romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)—the agency's grant-making arm—awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which arm of NARA handles grants?
A: The National Historical Publications and Records Commission', '
Q: What year was The National Historical Publications and Records Commission established?
A: 1964', '
Q: About how many grants has the NHPRC awarded?
A: 4,500']
The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA. NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: OGIS provides what resource for the government and public?
A: FOIA', '
Q: What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?
A: FOIA disputes', '
Q: NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of policies?
A: FOIA policies', '
Q: What types of recommendations does NARA provide to congress?
A: changes to FOIA']
Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in records loss and destruction. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA (National Archives and Records Administration).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the National Archives Establishment established in?
A: 1934', '
Q: In what year did NARA become an independent agency?
A: 1985', '
Q: In what year was The National Archives merged with GSA?
A: 1949']
The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?
A: R.D.W. Connor', '
Q: When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?
A: 1934', '
Q: What branch of the US government established the National Archives?
A: Congress', '
Q: What commission merged the National Archives with GSA?
A: Hoover Commission', '
Q: The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?
A: subordinate official']
In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to "reclassify", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process (the U.S. reclassification program). An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information. The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the reclassification program originally intended to end?
A: 2007', "
Q: How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?
A: public hearing"]
In 2010, Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center to coordinate declassification practices across agencies, provide secure document services to other agencies, and review records in NARA custody for declassification.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was Executive Order 13526 created?
A: 2010', '
Q: What Executive order created the National Declassification Center?
A: Executive Order 13526', '
Q: What was the aim of Executive Order 13526?
A: coordinate declassification practices']
NARA's holdings are classed into "record groups" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated. Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What types of groups are NARA's holdings classified into?
A: record groups", '
Q: Each record group is classified based on what?
A: governmental department or agency', '
Q: Besides films and other non-static media, what type of media is classified into a group?
A: documents', '
Q: Besides the general media and motion picture categories, which category contains media that is not static?
A: microfilm']
Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the federal government in the custody of NARA are stored in Archival Research Catalog (ARC). The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, and artifacts. As of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARA's records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where are archival descriptions of holdings under the custody of NARA stored?
A: Archival Research Catalog (ARC)', '
Q: As of the end mid December of 2012, how many logical data records are stored at NARA?
A: 10 billion', '
Q: How many digital copies of previously digitized materials were there in December of 2012?
A: 922,000', '
Q: Archival descriptions include traditional paper holdings, electron records, and what?
A: artifacts', '
Q: The 10 billion logical data records are linked to how many artifacts?
A: 527,000']
Most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements. Executive Order 13526 directs originating agencies to declassify documents if possible before shipment to NARA for long-term storage, but NARA also stores some classified documents until they can be declassified. Its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U.S. government's security classification system.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Most of NARA's holdings are available to sector?
A: public domain", '
Q: Federal government works are excluded from what legal protection?
A: copyright', '
Q: Some records at NARA are legally protected by what?
A: copyright', '
Q: What executive order directs agencies to declassify documents before sending them to NARA?
A: Executive Order 13526', '
Q: What office of NARA oversees the declassification of classified materials?
A: Information Security Oversight Office']
Many of NARA's most requested records are frequently used for genealogy research. This includes census records from 1790 to 1930, ships' passenger lists, and naturalization records.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Besides census records and passenger lists, what NARA documents are particularly useful to genealogists?
A: naturalization records', '
Q: For what time period does NARA have census records available for?
A: 1790 to 1930']
The National Archives Building, known informally as Archives I, located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C., opened as its original headquarters in 1935. It holds the original copies of the three main formative documents of the United States and its government: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. It also hosts a copy of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I. These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives, which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom. The National Archives Building also exhibits other important American historical documents such as the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the Emancipation Proclamation, and collections of photography and other historically and culturally significant American artifacts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the informal name of The National Archives Building?
A: Archives I', '
Q: On what street is the The National Archives Building located?
A: Constitution Avenue', '
Q: Where is the Declaration of Independence kept?
A: The National Archives Building', '
Q: Where in the National Archives can you view a copy of the Magna Carta?
A: main chamber', '
Q: Where is the Louisiana Purchase Treaty kept?
A: The National Archives Building']
Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish. For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules increasingly difficult to enforce. As a result, all filming, photographing, and videotaping by the public in the exhibition areas has been prohibited since February 25, 2010.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Since when has all filming and photography in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom been banned?
A: February 25, 2010', '
Q: For how long has the National Archives prohibited flash photography?
A: over 30 years', '
Q: What is an aspect of a visit to the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?
A: no lines', '
Q: What has made the no photography rule hard to enforce in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?
A: advent of cameras with automatic flashes']
Because of space constraints, NARA opened a second facility, known informally as Archives II, in 1994 near the University of Maryland, College Park campus (8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001). Largely because of this proximity, NARA and the University of Maryland engage in cooperative initiatives. The College Park campus includes an archaeological site that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the second facility of NARA named?
A: Archives II', '
Q: When was Archives II opened?
A: 1994', '
Q: What college is Archives II closest to?
A: University of Maryland', '
Q: What college does NARA have cooperatives initiatives with?
A: University of Maryland', '
Q: What campus of University of Maryland is listed on the National Register of Historic Places?
A: College Park campus']
The Washington National Records Center (WNRC), located in Suitland, Maryland is a large warehouse type facility which stores federal records which are still under the control of the creating agency. Federal government agencies pay a yearly fee for storage at the facility. In accordance with federal records schedules, documents at WNRC are transferred to the legal custody of the National Archives after a certain point (this usually involves a relocation of the records to College Park). Temporary records at WNRC are either retained for a fee or destroyed after retention times has elapsed. WNRC also offers research services and maintains a small research room.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is The Washington National Records Center located?
A: Suitland, Maryland', '
Q: What does The Washington National Records Center primarily store?
A: federal records', '
Q: After staying at the WNRC, where are records transferred to?
A: the National Archives', '
Q: What happens to temporary records at the WNRC if they are not retrieved by the end of the retention times?
A: destroyed', '
Q: Beyond the storage of federal records, what service does the WNRC provide?
A: research']
The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records, ships' passenger lists, military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine–American War, records of the Confederate government, the Freedmen's Bureau records, and pension and land records.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the National Archives Building located?
A: downtown Washington', '
Q: What proportion of the federal census records in existence does the National Archives Building house?
A: all', "
Q: What's the latest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for?
A: Philippine–American War", "
Q: What's the earliest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for
A: American Revolution"]
There are facilities across the country with research rooms, archival holdings, and microfilms of documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do the facilities designated to each area of the US specialize in?
A: documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region', '
Q: Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where?
A: facilities across the country']
In addition, Federal Records Centers exist in each region that house materials owned by Federal agencies. Federal Records Centers are not open for public research. For example, the FRC in Lenexa, Kansas holds items from the treatment of John F. Kennedy after his fatal shooting in 1963.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where are some of the items relevant to JFKs medical treatments housed?
A: Federal Records Centers', '
Q: Federal Records Centers are particularly unhelpful to what type of research?
A: public', '
Q: Which Federal Records Center houses materials relevant to JFKs assassination? 
A: FRC in Lenexa, Kansas', '
Q: When was JFK shot?
A: 1963']
NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system, a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover. The Presidential Libraries include:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What agency maintains the Presidential Library system?
A: NARA', '
Q: What is the system that preserves the documents of US Presidents?
A: Presidential Library system', '
Q: Who is the earliest President that is represented in the archives of the Presidential Library system?
A: Herbert Hoover', '
Q: In what area of the US can one find the Presidential Library system libraries?
A: nationwide']
Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the Abraham Lincoln, Rutherford B. Hayes, William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge libraries. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Libraries that are established for other presidents are operated by private foundations, historical societies, and what government entities?
A: state governments', '
Q: What state operates the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library?
A: Illinois', '
Q: What is the earliest President that NARA does not hold records for in its presidential library system?
A: Abraham Lincoln', "
Q: Abraham Lincoln's Presidential Library and Museum is operated by what type of entity?
A: state"]
In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible, the National Archives began entering into public–private partnerships in 2006. A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online. When announcing the agreement, Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program is

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the National Archives make strides towards making its holdings more widely available?
A: 2006', '
Q: What large internet company has partnered with NARA to digitize records?
A: Google', '
Q: What Archivist announced the partnership with Google?
A: Allen Weinstein', '
Q: What is Google helping NARA with?
A: digitize and offer NARA video online', '
Q: What is the aim of NARA in entering public-private partnerships?
A: to make its holdings more widely available']
On January 10, 2007, the National Archives and Fold3.com (formerly Footnote) launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings. Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would "allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm" and "would also enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In January of 2007, what internet company did the National Archives partner with?
A: Fold3.com', '
Q: What was the aim of the partnership with Fold3.com?
A: to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings', '
Q: What Archivist announced the partnership with Fold3?
A: Allen Weinstein', '
Q: Of all the benefits of the partnership with Fold3, what benefited the public at large the most?
A: much greater access', "
Q: What direct benefit did NARA itself gain from the partnership with Fold3?
A: enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records"]
In July 2007, the National Archives announced it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace, an Amazon.com subsidiary. During the announcement, Weinstein noted that the agreement would "... reap major benefits for the public-at-large and for the National Archives." Adding, "While the public can come to our College Park, MD research room to view films and even copy them at no charge, this new program will make our holdings much more accessible to millions of people who cannot travel to the Washington, DC area." The agreement also calls for CreateSpace partnership to provide the National Archives with digital reference and preservation copies of the films as part of NARA's preservation program.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the National Archives announce that it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels available for purchase online?
A: 2007', "
Q: What company did the National Archives partner with make it's Universal Newsreels available online?
A: CreateSpace", '
Q: Universal Newsreels dated from which year up to 1967 were made available through CreateSpace?
A: 1929']
In May 2008, the National Archives announced a five-year agreement to digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection, 1790–1930, passenger lists from 1820–1960 and WWI and WWII draft registration cards. The partnership agreement allows for exclusive use of the digitized records by Ancestry.com for a 5-year embargo period at which point the digital records will be turned over to the National Archives.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the National Archives announce in May of 2008?
A: digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection', '
Q: Which genealogy website benefits by the May 2008 announcement?
A: Ancestry.com', '
Q: What happens after the 5 year embargo that allows Ancestry.com exclusive use of digitized records?
A: turned over to the National Archives']
On June 18, 2009, the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel "to showcase popular archived films, inform the public about upcoming events around the country, and bring National Archives exhibits to the people." Also in 2009, the National Archives launched a Flickr photostream to share portions of its photographic holdings with the general public. A new teaching with documents website premiered in 2010 and was developed by the education team. The website features 3,000 documents, images, and recordings from the holdings of the Archives. The site also features lesson plans and tools for creating new classroom activities and lessons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Google affiliated website did the National Archives decide to use in 2009?
A: YouTube', '
Q: What purpose does the National Archive YouTube channel serve?
A: showcase popular archived films', '
Q: What online service did the National Archives decide to use to showcase its photographic holdings?
A: Flickr', "
Q: The National Archives' educational team created a website in what year?
A: 2010"]
In 2011 the National Archives initiated a Wikiproject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 2011, what sort of Wikipedia addition did the National Archives make?
A: Wikiproject', '
Q: What was the purpose of creating a Wikiproject?
A: expand collaboration', '
Q: Whose idea was it for the National Archives to work with Wikimedia?
A: National Archives', '
Q: What benefit does public reap from the National Archives working with Wikimedia?
A: holdings widely available', '
Q: Which language was the Wikiproject primarily created in?
A: English']
Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,090 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north–south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.00 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha
A: volcanic', '
Q: where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?
A: south Atlantic Ocean', '
Q: how many square kilometres  is the island?
A: 98', '
Q: what type of island group are the islands?
A: archipelago']
Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres (2,318 mi) to the north of Tristan. The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?
A: the British overseas territory of Saint Helena', '
Q: What is the population of the island?
A: 267', '
Q: what other island is included in the territory?
A: Ascension Island']
The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha; rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the Lás Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water. The first undisputed landing was made in 1643 by the crew of the Heemstede, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: in what year were the islands first sighted?
A: 1506', '
Q: what was the name of the explorer that sighted them?
A: Tristão da Cunha', '
Q: who was the main island named after?
A: Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha', '
Q: what year was it said the first island landing was made?
A: 1520']
The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men. Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what was the name of the first long term settler? 
A: Jonathan Lambert', '
Q: what year did the first permanent settler arrive?
A: December 1810', '
Q: what did one of the settlers rename the islands?
A: Islands of Refreshment']