romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from the Republican Party was Louis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents. Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Detroit incorporated?
A: 1802', '
Q: How many mayors has Detroit had?
A: 74', "
Q: Who was Detroit's last Republican mayor?
A: Louis Miriani", "
Q: Who was Detroit's first black mayor?
A: Coleman Young", "
Q: What was Dennis Archer's former occupation?
A: Supreme Court Justice"]
In March 2013, Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy. On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Michigan's governor in 2013?
A: Rick Snyder", '
Q: What judge declared Detroit bankrupt?
A: Stephen Rhodes', '
Q: What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file?
A: Chapter 9', '
Q: When did Detroit file for bankruptcy?
A: July 18, 2013', '
Q: How much did Detroit owe when it was declared bankrupt?
A: $18.5 billion']
Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The University of Detroit Mercy, located in Northwest Detroit in the University District, is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Sisters of Mercy. The University of Detroit Mercy offers more than a hundred academic degrees and programs of study including business, dentistry, law, engineering, architecture, nursing and allied health professions. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located Downtown across from the Renaissance Center.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What research university is located in Midtown?
A: Wayne State University', '
Q: What Catholic university is in Detroit?
A: University of Detroit Mercy', "
Q: In which district is Detroit Mercy's Law School located?
A: Downtown", '
Q: Which Catholic society is Detroit Mercy affiliated with?
A: Society of Jesus']
Sacred Heart Major Seminary, originally founded in 1919, is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees. Sacred Heart Major Seminary offers a variety of academic programs for both clerical and lay students. Other institutions in the city include the College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009, the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East Lansing opened a satellite campus located at the Detroit Medical Center. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959, University of Michigan–Dearborn was established in neighboring Dearborn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Seminary is located in Detroit?
A: Sacred Heart Major Seminary', '
Q: When was Sacred Heart Major Seminary founded?
A: 1919', '
Q: What University opened a satellite campus in the Detroit Medical Center?
A: Michigan State', '
Q: When was the University of Michigan founded?
A: 1817', '
Q: When did the University of Michigan leave Detroit?
A: 1837']
Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese of Detroit. As of 2013[update] there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side. The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs. Of the three Catholic high schools in the city, two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Catholic high schools are in Detroit?
A: three', '
Q: How many Catholic grade schools are in Detroit?
A: four', '
Q: Two of the three Catholic high schools are operated by which religious group?
A: Society of Jesus', '
Q: On which side of the city of the city are all of the Catholic schools located?
A: west']
The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement called the Detroit Newspaper Partnership. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit. In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days a week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery. The Metro Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Under which agreement are Detroit's major newspapers published?
A: Detroit Newspaper Partnership", '
Q: When was The Metro Times founded?
A: 1980', "
Q: In what year did Detroit's two major newspapers reduce home delivery?
A: 2009"]
Also founded in 1935 and based in Detroit the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America. Covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events. The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States; according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What newspaper was founded in 1935?
A: Michigan Chronicle', "
Q: How is Detroit's TV market ranked?
A: 11th largest", '
Q: How often does the Michigan Chronicle publish?
A: weekly', '
Q: What province of Canada is a large consumer of Detroit programming?
A: Ontario']
Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit. The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the United States' fourth largest medical school overall.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many major hospitals are in Detroit?
A: over a dozen', '
Q: What is the Detroit VA hospital called?
A: John D. Dingell', '
Q: How many affiliated physicians does the DMC have?
A: 3,000', '
Q: How many beds does the DMC have?
A: 2,000', '
Q: Who is the largest private employer in Detroit?
A: DMC']
Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010, as a for profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 M to retire debts, at least $350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment. Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations. The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Detroit Medical Center has become a part of what Health System?
A: Vanguard Health Systems', '
Q: How much does Vanguard plan to invest in DMC?
A: $1.5 B', "
Q: What is a name of a Catholic hospital in Detroit?
A: St. Joseph's", '
Q: How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC?
A: $417 M', '
Q: How much does Vanguard plan to spend in capital investment?
A: $500 M']
On February 18, 2015, Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Canada had already planned to pay for 95 per cent of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion, and is expected to open in 2020. "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border," Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the Transport Minister in Canada?
A: Lisa Raitt', '
Q: How much is the U.S. Customs plaza expected to cost?
A: $250 million', '
Q: How much is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to cost?
A: $2.1 billion', '
Q: When is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to open?
A: 2020', '
Q: How much of the Gordie Howe International Bridge is Canada going to pay for?
A: 95 per cent']
Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Interstate is the major north-south route?
A: I-75', '
Q: Which of the Great Lakes does I-75 pass next to?
A: Lake Erie', '
Q: How many major interstates are serve Detroit?
A: Four']
I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest–southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is I-94 called?
A: Edsel Ford Freeway', '
Q: Who built I-94?
A: Henry Ford', '
Q: A part of I-94 was an example of what type of highway?
A: limited-access', '
Q: During which conflict was I-94 built?
A: World War II']
I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which highway is an extension of the Chrysler Freeway?
A: I-375', '
Q: What is I-696 called?
A: Reuther Freeway', '
Q: Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit?
A: I-696', '
Q: Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways?
A: M', '
Q: Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696?
A: I-275']
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q:  How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define "Culture" in short?
A: the way of life', '
Q: What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?
A: Terror Management Theory', '
Q: What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?
A: larger brain']
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?
A: 50,000 years ago', '
Q: Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.
A: kinship, gender and marriage', '
Q: What does the term "concept material culture" cover?
A: technology, architecture and art']
In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?
A: body modification, clothing or jewelry', '
Q: Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?
A: 20th century', '
Q: What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?
A: as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness']
When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. "bro culture"), or a counter culture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism holds that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the term "Count Noun" mean?
A: a culture', '
Q: What cultural traits fall under the term count noun?
A: customs, traditions and values of a society or community', '
Q: What falls within the term "cultural anthropology"?
A: the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism']
The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him "refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the modern term "culture" based on?
A: term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero', '
Q: Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?
A: Samuel Pufendorf', "
Q: Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?
A: no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection"]
Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? 
A: social dynamics and promoting new cultural models', '
Q: What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?
A: U.S. feminist movement', '
Q: Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?
A: ice age']
Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, hamburgers, fast food in the United States, seemed exotic when introduced into China. "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. "Direct Borrowing" on the other hand tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What may impact social dynamics and technical development?
A: War or competition over resources', '
Q: In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?
A: fast food', '
Q: What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?
A: the sharing of ideas', '
Q: Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?
A: Diffusion of innovations']
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man\'s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity".
A: Immanuel Kant', '
Q: What does the term Sapere aude mean?
A: Dare to be wise', '
Q: Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?
A: Johann Gottfried Herder']