romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?
A: the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load', '
Q: What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?
A: heavily laden aircraft', '
Q: What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?
A: a catapult or JATO rocket', '
Q: Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?
A: would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas', '
Q: How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?
A: with a minimal armament and fuel load']
One STOBAR carrier: Liaoning was originally built as the 57,000 tonne Soviet Admiral Kuznetsov-class carrier Varyag and was later purchased as a stripped hulk by China in 1998 on the pretext of use as a floating casino, then partially rebuilt and towed to China for completion. Liaoning was commissioned on 25 September 2012, and began service for testing and training. On 24 or 25 November 2012, Liaoning successfully launched and recovered several Shenyang J-15 jet fighter aircraft. She is classified as a training ship, intended to allow the navy to practice with carrier usage. On 26 December 2012, the People's Daily reported that it will take four to five years for Liaoning to reach full capacity, mainly due to training and coordination which will take significant amount of time for Chinese PLA Navy to complete as this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession. As it is a training ship, Liaoning is not assigned to any of China's operation fleets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?
A: on the pretext of use as a floating casino', '
Q: What is Liaoning classifed as?
A: a training ship', '
Q: What is the Liaoning intended to help the navy practice with?
A: carrier usage', "
Q: Why is Liaoning not assigned to any of China's operation fleets?
A: it is a training ship", '
Q: Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 4-5 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?
A: this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession']
India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometres), carrying 160 officers, 1,400 sailors, and 30 aircraft. The carrier is being constructed by Cochin Shipyard. The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2018.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?
A: India', '
Q: What will power the Indian-made ship?
A: four gas-turbine engines', '
Q: What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?
A: 8,000 nautical miles', '
Q: Who is constructing the Indian-made ship?
A: Cochin Shipyard', '
Q: When was the Indian-made ship launched?
A: August 2013']
Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers (known as supercarriers, carrying up to 90 aircraft each), the largest carriers in the world; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations' combined. As well as the supercarrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters (sometimes called helicopter carriers); these can also carry up to 25 fighter jets, and in some cases, are as large as some other nations' fixed-wing carriers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?
A: to deploy balloons', '
Q: As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?
A: thirty-seven', '
Q: What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?
A: supercarriers', '
Q: How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?
A: up to 90', '
Q: Who owns the largest carriers in the world?
A: The United States Navy']
There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier", and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, and sometimes as distinct types of naval aviation-capable ships. Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said that "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the definition of an "aircraft carrier"?
A: There is no single definition', '
Q: How may aircraft carriers be classified?
A: according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments', '
Q: Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?
A: former head of the Royal Navy', '
Q: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers"?
A: Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope']
The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?
A: The aircraft carrier', '
Q: What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?
A: the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness', '
Q: Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?
A: They had higher range and precision', '
Q: What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?
A: the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes', '
Q: What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?
A: the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships']
The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as Hōshō (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and Béarn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?
A: flattop vessels', "
Q: What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?
A: HMS Argus", '
Q: What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?
A: the construction of new heavy surface combat ships', '
Q: What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?
A: Washington Naval Treaty of 1922', '
Q: What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?
A: Lexington-class']
In December 2009, then Indian Navy chief Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma said at his maiden navy week press conference that concepts currently being examined by the Directorate of Naval Design for the second indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC-2), are for a conventionally powered carrier displacing over 50,000 tons and equipped with steam catapults (rather than the ski-jump on the Gorshkov/Vikramaditya and the IAC) to launch fourth-generation aircraft. Later on in August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that nuclear propulsion was also being considered. The navy also evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the US Navy in their latest Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers. General Atomics, the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system. The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV). The aim is to have a total of three aircraft carriers in service, with two fully operational carriers and the third in refit.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does EMALS stand for?
A: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System', '
Q: Who developed EMALS?
A: General Atomics', '
Q: What do EMALS enable the launching of?
A: varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV)', '
Q: Who was impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?
A: Indian Navy officers', '
Q: How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?
A: three']
In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama. The 820-foot-long (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015. The ship is able to carry up to 14 helicopters; however, only seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters were planned for the initial aircraft complement. For other operations, 400 troops and fifty 3.5 t trucks (or equivalent equipment) can also be carried. The flight deck has five helicopter landing spots that allow simultaneous landings or take-offs. The ship is equipped with two Phalanx CIWS and two SeaRAM for its defense. The destroyers of this class were initially intended to replace the two ships of the Shirane class, which were originally scheduled to begin decommissioning in FY2014.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for?
A: Japan's largest military ship since World War II", "
Q: How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan's largest military ship?
A: five", "
Q: How long is Japan's largest military ship?
A: 820-foot-long (250 m)", "
Q: How many troops can Japan's largest military ship carry?
A: 400", "
Q: How much does Japan's largest military ship weigh?
A: 19,500-ton"]
The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to staff, maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 (decommissioning scheduled for 2016), the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers. On 24 July 2007, the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active, another is under construction and nine more are planned.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?
A: the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class', '
Q: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?
A: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)', '
Q: When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?
A: 2016', '
Q: How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?
A: 100,000 ton', '
Q: How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?
A: 45,000 ton']
If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?
A: VTOL-capable or helicopters', '
Q: What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?
A: the launch area', '
Q: What does V/STOL refer to?
A: aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing', '
Q: What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically?
A: hover', "
Q: What don't helicopters need because of having hover capablility?
A: arresting gear"]
The superstructure of a carrier (such as the bridge, flight control tower) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923. While the island is usually built on the starboard side of the fight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi and Hiryū had their islands built on the port side. Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island. The flush deck configuration proved to have significant drawbacks, primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in USS Langley. In addition, lack of an island meant difficulties managing the flight deck, performing air traffic control, a lack of radar housing placements and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?
A: an island', '
Q: What is concentrated in the small area called an island?
A: The superstructure of a carrier', '
Q: Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?
A: starboard', '
Q: What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?
A: management of the exhaust from the power plant', '
Q: What was a major issue in the USS Langley?
A: Fumes coming across the deck']
1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard, Dassault Rafale M and E‑2C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. It is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13‑3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?
A: Charles de Gaulle', '
Q: What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?
A: the French Navy', '
Q: What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?
A: Aster', '
Q: What is another name for the French Navy?
A: Marine Nationale', '
Q: What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?
A: CATOBAR']
With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?
A: one every four years', '
Q: What class does the USS America belong to?
A: America-class amphibious assault ships', '
Q: How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?
A: 10', '
Q: What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?
A: F-35Bs', '
Q: Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?
A: USS Tripoli']
Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II–era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same—a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that nations which operate them risk significant political, economic, and military impact if a carrier is lost, or even used in conflict.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?
A: to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size', '
Q: How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?
A: nearly four times', "
Q: Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?
A: Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive", '
Q: Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to?
A: World War II']
Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does LSO stand for?
A: landing signal officer', "
Q: Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?
A: a landing signal officer", "
Q: What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?
A: colored paddles", "
Q: Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?
A: Optical Landing System", "
Q: What are LSO's still being used to do?
A: transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio"]
Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?
A: using the ramp and a running start', '
Q: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?
A: STOVL', '
Q: What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?
A: vertical', '
Q: What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?
A: a ski-jump ramp', '
Q: What do Russian carriers still use to recover?
A: traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft']
One CATOBAR carrier: São Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy. São Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. During the period from 2005–2010, São Paulo underwent extensive modernization. At the end of 2010, sea trials began, and as of 2011[update] São Paulo had been evaluated by the CIASA (Inspection Commission and Training Advisory). She was expected to rejoin the fleet in late 2013, but suffered another major fire in 2012.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?
A: Clemenceau', '
Q: Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for?
A: the Brazilian Navy', '
Q: Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963?
A: the French Navy', '
Q: What did Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?
A: extensive modernization', '
Q: What setback happened to Sao Paula in 2012?
A: another major fire']