Q: Which regions value agriculture most?
A: rural regions']
Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small and medium-sized ones to dominate the manufacturing sector. Well-known industrial centres are Jena (a world centre for optical instruments with companies like Carl Zeiss, Schott and Jenoptik) and Eisenach, where BMW started its car production in the 1920s and an Opel factory is based today. The most important industrial branches today are engineering and metalworking, vehicle production and food industries. Especially the small and mid-sized towns in central and southwestern Thuringia (e.g. Arnstadt, Schmalkalden and Ohrdruf) are highly industrialised, whereas there are fewer industrial companies in the northern and eastern parts of the Land. Traditional industries like production of glass, porcelain and toys collapsed during the economic crises between 1930 and 1990.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How far back does Thuringia's industrial sector go back?
A: the mid-19th-century industrialisation", '
Q: What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1990?
A: the closure of most large-scale factories and companies', '
Q: Where in Thuringia are there fewer industrial companies?
A: the northern and eastern parts of the Land.', '
Q: When did traditional industries like glass and toy making collapse?
A: between 1930 and 1990', "
Q: Where in Thuringia did BMW get it's start in the 1920's?
A: Eisenach"]
Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the Thuringian Forest such as Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the lignite surface mining around Meuselwitz near Altenburg in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two potash mining districts were established around 1900. These are the Südharzrevier in the north of the state, between Bischofferode in the west and Roßleben in the east with Sondershausen at its centre, and the Werrarevier on the Hessian border around Vacha and Bad Salzungen in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the Südharzrevier was abandoned, whereas K+S took over the mines in the Werrarevier. Between 1950 and 1990, uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was Ronneburg near Gera in eastern Thuringia and the operating company Wismut was under direct Soviet control.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns?
A: Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau', '
Q: Why did the iron, copper and silver mines fail?
A: because the competition from imported metal was too strong', '
Q: What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900?
A: the Südharzrevier', "
Q: What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union?
A: uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal", '
Q: When did the Südharzrevier close?
A: After the reunification']
The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the European Union. The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth in Germany since 2005 has brought the Thuringian GDP close to the EU average since then. The high economic subsidies granted by the federal government and the EU after 1990 are being reduced gradually and will end around 2020.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the GDP of Thuringia?
A: below the national average', '
Q: For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU?
A: Until 2004', '
Q: What has helped to improve Thuringia? 
A: The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth', '
Q: When will government subsidies to Thuringia end?
A: around 2020']
The unemployment rate reached its peak of 20% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 7% in 2013, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak?
A: 20% in 2005', '
Q: What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia? 
A: it has decreased to 7%', '
Q: How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors?
A: The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria.', '
Q: What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages?
A: working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters', '
Q: What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors?
A: demographic transition']
During the 1930s, the first two motorways were built across the Land, the A4 motorway as an important east-west connection in central Germany and the main link between Berlin and south-west Germany, and the A9 motorway as the main north-south route in eastern Germany, connecting Berlin with Munich. The A4 runs from Frankfurt in Hesse via Eisenach, Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Dresden in Saxony, connecting Thuringia's most important cities. At Hermsdorf junction it is connected with the A9. Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990, including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas. Furthermore, three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s. The A71 crosses the Land in southwest-northeast direction, connecting Würzburg in Bavaria via Meiningen, Suhl, Ilmenau, Arnstadt, Erfurt and Sömmerda with Sangerhausen and Halle in Saxony-Anhalt. The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71 has been one of Germany's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels (including Germany's longest road tunnel, the Rennsteig Tunnel) and large bridges. The A73 starts at the A71 south of Erfurt in Suhl and runs south towards Nuremberg in Bavaria. The A38 is another west-east connection in the north of Thuringia running from Göttingen in Lower Saxony via Heiligenstadt and Nordhausen to Leipzig in Saxony. Furthermore, there is a dense network of federal highways complementing the motorway network. The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015). Envisaged projects include upgrades of the B247 from Gotha to Leinefelde to improve Mühlhausen's connection to the national road network, the B19 from Eisenach to Meiningen to improve access to Bad Salzungen and Schmalkalden, and the B88 and B281 for strengthening the Saalfeld/Rudolstadt region.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were the first motorways built in Thuringia?
A: During the 1930s', '
Q: When were the two motorways expanded?
A: Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990', '
Q: When were three additional roads built?
A: during the 1990s and 2000s', "
Q: Which motorway is Thuringia's most expensive?
A: The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71", '
Q:   What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015?
A: The upgrading of federal highways']
The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is lignite, mined in the bordering Leipzig region. Since 2000, the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies, which reached an amount of 40% (in 2013), and more clean gas combustion, often carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations. The most important forms of renewable energies are Wind power and Biomass, followed by Solar energy and Hydroelectricity. Furthermore, Thuringia hosts two big pumped storage stations: the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station and the Hohenwarte Dam.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Thuringia's traditional energy supply?
A: lignite", "
Q: Where does Thuringia get it's lignite?
A: mined in the bordering Leipzig region", "
Q: How is most of Thuringia's clean gas consumption carried out?
A: carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations", "
Q: What are Thuringia's most important renewable energy sources?
A: Wind power and Biomass", '
Q: What is Hohenwarte Dam?
A: big pumped storage stations']
Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which hospitals are being expanded?
A: bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt', '
Q: Why are there too many hospital beds?
A: rationalisation processes in the German health care system', '
Q: Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor?
A: rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.']
Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fröbel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long is Thuringian primary school?
A: four years', '
Q: For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?
A: Since the 1950s', '
Q: When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?
A: At the age of ten', '
Q: Who invented the early years education in Thuringia? 
A: Friedrich Fröbel', '
Q: How many years of school do students attend after primary?
A: eight years']
The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions: universities and polytechnics (Fachhochschule). The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the Technische Universität Ilmenau with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The University of Erfurt, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The Bauhaus University Weimar with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the Bauhaus.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the biggest school in Thuringia?
A: The University of Jena', '
Q: How many universities are there in Thuringia?
A: four', '
Q: How many students attend The University of Erfurt?
A: 5,000', "
Q: What is Germany's leading art school in Thuringia?
A: The Bauhaus University Weimar", '
Q: When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded?
A: 1860']
The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden (3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students, the College of Music "Franz Liszt" in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera) in Gera (500 students). Finally, there are colleges for those studying for a technical qualification while working in a related field (Berufsakademie) at Eisenach (600 students) and Gera (700 students).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the civil service college of Thuringia?
A: Gotha', '
Q: How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?
A: 800', '
Q: How many schools offer polytechnics?
A: Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden']
Thuringia's leading research centre is Jena, followed by Ilmenau. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. Erfurt is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas Weimar and Gotha with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at Jena.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the focus of Thuringia's research center, Jena?
A: life sciences and optics", '
Q: Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects?
A: Weimar and Gotha', '
Q: How is most research in Thuringia funded?
A: publicly funded', '
Q:   What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies?
A: the optics sector at Jena.']
The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the Thuringian Railway, connecting Halle and Leipzig via Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha and Eisenach with Frankfurt and Kassel and the Saal Railway from Halle/Leipzig via Jena and Saalfeld to Nuremberg. The former has an hourly ICE/IC service from Dresden to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from Berlin to Munich. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). Erfurt's central station, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway from Erfurt to Würzburg and Meiningen, the Weimar–Gera railway from Erfurt to Chemnitz, the Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway from Erfurt to Magdeburg, the Gotha–Leinefelde railway from Erfurt to Göttingen, the Halle–Kassel railway from Halle via Nordhausen to Kassel and the Leipzig–Hof railway from Leipzig via Altenburg to Zwickau and Hof. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was Thuringia's first railway built?
A: the 1840s", '
Q: When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned? 
A: Between 1950 and 2000', '
Q: When will the new high speed train be open? 
A: In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,']
In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?
A: direct impact on the prey population', '
Q: How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?
A: herbivory', "
Q: A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed? 
A: absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption", '
Q: A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?
A: parasitic species', '
Q: How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material? 
A: detritivory', '
Q: What does an herbivore eat?
A: plants', '
Q: Do detritivores have a direct impact on "donor" organisms?
A: no', '
Q: What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?
A: prey', '
Q: What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?
A: predation', "
Q: What is the key characteristic of predation?
A: the predator's direct impact on the prey population", '
Q: What do detritivores eat?
A: dead organic material', "
Q: What is the key characteristic of predation?
A: predator's direct impact on the prey population"]
Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction between predator and prey species. Two factors are considered here: How close the predator and prey are (in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host) and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered, with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism? 
A: Two factors', '
Q: Proximity and the ending of life is called? 
A: true predation', '
Q: If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called? 
A: parasitoidism', '
Q: Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?
A: the way in which they eat', '
Q: Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?
A: parasitoidism', '
Q: The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?
A: predation']