romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In the mid-1980s Lucasfilm pioneered the EditDroid non-linear editing system for film and television based on computer-controlled LaserDisc players. Instead of printing dailies out on film, processed negatives from the day's shoot would be sent to a mastering plant to be assembled from their 10-minute camera elements into 20-minute film segments. These were then mastered onto single-sided blank LaserDiscs, just as a DVD would be burnt at home today, allowing for much easier selection and preparation of an Edit Decision List. In the days before video assist was available in cinematography, this was the only other way a film crew could see their work. The EDL went to the negative cutter who then cut the camera negative accordingly and assembled the finished film. Only 24 EditDroid systems were ever built, even though the ideas and technology are still in use today. Later EditDroid experiments borrowed from hard-drive technology of having multiple discs on the same spindle and added numerous playback heads and numerous electronics to the basic jukebox design so that any point on each of the discs would be accessible within seconds. This eliminated the need for racks and racks of industrial LaserDisc players since EditDroid discs were only single-sided.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many EditDroid systems were ever built?
A: 24', '
Q: Were EditDroid discs single or multi-sided?
A: single-sided', '
Q: Which production company engineered the EditDroid machines in the 1980s?
A: Lucasfilm']
In 1986, a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer was used for the BBC Domesday Project. The player was referred as an LV-ROM (LaserVision Read Only Memory) as the discs contained the driving software as well as the video frames. The discs used the CAV format, and encoded data as a binary signal represented by the analog audio recording. These discs could contain in each CAV frame video/audio or video/binary data, but not both. "Data" frames would appear blank when played as video. It was typical for each disc to start with the disc catalog (a few blank frames) then the video introduction before the rest of the data. Because the format (based on the ADFS hard disc format) used a starting sector for each file, the data layout effectively skipped over any video frames. If all 54,000 frames are used for data storage an LV-ROM disc can contain 324 MB of data per side. The Domesday Project systems also included a genlock, allowing video frames, clips and audio to be mixed with graphics originated from the BBC Master; this was used to great effect for displaying high resolution photographs and maps, which could then be zoomed into.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the Doomsday project occur?
A: 1986', '
Q: Which equipment was used for the Doomsday Project?
A: a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer', '
Q: What does LV-ROM stand for?
A: LaserVision Read Only Memory', '
Q: The Doomsday Project discs used which formatting?
A: CAV']
Apple's HyperCard scripting language provided Macintosh computer users with a means to design databases of slides, animation, video and sounds from LaserDiscs and then to create interfaces for users to play specific content from the disc through software called LaserStacks. User-created "stacks" were shared and were especially popular in education where teacher-generated stacks were used to access discs ranging from art collections to basic biological processes. Commercially available stacks were also popular with the Voyager company being possibly the most successful distributor.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which of Apple's programming languages allowed users to ceatively manipulate LaserDiscs?
A: HyperCard", '
Q: What did LaserStacks software enable Mac users to do?
A: play specific content from the disc', '
Q: Where were "stacks" created with the LaserStack software used?
A: in education', "
Q: Which commercial company was LaserStack's most successful distributor?
A: Voyager"]
Under contract from the U.S. Military, Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes. The computer was a 286, the LaserDisc player only capable of reading the analog audio tracks. Together they weighed 43 lb (20 kg) and sturdy handles were provided in case two people were required to lift the unit. The computer controlled the player via a 25-pin serial port at the back of the player and a ribbon cable connected to a proprietary port on the motherboard. Many of these were sold as surplus by the military during the 1990s, often without the controller software. Nevertheless, it is possible to control the unit by removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity?
A: the U.S. Military', "
Q: How much did Matrox's computer/LD combo weigh?
A: 43 lb (20 kg)", "
Q: How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?
A: removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player"]
The format's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s, beginning in 1983 with Sega's Astron Belt. American Laser Games and Cinematronics produced elaborate arcade consoles that used the random-access features to create interactive movies such as Dragon's Lair and Space Ace. Similarly, the Pioneer Laseractive and Halcyon were introduced as home video game consoles that used LaserDisc media for their software.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s?
A: instant-access capability', "
Q: What was the first game to use LaserDiscs?
A: Sega's Astron Belt", "
Q: In what year was Sega's AStron Belt released?
A: 1983"]
In 1991, several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc, representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Encoded using NHK's MUSE "Hi-Vision" analogue TV system, MUSE discs would operate like standard LaserDiscs but would contain high-definition 1,125-line (1,035 visible lines) (Sony HDVS) video with a 5:3 aspect ratio. The MUSE players were also capable of playing standard NTSC format discs and are superior in performance to non-MUSE players even with these NTSC discs. The MUSE-capable players had several noteworthy advantages over standard LaserDisc players, including a red laser with a much narrower wavelength than the lasers found in standard players. The red laser was capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out. Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs, and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate?
A: 5:3', '
Q: What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have?
A: capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out', '
Q: In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs?
A: Crosstalk', '
Q: How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology?
A: almost 15 years']
In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$10,000, and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny. Players and discs were never officially sold in North America, although several distributors imported MUSE discs along with other import titles. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs. Several documentaries, including one about Formula One at Japan's Suzuka Circuit were also released.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the price for early HDTVs?
A: US$10,000', '
Q: Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?
A: tiny', "
Q: What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs?
A: Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin"]
With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic "squeezed" format. The widescreen movie image was stretched to fill the entire video frame with less or none of the video resolution wasted to create letterbox bars. The advantage was a 33% greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc. This same procedure was used for anamorphic DVDs, but unlike all DVD players, very few LD players had the ability to unsqueeze the image for 4:3 sets, and very few if any 4:3 sets could be set to play them properly either. If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted. Since very few people owned 16:9 displays, the marketability of these special discs was very limited.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were "Squeeze LDs"?
A: enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs', '
Q: With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate?
A: 16:9-ratio widescreen', '
Q: Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market?
A: very few people owned 16:9 displays', '
Q: Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player, or was the image significantly distorted?
A: distorted', '
Q: What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs?
A: 33%']
There were no anamorphic LaserDisc titles available in the US except for promotional purposes. Upon purchase of a Toshiba 16:9 television viewers had the option of selecting a number of Warner Bros. 16:9 films. Titles include Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy. The Japanese lineup of titles was different. A series of releases under the banner "SQUEEZE LD" from Pioneer of mostly Carolco titles included Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger. Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD, the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD?
A: Terminator 2', "
Q: What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release?
A: THX certified", '
Q: What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs?
A: Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy', '
Q: What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs?
A: Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger']
Another form of recordable LaserDisc that is completely playback-compatible with the LaserDisc format (unlike CRVdisc with its caddy enclosure) is the RLV, or Recordable LaserVision disc. It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus) in 1984. RLV discs, like CRVdisc, are also a WORM technology, and function exactly like a CD-R disc. RLV discs look almost exactly like standard LaserDiscs, and can play in any standard LaserDisc player after they have been recorded.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the acronym RLV stand for?
A: Recordable LaserVision disc', '
Q: Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV?
A: Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus)', '
Q: In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc?
A: 1984.']
The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD?
A: reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color', '
Q: Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color?
A: to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs', '
Q: For what purpose were RLVs popular?
A: making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators', '
Q: What color were regular LaserDiscs, in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues?
A: silver mirror']
There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) "single"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks. The original 1989 release of David Bowie's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes, and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video, plus three audio tracks: "John, I'm Only Dancing", "Changes", and "The Supermen".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD?
A: 12 cm (4.7 in)', '
Q: What were CD size "single"-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players?
A: CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD)', '
Q: How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk?
A: up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content', "
Q: What were CD-V's video capacities usually used for?
A: music video", '
Q: Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989?
A: David Bowie']
CD-Vs are not to be confused with Video CDs (which are all-digital and can only be played on VCD players, DVD players, CD-i players, computers, and later-model LaserDisc players, such as the DVL series from Pioneer that can also play DVDs). CD-Vs can only be played back on LaserDisc players with CD-V capability. VSDs were the same as CD-Vs, but without the audio CD tracks. CD-Vs were somewhat popular for a brief time worldwide, but soon faded from view. VSDs were popular only in Japan and other parts of Asia, and were never fully introduced to the rest of the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included?
A: audio CD tracks', '
Q: In what areas of the world were VSDs popular?
A: only in Japan and other parts of Asia', '
Q: Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also playable on DVD players?
A: VSDs']
The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of symmetry do annelids have?
A: bilateral', '
Q: What do annelids use to move?
A: parapodia', '
Q: Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms?
A: polychaetes', '
Q: Which subtype of annelids includes earthworms?
A: oligochaetes', '
Q: Since 1997, what are leeches seen as a subgroup of?
A: oligochaetes']
The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What separates many annelids' segments?
A: Septa", '
Q: Which annelids show no segmentation?
A: Echiura and Sipuncula', '
Q: What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts?
A: front', '
Q: What is movement by ripples called?
A: peristalsis', '
Q: What movement method do some burrowing annelids use?
A: turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves']
Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as plankton and then sink and metamorphose into miniature adults. Oligochaetes are full hermaphrodites and produce a ring-like cocoon around their bodies, in which the eggs and hatchlings are nourished until they are ready to emerge.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do annelids normally reproduce?
A: sexual reproduction', '
Q: What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do?
A: regenerate after severe injuries', '
Q: What larvae live like plankton?
A: trochophore', '
Q: What annelids are hermaphrodites?
A: Oligochaetes', '
Q: What annelids make a cocoon in a ring around themselves?
A: Oligochaetes']
Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although blood-letting is no longer in favor with doctors, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do earthworms help the soil they live in?
A: aeration and enriching', '
Q: How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing?
A: up to a third', '
Q: How do burrowing marine annelids help ocean ecosystems?
A: enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor', "
Q: What annelids' jaws are being studied by engineers?
A: Ragworms", '
Q: Why are some leeches endangered?
A: they have been over-harvested']
Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago. Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why are annelid fossils rare?
A: annelids are soft-bodied', '
Q: What fossil signs of annelids are found?
A: jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted', '
Q: How old is the earliest annelid fossil?
A: 518 million years ago', '
Q: What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago?
A: modern mobile polychaete groups', '
Q: What period started around 472 million years ago?
A: the mid Ordovician']
No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt – on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What externally divides annelids' segments?
A: shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli", '
Q: What divides annelids\' segments internally?
A: septa ("partitions")', '
Q: What do the segments of an annelid share?
A: a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system', "
Q: What covers an annelid's exterior?
A: a cuticle", "
Q: What is an annelid's cuticle made of?
A: collagen"]
Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments. The frontmost section, called the prostomium (Greek προ- meaning "in front of" and στομα meaning "mouth") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the pygidium (Greek πυγιδιον, meaning "little tail") or periproct contains the anus, generally on the underside. The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium (Greek περι- meaning "around" and στομα meaning "mouth"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What language does the term 'chaetae' come from?
A: Greek", "
Q: What does 'chaetae' mean?
A: hair", '
Q: Which parts of annelids are different from true segments?
A: the frontmost and rearmost sections', "
Q: What language does 'prostomium' come from?
A: Greek", "
Q: What does 'pygidium' mean?
A: little tail"]