romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Another recent environmental issue in Melbourne was the Victorian government project of channel deepening Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay—the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project. It was subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected by the disturbance of heavy metals and other industrial sediments. Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteria including E. coli in the Yarra River and its tributaries caused by septic systems, as well as litter. Up to 350,000 cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day. Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and river pollution. In February 2010, The Transition Decade, an initiative to transition human society, economics and environment towards sustainability, was launched in Melbourne.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which government project aimed to deepen Melbourne ports by dredging?
A: the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project', '
Q: Why was the Port Phillip Channel Deppening Project subject to controversy and strict regulations?
A: fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected', '
Q: Up to how many cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day in Melbourne?
A: 350,000', '
Q: What initiative was launched in Melbourne in February 2010 as an effort to transition human society towards sustainability?
A: The Transition Decade', '
Q: What causes increased pollution and levels of bacteria such as E. coli to rise in the Yarra River and its tributaries?
A: septic systems, as well as litter']
To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the Housing Commission of Victoria, which resulted in demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers. In later years, with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership, the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner city population. The Bolte government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne. Major road projects including the remodelling of St Kilda Junction, the widening of Hoddle Street and then the extensive 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Investment in what greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawn and declining inner city population?
A: freeway and highway developments', '
Q: Which government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne?
A: Bolte', '
Q: The widening of what street helped to change the face of Melbourne into a car-dominated environment?
A: Hoddle Street', '
Q: Did the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan change Melbourne into a more car-dominated or tram-dominated environment?
A: car-dominated', '
Q: Did the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and highway developments lead to an increasing or declining inner city population?
A: declining']
The Melbourne rail network has its origins in privately built lines from the 1850s gold rush era, and today the suburban network consists of 209 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop, a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District (Hoddle Grid). Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place. The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities, as well as direct interstate rail services to Sydney and Adelaide and beyond which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross Station in Spencer Street. In the 2013–2014 financial year, the Melbourne rail network recorded 232.0 million passenger trips, the highest in its history. Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and rail yards are also used for freight. The Overland to Adelaide departs Southern Cross twice a week, while the XPT to Sydney departs twice a day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many lines does the Melbourne rail network have?
A: 16', "
Q: Which rail station is Melbourne's busiest?
A: Flinders Street Station", "
Q: Which Melbourne rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926?
A: Flinders Street Station", '
Q: During which financial year did the Melbourne rail network record its highest volume of passenger trips?
A: 2013–2014', '
Q: How often does the XPT to Sydney depart?
A: twice a day']
RMIT University was also ranked among the top 51–100 universities in the world in the subjects of: accounting, Business and Management, communication and media studies, computer science and information systems. The Swinburne University of Technology, based in the inner city Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn is ranked 76–100 in the world for Physics by the Academic Ranking of World Universities making Swinburne the only Australian university outside the Group of Eight to achieve a top 100 rating in a science discipline. Deakin University maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong, and is the third largest university in Victoria. In recent years, the number of international students at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available to full fee paying students. Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which university maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong and is the third largest university in Victoria?
A: Deakin University', "
Q: What is the role of the DEECD?
A: 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education", '
Q: Who oversees education in Melbourne?
A: Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD)']
Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state. There is an abundance of parks and gardens in Melbourne, many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. Melbourne's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia's major cities. There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of Stonnington, Boroondara and Port Phillip, south east of the central business district. The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which city is often referred to as Australia's garden city?
A: Melbourne", '
Q: Which Australian state was once known as the garden state?
A: Victoria', '
Q: Why is urban Melbourne divided into hundreds of suburbs?
A: addressing and postal purposes']
Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a "bay effect" similar to the "lake effect" seen in colder climates where showers are intensified leeward of the bay. Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same places (usually the eastern suburbs) for an extended period, while the rest of Melbourne and surrounds stays dry. Overall, Melbourne is, owing to the rain shadow of the Otway Ranges, nonetheless drier than average for southern Victoria. Within the city and surrounds, however, rainfall varies widely, from around 425 millimetres (17 in) at Little River to 1,250 millimetres (49 in) on the eastern fringe at Gembrook. Melbourne receives 48.6 clear days annually. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 9.5 °C (49.1 °F) to 11.7 °C (53.1 °F).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Approximately how many sunny days does Melbourne receive annually?
A: 48.6', "
Q: What is the range of Melbourne's dewpoint temperatures in the summer?
A: 9.5 °C (49.1 °F) to 11.7 °C (53.1 °F)", '
Q: Which suburbs usually are affected by relatively narrow streams of heavy showers?
A: eastern suburbs', '
Q: Is Port Phillip generally warmer or colder than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass?
A: warmer']
The local councils are responsible for providing the functions set out in the Local Government Act 1989 such as urban planning and waste management. Most other government services are provided or regulated by the Victorian state government, which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street. These include services which are associated with local government in other countries and include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, health and planning of major infrastructure projects. The state government retains the right to override certain local government decisions, including urban planning, and Melburnian issues often feature prominently in state election.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which act sets functions for Melbourne such as urban planning and waste management?
A: Local Government Act 1989', '
Q: From where does the Victorian state government operate?
A: Parliament House in Spring Street', '
Q: Contrary to other countires, are public transport, traffic control, policing, and education the responsibility of local or state government?
A: state government']
The Hoddle Grid (dimensions of 1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)) forms the centre of Melbourne's central business district. The grid's southern edge fronts onto the Yarra River. Office, commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of Southbank and Docklands have made these redeveloped areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name. The city centre has a reputation for its historic and prominent lanes and arcades (most notably Block Place and Royal Arcade) which contain a variety of shops and cafés and are a byproduct of the city's layout.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the dimensions of the Hoddle Grid?
A: 1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)', '
Q: What is the name of a popular arcade located within the Hoddle Grid?
A: Royal Arcade', '
Q: Which edge of the Hoddle Grid fronts onto the Yarra River?
A: southern']
The city is recognised for its mix of modern architecture which intersects with an extensive range of nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings. Some of the most architecturally noteworthy historic buildings include the World Heritage Site-listed Royal Exhibition Building, constructed over a two-year period for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, A.C. Goode House, a Neo Gothic building located on Collins Street designed by Wright, Reed & Beaver (1891), William Pitt's Venetian Gothic style Old Stock Exchange (1888), William Wardell's Gothic Bank (1883) which features some of Melbourne's finest interiors, the incomplete Parliament House, St Paul's Cathedral (1891) and Flinders Street Station (1909), which was the busiest commuter railway station in the world in the mid-1920s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which railway station was the busiest in the world in the mid-1920s?
A: Flinders Street Station', '
Q: On which street is the A.C. Goode House located?
A: Collins Street', '
Q: In what year was construction on the Flinders Street Station completed?
A: 1909', '
Q: Who designed the A.C. Goode House?
A: Wright, Reed & Beaver', '
Q: What style of architecture is the A.C. Goode House?
A: Neo Gothic']
Australian rules football and cricket are the most popular sports in Melbourne. It is considered the spiritual home of the two sports in Australia. The first official Test cricket match was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in March 1877. The origins of Australian rules football can be traced to matches played next to the MCG in 1858. The Australian Football League is headquartered at Docklands Stadium. Nine of the League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Hawthorn, Melbourne, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, and Western Bulldogs. Up to five AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne, attracting an average 40,000 people per game. Additionally, the city annually hosts the AFL Grand Final.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the two most popular sports in Melbourne?
A: Australian rules football and cricket', '
Q: When was the first official Test cricket match played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground?
A: March 1877', '
Q: Where is the Australian Football League headquartered?
A: Docklands Stadium', "
Q: How many of the Australian Football League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area?
A: Nine", '
Q: Up to how many AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne?
A: five']
Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne's transport system. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. The port handled two million shipping containers in a 12-month period during 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere. Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Tasmania docking there. Ferries and water taxis run from berths along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which port is Australia's largest container and general cargo port?
A: The Port of Melbourne", '
Q: How far upstream to water taxis run along the Yarra River?
A: South Yarra', '
Q: How many shipping containers did the Port of Melbourne handle during a 12-month period in 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere?
A: two million', "
Q: Which is Australia's busiest port?
A: The Port of Melbourne", '
Q: Where is Station Pier located?
A: Port Phillip Bay']
CSL, one of the world's top five biotech companies, and Sigma Pharmaceuticals have their headquarters in Melbourne. The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies. Melbourne has an important ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), with a turnover of $19.8 billion and export revenues of $615 million. In addition, tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with about 7.6 million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004. In 2008, Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city, accounting for around $15.8 billion annually. Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a $1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multibillion-dollar Docklands redevelopment.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people are employed by the ICT industry in Melbourne?
A: 60,000', "
Q: What percentage of Australia's ICT workforce is imployed in Melbourne's ICT industry?
A: one third", '
Q: In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city?
A: Sydney', '
Q: Domestic visitors spend about how much money in the city of Melbourne annually?
A: $15.8 billion', '
Q: How many international visitors did Melbourne have in 2004?
A: 1.88 million']
In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia. Melbourne could overtake Sydney in population by 2028, The ABS has projected in two scenarios that Sydney will remain larger than Melbourne beyond 2056, albeit by a margin of less than 3% compared to a margin of 12% today. Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039, according to the first scenario projected by the ABS; primarily due to larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney. Another study claims that Melbourne will surpass Sydney in population by 2040.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039 primarily due to what factor?
A: larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney", '
Q: In how many scenarios will Sydney remain higher than Melbourne in population beyond 2056?
A: two', "
Q: According to the first scenario projected by the ABS, how soon could Melbourne overtake Sydney's population level?
A: 2037 or 2039"]
Melbourne's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city, with the first theatre, the Pavilion, opening in 1841. The city's East End Theatre District includes theatres that similarly date from 1850s to the 1920s, including the Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, Her Majesty's Theatre, Forum Theatre, Comedy Theatre, and the Athenaeum Theatre. The Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne, which includes the State Theatre, Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio. The Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre (principal home of the MTC, which includes the Sumner and Lawler performance spaces) are also located in Southbank. The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, which dates from 1955, is located in the gardens of Kings Domain; and the Palais Theatre is a feature of the St Kilda Beach foreshore.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which theatre was Melbourne's first live performance institution?
A: Pavilion", "
Q: The Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, and Forum Theatre are members of which of Melbourne's theater districts?
A: East End Theatre District", '
Q: In what year did the Pavilion open?
A: 1841', '
Q: Where are the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre located?
A: Southbank', '
Q: From what year does the Sidney Myer Music Bowl date?
A: 1955']
Three daily newspapers serve Melbourne: the Herald Sun (tabloid), The Age (formerly broadsheet, now compact) and The Australian (national broadsheet). Six free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong: ABC Victoria, (ABV), SBS Victoria (SBS), Seven Melbourne (HSV), Nine Melbourne (GTV), Ten Melbourne (ATV), C31 Melbourne (MGV) – community television. Each station (excluding C31) broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels. C31 is only broadcast from the transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra. Hybrid digital/print media companies such as Broadsheet and ThreeThousand are based in and primarily serve Melbourne.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many daily newspapers serve Melbourne?
A: Three', '
Q: How many free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong?
A: Six', '
Q: From where is C31 broadcast?
A: transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra', '
Q: What type of companies are Broadsheet and ThreeThousand?
A: Hybrid digital/print media']
The city is home to many professional franchises/teams in national competitions including: cricket clubs Melbourne Stars, Melbourne Renegades and Victorian Bushrangers, which play in the Big Bash League and other domestic cricket competitions; soccer clubs Melbourne Victory and Melbourne City FC (known until June 2014 as Melbourne Heart), which play in the A-League competition, both teams play their home games at AAMI Park, with the Victory also playing home games at Etihad Stadium. Rugby league club Melbourne Storm which plays in the NRL competition; rugby union clubs Melbourne Rebels and Melbourne Rising, which play in the Super Rugby and National Rugby Championship competitions respectively; netball club Melbourne Vixens, which plays in the trans-Tasman trophy ANZ Championship; basketball club Melbourne United, which plays in the NBL competition; Bulleen Boomers and Dandenong Rangers, which play in the WNBL; ice hockey teams Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs, who play in the Australian Ice Hockey League; and baseball club Melbourne Aces, which plays in the Australian Baseball League. Rowing is also a large part of Melbourne's sporting identity, with a number of clubs located on the Yarra River, out of which many Australian Olympians trained. The city previously held the nation's premier long distance swimming event the annual Race to Prince's Bridge, in the Yarra River.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Melbourne Heart become known as Melbourne City FC?
A: June 2014', "
Q: What are Melbourne's two ice hockey teams named?
A: Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs", "
Q: In which river was the annual Race to Prince's Bridge held?
A: Yarra", '
Q: Where does the soccer club Melbourne Victory play home games?
A: Etihad Stadium', '
Q: Which basketball club in Melbourne plays in the NBL?
A: Melbourne United']
Like many Australian cities, Melbourne has a high dependency on the automobile for transport, particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought, with a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km (13,870 mi) of road, and one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world. The early 20th century saw an increase in popularity of automobiles, resulting in large-scale suburban expansion. By the mid 1950s there was just under 200 passenger vehicles per 1000 people by 2013 there was 600 passenger vehicles per 1000 people. Today it has an extensive network of freeways and arterial roadways used by private vehicles including freight as well as public transport systems including bus and taxis. Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway, Monash Freeway and West Gate Freeway (which spans the large West Gate Bridge), whilst other freeways circumnavigate the city or lead to other major cities, including CityLink (which spans the large Bolte Bridge), Eastlink, the Western Ring Road, Calder Freeway, Tullamarine Freeway (main airport link) and the Hume Freeway which links Melbourne and Sydney.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Does Melbourne have a high or low dependency on the automobile?
A: high', '
Q: Which freeway spans the large Bolte Bridge?
A: CityLink', "
Q: How many private vehicles travel Melbourne's 13,870 miles of road?
A: 3.6 million", '
Q: Which freeway links Melbourne and Sydney?
A: Hume Freeway']
After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs, aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013, inner city Melbourne had the highest population density with 12,400 people per km2. Surrounding inner city suburbs experienced an increase in population density between 2012 and 2013; Carlton (9,000 people per km2) and Fitzroy (7,900).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What have Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 aimed to do?
A: curtail urban sprawl', '
Q: How many people did Carlton have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?
A: 9,000', '
Q: How many people did Fitzroy have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?
A: 7,900', '
Q: According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013, inner city Melbourne had a population density of how many people per km2?
A: 12,400']