romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What occured from 1955 to 1968?
A: The African-American Civil Rights Movement', '
Q: How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?
A: less than 5%', '
Q: What is race sometimes seen as?
A: a social construct', '
Q: Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?
A: The American people', '
Q: What does affect recent identification in many cases?
A: mixed racial ancestry']
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were considered "white Indians"?
A: Europeans living among Indigenous Americans', '
Q: Who had Indigenous "Country wives"?
A: Some traders', '
Q: Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?
A: "white Indians"', '
Q: Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?
A: for their education', '
Q: Where were legal wives usually kept?
A: in the city']
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When could white women and black men be in a union?
A: In the colonial years', '
Q: Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?
A: Virginia in colonial years', '
Q: What is Paul Heinegg?
A: scholar', '
Q: What censuses did he study?
A: from 1790–1810']
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?
A: slaves', '
Q: Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?
A: Sally Hemings', '
Q: Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?
A: paternity', '
Q: Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?
A: elder family members']
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?
A: traders', '
Q: What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?
A: the Anglo-Saxon presence', '
Q: What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?
A: dark skin and ample bodies', '
Q: What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?
A: Hawaiian squaws', '
Q: When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?
A: By the last half of the 19th century']
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?
A: white Democrats', '
Q: When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?
A: 1924', '
Q: Why were laws limiting people of color passed?
A: to restore white supremacy', '
Q: What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?
A: eugenics and ideas of racial purity', '
Q: What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?
A: that many whites had multiracial ancestry.']
The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?
A: exceed one-fourth', '
Q: Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?
A: African blacks and whites', '
Q: What are groups other than blacks considered to be?
A: less threatening to whites']
Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?
A: Geneticists", '
Q: What are geneticists looking for?
A: the pattern of markers', '
Q: What is there genetic evidence of?
A: three major migrations into North America']
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do some mixed raced people feel?
A: marginalized by U.S. society', '
Q: How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?
A: Typically, about five race choices', '
Q: How many race choices may someone check?
A: only one', '
Q: What does the "other" box do?
A: groups together individuals of many different multiracial types', '
Q: When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?
A: when applying to schools or for a job']
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?
A: social acceptance", '
Q: Where did people not ask about racial background?
A: frontier areas', '
Q: What were the hallmarks of free citizens?
A: they served in the militia and voted', '
Q: Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?
A: neighbors']
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The President's father is from what country?
A: Kenya", '
Q: What community still has some effects of slavery?
A: American slave descendant community', '
Q: What must Africans who recently immigrated do?
A: recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds', '
Q: Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?
A: some black writers']
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?
A: In the 1980s', '
Q: What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?
A: mostly negative', '
Q: What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?
A: if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification', '
Q: Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?
A: Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins']
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What determined a child's social identity?
A: the tribe's kinship system", '
Q: What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?
A: matrilineal', '
Q: What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?
A: Indian', '
Q: What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?
A: white', '
Q: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
A: if adopted by a man']
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was a doctor?
A: Charles Eastman', '
Q: Who did the relative of the doctor marry?
A: Sioux woman', '
Q: Who was the doctor related to?
A: Seth Eastman', '
Q: Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?
A: three European-American middle-class female teachers', '
Q: What tribe was Eastman related to?
A: Sioux']
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?
A: Sherrel W. Stewart', "
Q: Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?
A: genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies", '
Q: Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?
A: Henry Louis Gates']
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?
A: explorers and soldiers', '
Q: Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?
A: traders and fur trappers', '
Q: Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?
A: a continuing, critical labor shortage', '
Q: Who first imported slaves to New York?
A: the Dutch', '
Q: Who freed some of the early slaves?
A: their masters']
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?
A: Sally Hemings', '
Q: What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?
A: Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty', '
Q: How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?
A: nearly 40 years', '
Q: Which child of Jefferson identified as black?
A: Madison Hemings', '
Q: How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?
A: Seven-eighths']
After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?
A: traditionally free people of color in Louisiana', '
Q: Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?
A: people of any portion of African descent']
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did most Chinese men enter the US?
A: primarily on the West Coast and in western territories', '
Q: Who imported Chinese laborers?
A: white planters', '
Q: What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?
A: the Chinese Exclusion Act', '
Q: What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?
A: they did not take white spouses', '
Q: What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?
A: set up groceries in small towns throughout the South']
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What office is responsible for the census form changes?
A: the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)', '
Q: When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?
A: 1997', '
Q: What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?
A: participants to select more than one of the six available categories', '
Q: When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?
A: 2003']