romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and "perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism and [Western] imperialism". Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military. When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms, Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September. Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal, the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts?
A: Baghdad Pact", '
Q: What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?
A: modern weaponry', '
Q: From what country did Nasser buy arms?
A: Czechoslovakia', '
Q: How much money did Nasser spend on weapons?
A: US$320,000,000', '
Q: How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change?
A: equalized']
Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the "Final Communique" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab–Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?
A: Final Communique', '
Q: From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?
A: French', '
Q: What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?
A: right of return', '
Q: What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?
A: UN']
Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the "positive neutralism" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference. Consequently, Nasser's prestige was greatly boosted as was his self-confidence and image.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What political philosophy did Nasser adopt?
A: positive neutralism', '
Q: What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with?
A: Cold War', '
Q: How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference?
A: welcomed by large crowds', "
Q: How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser's accomplishments?
A: heralded"]
In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the "cadre through which we will realize our revolution". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?
A: 1956', '
Q: What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?
A: single-party system', '
Q: What was the dominant political party? 
A: National Union', '
Q: From what group did the National Union originate?
A: Liberation Rally', '
Q: Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order?
A: citizens']
Nasser's nomination for the post and the new constitution were put to public referendum on 23 June and each was approved by an overwhelming majority. A 350-member National Assembly was established, elections for which were held in July 1957. Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates. The constitution granted women's suffrage, prohibited gender-based discrimination, and entailed special protection for women in the workplace. Coinciding with the new constitution and Nasser's presidency, the RCC dissolved itself and its members resigned their military commissions as part of the transition to civilian rule. During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government, Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers, while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly?
A: Nasser', '
Q: Who received new and special protections in the new constitution?
A: women', '
Q: What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted?
A: RCC', '
Q: Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents? 
A: sidelining', "
Q: What did Nasser's allies receive in the new arrangement?
A: high-ranking positions in the cabinet"]
After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser's official assumption of power, his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by Nasser's campaign against the Baghdad Pact. In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of communist China, and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States. On 19 July 1956, the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam, citing concerns that Egypt's economy would be overwhelmed by the project.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?
A: UK and France", '
Q: What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?
A: Aswan Dam', '
Q: What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize?
A: China', "
Q: France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people?
A: Algerian", "
Q: The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement?
A: Baghdad Pact"]
Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 13 June 1956), journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July. Nasser himself would later state that he decided on 23 July, after studying the issue and deliberating with some of his advisers from the dissolved RCC, namely Boghdadi and technical specialist Mahmoud Younis, beginning on 21 July. The rest of the RCC's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July, while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it. According to Ramadan, Nasser's decision to nationalize the canal was a solitary decision, taken without consultation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?
A: took great offense', '
Q: What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize? 
A: Suez Canal', "
Q: What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?
A: unaware", '
Q: When did the last British troops leave Egypt?
A: 1956']
On 26 July 1956, Nasser gave a speech in Alexandria announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as a means to fund the Aswan Dam project in light of the British–American withdrawal. In the speech, he denounced British imperialism in Egypt and British control over the canal company's profits, and upheld that the Egyptian people had a right to sovereignty over the waterway, especially since "120,000 Egyptians had died (sic)" building it. The motion was technically in breach of the international agreement he had signed with the UK on 19 October 1954, although he ensured that all existing stockholders would be paid off.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal?
A: fund the Aswan Dam', '
Q: How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal?
A: 120,000', '
Q: Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal?
A: existing stockholders', '
Q: What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954?
A: UK']
The nationalization announcement was greeted very emotionally by the audience and, throughout the Arab world, thousands entered the streets shouting slogans of support. US ambassador Henry A. Byroade stated, "I cannot overemphasize [the] popularity of the Canal Company nationalization within Egypt, even among Nasser's enemies." Egyptian political scientist Mahmoud Hamad wrote that, prior to 1956, Nasser had consolidated control over Egypt's military and civilian bureaucracies, but it was only after the canal's nationalization that he gained near-total popular legitimacy and firmly established himself as the "charismatic leader" and "spokesman for the masses not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World". According to Aburish, this was Nasser's largest pan-Arab triumph at the time and "soon his pictures were to be found in the tents of Yemen, the souks of Marrakesh, and the posh villas of Syria". The official reason given for the nationalization was that funds from the canal would be used for the construction of the dam in Aswan. That same day, Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal?
A: support', "
Q: What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal?
A: Israeli", "
Q: What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser's nationalization of the canal?
A: Henry A. Byroade", '
Q: Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed?
A: not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World']
France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two countries was 80 per cent likely. He believed, however, that the UK would not be able to intervene militarily for at least two months after the announcement, and dismissed Israeli action as "impossible". In early October, the UN Security Council met on the matter of the canal's nationalization and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt's right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships. According to Heikal, after this agreement, "Nasser estimated that the danger of invasion had dropped to 10 per cent". Shortly thereafter, however, the UK, France, and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal, occupy the Suez Canal zone, and topple Nasser.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme?
A: France and the UK', '
Q: What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved?
A: Israel', '
Q: What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt?
A: UN Security Council', '
Q: What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser?
A: topple']
On 29 October 1956, Israeli forces crossed the Sinai Peninsula, overwhelmed Egyptian army posts, and quickly advanced to their objectives. Two days later, British and French planes bombarded Egyptian airfields in the canal zone. Nasser ordered the military's high command to withdraw the Egyptian Army from Sinai to bolster the canal's defenses. Moreover, he feared that if the armored corps was dispatched to confront the Israeli invading force and the British and French subsequently landed in the canal city of Port Said, Egyptian armor in the Sinai would be cut off from the canal and destroyed by the combined tripartite forces. Amer strongly disagreed, insisting that Egyptian tanks meet the Israelis in battle. The two had a heated exchange on 3 November, and Amer conceded. Nasser also ordered blockage of the canal by sinking or otherwise disabling forty-nine ships at its entrance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence?
A: 1956', '
Q: What did the British and French air forces bomb?
A: Egyptian airfields in the canal zone', '
Q: What city did Nasser want to keep the French and British out of?
A: Port Said', '
Q: Who wanted the Egyptian armored units to fight the Israelis?
A: Amer', '
Q: What did Nasser do to the canal?
A: blockage']
Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops, about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces, and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army. Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces. Nasser berated Amer and Salem, and vowed, "Nobody is going to surrender." Nasser assumed military command. Despite the relative ease in which Sinai was occupied, Nasser's prestige at home and among Arabs was undamaged. To counterbalance the Egyptian Army's dismal performance, Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt, many led by Nasser's political opponents.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Egyptian soldiers died during the fighting?
A: 2,000', '
Q: How many Egyptian soldiers did the Israeli army capture?
A: 5,000', '
Q: To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small arms?
A: civilian volunteers', '
Q: Who recommended Nasser surrender himself to the British?
A: Salah Salem', "
Q: What was the consequence to Nassir's admiration among the Arab world for Egypt's military failure?
A: undamaged"]
It was at Port Said that Nasser saw a confrontation with the invading forces as being the strategic and psychological focal point of Egypt's defense. A third infantry battalion and hundreds of national guardsmen were sent to the city as reinforcements, while two regular companies were dispatched to organize popular resistance. Nasser and Boghdadi traveled to the canal zone to boost the morale of the armed volunteers. According to Boghdadi's memoirs, Nasser described the Egyptian Army as "shattered" as he saw the wreckage of Egyptian military equipment en route. When British and French forces landed in Port Said on 5–6 November, its local militia put up a stiff resistance, resulting in street-to-street fighting. The Egyptian Army commander in the city was preparing to request terms for a ceasefire, but Nasser ordered him to desist. The British-French forces managed to largely secure the city by 7 November. Between 750 and 1,000 Egyptians were killed in the battle for Port Said.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said?
A: Between 750 and 1,000', '
Q: What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal?
A: Port Said', '
Q: In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?
A: shattered', '
Q: Who was ultimately able to claim victoy in Port Said?
A: British-French forces']
The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion, and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to be stationed in Sinai. Nasser commended Eisenhower, stating he played the "greatest and most decisive role" in stopping the "tripartite conspiracy". By the end of December, British and French forces had totally withdrawn from Egyptian territory, while Israel completed its withdrawal in March 1957 and released all Egyptian prisoners of war. As a result of the Suez Crisis, Nasser brought in a set of regulations imposing rigorous requirements for residency and citizenship as well as forced expulsions, mostly affecting British and French nationals and Jews with foreign nationality, as well as some Egyptian Jews.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country was opposed to the invasion of the canal?
A: U.S.', '
Q: What leader did Nasser applaud?
A: Eisenhower', '
Q: What military force was brought in to calm the situation?
A: United Nations Emergency Force', '
Q: What did Nasser impose as a result of the conflict?
A: rigorous requirements for residency']
By 1957, pan-Arabism was the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and the average Arab citizen considered Nasser his undisputed leader. Historian Adeed Dawisha credited Nasser's status to his "charisma, bolstered by his perceived victory in the Suez Crisis". The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote, "Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio." Lebanese sympathizers of Nasser and the Egyptian embassy in Beirut—the press center of the Arab world—bought out Lebanese media outlets to further disseminate Nasser's ideals. Nasser also enjoyed the support of Arab nationalist organizations, both civilian and paramilitary, throughout the region. His followers were numerous and well-funded, but lacked any permanent structure and organization. They called themselves "Nasserites", despite Nasser's objection to the label (he preferred the term "Arab nationalists").

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?
A: Voice of the Arabs", '
Q: What were Arab admirers of Nasser called?
A: Nasserites', '
Q: What did the admirers of Nasser lack?
A: structure and organization', '
Q: Who said that Nasser conquered the Arab workd with radio?
A: Eugene Rogan', '
Q: What would have Nasser prefferred his admirers call themselves?
A: Arab nationalists']
In January 1957, the US adopted the Eisenhower Doctrine and pledged to prevent the spread of communism and its perceived agents in the Middle East. Although Nasser was an opponent of communism in the region, his promotion of pan-Arabism was viewed as a threat by pro-Western states in the region. Eisenhower tried to isolate Nasser and reduce his regional influence by attempting to transform King Saud into a counterweight. Also in January, the elected Jordanian prime minister and Nasser supporter Sulayman al-Nabulsi brought Jordan into a military pact with Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east?
A: Eisenhower Doctrine', '
Q: When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted?
A: 1957', '
Q: What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser?
A: King Saud', '
Q: What country joined an alliance with Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia?
A: Jordan', '
Q: Although not communist, what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups?
A: pan-Arabism']
Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him—although Nasser's involvement was never established—and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being "a tool of the imperialists". Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family's survival. Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Lebanon, Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him?
A: King Hussein', '
Q: What did Nasser call King Hussein?
A: a tool of the imperialists', "
Q: What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser's popularity outside of Egypt?
A: King Saud", '
Q: Despite conflicts with Arab governments, who continued to support Nasser?
A: citizens']
By the end of 1957, Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets in Egypt, including the tobacco, cement, pharmaceutical, and phosphate industries. When efforts to offer tax incentives and attract outside investments yielded no tangible results, he nationalized more companies and made them a part of his economic development organization. He stopped short of total government control: two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands. This effort achieved a measure of success, with increased agricultural production and investment in industrialization. Nasser initiated the Helwan steelworks, which subsequently became Egypt's largest enterprise, providing the country with product and tens of thousands of jobs. Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?
A: British and French", "
Q: How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?
A: two-thirds", "
Q: What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt's economy?
A: Helwan steelworks", '
Q: What nation did Nasser join economic forces with?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on?
A: Aswan Dam']
As political instability grew in Syria, delegations from the country were sent to Nasser demanding immediate unification with Egypt. Nasser initially turned down the request, citing the two countries' incompatible political and economic systems, lack of contiguity, the Syrian military's record of intervention in politics, and the deep factionalism among Syria's political forces. However, in January 1958, a second Syrian delegation managed to convince Nasser of an impending communist takeover and a consequent slide to civil strife. Nasser subsequently opted for union, albeit on the condition that it would be a total political merger with him as its president, to which the delegates and Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli agreed. On 1 February, the United Arab Republic (UAR) was proclaimed and, according to Dawisha, the Arab world reacted in "stunned amazement, which quickly turned into uncontrolled euphoria." Nasser ordered a crackdown against Syrian communists, dismissing many of them from their governmental posts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country wanted to join with Egypt?
A: Syria', '
Q: What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?
A: communists', '
Q: What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called?
A: United Arab Republic', '
Q: What year was the UAR formed?
A: 1958']
While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who tried to assassinate Nasser?
A: King Saud', "
Q: How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?
A: shoot down Nasser's plane", '
Q: Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt?
A: King Faisal', "
Q: What was King Faisal's position toward Nasser?
A: opponent"]