romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology?
A: Communism', '
Q: What was the psychological turning point of the war?
A: The Tet Offensive', '
Q: When did this offensive take place? 
A: 1968', '
Q: When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam?
A: 1973', '
Q: The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what?
A: "Vietnamization,"']
Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony?
A: 1774', '
Q: What colony was placed under martial law?
A: Massachusetts', '
Q: What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution?
A: Lexington and Concord', '
Q: Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief?
A: The Continental Congress', '
Q: When did the colonies declare independence?
A: July 4, 1776']
Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What quality made the US only a minor military power after the Revolutionary War?
A: having only a modest army', '
Q: Why was the US military so small initially?
A: A traditional distrust of standing armies', '
Q: The founding fathers had faith in what military groups?
A: local militia', '
Q: What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve America in?
A: foreign wars', '
Q: Early leaders also feared a large army would allow what internal conflict to take place?
A: a domestic tyrant to seize power']
After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations?
A: the Sioux and Comanche', '
Q: What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War?
A: population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds', '
Q: Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations?
A: William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan', '
Q: When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought?
A: 1876', '
Q: What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn?
A: Col. George Armstrong Custer']
Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?
A: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske', '
Q: What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of?
A: torpedo plane', '
Q: What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under?
A: Franklin D. Roosevelt', '
Q: When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?
A: 1913–15']
By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918?
A: doughboys', '
Q: What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918?
A: American Expeditionary Forces', '
Q: Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe?
A: John J. Pershing', '
Q: When did fighting on the western front end?
A: November 11, 1918', '
Q: What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front?
A: the Armistice']
Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II?
A: air power', '
Q: When did the US officially enter World War II?
A: 8 December 1941', '
Q: What event led to America entering the war?
A: the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii', '
Q: At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do?
A: seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia', '
Q: What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan?
A: Australia']
The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Vietnam War fought?
A: between 1959 and 1975', '
Q: Besides Vietnam, what other countries saw fighting in this war?
A: Cambodia and Laos', '
Q: What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam?
A: Operation Rolling Thunder', '
Q: When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam?
A: 1964', '
Q: What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam?
A: the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution']
Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience?
A: 8 years of war with Iran', '
Q: Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war?
A: North Africa during World War II', '
Q: What equipment did the Iraqi army possess?
A: late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters', '
Q: Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict?
A: Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier', '
Q: What problem did the Iraqi forces have?
A: the antiaircraft weapons were crippled']
With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?
A: ISIL', '
Q: What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?
A: Sharia law', '
Q: What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?
A: kidnapping and decapitation', '
Q: How did the US intervene against ISIL?
A: airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories', '
Q: What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?
A: degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory']
Groups that emerged from the American psychedelic scene about the same time included Iron Butterfly, MC5, Blue Cheer and Vanilla Fudge. San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover of Eddie Cochran's classic "Summertime Blues", from their 1968 debut album Vincebus Eruptum, that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound. The same month, Steppenwolf released its self-titled debut album, including "Born to Be Wild", which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film Easy Rider (1969). Iron Butterfly's In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968), with its 17-minute-long title track, using organs and with a lengthy drum solo, also prefigured later elements of the sound.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the band Blue Cheer from?
A: San Francisco', '
Q: What classic song did Blue Cheer cover?
A: "Summertime Blues"', '
Q: What was the hit off Steppenwolf\'s self-titled debut lp?
A: "Born to Be Wild"', '
Q: What movie featured that Steppenwolf single?
A: Easy Rider', '
Q: The lyrics to "Born To Be Wild" contain the first reference to what hard rock style?
A: heavy metal']
From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trio Rush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974–75 (Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel) before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album 2112. The Irish band Thin Lizzy, which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album Jailbreak and their worldwide hit "The Boys Are Back in Town", which reached number 8 in the UK and number 12 in the US. Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak with Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979). The arrival of Scorpions from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre. Australian-formed AC/DC, with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albums Let There Be Rock (1977) and Highway to Hell (1979). Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands like Motörhead, while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music, further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create the New Wave of British Heavy Metal which was pursued by bands like Iron Maiden, Saxon and Venom.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The band Rush is what nationality?
A: Canadian', '
Q: What are the first three Rush albums?
A: Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel', '
Q: What nationality was Thin Lizzy?
A: Irish', '
Q: What was Thin Lizzy\'s hit single?
A: "The Boys Are Back in Town"', '
Q: The Scorpions hailed from what country?
A: Germany']
Bon Jovi's third album, Slippery When Wet (1986), mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity and spent a total of 8 weeks at the top of the Billboard 200 album chart, selling 12 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three top 10 singles — two of which reached number one. The album has been credited with widening the audiences for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade. The anthemic The Final Countdown (1986) by Swedish group Europe was an international hit, reaching number eight on the US charts while hitting the top 10 in nine other countries. This era also saw more glam-infused American hard rock bands come to the forefront, with both Poison and Cinderella releasing their multi-platinum début albums in 1986. Van Halen released 5150 (1986), their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which was number one in the US for three weeks and sold over 6 million copies. By the second half of the decade, hard rock had become the most reliable form of commercial popular music in the United States.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the title of Bon Jovi's third lp?
A: Slippery When Wet", '
Q: How many copies did this record sell?
A: 12 million', "
Q: What was the band Europe's international hit?
A: The Final Countdown", "
Q: What was Van Halen's 1986 album called?
A: 5150", '
Q: Who was the new lead singer for Van Halen on 5150?
A: Sammy Hagar']
Some established acts continued to enjoy commercial success, such as Aerosmith, with their number one multi-platinum albums: Get a Grip (1993), which produced four Top 40 singles and became the band's best-selling album worldwide (going on to sell over 10 million copies), and Nine Lives (1997). In 1998, Aerosmith released the number one hit "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing", which remains the only single by a hard rock band to debut at number one. AC/DC produced the double platinum Ballbreaker (1995). Bon Jovi appealed to their hard rock audience with songs such as "Keep the Faith" (1992), but also achieved success in adult contemporary radio, with the Top 10 ballads "Bed of Roses" (1993) and "Always" (1994). Bon Jovi's 1995 album These Days was a bigger hit in Europe than it was in the United States, spawning four Top 10 singles on the UK Singles Chart. Metallica's Load (1996) and ReLoad (1997) each sold in excess of 4 million copies in the US and saw the band develop a more melodic and blues rock sound. As the initial impetus of grunge bands faltered in the middle years of the decade, post-grunge bands emerged. They emulated the attitudes and music of grunge, particularly thick, distorted guitars, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound that drew more directly on traditional hard rock. Among the most successful acts were the Foo Fighters, Candlebox, Live, Collective Soul, Australia's Silverchair and England's Bush, who all cemented post-grunge as one of the most commercially viable subgenres by the late 1990s. Similarly, some post-Britpop bands that followed in the wake of Oasis, including Feeder and Stereophonics, adopted a hard rock or "pop-metal" sound.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Aerosmith ballad debuted at number one on the charts?
A: "I Don\'t Want to Miss a Thing"', "
Q: What was the title of AC/DC's 1995 double lp?
A: Ballbreaker", "
Q: Bon Jovi's 1995 album was called what?
A: These Days", '
Q: What commercially successful sub-genre emerged from the grunge movement?
A: post-grunge', "
Q: When did Aerosmith's album Get A Grip come out?
A: 1993"]
Hard rock developed into a major form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC and Van Halen. During the 1980s, some hard rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock, while others began to return to a hard rock sound. Established bands made a comeback in the mid-1980s and it reached a commercial peak in the 1980s, with glam metal bands like Bon Jovi and Def Leppard and the rawer sounds of Guns N' Roses, which followed up with great success in the later part of that decade. Hard rock began losing popularity with the commercial success of grunge and later Britpop in the 1990s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are two examples of glam metal bands?
A: Bon Jovi and Def Leppard', "
Q: What two genres cut into hard rock's popularity at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s?
A: grunge and later Britpop", '
Q: What were some hard rock bands of the 1970s?
A: Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC and Van Halen', '
Q: What style did some hard rock bands embrace in the 1980s?
A: pop rock']
The roots of hard rock can be traced back to the 1950s, particularly electric blues, which laid the foundations for key elements such as a rough declamatory vocal style, heavy guitar riffs, string-bending blues-scale guitar solos, strong beat, thick riff-laden texture, and posturing performances. Electric blues guitarists began experimenting with hard rock elements such as driving rhythms, distorted guitar solos and power chords in the 1950s, evident in the work of Memphis blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson, and particularly Pat Hare, who captured a "grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound" on records such as James Cotton's "Cotton Crop Blues" (1954). Other antecedents include Link Wray's instrumental "Rumble" in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What genre laid the roots for hard rock?
A: electric blues', '
Q: Who recorded "Rumble"?
A: Link Wray', '
Q: When was "Rumble" released?
A: 1958', '
Q: What were two of Dick Dale\'s better known songs?
A: "Let\'s Go Trippin\'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962)', "
Q: What city's blues style produced hard rock precursors in electric blues?
A: Memphis"]
In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones developed their hard rock sound with Exile on Main St. (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now "generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album". They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums including It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (1974) and Black and Blue (1976). Led Zeppelin began to mix elements of world and folk music into their hard rock from Led Zeppelin III (1970) and Led Zeppelin IV (1971). The latter included the track "Stairway to Heaven", which would become the most played song in the history of album-oriented radio. Deep Purple continued to define hard rock, particularly with their album Machine Head (1972), which included the tracks "Highway Star" and "Smoke on the Water". In 1975 guitarist Ritchie Blackmore left, going on to form Rainbow and after the break-up of the band the next year, vocalist David Coverdale formed Whitesnake. 1970 saw The Who release Live at Leeds, often seen as the archetypal hard rock live album, and the following year they released their highly acclaimed album Who's Next, which mixed heavy rock with extensive use of synthesizers. Subsequent albums, including Quadrophenia (1973), built on this sound before Who Are You (1978), their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummer Keith Moon later that year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the landmark hard rock album recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1972?
A: Exile on Main St.', '
Q: Which Led Zeppelin album featured the hit "Stairway to Heaven"?
A: Led Zeppelin IV', '
Q: What two hard rock songs are featured on Deep Purple\'s Machine Head album?
A: "Highway Star" and "Smoke on the Water"', "
Q: Who was Deep Purple's guitarist?
A: Ritchie Blackmore", '
Q: Who was the drummer for The Who?
A: Keith Moon']