romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Over time, Roman architecture was modified as their urban requirements changed, and the civil engineering and building construction technology became developed and refined. The Roman concrete has remained a riddle, and even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently. The architectural style of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers under Roman control and influence. Roman cities were well planned, efficiently managed and neatly maintained.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was a primary cause of the modification of Roman architectural elements?
A: urban requirements changed', '
Q: What Roman construction material has continued to be a mystery to this day?
A: Roman concrete', '
Q: Do any Roman structures still exist in our time?
A: even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently', '
Q: What facet of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers in the Roman Republic?
A: The architectural style']
The city of Rome had a place called the Campus Martius ("Field of Mars"), which was a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers. Later, the Campus became Rome's track and field playground. In the campus, the youth assembled to play and exercise, which included jumping, wrestling, boxing and racing.[citation needed] Equestrian sports, throwing, and swimming were also preferred physical activities.[citation needed] In the countryside, pastimes included fishing and hunting.[citation needed] Board games played in Rome included dice (Tesserae or Tali), Roman Chess (Latrunculi), Roman Checkers (Calculi), Tic-tac-toe (Terni Lapilli), and Ludus duodecim scriptorum and Tabula, predecessors of backgammon. Other activities included chariot races, and musical and theatrical performances.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the area in which youth played and exercised?
A: Campus Martius', "
Q: What could you also call Rome's Campus Maritus?
A: Field of Mars", '
Q: What is the Roman board game Tabula a precursor to?
A: backgammon', '
Q: What was Roman version of Chess called?
A: Latrunculi']
Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established? 
A: around 500 BC', '
Q: Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from?
A: Greek', '
Q: Where did a large amount of the deities that were worshiped in Roman civilization come from?
A: Proto-Indo-European pantheon', '
Q: What religious element could be found in all Roman households?
A: an altar', '
Q: What in Roman society was considered to be a temple to the gods?
A: each household']
It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941, on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, or possibly 19 September 1931, beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. However, it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself started in early December 1941, with the Sino-Japanese War then becoming part of it as a theater of the greater World War II.[nb 9]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When do most people believe the Pacific War began?
A: early December 1941', '
Q: On what date did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
A: 7/8 December 1941', '
Q: When did the Second Sino-Japanese War begin?
A: 7 July 1937', '
Q: Which countries did the Second Sino-Japanese War encompass?
A: Empire of Japan and the Republic of China', '
Q: Has Japan ever attacked Thailand?
A: Japan invaded Thailand', '
Q: What is the generally accepted date the Pacific War started?
A: 7/8 December 1941', '
Q: When did Japan invade Manchuria?
A: 19 September 1931', '
Q: What nation initiated hostilities?
A: Japan', '
Q: When did Japan invade China?
A: 7 July 1937', '
Q: What was the Pacific War theater part of after December 1941?
A: World War II']
The Pacific War saw the Allied powers pitted against the Empire of Japan, the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by its Axis allies, Germany and Italy. The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and other large aerial bomb attacks by the United States Army Air Forces, accompanied by the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 8 August 1945, resulting in the Japanese announcement of intent to surrender on 15 August 1945. The formal and official surrender of Japan took place aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. Following its defeat, Japan's Shinto Emperor stepped down as the divine leader through the Shinto Directive, because the Allied Powers believed this was the major political cause of Japan's military aggression and deconstruction process soon took place to install a new liberal-democratic constitution to the Japanese public as the current Constitution of Japan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What events ended the war with Japan?
A: atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki', '
Q: On what date did Japan surrender?
A: 2 September 1945', '
Q: What changed in the ruling of Japan after the war?
A: a new liberal-democratic constitution', "
Q: Where did Japan's surrender occur?
A: aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay", '
Q: What was the process called whereby the leader of Japan stepped down?
A: Shinto Directive', '
Q: What nation were the allies against?
A: Japan', '
Q: What nations comprised the Axis?
A: Germany and Italy', '
Q: What cities were destroyed by atom bombs?
A: Hiroshima and Nagasaki', '
Q: When did the Soviet Union invade Manchuria?
A: 8 August 1945', '
Q: When did Japan surrender?
A: 2 September 1945']
Japan used the name Greater East Asia War (大東亜戦争, Dai Tō-A Sensō?), as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan–China Incident (日支事変, Nisshi Jihen?) into the Greater East Asia War.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what name was the war with Japan referred?
A: Greater East Asia War', '
Q: What did Japanese officials call the war?
A: Japan–China Incident', '
Q: What was the reason Japan gave for the war?
A: achieving their independence from the Western powers', '
Q: What date was the new name of the war released?
A: 12 December', '
Q: What name did Japan call the war?
A: Greater East Asia War', '
Q: When did Japan adobt the name for the war?
A: 10 December 1941', "
Q: What was Japan's publicised war goal?
A: independence from the Western powers", '
Q: What did Japan call the occupied group of Asian nations?
A: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere', '
Q: How was the name of the war chosen by Japan?
A: by a cabinet decision']
The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II, which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941, as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand. The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma, which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier. Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang (consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively), and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime (which controlled the coastal regions of China).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What role did Thailand play in the war?
A: temporary alliance', '
Q: Which group controlled Chinese costal regions?
A: Wang Jingwei regime', '
Q: Which army invaded Burma?
A: Phayap Army', '
Q: Burma was formerly annexed by what country?
A: Britain', '
Q: What states assisting Japan was Thailand a part of?
A: Axis', '
Q: What year did Thailand form an alliance with Japan?
A: 1941', '
Q: What army invaded northeastern Burma?
A: Phayap Army', '
Q: What were the Japanese puppet states?
A: Manchukuo and Mengjiang', '
Q: Who controlled the coast of China?
A: Wang Jingwei regime']
The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis, and that the United States was not at war with Thailand. The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy, but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japanese blackmail, before being occupied by Japanese troops. Thailand has been treated by the United States in the same way as such other Axis-occupied countries as Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Did the U.S. believe that Thailand was an Axis ally?
A: not an ally', '
Q: What does the U.S. believe caused Thailand to help Japan?
A: blackmail', '
Q: Is Thailand treated differently than other Axis countries?
A: the same way', '
Q: According to the USA, what country did Japan blackmail?
A: Thailand', '
Q: What nations were occupied by the Axis?
A: Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands', '
Q: After 1945, how did the USA treat Thailand?
A: not as a former enemy', '
Q: Who occupied Thailand according to the USA?
A: Japanese troops']
Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War. Collaborationist units from Hong Kong (reformed ex-colonial police), Philippines, Dutch East Indies (the PETA) and Dutch Guinea, British Malaya and British Borneo, Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina (after the overthrow of Vichy French regime) as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?
A: Korea and Formosa", '
Q: What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong? 
A: Collaborationist units', '
Q: What other Asian country, a group of islands, helped the Japanese?
A: Philippines', '
Q: What French forces assisted Japan?
A: Vichy', '
Q: What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from?
A: Korea and Formosa', '
Q: Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?
A: ex-colonial police']
The major Allied participants were the United States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom (including the armed forces of British India, the Fiji Islands, Samoa, etc.), Australia, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Netherlands (as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea), New Zealand, and Canada, all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council. Mexico, Free France and many other countries also took part, especially forces from other British colonies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Did Mexico play a part in the war?
A: took part', '
Q: What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.?
A: Australia', '
Q: On which side of the war were the Chinese?
A: United States', '
Q: What colonies did the Netherlands possess?
A: Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea', '
Q: What large Asian country was allied with the United States?
A: Republic of China', '
Q: What was the name of the Philippines nation?
A: Commonwealth of the Philippines', '
Q: What nation possessed the Dutch East Indies?
A: Netherlands', '
Q: What nation possessed west New Guinea?
A: Netherlands']
By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to fight about 300,000 Japanese troops in Shanghai, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre. In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang. but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to invade Wuhan and captured it in October. The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion—in particular in the United States—condemned Japan, especially after the Panay Incident.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What incident occured on July 7, 1937?
A: Marco Polo Bridge Incident', '
Q: Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: When did the Nanking Massacre occur?
A: December 1937', '
Q: Where was the first Nationalist victory?
A: Taierzhuang', "
Q: How did people around the world react to Japan's Panay Incident?
A: condemned", '
Q: When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?
A: 7 July 1937', '
Q: What incident started the war between China and Japan?
A: Marco Polo Bridge Incident', '
Q: What was the capital of China?
A: Nanking', '
Q: When was Nanking captured?
A: December 1937', '
Q: What nation provided material support to China?
A: Soviet Union']
In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France. Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out, ending in a Japanese victory. On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming one of the three Axis Powers. In practice, there was little coordination between Japan and Germany until 1944, by which time the U.S. was deciphering their secret diplomatic correspondence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who controled Indochina in 1940?
A: Vichy France', '
Q: Who were the Axis Powers along with Japan in 1940?
A: Germany and Italy', '
Q: When did Japan invade Indochina?
A: September 1940', '
Q: Did Japan and Germany work closely together prior to 1944?
A: little coordination', '
Q: When did Japan take over Indochina?
A: September 1940', '
Q: Who controlled Indochina before the Japanese takeover?
A: Vichy France', '
Q: When did Japan become an Axis power?
A: 27 September', '
Q: How much coordination was there between Japan and Germany?
A: little', '
Q: How many nations comprised the Axis powers?
A: three']
The war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of the Japanese at Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang and 1st Battle of Changsha. After these victories, Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940; however, due to its low military-industrial capacity, it was repulsed by Japanese army in late March 1940. In August of 1940, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China; in retaliation, Japan instituted the "Three Alls Policy" ("Kill all, Burn all, Loot all") in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists. By 1941 the conflict had become a stalemate. Although Japan had occupied much of northern, central, and coastal China, the Nationalist Government had retreated to the interior with a provisional capital set up at Chungking while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in Shaanxi. In addition, Japanese control of northern and central China was somewhat tenuous, in that Japan was usually able to control railroads and the major cities ("points and lines"), but did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside. The Japanese found its aggression against the retreating and regrouping Chinese army was stalled by the mountainous terrain in southwestern China while the Communists organised widespread guerrilla and saboteur activities in northern and eastern China behind the Japanese front line.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did the Chinese ultimately fail in its counter offensives?
A: low military-industrial capacity', '
Q: What policy did Japan adopt to retaliate against China?
A: "Three Alls Policy" ("Kill all, Burn all, Loot all")', '
Q: What slowed the Japanese in their attacks on China?
A: mountainous terrain', '
Q: In what city did Japan set up a provisional capital?
A: Chungking', '
Q: What was Japan\'s "Three Alls Policy"?
A: "Kill all, Burn all, Loot all"', '
Q: What year did China and Japan reach a stalemate?
A: 1941', '
Q: Where was the Chinese provisional capital?
A: Chungking', '
Q: What natural obsticles stalled the Japanese offensive against the Chinese?
A: mountainous terrain', '
Q: What group organised guerrilla warfare against the Japanese in China?
A: Communists']
Japan sponsored several puppet governments, one of which was headed by Wang Jingwei. However, its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population, of not yielding any real power to these regimes, and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek. Conflicts between Chinese communist and nationalist forces vying for territory control behind enemy lines culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941, effectively ending their co-operation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the leader of the Nationalist government?
A: Chiang Kai-shek', '
Q: When did cooperation between communist and nationalist forces end?
A: January 1941', '
Q: Did Japan support rival governments?
A: supporting several', '
Q: When did the co-operation between Chinese nationalist forces and communists end?
A: January 1941', "
Q: What was Wang Jingwei's government considered?
A: puppet", '
Q: What government did Chiang Kai-shek lead?
A: Nationalist government']
From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were, because of their oil reserves, of considerable importance to Japan. By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indo-China, Malaya, and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese troop build ups in Hainan, Taiwan, and Haiphong were noted, Japanese Army officers were openly talking about an inevitable war, and Admiral Sankichi Takahashi was reported as saying a showdown with the United States was necessary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S.?
A: Sankichi Takahashi', '
Q: Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan?
A: oil reserves', '
Q: In what year did the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere expand?
A: 1940', '
Q: Who said a showdown between Japan and the United States would be necessary?
A: Admiral Sankichi Takahashi', '
Q: What was the importance of the Dutch East Indies to Japan?
A: oil reserves', '
Q: By what year did Japanese strategists expand their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?
A: 1940']
In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism, Western powers including Australia, the United States, Britain, and the Dutch government in exile, which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies, stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan, denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in China and French Indochina. In Japan, the government and nationalists viewed these embargos as acts of aggression; imported oil made up about 80% of domestic consumption, without which Japan's economy, let alone its military, would grind to a halt. The Japanese media, influenced by military propagandists,[nb 10] began to refer to the embargoes as the "ABCD ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch") encirclement" or "ABCD line".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were these embargoes called by the Japanese media?
A: "ABCD ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch")', '
Q: What did The West do to disuade Japan in China and French Indochina?
A: stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan', '
Q: Why was denying supplies important to the western countries?
A: denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities', '
Q: Why did Western powers stop selling resources to Japan?
A: to discourage Japanese militarism', '
Q: How did Japan view Western embargos?
A: as acts of aggression', "
Q: What percent of oil made up Japan's domestic consumption?
A: about 80%", '
Q: What did the Japanese media refer to the embargoes as?
A: "ABCD line"']
The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories, which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia. In fact, the Imperial GHQ noted, should acceptable negotiations be reached with the Americans, the attacks were to be canceled—even if the order to attack had already been given. The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China (1894–95) and Russia (1904–05), in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?
A: recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.', '
Q: Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?
A: impossible', "
Q: What was Japan's strategic goal in attacking America?
A: defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest", '
Q: What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States?
A: impossible', '
Q: What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories?
A: Japanese hegemony in Asia', '
Q: If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached, what would be done regarding the attacks?
A: canceled', '
Q: What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on?
A: historical experiences']