romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
When the U.S. entered World War I he immediately requested an overseas assignment but was again denied and then assigned to Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. In February 1918 he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland with the 65th Engineers. His unit was later ordered to France but to his chagrin he received orders for the new tank corps, where he was promoted to brevet Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army. He commanded a unit that trained tank crews at Camp Colt – his first command – at the site of "Pickett's Charge" on the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Civil War battleground. Though Eisenhower and his tank crews never saw combat, he displayed excellent organizational skills, as well as an ability to accurately assess junior officers' strengths and make optimal placements of personnel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What military installation was Eisenhower assigned to when the United States entered the First World War?
A: Ft. Leavenworth', '
Q: What unit did Eisenhower serve with at Camp Meade?
A: 65th Engineers', '
Q: To what rank was Eisenhower brevetted after being transferred to the tank corps?
A: Lieutenant Colonel', "
Q: What famous military event occurred at the site of Camp Colt?
A: Pickett's Charge", '
Q: In what state was Camp Meade located?
A: Maryland']
Once again his spirits were raised when the unit under his command received orders overseas to France. This time his wishes were thwarted when the armistice was signed, just a week before departure. Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time, despite being given the Distinguished Service Medal for his work at home.[citation needed] In World War II, rivals who had combat service in the first great war (led by Gen. Bernard Montgomery) sought to denigrate Eisenhower for his previous lack of combat duty, despite his stateside experience establishing a camp, completely equipped, for thousands of troops, and developing a full combat training schedule.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long before Eisenhower was to be transferred to France did World War I end?
A: week', '
Q: What decoration did Eisenhower receive as a result of his First World War service?
A: Distinguished Service Medal', '
Q: What notable Second World War commander disparaged Eisenhower for his lack of combat experience?
A: Montgomery']
He assumed duties again at Camp Meade, Maryland, commanding a battalion of tanks, where he remained until 1922. His schooling continued, focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank in it. His new expertise in tank warfare was strengthened by a close collaboration with George S. Patton, Sereno E. Brett, and other senior tank leaders. Their leading-edge ideas of speed-oriented offensive tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors, who considered the new approach too radical and preferred to continue using tanks in a strictly supportive role for the infantry. Eisenhower was even threatened with court martial for continued publication of these proposed methods of tank deployment, and he relented.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Eisenhower's Camp Meade unit equipped with?
A: tanks", '
Q: When did Eisenhower leave Camp Meade?
A: 1922', '
Q: Along with Patton, who was a notable interwar tank leader?
A: Sereno E. Brett', '
Q: What was the traditional doctrine on the use of tanks?
A: supportive role for the infantry', '
Q: What happened when Eisenhower was threatened with a court martial for his support for offensive tank tactics?
A: he relented']
From 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals – Fox Conner, John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Carl von Clausewitz's On War), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking, saying in 1962 that "Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew." Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, "[He] is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met." On Conner's recommendation, in 1925–26 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers. He then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What role did Eisenhower serve under Fox Conner?
A: executive officer', '
Q: Where did Eisenhower serve under Conner?
A: Panama Canal Zone', '
Q: What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewitz?
A: On War', '
Q: During what period did Eisenhower attend the Command and General Staff College?
A: 1925–26', "
Q: How many people were in Eisenhower's class at the Command and General Staff College?
A: 245"]
During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career in the post-war army stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower, then a journalist at the Agriculture Department, he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe. He then was assigned to the Army War College and graduated in 1928. After a one-year assignment in France, Eisenhower served as executive officer to General George V. Mosely, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to February 1933. Major Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College (Washington, DC) in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the head of the American Battle Monuments Commission during this period?
A: Pershing', '
Q: During the 1920s, for what federal department did Milton Eisenhower work?
A: Agriculture', '
Q: In what year did Eisenhower graduate from the Army War College?
A: 1928', '
Q: What was the office held by George Mosely?
A: Assistant Secretary of War', "
Q: What was Eisenhower's rank in 1933?
A: Major"]
His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression. He then was posted as chief military aide to General MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report, endorsing MacArthur's conduct.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event made war planning difficult in this period?
A: Great Depression', '
Q: What position was held by General MacArthur at this point in time?
A: Army Chief of Staff', '
Q: What encampment was attacked in 1932 by soldiers including Eisenhower?
A: Bonus March', '
Q: What sort of people did the Bonus March consist of?
A: veterans']
Historians have concluded that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, George Marshall, and General Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower later emphasized that too much had been made of the disagreements with MacArthur, and that a positive relationship endured. While in Manila, Mamie suffered a life-threatening stomach ailment but recovered fully. Eisenhower was promoted to the rank of permanent lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly, making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937 and obtained his private pilot's license in 1939 at Fort Lewis. Also around this time, he was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government, namely by then Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon on recommendations by MacArthur, to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned, now named Quezon City, but he declined the offer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What rank was Eisenhower promoted to in 1936?
A: lieutenant colonel', '
Q: Who was president of the Philippines circa 1939?
A: Manuel L. Quezon', '
Q: What is the current name of the capital city that was under construction in the Philippines in 1939?
A: Quezon City', "
Q: What license did Eisenhower receive in 1939?
A: pilot's", '
Q: How did Eisenhower respond to the offer to become a Philippine police chief?
A: declined']
Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in December 1939 and was assigned as a battalion commander and regimental executive officer of the 15th Infantry at Fort Lewis, Washington. In March 1941 he was promoted to colonel and assigned as chief of staff of the newly activated IX Corps under Major General Kenyon Joyce. In June 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Krueger, Commander of the 3rd Army, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. After successfully participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers, he was promoted to brigadier general on October 3, 1941. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command above a battalion and was far from being considered by many as a potential commander of major operations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What unit did Eisenhower serve with upon his return to the United States?
A: 15th Infantry', '
Q: At what military installation was the 15th Infantry based?
A: Fort Lewis', '
Q: In the spring of 1941, who commanded IX Corps?
A: Kenyon Joyce', '
Q: In what city was the 3rd Army based in June of 1941?
A: San Antonio', '
Q: What event contributed to Eisenhower receiving a promotion to brigadier general?
A: Louisiana Maneuvers']
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division (WPD), General Leonard T. Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Next, he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division (which replaced WPD) under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, who spotted talent and promoted accordingly.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what body was Eisenhower assigned after Pearl Harbor was attacked?
A: General Staff in', '
Q: Who headed the WPD before Eisenhower?
A: Leonard T. Gerow', '
Q: What body replaced the War Plans Division?
A: Operations Division', "
Q: What was Eisenhower's title in the Operations Division?
A: Assistant Chief of Staff", '
Q: Who was the Chief of Staff who promoted Eisenhower?
A: George C. Marshall']
At the end of May 1942, Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England, Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney. He returned to Washington on June 3 with a pessimistic assessment, stating he had an "uneasy feeling" about Chaney and his staff. On June 23, 1942, he returned to London as Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA), based in London and with a house on Coombe, Kingston upon Thames, and replaced Chaney. He was promoted to lieutenant general on July 7.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: As of May 1942, who commanded the Army Air Forces?
A: Henry H. Arnold', '
Q: To what city did Eisenhower travel to May 1942?
A: London', '
Q: What appointment did Eisenhower receive on June 23, 1942?
A: Commanding General, European Theater of Operations', '
Q: Who commanded the English theater in May 1942?
A: James E. Chaney', '
Q: To what rank was Eisenhower promoted on July 7, 1942?
A: lieutenant general']
In November 1942, he was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters Allied (Expeditionary) Force Headquarters (A(E)FHQ). The word "expeditionary" was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. The campaign in North Africa was designated Operation Torch and was planned underground within the Rock of Gibraltar. Eisenhower was the first non-British person to command Gibraltar in 200 years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What appointment did Eisenhower receive in November of 1942?
A: Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations', '
Q: What was the code name of the North African campaign?
A: Operation Torch', '
Q: At what location was the North African campaign planned?
A: Rock of Gibraltar', "
Q: How many years before Eisenhower's command had a non-Briton commanded Gibraltar?
A: 200"]
French cooperation was deemed necessary to the campaign, and Eisenhower encountered a "preposterous situation" with the multiple rival factions in France. His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia, and intending to facilitate that objective, he gave his support to François Darlan as High Commissioner in North Africa, despite Darlan's previous high offices of state in Vichy France and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the French armed forces. The Allied leaders were "thunderstruck" by this from a political standpoint, though none of them had offered Eisenhower guidance with the problem in the course of planning the operation. Eisenhower was severely criticized for the move. Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle. Eisenhower did not take action to prevent the arrest and extrajudicial execution of Bonnier de La Chapelle by associates of Darlan acting without authority from either Vichy or the Allies, considering it a criminal rather than a military matter. Eisenhower later appointed General Henri Giraud as High Commissioner, who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan's commander-in-chief, and who had refused to postpone the execution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower?
A: Tunisia', '
Q: Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa?
A: François Darlan', '
Q: Who killed François Darlan?
A: Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle', "
Q: Who served as High Commissioner of North Africa after Darlan's death?
A: Henri Giraud", '
Q: On what day did Darlan die?
A: December 24']
Operation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower's combat command skills; during the initial phase of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's move into the Kasserine Pass, Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by some interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates. He also was initially indecisive in his removal of Lloyd Fredendall, commanding U.S. II Corps. He became more adroit in such matters in later campaigns. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The Eighth Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to become commander of NATOUSA.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Rommel's rank?
A: Generalfeldmarschall", '
Q: Who commanded II Corps before being removed by Eisenhower?
A: Lloyd Fredendall', "
Q: Who commanded the UK's Eighth Army?
A: Bernard Montgomery", '
Q: When did Eisenhower receive authority over the British Eighth Army?
A: February 1943', '
Q: What did Eisenhower command after he commanded ETOUSA?
A: NATOUSA']
After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower oversaw the highly successful invasion of Sicily. Once Mussolini, the Italian leader, had fallen in Italy, the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche. But while Eisenhower argued with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, who both insisted on unconditional terms of surrender in exchange for helping the Italians, the Germans pursued an aggressive buildup of forces in the country – making the job more difficult, by adding 19 divisions and initially outnumbering the Allied forces 2 to 1; nevertheless, the invasion of Italy was highly successful.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Allies invade after they conquered North Africa?
A: Sicily', '
Q: What was the invasion of mainland Italy called?
A: Operation Avalanche', '
Q: What was the initial ratio of Axis to Allied divisions in Italy?
A: 2 to 1', '
Q: How many divisions did the Germans add to Italy?
A: 19', '
Q: Until he was deposed, who was the leader of Italy?
A: Mussolini']
In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower – not Marshall – would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Other than Eisenhower, who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?
A: Marshall', '
Q: What did SHAEF stand for?
A: Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force', '
Q: Who appointed Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?
A: Roosevelt', '
Q: What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?
A: Operation Overlord', '
Q: When did Operation Overlord take place?
A: June 1944']
Eisenhower, as well as the officers and troops under him, had learned valuable lessons in their previous operations, and their skills had all strengthened in preparation for the next most difficult campaign against the Germans—a beach landing assault. His first struggles, however, were with Allied leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion; he argued with Roosevelt over an essential agreement with De Gaulle to use French resistance forces in covert and sabotage operations against the Germans in advance of Overlord. Admiral Ernest J. King fought with Eisenhower over King's refusal to provide additional landing craft from the Pacific. He also insisted that the British give him exclusive command over all strategic air forces to facilitate Overlord, to the point of threatening to resign unless Churchill relented, as he did. Eisenhower then designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with Churchill over the latter's concern with civilian casualties; de Gaulle interjected that the casualties were justified in shedding the yoke of the Germans, and Eisenhower prevailed. He also had to skillfully manage to retain the services of the often unruly George S. Patton, by severely reprimanding him when Patton earlier had slapped a subordinate, and then when Patton gave a speech in which he made improper comments about postwar policy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who refused to provide Eisenhower with landing craft?
A: Ernest J. King', "
Q: What concern did Churchill have in regard to Eisenhower's pre-invasion bombing plan?
A: civilian casualties", '
Q: What did Patton do that first caused Eisenhower to reprimand him?
A: slapped a subordinate', '
Q: What were the French resistance to be used for in advance of the invasion of France?
A: covert and sabotage operations', '
Q: Who was the leader of French forces in this period?
A: de Gaulle']
The D-Day Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, were costly but successful. A month later, the invasion of Southern France took place, and control of forces in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. Many prematurely considered that victory in Europe would come by summer's end—however the Germans did not capitulate for almost a year. From then until the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower, through SHAEF, commanded all Allied forces, and through his command of ETOUSA had administrative command of all U.S. forces on the Western Front north of the Alps. He was ever mindful of the inevitable loss of life and suffering that would be experienced on an individual level by the troops under his command and their families. This prompted him to make a point of visiting every division involved in the invasion. Eisenhower's sense of responsibility was underscored by his draft of a statement to be issued if the invasion failed. It has been called one of the great speeches of history:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Normandy invasion occur?
A: June 6, 1944', '
Q: How long after the Normandy invasion did the landings in Southern France occur?
A: month', '
Q: When did the war in Europe end?
A: May 8, 1945', '
Q: How many divisions involved in the Allied invasion of Europe did Eisenhower visit?
A: every', '
Q: After what possible event would the speech called one of the greatest in history have been delivered?
A: if the invasion failed']
Once the coastal assault had succeeded, Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy, and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany. Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group's attack being made in the north, while Generals Bradley (12th U.S. Army Group) and Devers (Sixth U.S. Army Group) insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front (respectively). Eisenhower worked tirelessly to address the demands of the rival commanders to optimize Allied forces, often by giving them tactical, though sometimes ineffective, latitude; many historians conclude this delayed the Allied victory in Europe. However, due to Eisenhower's persistence, the pivotal supply port at Antwerp was successfully, albeit belatedly, opened in late 1944, and victory became a more distinct probability.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What unit did Montgomery command?
A: 21st Army Group', '
Q: What general commanded the 12th US Army Group?
A: Bradley', '
Q: What geographic portion of the front did the Sixth US Army Group operate on?
A: south', "
Q: Who was the Sixth US Army Group's commander?
A: Devers", '
Q: What supply port was opened late in 1944?
A: Antwerp']
In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He dealt with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, his Russian counterpart, and they became good friends.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What European rank was equivalent to that of General of the Army?
A: Field Marshal', '
Q: On what date did Eisenhower receive his General of the Army appointment?
A: December 20, 1944', '
Q: Along with Montgomery, with whom did Eisenhower disagree on strategy?
A: Churchill', '
Q: What Soviet military leader was a counterpart of Eisenhower?
A: Zhukov', '
Q: What rank was held by de Gaulle?
A: General']