romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In the aftermath, all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces. The Crown controlled the Company's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India, which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families. There were officially 565 princely states in 1947, but only 21 had actual state governments, and only three were large (Mysore, Hyderabad and Kashmir). They were absorbed into the independent nation in 1947–48.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?
A: British Crown', '
Q: How did Britain govern the vast area of India?
A: provinces', "
Q: Over what did Britain have direct control?
A: Company's lands", '
Q: What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule?
A: indirect influence', '
Q: How many princely states were there in India in 1947?
A: 565']
After 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. The Indian Penal Code came into being. In education, Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated. The Indian economy grew at about 1% per year from 1880 to 1920, and the population also grew at 1%. However, from 1910s Indian private industry began to grow significantly. India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. However, historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?
A: infrastructure', '
Q: What new law was created?
A: Indian Penal Code', '
Q: Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?
A: Thomas Babington Macaulay', '
Q: When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?
A: late 19th century', '
Q: In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?
A: infrastructure']
In 1905, Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and "Eastern Bengal and Assam", a largely Muslim eastern half. The British goal was said to be for efficient administration but the people of Bengal were outraged at the apparent "divide and rule" strategy. It also marked the beginning of the organized anti-colonial movement. When the Liberal party in Britain came to power in 1906, he was removed. Bengal was reunified in 1911. The new Viceroy Gilbert Minto and the new Secretary of State for India John Morley consulted with Congress leaders on political reforms. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided for Indian membership of the provincial executive councils as well as the Viceroy's executive council. The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government. Several socio-religious organizations came into being at that time. Muslims set up the All India Muslim League in 1906. It was not a mass party but was designed to protect the interests of the aristocratic Muslims. It was internally divided by conflicting loyalties to Islam, the British, and India, and by distrust of Hindus. The Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) sought to represent Hindu interests though the later always claimed it to be a "cultural" organization. Sikhs founded the Shiromani Akali Dal in 1920. However, the largest and oldest political party Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, is perceived to have attempted to keep a distance from the socio-religious movements and identity politics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What administer divided the province of Bengal in half?
A: Lord Curzon', '
Q: What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal?
A: Hindu', '
Q: What was the religion of the western half of Bengal?
A: Muslim', '
Q: What movement did the division of Bengal start?
A: anti-colonial', '
Q: What was the biggest and oldest political party in India?
A: Indian National Congress']
The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus. The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), although many stalwarts thereafter continued to embody particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output of the region. Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators, and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern'.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century?
A: Bengali Renaissance', '
Q: What group lead the Bengali Renaissance?
A: English educated Bengali Hindus', '
Q: With whom did the Renaissance movement begin?
A: Raja Ram Mohan Roy', '
Q: With whom was it said the the movement ended?
A: Rabindranath Tagore', "
Q: From what did the Renaissance Movement mark the change?
A: medieval' to the 'modern"]
During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus. It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the sub-continent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?
A: Renaissance in Europe', '
Q: What did the Movement question?
A: existing orthodoxies', '
Q: What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?
A: Young Bengal', '
Q: What factors did the Young Bengal movement  say were needed for civil conduct?
A: rationalism and atheism', '
Q: What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?
A: minds and intellect']
During the British Raj, famines in India, often attributed to failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876–78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The Third Plague Pandemic in the mid-19th century killed 10 million people in India. Despite persistent diseases and famines, the population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were said to have been caused by government policy failures?
A: famines', '
Q: How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine?
A: 6.1 million to 10.3 million', '
Q: When did the Great Famine happen?
A: 1876–78', '
Q: How many people died in the Indian Famine of 1899-1900?
A: 1.25 to 10 million', '
Q: What killed 10 million people in India?
A: Third Plague Pandemic']
One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism, leading Indians to seek first "self-rule" and later "complete independence". However, historians are divided over the causes of its rise. Probable reasons include a "clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests", "racial discriminations", "the revelation of India's past", "inter-linking of the new social groups in different regions", and Indians coming in close contact with "European education".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What movement rose in the 19th century?
A: Indian nationalism', '
Q: What did Indian first want as government?
A: self-rule', '
Q: What did Indians finally begin to demand?
A: complete independence', '
Q: What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown?
A: causes', '
Q: What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement?
A: Probable reasons']
The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?
A: councillors', '
Q: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?
A: 1909', '
Q: What more local councils were set up?
A: Provincial Councils', '
Q: Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?
A: British', '
Q: What were the troops in the British Indian Army?
A: minority groups']
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three big provinces – Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab, India shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?
A: Bal Gangadhar Tilak', '
Q: What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?
A: three big provinces', '
Q: How was the Congress split in 1907?
A: two factions', '
Q: Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?
A: The radicals', '
Q: Which faction wanted reform within British rule?
A: The moderates']
From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard. All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What leader started a mass movement against British rule?
A: Mahatma Gandhi', '
Q: What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?
A: peaceful', '
Q: What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?
A: Indian National Army', '
Q: On what date did India gain its independence?
A: 15 August 1947', '
Q: What action did the movements combine to produce?
A: Government of India Act 1935']
Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?
A: minority', '
Q: What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?
A: Hindu rule', '
Q: What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?
A: interim government', '
Q: How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?
A: 500,000', '
Q: How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?
A: 12 million']
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين‎, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What number president of Egypt was Nasser?
A: second', '
Q: What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?
A: Muslim Brotherhood', '
Q: In what year did Nasser become president?
A: 1956', '
Q: In what year did Nasser die?
A: 1970', '
Q: What type of government did Nasser overthrow?
A: monarchy']
Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958–1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?
A: five million", '
Q: What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?
A: Suez Canal', '
Q: What organization did Nasser create with Syria?
A: United Arab Republic', '
Q: What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?
A: North Yemen Civil War', '
Q: In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?
A: 1965']
Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded.
A: Aswan Dam and Helwan City', '
Q: What century did Nasser rule in?
A: 20th', "
Q: What was nasser's position toward imperialism?
A: anti-imperialist", "
Q: How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?
A: human rights violations"]
Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the "Arab notion of glory", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to "Glory of the Arabs"—a rare name in Egypt.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Nasser's father's occupation?
A: postal worker", '
Q: In what city was Nasser raised?
A: Alexandria', '
Q: What year was Nasser born?
A: 1918', "
Q: What does Nasser's brother's name translate to?
A: Glory of the Arabs", '
Q: What siblings did Nasser have?
A: two more boys']
In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What elementary school did Nasser attend?
A: Attarin', '
Q: Where did Nasser go to boarding school?
A: Helwan', '
Q: What secondary school did Nasser attend?
A: Ras el-Tin', '
Q: Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?
A: Manshia Square', '
Q: What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?
A: Young Egypt Society']
When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?
A: al-Nahda al-Masria', '
Q: What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?
A: Voltaire, the Man of Freedom', '
Q: What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?
A: British rule', '
Q: How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?
A: Two', '
Q: What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?
A: constitution']
Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?
A: 45', '
Q: What treaty did Nasser object to?
A: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty', '
Q: What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?
A: British military bases', '
Q: What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?
A: declined significantly', '
Q: From where did Nasser graduate?
A: al-Nahda']
Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations, which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society's class divisions. His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite, and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime. Nasser spent most of his spare time reading, particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt. He read the Qur'an, the sayings of Muhammad, the lives of the Sahaba (Muhammad's companions), and the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon, Ataturk, Otto von Bismarck, and Garibaldi and the autobiography of Winston Churchill.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Nasser do in his spare time?
A: reading', '
Q: What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933?
A: National Library of Egypt', "
Q: What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth?
A: Egyptian society's class divisions", "
Q: What was Nasser's position in Egypt's society?
A: well below the wealthy Egyptian elite", '
Q: What kind of biographies did Nasser read?
A: nationalist leaders']
Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a "man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What political theory fascinated Nasser?
A: Egyptian nationalism', '
Q: What politician did Nasser admire?
A: Mustafa Kamel', '
Q: What poet did Nasser read?
A: Ahmed Shawqi', '
Q: What novel influenced Nasser greatly?
A: Return of the Spirit', '
Q: Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?
A: Royal Military Academy']