romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power and wind power, fossil fuels such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines, employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the Industrial Revolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How early did people in the Muslim World start using watermills?
A: 7th century', '
Q: In what century had mills such as gristmills and sawmills dominate the Islamic world?
A: 11th century', '
Q: At what point was the use of watermills common in the Muslim World?
A: 9th century', '
Q: Who invented crankshafts?
A: Muslim engineers', '
Q: Who was the inventor of water turbines?
A: Muslim engineers']
More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of the humans in the world are considered Muslim?
A: 20%', '
Q: How many Muslims are believed to live on earth?
A: 1,5 billion', '
Q: In how many nations are Muslims in the majority of people?
A: 49', '
Q: How many languages are spoken by Muslims?
A: hundreds']
The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam. These two main differences stem from the understanding of which hadith are to interpret the Quran. Sunnis believe the true political successor of the Prophet in Sunnah is based on ٍShura (consultation) at the Saqifah which selected Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favourite wife, 'A'ishah, to lead the Islamic community while the religious succession ceased to exist on account of finality of Prophethood. Shia on the other hand believe that the true political as well as religious successor is Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah (designated by the Prophet).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Muslim denominations are the most dominant?
A: Sunni and Shia', '
Q: What are the two main things differentiating Sunni and Shia?
A: how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam', '
Q: Who is believed, among Sunnis,  to be the political successor of the Prophet?
A: Abu Bakr', "
Q: Who was Abu Bakr?
A: father of the Prophet's favourite wife", "
Q: Who was Ali ibn Abi Talib?
A: husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah"]
Literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. Some members such as Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa. In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the literacy rate in Kuwait?
A: over 97%', '
Q: In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate?
A: 37%', '
Q: What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015?
A: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization', '
Q: Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world?
A: Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa']
Several Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publication. Some countries have tried to encourage scientific research. In Pakistan, establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002, resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia has established the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. United Arab Emirates has invested in Zayed University, United Arab Emirates University, and Masdar Institute of Science and Technology[clarification needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?
A: Higher Education Commission', '
Q: How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?
A: 5-fold increase', '
Q: What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?
A: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology', '
Q: Where is Zayed University?
A: United Arab Emirates', '
Q: How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?
A: 115']
Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly that of the mosque. Through Islamic architecture, effects of varying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. Generally, the use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques were striking. There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture?
A: the mosque', '
Q: What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?
A: decorative calligraphy', '
Q: What is the definition of haram?
A: forbidden', '
Q: Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?
A: mosque architecture', '
Q: Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?
A: secular architecture']
No Islamic visual images or depictions of God are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry. Moreover, Muslims believe that God is incorporeal, making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the names and attributes that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one sura of the Quran begins with the phrase "In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such aniconism and iconoclasm can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?
A: such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry', '
Q: What do Muslims believe of the form of God?
A: God is incorporeal', '
Q: How many sura\'s in the Quran begin with "In the name of God?"
A: All but one', '
Q: What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?
A: prohibited', '
Q: What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?
A: Jewish and some Christian theology']
Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as arabesque. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in pre-Islamic pagan religions. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the miniature style made famous in Persia and under the Ottoman Empire which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque. Islamic calligraphy is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic kufic and naskh scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of minbars, and so on.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the repetitive use of geometric floral designs known as in Islamic art?
A: arabesque', '
Q: Islam forbade types of art found in what religions?
A: pre-Islamic pagan religions', '
Q: Miniature paintings of the Ottoman empire featured what kind of subjects?
A: people and animals', '
Q: What is one reason the art of Islam may be abstract?
A: to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God', '
Q: In mosques domes may have what kind of scripts decorating them?
A: kufic and naskh scripts']
Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture?
A: ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns', '
Q: What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture?
A: columns, piers and arches', '
Q: When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World?
A: 691', '
Q: Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome?
A: Dome of the Rock mosque', '
Q: When was the Taj Mahal constructed?
A: 17th century']
The Solar Hijri calendar, also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar, and abbreviated as SH, is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. It begins on the vernal equinox. Each of the twelve months corresponds with a zodiac sign. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in usual years but 30 days in leap years. The year of Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina (622 CE) is fixed as the first year of the calendar, and the New Year's Day always falls on the March equinox.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender?
A: The Solar Hijri calendar', '
Q: What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender?
A: SH', '
Q: What is the customary calendar of Iran?
A: the Shamsi Hijri calendar', '
Q: How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar?
A: twelve months', "
Q: What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on?
A: Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina"]
In a small minority of Muslim countries, the law requires women to cover either just legs, shoulders and head or the whole body apart from the face. In strictest forms, the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through. These rules for dressing cause tensions, concerning particularly Muslims living in Western countries, where restrictions are considered both sexist and oppressive. Some Muslims oppose this charge, and instead declare that the media in these countries presses on women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive, and that this is itself sexist and oppressive.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?
A: a small minority', '
Q: What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?
A: sexist and oppressive', '
Q: Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?
A: women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive', '
Q: In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?
A: the face']
Iran (/aɪˈræn/ or i/ɪˈrɑːn/; Persian: Irān – ایران‎‎ [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] ( listen)), also known as Persia (/ˈpɜːrʒə/ or /ˈpɜːrʃə/), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران – Jomhuri ye Eslāmi ye Irān [d͡ʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒːn]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by Kazakhstan and Russia across the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 78.4 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country that has both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. Iran has long been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which country borders Iran to Iran's northwest?
A: Armenia", '
Q: How many people live in Iran?
A: 78.4 million', "
Q: What is Iran's land mass in square miles?
A: 636,372 sq mi", '
Q: What is the unofficial name for Iran?
A: Persia', "
Q: What is Iran's official country name?
A: the Islamic Republic of Iran"]
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the area into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. Iran reached the pinnacle of its power during the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, which at its greatest extent comprised major portions of the ancient world, stretching from parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The Parthian Empire emerged from the ashes and was succeeded by the Sassanid Dynasty in 224 AD, under which Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world, along with the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than four centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What civilizations formed in Iran during 3200-2800 BC?
A: the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms', '
Q: When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area?
A: 625 BC', '
Q: Who found the Archaemenid Empire in 550 BC?
A: Cyrus the Great', '
Q: When did the Archaemenid Empire collapse?
A: 330 BC', '
Q: Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC?
A: Alexander the Great']
In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD, largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the official language, while Persian remained the language of both ordinary people and of literature. Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. Establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in 1501, converted the Iranian people from Sunni Islam to Twelver Shia Islam, and made Twelver Shia Islam the official religion of Iran. Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time. During the 19th century, Iran irrevocably lost swaths of its territories in the Caucasus which made part of the concept of Iran for centuries, to neighboring Imperial Russia. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a constitutional monarchy and the country's first Majles (parliament). Following a coup d'état instigated by the U.K. and the U.S. in 1953, Iran gradually became close allies with the United States and the rest of the West, remained secular, but grew increasingly autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the 1979 Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Rashidun Arabs invade Iran?
A: 633 AD', '
Q: What year did the Rashidun Arabs conquer Iran?
A: 651 AD', '
Q: What religion did the Rashidun Arabs convert the indigenous conquered peoples to? 
A: Sunni Islam', "
Q: Which country took over Iran's territories in the Caucasus in the 19th Century?
A: Imperial Russia", '
Q: What movement led to Iran becoming an Islamic republic in 1979?
A: 1979 Revolution']
Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading cultural and economic center. Iran is a major regional and middle power, exerting considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels, which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves. Iran's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the fourth-largest number in Asia and 12th-largest in the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What resource does Iran have the largest supply of in the world?
A: natural gas', "
Q: What city is Iran's capital?
A: Tehran", '
Q: How does Iran effect the world economy and international energy markets?
A: through its large reserves of fossil fuels', '
Q: What resource does Iran have the fourth largest supply of in the world?
A: proven oil reserves', '
Q: How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites does Iran have?
A: 19']
The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian *arya- (meaning "Aryan," i.e., "of the Iranians"), argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, meaning "skillful assembler." In Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta,[a] and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans (Ossetic: Ир – Ir) and Iron (Ossetic: Ирон – Iron).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?
A: 3rd-century', '
Q: What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?
A: Parthian', '
Q: What Proto-Indo-European term means "skillful assembler?"
A: *ar-yo-', '
Q: What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?
A: the gentilic', '
Q: What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?
A: Ērān']
Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis (Greek: Περσίς), meaning "land of the Persians." As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, the term persisted, even long after the Persian rule in Greece. However, Persis (Old Persian: Pārśa; Modern Persian: Pārse) was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountains, and is today defined as Fars Province.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which historians referred to Iran as Persis?
A: Greek historians', '
Q: What has the West historically referred Iran as?
A: Persia', '
Q: When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia?
A: the 9th century BC', '
Q: After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?
A: the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,', '
Q: What is Persis known as today?
A: Fars Province']
In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, "At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country." Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts; although, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?
A: 1935', '
Q: Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?
A: New York Times', '
Q: Which name is officially used politically?
A: Iran', '
Q: Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?
A: Professor Ehsan Yarshater']
The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros region, at sites such as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave.[page needed] Around 10th to 8th millennium BC, early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan and Chogha Bonut began to flourish in Iran, as well as Susa and Chogha Mish developing in and around the Zagros region.[page needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?
A: the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC', '
Q: When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?
A: 10th to 8th millennium BC', '
Q: What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?
A: the Zagros region', '
Q: What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?
A: The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran']