romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers, and generally shunned western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies. He once said that HIV was "a peaceful virus, not an aggressive virus" and assured attendees at the African Union that "if you are straight you have nothing to fear from AIDS". He also said that the H1N1 influenza virus was a biological weapon manufactured by a foreign military, and he assured Africans that the tsetse fly and mosquito were "God's armies which will protect us against colonialists". Should these 'enemies' come to Africa, "they will get malaria and sleeping sickness".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What sort of virus did Gaddafi describe HIV as?
A: peaceful', '
Q: Who did Gaddafi claim created H1N1?
A: a foreign military', "
Q: According to Gaddafi, what insects made up God's armies?
A: tsetse fly and mosquito", '
Q: What illnesses did Gaddafi claim would afflict invading colonialists?
A: malaria and sleeping sickness']
Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female Amazonian Guard, who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy. However, according to psychologist Seham Sergewa, after the civil war several of the guards told her they had been pressured into joining and raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. He hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him and his family's health, and traveled everywhere with his trusted Ukrainian nurse Halyna Kolotnytska. Kolotnytska's daughter denied the suggestion that the relationship was anything but professional.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the name of Gaddafi's female bodyguard?
A: Amazonian Guard", '
Q: In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard?
A: 1980s', "
Q: What is Halyna Kolotnytska's nationality?
A: Ukrainian", '
Q: What is the profession of Halyna Kolotnytska?
A: nurse', '
Q: What sort of relationship did Gaddafi have with Halyna Kolotnytska?
A: professional']
Gaddafi remained a controversial and divisive figure on the world stage throughout his life and after death. Supporters praised Gaddafi's administration for the creation of an almost classless society through domestic reform. They stress the regime's achievements in combating homelessness and ensuring access to food and safe drinking water. Highlighting that under Gaddafi, all Libyans enjoyed free education to a university level, they point to the dramatic rise in literacy rates after the 1969 revolution. Supporters have also applauded achievements in medical care, praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration, with diseases like cholera and typhoid being contained and life expectancy raised. Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that under the first decade of Gaddafi's leadership, life for most Libyans "undoubtedly changed for the better" as material conditions and wealth drastically improved, while Libyan studies specialist Lillian Craig Harris remarked that in the early years of his administration, Libya's "national wealth and international influence soared, and its national standard of living has risen dramatically." Such high standards declined during the 1980s, as a result of economic stagnation. Gaddafi claimed that his Jamahiriya was a "concrete utopia", and that he had been appointed by "popular assent", with some Islamic supporters believing that he exhibited barakah. His opposition to Western governments earned him the respect of many in the Euro-American far right.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What diseases were minimized by Gaddafi's health care policies?
A: cholera and typhoid", '
Q: What was the cost of primary and secondary education under Gaddafi?
A: free', '
Q: Why did living standards decline in 1980s Libya?
A: economic stagnation', '
Q: Due to his opposition to West governments, who notably respected Gaddafi?
A: Euro-American far right', '
Q: What is the occupation of Lillian Craig Harris?
A: Libyan studies specialist']
Critics labelled Gaddafi "despotic, cruel, arrogant, vain and stupid", with western governments and press presenting him as the "vicious dictator of an oppressed people". During the Reagan administration, the United States regarded him as "Public Enemy No. 1" and Reagan famously dubbed him the "mad dog of the Middle East". According to critics, the Libyan people lived in a climate of fear under Gaddafi's administration, due to his government's pervasive surveillance of civilians. Gaddafi's Libya was typically described by western commentators as "a police state". Opponents were critical of Libya's human rights abuses; according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) and others, hundreds of arrested political opponents often failed to receive a fair trial, and were sometimes subjected to torture or extrajudicial execution, most notably in the Abu Salim prison, including an alleged massacre on 29 June 1996 in which HRW estimated that 1,270 prisoners were massacred. Dissidents abroad or "stray dogs" were also publicly threatened with death and sometimes killed by government hit squads. His government's treatment of non-Arab Libyans has also came in for criticism from human rights activists, with native Berbers, Italians, Jews, refugees, and foreign workers all facing persecution in Gaddafist Libya. According to journalist Annick Cojean and psychologist Seham Sergewa, Gaddafi and senior officials raped and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of young women and reportedly raped several of his female bodyguards. Gaddafi's government was frequently criticized for not being democratic, with Freedom House consistently giving Libya under Gaddafi the "Not Free" ranking for civil liberties and political rights.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Reagan call Gaddafi?
A: mad dog of the Middle East', '
Q: According to Human Rights Watch, how many prisoners were killed on June 29, 1996?
A: 1,270', '
Q: Under Gaddafi, how did Freedom House rate Libya?
A: Not Free', '
Q: What did Gaddafi call Libya dissidents based outside the country?
A: stray dogs', '
Q: At what prison did extrajudicial executions occur according to HRW?
A: Abu Salim']
International reactions to Gaddafi's death were divided. U.S. President Barack Obama stated that it meant that "the shadow of tyranny over Libya has been lifted," while UK Prime Minister David Cameron stated that he was "proud" of his country's role in overthrowing "this brutal dictator". Contrastingly, former Cuban President Fidel Castro commented that in defying the rebels, Gaddafi would "enter history as one of the great figures of the Arab nations", while Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez described him as "a great fighter, a revolutionary and a martyr." Nelson Mandela expressed sadness at the news, praising Gaddafi for his anti-apartheid stance, remarking that he backed the African National Congress during "the darkest moments of our struggle". Gaddafi was mourned by many as a hero across Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, a vigil was held by Muslims in Sierra Leone. The Daily Times of Nigeria stated that while undeniably a dictator, Gaddafi was the most benevolent in a region that only knew dictatorship, and that he was "a great man that looked out for his people and made them the envy of all of Africa." The Nigerian newspaper Leadership reported that while many Libyans and Africans would mourn Gaddafi, this would be ignored by western media and that as such it would take 50 years before historians decided whether he was "martyr or villain."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who referred to Gaddafi as a martyr?
A: Hugo Chávez', "
Q: Who noted Gaddafi's opposition to apartheid?
A: Nelson Mandela", "
Q: Who expressed pride at overthrowing Gaddafi's government?
A: David Cameron", '
Q: In what country was there a notable Muslim vigil for Gaddafi?
A: Sierra Leone', '
Q: Who said something about tyranny?
A: Barack Obama']
Following his defeat in the civil war, Gaddafi's system of governance was dismantled and replaced under the interim government of the NTC, who legalised trade unions and freedom of the press. In July 2012, elections were held to form a new General National Congress (GNC), who officially took over governance from the NTC in August. The GNC proceeded to elect Mohammed Magariaf as president of the chamber, and then voted Mustafa A.G. Abushagur as Prime Minister; when Abushagar failed to gain congressional approval, the GNC instead elected Ali Zeidan to the position. In January 2013, the GNC officially renamed the Jamahiriyah as the "State of Libya".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was elected president of the GNC?
A: Mohammed Magariaf', '
Q: Who was initially named prime minister by the GNC?
A: Mustafa A.G. Abushagur', '
Q: Why did Mustafa A.G. Abushagur not become prime minister?
A: failed to gain congressional approval', '
Q: Who did the GNC eventually make prime minister?
A: Ali Zeidan', '
Q: What official name did the GNC give to Libya?
A: State of Libya']
Cyprus (i/ˈsaɪprəs/; Greek: Κύπρος IPA: [ˈcipros]; Turkish: Kıbrıs IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, off the coasts of Syria and Turkey.[e] Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and a member state of the European Union. It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt and east of Greece.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the official name of Cypus?
A: Republic of Cyprus', '
Q: Where is Cyprus located?
A: Eastern Mediterranean Sea', '
Q: What countries are nearby Cyprus?
A: Syria and Turkey', "
Q: What is Cyprus' affiliation with the European Union?
A: member state", '
Q: Is Cyprus an island country or land-locked country? 
A: island country', '
Q: What does Cyprus rank in terms of size in the Mediterranean? 
A: third largest', '
Q: Which country is north of Cyprus?
A: Turkey']
The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 (de jure until 1914).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the date of the earliest known human activity on Cyprus?
A: 10th millennium BC', '
Q: What is Cyprus home to of?
A: the oldest water wells in the world', '
Q: Who was Cyprus settled by in 2nd millennium BC?
A: Mycenaean Greeks', '
Q: What empires have occupied Cyprus?
A: empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians', '
Q: When did Ottoman rule occur in Cyprus?
A: between 1571 and 1878']
Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914. Even though Turkish Cypriots made up only 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s. Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an "extension of Anatolia" by them; while since the 19th century, the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s. Following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. In 1963, the 11-year intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots started, which displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, a coup d'état was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at enosis, the incorporation of Cyprus into Greece. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus the following month, after a ceasefire collapsed, and the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots. A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was established in 1983. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Cyprus placed under British administration?
A: 1878', '
Q: What year was Cyprus annexed by Britain?
A: 1914', '
Q: What year was Cyprus granted independence?
A: 1960', '
Q: What year did the intercommunal violence between Greek and Cypriots occur?
A: 1963', '
Q: How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the 11 year violence in 1963? 
A: 25,000']
The Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus and its surrounding waters, according to international law, except for the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, administered as Sovereign Base Areas. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts; the area under the effective control of the Republic, comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north, administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognised only by Turkey, covering about 36% of the island's area. The international community considers the northern part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Republic of Cyprus does not have de jure sovereignty over what two British territories? 
A: Akrotiri and Dhekelia', '
Q: How many parts is the Republic of Cyprus partitioned into?
A: two main parts', '
Q: How much area of the island does the Republic control?
A: 59%', '
Q: The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is only recognized by what country?
A: Turkey', '
Q: What does the international community consider the northern part of Cyprus?
A: territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces']
During the late Bronze Age the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement. The first wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC. A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period. Cyprus occupies an important role in Greek mythology being the birthplace of Aphrodite and Adonis, and home to King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion. Beginning in the 8th century BC Phoenician colonies were founded on the south coast of Cyprus, near present-day Larnaca and Salamis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what Age did Cyprus experience two waves of Greek settlement?
A: late Bronze Age', '
Q: Who did the first wave of Greek settlement consist of?
A: Mycenaean Greek traders', '
Q: What year did Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus begin visiting Cyprus?
A: 1400 BC', '
Q: Cyprus is the birthplace of what two Greek mythological figures?
A: Aphrodite and Adonis', '
Q: Cyprus is home to which Greek mythological figures?
A: King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion']
Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine. The Venetians fortified Nicosia by building the Venetian Walls, and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the Ottoman Empire frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed Limassol and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified Famagusta and Kyrenia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did James II die?
A: 1473', '
Q: Who assumed control of the island after the death of James II?
A: Republic of Venice', '
Q: In what year did Venice formally annex the kingdom of Cyprus?
A: 1489', '
Q: Which empire frequently raided Cyprus during Venetian rule?
A: Ottoman Empire', '
Q: In what year did the Ottomans destroy Limassol?
A: 1539']
In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants. The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community. Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from Anatolia. This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Cyprus face a full-scale Ottoman assault?
A: 1570', '
Q: Ottoman forces massacred which types of people?
A: Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants', '
Q: Turkish peasants and craftsman were brought to the island from where?
A: Anatolia']
The Ottomans abolished the feudal system previously in place and applied the millet system to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the Church of Cyprus was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church. Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials, and the island began over 250 years of economic decline.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What system did the Ottomans abolish in favor of the millet system?
A: feudal system', '
Q: Who was invested as the leader of the Greek Cypriot population?
A: head of the Church of Cyprus', '
Q: Who was the Church of Cyprus hoping to end encroachments of?
A: Roman Catholic Church', '
Q: How many years did Cyprus face of economic decline?
A: 250 years']
The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777–78, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians. By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians. The Muslim population included numerous crypto-Christians, including the Linobambaki, a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities; this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many Muslims made up the island's population in 1777-78?
A: 47,000", "
Q: How many Christians made up the island's population in 1777-78?
A: 37,000", '
Q: What was the population of the island in 1872?
A: 144,000', '
Q: In 1872 the island contained how many Muslims?
A: 44,000', '
Q: In 1872 the island contained how many Christians?
A: 100,000']
As soon as the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, Kyprianos and four other bishops. In 1828, modern Greece's first president Ioannis Kapodistrias called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place. Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Turks, the unrelenting poverty of most of the people, and the ever-present tax collectors fuelled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century idea of enosis, or union, with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Greek war of independence break out?
A: 1821', '
Q: How many Greek Cypriots were arrested and executed by the Ottoman governor of Cyprus?
A: 486', "
Q: Who was modern Greece's first president?
A: Ioannis Kapodistrias", '
Q: What did Ioannis Kapodistrias call for?
A: union of Cyprus with Greece']
The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal, the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the First World War and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the Central Powers, on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan a Sultanate and British protectorate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The island of Cyprus serves as a key military base to what western country?
A: Britain', '
Q: What years was the Famagusta harbour completed?
A: 1906', '
Q: Cyprus was a naval outpost which overlooked what canal?
A: Suez Canal', '
Q: Which side did the Ottoman Empire join in World War 1?
A: Central Powers']
The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to enosis. The idea of enosis was historically part of the Megali Idea, a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with Greek inhabitants in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus and Asia Minor with a capital in Constantinople, and was actively pursued by the Cypriot Orthodox Church, which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, together with Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the Megali Idea, would later found the guerrilla organisation Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA). The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was a natural right. In the 1950s, the pursuit of enosis became a part of the Greek national policy,

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Megali Idea was actively pursued by whom?
A: Cypriot Orthodox Church', '
Q: Historically, the idea of enosis was part of which other idea?
A: Megali Idea', '
Q: What guerrilla organization was founded by religious officials and military officers?
A: Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA).', '
Q: In what year decade did the pursuit of enosis become a part of national Greek policy?
A: 1950s']