romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?
A: 1993', '
Q: For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?
A: one hour', '
Q: Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?
A: software developers', '
Q: What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?
A: Coordinated Universal Time', '
Q: What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?
A: Unix-based']
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?
A: weekly", '
Q: What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?
A: complexity', '
Q: What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?
A: Some clock-shift problems']
DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does DST inherit from standard time?
A: disadvantages', '
Q: Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?
A: magnify', "
Q: Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?
A: two", '
Q: What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?
A: sun-exposure guidelines', '
Q: When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?
A: time zone']
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?
A: Richard Meade', '
Q: In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?
A: daylight savings time', '
Q: Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?
A: daylight saving time', '
Q: Joining Merriam-Webster\'s and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?
A: American Heritage', '
Q: Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster\'s include?
A: daylight time']
In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?
A: daylight saving', "
Q: What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?
A: summer time", '
Q: What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?
A: zomertijd', '
Q: What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?
A: ora legale', '
Q: What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?
A: solar time']
The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What usually changes when a place observes DST?
A: The name of local time', '
Q: What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones?
A: standard', '
Q: In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?
A: Pacific Daylight Time', "
Q: When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?
A: British Summer Time", '
Q: What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?
A: summer']
The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?
A: spring forward, fall back', '
Q: What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?
A: mnemonic', '
Q: What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?
A: which direction to shift clocks']
Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can cause issues with installed computer systems?
A: Changes to DST rules', '
Q: What year did DST rules change in North America?
A: 2007', '
Q: What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?
A: upgrades', '
Q: In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?
A: email', '
Q: Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?
A: corporate information technologists']
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?
A: UTC", '
Q: By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?
A: time zone differences', '
Q: In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?
A: operating systems', '
Q: Where do computers usually use UTC?
A: internally', '
Q: What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?
A: local time']
However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?
A: the IANA time zone database', '
Q: What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?
A: date/time', "
Q: What's another name for the IANA database?
A: zoneinfo"]
The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?
A: historical and predicted clock shifts', '
Q: IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?
A: system maintenance', "
Q: What environment variable defines a location's name?
A: TZ", '
Q: What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?
A: timezone-independent epoch time', "
Q: What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?
A: tztab"]
Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?
A: one', '
Q: When must TZ values be changed on an older system?
A: whenever DST rules change', '
Q: What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?
A: time for the eastern United States starting in 2007', '
Q: What years will a new TZ value apply to?
A: all years', "
Q: What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?
A: older timestamps"]
As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?
A: specifying the name of a location', '
Q: When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?
A: when DST rules change', "
Q: If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?
A: two", '
Q: If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?
A: 1987', '
Q: On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?
A: 2006']
These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?
A: 1995", '
Q: Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?
A: marked Israel as not having DST', '
Q: How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?
A: twice a year', '
Q: What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?
A: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law', '
Q: Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?
A: the Gregorian calendar']
Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?
A: local time', "
Q: Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?
A: a rescue boot disk", '
Q: As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?
A: a single system-wide setting', '
Q: In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?
A: 2008', '
Q: Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?
A: two']
The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What file system do recent Windows versions use?
A: NTFS', '
Q: Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?
A: UTC', '
Q: What file system do most removable devices use?
A: FAT', "
Q: What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?
A: current local time"]
A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?
A: permanent daylight saving time', '
Q: Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?
A: time shifts', '
Q: In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?
A: late', '
Q: During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?
A: 2011 to 2014', '
Q: In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?
A: winter']
Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?
A: westward', '
Q: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?
A: 67', '
Q: What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?
A: Central Standard Time', '
Q: Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?
A: negative DST', '
Q: What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?
A: 1971']
Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?
A: an extra hour', '
Q: During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?
A: three', '
Q: What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?
A: Double Summer Time', "
Q: What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?
A: Central European Midsummer Time"]
The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does RIBA stand for?
A: Royal Institute of British Architects', '
Q: What is the goal of RIBA?
A: the advancement of architecture', '
Q: When was RIBA founded?
A: 1837', "
Q: When was RIBA's founding document expanded?
A: 1971", '
Q: In what country does RIBA mainly operate?
A: United Kingdom']
Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Riba's first name?
A: Institute of British Architects in London", '
Q: In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?
A: 1834', '
Q: In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?
A: London', '
Q: In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?
A: Architects']
After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What caused the change of the Institute's name?
A: the grant of the royal charter", "
Q: What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?
A: the reference to London", "
Q: When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?
A: 1892", '
Q: Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?
A: Portland Place', '
Q: Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?
A: King George V and Queen Mary']
It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?
A: 1837', '
Q: Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?
A: King William IV', '
Q: In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?
A: 1887, 1909 and 1925', '
Q: When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?
A: 1971', '
Q: What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?
A: minor amendments']