romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. The US was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally thereafter, including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York. Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a "deception". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?
A: Britain', '
Q: What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?
A: Easter', '
Q: After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?
A: 1919', '
Q: What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?
A: golf', '
Q: What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?
A: New York']
The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?
A: May 1965', '
Q: What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?
A: Idaho', '
Q: What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?
A: 7-Eleven', '
Q: What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?
A: 1987', '
Q: What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?
A: 1966']
In 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland, Australia, a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote – with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. On 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement. The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992?
A: 54.5%', "
Q: What was the name of Queensland's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement?
A: Daylight Saving for South East Queensland", '
Q: In Australia, were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST?
A: rural', '
Q: What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote?
A: Peter Wellington']
In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?
A: the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents', '
Q: Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?
A: postal workers', '
Q: What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?
A: northern regions']
In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Most Muslim countries do not use DST, partially for this reason.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?
A: Ramadan', '
Q: What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?
A: the evening dinner', '
Q: What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?
A: Iran', '
Q: When was Ramadan in 2012?
A: July and August']
The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus. The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on 26 October 2014 - and intends to stay there permanently.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?
A: 2011', "
Q: What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?
A: Belarus", '
Q: Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration?
A: Russia', "
Q: Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST?
A: winter", '
Q: What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?
A: 2014']
Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?
A: urban workers', '
Q: If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?
A: summer', '
Q: Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?
A: saves energy']
Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive, that DST increases health risks such as heart attack, that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?
A: heart attack', '
Q: What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?
A: Farmers', '
Q: What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters?
A: inconclusive', '
Q: What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift?
A: morning']
Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight. DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark. Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice. Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?
A: get up earlier', '
Q: What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?
A: television', '
Q: During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?
A: winter', "
Q: What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?
A: coordination with others"]
DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?
A: 3.5%', '
Q: DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?
A: morning', '
Q: When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?
A: incandescent', '
Q: Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?
A: climate', '
Q: Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?
A: Franklin']
Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?
A: increases', '
Q: What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?
A: 2008', '
Q: What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?
A: extension of DST']
Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?
A: sporting goods', '
Q: What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?
A: the National Golf Foundation', '
Q: What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?
A: 1984', '
Q: According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?
A: 3%', '
Q: How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?
A: $30 million']
Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?
A: after', '
Q: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?
A: cows', '
Q: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?
A: disrupts their systems', '
Q: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?
A: earlier', '
Q: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?
A: parents of young children']
Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?
A: 2007', '
Q: Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?
A: William F. Shughart II', '
Q: What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?
A: decreased economic efficiency', '
Q: What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?
A: the daylight-saving effect', '
Q: What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?
A: methodology']
In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?
A: 1976", '
Q: What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?
A: the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety', "
Q: What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?
A: SDST", '
Q: In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?
A: 11%', '
Q: How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?
A: 40 minutes']
In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?
A: violent crime rate', '
Q: How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?
A: two', '
Q: How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?
A: one', '
Q: In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?
A: 1970s']
In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?
A: heating', '
Q: In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?
A: carbon monoxide detectors', "
Q: If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?
A: the first days of spring and autumn", '
Q: What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?
A: lights', '
Q: What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?
A: hazardous materials']
DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?
A: outdoor exercise', '
Q: What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?
A: vitamin D', '
Q: What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?
A: Gordon Gund', '
Q: What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?
A: skin cancer', '
Q: Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?
A: rise earlier']
Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?
A: circadian rhythm', '
Q: In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?
A: Kazakhstan', '
Q: Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?
A: Dmitri Medvedev', '
Q: According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?
A: three']
An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?
A: higher', '
Q: Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?
A: before dawn', "
Q: What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?
A: air pollution"]
DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?
A: twice', '
Q: What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?
A: confusion', '
Q: What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?
A: change their clocks', '
Q: What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?
A: multiple DST rules']