romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Meanwhile, U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter. Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle-ready. In early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The UN forces, once prepared, counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where in the United States was the tank battalion located?
A: San Francisco', "
Q: What is Korea's largest port?
A: the port of Pusan", '
Q: Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea?
A: Japan', '
Q: Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea?
A: KPA', '
Q: Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter?
A: UN forces']
Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements, the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied; unlike the UN Command, they lacked naval and air support. To relieve the Pusan Perimeter, General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Inchon (now known as Incheon), near Seoul and well over 100 miles (160 km) behind the KPA lines. On 6 July, he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay, Commander, 1st Cavalry Division, to plan the division's amphibious landing at Incheon; on 12–14 July, the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama, Japan to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did General MacArthur suggest an amphibious landing at Inchon?
A: To relieve the Pusan Perimeter', '
Q: Who did General MacArthur ask to plan the amphibious attack?
A: Major General Hobart R. Gay', '
Q: Where did the 1st Infantry deploy from?
A: Yokohama, Japan', '
Q: Why were KPA forces unable to adequately defend themselves against UN forces?
A: the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied']
Soon after the war began, General MacArthur had begun planning a landing at Incheon, but the Pentagon opposed him. When authorized, he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps, and ROK Army force. The X Corps, led by General Edward Almond, Commander, consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division, the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers. By 15 September, the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon: military intelligence, psychological warfare, guerrilla reconnaissance, and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle. However, the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who initially opposed General MacArthur's landing plan?
A: the Pentagon", '
Q: What Corps included 40,000 men from the 1st Marine Division?
A: The X Corps', '
Q: Who coordinated the efforts of the ROK Army, Marine Corps and the US Army to stage a successful battle?
A: General Edward Almond']
After the Incheon landing, the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter. "Task Force Lynch" (after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch), 3rd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, and two 70th Tank Battalion units (Charlie Company and the Intelligence–Reconnaissance Platoon) effected the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout" through 106.4 miles (171.2 km) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan. The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Whose nickname was 'Task Force Lynch'?
A: Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch", '
Q: What was the 106 mile push through enemy territory called?
A: the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout"', '
Q: Who was defeated near Seoul, Korea?
A: the KPA']
On 18 September, Stalin dispatched General H. M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il-sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul. Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans. As the overall commander of Chinese forces, Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Inchon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men; otherwise, he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was sent to Korea to act as an advisor to Kim Il-Sung?
A: General H. M. Zakharov', '
Q: Why did Kim Il-Sung redeploy his military troops?
A: to defend Seoul', '
Q: Who was not being briefed on the operational plans or the number of troops in combat?
A: Chinese commanders', '
Q: When was it advised for North Koreans to attempt to defeat the opposing forces at Inchon?
A: if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men']
On 25 September, Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces. American air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA, destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery. North Korean troops in the south, instead of effectively withdrawing north, rapidly disintegrated, leaving Pyongyang vulnerable. During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers managed to rejoin the Northern KPA lines. On 27 September, Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo, in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What emergency session was called by Stalin?
A: Politburo', '
Q: How many troops made it back to the KPA lines after retreating?
A: 25,000 to 30,000', '
Q: Who was held responsible for the defeat of North Korean troops?
A: Soviet military advisers', '
Q: Who reclaimed the Seoul?
A: South Korean forces.', "
Q: What city was left vulnerable by North Korea's quick retreat?
A: Pyongyang"]
On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily..." On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee. On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: "We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel." During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel?
A: National Security Council Memorandum 81/1', '
Q: Who controlled the newly restored government of the Republic of Korea?
A: Syngman Rhee', '
Q: Who sent a message to MacArthur giving him the authority to proceed past the 38th parallel?
A: Defense Secretary George Marshall', '
Q: Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea?
A: ROK police', '
Q: What year did the executions stop?
A: 1951']
On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel. Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively. Historian Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who vowed to intervene if the US was to engage in conflict North of the 38th parallel?
A: China', "
Q: The tactics Zhou Enlai advised the North Koreans to use during their withdrawal was the same the Chinese used to escape event?
A: Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns", '
Q: Who believes that the North Koreans only appeared to fail to effective execute their withdrawal plan?
A: Bruce Cumings', "
Q: What may have been North Korea's goal in the way they rapidly withdrew from South Korea?
A: launch guerrilla raids", "
Q: Who's control did the Chinese Communists escape in the 1930's?
A: Chiang Kai-shek"]
By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea. MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender. Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards. The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces. The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ("Rakkasans") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon. The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50–100 miles of mountainous terrain.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who issued a statement calling for North Korea's unconditional surrender?
A: MacArthur", '
Q: Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north?
A: the UN', '
Q: How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing?
A: cut the road north going to China', '
Q: How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces?
A: 135,000']
On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to "American aggression in the guise of the UN".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did President Truman do to prevent hostilities between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan?
A: dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait", '
Q: What year did China decide to enter the war?
A: 1950', '
Q: What provoked China to join the war?
A: American aggression in the guise of the UN', '
Q: Where did Mao Zedong declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?
A: the Politburo']
In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2–5 October, Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea. There was considerable resistance among many leaders, including senior military leaders, to confronting the U.S. in Korea. Mao strongly supported intervention, and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him. After Lin Biao politely refused Mao's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea (citing his upcoming medical treatment), Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao's position. Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders. After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea. Later, the Chinese claimed that US bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened. On 8 October 1950, Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was discussed at the emergency talks held by Chinese leaders?
A: whether to send Chinese troops into Korea', '
Q: Who was a proponent for intervening in Korea?
A: Mao', '
Q: Who was Lin Biao replaced with when he declined to lead the Chinese troops in Korea?
A: Peng Dehuai', '
Q: Who convinced the Chinese leaders who were against entering the war that it was a good idea?
A: Peng', "
Q: What did Mao Zedong's reinvented PLA North East Frontier Force become?
A: People's Volunteer Army"]
In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of matériel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?
A: the Black Sea', '
Q: How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist
A: two or three months', '
Q: Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?
A: Chinese airspace', '
Q: When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?
A: March 1951', '
Q: Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?
A: the south side of the Yalu']
UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection. The PVA marched "dark-to-dark" (19:00–03:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared, until it flew away; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators. Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-division army to march the 286 miles (460 km) from An-tung, Manchuria, to the combat zone in some 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 18 miles (29 km) daily for 18 days.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What made seeing the PVA units difficult during the day?
A: their march and bivouac discipline', '
Q: What were PVA troops told to do when planes flew by?
A: remain motionless', '
Q: How many days did it take PVA forces to march 286 miles?
A: 19', '
Q: What were PVA officers supposed to do if troops disobeyed the security protocol?
A: shoot security violators', '
Q: When would PVA forces march to minimize the chances of being seen?
A: 19:00–03:00']
Meanwhile, on 10 October 1950, the 89th Tank Battalion was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, increasing the armor available for the Northern Offensive. On 15 October, after moderate KPA resistance, the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company, 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city. On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950. Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju – although as UNC forces approached, the government again moved – this time to Kanggye.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam?
A: KPA', '
Q: What was the capital city in the North?
A: Pyongyang', '
Q: Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital?
A: Sinuiju', '
Q: What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time?
A: UNC forces approached', '
Q: When was Pyongyang captured?
A: October 1950']
On 15 October 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean. This meeting was much publicized because of the General's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States. To President Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea, and that the PRC's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed. He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria, and some 100,000–125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River. He further concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter" without air force protection.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did President Truman and General MacArthur meet on October 15, 1950?
A: Wake Island', '
Q: Who refused to meet on continental United States?
A: General MacArthur', '
Q: What was President Truman told at this meeting?
A: little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea', '
Q: Who was not concerned about the idea of Chinese troops moving south into Korea?
A: General MacArthur', '
Q: What was believed would happen if the Chinese entered the conflict?
A: the greatest slaughter']
After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover, and supported more aid to China. After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950; deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan. The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River, while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory. It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who initiated the First Phase offensive?
A: PVA 13th Army Group', '
Q: Who did the First Phase offensive motivated to send more troops and resources to Korea?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: When did the Chinese and US military have their first confrontation in Korea?
A: 1 November 1950', "
Q: Where did UN forces retreat to when the PVA executed their sneak attack?
A: Ch'ongch'on River", "
Q: What is unusual about the PVA's successful, surprise attack?
A: Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts"]
On 25 November at the Korean western front, the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, and then decimated the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces' right flank. The UN Command retreated; the U.S. Eighth Army's retreat (the longest in US Army history) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade's successful, but very costly, rear-guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days (27–29 November). On 27 November at the Korean eastern front, a U.S. 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team (3,000 soldiers) and the U.S. 1st Marine Division (12,000–15,000 marines) were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, but they managed to escape under Air Force and X Corps support fire—albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Whose retreat during the Korean war was the longest in the history of the US Army?
A: U.S. Eighth Army's", '
Q: Whose actions helped the Eighth Army be able to retreat?
A: Turkish Brigade', '
Q: How many casualties did the 1st Marines face at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir?
A: 12,000–15,000', "
Q: What tactics of the PVA were US and ROK troops not prepared to handle?
A: PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics"]
By 30 November, the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea. Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded, the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December. UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the U.S. Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident. In northeast Korea by 11 December, the U.S. X Corps managed to cripple the PVA 9th Army Group while establishing a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam. The X Corps were forced to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did the PVA 13th Army Group force out of northwest Korea?
A: the U.S. Eighth Army', '
Q: Whose death was not a direct casualty of the war?
A: General Walton Walker', '
Q: Why did the X Corps leave Hungnam?
A: to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army', '
Q: What effect did the death of General Walton Walker have on the troops?
A: UN morale hit rock bottom']
During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city, especially the port facilities; and on 16 December 1950, President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953), which remained in force until 14 September 1978.[b] The next day (17 December 1950) Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China. After that, the leading part of the war became the Chinese army. Following that, on 1 February 1951, United Nations General Assembly adopted a draft resolution condemning China as an aggressor in the Korean War.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the ship responsible for undertaking the largest rescue operation by a single ship?
A: SS Meredith Victory', '
Q: What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?
A: declared a national emergency', '
Q: What year was the Presidential Proclamation lifted?
A: 1978', '
Q: Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China?
A: Kim Il-sung', '
Q: What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea?
A: China']