romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In 1983, the International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) set up a working party (IWP11/6) with the aim of setting a single international HDTV standard. One of the thornier issues concerned a suitable frame/field refresh rate, the world already having split into two camps, 25/50 Hz and 30/60 Hz, largely due to the differences in mains frequency. The IWP11/6 working party considered many views and throughout the 1980s served to encourage development in a number of video digital processing areas, not least conversion between the two main frame/field rates using motion vectors, which led to further developments in other areas. While a comprehensive HDTV standard was not in the end established, agreement on the aspect ratio was achieved.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did ITU-R start trying to work towards setting a single international HDTV standard?
A: 1983', '
Q: What did ITU-R start trying to do in 1983?
A: setting a single international HDTV standard', '
Q: What was one of the issues with setting a single HDTV standard?
A: a suitable frame/field refresh rate', '
Q: What was used as a conversion between the two main frame/field rates?
A: motion vectors', '
Q: How many frame/field rates were primarily being used in 1983?
A: two']
Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 16:9 (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the BBC's Research and Development establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("Rec. 709") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified colorimetry, and the scan modes 1080i (1,080 actively interlaced lines of resolution) and 1080p (1,080 progressively scanned lines). The British Freeview HD trials used MBAFF, which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema?
A: 16:9', '
Q: Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio?
A: the IWP11/6 working party', '
Q: What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?
A: widescreen cinema', '
Q: Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content?
A: MBAFF', '
Q: Which aspect ratio was the early favorite?
A: 5:3']
It also includes the alternative 1440×1152 HDMAC scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format, and so was not included, although 1920×1080i and 1280×720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards.)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What scan format is also included in MBAFF?
A: 1440×1152 HDMAC', '
Q: What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format?
A: a mooted 750-line', '
Q: A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what?
A: an enhanced television format', '
Q: What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by?
A: US SMPTE standards']
HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs, General Instrument, Philips, Sarnoff, Thomson, Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994. The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996 when the Raleigh, North Carolina television station WRAL-HD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL-TV southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington, D.C., which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC-TV. The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery. The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was HDTV introduced in the US?
A: late 1980s', '
Q: Who made HDTV official in 1993?
A: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance', "
Q: AT&T, Philips, Zenith, and MIT, among others, made up what group in the 90's?
A: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance", '
Q: When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?
A: July 23, 1996', '
Q: What does ATSC stand for?
A: Advanced Television Systems Committee']
The first HDTV transmissions in Europe, albeit not direct-to-home, began in 1990, when the Italian broadcaster RAI used the HD-MAC and MUSE HDTV technologies to broadcast the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The matches were shown in 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain. The connection with Spain was made via the Olympus satellite link from Rome to Barcelona and then with a fiber optic connection from Barcelona to Madrid. After some HDTV transmissions in Europe the standard was abandoned in the mid-1990s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe?
A: 1990', '
Q: What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe?
A: FIFA World Cup', '
Q: When did Europe abandon standard transmission?
A: mid-1990s', '
Q: Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV?
A: 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain']
The first regular broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did regular broadcasts start in Europe?
A: January 1, 2004', "
Q: What event was first broadcasted on January 1, 2004?
A: Vienna New Year's Concert", "
Q: The New Year's Day broadcast officially launched which channel?
A: HD1", '
Q: When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?
A: September 2003', '
Q: Which European company launched HD1?
A: Euro1080']
Euro1080, a division of the former and now bankrupt Belgian TV services company Alfacam, broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..." and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe. The HD1 channel was initially free-to-air and mainly comprised sporting, dramatic, musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of 4 or 5 hours per day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Euro1080 was a division of what former company?
A: Alfacam', '
Q: What "chicken or the egg" stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?
A: "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..."', '
Q: What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting HDTV channels?
A: HDTV interest in Europe', '
Q: How much did viewers have to pay for the HD1 channel?
A: free-to-air', '
Q: What was on HD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?
A: a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule']
These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from SES's Astra 1H satellite. Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What format did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
A: 1080i format', '
Q: What compression did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
A: MPEG-2', '
Q: What signal did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
A: DVB-S', '
Q: What compression did Euro1080 later change to?
A: MPEG-4/AVC', '
Q: What signal did Euro1080 later change to?
A: DVB-S2']
Despite delays in some countries, the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts, with SES's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites, 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe (£60 million in 2010 alone), and 20 million households (27% of all European digital satellite TV homes) watching HD satellite broadcasts (16 million via Astra satellites).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many HD capable TV's were sold in Europe?
A: 185 million", '
Q: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching HD broadcasts? 
A: 20 million', '
Q: How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010?
A: £60 million', '
Q: What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010?
A: 27%', '
Q: The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts?
A: risen steadily']
In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard, as specified in the Digital TV Group (DTG) D-book, on digital terrestrial television.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which European country first deployed HD content using the new DVB-T2 standard?
A: the United Kingdom', '
Q: When did the UK deploy HD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard?
A: December 2009', '
Q: What transmission standard did the UK start using in December 2009?
A: DVB-T2', '
Q: What does DTG stand for?
A: Digital TV Group']
The Freeview HD service currently contains 10 HD channels (as of December 2013[update]) and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process, finally being completed in October 2012. However, Freeview HD is not the first HDTV service over digital terrestrial television in Europe;

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many HD channels did the Freeview HD service contain as of December 2013?
A: 10', '
Q: When was the digital switchover process completed in the UK?
A: October 2012', '
Q: Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2012?
A: Freeview HD', '
Q: How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the UK?
A: region by region']
If all three parameters are used, they are specified in the following form: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate] or [frame size]/[frame or field rate][scanning system].[citation needed] Often, frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context. In this case, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by the scanning system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the three HDTV parameters?
A: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate]', '
Q: Which two parameters can be dropped if its value is implied from context?
A: frame size or frame rate', '
Q: When can the frame size or frame rate parameter specification be dropped?
A: if its value is implied from context', '
Q: When a parameter is dropped, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by what?
A: the scanning system']
For example, 1920×1080p25 identifies progressive scanning format with 25 frames per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 25 frames (50 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 30 frames (60 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 720p60 notation identifies progressive scanning format with 60 frames per second, each frame being 720 pixels high; 1,280 pixels horizontally are implied.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What size is each 1920x1080p25 frame?
A: 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high', '
Q: The 1920x1080p25 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?
A: 25', '
Q: The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
A: 25', '
Q: The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
A: 30', '
Q: The 720p60 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?
A: 60']
50 Hz systems support three scanning rates: 50i, 25p and 50p. 60 Hz systems support a much wider set of frame rates: 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p and 60p. In the days of standard definition television, the fractional rates were often rounded up to whole numbers, e.g. 23.976p was often called 24p, or 59.94i was often called 60i. 60 Hz high definition television supports both fractional and slightly different integer rates, therefore strict usage of notation is required to avoid ambiguity. Nevertheless, 29.97i/59.94i is almost universally called 60i, likewise 23.976p is called 24p.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What three scanning rates do 50 Hz systems support?
A: 50i, 25p and 50p', '
Q: Which system suports 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, and 60p
A: 60 Hz', '
Q: SD television fractional rates were often rounded to what?
A: whole numbers', '
Q: Strict notation is required with HD fractional rates to avoid what?
A: ambiguity']
For the commercial naming of a product, the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context (e.g., a 1080i television set). A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is usually dropped for the commercial naming of an HDTV product?
A: the frame rate', '
Q: What does 24p mean?
A: 24 progressive scan frames per second', '
Q: What does 50i mean?
A: 25 interlaced frames per second', '
Q: When naming a commercial HDTV product, a frame rate can be specified without what?
A: a resolution']
There is no single standard for HDTV color support. Colors are typically broadcast using a (10-bits per channel) YUV color space but, depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver, are then subsequently converted to a RGB color space using standardized algorithms. When transmitted directly through the Internet, the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for additional storage savings with the assumption that it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen. As an added benefit to the original broadcasters, the losses of the pre-conversion essentially make these files unsuitable for professional TV re-broadcasting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Is there a single standard for HDTV color support?
A: no', '
Q: Before being converted to RGB, colors are ususally broadcasted using what color space?
A: YUV', '
Q: Colors are typically broadcast using YUV and then converted to what?
A: a RGB color space', '
Q: When transmitted over the internet, colors are typically to what?
A: 8-bit RGB channels', '
Q: What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet?
A: it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen']
At a minimum, HDTV has twice the linear resolution of standard-definition television (SDTV), thus showing greater detail than either analog television or regular DVD. The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 aspect ratio images without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching, thus increasing the effective image resolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At least how many times more linear resolution does HDTV have over SDTV?
A: twice', '
Q: HDTV increases the effective image resolution by not using what?
A: letterboxing or anamorphic stretching', '
Q: What does SDTV stand for?
A: standard-definition television', '
Q: HDTV handles what aspect ratio without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching?
A: 16:9']
A very high resolution source may require more bandwidth than available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity. The lossy compression that is used in all digital HDTV storage and transmission systems will distort the received picture, when compared to the uncompressed source.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: If more bandwith is required than is available, a very high resolution source my not be able to transmitted without loss of what?
A: fidelity', '
Q: The compression used in all HDTV storage and transmission systems will do what if resolution is too high?
A: distort the received picture', '
Q: A very high resolution source may require more of what?
A: bandwidth']
The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. For best fidelity to the source the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match those of the source.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things?
A: the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics", '
Q: For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source? 
A: transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate', '
Q: For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what? 
A: those of the source', "
Q: The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what?
A: The optimum format for a broadcast"]
PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?
A: analogue standard', '
Q: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?
A: digital or high definition', '
Q: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?
A: 25/50 Hz', '
Q: In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?
A: 30/60 Hz']
Standard 35mm photographic film used for cinema projection has a much higher image resolution than HDTV systems, and is exposed and projected at a rate of 24 frames per second (frame/s). To be shown on standard television, in PAL-system countries, cinema film is scanned at the TV rate of 25 frame/s, causing a speedup of 4.1 percent, which is generally considered acceptable. In NTSC-system countries, the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted, and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called 3:2 Pulldown: Over each successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second) and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second), giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At what rate is standard 35mm photographic film exposed and projected?
A: 24 frames per second', '
Q: To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries, at what rate is cinema film scanned?
A: 25 frame/s', '
Q: The technique in which with successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields, and the next is held for two, is called what?
A: 3:2 Pulldown', '
Q: The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for two frames?
A: 1/12 of a second', '
Q: What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/12 of a second for two frames?
A: the correct average film frame rate']
Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous storage and decoding requirements compared to both 1080i and 1080p. 1080p/24, 1080i/30, 1080i/25, and 720p/30 is most often used on Blu-ray Disc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?
A: 720p or 1080i', '
Q: Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video?
A: 720p', '
Q: Most computer monitors operate in what mode?
A: progressive-scan', '
Q: 1080i, 1080p, and 720p are often used on what kind of disc. 
A: Blu-ray']
In the US, residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free, over the air programming with a television set with an ATSC tuner (most sets sold since 2009 have this). This is achieved with a TV aerial, just as it has been since the 1940s except now the major network signals are broadcast in high definition (ABC, Fox, and Ion Television broadcast at 720p resolution; CBS, My Network TV, NBC, PBS, and The CW at 1080i). As their digital signals more efficiently use the broadcast channel, many broadcasters are adding multiple channels to their signals. Laws about antennas were updated before the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts. These new laws prohibit home owners' associations and city government from banning the installation of antennas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the US, what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free, over the air programming?
A: ATSC', '
Q: Laws regarding antennas were upated before what?
A: the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts', "
Q: Who do these laws prohibit from banning the installation of antennas?
A: home owners' associations and city government", "
Q: Laws about antennas keep home owners' associations and city government from banning what?
A: the installation of antennas", '
Q: Most television sets sold since what year have an ATSC tuner?
A: 2009']
Additionally, cable-ready TV sets can display HD content without using an external box. They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: HD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what?
A: an external box', '
Q: Without using an external box, cable-ready TVs can display what?
A: HD content', '
Q: What features allow the cable-ready TVs to display HD content without an external box?
A: a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD', '
Q: What kind of built-in tuner will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?
A: QAM', '
Q: What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?
A: CableCARD']
High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, IPTV (including GoogleTV Roku boxes and AppleTV or built into "Smart Televisions"), Blu-ray video disc (BD), and internet downloads.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Roku and AppleTV are examples of what?
A: IPTV', '
Q: Internet downloads, Blu-ray videos, and Apple TV are examples of what?
A: High-definition image sources', '
Q: Terrestrial broadcast and direct broadcast satellite are examples of what?
A: High-definition image sources', '
Q: Digital cable and Roku are examples of what?
A: High-definition image sources']