romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the population of the Alpine region?
A: 14 million', '
Q: What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains?
A: manufacturing and service jobs', '
Q: Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?
A: Alpine culture']
Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Much of what has not changed since the medieval period?
A: Alpine culture', '
Q: When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important?
A: the medieval period', '
Q: What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture?
A: carpentry']
Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers. Villagers celebrate the day the cows are herded up to the pastures and again when they return in mid-September. The Alpanschluss or Désalpes ("coming down from the alps") is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous cowbells while the farmers dress in traditional costumes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?
A: Farming', '
Q: What made farming less dominant in the 20th century? 
A: tourism', '
Q: Why is pasture land limited? 
A: because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps', '
Q: When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?
A: mid-June']
Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages which has become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that usually scythes are necessary to cut the grass. Hay is normally brought in twice a year, often also on festival days. Alpine festivals vary from country to country and often include the display of local costumes such as dirndl and trachten, the playing of Alpenhorns, wrestling matches, some pagan traditions such as Walpurgis Night and, in many areas, Carnival is celebrated before Lent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?
A: Cheesemaking', '
Q: How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?
A: up to 45 kg (100 lb)', '
Q: What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?
A: Haymaking', '
Q: How many times is Hay normally brought each year?
A: twice', '
Q: When is Carnival celebrated? 
A: before Lent']
In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Oberland. Chalets often face south or downhill, and are built of solid wood, with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily. Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do people in high villages build their homes according to?
A: medieval designs that withstand cold winters', '
Q: What is the area of the home heated by a stove called? 
A: the stube', '
Q: The typic Swiss chalet originated from where?
A: the Bernese Oberland', '
Q: Which direction do Chalets often face? 
A: south or downhill', '
Q: What are Chalets built of? 
A: solid wood']
Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The food is passed from the kitchen to where? 
A: the stube', '
Q: Where is the dining room table placed? 
A: the stube', '
Q: Traditionally, what are meals served on? 
A: carved wooden plates', '
Q: How is furniture traditionally carved? 
A: elaborately']
Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called "tavaillon". The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common, and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are roofs traditionally constructed from? 
A: Alpine rocks', '
Q: Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found?? 
A: the higher parts of the valleys', '
Q: The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much? 
A: 40%', '
Q: How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?
A: 19', '
Q: What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland? 
A: Romansh']
At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much it coming from winter sports although summer visitors are an important component of the tourism industry.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? 
A: the Alps", '
Q: Where is Saalbach located? 
A: Austria', '
Q: How many people visit the Alps every year? 
A: over 120 million', '
Q: What is an integral part of the Alpine economy?
A: tourism']
The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, with the Jungfraubahn terminating at the Jungfraujoch, well above the eternal snow-line, after going through a tunnel in Eiger. During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz, and downhill skiing became a popular sport with English visitors early in the 20th century, as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the tourism industry begin? 
A: the early 19th century', '
Q: When were large hotels built in the Alps? 
A: during the Belle Époque', '
Q: When were cog-railways built in the Alps?
A: early in the 20th century', '
Q: When was the first figure skating championship held? 
A: 1882', '
Q: Where was the first figure skating championship held? 
A: St. Moritz']
In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled but after that time the Winter Games have been held in St. Moritz (1948), Cortina d'Ampezzo (1956), Innsbruck, Austria (1964 and 1976), Grenoble, France, (1968), Albertville, France, (1992), and Torino (2006). In 1930 the Lauberhorn Rennen (Lauberhorn Race), was run for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen; the equally demanding Hahnenkamm was first run in the same year in Kitzbühl, Austria. Both races continue to be held each January on successive weekends. The Lauberhorn is the more strenuous downhill race at 4.5 km (2.8 mi) and poses danger to racers who reach 130 km/h (81 mph) within seconds of leaving the start gate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1924?
A: Chamonix, France', '
Q: Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1928?
A: St. Moritz, Switzerland', '
Q: Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1936?
A: Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany', '
Q: When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen?
A: 1930', '
Q: When were the Winter Olympics held in Albertville, France? 
A: (1992)']
During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such as Les Menuires. Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors. From 1980 to the present, ski-lifts have been modernized and snow-making machines installed at many resorts, leading to concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and questions regarding sustainable development as the winter ski industry continues to develop quickly and the number of summer tourists decline.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns?
A: post-World War I', '
Q: When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing?
A: the 1970s', '
Q: Where is Les Menuires located? 
A: France']
The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway to build a 57 km (35 mi)-long sub-alpine tunnel connecting the older Lötschberg and Gotthard tunnels built in the 19th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region?
A: 4,200 km (2,600 mi)', '
Q: How many vehicles use the roads? 
A: 6 million', "
Q: Where are most of Europe's highest railways located? 
A: Switzerland", '
Q: How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? 
A: 57 km']
Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the village of Avoriaz located? 
A: France', '
Q: Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located? 
A: Switzerland', '
Q: Why are villages considering becoming car free zones?
A: reasons of sustainability']
The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within), as well as long-distance rail links from all neighbouring countries, afford large numbers of travellers easy access from abroad.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When are many passes in the Alps closed? 
A: winter', '
Q: The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what?
A: motorways', '
Q: What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes?
A: mountain passes']
A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a gene?
A: a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product', "
Q: What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits?
A: The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring", '
Q: What influence are most biological traits under?
A: polygenes (many different genes)', '
Q: What is one instantly visible genetic trait?
A: eye colour or number of limbs', '
Q: What is one invisible genetic trait?
A: blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life']
Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to?
A: different variants, known as alleles', '
Q: What do alleles do?
A: encode slightly different versions of a protein', '
Q: What do alleles cause?
A: different phenotype traits', '
Q: What does "having a gene" or a "good gene" typically refer to?
A: having a different allele of the gene', '
Q: What causes genes to evolve?
A: natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles']
The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from?
A: its coding regions', '
Q: What can coding regions be split into?
A: several exons', '
Q: What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA?
A: RNA', '
Q: What are some gene products?
A: functional non-coding RNAs', "
Q: What is a broad, modern working definition of a gene?
A: any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product"]
The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term gene, he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured the distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the visible traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?
A: Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)', '
Q: If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent? 
A: n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas', '
Q: What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
A: independent assortment', '
Q: What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
A: the distinction between dominant and recessive traits', '
Q: What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of?
A: discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics']
Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction. Although Mendel's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866, it was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by three European scientists, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?
A: one of blending inheritance", '
Q: Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?
A: Charles Darwin', '
Q: What does the term gemmule describe?
A: hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction', "
Q: What year was Mendel's work first published?
A: 1866", "
Q: Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?
A: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak"]
The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from?
A: γένος (génos)", '
Q: What does the ancient Greek word \'génos\' mean?
A: "race, offspring"', "
Q: What Danish botanist coined the word 'gene'?
A: Wilhelm Johannsen", "
Q: What was the word 'gene' used to describe in 1909?
A: the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity", "
Q: Who first used the word 'genetics' in 1905?
A: William Bateson"]
Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication. Collectively, this body of research established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses. The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s?
A: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)', '
Q: Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography?
A: Rosalind Franklin', '
Q: What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule?
A: James D. Watson and Francis Crick', '
Q: What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology?
A: reverse transcription in retroviruses', '
Q: What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as?
A: molecular genetics']
In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool. An automated version of the Sanger method was used in early phases of the Human Genome Project.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the first sequence of a gene determined?
A: In 1972', '
Q: What was the first gene to be sequenced?
A: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein', '
Q: Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977?
A: Frederick Sanger', '
Q: What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process?
A: improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool.', '
Q: What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages?
A: the Human Genome Project']
The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.":24 In this view, the molecular gene transcribes as a unit, and the evolutionary gene inherits as a unit. Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed?
A: the 1930s and 1940s', '
Q: What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?
A: the modern evolutionary synthesis', '
Q: Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?
A: George C. Williams', '
Q: What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?
A: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency."', '
Q: Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?
A: Richard Dawkins']