romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
It is possible to use the impedance matching concepts to construct vertical antennas substantially shorter than the 1⁄4 wavelength at which the antenna is resonant. By adding an inductance in series with the antenna, a so-called loading coil, the capacitive reactance of this antenna can be cancelled leaving a pure resistance which can then be matched to the transmission line. Sometimes the resulting resonant frequency of such a system (antenna plus matching network) is described using the construct of electrical length and the use of a shorter antenna at a lower frequency than its resonant frequency is termed electrical lengthening.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?
A: impedance matching', '
Q: What could be coupled with an antenna to form pure resistance?
A: inductance', '
Q: What element would this pure resistance be coupled with?
A: transmission line', '
Q: What phrase describes the process of purposely using a lower standing antenna at a less than peak frequency?
A: electrical lengthening']
The end result is that the resonant antenna will efficiently feed a signal into the transmission line only when the source signal's frequency is close to that of the design frequency of the antenna, or one of the resonant multiples. This makes resonant antenna designs inherently narrowband, and they are most commonly used with a single target signal. They are particularly common on radar systems, where the same antenna is used for both broadcast and reception, or for radio and television broadcasts, where the antenna is working with a single frequency. They are less commonly used for reception where multiple channels are present, in which case additional modifications are used to increase the bandwidth, or entirely different antenna designs are used.

Questions and answers:
['
Q:  If your were unable to match the source frequency with the design frequency of the antenna what could you use?
A: resonant multiples', '
Q: What is the most common application of resonant antennas?
A: single target signal', '
Q: What antenna setup type is generally used for TV viewing?
A: resonant', '
Q: For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?
A: bandwidth']
The amount of signal received from a distant transmission source is essentially geometric in nature due to the inverse square law, and this leads to the concept of effective area. This measures the performance of an antenna by comparing the amount of power it generates to the amount of power in the original signal, measured in terms of the signal's power density in Watts per square metre. A half-wave dipole has an effective area of 0.13 2. If more performance is needed, one cannot simply make the antenna larger. Although this would intercept more energy from the signal, due to the considerations above, it would decrease the output significantly due to it moving away from the resonant length. In roles where higher performance is needed, designers often use multiple elements combined together.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What accounts for the geometry involved in the use of an antenna?
A: inverse square law', '
Q:  How is the compactness of the signal measured?
A: Watts per square metre', '
Q: What type of project would call for more than one element used together?
A: higher performance']
Returning to the basic concept of current flows in a conductor, consider what happens if a half-wave dipole is not connected to a feed point, but instead shorted out. Electrically this forms a single 1⁄2-wavelength element. But the overall current pattern is the same; the current will be zero at the two ends, and reach a maximum in the center. Thus signals near the design frequency will continue to create a standing wave pattern. Any varying electrical current, like the standing wave in the element, will radiate a signal. In this case, aside from resistive losses in the element, the rebroadcast signal will be significantly similar to the original signal in both magnitude and shape. If this element is placed so its signal reaches the main dipole in-phase, it will reinforce the original signal, and increase the current in the dipole. Elements used in this way are known as passive elements.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a half wave dipole need to be coupled with in most instances?
A: feed point', '
Q: What part of the current is usually strongest?
A: center', '
Q: What does this result in?
A: standing wave pattern', '
Q: Element used to provide support to the original signal are called?
A: passive elements']
A Yagi-Uda array uses passive elements to greatly increase gain. It is built along a support boom that is pointed toward the signal, and thus sees no induced signal and does not contribute to the antenna's operation. The end closer to the source is referred to as the front. Near the rear is a single active element, typically a half-wave dipole or folded dipole. Passive elements are arranged in front (directors) and behind (reflectors) the active element along the boom. The Yagi has the inherent quality that it becomes increasingly directional, and thus has higher gain, as the number of elements increases. However, this also makes it increasingly sensitive to changes in frequency; if the signal frequency changes, not only does the active element receive less energy directly, but all of the passive elements adding to that signal also decrease their output as well and their signals no longer reach the active element in-phase.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can take advantage of these elements to add more gain?
A: Yagi-Uda array', '
Q: Does this device improve the operation of the antenna?
A: does not contribute', '
Q: What is the name for passive elements nearer to the source of the signal?
A: directors', '
Q: Adding more elements to a Yagi-Uda would have what effect?
A: increasingly directional']
It is also possible to use multiple active elements and combine them together with transmission lines to produce a similar system where the phases add up to reinforce the output. The antenna array and very similar reflective array antenna consist of multiple elements, often half-wave dipoles, spaced out on a plane and wired together with transmission lines with specific phase lengths to produce a single in-phase signal at the output. The log-periodic antenna is a more complex design that uses multiple in-line elements similar in appearance to the Yagi-Uda but using transmission lines between the elements to produce the output.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can be paired with transmission lines to create phases that would support output?
A: active elements', '
Q: What is the most common element used to create a single in phase signal?
A: half-wave dipoles', '
Q: What must be precise in order to create this signal at output?
A: phase lengths', '
Q: What is a more complicated occurrence of the single in-phase producing antenna?
A: log-periodic']
Reflection of the original signal also occurs when it hits an extended conductive surface, in a fashion similar to a mirror. This effect can also be used to increase signal through the use of a reflector, normally placed behind the active element and spaced so the reflected signal reaches the element in-phase. Generally the reflector will remain highly reflective even if it is not solid; gaps less than 1⁄10 generally have little effect on the outcome. For this reason, reflectors often take the form of wire meshes or rows of passive elements, which makes them lighter and less subject to wind. The parabolic reflector is perhaps the best known example of a reflector-based antenna, which has an effective area far greater than the active element alone.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: If you wanted to somehow clone the original signal you could use?
A: extended conductive surface', '
Q: What effect would the use of a reflector have on a signal?
A: increase', '
Q: What allowance can be made for gaps without loss of performance?
A: less than 1⁄10', '
Q: What is the most recognized type of an antenna that has its basis in reflection?
A: parabolic reflector']
Another extreme case of impedance matching occurs when using a small loop antenna (usually, but not always, for receiving) at a relatively low frequency where it appears almost as a pure inductor. Resonating such an inductor with a capacitor at the frequency of operation not only cancels the reactance but greatly magnifies the very small radiation resistance of such a loop.[citation needed] This is implemented in most AM broadcast receivers, with a small ferrite loop antenna resonated by a capacitor which is varied along with the receiver tuning in order to maintain resonance over the AM broadcast band

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What magnifies the small radiation resistance of a loop?
A: a capacitor at the frequency of operation', '
Q: What is resonated by a capacitor along with the receiver tuning that maintains resonance over the AM broadcast band?
A: small ferrite loop antenna', '
Q: What is used in most AM broadcaster receivers?
A: loop', '
Q: When using a small loop antenna at a low frequency, what may occur?
A: impedance matching']
Antenna tuning generally refers to cancellation of any reactance seen at the antenna terminals, leaving only a resistive impedance which might or might not be exactly the desired impedance (that of the transmission line). Although an antenna may be designed to have a purely resistive feedpoint impedance (such as a dipole 97% of a half wavelength long) this might not be exactly true at the frequency that it is eventually used at. In some cases the physical length of the antenna can be "trimmed" to obtain a pure resistance. On the other hand, the addition of a series inductance or parallel capacitance can be used to cancel a residual capacitative or inductive reactance, respectively.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is left after antenna tuning?
A: resistive impedance', '
Q: Where does cancellation of any reactance seen?
A: antenna terminals', '
Q: What can be used to cancel a inductibe reactance or residual capacitative?
A: parallel capacitance', '
Q: What is an antenna designed to have?
A: purely resistive feedpoint']
Although a resonant antenna has a purely resistive feed-point impedance at a particular frequency, many (if not most) applications require using an antenna over a range of frequencies. An antenna's bandwidth specifies the range of frequencies over which its performance does not suffer due to a poor impedance match. Also in the case of a Yagi-Uda array, the use of the antenna very far away from its design frequency reduces the antenna's directivity, thus reducing the usable bandwidth regardless of impedance matching.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of antenna has impedance at a specific frequency?
A: resonant', '
Q: What term can be used to refer to the usable spectrum of an antennas frequency?
A: bandwidth', '
Q: What causes the frequencies outside of the bandwidth to be unusable?
A: impedance match', '
Q: What is lessened by the Yagi-Uda design?
A: directivity']
Instead, it is often desired to have an antenna whose impedance does not vary so greatly over a certain bandwidth. It turns out that the amount of reactance seen at the terminals of a resonant antenna when the frequency is shifted, say, by 5%, depends very much on the diameter of the conductor used. A long thin wire used as a half-wave dipole (or quarter wave monopole) will have a reactance significantly greater than the resistive impedance it has at resonance, leading to a poor match and generally unacceptable performance. Making the element using a tube of a diameter perhaps 1/50 of its length, however, results in a reactance at this altered frequency which is not so great, and a much less serious mismatch which will only modestly damage the antenna's net performance. Thus rather thick tubes are typically used for the solid elements of such antennas, including Yagi-Uda arrays.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What characteristic of the conductor changes the amount of reactance?
A: diameter', '
Q: What characteristic would be better if it were steady?
A: reactance', '
Q: What would be used to create a half wave or quarter wave dipole?
A: A long thin wire', '
Q: What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas?
A: thick tubes']
Rather than just using a thick tube, there are similar techniques used to the same effect such as replacing thin wire elements with cages to simulate a thicker element. This widens the bandwidth of the resonance. On the other hand, amateur radio antennas need to operate over several bands which are widely separated from each other. This can often be accomplished simply by connecting resonant elements for the different bands in parallel. Most of the transmitter's power will flow into the resonant element while the others present a high (reactive) impedance and draw little current from the same voltage. A popular solution uses so-called traps consisting of parallel resonant circuits which are strategically placed in breaks along each antenna element. When used at one particular frequency band the trap presents a very high impedance (parallel resonance) effectively truncating the element at that length, making it a proper resonant antenna. At a lower frequency the trap allows the full length of the element to be employed, albeit with a shifted resonant frequency due to the inclusion of the trap's net reactance at that lower frequency.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What effect do cages have on the spectrum of usable frequencies?
A: widens', '
Q: What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas?
A: cages', '
Q: How could one achieve the task of creating an antenna that can be Used over various bands?
A: connecting resonant elements', "
Q: What is an essential for dealing with directing the flow of power?
A: trap's"]
Gain is a parameter which measures the degree of directivity of the antenna's radiation pattern. A high-gain antenna will radiate most of its power in a particular direction, while a low-gain antenna will radiate over a wider angle. The antenna gain, or power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity (power per unit surface area)  radiated by the antenna in the direction of its maximum output, at an arbitrary distance, divided by the intensity  radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic antenna which radiates equal power in all directions. This dimensionless ratio is usually expressed logarithmically in decibels, these units are called "decibels-isotropic" (dBi)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is an acknowledgement of the range of possible direction for and antenna?
A: gain', '
Q: What is another way to refer to an antennas gain?
A: power gain', '
Q: What is the meaning of intensity?
A: power per unit surface area', '
Q: What type of an antenna would offer the same level of power to each possible destination?
A: isotropic']
High-gain antennas have the advantage of longer range and better signal quality, but must be aimed carefully at the other antenna. An example of a high-gain antenna is a parabolic dish such as a satellite television antenna. Low-gain antennas have shorter range, but the orientation of the antenna is relatively unimportant. An example of a low-gain antenna is the whip antenna found on portable radios and cordless phones. Antenna gain should not be confused with amplifier gain, a separate parameter measuring the increase in signal power due to an amplifying device.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Antennas with higher gain have what positive feature?
A: longer range', '
Q: What is a measure of how much efficient is improved by adding a device designed to make something stronger?
A: amplifier gain', '
Q: Dish network Tv takes example of what type of antenna?
A: parabolic dish', '
Q: What type of antenna would be best if placement was tricky?
A: Low-gain']
Due to reciprocity (discussed above) the gain of an antenna used for transmitting must be proportional to its effective area when used for receiving. Consider an antenna with no loss, that is, one whose electrical efficiency is 100%. It can be shown that its effective area averaged over all directions must be equal to λ2/4π, the wavelength squared divided by 4π. Gain is defined such that the average gain over all directions for an antenna with 100% electrical efficiency is equal to 1. Therefore, the effective area Aeff in terms of the gain G in a given direction is given by:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What must the relationship of an antenna and the receiving area be due to reciprocity?
A: proportional', '
Q: what could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?
A: no loss', '
Q: Another term for the effective area is?
A: Aeff', '
Q: hat could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?
A: 1']
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the relative field strength of the radio waves emitted by the antenna at different angles. It is typically represented by a three-dimensional graph, or polar plots of the horizontal and vertical cross sections. The pattern of an ideal isotropic antenna, which radiates equally in all directions, would look like a sphere. Many nondirectional antennas, such as monopoles and dipoles, emit equal power in all horizontal directions, with the power dropping off at higher and lower angles; this is called an omnidirectional pattern and when plotted looks like a torus or donut.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A plot of the radiation behaviors of an antenna would show what?
A: relative field strength', '
Q: What type of pictoral aid is often used to show this?
A: three-dimensional graph', '
Q:  A sphere shows what type of antennas radiation?
A: isotropic', '
Q: Dipoles are considered to be what antenna type?
A: nondirectional', '
Q: What would an omnidirectional antenna look like if plotted?
A: donut']
The radiation of many antennas shows a pattern of maxima or "lobes" at various angles, separated by "nulls", angles where the radiation falls to zero. This is because the radio waves emitted by different parts of the antenna typically interfere, causing maxima at angles where the radio waves arrive at distant points in phase, and zero radiation at other angles where the radio waves arrive out of phase. In a directional antenna designed to project radio waves in a particular direction, the lobe in that direction is designed larger than the others and is called the "main lobe". The other lobes usually represent unwanted radiation and are called "sidelobes". The axis through the main lobe is called the "principal axis" or "boresight axis".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the term that refers to areas where an antennas radiation is zero? 
A: nulls', '
Q: What do radio waves do that account for maxima or nulls in an antenna pattern?
A: interfere', '
Q: If you desired to project radio waves to the south, what part of the antenna would you build larger in that direction?
A: lobe', '
Q: What is the main distinction of side lobes?
A: represent unwanted radiation']
As an electro-magnetic wave travels through the different parts of the antenna system (radio, feed line, antenna, free space) it may encounter differences in impedance (E/H, V/I, etc.). At each interface, depending on the impedance match, some fraction of the wave's energy will reflect back to the source, forming a standing wave in the feed line. The ratio of maximum power to minimum power in the wave can be measured and is called the standing wave ratio (SWR). A SWR of 1:1 is ideal. A SWR of 1.5:1 is considered to be marginally acceptable in low power applications where power loss is more critical, although an SWR as high as 6:1 may still be usable with the right equipment. Minimizing impedance differences at each interface (impedance matching) will reduce SWR and maximize power transfer through each part of the antenna system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one piece that makes up an antenna system?
A: radio', '
Q: What is created by a portion of a radio waves energy reversing?
A: standing wave', '
Q: A term that refers to the highs and lows of power in electro magnetic waves is?
A: standing wave ratio', '
Q: Impedance matching makes an important difference in what antenna function?
A: power transfer']
Efficiency of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of power actually radiated (in all directions) to the power absorbed by the antenna terminals. The power supplied to the antenna terminals which is not radiated is converted into heat. This is usually through loss resistance in the antenna's conductors, but can also be due to dielectric or magnetic core losses in antennas (or antenna systems) using such components. Such loss effectively robs power from the transmitter, requiring a stronger transmitter in order to transmit a signal of a given strength.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A measure of the power that is useable and the power absorbed by the terminals?
A: Efficiency', '
Q: What happens to the power that is not absorbed by the antenna?
A: heat', '
Q: What can cause that reaction?
A: magnetic core losses', '
Q: What can cause that reaction?
A: transmitter']
For instance, if a transmitter delivers 100 W into an antenna having an efficiency of 80%, then the antenna will radiate 80 W as radio waves and produce 20 W of heat. In order to radiate 100 W of power, one would need to use a transmitter capable of supplying 125 W to the antenna. Note that antenna efficiency is a separate issue from impedance matching, which may also reduce the amount of power radiated using a given transmitter. If an SWR meter reads 150 W of incident power and 50 W of reflected power, that means that 100 W have actually been absorbed by the antenna (ignoring transmission line losses). How much of that power has actually been radiated cannot be directly determined through electrical measurements at (or before) the antenna terminals, but would require (for instance) careful measurement of field strength. Fortunately the loss resistance of antenna conductors such as aluminum rods can be calculated and the efficiency of an antenna using such materials predicted.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What would need to be placed into the transmitter to create ten W oh warmth? 
A: 100 W', '
Q: What would need to be investigated to determine how much power was radiated?
A: electrical measurements', '
Q: What factor may play a hand in lessened power from a transmitter?
A: impedance matching']
However loss resistance will generally affect the feedpoint impedance, adding to its resistive (real) component. That resistance will consist of the sum of the radiation resistance Rr and the loss resistance Rloss. If an rms current I is delivered to the terminals of an antenna, then a power of I2Rr will be radiated and a power of I2Rloss will be lost as heat. Therefore, the efficiency of an antenna is equal to Rr / (Rr + Rloss). Of course only the total resistance Rr + Rloss can be directly measured.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can increase the feedpoint impedance of a component?
A: loss resistance', '
Q: The addition of Rr and Rloss equals what?
A: resistance', '
Q: What equation an determine an antennas effectiveness?
A: Rr / (Rr + Rloss)', '
Q: What is the single factor that can be precisely measured?
A: total resistance']