romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The easternmost section, about 10 miles (16 km) in width, consists of hilly land that runs along the western bank of the Tennessee River. To the west of this narrow strip of land is a wide area of rolling hills and streams that stretches all the way to the Mississippi River; this area is called the Tennessee Bottoms or bottom land. In Memphis, the Tennessee Bottoms end in steep bluffs overlooking the river. To the west of the Tennessee Bottoms is the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, less than 300 feet (90 m) above sea level. This area of lowlands, flood plains, and swamp land is sometimes referred to as the Delta region. Memphis is the economic center of West Tennessee and the largest city in the state.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the lowland area of Tennessee between the Tennessee River and Mississippi River called?
A: Tennessee Bottoms', '
Q: What geographical region lies west of the Tennessee bottom land?
A: Mississippi Alluvial Plain', '
Q: What maximum elevation is the land in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain?
A: 300 feet (90 m) above sea level', '
Q: What city is central to the economy of West Tennessee?
A: Memphis']
Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate, with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians, which are classified as having a mountain temperate climate or a humid continental climate due to cooler temperatures. The Gulf of Mexico is the dominant factor in the climate of Tennessee, with winds from the south being responsible for most of the state's annual precipitation. Generally, the state has hot summers and mild to cool winters with generous precipitation throughout the year, with highest average monthly precipitation generally in the winter and spring months, between December and April. The driest months, on average, are August to October. On average the state receives 50 inches (130 cm) of precipitation annually. Snowfall ranges from 5 inches (13 cm) in West Tennessee to over 16 inches (41 cm) in the higher mountains in East Tennessee.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most common climate across Tennessee?
A: humid subtropical', '
Q: Most of Tennessee has which type of climate?
A: humid subtropical', '
Q: Which mountains contain those parts of Tennessee with a temperate climate?
A: Appalachians', "
Q: Which body of ocean water affects Tennessee's climate the most?
A: Gulf of Mexico", "
Q: What is Tennessee's average annual precipitation in inches?
A: 50", "
Q: Which range of months is Tennessee's wettest?
A: between December and April"]
Summers in the state are generally hot and humid, with most of the state averaging a high of around 90 °F (32 °C) during the summer months. Winters tend to be mild to cool, increasing in coolness at higher elevations. Generally, for areas outside the highest mountains, the average overnight lows are near freezing for most of the state. The highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) at Perryville on August 9, 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is −32 °F (−36 °C) at Mountain City on December 30, 1917.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Tennessee's average high temperature in degree Celsius during the summer?
A: 32", '
Q: What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee?
A: 113 °F (45 °C)', '
Q: Where was the highest known temperature in Tennessee recorded?
A: Perryville', '
Q: What Fahrenheit temperature is the lowest ever recorded in Tennessee?
A: −32 °F', '
Q: Where in Tennessee did the temperature reach -36 degrees Celsius in December of 1917?
A: Mountain City']
While the state is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, the location of the state makes it likely to be impacted from the remnants of tropical cyclones which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall, such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995. The state averages around 50 days of thunderstorms per year, some of which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds. Tornadoes are possible throughout the state, with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable. Occasionally, strong or violent tornadoes occur, such as the devastating April 2011 tornadoes that killed 20 people in North Georgia and Southeast Tennessee. On average, the state has 15 tornadoes per year. Tornadoes in Tennessee can be severe, and Tennessee leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes which have fatalities. Winter storms are an occasional problem, such as the infamous Blizzard of 1993, although ice storms are a more likely occurrence. Fog is a persistent problem in parts of the state, especially in East Tennessee.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?
A: Hurricane Opal', '
Q: On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?
A: 50', '
Q: Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes?
A: West and Middle Tennessee', '
Q: How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year?
A: 15', '
Q: What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee?
A: 1993']
The capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of some 108,755 residents.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which cities other than Knoxville have been the capital of Tennessee?
A: Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro', "
Q: How many counties are part of Nashville's metropolitan area?
A: 13", '
Q: What distance in miles is Clarksville, TN from Nashville?
A: 45', "
Q: Which city is Tennessee's sixth largest by population?
A: Murfreesboro", '
Q: Which two of the six most populous Tennessee cities are nearest the Great Smoky Mountains?
A: Chattanooga and Knoxville']
The area now known as Tennessee was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians nearly 12,000 years ago. The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown, but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists, including Archaic (8000–1000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC–1000 AD), and Mississippian (1000–1600 AD), whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley before Cherokee migration into the river's headwaters.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many years ago was Tennessee first inhabited by humans?
A: 12,000', '
Q: What time period corresponds with the Mississippian cultural phase in early Tennessee history?
A: 1000–1600 AD', '
Q: Which Native American people are the first group to inhabit Tennessee that we know by name?
A: Muscogee', '
Q: What do archaeologists call the cultural phase of the inhabitants of Tennessee between 1000 BC and 1000 AD?
A: Woodland']
The first recorded European excursions into what is now called Tennessee were three expeditions led by Spanish explorers, namely Hernando de Soto in 1540, Tristan de Luna in 1559, and Juan Pardo in 1567. Pardo recorded the name "Tanasqui" from a local Indian village, which evolved to the state's current name. At that time, Tennessee was inhabited by tribes of Muscogee and Yuchi people. Possibly because of European diseases devastating the Indian tribes, which would have left a population vacuum, and also from expanding European settlement in the north, the Cherokee moved south from the area now called Virginia. As European colonists spread into the area, the Indian populations were forcibly displaced to the south and west, including all Muscogee and Yuchi peoples, the Chickasaw and Choctaw, and ultimately, the Cherokee in 1838.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which European nationality first explored the Tennessee region?
A: Spanish', '
Q: Which year did Hernando de Soto explore Tennessee?
A: 1540', '
Q: Which Native American peoples were living in Tennessee when Juan Pardo explored the area?
A: Muscogee and Yuchi', '
Q: Which Native American people left Tennessee for the Virginia area because of encroaching Europeans?
A: Cherokee', '
Q: By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region?
A: 1838']
The first British settlement in what is now Tennessee was built in 1756 by settlers from the colony of South Carolina at Fort Loudoun, near present-day Vonore. Fort Loudoun became the westernmost British outpost to that date. The fort was designed by John William Gerard de Brahm and constructed by forces under British Captain Raymond Demeré. After its completion, Captain Raymond Demeré relinquished command on August 14, 1757 to his brother, Captain Paul Demeré. Hostilities erupted between the British and the neighboring Overhill Cherokees, and a siege of Fort Loudoun ended with its surrender on August 7, 1760. The following morning, Captain Paul Demeré and a number of his men were killed in an ambush nearby, and most of the rest of the garrison was taken prisoner.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which year did the British first settle in what would become Tennessee?
A: 1756', '
Q: What was the name of the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee?
A: Fort Loudoun', '
Q: Which British officer oversaw the construction of Fort Loudoun?
A: Captain Raymond Demeré', '
Q: Which Cherokee faction forced the surrender of Fort Loudoun in 1760?
A: Overhill Cherokees', '
Q: Which British commanding officer was killed the day after Cherokee took Fort Loudon in 1760?
A: Captain Paul Demeré']
During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Watauga at Sycamore Shoals (in present-day Elizabethton) was attacked (1776) by Dragging Canoe and his warring faction of Cherokee who were aligned with the British Loyalists. These renegade Cherokee were referred to by settlers as the Chickamauga. They opposed North Carolina's annexation of the Washington District and the concurrent settling of the Transylvania Colony further north and west. The lives of many settlers were spared from the initial warrior attacks through the warnings of Dragging Canoe's cousin, Nancy Ward. The frontier fort on the banks of the Watauga River later served as a 1780 staging area for the Overmountain Men in preparation to trek over the Appalachian Mountains, to engage, and to later defeat the British Army at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did American settlers call the Cherokee who attacked Fort Watuaga in 1776?
A: the Chickamauga', '
Q: Who lead the Cherokee attack on Fort Watuaga in 1776?
A: Dragging Canoe', "
Q: What was the name of the Chickamauga leader's cousin who helped settlers escape his raids?
A: Nancy Ward", '
Q: Who left Fort Watuaga, crossed the Appalachians, and attacked the British army in South Carolina in 1780?
A: Overmountain Men', '
Q: Who lost the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina?
A: the British Army']
Three counties of the Washington District (now part of Tennessee) broke off from North Carolina in 1784 and formed the State of Franklin. Efforts to obtain admission to the Union failed, and the counties (now numbering eight) had re-joined North Carolina by 1789. North Carolina ceded the area to the federal government in 1790, after which it was organized into the Southwest Territory. In an effort to encourage settlers to move west into the new territory, in 1787 the mother state of North Carolina ordered a road to be cut to take settlers into the Cumberland Settlements—from the south end of Clinch Mountain (in East Tennessee) to French Lick (Nashville). The Trace was called the "North Carolina Road" or "Avery's Trace", and sometimes "The Wilderness Road" (although it should not be confused with Daniel Boone's "Wilderness Road" through the Cumberland Gap).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the state that three North Carolina counties hoped to form in 1784?
A: Franklin', '
Q: What was the name given to the land that North Carolina transferred to the federal government in 1790?
A: Southwest Territory', '
Q: What town marked the western extent of the Cumberland Settlements?
A: French Lick', "
Q: What other name does the North Carolina Road share with Daniel Boone's passage through the Cumberland Gap?
A: Wilderness Road"]
Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first state created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee's statehood, and neither was ever a federal territory. The state boundaries, according to the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, Article I, Section 31, stated that the beginning point for identifying the boundary was the extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it, and basically ran the extreme heights of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains separating North Carolina from Tennessee past the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota, thence along the main ridge of the said mountain (Unicoi Mountain) to the southern boundary of the state; all the territory, lands and waters lying west of said line are included in the boundaries and limits of the newly formed state of Tennessee. Part of the provision also stated that the limits and jurisdiction of the state would include future land acquisition, referencing possible land trade with other states, or the acquisition of territory from west of the Mississippi River.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which state was the first formed out of federally controlled territory?
A: Tennessee', '
Q: In addition to the original thirteen, which two states were admitted to the union before Tennessee?
A: Vermont and Kentucky', '
Q: Which mountain marked the starting point of the Tennessee border described by the state constitution?
A: Stone Mountain', "
Q: When Tennessee's border was first defined, territory west of which river was considered for future annexation?
A: Mississippi River"]
During the administration of U.S. President Martin Van Buren, nearly 17,000 Cherokees—along with approximately 2,000 black slaves owned by Cherokees—were uprooted from their homes between 1838 and 1839 and were forced by the U.S. military to march from "emigration depots" in Eastern Tennessee (such as Fort Cass) toward the more distant Indian Territory west of Arkansas. During this relocation an estimated 4,000 Cherokees died along the way west. In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi—"the Trail Where We Cried." The Cherokees were not the only American Indians forced to emigrate as a result of the Indian removal efforts of the United States, and so the phrase "Trail of Tears" is sometimes used to refer to similar events endured by other American Indian peoples, especially among the "Five Civilized Tribes". The phrase originated as a description of the earlier emigration of the Choctaw nation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which US President oversaw the forced westward relocation of Cherokees beginning in 1838?
A: Martin Van Buren', '
Q: How many Cherokee-owned black slaves were also relocated between 1838 and 1839?
A: 2,000', '
Q: What Cherokee phrase means "the trail where we cried?"
A: Nunna daul Isunyi', '
Q: Which Native American nation\'s emigration was first associated with the term "Trail of Tears?"
A: Choctaw', '
Q: Approximately how many Cherokees died along their "Trail of Tears?"
A: 4,000']
In February 1861, secessionists in Tennessee's state government—led by Governor Isham Harris—sought voter approval for a convention to sever ties with the United States, but Tennessee voters rejected the referendum by a 54–46% margin. The strongest opposition to secession came from East Tennessee (which later tried to form a separate Union-aligned state). Following the Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter in April and Lincoln's call for troops from Tennessee and other states in response, Governor Isham Harris began military mobilization, submitted an ordinance of secession to the General Assembly, and made direct overtures to the Confederate government. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. On June 8, 1861, with people in Middle Tennessee having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum calling for secession, becoming the last state to do so.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Tennessee governor championed secession in February of 1861?
A: Isham Harris', '
Q: Which area of Tennessee was most resistant to secession?
A: East Tennessee', "
Q: What percentage of voters voted against secession in Tennessee's February 1861 referendum?
A: 54", '
Q: On which date did Tennessee enter a military alliance with the Confederacy?
A: May 7, 1861', '
Q: Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum?
A: Middle Tennessee']
Many major battles of the American Civil War were fought in Tennessee—most of them Union victories. Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Navy captured control of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers in February 1862. They held off the Confederate counterattack at Shiloh in April. Memphis fell to the Union in June, following a naval battle on the Mississippi River in front of the city. The Capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the Union control of the western and middle sections; this control was confirmed at the Battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863 and by the subsequent Tullahoma Campaign.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which side won more Civil War battles in Tennessee?
A: Union', '
Q: Which Union commander seized control of the Tennessee River in February 1862?
A: Ulysses S. Grant', '
Q: During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis?
A: June', '
Q: Union control of Middle Tennessee was reaffirmed by what battle in January 1863?
A: Battle of Murfreesboro']
Confederates held East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiment there, with the exception of extremely pro-Confederate Sullivan County. The Confederates, led by General James Longstreet, did attack General Burnside's Fort Sanders at Knoxville and lost. It was a big blow to East Tennessee Confederate momentum, but Longstreet won the Battle of Bean's Station a few weeks later. The Confederates besieged Chattanooga during the Chattanooga Campaign in early fall 1863, but were driven off by Grant in November. Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to the poor strategic vision of General Braxton Bragg, who led the Army of Tennessee from Perryville, Kentucky to another Confederate defeat at Chattanooga.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which county in East Tennessee was more supportive of the Confederacy than its neighbors?
A: Sullivan County', '
Q: Which Confederate general failed to capture the Union fort at Knoxville?
A: James Longstreet', '
Q: Which Union general broke the Confederate siege of Chattanooga in November 1863?
A: Grant', '
Q: Which Confederate general launched an attack on Chattanooga from Perryville, KY?
A: Braxton Bragg', "
Q: Which battle did Confederate General Longstreet win in East Tennessee?
A: Battle of Bean's Station"]
When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, Tennessee was mostly held by Union forces. Thus, Tennessee was not among the states enumerated in the Proclamation, and the Proclamation did not free any slaves there. Nonetheless, enslaved African Americans escaped to Union lines to gain freedom without waiting for official action. Old and young, men, women and children camped near Union troops. Thousands of former slaves ended up fighting on the Union side, nearly 200,000 in total across the South.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which forces controlled most of Tennessee when slaves were emancipated?
A: Union', '
Q: Up to how many former slaves began fighting with for the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation?
A: 200,000', '
Q: Which edict freed slaves across most of the Confederacy, but technically not Tennessee?
A: Emancipation Proclamation']
In 1864, Andrew Johnson (a War Democrat from Tennessee) was elected Vice President under Abraham Lincoln. He became President after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Under Johnson's lenient re-admission policy, Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress, on July 24, 1866. Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, it was the only one of the formerly secessionist states that did not have a military governor during the Reconstruction period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was elected Vice President of the United States in 1864?
A: Andrew Johnson', "
Q: Which Confederate state's representation was readmitted to Congress first?
A: Tennessee", "
Q: On which date were Tennessee's elected representatives restored to their offices in Washington D.C.?
A: July 24, 1866", '
Q: Their ratification of which Amendment spared Tennessee a military governor during Reconstruction?
A: Fourteenth', '
Q: In which year did Andrew Johnson become President?
A: 1865']
After the formal end of Reconstruction, the struggle over power in Southern society continued. Through violence and intimidation against freedmen and their allies, White Democrats regained political power in Tennessee and other states across the South in the late 1870s and 1880s. Over the next decade, the state legislature passed increasingly restrictive laws to control African Americans. In 1889 the General Assembly passed four laws described as electoral reform, with the cumulative effect of essentially disfranchising most African Americans in rural areas and small towns, as well as many poor Whites. Legislation included implementation of a poll tax, timing of registration, and recording requirements. Tens of thousands of taxpaying citizens were without representation for decades into the 20th century. Disfranchising legislation accompanied Jim Crow laws passed in the late 19th century, which imposed segregation in the state. In 1900, African Americans made up nearly 24% of the state's population, and numbered 480,430 citizens who lived mostly in the central and western parts of the state.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were targeted by restrictive laws passed in Southern states at the end of the 19th century?
A: African Americans', '
Q: In which year did the Tennessee General Assembly pass electoral reform laws that disenfranchised most African Americans in the state?
A: 1889', "
Q: Who besides African Americans were victims of Tennessee's late-19th century electoral reform?
A: poor Whites", '
Q: What is the name for laws dating from the late-19th century which promoted segregation?
A: Jim Crow laws', '
Q: Approximately how many African Americans lived in Tennessee in 1900?
A: 480,430']
In 2002, businessman Phil Bredesen was elected as the 48th governor. Also in 2002, Tennessee amended the state constitution to allow for the establishment of a lottery. Tennessee's Bob Corker was the only freshman Republican elected to the United States Senate in the 2006 midterm elections. The state constitution was amended to reject same-sex marriage. In January 2007, Ron Ramsey became the first Republican elected as Speaker of the State Senate since Reconstruction, as a result of the realignment of the Democratic and Republican parties in the South since the late 20th century, with Republicans now elected by conservative voters, who previously had supported Democrats.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Tennessee Senator was the only Republican first-time Senator elected in 2006?
A: Bob Corker', '
Q: Who was elected governor of Tennessee in 2002?
A: Phil Bredesen', '
Q: Who was the first Republican Speaker of the Tennessee state senate since Democrats took control in the Reconstruction era?
A: Ron Ramsey', '
Q: Which political party did the majority of conservative Tennessee voters support in the early 20th century?
A: Democratic']