romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was Tito considered loyal to?
A: Moscow', '
Q: Who was Tito considered second to in the Eastern bloc?
A: Stalin', '
Q: With whom did Tito have an uneasy alliance form the start?
A: Stalin', '
Q: Who considered Tito too independent?
A: Stalin', '
Q: Who was considered loyal to Moscow?
A: Tito']
On 12 September 1944, King Peter II called on all Yugoslavs to come together under Tito's leadership and stated that those who did not were "traitors", by which time Tito was recognized by all Allied authorities (including the government-in-exile) as the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, in addition to commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav forces. On 28 September 1944, the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) reported that Tito signed an agreement with the Soviet Union allowing "temporary entry" of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory which allowed the Red Army to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia. With their strategic right flank secured by the Allied advance, the Partisans prepared and executed a massive general offensive which succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing a retreat beyond Yugoslav borders. After the Partisan victory and the end of hostilities in Europe, all external forces were ordered off Yugoslav territory.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In 1944 who called on all Yuboslavs to come together under Tito's leadership?
A: King Peter II", '
Q: With whom did Tito sign an agreement on September 28 1944?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: Who were allowed "temporary entry" into Yugoslav territory?
A: Soviet troops', '
Q: Who assisted in operations in ortheastern areas of Yugoslavia?
A: Red Army', '
Q: Who executed a massive offensive and succeeded in breaking through German lines?
A: the Partisans']
In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia, units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities after the repatriations of Bleiburg, and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito. At the time, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column, offering amnesty and attempting to avoid a disorderly surrender. On 14 May he dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters Slovene Partisan Army prohibiting "in the sternest language" the execution of prisoners of war and commanding the transfer of the possible suspects to a military court.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who offered amnesty to the retreatig column? 
A: Tito', '
Q: Who dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war?
A: Tito', '
Q: In the final days of WWII in Yugoslavia, who were responsible for atrocities?
A: Partisans', '
Q: What did Tito offer to the retreating column?
A: amnesty', '
Q: Where were possible suspects transferred to?
A: military court.']
On 7 March 1945, the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija, DFY) was assembled in Belgrade by Josip Broz Tito, while the provisional name allowed for either a republic or monarchy. This government was headed by Tito as provisional Yugoslav Prime Minister and included representatives from the royalist government-in-exile, among others Ivan Šubašić. In accordance with the agreement between resistance leaders and the government-in-exile, post-war elections were held to determine the form of government. In November 1945, Tito's pro-republican People's Front, led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, won the elections with an overwhelming majority, the vote having been boycotted by monarchists. During the period, Tito evidently enjoyed massive popular support due to being generally viewed by the populace as the liberator of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav administration in the immediate post-war period managed to unite a country that had been severely affected by ultra-nationalist upheavals and war devastation, while successfully suppressing the nationalist sentiments of the various nations in favor of tolerance, and the common Yugoslav goal. After the overwhelming electoral victory, Tito was confirmed as the Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the DFY. The country was soon renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) (later finally renamed into Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFRY). On 29 November 1945, King Peter II was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly. The Assembly drafted a new republican constitution soon afterwards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia assembled?
A: Belgrade', '
Q: When was the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia assembled?
A: 7 March 1945', '
Q: Who Where assembled the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia?
A: Tito', '
Q: Who was seen as the liberator of Yugoslavia?
A: Tito', '
Q: Who was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constitutent Assembly on November 29, 1945?
A: King Peter II']
Yugoslavia organized the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslavenska narodna armija, or JNA) from the Partisan movement and became the fourth strongest army in Europe at the time. The State Security Administration (Uprava državne bezbednosti/sigurnosti/varnosti, UDBA) was also formed as the new secret police, along with a security agency, the Department of People's Security (Organ Zaštite Naroda (Armije), OZNA). Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators; controversially, this included Catholic clergymen due to the widespread involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime. Draža Mihailović was found guilty of collaboration, high treason and war crimes and was subsequently executed by firing squad in July 1946.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was formed as the new secret police?
A: The State Security Administration', '
Q: Who was charged with brining to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators?
A: Yugoslav intelligence', '
Q: Who were controversial among those brought to trial for Nazi collaboration?
A: Catholic clergymen', '
Q: Who was found guilty of collaboration, high treason?
A: Draža Mihailović', '
Q: How was Draza executed?
A: firing squad']
Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia, Aloysius Stepinac on 4 June 1945, two days after his release from imprisonment. The two could not reach an agreement on the state of the Catholic Church. Under Stepinac's leadership, the bishops' conference released a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes in September, 1945. The following year Stepinac was arrested and put on trial. In October 1946, in its first special session for 75 years, the Vatican excommunicated Tito and the Yugoslav government for sentencing Stepinac to 16 years in prison on charges of assisting Ustaše terror and of supporting forced conversions of Serbs to Catholicism. Stepinac received preferential treatment in recognition of his status and the sentence was soon shortened and reduced to house-arrest, with the option of emigration open to the archbishop. At the conclusion of the "Informbiro period", reforms rendered Yugoslavia considerably more religiously liberal than the Eastern Bloc states.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?
A: Aloysius Stepinac", "
Q: How long after his release from imprisonment did TIto attend the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?
A: two days", "
Q: What topic was a sticking point at the Bishops' Conference?
A: Catholic Church", "
Q: Under whose leadership did the bishops' conference release a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes?
A: Stepinac", "
Q: What was Stepinac's sentence shortened to?
A: house-arrest"]
Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who had a leading role in liberating Yugoslavia?
A: Tito', '
Q: Who was Tito formally an ally of after WWII?
A: Stalin', '
Q: Who set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party?
A: Soviets', '
Q: As early as what year was a spy ring set up in the Yugoslav party?
A: 1945', '
Q: From what domination did Yugoslavia liberate itself?
A: Axis']
In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Italian territory did Yugoslavia acquire after the war?
A: Istria', '
Q: What territory did Yugoslavia leadership want to incorporate?
A: Trieste', '
Q: At least how many American aircraft were shot down between 1945 and 1948?
A: four', '
Q: Who openly supported the Communist side in the Greek Civil War?
A: Tito', '
Q: In what year did Tito model his economic development plan independently from Moscow?
A: 1948']
The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested that the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier. On 28 June, the other member countries expelled Yugoslavia, citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY. The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known that he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; 'I will shake my little finger and there will be no more Tito,' Stalin remarked. The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged "Titoists". Stalin took the matter personally and arranged several assassination attempts on Tito, none of which succeeded. In a correspondence between the two leaders, Tito openly wrote:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Tito did not attend the second meeting of this.
A: Cominform', '
Q: In what year did the crisis nearly escalate into armed conflict?
A: 1949', '
Q: What was the name of those purged in other socialist states in Eastern Europe?
A: Titoists', '
Q: Who made several assasination attempts on Tito?
A: Stalin']
One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union, was that Tito fought Yugoslav Stalinists with Stalin's methods. In other words, Aleksandar Ranković and the State Security Service (UBDA) employed the same inhumane methods against their opponents as Stalin did in the Soviet Union against his. Not every person accused of a political crime was convicted and nobody was sentenced to death for his or her pro-Soviet feelings. However this repression, which lasted until 1956, was marked by significant violations of human rights.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whose methods did Tito use to fight Yugoslav Stalinists?
A: Stalin', '
Q: Who used inhumane methods against oponents through the UBDA?
A: Ranković', '
Q: Until what year did the repression of the UBDA last?
A: 1956', '
Q: The work of the UBDA was due to tension between Yugoslavia and what country?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: What is another name for the UBDA?
A: State Security Service']
Tito's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain US aid via the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), the same US aid institution which administered the Marshall Plan. Still, he did not agree to align with the West, which was a common consequence of accepting American aid at the time. After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with the USSR were relaxed and he began to receive aid as well from the COMECON. In this way, Tito played East-West antagonism to his advantage. Instead of choosing sides, he was instrumental in kick-starting the Non-Aligned Movement, which would function as a 'third way' for countries interested in staying outside of the East-West divide.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which country gave Yugoslavia aid when Tito became estranged from the USSR?
A: US', '
Q: What agency distributed aid to Yugoslavia?
A: ECA', '
Q: What plan was also administered by the ECA?
A: Marshall Plan', '
Q: Which leader feared that accepting American aid meant aligning with the West?
A: Tito', '
Q: In what year did Stalin die?
A: 1953']
The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled "Titoism" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected "Titoites'" throughout the Eastern bloc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What name refers to the period of instability during the rift between Tito and the USSR?
A: Informbiro', "
Q: What was Tito's form of communism called?
A: Titoism", '
Q: Who encouraged purges against Titoites?
A: Moscow', '
Q: Throughout what area did purges of Titoites occur?
A: Eastern bloc', "
Q: Who became the first leader to defy Stalin's leadership?
A: Tito"]
On 26 June 1950, the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by Milovan Đilas and Tito about "self-management" (samoupravljanje): a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced profit sharing and workplace democracy in previously state-run enterprises which then became the direct social ownership of the employees. On 13 January 1953, they established that the law on self-management was the basis of the entire social order in Yugoslavia. Tito also succeeded Ivan Ribar as the President of Yugoslavia on 14 January 1953. After Stalin's death Tito rejected the USSR's invitation for a visit to discuss normalization of relations between two nations. Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin visited Tito in Belgrade in 1955 and apologized for wrongdoings by Stalin's administration. Tito visited the USSR in 1956, which signaled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing. However, the relationship between the USSR and Yugoslavia would reach another low in the late 1960s. Commenting on the crisis, Tito concluded that:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the National Assembly support a crucial bill about "self Management"?
A: 1950', '
Q: Who wrote the bill with Tito about "self management"?
A: Milovan Đilas', '
Q: Tito succeeded who as the President of Yugoslavia?
A: Ribar', "
Q: Whose invitation did Tito reject after Stalin's death?
A: USSR", "
Q: When did Tito visit the USSR to signal that his country's animosity was decreasing?
A: 1956"]
The Tito-Stalin split had large ramifications for countries outside the USSR and Yugoslavia. It has, for example, been given as one of the reasons for the Slánský trial in Czechoslovakia, in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged, with 11 of them being executed. Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a "national path to socialism," which Tito espoused.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many high-level Communists were purged in the Slansky trial?
A: 14', '
Q: How many Communists were executed at the Slansky trial?
A: 11', '
Q: What country had pressure put on it by Stalin to conduct purges?
A: Czechoslovakia', '
Q: Who espoused the "national path to socialism"?
A: Tito', '
Q: Who put pressure on Checkoslovakia to conduct purges?
A: Stalin']
Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, in an action called The Initiative of Five (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah), thus establishing strong ties with third world countries. This move did much to improve Yugoslavia's diplomatic position. On 1 September 1961, Josip Broz Tito became the first Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Under whose leadership did Yugoslavia become a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement?
A: Tito', '
Q: In what year did Tito co-found the Non-Aligned Movement?
A: 1961', '
Q: Nasser led which country in 1961?
A: Egypt', '
Q: Which Indonesian leader co-founded the Non-Aligned movement with Tito?
A: Nehru', '
Q: Who became the first Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement?
A: Tito']
Tito's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments, such as exchanging visits (1954 and 1956) with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, where a street was named in his honor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Tito first visit Emperor Haile Selassie?
A: 1954', '
Q: When did Tito last visit Emperor Selassie?
A: 1956', '
Q: What country does Emperor Selassie rule?
A: Ethiopia', '
Q: In what country does Tito have a street named in his honor?
A: Ethiopia', '
Q: Who is the Emperor of Ethiopia in 1954?
A: Selassie']
Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what period did Tito pursue a policy of neutrality?
A: Cold War', "
Q: With whom did Tito's belief in self-determination cause a rift?
A: Stalin", '
Q: What type of countries did Tito develop relations with?
A: developing', '
Q: Who had a strong belief in self-determination and was opposed to Stalin because of this?
A: Tito', '
Q: Tito had cordial relations with the United States and what other Western area?
A: Western European nations']
Yugoslavia had a liberal travel policy permitting foreigners to freely travel through the country and its citizens to travel worldwide, whereas it was limited by most Communist countries. A number[quantify] of Yugoslav citizens worked throughout Western Europe. Tito met many world leaders during his rule, such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev; Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter; other political leaders, dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Yasser Arafat, Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt, Georges Pompidou, Queen Elizabeth II, Hua Guofeng, Kim Il Sung, Sukarno, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Suharto, Idi Amin, Haile Selassie, Kenneth Kaunda, Gaddafi, Erich Honecker, Nicolae Ceaușescu, János Kádár and Urho Kekkonen. He also met numerous celebrities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Nasser was a leader of what country?
A: Egypt', '
Q: Nehru was a leader of what country?
A: Indian', '
Q: Gandhi was a leader of what country?
A: Indian', '
Q: Eisenhower was a president of what country?
A: U.S.', '
Q: Nixon was a president of what country?
A: U.S.']
Tito visited India from December 22, 1954 through January 8, 1955. After his return, he removed many restrictions on churches and spiritual institutions in Yugoslavia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Tito first visit India?
A: 1954', '
Q: When did Tito leave India?
A: 1955', '
Q: After his return from where did Tito remove many restrictions on churches in Yugoslavia?
A: India', '
Q: Where did Tito visit from 1954 to 1955?
A: India', '
Q: After returning from India, Tito removed restrictions on what type of institutions?
A: spiritual']
Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, Ne Win.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country did U Nu lead?
A: Burma', '
Q: Who was the leader of Burma in 1955?
A: U Nu', '
Q: Who succeeded U Nu in Burma?
A: Ne Win', '
Q: Ne Win led what country?
A: Burma', '
Q: Who led Burma in 1959?
A: Ne Win']
Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. One notable exception to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet; Yugoslavia was one of many countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown. Yugoslavia also provided military aid and arms supplies to staunchly anti-Communist regimes such as that of Guatemala under Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the only Communist country allowed to have an embassy in Stroessner's Paraguay?
A: Yugoslavia", "
Q: Yugoslavia was the only communist country to have an embassy where?
A: Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay", '
Q: Pinochet ruled what country?
A: Chile', '
Q: Who did Pinochet overthrow?
A: Allende', '
Q: What country did Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia lead?
A: Guatemala']