romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII "Network Virtual Terminal" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT. The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings?
A: CR-LF', '
Q: How were the connections supported? 
A: by transmitting a standard text format over the network', '
Q: Who else adopted this practice from Telnet?
A: The File Transfer Protocol', '
Q: Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal?
A: so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported', '
Q: What do computers using operating systems use for line endings?
A: LF']
From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use." However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was ISO/IEC 646 published?
A: 1972', '
Q: What was ASCII inteded to be?
A: one of several national variants of an international character code standard', "
Q: When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation?
A: 1967", "
Q: What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points?
A: ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world"]
Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the control-characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware. Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics. The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set, both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did most early home computers develop?
A: their own 8-bit character sets', '
Q: What did Kaypro CP/M computers use?
A: the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet', '
Q: What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with?
A: graphic symbols such as smiley faces', '
Q: What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop?
A: Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)', '
Q: What did Macintosh use instead of graphics? 
A: typographic punctuation marks']
ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, though they support many additional characters. ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when it was surpassed by UTF-8, which is fully backward compatibe to ASCII.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who surpassed ASCII?
A: UTF-8', '
Q: ASCI was the most common character encoding on the world wide web until when?
A: December 2007', '
Q: What is the definition of ASCII?
A: is a character-encoding scheme', '
Q: What does ASCII code represent?
A: text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text', '
Q: What does ASCII stand for?
A: American Standard Code for Information Interchange']
The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.:215, 236 § 4

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happened after they decided agasint shifting?
A: ASCII required at least a seven-bit code', '
Q: Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?
A: would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code', '
Q: What is different in a shifted code?
A: some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes', '
Q: Why did they decide against shifting code?
A: less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable']
Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this meaning has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern use, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, usually in the form of a so-called "ANSI escape code" (or, more properly, a "Control Sequence Introducer") beginning with ESC followed by a "[" (left-bracket) character. An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the "escape" character originally intended for?
A: to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning', '
Q: What does modern ESC code do?
A: most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation', '
Q: What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems?
A: an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether']
Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text code (ETX), also known as Control-C, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using Z as the control code to end a file is analogous to it ending the alphabet and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does EOF stand for?
A: end-of-file', '
Q: What is still the conventional use of the ETX code?
A: to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard', '
Q: What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text?
A: Control-Z (SUB)', '
Q: What else is the end-of-text code known as?
A: Control-C']
ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published during 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was ASCII developed from? 
A: telegraphic codes', '
Q: What was the first commercial use of ASCII?
A: a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services', '
Q: When did work on the ASCII standard begin? 
A: October 6, 1960', '
Q: When was the first edition of the standard published?
A: 1963', '
Q: When was the first major revision of the code done?
A: 1967']
The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired.:217, 236 § 5 Eight-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code?
A: eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal', '
Q: Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead?
A: minimize costs associated with data transmission', '
Q: What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed?
A: perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position']
With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.:435 The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was ASCII published as and when?
A: ASA X3.4-1963', '
Q: How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization?
A: 28 code positions', '
Q: When was the change to ASCII made official?
A: May 1963', '
Q: The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause?
A: simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers']
Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£). Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French characters. Other adapted encodings include ISCII (India), VISCII (Vietnam), and YUSCII (Yugoslavia). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a retified versionof ASCII?
A: ISO/IEC 646', '
Q: What type of extensions do these other character encodings have?
A: extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States', '
Q: Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII?
A: ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries', '
Q: Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII?
A: true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard']
Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (Delete) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of Control-G (BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as "delete previous character" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters?
A: Teletype Model 33 ASR', '
Q: What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR?
A: a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option', '
Q: When was paper tape popular?
A: until the 1980s', '
Q: Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape?
A: less costly and in some ways less fragile', '
Q: What code eventually became neglected?
A: code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)']
The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "Carriage Return" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?
A: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage', '
Q: Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?
A: "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)', '
Q: Where does the name "Carriage Return" come from?
A: on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary', '
Q: What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?
A: right']
Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were "#$%_&'() –  early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !"#$% were placed in second column, rows 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent column. The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters left, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, not to traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the more recently introduced IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers—​​following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984)—​​and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the first typewritter with a shift key created?
A: 1878', '
Q: What were used instead of 0 and 1? 
A: using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead', '
Q: What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use?
A: which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII', '
Q: Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table?
A: do not correspond as closely']
Code 127 is officially named "delete" but the Teletype label was "rubout". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (all zeroes). This was useful specifically for paper tape, because punching the all-ones bit pattern on top of an existing mark would obliterate it. Tapes designed to be "hand edited" could even be produced with spaces of extra NULs (blank tape) so that a block of characters could be "rubbed out" and then replacements put into the empty space.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the official name of code 127?
A: delete', '
Q: What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype?
A: rubout', '
Q: Why did Teletype have the code for "rubout"?
A: to make it an ignored character']
Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. The original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS, on the other hand, used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome? 
A: introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone', '
Q: What id Multics use to simplify plain text data?
A: line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator', '
Q: What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator?
A: Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS', '
Q: Who adopted this practice from Multics?
A: Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems', '
Q: When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)?
A: since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system']
In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the first step in the human digestive system?
A: the action of mastication (chewing)', '
Q: What is saliva?
A: a liquid secreted by the salivary glands', '
Q: What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches?
A: salivary amylase', '
Q: What is the definition of bolus?
A: a small, round slurry mass', '
Q: What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called?
A: peristalsis']
Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours?
A: eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food', '
Q: Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice?
A: extract more nutrition', '
Q: What happens with these soft feacal pellets?
A: excreted and generally consumed immediately', '
Q: Are normal droppings also eaten? 
A: not eaten']