romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to restrain suspects. The use of firearms or deadly force is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save human life, although some jurisdictions (such as Brazil) allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts. A "shoot-to-kill" policy was recently introduced in South Africa, which allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians. With the country having one of the highest rates of violent crime, president Jacob Zuma states that South Africa needs to handle crime differently from other countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What should non-lethal weapons properly be called?
A: "less than lethal" or "less-lethal"', '
Q: What are common less-lethal weapons?
A: batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons', '
Q: What is supposed to be the last resort for police?
A: The use of firearms or deadly force', '
Q: What is South Africa\'s "shoot-to-kill" policy?
A: allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians', '
Q: Where can police shoot fleeing convicts?
A: Brazil']
Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatching of calls, criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds, and updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis. Other common pieces of police equipment include flashlights/torches, whistles, police notebooks and "ticket books" or citations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How do modern police often communicate?
A: radio', '
Q: Where do police have radios?
A: carried both on the person and installed in vehicles', '
Q: Why do police use radios?
A: to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly', '
Q: What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation?
A: criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds', "
Q: What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting?
A: updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis"]
Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for officers to catch speeders and traffic violators. This practice is controversial, with for example, New York State banning this practice in 1996 on the grounds that it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When do police often use unmarked cars?
A: primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence', '
Q: What use of unmarked cars is controversial?
A: for traffic law enforcement', '
Q: Why did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops?
A: it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers', '
Q: When did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops?
A: 1996']
Motorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols are used in some areas because they allow for more open interaction with the public. In addition, their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol?
A: they allow for more open interaction with the public', '
Q: How do bicycles help catch some suspects?
A: their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot', '
Q: What do police use to control motorcyclist events?
A: Motorcycles']
In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing of a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict merit system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated on dealing with felonies and other serious crime, rather than broader focus on crime prevention.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was O.W. Wilson a student of?
A: August Vollmer', '
Q: Who introduced education requirements for US police?
A: August Vollmer', '
Q: Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities?
A: to reduce their vulnerability to corruption', '
Q: Where did Wilson reduce police corruption?
A: Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department', '
Q: How did Wilson recruit more qualified police?
A: an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries']
In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination"

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Miranda provide?
A: safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest', '
Q: What does the 5th Amendment protect against?
A: self-incrimination', '
Q: Which amendment prevents self-incrimination?
A: Fifth']
In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the sole purpose of protecting himself and others nearby, [is] confined to ascertaining the presence of weapons" (U.S. Supreme Court). Before Terry, every police encounter constituted an arrest, giving the police officer the full range of search authority. Search authority during a Terry stop (investigatory stop) is limited to weapons only.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Terry v. Ohio case?
A: 1968', '
Q: Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into?
A: investigatory stop and arrest', "
Q: What is an investigatory stop's search limited to?
A: what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed"]
All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of police operations, such as a power to authorize a search of a suspect's house (section 18 PACE in England and Wales) by an officer of the rank of Inspector, or the power to authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours by a Superintendent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the legal status of UK police officers?
A: constables', "
Q: What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do?
A: authorize a search of a suspect's house", "
Q: What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do?
A: authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours", "
Q: What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's?
A: arrest"]
In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the realization of the private right would be impeded. This would, for example, allow police to establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper in a case where the guest cannot pay the bill at nighttime because his wallet had just been stolen from the restaurant table.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders?
A: To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law', '
Q: What could be impeded without police interference?
A: the realization of the private right', "
Q: How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen?
A: establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper"]
Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters":  listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its provincial capital and largest city is Lahore. Punjab is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the northeast and Punjab and Rajasthan to the east. In Pakistan it is bordered by Sindh to the south, Balochistān and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and Islamabad and Azad Kashmir to the north.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Punjab mean?
A: five waters', '
Q: How many provinces does Pakistan have?
A: four', '
Q: How large is Punjab?
A: 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles)', "
Q: What is Punjab's population?
A: 91.379.615", "
Q: What is Punjab's biggest city?
A: Lahore"]
Punjab's geography mostly consists of the alluvial plain of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. There are several mountainous regions, including the Sulaiman Mountains in the southwest part of the province, and Margalla Hills, Salt Range, and Pothohar Plateau in the north. Agriculture is the chief source of income and employment in Punjab; wheat and cotton are the principal crops. Since independence, Punjab has become the seat of political and economic power; it remains the most industrialised province of Pakistan. It counts for 39.2% of large scale manufacturing and 70% of small scale manufacturing in the country. Its capital Lahore is a major regional cultural, historical, and economic centre.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What plain is Punjab in?
A: the alluvial plain of the Indus River', "
Q: What are the Indus River's tributaries?
A: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers", "
Q: How much of Pakistan's large-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?
A: 39.2%", "
Q: How much of Pakistan's small-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?
A: 70%", '
Q: What crops does Punjab grow?
A: wheat and cotton']
Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province in terms of land area at 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi), after Balochistan, and is located at the north western edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia. The province is bordered by Kashmir (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, India) to the northeast, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How large is Punjab compared to the other three provinces?
A: second largest', "
Q: What is Pakistan's largest province?
A: Balochistan", '
Q: How many square miles is Punjab?
A: 79,284', '
Q: What Indian states are on the east side of Punjab, Pakistan?
A: Punjab and Rajasthan', '
Q: What Pakistani province is south of Punjab?
A: Sindh']
The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum and Sahiwal. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. In the acronym P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N, the P is for Punjab.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which province in Pakistan borders the other 3 provinces?
A: Punjab', "
Q: What is Pakistan's capital?
A: Islamabad", '
Q: How many rivers are in Punjab, Pakistan?
A: five', '
Q: What is the easternmost river in Punjab?
A: Sutlej', "
Q: How much of Pakistan's population lives in Punjab?
A: Nearly 60%"]
There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn reports to the Chief Minister. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many departments does the Punjab administration have?
A: 48', '
Q: Who heads each government department?
A: a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary', '
Q: Who do the Provincial Ministers report to?
A: the Chief Minister', '
Q: Who do the Provincial Secretaries report to?
A: the Chief Secretary of Punjab', '
Q: What rank is the Chief Secretary?
A: usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant']
Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada. Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years ago. The main site in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the Indo-Aryan civilisation. The Vedic civilisation flourished along the length of the Indus River. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Achaemenids, Macedonians, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas, and Hindu Shahi. It also comprised the Gujar empire for a period of time, otherwise known as the Gurjara-Pratihara empire. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Punjab formerly known as?
A: Panchanada', '
Q: What ancient civilization lived in Punjab?
A: the Indus Valley Civilization', '
Q: When was Punjab part of the Indus Valley Civilization?
A: more than 4000 years ago', '
Q: What was the major Indus city in Punjab?
A: Harrapa', '
Q: What were bricks taken from Harrapa for the construction of?
A: the Lahore-Multan railroad']
Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attacks and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world,[citation needed] Takshashila University. One of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, valued for its archaeological and religious history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who has invaded Punjab?
A: Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans', '
Q: Who founded Taxila?
A: son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram', "
Q: What is said to be the world's oldest university?
A: Takshashila University", '
Q: Who was Chanakya?
A: great Vedic thinker and politician', '
Q: What empire was Taxila a center of learning of?
A: the Maurya Empire']
The northwestern part of the South Asia, including Punjab, was repeatedly invaded or conquered by various foreign empires, such as those of Tamerlane, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan. Having conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days, Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii (mountaineers), who offered vigorous resistance, but were subdued.[citation needed] Alexander then marched through Ghazni, blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning to the northeast, Alexander marched to Pucela, the capital of the district now known as Pakhli. He entered Western Punjab, where the ancient city of Nysa (at the site of modern-day Mong) was situated. A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians, the people of Multan, who were very skilful in war. Alexander invested many troops, eventually killing seventeen thousand Cathians in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot) was razed to the ground. Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C. and took his army to the heartlands of his empire.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Alexander the Great conquer in 10 days?
A: Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan', '
Q: From which direction did Alexander enter Punjab?
A: northeasterly', '
Q: What wealth did Alexander hope to find?
A: riches in gold, gems and pearls', '
Q: Who were the Aspii?
A: mountaineers', '
Q: Who were the Cathians?
A: the people of Multan']
The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hinduism[citation needed] , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Punjab.[citation needed] Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans and Turkic peoples in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.[citation needed] In the 11th century, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital[citation needed] of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What religion did Punjab become?
A: Muslim', '
Q: What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab?
A: dargahs', '
Q: Who led the Umayyad army?
A: Muhammad bin Qasim', '
Q: Where did the Umayyads conquer?
A: Sindh and Southern Punjab', '
Q: Who did the Umayyads defeat?
A: Raja Dahir']
In 1758, the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire, Raghunath Rao conquered Lahore and Attock. Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali, was driven out of Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmir and other subahs on the south and eastern side of Peshawar were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players. The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was Raghunath Rao?
A: the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire', '
Q: Who did Rao conquer in 1758?
A: Lahore and Attock', '
Q: When was the Third Battle of Panipat?
A: 1761', '
Q: Who ruled most of the eastern part of Peshawar?
A: Maratha', '
Q: Who captured part of the Maratha Empire in 1761?
A: Ahmad Shah Abdali']
In the mid-fifteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born. During the Mughal empire, many Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism. These became a formidable military force against the Mughals and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore, and the empire also extended into Afghanistan and Kashmir. Bhangi Misl was the fist Sikh band to conquer Lahore and other towns of Punjab. Syed Ahmad Barelvi a Muslim, waged jihad and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law. Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organising popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, travelling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora Khattak, but with no decisive result. In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Sikhism begin?
A: mid-fifteenth century', '
Q: In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs?
A: Mughal empire', '
Q: When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak?
A: December 1826', '
Q: When did Ahmad fight at Balakot?
A: 1831', '
Q: Who won at Balakot?
A: the professional Sikh Army']
Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the First Anglo-Sikh War; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to British India. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India. In Jhelum 35 British soldiers of HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Ranjit Singh die?
A: summer of 1839', "
Q: What did Ranjit Singh's death cause?
A: political chaos", '
Q: When was part of Punjab annexed into British India?
A: 1849', '
Q: When was the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
A: 1849', '
Q: What was the last territory added to British India?
A: the Sikh Empire']