romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?
A: nutritious and plentiful diet', '
Q: What does a omnivore imply?
A: eats both prey and plants', '
Q: What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?
A: insects', '
Q: What determines a mammals diet type?
A: The size']
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?
A: clines', '
Q: What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?
A: liger', '
Q: What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?
A: Beefalo', '
Q: What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?
A: hybrid']
Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean. The permission was granted, and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589, on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. One of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin and on to the Malay Peninsula and subsequently returned to England in 1594.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?
A: 1588', '
Q: What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Indina Ocean?
A: 1589', '
Q: Who did the London merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?
A: Queen Elizabeth I', '
Q: how many ships sailed Torbay?
A: three', '
Q: who returned to england after sailing around Cape Comorin?
A: Edward Bonventure', '
Q:  in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?
A: 1588', '
Q: how many ships sailed  from Torbay?
A: three']
This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Queen give them for suceeding?
A: a Royal Charter', '
Q: What was the name of the Royal Charter?
A: Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies', '
Q: What did this charter give them?
A: a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan', '
Q: Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?
A: Sir James Lancaster', '
Q: Who led the third voyage?
A: General William Keeling', '
Q: Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?
A: Sir James Lancaster', '
Q: Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?
A: Sir Henry Middleton', '
Q: What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?
A: General', '
Q: what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?
A: Merchants of London', '
Q: how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?
A: fifteen']
In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the first factory in south India?
A: town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal', '
Q: In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?
A: indefinite', '
Q: what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years?
A: charter would cease to be in force', '
Q: why did King James I licence other trading companies from england?
A: high profits', '
Q: Where was the first factory in south India?
A: Machilipatnam', '
Q: What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England?
A: high profits', '
Q: While the company was  giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable
A: the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.', '
Q: how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james?
A: three consecutive years']
The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: when was the bombay trading post established?
A: 1668', '
Q: who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?
A: factor or master merchant and governor', '
Q: who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?
A: Dutch United East India Company', '
Q: how many employees were in the factories in India?
A: 90', '
Q: what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?
A: major factories', '
Q: who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?
A: Dutch', '
Q: by 1647 how many factories did the company have?
A: 23', '
Q: the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?
A: commercial trading operations', '
Q: when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?
A: Portuguese Estado da Índia', '
Q: The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?
A: walled forts']
In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company
A: Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries', '
Q: what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?
A: ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41', "
Q: How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?
A: The company's mainstay business", '
Q: what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?
A: 1717', '
Q: who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?
A: English traders', '
Q: what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?
A: Bengal', '
Q: in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?
A: waived customs duties', "
Q: why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?
A: indigo dye", '
Q: Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?
A: The Dutch', '
Q: what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?
A: Anglo-Dutch Wars']
In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some £50,000 to £60,000 worth of treasure.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much treasure was taken by pirates?
A: £50,000 to £60,000', '
Q: waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean?
A: Ganj-i-Sawai,', '
Q: how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha?
A: annual', '
Q: What type of Captain was Henry Every?
A: English pirate', '
Q: What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet?
A: Captain Henry Every', '
Q: When did  Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet
A: 1695', '
Q: Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every
A: Mocha', '
Q: What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet?
A: Ganj-i-Sawai']
Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai, which resisted strongly before eventually striking. Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue. The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between £325,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?
A: 500,000', '
Q: What was the total value of cargo on the Ganj-i-Sawai?
A: £325,000 and £600,000', '
Q: who was on the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC?
A: a relative of the Grand Mughal', '
Q: what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for?
A: richest ship ever taken by pirates', '
Q: What was reportedly the high value of of loot that the Ganj-i-Sawai had?
A: £600,000', '
Q: as times has past what has become know as the richest ship ever taken by Pirates?
A: Ganj-i-Sawai', '
Q: how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?
A: 500,000 gold and silver pieces']
When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. In response, a combined bounty of £1,000 was offered for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who caused the first worldwide manhunt?
A: Every', '
Q: What was the total bounty offered for Captian Every after England heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was  taken
A: £1,000', '
Q: Captian Every was the focus of the first recorded worldwide.... what in history?
A: manhunt', '
Q: What was the name of the  council that offered part of the bounty for Captain Every
A: Privy Council', '
Q: Who took 4 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai
A: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb', '
Q: Due to the danger the Captian Every put the trading abiliy of East India Company what  Act would he never qualify for that other pirate were later offered?
A: Acts of Grace']
This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: enlish firms were allow to trade with  India unless?
A: prohibited by act of parliament', '
Q: what was the name of the  second East india company that ended up runnig parallel to the first?
A: English Company Trading to the East Indies', '
Q: The two parallel East India company  had a power stuggle in both  England and?
A: India', '
Q: In what  year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company?
A: 1698', '
Q: The stock holder of the Original East India  company rasied how much money  to  try and deal with the parallel East India Company?
A: £315,000']
In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: in 1720 what % of  import goods were from India? 
A: 15%', '
Q: Who passed the acts that effected the profits of East india company
A: Parliament', '
Q: Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involded the East India Company
A: company lobby']
At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of £1 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money
A: £1 million', '
Q: What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?
A: monetary consequences of a war', "
Q: What was the name of the  war that lasted from 1756 to 1763?
A: Seven Years' War", "
Q: The seven years' war  changed the British state focus from trade to protecting  europe and defending  which colonies?
A: colonies in North America", "
Q: in what year did the Seven years' war
A: 1763"]
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what was the type of  Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?
A: Industrial Revolution', '
Q: What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?
A: The Microcosm of London', '
Q: What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?
A: The company', '
Q: What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?
A: Britain', '
Q: The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?
A: raw']
Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673, Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £37,000 between the king and the company. So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom, America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Due to agreed debt what 250 tons  product was first permitted to be exported by the company after the seven years' war?
A: saltpetre", '
Q: in what year did Banks  negotiate between the king and the East india company for 700 tons of saltpetre?
A: 1673', '
Q: Saltpetre was used for what people, specifically the need for this product had people overlooking untaxed sales? 
A: armed forces', '
Q: One of the governor of the company said that he would rather have saltpetre then____ in its raw form?
A: salt', '
Q: how much did 700 tons of saltpetre go for in the contract negotiated by Banks in 1673
A: £37,000']
By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondichéry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on?
A: 1763', '
Q: The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British?
A: five', '
Q: The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location?
A: Bengal', '
Q: in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big  military presences?
A: French Revolutionary Wars']