romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The emergence of Susa as a city, as determined by radiocarbon dating, dates back to early 4,395 BC. There are dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau, pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the 4th millennium BC. During the Bronze Age, Iran was home to several civilizations including Elam, Jiroft, and Zayande River. Elam, the most prominent of these civilizations, developed in the southwest of Iran, alongside those in Mesopotamia. The emergence of writing in Elam was paralleled to Sumer, and the Elamite cuneiform was developed since the 3rd millennium BC.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What ancient city dates back as early as 4395 BC in Iran?
A: Susa', '
Q: How long ago did ancient cultures and settlements exist across the Iranian plateau?
A: the 4th millennium BC', '
Q: During what Age was Iran the site of several of these ancient civilizations?
A: Bronze Age', '
Q: Which ancient civilization in Iran during the 4th Millenium was the most prominent?
A: Elam', "
Q: Elam's writing system had paralleled Sumer's cuneiform since what era?
A: the 3rd millennium BC"]
From the late 10th to late 7th centuries BC, the Iranian peoples, together with the pre-Iranian kingdoms, fell under the domination of the Assyrian Empire, based in northern Mesopotamia. Under king Cyaxares, the Medes and Persians entered into an alliance with Nabopolassar of Babylon, as well as the Scythians and the Cimmerians, and together they attacked the Assyrian Empire. The civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 BC and 605 BC, thus freeing their respective peoples from three centuries of Assyrian rule. The unification of the Median tribes under a single ruler in 728 BC led to the foundation of the Median Empire which, by 612 BC, controlled the whole Iran and the eastern Anatolia. This marked the end of the Kingdom of Urartu as well, which was subsequently conquered and dissolved.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who dominated the area of Irea between the 10th Century BC to the late 7th Century BC?
A: the Assyrian Empire', '
Q: When did this Civil War take place to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian rule?
A: between 616 BC and 605 BC', '
Q: How long did the Assyrian Empire control and rule Iran?
A: three centuries', '
Q: Who lead the Persians into a coalition with the Medes, Babylon, Scythians, and Cimmerians to fight against the Assyrians?
A: king Cyaxares', '
Q: When did the Median tribes unify under a single ruler to form the Median Empire?
A: 728 BC']
In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great, son of Mandane and Cambyses I, took over the Median Empire, and founded the Achaemenid Empire by unifying other city states. The conquest of Media was a result of what is called the Persian Revolt. The brouhaha was initially triggered by the actions of the Median ruler Astyages, and was quickly spread to other provinces, as they allied with the Persians. Later conquests under Cyrus and his successors expanded the empire to include Lydia, Babylon, Egypt, parts of the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper, as well as the lands to the west of the Indus and Oxus rivers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who founded the Achaemenid Empire when the city states in Iran came together in unification?
A: Cyrus the Great', '
Q: When did Cyrus the Great found the Achaemenid Empire?
A: 550 BC', '
Q: Who triggered the Persian Revolt? 
A: the Median ruler Astyages', '
Q: What resulted from the Persian Revolt?
A: The conquest of Media']
At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, much of the Black Sea coastal regions, northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria (Thrace), northern Greece and Macedonia (Paeonia and Ancient Macedon), Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, all significant ancient population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya, Kuwait, northern Saudi Arabia, parts of the UAE and Oman, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and much of Central Asia, making it the first world government and the largest empire the world had yet seen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the first world goverment the world had seen at the time it existed?
A: the Achaemenid Empire', '
Q: What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed?
A: the Achaemenid Empire', '
Q: What sea did the Achaemenid Empire control the majority of the coastal regions of?
A: the Black Sea', '
Q: The Achaemenid Empire expanded into what part of Asia?
A: Central Asia', '
Q: The Achaemenid Empire controlled all of the significant settlements of what ancient country during its greatest extent?
A: ancient Egypt']
It is estimated that in 480 BC, 50 million people lived in the Achaemenid Empire. The empire at its peak ruled over 44% of the world's population, the highest such figure for any empire in history. In Greek history, the Achaemenid Empire is considered as the antagonist of the Greek city states, for the emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon, building infrastructures such as road and postal systems, and the use of an official language, the Imperial Aramaic, throughout its territories. The empire had a centralized, bureaucratic administration under the emperor, a large professional army, and civil services, inspiring similar developments in later empires. Furthermore, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, was built in the empire between 353 and 350 BC.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The Achaemenid Empire was the known enemy of what nation's histories during its existence?
A: the Greek city states", '
Q: How many people lived in the Archaemenid Empire in 480BC?
A: 50 million people', "
Q: The Achaemenid Empire had what percentage of the word's population in 480BC?
A: 44% of the world's population", "
Q: What was the Achaemenid Empire's official language?
A: Imperial Aramaic", '
Q: What Seven Wonder of the Ancient world was built by the Archaemenid Empire in the 4th Century BC?
A: the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus']
In 334 BC, Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire, defeating the last Achaemenid emperor, Darius III, at the Battle of Issus. Following the premature death of Alexander, Iran came under the control of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Parthian Empire rose to become the main power in Iran, and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began, culminating in the Roman–Parthian Wars. The Parthian Empire continued as a feudal monarchy for nearly five centuries, until 224 CE, when it was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire. Together with their neighboring arch-rival, the Roman-Byzantines, they made up the world's two most dominant powers at the time, for over four centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who invaded the Archaemenid Empire in 334BC?
A: Alexander the Great', '
Q: Who was the last Archaemenid Emperor at the time of its defeat by Alexander the Great?
A: Darius III', '
Q: Who controlled the Archaemenid Empire after Alexander the Great died prematurely?
A: the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire', '
Q: When did the Parthian Empire rise to become the main power in Iran?
A: In the middle of the 2nd century BC', '
Q: When did the Sassanid Empire succeed the Parthian Empire in control of Iran?
A: 224 CE']
The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, most importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628, as well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empire, opened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century. Initially defeated by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate, Iran came under the rule of the Arab caliphates of Umayyad and Abbasid. The prolonged and gradual process of the Islamization of Iran began following the conquest. Under the new Arab elite of the Rashidun and later the Umayyad caliphates, both converted (mawali) and non-converted (dhimmi) Iranians were discriminated against, being excluded from the government and military, and having to pay a special tax called Jizya. Gunde Shapur, home of the Academy of Gunde Shapur which was the most important medical center of the world at the time, survived after the invasion, but became known as an Islamic institute thereafter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs?
A: Byzantine-Sassanid Wars', '
Q: When did the Arabs invade Iran?
A: the 7th century', '
Q: Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first?
A: Arab Rashidun Caliphate', '
Q: What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay?
A: Jizya', '
Q: What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?
A: Academy of Gunde Shapur']
The blossoming literature, philosophy, medicine, and art of Iran became major elements in the formation of a new age for the Iranian civilization, during the period known as the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak by the 10th and 11th centuries, during which Iran was the main theater of the scientific activities. After the 10th century, Persian language, alongside Arabic, was used for the scientific, philosophical, historical, musical, and medical works, whereas the important Iranian writers, such as Tusi, Avicenna, Qotb od Din Shirazi, and Biruni, had major contributions in the scientific writing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What period was known for an era where Iranian civilization blossomed and peaked?
A: the Islamic Golden Age', '
Q: When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith?
A: by the 10th and 11th centuries', '
Q: Prominent Iranian writers during this time of the Islamic Golden Age contributed to what area of writing?
A: scientific writing', '
Q: Where was the main area where the peak of scientific activity take place during the Islamic Golden Age?
A: Iran']
The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes from Central Asia into the Iranian plateau. Turkic tribesmen were first used in the Abbasid army as mamluks (slave-warriors), replacing Iranian and Arab elements within the army. As a result, the mamluks gained a significant political power. In 999, large portions of Iran came briefly under the rule of the Ghaznavids, whose rulers were of mamluk Turk origin, and longer subsequently under the Turkish Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires. These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership. The Seljuks subsequently gave rise to the Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, while taking their thoroughly Persianized identity with them. The result of the adoption and patronage of Persian culture by Turkish rulers was the development of a distinct Turko-Persian tradition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What tribes migranted en masse to the Iranian plateau in the 10th Century?
A: Turkic tribes', '
Q: Where did these Turkic tribes come from before the migrated into Iran in the 10th Century?
A: Central Asia', '
Q: The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army?
A: mamluks (slave-warriors)', '
Q: In what year did the Ghaznavids briefly control large portions of Iran?
A: 999', '
Q: How were the Ghaznavids different from the original Turkics that migrated into Iran?
A: These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership']
Following the fracture of the Mongol Empire in 1256, Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, established the Ilkhanate in Iran. In 1370, yet another conqueror, Timur, followed the example of Hulagu, establishing the Timurid Empire which lasted for another 156 years. In 1387, Timur ordered the complete massacre of Isfahan, reportedly killing 70,000 citizens. The Ilkhans and the Timurids soon came to adopt the ways and customs of the Iranians, choosing to surround themselves with a culture that was distinctively Iranian.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who established an Ilkhanate in Iran after the break up of the Mongol Empire in 1256?
A: Hulagu Khan', '
Q: Timur established the Timurid Empire in Iran in what year?
A: 1370', '
Q: How long did the Timurid empire last in Iran?
A: 156 years', '
Q: The Ilkhans and Tumrids had what type of culture when ruling Iran?
A: a culture that was distinctively Iranian', '
Q: How many citizens were massacred in Isfahan by Timur in 1387?
A: 70,000 citizens']
By the 1500s, Ismail I from Ardabil, established the Safavid Dynasty, with Tabriz as the capital. Beginning with Azerbaijan, he subsequently extended his authority over all of the Iranian territories, and established an intermittent Iranian hegemony over the vast relative regions, reasserting the Iranian identity within large parts of the Greater Iran. Iran was predominantly Sunni, but Ismail instigated a forced conversion to the Shia branch of Islam, by which the Shia Islam spread throughout the Safavid territories in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. As a result, thereof, the modern-day Iran is the only official Shia nation of the world, with it holding an absolute majority in Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan, having there the 1st and 2nd highest number of Shia inhabitants by population percentage in the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who established the Safavid Dynasty?
A: Ismail I from Ardabil', '
Q: What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty?
A: Tabriz', '
Q: Ismail I forced a conversion to what Islamic branch?
A: Shia Islam', '
Q: What country is currently the only official Shia nation of the world?
A: Iran']
The centuries-long geopolitical and ideological rivalry between Safavid Iran and the neighboring Ottoman Empire, led to numerous Ottoman–Persian Wars. The Safavid Era peaked in the reign of Abbas the Great, 1587–1629, surpassing their Ottoman arch rivals in strength, and making the empire a leading hub in Western Eurasia for the sciences and arts. The Safavid Era saw the start of mass integration from Caucasian populations into new layers of the society of Iran, as well as mass resettlement of them within the heartlands of Iran, playing a pivotal role in the history of Iran for centuries onwards. Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s, which was caused by the internal conflicts, the continuous wars with the Ottomans, and the foreign interference (most notably the Russian interference), the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan and defeated Soltan Hosein in 1722.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Empire neighbored and had a rivalry with Safavid Iran?
A: Ottoman Empire', '
Q: Safavid Iran peaked during whose reign?
A: Abbas the Great', '
Q: When did the Safavid Empire peak?
A: 1587–1629', '
Q: Who ended Safavid power in Iran in 1722?
A: Pashtun rebels', '
Q: Who was the last Safavid ruler who was defeated in 1722 by the Pashtuns in Isfahan?
A: Soltan Hosein']
In 1729, Nader Shah, a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan, successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders. He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran. During the reign of Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasus, as well as other major parts of the west and central Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?
A: Nader Shah', '
Q: Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?
A: the Sassanid Empire', '
Q: Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?
A: Caucasian territories', '
Q: Where was Nader Shan from?
A: Khorasan', '
Q: In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?
A: 1729']
Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan in 1779, out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged, founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. In 1795, following the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians, the Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi, and drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus, reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty over the region. The Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 resulted in large irrevocable territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasus, comprising all of Transcaucasia and Dagestan, which made part of the very concept of Iran for centuries, and thus substantial gains for the neighboring Russian Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran?
A: Karim Khan', '
Q: Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794?
A: Aqa Mohammad Khan', '
Q: The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?
A: the entire Caucasus', '
Q: The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi?
A: Battle of Krtsanisi', '
Q: Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s?
A: Russo-Persian wars']
As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. The area to the north of the river Aras, among which the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What wars resulted in Iran losing control of the Caucasus to the Russians?
A: the 19th century Russo-Persian wars', '
Q: What region consisting of Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, & Azerbaijan did Iran lose control of to the Russians?
A: the Caucasus', '
Q: What century did Iran lose the Caucasus to Russia?
A: the 19th century', '
Q: The Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties between Iran and Russia confirmed what?
A: Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region']
Between 1872 and 1905, a series of protests took place in response to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Nasser od Din and Mozaffar od Din shahs of Qajar, and led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. The first Iranian Constitution and the first national parliament of Iran were founded in 1906, through the ongoing revolution. The Constitution included the official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities, namely Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews, which has remained a basis in the legislation of Iran since then.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did a series of protests over foreign concessions sales in Iran occur?
A: Between 1872 and 1905', '
Q: What resulted from the series of protests in Iran over foreign concessions sales?
A: the Iranian Constitutional Revolution', '
Q: The first national parliament of Iran was founded in what year?
A: in 1906', '
Q: The first Constitution of Iran was founded in what year?
A: in 1906', "
Q: The Iranian Constitution did what for Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in Iran?
A: official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities"]
The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued until 1911, when Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate. On the pretext of restoring order, the Russians occupied Northern Iran in 1911, and maintained a military presence in the region for years to come. During World War I, the British occupied much of Western Iran, and fully withdrew in 1921. The Persian Campaign commenced furthermore during World War I in Northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I. As a result of Ottoman hostilities across the border, a large amount of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies, notably in and around Urmia. Apart from the rule of Aqa Mohammad Khan, the Qajar rule is characterized as a century of misrule.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year?
A: until 1911', '
Q: The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year?
A: 1921', '
Q: Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement?
A: Mohammad Ali Shah', '
Q: In 1911, Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext?
A: restoring order', '
Q: Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1?
A: Ottoman armies']
In 1941, Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and established the Persian Corridor, a massive supply route that would last until the end of the ongoing war. The presence of so many foreign troops in the nation also culminated in the Soviet-backed establishment of two puppet regimes in the nation; the Azerbaijan People's Government, and the Republic of Mahabad. As the Soviet Union refused to relinquish the occupied Iranian territory, the Iran crisis of 1946 was followed, which particularly resulted in the dissolution of both puppet states, and the withdrawal of the Soviets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Reza Shah forced to abdicate in Iran?
A: 1941', '
Q: Who succeeded Reza Shah after his abdication?
A: his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi', '
Q: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi established what enormous supply route during World War 2?
A: the Persian Corridor', '
Q: Who backed two puppet regimes in/around Iran during WWII?
A: the Soviet Union', '
Q: What happened which ended in two puppet states dissolving and Soviet withdrawal out of Iran after WWII?
A: the Iran crisis of 1946']
Due to the 1973 spike in oil prices, the economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency, which caused inflation. By 1974, the economy of Iran was experiencing double digit inflation, and despite many large projects to modernize the country, corruption was rampant and caused large amounts of waste. By 1975 and 1976, an economic recession led to increased unemployment, especially among millions of youth who had migrated to the cities of Iran looking for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s. By the late 1970s, many of these people opposed the Shah's regime and began to organize and join the protests against it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did oil price spikes in Iran lead to inflation?
A: 1973', "
Q: What caused inflation to Iran's economy during the oil price spike in 1973?
A: economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency", "
Q: Iran's inflation led to what in 1975-1976?
A: an economic recession", '
Q: Why did millions of youth migrate to the urban areas of Iran in the mid 1970s?
A: construction jobs', "
Q: Due to increased unemployment, who mainly opposed the Shah's regime?
A: millions of youth who had migrated to the cities"]
The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings, along with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas. Over the next several years, these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government. The new government went about purging itself of the non-Islamist political opposition. Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were executed by the Islamic government afterward.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The new Iranian government following the Shah's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year?
A: 1979", '
Q: How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power?
A: in a violent manner', '
Q: The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition?
A: non-Islamist', '
Q: What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah?
A: were executed']