romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Bell call his cord-free phone?
A: photophone', '
Q: Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?
A: Charles Sumner Tainter', "
Q: What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages?
A: light", '
Q: What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join?
A: Volta Laboratory Association', '
Q: In the photophone, light carried sound and what?
A: normal human conversations']
On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 213 metres (700 ft) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Bell and his assistant first used their photophone on what date?
A: June 21, 1880', '
Q: How many feet did the first photophone message travel?
A: 700', '
Q: From what building was the first photophone message sent?
A: Franklin School', '
Q: How many years after this photophone message would the first message take place over radio?
A: 19']
Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s. Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Bell call the best thing he ever made?
A: The photophone', '
Q: Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention?
A: telephone', '
Q: What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?
A: fiber-optic communication', '
Q: When was fiber-optics first patented?
A: 1880', '
Q: In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?
A: 1980s']
Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. The president's surgeons, who were skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's requests to move the president to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Bell create in 1881?
A: metal detector', '
Q: What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out?
A: bullet', '
Q: What did Bell think was wrong with the bed, which prevented his machine from finding the bullet?
A: metal bed frame', "
Q: On which run did Bell's metal detector give a small indication?
A: first", "
Q: When did Bell's metal detector work well?
A: in tests"]
Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, most notably by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell "...proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning...to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect." In a footnote, Bell adds that "The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?
A: Science', '
Q: Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?
A: Executive Mansion', '
Q: What kind of mattress was the President directly on?
A: horse-hair', '
Q: Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?
A: footnote']
The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?
A: William E. Meacham', '
Q: What nationality was Meacham?
A: American', '
Q: What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?
A: hydrofoil boat', '
Q: Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?
A: Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin', '
Q: Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?
A: Enrico Forlanini']
During his world tour of 1910–11, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck, a number of initial concepts were built as experimental models, including the Dhonnas Beag, the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil. The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial HD-4, powered by Renault engines. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability and steering along with the ability to take waves without difficulty. In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's experience in boat-building enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4. After the First World War, work began again on the HD-4. Bell's report to the U.S. Navy permitted him to obtain two 350 horsepower (260 kilowatts) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour), a record which stood for ten years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what country did Baldwin and Forlanini get together?
A: France', '
Q: What did Baldwin liken the hydrofoil boat to?
A: flying', '
Q: Which boat was first powered by a Renault engine?
A: HD-4']
In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907–1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What color silk covered Bell's kites?
A: maroon", '
Q: Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?
A: Selfridge', "
Q: Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?
A: 1912", '
Q: How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?
A: 3', '
Q: Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?
A: Alexander Graham Bell']
Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title "world's fastest man", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York, and J.A.D. McCurdy —Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?
A: Aerial Experiment Association', '
Q: When was the AEA founded?
A: 1907', '
Q: Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?
A: Glenn H. Curtiss', '
Q: Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?
A: army']
The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, over Keuka Lake, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America.[N 24] [N 25] The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA's inventions, a practical wingtip form of the aileron, was to become a standard component on all aircraft. [N 26] The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the Wright Flyer at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the AEA work on after kites?
A: gliders', "
Q: What material was the Red Wing's frame made of?
A: bamboo", '
Q: What kind of plane was the Red Wing?
A: biplane', '
Q: How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909?
A: 150', '
Q: Who was the first person to die in a plane crash?
A: Selfridge']
Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or, made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the AEA name their last plane?
A: Silver Dart', '
Q: Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?
A: J.A.D. McCurdy', '
Q: What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?
A: a doctor', '
Q: What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?
A: Canadian Aerodrome Company', '
Q: On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?
A: February 23']
Bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. In his lecture Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race presented to the National Academy of Sciences on November 13, 1883 he noted that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children and tentatively suggested that couples where both parties were deaf should not marry. However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the American Breeders' Association. The committee unequivocally extended the principle to man. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisers to the Eugenics Record Office associated with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. In 1921, he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Organisations such as these advocated passing laws (with success in some states) that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a "defective variety of the human race." By the late 1930s, about half the states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, and California's compulsory sterilization law was used as a model for that of Nazi Germany.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children?
A: congenitally deaf parents', '
Q: In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event?
A: Second International Congress of Eugenics', '
Q: Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics?
A: David Starr', '
Q: What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?
A: livestock breeding']
A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What are Bell's personal papers known as?
A: Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers", "
Q: In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?
A: Manuscript Division", "
Q: Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?
A: online", '
Q: In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?
A: Cape Breton University', '
Q: In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?
A: Nova Scotia']
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?
A: $250,000', '
Q: Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?
A: Alexandre Dumas', '
Q: Who first established the Volta Prize?
A: Napoleon Bonaparte', '
Q: The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?
A: wax', '
Q: Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?
A: Volta Bureau']
In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?
A: Science', '
Q: When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?
A: 1903', '
Q: What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?
A: illustrations', '
Q: What award did Bell win in 1902?
A: Albert Medal']
Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education?
A: honorary degrees', '
Q: What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation?
A: Bell Telephone Memorial', '
Q: When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
A: 1917', '
Q: In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
A: Brantford', '
Q: In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
A: Alexander Graham Bell Gardens']
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?
A: First', "
Q: What was created in Bell's image in 1940?
A: commemorative stamp", "
Q: Bell's stamp is part of which line?
A: Famous Americans Series", '
Q: On what date was the stamp officially released?
A: October 28', '
Q: In which city was the stamp officially released?
A: Boston']
The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?
A: geese', '
Q: What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?
A: genetics', '
Q: What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?
A: C$100 gold coin', '
Q: In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?
A: 2009']
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?
A: 57th', '
Q: In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?
A: 10', '
Q: In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?
A: Scottish Science Hall of Fame', '
Q: Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?
A: National Library of Scotland']
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?
A: diabetes", '
Q: On what day and month did Bell die?
A: August 2', '
Q: Who was the last person to see Bell alive?
A: Mabel', '
Q: In what Province did Bell die?
A: Nova Scotia']
Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?
A: Beinn Bhreagh pine", "
Q: What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?
A: red", "
Q: What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?
A: black", "
Q: Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?
A: Jean MacDonald"]