romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam, which met with some public opposition. His government oversaw conversion to decimal currency. Holt faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend Lyndon B. Johnson. Holt's government introduced the Migration Act 1966, which effectively dismantled the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the Vietnam War. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census – the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes'). By the end of 1967, the Liberals' initially popular support for the war in Vietnam was causing increasing public protest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency?
A: Holt', "
Q: Which of Holt's stances received some public opposition?
A: commitment to the growing War in Vietnam", '
Q: Which Referendum allowed Indigenous Australians to be counted in the Census?
A: 1967 Referendum', '
Q: What overhelming percent of Australians voted for the 1967 Referendum?
A: 90%']
The Gorton Government increased funding for the arts, setting up the Australian Council for the Arts, the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School. The Gorton Government passed legislation establishing equal pay for men and women and increased pensions, allowances and education scholarships, as well as providing free health care to 250,000 of the nation's poor (but not universal health care). Gorton's government kept Australia in the Vietnam War but stopped replacing troops at the end of 1970.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which government put an emphasis in supporting the arts?
A: The Gorton Government', '
Q: Which government established equal pay for men and women?
A: The Gorton Government', '
Q: What year did the Gorton Government stop replacing troups in Vietnam?
A: end of 1970']
Gorton maintained good relations with the United States and Britain, but pursued closer ties with Asia. The Gorton government experienced a decline in voter support at the 1969 election. State Liberal leaders saw his policies as too Centralist, while other Liberals didn't like his personal behaviour. In 1971, Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser, resigned and said Gorton was "not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister". In a vote on the leadership the Liberal Party split 50/50, and although this was insufficient to remove him as the leader, Gorton decided this was also insufficient support for him, and he resigned.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which continent did Gorton wish to pursue closer ties with?
A: Asia', '
Q: Who commented that Gorton was not fit to be Prime Minister?
A: Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser', '
Q: Was Gorton impeached, voted out, or did he resign?
A: he resigned', '
Q: Which countries did Gorton maintain close relationships with?
A: United States and Britain']
During McMahon's period in office, Neville Bonner joined the Senate and became the first Indigenous Australian in the Australian Parliament. Bonner was chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971 and celebrated his maiden parliamentary speech with a boomerang throwing display on the lawns of Parliament. Bonner went on to win election at the 1972 election and served as a Liberal Senator for 12 years. He worked on Indigenous and social welfare issues and proved an independent minded Senator, often crossing the floor on Parliamentary votes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who became the first indigenous Austrailian in Parliament?
A: Neville Bonner', '
Q: How long did Bonner serve as a Liberal Senator?
A: 12 years', '
Q: How was Bonner appointed his position?
A: chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971']
Following the 1974–75 Loans Affair, the Malcolm Fraser led Liberal-Country Party Coalition argued that the Whitlam Government was incompetent and delayed passage of the Government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused, Fraser insisted leading to the divisive 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister, pending an election. Fraser won in a landslide at the resulting 1975 election.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end?
A: 11 November 1975', '
Q: How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end?
A: the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr', '
Q: Who won the 1975 election by large margin?
A: Fraser']
Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian, Neville Bonner, and in 1976, Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed "inalienable" freehold title to some traditional lands. Fraser established the multicultural broadcaster SBS, accepted Vietnamese refugees, opposed minority white rule in Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and opposed Soviet expansionism. A significant program of economic reform however was not pursued. By 1983, the Australian economy was suffering with the early 1980s recession and amidst the effects of a severe drought. Fraser had promoted "states' rights" and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania in 1982. Liberal minister, Don Chipp split off from the party to form a new social liberal party, the Australian Democrats in 1977. Fraser won further substantial majorities at the 1977 and 1980 elections, before losing to the Bob Hawke led Australian Labor Party in the 1983 election.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?
A: Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976', '
Q: What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?
A: a severe drought', '
Q: Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977?
A: Australian Democrats', '
Q: Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983?
A: Bob Hawke']
Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag, but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax (although Keating had dropped support for a GST by the time of his 1993 election victory). Howard's premiership coincided with Al Qaeda's 11 September attacks on the United States. The Howard Government invoked the ANZUS treaty in response to the attacks and supported America's campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How was Howard different from Paul Keating?
A: he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag', '
Q: In what ways was Howard similar to Paul Keating?
A: pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax', "
Q: Which government supported the US's war Afghanistan and Iraq?
A: The Howard Government", '
Q: Under what agreement did the Australian government support the US?
A: the ANZUS treaty']
Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Election. In Queensland, the Liberal and National parties merged in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland (registered as the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia). In March 2012, the new party achieved Government in an historic landslide, led by former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland?
A: the Liberal and National parties', '
Q: In March 2012, which party won by an historic landslide?
A: the new Liberal National Party of Queensland', '
Q: Who led the new Liberal National Party of Queensland through the election in March 2012?
A: former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman']
Following the 2007 Federal Election, Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party. On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull. On 1 December 2009, a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony Abbott by 42 votes to 41 on the second ballot. Abbott led the party to the 2010 federal election, which saw an increase in the Liberal Party vote and resulted in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009?
A: 42 votes to 41', '
Q: Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election?
A: Dr Brendan Nelson', '
Q: To whom did Nelson lose the party to in 2008?
A: Malcolm Turnbull']
The party's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. The pair were elected to their positions at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot, Bishop as the incumbent deputy leader and Turnbull as a replacement for Tony Abbott, whom he consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in three states: Colin Barnett has been Premier of Western Australia since 2008, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Mike Baird Premier of New South Wales since 2014. Adam Giles is also the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, having led a Country Liberal minority government since 2015. The party is in opposition in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?
A: Malcolm Turnbull", '
Q: Who was Turnbull elected to replace?
A: Tony Abbott', "
Q: Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?
A: Julie Bishop", '
Q: What was the former name of the Turnbull Government?
A: the Abbott Government']
Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party have wavered between what is termed "small-l liberalism" and social conservatism. Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable "socially liberal" reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights; Sir John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator, Neville Bonner, in 1971; and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?
A: Ken Wyatt', '
Q: In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?
A: 2010', '
Q: In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?
A: 1971']
The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong centralising tendencies). Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions. Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?
A: six", '
Q: Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?
A: Menzies', "
Q: Who makes party policy?
A: almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members"]
Menzies ran strongly against Labor's plans to nationalise the Australian banking system and, following victory in the 1949 election, secured a double dissolution election for April 1951, after the Labor-controlled Senate refused to pass his banking legislation. The Liberal-Country Coalition was returned with control of the Senate. The Government was returned again in the 1954 election; the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955 helped the Liberals to another victory in December 1955. John McEwen replaced Arthur Fadden as leader of the Country Party in March 1958 and the Menzies-McEwen Coalition was returned again at elections in November 1958 – their third victory against Labor's H. V. Evatt. The Coalition was narrowly returned against Labor's Arthur Calwell in the December 1961 election, in the midst of a credit squeeze. Menzies stood for office for the last time in the November 1963 election, again defeating Calwell, with the Coalition winning back its losses in the House of Representatives. Menzies went on to resign from parliament on 26 January 1966.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Was Menzies for or against nationalizing the banking system in Australia?
A: strongly against', '
Q: What helped the Liberals to victory in December 1955?
A: the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955', '
Q: When did Menzies resign from Parliament?
A: 26 January 1966']
A period of division for the Liberals followed, with former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock for supremacy. The Australian economy was facing the early 1990s recession. Unemployment reached 11.4% in 1992. Under Dr John Hewson, in November 1991, the opposition launched the 650-page Fightback! policy document − a radical collection of "dry", economic liberal measures including the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), various changes to Medicare including the abolition of bulk billing for non-concession holders, the introduction of a nine-month limit on unemployment benefits, various changes to industrial relations including the abolition of awards, a $13 billion personal income tax cut directed at middle and upper income earners, $10 billion in government spending cuts, the abolition of state payroll taxes and the privatisation of a large number of government owned enterprises − representing the start of a very different future direction to the keynesian economic conservatism practiced by previous Liberal/National Coalition governments. The 15 percent GST was the centerpiece of the policy document. Through 1992, Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating mounted a campaign against the Fightback package, and particularly against the GST, which he described as an attack on the working class in that it shifted the tax burden from direct taxation of the wealthy to indirect taxation as a broad-based consumption tax. Pressure group activity and public opinion was relentless, which led Hewson to exempt food from the proposed GST − leading to questions surrounding the complexity of what food was and wasn't to be exempt from the GST. Hewson's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a record fifth consecutive Labor term at the 1993 election. A number of the proposals were later adopted in to law in some form, to a small extent during the Keating Labor government, and to a larger extent during the Howard Liberal government (most famously the GST), while unemployment benefits and bulk billing were re-targeted for a time by the Abbott Liberal government.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s?
A: former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock', '
Q: What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992?
A: 11.4%', '
Q: What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax?
A: the infamous birthday cake interview']
In South Australia, initially a Liberal and Country Party affiliated party, the Liberal and Country League (LCL), mostly led by Premier of South Australia Tom Playford, was in power from the 1933 election to the 1965 election, though with assistance from an electoral malapportionment, or gerrymander, known as the Playmander. The LCL's Steele Hall governed for one term from the 1968 election to the 1970 election and during this time began the process of dismantling the Playmander. David Tonkin, as leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia, became Premier at the 1979 election for one term, losing office at the 1982 election. The Liberals returned to power at the 1993 election, led by Premiers Dean Brown, John Olsen and Rob Kerin through two terms, until their defeat at the 2002 election. They have since remained in opposition under a record five Opposition Leaders.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long was Tom Playford in political power?
A: from the 1933 election to the 1965 election', '
Q: How many consecutive losses has the Liberal party faced since the 2002 election?
A: a record five', '
Q: During what years did the dismantling of the Playmander begin?
A: 1968 election to the 1970 election']
In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning "to wait upon" or "accompany persons" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean "those who serve in close attendance to the nobility", the pronunciation in Japanese changing to saburai. According to Wilson, an early reference to the word "samurai" appears in the Kokin Wakashū (905–914), the first imperial anthology of poems, completed in the first part of the 10th century.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was William Scott Wilson's occupation?
A: translator", '
Q: What are samurai usually called in Japanse?
A: bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?)', "
Q: Where is the first known use of 'samurai'?
A: Kokin Wakashū", "
Q: When is the first known use of 'samurai'?
A: 905–914"]
By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they followed a set of rules that later came to be known as the bushidō. While the samurai numbered less than 10% of then Japan's population, their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?
A: bushi', '
Q: What were samurai affiliated with?
A: a clan', '
Q: How much of Japan were samurais?
A: less than 10%', "
Q: Where do samurais' teachings live on?
A: everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts", '
Q: What class were samurais?
A: middle and upper echelons of the warrior class']
Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to adopt the Tang dynasty political structure, bureaucracy, culture, religion, and philosophy. As part of the Taihō Code, of 702 AD, and the later Yōrō Code, the population was required to report regularly for census, a precursor for national conscription. With an understanding of how the population was distributed, Emperor Mommu introduced a law whereby 1 in 3–4 adult males was drafted into the national military. These soldiers were required to supply their own weapons, and in return were exempted from duties and taxes. This was one of the first attempts by the Imperial government to form an organized army modeled after the Chinese system. It was called "Gundan-Sei" (軍団制) by later historians and is believed to have been short-lived.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe?
A: 663 AD', '
Q: Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against?
A: Tang China and Silla', '
Q: What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe?
A: a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs', '
Q: Who led the Taika Reform?
A: Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji)', '
Q: When was the Taika Reform?
A: 646 AD']
In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of sei'i-taishōgun (征夷大将軍) or Shogun, and began to rely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi. Skilled in mounted combat and archery (kyūdō), these clan warriors became the Emperor's preferred tool for putting down rebellions.[citation needed] Though this is the first known use of the "Shogun" title, it was a temporary title, and was not imbued with political power until the 13th century. At this time (the 7th to 9th century) the Imperial Court officials considered them merely a military section under the control of the Imperial Court.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what period did Emperor Kammu rule?
A: early Heian period', '
Q: When was the early Heian?
A: the late 8th and early 9th centuries', '
Q: Who did Kammu fail to conquer?
A: Emishi', "
Q: What was the full title for Shogun?
A: sei'i-taishōgun", '
Q: Who introduced the Shogun concept?
A: Emperor Kammu']
After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions, and they were forbidden from interfering with Kokushi Governors, but their responsibility gradually expanded and thus the samurai-class appeared as the political ruling power in Japan. Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate in 1192.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Genpei war?
A: late 12th century', '
Q: Who was given the right to appoint shugo?
A: Minamoto no Yoritomo', "
Q: What was Minamoto's position?
A: clan leader", '
Q: Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?
A: Minamoto no Yoritomo', '
Q: When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?
A: 1192']