romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From where does the color red in blood come from?
A: hemoglobin', '
Q: What does hemoglobin contain?
A: iron', '
Q: What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?
A: iron oxide', '
Q: Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?
A: Rayleigh scattering', '
Q: What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?
A: anthocyanins']
A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône. Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?
A: Neolithic Period', '
Q: What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?
A: the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees', '
Q: From where did Romans acquire Kermes?
A: Spain', '
Q: What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône?
A: Neolithic cave-burial', '
Q: What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?
A: 8th century BC']
Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet." The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with coccus." Coccus, from the ancient Greek Kokkos, means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye. This was also the origin of the expression "dyed in the grain."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet?
A: the Book of Exodus', '
Q: What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?
A: colored twice with coccus', '
Q: In ancient greek, what is coccus referred to as?
A: Kokkos', '
Q: What does Kokkos mean in english?
A: a tiny grain', '
Q: In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum?
A: 4th century']
But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?
A: 4000 BC', '
Q: What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?
A: Red ochre', '
Q: What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?
A: the rubia', '
Q: What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?
A: alizarin', "
Q: What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?
A: ivory painter's palette"]
In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, scarlet or purple. In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war, Mars. The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold. A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?
A: Tyrian purple", '
Q: At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?
A: holidays', '
Q: What is a flammeum?
A: a red shawl', '
Q: What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome?
A: Red', '
Q: After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?
A: triumph']
The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?
A: vermilion', '
Q: From where did vermilion originate?
A: the mineral cinnabar', '
Q: Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?
A: mercury', '
Q: What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar?
A: Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain', '
Q: Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome?
A: prisoners']
Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which European emperor painted their palace red?
A: Emperor Charlemagne', '
Q: In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?
A: 1295', '
Q: When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?
A: 12th century', '
Q: Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?
A: Abbe Suger', '
Q: Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?
A: Virgin Mary']
Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color leaned toward brick-red, and faded easily in the sun or during washing. The wealthy and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes, or carmine, made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects, which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. The insects were gathered, dried, crushed, and boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process, which produced a brilliant scarlet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?
A: wealth', '
Q: On what occasion would townspeople wear red?
A: holidays', '
Q: What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners?
A: rubia tinctorum', '
Q: Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade?
A: during washing', '
Q: What was carmine made from?
A: the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects']
Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?
A: five', '
Q: What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?
A: fire', '
Q: Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?
A: metal, wood, water', '
Q: At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?
A: all court ceremonies', '
Q: In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?
A: Red']
Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said "he is so red he becomes purple."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what years did the Song dynasty occur?
A: 906–1279', '
Q: Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?
A: three', '
Q: What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?
A: green', '
Q: What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?
A: eighth and ninth']
Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?
A: nobles', '
Q: who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?
A: Cao Xueqin', '
Q: During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?
A: 1715–1763', '
Q: In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?
A: temples and imperial residences', '
Q: Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?
A: Qing Dynasty']
There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?
A: Rubia', '
Q: Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?
A: the wealthy', '
Q: The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?
A: Polish Cochineal', '
Q: What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?
A: Kermes vermilio', '
Q: The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?
A: Margodes polonicus']
But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, when dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?
A: Hernán Cortés', '
Q: In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?
A: 16th', '
Q: During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered?
A: 1519-1521', '
Q: In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain?
A: 1523', '
Q: How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested?
A: several times a year']
The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?
A: carmine', '
Q: What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?
A: change color', '
Q: What was madder lake made from?
A: rubia tinctorum plant', '
Q: During what century did carmine start to see use?
A: 15th', '
Q: What was kermes lake made from?
A: kermes insects']
During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathered around the guillotine to celebrate each execution. They were called the "Furies of the guillotine". The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red, or made of red wood. During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty, painted red, was placed in the square in front of the guillotine. After the end of the Reign of Terror, France went back to the blue, white and red tricolor, whose red was taken from the traditional color of Saint Denis, the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?
A: French Revolution', '
Q: What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?
A: red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap', '
Q: Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what?
A: celebrate', '
Q: During what years did the Reign of Terror take place?
A: 1792 and 1793', '
Q: Who was Saint Denis?
A: Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris']
As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in the 1740s, this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton textiles in England, the Netherlands and France. Turkey red used madder as the colorant, but the process was longer and more complicated, involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye, olive oil, sheep's dung, and other ingredients. The fabric was more expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red, similar to carmine, perfectly suited to cotton. The fabric was widely exported from Europe to Africa, the Middle East and America. In 19th century America, it was widely used in making the traditional patchwork quilt.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Turkey red called in France?
A: rouge d'Adrinople", '
Q: In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England?
A: the 1740s', '
Q: What other pigment was Turkey red compared to?
A: carmine', '
Q: What did turkey red get its color from?
A: madder', '
Q: In what century did quilts in America commonly use Turkey red?
A: 19th']
The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied?
A: 19th', '
Q: Who painted the Night Cafe?
A: Vincent van Gogh', '
Q: In what year was The Night Cafe painted?
A: 1888', "
Q: What was the name of vincent van Gogh's brother?
A: Theo", '
Q: What occurred when red and green were put next to one another?
A: red and green reinforced each other']
Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure." He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, "My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During which century did Matisse work?
A: 20th', '
Q: Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?
A: strengthened', '
Q: What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?
A: red', '
Q: What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?
A: blue', '
Q: What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?
A: the central element']
Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?
A: Harvard University', '
Q: In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?
A: 1962', '
Q: What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?
A: Naphtol and Lithol', '
Q: In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?
A: 1979', '
Q: What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?
A: ruined and had to be taken down']
Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was made from the cochineal insect from Central and South America, Kermes lake came from a different scale insect, kermes vermilio, which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the brazilwood tree.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was red ochre composed of?
A: minerals', '
Q: How were pigments like red lake created?
A: mixing organic dyes', '
Q: What was red lake composed of?
A: insects or plants, with white chalk or alum', '
Q: What was the source of color in Red lac?
A: the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects', '
Q: The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment?
A: Red lac']
In modern color theory, also known as the RGB color model, red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television. For example, purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using additive colors and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which colors are part of the RGB model?
A: red, green and blue', '
Q: What color light is created when one mixes red, green, and blue?
A: white', '
Q: The RGB color model has three colors in it that are described as what kind of colors?
A: additive primary colors', '
Q: Which era did Cennino Cennini actively paint in?
A: the Renaissance', '
Q: What colors are used to create purple on a computer screen?
A: red and blue']