romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
A true predator can commonly be known as one that kills and eats another living thing. Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them. Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance, as in ambush predators. Some predators kill large prey and dismember or chew it prior to eating it, such as a jaguar or a human; others may eat their (usually much smaller) prey whole, as does a bottlenose dolphin swallowing a fish, or a snake, duck or stork swallowing a frog. Some animals that kill both large and small prey for their size (domestic cats and dogs are prime examples) may do either depending upon the circumstances; either would devour a large insect whole but dismember a rabbit. Some predation entails venom that subdues a prey creature before the predator ingests the prey by killing, which the box jellyfish does, or disabling it, found in the behavior of the cone shell. In some cases, the venom, as in rattlesnakes and some spiders, contributes to the digestion of the prey item even before the predator begins eating. In other cases, the prey organism may die in the mouth or digestive system of the predator. Baleen whales, for example, eat millions of microscopic plankton at once, the prey being broken down well after entering the whale. Seed predation and egg predation are other forms of true predation, as seeds and eggs represent potential organisms. Predators of this classification need not eat prey entirely. For example, some predators cannot digest bones, while others can. Some may eat only part of an organism, as in grazing (see below), but still consistently cause its direct death.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do household animals prey upon? 
A: large and small prey', "
Q: Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it's prey.
A: Baleen whales", '
Q: To be classified as a predator, what action must be performed?
A: harm their prey in some way', '
Q: What requirement must a true predator fulfill?
A: kills and eats another living thing', '
Q: What is different about a true predator?
A: Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them', '
Q: All types of predators do what?
A: harm their prey in some way', '
Q: How do ambush predators hunt?
A: sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance', '
Q: What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray?
A: venom']
Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be
A: Grazing organisms', '
Q: Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?
A: browsing pressure', '
Q: Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species
A: zooplankton', '
Q: Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction? 
A: mosquitos', '
Q: What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?
A: female mosquitos', '
Q: What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?
A: Starfish', '
Q: Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?
A: seldom', '
Q: How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?
A: regrows at the base']
Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers. Their feeding behavior is similar in many ways, however they are noted for their close association with their host species. While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime. This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis, "living together", but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host. Parasitic organisms range from the macroscopic mistletoe, a parasitic plant, to microscopic internal parasites such as cholera. Some species however have more loose associations with their hosts. Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae may feed parasitically on only a single plant, or they may graze on several nearby plants. It is therefore wise to treat this classification system as a continuum rather than four isolated forms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?
A: Parasites', '
Q: Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.
A: mutualism', '
Q: Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.
A: elephant', '
Q: What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic? 
A: mistletoe', '
Q: How are parasites distiguished from grazers?
A: close association with their host species', '
Q: How many hosts do parasites typically have?
A: one or at most a few in their lifetime', '
Q: How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?
A: a continuum', '
Q: What does the term symbiosis mean?
A: living together']
Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike parasites, they are very similar to true predators in that the fate of their prey is quite inevitably death. A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps, solitary insects living a free life as an adult, then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar. Its larva(e) feed on the growing host causing it little harm at first, but soon devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system resulting in prey death. By this stage the young wasp(s) are developed sufficiently to move to the next stage in their life cycle. Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10% of all insect species.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.
A: ichneumon wasps', '
Q: It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population? 
A: 10%', '
Q: During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?
A: death', '
Q: What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?
A: Parasitoids', '
Q: How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?
A: 10%', '
Q: Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?
A: ichneumon', '
Q: How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?
A: devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system']
Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Species that aren't considered specialized are called what? 
A: opportunistic", '
Q: Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?
A: equilibrium', "
Q: When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?
A: scarce", '
Q: What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand? 
A: evolution', '
Q: What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?
A: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators', '
Q: What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?
A: evolutionary arms race', '
Q: What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?
A: keep the populations of both species in equilibrium', "
Q: If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?
A: herbivorous"]
Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic pyramid, are known as herbivores or primary consumers; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers. Secondary consumers are a type of carnivore, but there are also tertiary consumers eating these carnivores, quartary consumers eating them, and so forth. Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level, this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere, and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels, and may go only as high as three trophic levels (for example, a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest, which in turn eat grasses). A predator at the top of any food chain (that is, one that is preyed upon by no organism) is called an apex predator; examples include the orca, sperm whale, anaconda, Komodo dragon, tiger, lion, tiger shark, Nile crocodile, and most eagles and owls—and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears. An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat, such as a dog among alligators, a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray, or a snapping turtle among jaguars; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators, such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments, can become an apex predator by default.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?
A: trophic level', '
Q: What is the top predator in an environment called? 
A: apex predator', '
Q: When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes. 
A: trophic pyramid', '
Q: What limits the size of a trophic pyramid? 
A: energy', '
Q: Which organisms are known as primary consumers?
A: Organisms that feed on autotrophs', '
Q: What makes an organism a secondary consumer?
A: feed on heterotrophs', '
Q: What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?
A: apex predator', '
Q: How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?
A: five or six levels', '
Q: In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?
A: the top']
Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain and, thus, make this classification problematic. A carnivore may eat both secondary and tertiary consumers, and its prey may itself be difficult to classify for similar reasons. Organisms showing both carnivory and herbivory are known as omnivores. Even herbivores such as the giant panda may supplement their diet with meat. Scavenging of carrion provides a significant part of the diet of some of the most fearsome predators. Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification, producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap. Organisms that eat detritivores or parasites would also be difficult to classify by such a scheme.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called?
A: carrion', '
Q: Why are species can be difficult to classify because they?
A: eat from multiple levels of the food chain', '
Q: What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called? 
A: Carnivorous plants', '
Q: What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?
A: omnivores', '
Q: What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?
A: Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain', '
Q: Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?
A: producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap', '
Q: Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?
A: difficult']
An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition: the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body (or 'survival machine') of the prey organism. This is best understood in the context of the gene centered view of evolution. Another manner in which predation and competition are connected is throughout intraguild predation. Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level, and thus that are potential competitors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Intraguild species consumer other species within?
A: the same trophic level', '
Q: Who proposes the concept of the "survival machine?"
A: Richard Dawkins', '
Q: The argument of the "survival machines" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?
A: both the predator and prey', '
Q: Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?
A: potential competitors', '
Q: Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?
A: Richard Dawkins', '
Q: To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the "survival machine"?
A: the body', '
Q: What are intraguild predators?
A: those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level', '
Q: Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?
A: gene centered view', '
Q: What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?
A: Intraguild']
Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant. Such predators are known as keystone species and may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem. Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem. For example, grazers of a grassland may prevent a single dominant species from taking over.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem?
A: keystone species', '
Q: What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?
A: biodiversity', '
Q: When a keystone species is lost another species might become?
A: dominant', '
Q: What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem?
A: biodiversity of communities', '
Q: Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what?
A: keystone species', "
Q: What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?
A: Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density"]
The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations. In addition, wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon. The removal of wolves had a direct effect on beaver populations, as their habitat became territory for grazing. Furthermore, predation keeps hydrological features such as creeks and streams in normal working order. Increased browsing on willows and conifers along Blacktail Creek due to a lack of predation caused channel incision because they helped slow the water down and hold the soil in place.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What animal's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?
A: beavers", '
Q: Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed, in the case of Yellowstone, this includes alteration to the?
A: hydrological features', '
Q: Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in?
A: channel incision', '
Q: The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations?
A: wolves', '
Q: How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats?
A: habitat became territory for grazing.', '
Q: Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone?
A: Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species', '
Q: How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well?
A: wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon']
The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption. The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species. Sometimes, however, predation has indirect benefits to the prey species, though the individuals preyed upon themselves do not benefit. This means that, at each applicable stage, predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction? 
A: maximum of four stages', '
Q: What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?
A: Detection of prey', '
Q: How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction? 
A: array of adaptations', "
Q: Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction? 
A: the individuals preyed upon", '
Q: How many stages can predation be divided into?
A: maximum of four stages', '
Q: What are the four stages of predation?
A: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption', '
Q: What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?
A: obtain food or avoid being eaten', "
Q: In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?
A: final"]
One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage, a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background. Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment (e.g., the praying mantis to the right resembling dead leaves) or other organisms (e.g., zebras' stripes blend in with each other in a herd, making it difficult for lions to focus on a single target). The more convincing camouflage is, the more likely it is that the organism will go unseen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which adaptation helps both predators and prey?
A: camouflage', '
Q: What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background?
A: camouflage', '
Q: Camoflauge consists of what else, in addition to color?
A: shape and pattern', '
Q: Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else?
A: other organisms']
Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. One such example is the drone fly, which looks a lot like a bee, yet is completely harmless as it cannot sting at all. Another example of batesian mimicry is the io moth, (Automeris io), which has markings on its wings that resemble an owl's eyes. When an insectivorous predator disturbs the moth, it reveals its hind wings, temporarily startling the predator and giving it time to escape. Predators may also use mimicry to lure their prey, however. Female fireflies of the genus Photuris, for example, copy the light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which are then captured and eaten (see aggressive mimicry).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?
A: Mimicry', '
Q: Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?
A: drone fly', "
Q: A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?
A: Mimicry", '
Q: What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?
A: startling the predator and giving it time to escape', '
Q: How can predators use mimicry?
A: to lure their prey']
While successful predation results in a gain of energy, hunting invariably involves energetic costs as well. When hunger is not an issue, in general most predators will not seek to attack prey since the costs outweigh the benefits. For instance, a large predatory fish like a shark that is well fed in an aquarium will typically ignore the smaller fish swimming around it (while the prey fish take advantage of the fact that the apex predator is apparently uninterested). Surplus killing represents a deviation from this type of behaviour. The treatment of consumption in terms of cost-benefit analysis is known as optimal foraging theory, and has been quite successful in the study of animal behavior. In general, costs and benefits are considered in energy gain per unit time, though other factors are also important, such as essential nutrients that have no caloric value but are necessary for survival and health.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What makes predation successful?
A: gain of energy', '
Q: Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what?
A: optimal foraging theory', '
Q: In optimal foraging theory, how are costs and benefits measured?
A: energy gain per unit time']
Social predation offers the possibility of predators to kill creatures larger than those that members of the species could overpower singly. Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually don't dispatch. Social predation allows some animals to organize hunts of creatures that would easily escape a single predator; thus chimpanzees can prey upon colobus monkeys, and Harris's hawks can cut off all possible escapes for a doomed rabbit. Extreme specialization of roles is evident in some hunting that requires co-operation between predators of very different species: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants. Social predation is often very complex behavior, and not all social creatures (for example, domestic cats) perform it. Even without complex intelligence but instinct alone, some ant species can destroy much larger creatures.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?
A: Social predation', '
Q: What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?
A: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants', '
Q: What is a species that does not perform social predation?
A: domestic cats)', '
Q: What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?
A: Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas']