romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947–49 and 1953–55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965, Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash, and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections. Since 1995, the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Between majority leader and speaker what roles did Boehner have?
A: Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011', '
Q: What republican majority leader died in a plane crash?
A: Hale Boggs', '
Q: Since 1995 who is the only majority leader to become speaker?
A: John Boehner', '
Q: Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker?
A: Dennis Hastert']
Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, Kevin McCarthy, have been reckoned as the second-ranking Republicans in the House, since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006. In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the leader of the majority leader in House?
A: Speaker', '
Q: What is the title of seconde in command for majority party in congress?
A: Majority Leader', '
Q: Who overshadowed House Speaker Dennis Hastert?
A: Majority Leader Tom DeLay', '
Q: Who is the leader of the minority party in the House?
A: Minority Leader']
When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. Outgoing Speaker Nancy Pelosi ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Does the minority or majority party have more leadership positions in House?
A: minority party has one less leadership position', '
Q: What role did Pelosi win in 112th Congress?
A: Minority Leader', '
Q: What party lost control of House in 2010 elections?
A: Democrats']
From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or his designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What rule gives minority leader right to offer motion to recommit with instructions?
A: Rule XII, clause 6', '
Q: Who may place legislation on a corrections calendar?
A: minority leader', '
Q: Minority leader may appoint individuals to what government roles?
A: certain federal entities.']
The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Are minority leadership roles specified closely?
A: are not well-defined', '
Q: What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader?
A: Representative Bertrand Snell', '
Q: What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part?
A: He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies.', '
Q: What defines a large part of minority leader role?
A: tradition and custom']
To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the beginning days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader." Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the minority leader position created? 
A: 20th-century', '
Q: Why was minority leader position created?
A: not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader', '
Q: Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning "Minority Leader?"
A: James Madison', '
Q: Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress?
A: Alexander Hamilton']
During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause." In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the early days who represented party leadership?
A: it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader', '
Q: In early 19th century, what were 2 common parties?
A: (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)', '
Q: What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of  the house?
A: to represent a party comprising a distinct minority']
Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855." With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader." The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What made identifying House leadership difficult?
A: Internal party disunity', '
Q: How many candidates was typical in early fields for speaker?
A: at least twenty different candidates', '
Q: From 1861 to 1875 how many times was Dmocratic minority speaker not nominated?
A: two of these seven Congresses']
In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader." However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress. Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries." Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously." Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?
A: arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.', "
Q: Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?
A: Randall Ripley", '
Q: Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?
A: Thomas Reed,']
Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership." Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance." This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Prior to 1883 there is evidence that serious caucus fights occured in what years?
A: 1871 and 1873', '
Q: What prominent ex-speaker was nominated for minority role in 1875?
A: James Blaine', '
Q: What former appropriations chairman was nominated for minority leader in 1876,77,79?
A: James A. Garfield']
In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress." Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position?
A: there is disagreement among historical analysts', '
Q: What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century?
A: strong party organization and professional politicians', '
Q: What were these conditions effective for in the house?
A: establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.']
Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker." More recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which party has always elevated minority floor leaders to speakership?
A: Democrats', '
Q: What year did Republicans regain control while Rober Michel was Minority Leader?
A: 1994', '
Q: Why were republicans upset with Mann?
A: objecting to their private bills on the floor']
In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency?
A: Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President', '
Q: Is the Senate or the House more partisan?
A: more partisan nature of the House', '
Q: What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president?
A: Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner']
The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks?
A: minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative', '
Q: What influences role of minority leader?
A: personality and contextual factors', '
Q: Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document?
A: House rule book.']
In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and he or she may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many private calendar objector members does minority leader appoint?
A: three', '
Q: What 2 commissions is the minority leader a member of?
A: House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission', '
Q: Who does minority leader have informal ties with for scheduling house matters?
A: majority party leaders']
The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair?
A: Policy Committee', '
Q: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head?
A: Steering Committee', '
Q: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have?
A: Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee', '
Q: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint?
A: Democratic Leadership Council']
A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. He is instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. He is kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?
A: A party's floor leader", "
Q: How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?
A: contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization", "
Q: In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?
A: guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party"]
Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much concern do minority leaders have for campaigning?
A: hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention', '
Q: Outside of Washington how much involvement do minority leaders have in campaigns?
A: travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions', '
Q: Who establishes leadership PACs?
A: Minority leaders']
Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Does minority leader act solely to advance party objectives?
A: in consultation with other party colleagues', '
Q: Does minority leader always employ same strategy for party objectives?
A: options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances', '
Q: Does dissension and cohesion of majority party factor into minority strategy?
A: may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion']