romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
After the Marzpanate period (428–636), Armenia emerged as the Emirate of Armenia, an autonomous principality within the Arabic Empire, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognized by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its center in the Armenian city, Dvin. The Principality of Armenia lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Arab Empire under King Ashot I Bagratuni.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Marzpanate era?
A: 428–636', '
Q: When did the Principality of Armenia end?
A: 884', '
Q: Under which ruler did the Principality of Armenia gain its independence?
A: King Ashot I Bagratuni', '
Q: Where was the Principality of Armenia centered?
A: Dvin', '
Q: Who ruled the Emirate of Armenia?
A: Prince of Armenia']
In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short lived, as in 1071 Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire. To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II, King of Ani, an Armenian named Roupen, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under King Leo I, a descendant of Prince Roupen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who vanquished Bagratid Armenia?
A: the Byzantine Empire', '
Q: When did the Seljuk Turks beat the Byzantines?
A: 1071', '
Q: When was Cilicia founded?
A: 6 January 1198', '
Q: What was the outcome of the Battle of Manzikert for the Seljuk Turks?
A: conquered Armenia', '
Q: Where did Roupen find refuge?
A: Tarsus of Cilicia']
The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia, known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The noble family of Orbelians shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the Armenian family of Hasan-Jalalians controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which family overthrew the Seljuk Turks?
A: the Zakarid', '
Q: What principality did the Zakarid family form?
A: Zakarid Armenia', '
Q: What area did the Orbelians and Zakarids command together?
A: Syunik and Vayots Dzor', '
Q: What area did the Hasan-jalalians command?
A: Artsakh and Utik', "
Q: When did the Seljuk Empire experience it's decline?
A: early 12th century"]
In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which empires seperated Armenia?
A: Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire', '
Q: Who controlled Western Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?
A: Ottoman', '
Q: Who controlled Eastern Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?
A: Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires', '
Q: How long did the Turco-Iranian rivalry last?
A: century']
While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social system, Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire, Sultan ‘Abdu’l-Hamid II, in response, organized state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Armenians were slaughtered between 1894-1896
A: 80,000 to 300,000', '
Q: What prompted the state-sponsored slaughter of Armenians?
A: pushing for more rights', '
Q: What nicknames was Sultan \'Abdu\'l-Hamid II given?
A: "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan."', '
Q: What was the name given to the slaughter of the Armenians between 1894-1896?
A: Hamidian massacres', '
Q: What type of social system was in place under the Ottoman Empire?
A: Muslim']
During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another name for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation?
A: Dashnaktsutyun', '
Q: What was the Dashnaks objective?
A: creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia', '
Q: Which Dashnak groups helped protect Armenian citizens?
A: fedayi', '
Q: When did the Dashnaktsutyun originate?
A: 1890s']
The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Adana massacre take place?
A: April 1909', '
Q: How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?
A: 20,000–30,000', '
Q: When was Sultan Hamid unseated?
A: 1908', '
Q: Who unseated Sultan Hamid?
A: Young Turk Revolution', '
Q: When was the Armenian Reform package introduced?
A: 1914']
When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What instigated conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empire?
A: World War I', '
Q: When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition?
A: 29 May 1915', '
Q: Which army had a group of Armenian volunteers fighting for them?
A: Russian Army', '
Q: Where did the Armenian Genocide occur?
A: Anatolia']
The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do the Armenians see the events of 1915-1917 as?
A: state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide', '
Q: How many phases were there to the Armenian Genocide?
A: two phases', '
Q: What did the first phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?
A: killing of the able-bodied male population', '
Q: What did the second phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?
A: deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm', '
Q: Where did the Armenian Genocide death marches push the deportees to?
A: Syrian desert']
Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on the 24th May 1916. The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at "more than a million". The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Armenians died during the second phase of the Armenian Genocide between 1915-1916??
A: 600,000', '
Q: Who contests the existence of the Armenian Genocide?
A: Turkish authorities', '
Q: What is the estimated sum of people who died during the Armenian Genocide?
A: between 1 and 1.5 million', '
Q: Who put together a report about the Armenian Genocide?
A: Arnold J. Toynbee', "
Q: When was Toynbee's report put together?
A: 24th May 1916"]
Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.[citation needed] At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was in charge of the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces?
A: Nikolai Yudenich', '
Q: Who was the leader of the Armenian militia?
A: Andranik Ozanian', '
Q: When was the Bolshevik Revolution? 
A: 1917', '
Q: Who formed the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic?
A: Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan', '
Q: When did the Dashnaktsutyun declare independence?
A: May 1918']
At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it. Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson, Ottoman Armenia was also referred to as "Wilsonian Armenia." In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Treaty of Sevres signed?
A: 10 August 1920', '
Q: What is another name for Ottoman Armenia?
A: Wilsonian Armenia', '
Q: Which US president specified the new Armenian borders?
A: President Woodrow Wilson', '
Q: When did Cilicia declare independence?
A: 5 August 1920', '
Q: Who signed the Treaty of Sevres?
A: Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire']
In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of Sèvres, and to give up all the "Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Treaty of Alexandropol sanctioned?
A: 2 December 1920', '
Q: What city did current day Gyumri used to be called?
A: Alexandropol', '
Q: When did the Armenian republic breakdown?
A: 4 December', '
Q: Who led the Soviet Eleventh Army?
A: Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze', '
Q: What year did Turkish nationalists seize the Armenian Republic?
A: 1920']
Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922. With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır, all of which were part of Russian Armenia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Transcaucasian SFSR formed?
A: 4 March 1922', '
Q: The Soviet Union gained control over which city following the Treaty of Kars?
A: Batumi', '
Q: What did Turkey gain from the Treaty of Kars?
A: sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır', '
Q: Who annexed Armenia?
A: Bolshevist Russia']
The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who provided the Armenians with supplies?
A: Moscow', '
Q: Who succeeded Vladimir Lenin?
A: Joseph Stalin', '
Q: Which three parts make up the TSFSR?
A: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR', '
Q: When did the TSFSR break up into three parts?
A: 1936']
Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who succeeded Stalin?
A: Nikita Khruschev', '
Q: When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed?
A: 1967', '
Q: When did Vazgen acquire his position?
A: 1955', '
Q: When did Stalin pass away?
A: 1953', '
Q: Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide?
A: Yerevan']
During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?
A: 1988', '
Q: How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?
A: 484,000', '
Q: When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?
A: 1923', '
Q: Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia?
A: Stalin']
Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does NAA stand for?
A: New Armenian Army', '
Q: When was the NAA formed?
A: May 1990', '
Q: Who started the fight between the MVD and the NAA in 1918?
A: the MVD', '
Q: How many people died as a result of the MVD and NAA clash in 1918?
A: five Armenians']
Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Continued fighting transpired between the Armenians and Soviets in which city?
A: Sovetashen', '
Q: Where did the Armenians living in Baku escape to during the January 1990 massacre?
A: Armenia', '
Q: When did Armenia reject the referendum proposing the retention of the Soviet Union?
A: 17 March 1991']
Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia. This move effectively crippled Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Turkey decide to become part of the blockade against Armenia?
A: 1993', "
Q: How does Armenia get most of it's commodities?
A: rail traffic", '
Q: Who did Armenia fight in teh Nagorno-Karabakh War?
A: Azerbaijan', "
Q: What prevented Armenia from getting it's commodities?
A: a railway and air blockade", '
Q: What percent of Armenias commodities were transported via rail traffic?
A: 85%']
The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediated by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The status of Karabakh has yet to be determined. The economies of both countries have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Karabakh War end?
A: 1994', '
Q: What does OSCE stand for?
A: Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe', '
Q: Armenia has closed borders with which two countries?
A: Turkey and Azerbaijan', '
Q: How many people died as a result of the fighting betwen Armenia and Azerbaijan?
A: 30,000', '
Q: Who gained the most from the Karabakh War?
A: Karabakh Armenian forces']
International observers of Council of Europe and US Department of State have questioned the fairness of Armenia's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referendum since 1995, citing polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places. Freedom House categorized Armenia in its 2008 report as a "Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime" (along with Moldova, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia) and ranked Armenia 20th among 29 nations in transition, with a Democracy Score of 5.21 out of 7 (7 represents the lowest democratic progress).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the lowest score on the Democracy Score scale?
A: 7', '
Q: What Democracy Score does Armenia have?
A: 5.21', '
Q: What does the Freedom House classify Armenia as?
A: Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime', "
Q: What makes Armenia's presidential elections faulty?
A: polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places"]
Armenia presently maintains good relations with almost every country in the world, with two major exceptions being its immediate neighbours, Turkey and Azerbaijan. Tensions were running high between Armenians and Azerbaijanis during the final years of the Soviet Union. The Nagorno-Karabakh War dominated the region's politics throughout the 1990s. The border between the two rival countries remains closed up to this day, and a permanent solution for the conflict has not been reached despite the mediation provided by organisations such as the OSCE.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: With who does Armenia have bad relations?
A: Turkey and Azerbaijan', '
Q: Is the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan open or closed?
A: closed', '
Q: When was the Nagorno-Karabakh War?
A: 1990s']
Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide. Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the 3rd republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War and citing it as the reason, Turkey illegally closed its land border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Turkey close off its border with Armenia?
A: 1993', "
Q: Which country claims the Armenian Genocide didn't occur?
A: Turkey", '
Q: When did Armenia gain independence from the USSR?
A: 1991', '
Q: Who wants the border between Turkey and Armenia opened?
A: Turkish business lobby']