romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially. Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin. Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do animals typically use the color green?
A: camouflage', '
Q: Why do most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green?
A: reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment', '
Q: What is a chemical that can cause green hue in birds?
A: Turacoverdin', '
Q: What is a protein that carries copper ions in chelation?
A: ceruloplasmin', '
Q: What is the green pigment in bile called?
A: biliverdin']
There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?
A: an optical illusion', '
Q: Where are green eyes most common?
A: Northern and Central Europe', '
Q: Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?
A: women']
In Ancient Egypt green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert- A paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun. They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite. To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?
A: green', '
Q: What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?
A: malachite', '
Q: How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow?
A: saffron']
For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth. Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs. It was worn by both the living and dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil. Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased. It also symbolized the sea, which was called the "Very Green."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?
A: a growing papyrus sprout', '
Q: Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt?
A: Osiris', '
Q: Why was green facial makeup worn by ancient Egyptians?
A: to protect them from evil']
In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among of the four classic colors of Greek painting; red, yellow, black and white, and is rarely found in Greek art.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?
A: Aristotle', '
Q: Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?
A: Democritus', '
Q: Red, yellow, and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting. What is the fourth color?
A: white']
The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?
A: verdigris', '
Q: How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?
A: ten', '
Q: What color did the Romans attribute to Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables, and vineyards?
A: green']
Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?
A: they rapidly faded or changed color', '
Q: When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?
A: 16th century', '
Q: What was known as yellow-weed?
A: reseda luteola']
In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?
A: 18th and 19th century', '
Q: Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?
A: Jean-Jacques Rousseau', '
Q: Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?
A: Goethe']
The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the systematic study of color theory begin?
A: late nineteenth century', '
Q: Who painted The Night Cafe?
A: Vincent van Gogh', '
Q: What type of colors are red and green?
A: complementary']
Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights. Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it. In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City, Utah. Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red. Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should. In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs?
A: 19th century', '
Q: When was the first traffic light erected?
A: 1868', '
Q: Where were the first modern electric traffic lights erected in 1912?
A: Salt Lake City, Utah', '
Q: Besides its association with danger, why was red chosen for traffic lights?
A: high visibility']
Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic.[d] The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as "the green fairy".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was absinthe known as?
A: the green fairy', '
Q: Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?
A: copper or arsenic', '
Q: What color is most associated with toxicity and poison?
A: green']
Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green?
A: Libya', "
Q: What does the green in Jamaica's flag represent?
A: country's lush vegetation", '
Q: What does the green cedar of Lebanon tree represent on the Flag of Lebanon?
A: steadiness and tolerance', '
Q: Which color is considered sacred in Islam?
A: green']
In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the largest green party in Europe?
A: Alliance '90/The Greens", '
Q: Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?
A: environmentalism', '
Q: When was the German green party founded in West Germany?
A: 1980']
Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?
A: green', '
Q: What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?
A: Pentecost', '
Q: What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?
A: Catholics', '
Q: What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?
A: green holly and evergreen', '
Q: What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?
A: evergreens']
USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals?
A: USB', '
Q: USB has become what on other devices?
A: commonplace', '
Q: What has USB effectively replaced?
A: a variety of earlier interfaces']
Unlike other data cables (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector; a Type-A or a Type-B. This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment, as only the Type-A socket provides power. There are cables with Type-A connectors on both ends, but they should be used carefully. Therefore, in general, each of the different "sizes" requires four different connectors; USB cables have the Type-A and Type-B plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computer or electronic device. In common practice, the Type-A connector is usually the full size, and the Type-B side can vary as needed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the different kinds of USB connectors?
A: Type-A or a Type-B', '
Q: Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?
A: to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment', '
Q: The Type-A connector is usually what size?
A: the Type-A connector is usually the full size', '
Q: What size is the Type-B connector?
A: the Type-B side can vary as needed']
Counter-intuitively, the "micro" size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors were designed for less than daily connections, with a design lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles. (Improved mini-B connectors have reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes.) Micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind; not only is design lifetime of the connector improved to 10,000 cycles, but it was also redesigned to place the flexible contacts, which wear out sooner, on the easily replaced cable, while the more durable rigid contacts are located in the micro-USB receptacles. Likewise, the springy part of the retention mechanism (parts that provide required gripping force) were also moved into plugs on the cable side.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime?
A: the "micro" size', '
Q: What was designed for less daily connections?
A: The standard and mini connectors', '
Q: What has reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes?
A: Improved mini-B connectors', '
Q: What was designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind?
A: Micro connectors']
USB connections also come in five data transfer modes, in ascending order: Low Speed (1.0), Full Speed (1.0), High Speed (2.0), SuperSpeed (3.0), and SuperSpeed+ (3.1). High Speed is supported only by specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces (that is, USB 2.0 controllers without the High Speed designation do not support it), as well as by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces. SuperSpeed is supported only by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces, and requires a connector and cable with extra pins and wires, usually distinguishable by the blue inserts in connectors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: USB connections come in what?
A: five data transfer modes', '
Q: What is High Speed only supported by?
A: specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces', '
Q: SuperSpeed is only supported by?
A: USB 3.0 and newer interfaces']
A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices. A team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel; the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did the seven companies begin developing USB's?
A: 1994", "
Q: How many companies developed USB's?
A: seven", "
Q: What was the goal for USB's?
A: to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs", '
Q: Who was included in a team that worked on the standard at Intel?
A: Ajay Bhatt']
The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed" and 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc.'s iMac was the first mainstream product with USB and the iMac's success popularized USB itself. Following Apple's design decision to remove all legacy ports from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy-free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced?
A: January 1996', '
Q: How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?
A: 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed"', '
Q: What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?
A: 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed"', '
Q: 1.1 was the first widely used version of what?
A: USB', '
Q: When was the first widely used version of USB released?
A: September 1998']
The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions. The payload throughput is 4 Gbit/s[citation needed] (due to the overhead incurred by 8b/10b encoding), and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve around 3.2 Gbit/s (0.4 GB/s or 400 MB/s), which should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode; in the modes supported previously, by 1.x and 2.0, communication is half-duplex, with direction controlled by the host.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What provides a fourth transfer mode?
A: The new SuperSpeed bus', '
Q: How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate?
A: 5.0 Gbit/s', '
Q: What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode?
A: Communication']
As with previous USB versions, USB 3.0 ports come in low-power and high-power variants, providing 150 mA and 900 mA respectively, while simultaneously transmitting data at SuperSpeed rates. Additionally, there is a Battery Charging Specification (Version 1.2 – December 2010), which increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A but does not allow concurrent data transmission. The Battery Charging Specification requires that the physical ports themselves be capable of handling 5 A of current[citation needed] but limits the maximum current drawn to 1.5 A.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the power variants in USB 3.0 ports?
A: low-power and high-power', '
Q: What do the power variants provide?
A: 150 mA and 900 mA respectively', '
Q: What does the Battery Charging Specification do?
A: increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A', '
Q: What is a downfall of the Battery Charging Specification?
A: does not allow concurrent data transmission']
A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s. The group ended up creating a new USB version, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013, introducing a faster transfer mode called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit/s, putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel. The new mode's logo features a "Superspeed+" caption (stylized as SUPERSPEED+). The USB 3.1 standard increases the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode, double that of USB 3.0 (referred to as USB 3.1 Gen1) and reduces line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b. The first USB 3.1 implementation demonstrated transfer speeds of 7.2 Gbit/s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were the plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s revealed?
A: January 2013', '
Q: What actually happened whenever USB 3.0 was updated?
A: The group ended up creating a new USB version', '
Q: When was USB 3.1 released?
A: 31 July 2013', '
Q: What does the USB 3.1 standard increase?
A: the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode']
Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification, but distinct from it, the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices. The Type-C plug connects to both hosts and devices, replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and cables with a standard meant to be future-proof, similar to Apple Lightning and Thunderbolt. The 24-pin double-sided connector provides four power/ground pairs, two differential pairs for USB 2.0 data bus (though only one pair is implemented in a Type-C cable), four pairs for high-speed data bus, two "sideband use" pins, and two configuration pins for cable orientation detection, dedicated biphase mark code (BMC) configuration data channel, and VCONN +5 V power for active cables. Type-A and Type-B adaptors and cables are required for older devices to plug into Type-C hosts. Adapters and cables with a Type-C receptacle are not allowed.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized?
A: August 2014', '
Q: What defined a new reversible-plug connector for USB devices?
A: USB Type-C Specification 1.0', '
Q: What does Type-C connect to?
A: both hosts and devices', '
Q: What connector provides four power/ground pairs?
A: The 24-pin double-sided connector']