romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." Muhammad's first revelation, according to the Quran, was accompanied with a vision. The agent of revelation is mentioned as the "one mighty in power", the one who "grew clear to view when he was on the uppermost horizon. Then he drew nigh and came down till he was (distant) two bows' length or even nearer." The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia. Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What physical symptom accompanied Muhammad's revelations?
A: seizures", "
Q: What measure of distance described the nearness of the Angel's approach to Mohammad?
A: two bows' length", "
Q: In which work did Welch express his belief that Mohammad's physical reaction to the revelation was historically accurate? 
A: Encyclopaedia of Islam", "
Q: Which people would Mohammad's critics have compared him to at the time?
A: a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician"]
Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But this explanation has become so widespread that, at present, it has become the primary meaning of ta'wil, which originally meant "to return" or "the returning place". In Tabatabaei's view, what has been rightly called ta'wil, or hermeneutic interpretation of the Quran, is not concerned simply with the denotation of words. Rather, it is concerned with certain truths and realities that transcend the comprehension of the common run of men; yet it is from these truths and realities that the principles of doctrine and the practical injunctions of the Quran issue forth. Interpretation is not the meaning of the verse—rather it transpires through that meaning, in a special sort of transpiration. There is a spiritual reality—which is the main objective of ordaining a law, or the basic aim in describing a divine attribute—and then there is an actual significance that a Quranic story refers to.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the original meaning of ta\'wil?
A: "to return" or "the returning place"', '
Q: What can interpretation find that lies the behind the apparent events referred to in a Quranic story?
A: a spiritual reality', "
Q: What philosophical term corresponds to the type of interpretation in ta'wil?
A: hermeneutic"]
According to Shia beliefs, those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like Muhammad and the imams know the secrets of the Quran. According to Tabatabaei, the statement "none knows its interpretation except God" remains valid, without any opposing or qualifying clause. Therefore, so far as this verse is concerned, the knowledge of the Quran's interpretation is reserved for God. But Tabatabaei uses other verses and concludes that those who are purified by God know the interpretation of the Quran to a certain extent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who do Shia Muslims believe can approach Quranic truths besides God and Muhammad?
A: imams', '
Q: According to Shia Muslims, who is the only one who can fully know the a Quranic interpretation?
A: God', '
Q: How must God have treated those who are qualified to know Quranic sectets?
A: purified']
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions. Sometimes the status of great powers is formally recognized in conferences such as the Congress of Vienna or an international structure such as the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States serve as the body's five permanent members). At the same time the status of great powers can be informally recognized in a forum such as the G7 which consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a nation which can exert its influence on a global scale called?
A: A great power', '
Q: What two dominant traits do great powers usually possess?
A: military and economic strength', "
Q: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States serve as what body's five permanent members?
A: United Nations Security Council", '
Q: What two lesser traits do great powers usually possess?
A: diplomatic and soft power influence', '
Q: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States are part of what international forum?
A: the G7', '
Q: What do great powers usually have?
A: military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence', '
Q: What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?
A: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States', '
Q: What are the countries in the G7?
A: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America', '
Q: What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?
A: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions']
The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is no definitive list of them. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power, but these terms can also be interchangeable with superpower.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The term "great power" was first used on which continent?
A: Europe', '
Q: Which treaty made the distinction of small powers and great powers a formal affair?
A: Treaty of Chaumont', '
Q: What year was this treaty signed?
A: 1814', '
Q: During which two wars has the balance of power shifted the most dramatically?
A: World War I and World War II', '
Q: What is another more modern term used in place of "great power"?
A: superpower', '
Q: What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?
A: Treaty of Chaumont', '
Q: During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?
A: Europe', '
Q: What is another term for Great Power?
A: superpower', '
Q: During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?
A: World War I and World War II']
Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity. Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations, uses a set of five criteria to determine great power: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength. These expanded criteria can be divided into three heads: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What one criteria was used in early times to judge a great power's status?
A: strength for war", '
Q: Besides military, what two other capacities were used to describe great powers in later times?
A: economic, and political', '
Q: Who is the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?
A: Kenneth Waltz', '
Q: How many criteria are used to judge a great power in the neorealist theory?
A: five', '
Q: Who wrote, "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war."?
A: A. J. P. Taylor', '
Q: What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers?
A: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength', '
Q: Whos was the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?
A: Kenneth Waltz', '
Q: What 3 areas can summarize the great power determination?
A: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status']
All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system. Arnold J. Toynbee, for example, observes that "Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers' because Western society had recently become 'world-wide'."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What three things do all states have in their geographic scope?
A: interests, actions, or projected power', '
Q: Which societal values had become world-wide by 1914?
A: Western', '
Q: What is the scope of a regional power restricted to?
A: its region', '
Q: What should a great power possess?
A: actual influence', '
Q: What were the great powers of 1914 called?
A: world-powers', '
Q: Who stated that "Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were \'world-powers"?
A: Arnold J. Toynbee', '
Q: What do all states have?
A: geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power', '
Q: What type of powers should have actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system?
A: great power', '
Q: What type of power is restricted to its region?
A: regional power']
Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of political and diplomatic questions of the day, and have influence on the final outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to discuss them. Before the era of groups like the United Nations, participants of such meetings were not officially named, but were decided based on their great power status. These were conferences which settled important questions based on major historical events. This might mean deciding the political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What discussion should great powers be included on?
A: political and diplomatic questions of the day', '
Q: Historically, when would great powers meet?
A: when major political questions were addressed', '
Q: What types of decisions would great powers reach?
A: political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts']
Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context, in a letter sent on February 13, 1814: "It affords me great satisfaction to acquaint you that there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Lord Castlereagh first use the term Great Powers?
A: in a letter sent on February 13, 1814', '
Q: What position did Lord Castlereagh hold?
A: British Foreign Secretary', "
Q: What did Castlereagh determine as the last resort of great power's influence?
A: if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace"]
Of the five original great powers recognised at the Congress of Vienna, only France and the United Kingdom have maintained that status continuously to the present day, although France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and occupied during World War II. After the Congress of Vienna, the British Empire emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories, which signalled the beginning of the Pax Britannica and of the Great Game between the UK and Russia. The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting Otto von Bismarck to say "All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What 2 powers named in the 5 orignal great powers of the congress of vienna have maintained that status?
A: only France and the United Kingdom', '
Q: What country emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories?
A: British Empire', '
Q: What country lost Franco-Prussian war?
A: France', '
Q: Balance of power of great powers was a major influence on what continents politics?
A: European', '
Q: Who stated that "All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.?"
A: Otto von Bismarck']
Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Some, such as the United Kingdom and Prussia (as the founder of the newly formed German state), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated. At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento, Japan after the Meiji Restoration, and the United States after its civil war. By the dawn of the 20th century, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was a belligerent alliance of eight nations against the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of 20th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Was the power of the 5 countries constant?
A: relative power of these five nations fluctuated', '
Q: What countries found their economic growth in early 20th century?
A: United Kingdom and Prussia', '
Q: Which of the 5 powers were beginning to stagnate in early 20th century?
A: Russia and Austria-Hungary', '
Q: What agreement replaced the Congress of Vienna?
A: Eight-Nation Alliance', '
Q: What conflict was this agreement in opposition of?
A: Boxer Rebellion in China.']
Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres witnessed the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order. In the aftermath of World War I the German Empire was defeated, the Austria-Hungarian empire was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to a revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the "Big Four"—France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States—held noticeably more power and influence on the proceedings and outcome of the treaties than Japan. The Big Four were leading architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What marked the conclusion of The Great War?
A: treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres', '
Q: Who were  the chief arbiters of the new world order?
A: United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States', '
Q: Who created the Treaty of Versailles?
A: Big Three', '
Q: Who were the big four?
A: France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States']
The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members—the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan—because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council?
A: United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan', '
Q: What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers?
A: League of Nations Council', '
Q: Why was United Stated excluded from League of Nations Council?
A: against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League', '
Q: When did US Senate vote against treaty of versailles ratification?
A: 19 March 1920']
When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances—the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the "Big Three". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful"  and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the "Four Policemen" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did World War II start?
A: 1939', '
Q: How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?
A: two alliances', '
Q: Who were the winners of World War II?
A: Allies', '
Q: Who made up the Axis powers?
A: Germany, Italy and Japan', '
Q: The winners of World War II along with France were allotted permanent seats for what organization?
A: United Nations Security Council']
Since the end of the World Wars, the term "great power" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T.R. Fox and according to him, there were three superpowers: the British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But by the mid-1950s the British Empire lost its superpower status, leaving the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's superpowers.[nb 2] The term middle power has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs. Regional powers are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a superpower?
A: nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world', '
Q: Who first used the term superpower?
A: William T.R. Fox', '
Q: Who were the three original superpowers?
A: British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union', '
Q: Who lost their superpower status in 1950s?
A: British Empire', '
Q: What are middle powers?
A: those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs']
During the Cold War, the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defence budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During the cold war, what European powers rebuilt their ecomonies?
A: United Kingdom, France, and West Germany', '
Q: By what year was China beginning to lose its hold as sole legitimate government?
A: 1949', '
Q: When did China lose its permanent seat at UN security council?
A: 1971']
According to Joshua Baron – a "researcher, lecturer, and consultant on international conflict" – since the early 1960s direct military conflicts and major confrontations have "receded into the background" with regards to relations among the great powers. Baron argues several reasons why this is the case, citing the unprecedented rise of the United States and its predominant position as the key reason. Baron highlights that since World War Two no other great power has been able to achieve parity or near parity with the United States, with the exception of the Soviet Union for a brief time. This position is unique among the great powers since the start of the modern era (the 16th century), where there has traditionally always been "tremendous parity among the great powers". This unique period of American primacy has been an important factor in maintaining a condition of peace between the great powers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Since what time has military conflicts receded?
A: 1960s', '
Q: What country has risen above other superpowers?
A: United States', '
Q: Since what century has there always been parity in powers?
A: modern era (the 16th century)', "
Q: Who's primacy has factored into maintaining peace among powers?
A: American"]