romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the Bronx named for?
A: Jonas Bronck', '
Q: What did Bronck do?
A: created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony', '
Q: When did Bronck settle in the New York area?
A: 1639', '
Q: What native tribe lived in the New York area?
A: Lenape', '
Q: What types of music the Bronx famous for?
A: Latin music and hip hop']
The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace in the 1990s into today.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How poor is part of the Bronx?
A: one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States', '
Q: What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent?
A: Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club', '
Q: When did the South Bronx lose quality of life?
A: the late 1960s and the 1970s', '
Q: What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s?
A: arson']
Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Jonas Bronck born?
A: 1600', '
Q: When did Bronck reach the New York area?
A: spring of 1639', '
Q: Where did Bronck emigrate from?
A: Småland, Sweden', '
Q: What entity did Bronck get his land from?
A: the Dutch West India Company', '
Q: How much land did Bronck eventually own?
A: 500 acres']
The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the Bronx's county name?
A: The County of Bronx", "
Q: What is the Bronx's borough name?
A: Borough of the Bronx", '
Q: When was the Bronx created?
A: 1874', '
Q: When was the Bronx added to?
A: 1898', '
Q: What county was the Bronx split off from?
A: Westchester']
The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
A: 1759', '
Q: Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
A: tolls were resented', "
Q: What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?
A: between New England and New York", '
Q: When was Kingsbridge built?
A: 1693', '
Q: Who owned Kingsbridge?
A: Frederick Philipse']
The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many counties did New York originally have?
A: 12', '
Q: Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?
A: Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham', '
Q: When was West Farms created?
A: 1846', '
Q: When was Morrisania created?
A: 1855', '
Q: When was the town of Kingsbridge created?
A: 1873']
The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?
A: 1873', '
Q: When did New York City annex West Farms?
A: 1873', '
Q: When did New York City annex Morrisania?
A: 1873', '
Q: When did New York City annex part of Pelham?
A: 1895', '
Q: When did New York City annex part of Eastchester?
A: 1895']
The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was the Bronx's boom period?
A: 1900–29", "
Q: What was the Bronx's population in 1900?
A: 200,000", "
Q: What was the Bronx's population in 1929?
A: 1.3 million", "
Q: When did the Bronx's income declined?
A: 1950–85", "
Q: When did the Bronx's economy regrow?
A: starting in the late 1980s"]
The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?
A: 592,185', '
Q: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?
A: 54,000', "
Q: What led to the Bronx's population growth?
A: Extensions of the New York City Subway", '
Q: What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx?
A: Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans', '
Q: How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937?
A: 43.9%']
Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is redlining?
A: a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas', '
Q: What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings?
A: rent control laws', '
Q: What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx?
A: fire-fighting']
In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?
A: arson', '
Q: Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?
A: it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area', '
Q: Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx?
A: South Bronx']
Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?
A: "Ten-Year Housing Plan"', '
Q: How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?
A: about 1,000', '
Q: Who built the Nehemiah Homes?
A: Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx', '
Q: Who led the Melrose Commons project?
A: Nos Quedamos', '
Q: How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007?
A: 149']
In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?
A: All America City', '
Q: Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997?
A: the National Civic League', '
Q: How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s?
A: pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings', '
Q: How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007?
A: 33,687', '
Q: How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007?
A: $4.8 billion']
Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?
A: Kingsbridge National Ice Center', '
Q: What was the largest armory in the world?
A: Kingsbridge Armory', '
Q: Where is a La Quinta being built in the Bronx?
A: the Mott Haven waterfront', '
Q: How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost?
A: US$350–500 million', '
Q: How much development space would a Concourse Yard platform provide?
A: 2,000,000 square feet']
The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic Area Code and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.)

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx?
A: Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs", '
Q: What county is Tenafly in?
A: Bergen County', '
Q: What state is Alpine in?
A: New Jersey', "
Q: What's on the other side of the Harlem River from the Bronx?
A: Manhattan", "
Q: What's on the other side of the East River from the Bronx?
A: Queens"]
The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School. The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where is the Bronx's highest point?
A: in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School", '
Q: What part of the Bronx formerly a salt marsh?
A: southeastern', "
Q: What are the Bronx's four low peninsulas?
A: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck", "
Q: What is Rodman's Neck between?
A: Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island", "
Q: How long is the Bronx's shoreline?
A: 75 square miles"]
The northern side of the borough includes the largest park in New York City—Pelham Bay Park, which includes Orchard Beach—and the fourth largest, Van Cortlandt Park, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders Yonkers. Also in the northern Bronx, Wave Hill, the former estate of George W. Perkins—known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts—overlooks the New Jersey Palisades from a promontory on the Hudson in Riverdale. Nearer the borough's center, and along the Bronx River, is Bronx Park; its northern end houses the New York Botanical Gardens, which preserve the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county, and its southern end the Bronx Zoo, the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States. Just south of Van Cortlandt Park is the Jerome Park Reservoir, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the Bedford Park neighborhood; the reservoir was built in the 1890s on the site of the former Jerome Park Racetrack. Further south is Crotona Park, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool. The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did NYC buy land for its parks?
A: 1888', '
Q: How many types of trees are in Crotona Park?
A: 28', "
Q: How large is Crotona Park's lake?
A: 3.3-acre", '
Q: When was the Jerome Park Reservoir built?
A: in the 1890s', '
Q: What do the NY Botanical Gardens preserve?
A: the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county']
East of the Bronx River, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Screvin's Neck also called?
A: Castle Hill Point", '
Q: In what river does the Bronx have 4 peninsulas?
A: East River', "
Q: What is NYC's largest park?
A: Pelham Bay Park", '
Q: Where is Pelham Bay Park?
A: along the Westchester-Bronx border']
The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston. It includes New York City's fourth largest park: Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. The Grand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What parts of the Bronx have more hills?
A: western', '
Q: What parts of West Bronx are more affluent?
A: Riverdale and Fieldston.', "
Q: What is NYC's 4th-largest park?
A: Van Cortlandt Park", '
Q: Where is Van Cortlandt Park?
A: along the Westchester-Bronx border', '
Q: What is the Grand Concourse?
A: a wide boulevard']
Like other neighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. The Bronx River more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as Yankee Stadium. The Cross Bronx Expressway bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Why has the supposed size of the 'South Bronx' grown?
A: The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places", '
Q: When was Fordham Road being used as the limit of the South Bronx area?
A: by the 2000s', '
Q: Which river is the eastern edge of the South Bronx?
A: The Bronx River', '
Q: Which stadium is in the South Bronx?
A: Yankee Stadium', '
Q: Which direction does the Cross Bronx Expressway run through the South Bronx?
A: east to west']
There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues. It is primarily located inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven. The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx. It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street. The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What in the Bronx has been compared to Broadway?
A: The Hub', '
Q: What is the main retail area of the South Bronx?
A: The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District', '
Q: Which streets demarcate The Hub BID?
A: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues', '
Q: What is The Hub\'s nickname?
A: "the Broadway of the Bronx"', '
Q: What shape is The Hub?
A: bow-tie']
The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, south of Yankee Stadium. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center has earned itself a LEED "Silver" designation in its design.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on?
A: 17 acres', '
Q: How much did the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market cost?
A: $500 million', "
Q: How many floors does the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage have?
A: six", "
Q: How many cars can the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage hold?
A: 2,600"]