romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females. Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males?
A: Trousers', "
Q: What gender's clothing is often more practical?
A: Male", '
Q: What can males typically bare in more places?
A: their chests', '
Q: What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it?
A: male clothing', "
Q: What is a common opinion about men wearing women's clothing?
A: unusual"]
In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators could wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple. In traditional Hawaiian society, only high-ranking chiefs could wear feather cloaks and palaoa, or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala, (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China, before establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. History provides many examples of elaborate sumptuary laws that regulated what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signaled by the purchase of rare or luxury items that are limited by cost to those with wealth or status. In addition, peer pressure influences clothing choice.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was allowed to wear gamrents dyed with Tyrian purple in ancient Rome?
A: senators', '
Q: Who was allowed to wear feather cloaks and palaoa in old school Hawaiian society?
A: high-ranking chiefs', '
Q: What right were lower caste women required to pay a tax to acquire?
A: the right to cover their upper body', '
Q: What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow?
A: China', '
Q: What can peer pressure influence?
A: clothing choice']
According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing likely consisted of fur, leather, leaves, or grass that were draped, wrapped, or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988. Dyed flax fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How was the earliest clothing kept on the body?
A: tied around', '
Q: What does clothing materials do more quickly compared to stone and bone?
A: deteriorate', '
Q: Who has identified needles from about 30,000 B.C.?
A: Archeologists', '
Q: Where have flax fibers which may have been used in clothing found?
A: a prehistoric cave', '
Q: What dates back to 36,000 BP?
A: Dyed flax fibers']
Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 170,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes?
A: Scientists', '
Q: What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice?
A: genetic', '
Q: What do lice require human clothing to do?
A: survive', '
Q: What may have the invention of clothing happened with?
A: northward migration', '
Q: What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered?
A: the date']
Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit – for example, the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what?
A: cloth', '
Q: Many people still wear clothes that are what shape?
A: rectangles', '
Q: What nationality wears kilts?
A: Scottish', '
Q: Pins or belts hold what in place?
A: garments', '
Q: What precious material may remain uncut?
A: cloth']
By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. Fast fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century?
A: western clothing styles', '
Q: Cultural dissemination has continued over the what?
A: centuries', '
Q: What have Western corporations penetrated?
A: markets throughout the world', '
Q: Who has been spreading Western culture and styles?
A: Western media corporations', '
Q: Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places?
A: charity organizations']
Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, leotards, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as volleyball, wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing.
A: special', '
Q: Leotards are an example of what type of garment?
A: sportswear', '
Q: What does spandex soak up?
A: sweat', "
Q: What's an example of a form fitting garment?
A: Spandex", '
Q: What type of sport is wrestling considered?
A: active']
The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations.
A: technological', '
Q: What have researchers in science labs been making?
A: prototypes', '
Q: What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate?
A: electricity', '
Q: What can garments made with kevlar resist?
A: bullets', '
Q: Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what?
A: absorption of liquids']
Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid-20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly, often staffed by undocumented immigrants.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of conditions do many garment works endure?
A: challenging', '
Q: What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops?
A: Mass-produced', '
Q: What is a feature of sweatshops beyond lack of benefits and representation?
A: long work hours', '
Q: Poor conditions found in developing countries may also be found in what type of nations?
A: industrialized', '
Q: What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops?
A: undocumented']
Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization, which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The abolishing of the MFA made what possible?
A: Outsourcing production to low wage countries', '
Q: What did the MFA put quotas on?
A: textiles imports', '
Q: What is often identified as the reason for less than ideal working conditions for garment workers?
A: Globalization', '
Q: What treaty tries to set standards for worker safety and rights?
A: the International Labor Organization', '
Q: What country has failed to ratify sections 87 and 92 of the ILO?
A: India']
The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What have humans used for clothing since prehistoric times?
A: animal fur', '
Q: Indigenous people in what zones use fur for warmth and protection?
A: arctic', '
Q: Using animal fur as clothing was once considered what?
A: uncontroversial', '
Q: Who considers animal fur to be cruel and unnecessary?
A: campaigners', "
Q: What's the four letter name of an animal liberation group?
A: PETA"]
Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is permanent press, having been treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the point of ironing clothing?
A: to remove wrinkles", '
Q: What type of clothing is believed to look neat, fresh and clean?
A: Ironed', "
Q: What material doesn't easily wrinkle?
A: knit", '
Q: Permanent press materials have been treated with what?
A: a coating', '
Q: What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress?
A: wrinkles']
A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde, which could cause contact dermatitis for some people; no disclosure requirements exist, and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants. In 1999, a study of the effect of washing on the formaldehyde levels found that after 6 months after washing, 7 of 27 shirts had levels in excess of 75 ppm, which is a safe limit for direct skin exposure.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What releases formaldehyde?
A: A resin', '
Q: What can cause contact dermatitis for some people?
A: formaldehyde', '
Q: What government office found high levels of formaldehyde in non-wrinkle clothing in 2008?
A: Accountability', '
Q: How many ppm is a safe limit for direct skin exposure to formaldehyde?
A: 75', '
Q: How many months of washing did a 1999 study look at?
A: 6']
In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material – cloth – was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What used to be considered an art, back in the day?
A: mending', '
Q: What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?
A: tear', '
Q: Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?
A: worth more than labor', '
Q: What is clothing considered today?
A: a consumable item', '
Q: What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?
A: thrifty']
The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team located on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a members of the National League (NL) Central division; the team plays its home baseball games at Wrigley Field. The Cubs are also one of two active major league teams based in Chicago; the other is the Chicago White Sox, who are a member of the American League (AL) Central division. The team is currently owned by Thomas S. Ricketts, son of TD Ameritrade founder Joe Ricketts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What American professional baseball team is located on the North side of Chicago, IL?  
A: The Chicago Cubs', '
Q: What league are the Chicago Cubs in?
A: the National League', '
Q: Where do the Chicago Cubs play their home games?
A: Wrigley Field', '
Q: Who currently owns the  Chicago Cubs?
A: Joe Ricketts']
The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Chicago Cubs play their first game?
A: 1876', "
Q: What year did the Chicago Cubs' name become official? 
A: 1903 season", '
Q: What other team besides the Chicago Cubs is tied for being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club?
A: Atlanta Braves']
In 1906, the franchise recorded a Major League record 116 wins (tied by the 2001 Seattle Mariners) and posted a modern-era record winning percentage of .763, which still stands today. They appeared in their first World Series the same year, falling to their crosstown rivals, the Chicago White Sox, four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics, and the first to win it twice. The team has appeared in seven World Series following their 1908 title, most recently in 1945. The Cubs have not won the World Series in 107 years, the longest championship drought of any major North American professional sports team, and are often referred to as the "Lovable Losers" because of this distinction. They are also known as "The North Siders" because Wrigley Field, their home park since 1916, is located in Chicago's North Side Lake View community at 1060 West Addison Street. The Cubs have a major rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the cubs record a Major League record of 116 wins?
A: 1906', '
Q: What is the winning percentage the Cubs posted that still stands today?
A: .763', '
Q: Who was the first team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics?
A: The Cubs', '
Q: How many world series have the Cubs appeared in?
A: seven']
The Cubs began play as the Chicago White Stockings, joining the National League (NL) as a charter member. Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players, such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes, Deacon White, and Adrian "Cap" Anson, to join the team prior to the N.L.'s first season. The White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds,against the bloods and quickly established themselves as one of the new league's top teams. Spalding won forty-seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at .429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant, which at the time was the game's top prize.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did the Cubs began play as?
A: the Chicago White Stockings', '
Q: When the Cubs started playing, who was their owner?
A: William Hulbert', '
Q: Where did the White Stockings play their home games?
A: West Side Grounds']
After back-to-back pennants in 1880 and 1881, Hulbert died, and Spalding, who had retired to start Spalding sporting goods, assumed ownership of the club. The White Stockings, with Anson acting as player/manager, captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882, and Anson established himself as the game's first true superstar. In 1885 and '86, after winning N.L. pennants, the White Stockings met the short-lived American Association champion in that era's version of a World Series. Both seasons resulted in match ups with the St. Louis Brown Stockings, with the clubs tying in 1885 and with St. Louis winning in 1886. This was the genesis of what would eventually become one of the greatest rivalries in sports. In all, the Anson-led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886. As a result, Chicago's club nickname transitioned, and by 1890 they had become known as the Chicago Colts, or sometimes "Anson's Colts", referring to Cap's influence within the club. Anson was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits. After a disappointing record of 59-73 and a 9th-place finish in 1897, Anson was released by the Cubs as both a player and manager. Due to Anson's absence from the club after 22 years, local newspaper reporters started to refer to the Cubs as the "Orphans".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who assumed ownership of the Cubs after Hulbert died?
A: Spalding', '
Q: What year did the White Stockings capture their third consecutive pennant?
A: 1882', '
Q: While Anson led the Chicago cubs how many National League pennants did they win?
A: six', '
Q: What did the Chicago Cubs become know as by 1890?
A: Chicago Colts', '
Q: Who was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits?
A: Anson']
In 1902, Spalding, who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century, sold the club to Jim Hart. The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902, although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season. During this period, which has become known as baseball's dead-ball era, Cub infielders Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance were made famous as a double-play combination by Franklin P. Adams' poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon. The poem first appeared in the July 18, 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail. Mordecai "Three-Finger" Brown, Jack Taylor, Ed Reulbach, Jack Pfiester, and Orval Overall were several key pitchers for the Cubs during this time period. With Chance acting as player-manager from 1905 to 1912, the Cubs won four pennants and two World Series titles over a five-year span. Although they fell to the "Hitless Wonders" White Sox in the 1906 World Series, the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (.763) in Major League history. With mostly the same roster, Chicago won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League club to play three times in the Fall Classic and the first to win it twice. However, the Cubs have not won a World Series since; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Spalding sell the Cubs to in 1902?
A: Jim Hart', '
Q: Who nicknamed the franchise the Cubs in 1902?
A: Chicago Daily News', '
Q: Who holds the longest championship drought in North American professional sports?
A: the Cubs', "
Q: Who wrote the poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon?
A: Franklin P. Adams"]
In 1914, advertising executive Albert Lasker obtained a large block of the club's shares and before the 1916 season assumed majority ownership of the franchise. Lasker brought in a wealthy partner, Charles Weeghman, the proprietor of a popular chain of lunch counters who had previously owned the Chicago Whales of the short-lived Federal League. As principal owners, the pair moved the club from the West Side Grounds to the much newer Weeghman Park, which had been constructed for the Whales only two years earlier, where they remain to this day. The Cubs responded by winning a pennant in the war-shortened season of 1918, where they played a part in another team's curse: the Boston Red Sox defeated Grover Cleveland Alexander's Cubs four games to two in the 1918 World Series, Boston's last Series championship until 2004.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who obtained a large block of the Cub's shares in 1914?
A: Albert Lasker", '
Q: Who assumed majority ownership of the Cubs franchise by the 1916 season?
A: Albert Lasker', '
Q: Who did Albert Lasker bring in to be his partner of the Chicago Cubs?
A: Charles Weeghman', '
Q: Where did the Cubs move to after leaving the West Side Grounds?
A: Weeghman Park']