romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?
A: compulsory licensing', '
Q: What are two examples of this licensing?
A: compilations and live performances of music', '
Q: What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?
A: no infringement occurs', '
Q: What country has fair dealing laws?
A: Canada']
In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?
A: Europe', '
Q: Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?
A: news generators', '
Q: When was the second part of the case decided?
A: June 2014', '
Q: What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?
A: temporary web cache of consumers']
In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?
A: in a fixed medium', '
Q: What is NOT protected?
A: The idea itself', "
Q: What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?
A: it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea", '
Q: What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?
A: what qualifies as original']
In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?
A: U.S.', '
Q: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?
A: Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test', "
Q: What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?
A: doesn't affect copyright protection"]
Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?
A: Corporations and legislatures', '
Q: What is the major focus of these steps?
A: preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement', '
Q: What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?
A: civil & criminal', '
Q: What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?
A: limit the amount of control consumers have']
Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How have governments lowered infringement rates?
A: narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing', '
Q: Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?
A: enacted compulsory licensing laws', '
Q: What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?
A: DMCA', '
Q: What else does this law provide to service providers?
A: safe harbor', '
Q: Who does this law target?
A: providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement']
Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?
A: employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing', '
Q: What must a user do under a prepared license?
A: adhere to certain conditions', '
Q: Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?
A: reducing infringement', '
Q: What is an example of a free software license?
A: GNU General Public License', '
Q: What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?
A: visual and literary works']
To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?
A: approximately 16 and a half weeks', '
Q: During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?
A: by couriers', '
Q: What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?
A: encrypted', '
Q: What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?
A: Anti-Piracy marks can be added', '
Q: What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?
A: "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens']
The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources – a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?
A: U.S. GAO', '
Q: How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?
A: three', '
Q: What did the FBI use as a source?
A: estimate', '
Q: What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?
A: GAO report']
According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); and 5. Zimbabwe (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. U.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. Austria (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?
A: BSA and International Data Corporation', '
Q: Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?
A: U.S.', '
Q: Which region had the highest loss?
A: Asia-Pacific', '
Q: How much did the EU lose?
A: $12,383,000', '
Q: Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?
A: Middle East/Africa region']
In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?
A: IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs', '
Q: What percentage of people admit to pirating software?
A: 57 percent', '
Q: What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?
A: US$63.4 billion', '
Q: What nation had the higest piracy rate?
A: Zimbabwe', "
Q: What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?
A: 19%"]
In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that music piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422 million in tax revenue.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?
A: Institute for Policy Innovation', '
Q: How much money have retailers lost?
A: over a billion dollars', '
Q: How many production-level jobs were lost?
A: 46,000', '
Q: Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?
A: U.S. government']
Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a "'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?
A: The Piracy Crusade', '
Q: What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?
A: tenuous', '
Q: What was the industry going through?
A: artificial expansion', '
Q: What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?
A: perfect bubble']
The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?
A: $59 billion', '
Q: Who accounted for over half the total?
A: emerging markets', '
Q:  What did the established markets receive for the first time?
A: less PC shipments than emerging economies', '
Q: What country has the highest retail value of software?
A: China', '
Q: What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?
A: 83 percent']
Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what peninsula is Greece located?
A: Balkan peninsula', '
Q: How many geographic regions make up Greece?
A: nine', '
Q: How long is the coastline of Greece?
A: 8,498 mi', "
Q: How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?
A: 227", '
Q: What is the tallest mountain in Greece?
A: Mount Olympus']
Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?
A: Philip of Macedon', '
Q: Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?
A: Alexander the Great', '
Q: Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?
A: Rome', '
Q: When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?
A: first century AD', '
Q: What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?
A: 1830']
Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities (precursor to the European Union) and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, NATO,[a] OECD, OIF, OSCE and the WTO. Greece, which is one of the world's largest shipping powers, middle powers and top tourist destinations, has the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Greece is one of the members who founded what organization?
A: United Nations', '
Q: Which political philosophy does Greece follow?
A: democratic', '
Q: When did Greece join the Eurozone?
A: 2001', '
Q: Greece has the biggest economic power where?
A: Balkans']
The names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans, which literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name Γραικός. However, the name Hellas is sometimes used in English as well.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one of the names the Greeks call their country?
A: Hellas', '
Q: What is the official name of Greece?
A: Hellenic Republic', '
Q: From what word is Greece derived?
A: Graecia', '
Q: What does the work Graecia mean?
A: the land of the Greeks', '
Q: Who called Greece Graecia?
A: Romans']
The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?
A: 270,000 BC', '
Q: Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?
A: Petralona cave', '
Q: The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?
A: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic', '
Q: Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?
A: 7th millennium BC', '
Q: What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?
A: farming']
Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,[citation clutter] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC), and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC). These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse. This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?
A: Western civilization', '
Q: What was the last civilization to rule Greece?
A: Mycenaean', '
Q: The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period? 
A: 1200 BC', '
Q: Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?
A: Bronze Age collapse', '
Q: What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.
A: Greek Dark Ages']
The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (Latin: Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Olympic Game begin?
A: 776 BC', '
Q: The literary work "The Odyssey:, was written by whom?
A: Homer', '
Q: What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?
A: 776 BC', '
Q: Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?
A: Greater Greece', '
Q: In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?
A: 508 BC']