romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Irir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name "Somali" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean "go and milk" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people. Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for "wealthy" (dhawamaal), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From whom are several Somali clans descended?
A: Irir Samaale', "
Q: From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived?
A: soo and maal", "
Q: What does 'soo and maal' mean in English?
A: go and milk", "
Q: What word in Arabic means 'wealthy' in English?
A: dhawamaal", '
Q: What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth?
A: livestock']
An Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast — which was then called "Berbera" by Arab geographers in reference to the region's "Berber" (Cushitic) inhabitants — as Po-pa-li. The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to the 15th century. During the wars between the Sultanate of Ifat based at Zeila and the Solomonic Dynasty, the Abyssinian Emperor had one of his court officials compose a hymn celebrating a military victory over the Sultan of Ifat's eponymous troops.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Arabs call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?
A: Berbera', '
Q: What did the Chinese call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?
A: Po-pa-li', "
Q: In what century was the term 'Somali' first used?
A: 15th", '
Q: Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis?
A: the Abyssinian Emperor', '
Q: Where was the Sultanate of Ifat located?
A: Zeila']
Ancient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures. In other places, such as the northern Dhambalin region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long ago were rock paintings found in Somalia created?
A: 5000 years', '
Q: Where are the most notable rock paintings located?
A: the Laas Geel complex', '
Q: Along with animals, what is depicted on the rock paintings of Laas Geel?
A: human figures', '
Q: Where does a notable rock painting of a man on horseback exist?
A: the northern Dhambalin region', '
Q: In what geographic part of Somalia are these rock paintings commonly found?
A: northern']
Inscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with the Hargesian culture, what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age?
A: the Doian culture', '
Q: What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings?
A: Inscriptions', '
Q: During what period did the Doian culture thrive?
A: the Stone age']
The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and the West.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what country is the oldest evidence of ceremonial burial in the Horn of Africa located?
A: Somalia', '
Q: From what millennium do the oldest cemeteries in the Horn of Africa date?
A: 4th millennium BC', '
Q: At what site were important paleolithic stone tools found?
A: the Jalelo site', '
Q: In what geographic part of Somalia were important paleolithic stone tools found?
A: northern']
In antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mycenaeans and Babylonians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world?
A: commerce', '
Q: Along with myrrh and spices, what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide?
A: frankincense', '
Q: Along with the ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians, what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury?
A: Mycenaeans']
According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people?
A: Land of Punt', '
Q: What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with?
A: Pharaonic Egypt', '
Q: Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close?
A: Hatshepsut', '
Q: Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt?
A: pyramidal structures']
In the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Near what headland was Mosylon located?
A: Cape Guardafui', '
Q: Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia?
A: Damo', '
Q: Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis?
A: Sabaeans', '
Q: What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for?
A: Indo-Greco-Roman']
The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born?
A: Red Sea', '
Q: In what location was Islam born?
A: the Arabian Peninsula', '
Q: What civilization was Mogadishu a part of?
A: Berberi', '
Q: What was another name for Mogadishu?
A: the City of Islam', '
Q: The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu?
A: gold']
The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven "mother cities": Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shewa, Adal, Jamme and Laboo.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat?
A: the Walashma dynasty', '
Q: What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat?
A: Zeila', '
Q: Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located?
A: Djibouti', '
Q: According to al-Umari, how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have?
A: 15,000', '
Q: Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located?
A: the Red Sea']
In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses?
A: the Ajuran Sultanate', '
Q: What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?
A: the Sultanate of Adal', '
Q: What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known?
A: Ahmed Gurey', '
Q: What state did Adal conquer?
A: the Ethiopian Empire', '
Q: What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire?
A: Sultan Ahmed Yusuf']
In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What states supported the Dervish State?
A: the Ottoman and German empires', '
Q: In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?
A: 1920', '
Q: What was the capital of the Dervish State?
A: Taleex', '
Q: In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?
A: 1927', '
Q: In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?
A: 1941']
Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War?
A: Italian Somaliland', '
Q: At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland?
A: the Potsdam Conference', '
Q: Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization?
A: Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali', '
Q: How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent? 
A: ten', '
Q: In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended?
A: 1960']
To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British?
A: the Ogaden', '
Q: In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia?
A: 1948', '
Q: The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader?
A: Emperor Menelik', '
Q: In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia?
A: 1956', '
Q: What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District?
A: Somali']
A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Djibouti called in 1958?
A: French Somaliland', '
Q: In what year did Somalia become independent?
A: 1960', "
Q: What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?
A: Vice President of the Government Council", '
Q: When did Djibouti achieve independence?
A: 1977', '
Q: Who was the first president of Djibouti?
A: Hassan Gouled Aptidon']
British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the President of the Somali Republic and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did British Somaliland gain independence?
A: 26 June 1960', '
Q: What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence?
A: the State of Somaliland', '
Q: What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland?
A: the Trust Territory of Somalia', '
Q: On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite?
A: 1 July 1960', '
Q: Who was the first President of the Somali Republic?
A: Aden Abdullah Osman Daar']
On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated?
A: 15 October 1969', '
Q: Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke?
A: one of his own bodyguards', '
Q: On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur?
A: 21 October 1969', '
Q: Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred?
A: Mohamed Siad Barre', "
Q: What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank?
A: Major General"]
Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council?
A: Salaad Gabeyre Kediye', "
Q: What was Jama Korshel's title?
A: Chief of Police", '
Q: What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye?
A: Lieutenant Colonel', '
Q: What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia?
A: the Somali Democratic Republic', '
Q: Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take?
A: suspended the constitution']
The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the new government nationalize along with land?
A: industry', '
Q: What international body did the new government join?
A: the Arab League', '
Q: In what year did the new government enter the Arab League?
A: 1974', '
Q: What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become?
A: the African Union', "
Q: What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase?
A: literacy"]
Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live?
A: Ethiopia', '
Q: In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found?
A: northeastern', '
Q: What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country?
A: Pan-Somalism', '
Q: Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia?
A: Cuba', '
Q: What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia?
A: the Ogaden War']
According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity?
A: 2005', '
Q: What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to?
A: Afro-Asiatic', '
Q: What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis?
A: E1b1b1a', '
Q: Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?
A: Egypt/Libya', '
Q: What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b?
A: 77%']
According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?
A: 2006', '
Q: Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?
A: Ethiopians', '
Q: On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?
A: Asia', '
Q: Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?
A: Holden', '
Q: What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?
A: Afro-Asiatic']