romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports, in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime – far below both the national average and the North Carolina average. Of the violent crimes reported, 14 were murders, 99 were forcible rapes and 643 were robberies. Aggravated assault accounted for 984 of the total violent crimes. Property crimes included burglaries which accounted for 3,021, larcenies for 9,104 and arson for 63 of the total number of incidents. Motor vehicle theft accounted for 870 incidents out of the total.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many incidents of violent crime were there in 2010?
A: 1,740', '
Q: What were there 12,995 of in 2010?
A: property crime', '
Q: How does Raleigh compare in crime to the rest of the country?
A: far below both the national average', '
Q: How many murders were in Raleigh in 2010?
A: 14', '
Q: How many incidents of motor vehicle theft were there in 2010?
A: 870']
Public schools in Raleigh are operated by the Wake County Public School System. Observers have praised the Wake County Public School System for its innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system by using income as a prime factor in assigning students to schools. Raleigh is home to three magnet high schools and three high schools offering the International Baccalaureate program. There are four early college high schools in Raleigh. Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who operates the public schools in Raleigh?
A: Wake County Public School System', '
Q: What is the school system praised for?
A: innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system', '
Q: How many magnet schools are there in Raleigh?
A: three', '
Q: What type of degree can you get from a high school in Raleigh?
A: International Baccalaureate', '
Q: Does Raleigh have alternate high schools?
A: Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.']
Raleigh-Durham International Airport, the region's primary airport and the second-largest in North Carolina, located northwest of downtown Raleigh via Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham, serves the city and greater Research Triangle metropolitan region, as well as much of eastern North Carolina. The airport offers service to more than 35 domestic and international destinations and serves approximately 10 million passengers a year. The airport also offers facilities for cargo and general aviation. The airport authority tripled the size of its Terminal 2 (formerly Terminal C) in January 2011.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the area's primary airport?
A: Raleigh-Durham International Airport,", '
Q: Where is Raleigh-Durham International Airport?
A: Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham', '
Q: How many destinations does the airport offer internationally?
A: 35', '
Q: What are there 10 million of each year at the airport?
A: passengers', '
Q: What was Terminal 2 formerly called at the airport?
A: Terminal C']
Raleigh is also served by Triangle Transit (known formerly as the Triangle Transit Authority, or TTA). Triangle Transit offers scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region's other principal cities of Durham, Cary and Chapel Hill, as well as to and from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park and several of the region's larger suburban communities. Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers and commute destinations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Triangle Transit called before?
A: Triangle Transit Authority,', '
Q: What does Triangle Transit offer?
A: scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service', '
Q: Where else does Triangle Transit go to?
A: Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park', '
Q: Does Triangle Transit have a van service?
A: Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool', "
Q: Are employers connected with Triangle Transit?
A: rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers"]
Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDs or RDNs) are health professionals qualified to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice which includes a review of what is eaten, a thorough review of nutritional health, and a personalized nutritional treatment plan. They also provide preventive and therapeutic programs at work places, schools and similar institutions. Certified Clinical Nutritionists or CCNs, are trained health professionals who also offer dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic disease, including possible prevention or remediation by addressing nutritional deficiencies before resorting to drugs. Government regulation especially in terms of licensing, is currently less universal for the CCN than that of RD or RDN. Another advanced Nutrition Professional is a Certified Nutrition Specialist or CNS. These Board Certified Nutritionists typically specialize in obesity and chronic disease. In order to become board certified, potential CNS candidate must pass an examination, much like Registered Dieticians. This exam covers specific domains within the health sphere including; Clinical Intervention and Human Health.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does RDN stand for?
A: Registered dietitian nutritionists', '
Q: Who offers dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic diseases?
A: Certified Clinical Nutritionists', '
Q: For which health professional is Governmental regulation more universal?
A: RDN', '
Q: Who typically specializes in obesity and chronic disease?
A: Certified Nutrition Specialist']
According to Walter Gratzer, the study of nutrition probably began during the 6th century BC. In China, the concept of Qi developed, a spirit or "wind" similar to what Western Europeans later called pneuma. Food was classified into "hot" (for example, meats, blood, ginger, and hot spices) and "cold" (green vegetables) in China, India, Malaya, and Persia. Humours developed perhaps first in China alongside qi. Ho the Physician concluded that diseases are caused by deficiencies of elements (Wu Xing: fire, water, earth, wood, and metal), and he classified diseases as well as prescribed diets. About the same time in Italy, Alcmaeon of Croton (a Greek) wrote of the importance of equilibrium between what goes in and what goes out, and warned that imbalance would result disease marked by obesity or emaciation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which time period did the study of nutrition begin?
A: 6th century BC', '
Q: What is the European equivalent of "Qi"?
A: pneuma', '
Q: What kind of food classification does ginger belong to?
A: hot', '
Q: What nationality was Alcmaeon of Croton?
A: Greek', '
Q: Other than obesity, what else would trademark an imbalance in nutrition?
A: emaciation']
The first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects is found in the Bible's Book of Daniel. Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the Book of Daniel contain?
A: first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects', '
Q: Which country was being invaded when Daniel and his friends were captured?
A: Israel', '
Q: What occupation were Daniel and his friends originally meant to have?
A: court servants', '
Q: How long did the trial diet last?
A: 10 days', '
Q: What is another term for vegetables that was used?
A: pulses']
One mustn't overlook the doctrines of Galen: In use from his life in the 1st century AD until the 17th century, it was heresy to disagree with him for 1500 years. Galen was physician to gladiators in Pergamon, and in Rome, physician to Marcus Aurelius and the three emperors who succeeded him. Most of Galen's teachings were gathered and enhanced in the late 11th century by Benedictine monks at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, which still had users in the 17th century. Galen believed in the bodily humours of Hippocrates, and he taught that pneuma is the source of life. Four elements (earth, air, fire and water) combine into "complexion", which combines into states (the four temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic). The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of four humours: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have gout, kidney stones, or arthritis was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1872) where sickness is a crime.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long was the doctrines of Galen in use for?
A: 1500 years', '
Q: Which famous emperor did Galen serve as a physician to?
A: Marcus Aurelius', '
Q: Who resided at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum?
A: Benedictine monks', '
Q: What did Galen believe that pneuma was?
A: the source of life', '
Q: What did each pair of attributes supposedly consist of?
A: four humours']
In the 1500s, Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly. Also in the 16th century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Ultimately, 16th century works of Andreas Vesalius, sometimes called the father of modern medicine, overturned Galen's ideas. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the mechanics of Newton and Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who criticized Galen in the 1500s?
A: Paracelsus', "
Q: Which famous artist did not agree with Galen's theories?
A: Leonardo da Vinci", '
Q: What was a burning candle comparable to?
A: metabolism', '
Q: Which well known gas did Jan Baptist van Helmont discover?
A: carbon dioxide', '
Q: Which scientist was able to create a model for the digestive process?
A: Herman Boerhaave']
Sometimes overlooked during his life, James Lind, a physician in the British navy, performed the first scientific nutrition experiment in 1747. Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1500 and 1800, an estimated two million sailors had died of scurvy. The discovery was ignored for forty years, after which British sailors became known as "limeys." The essential vitamin C within citrus fruits would not be identified by scientists until 1932.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the first nutrition experiment performed?
A: 1747', '
Q: What was the name of the overlooked physician that served in the British Navy?
A: James Lind', '
Q: The juice of which fruit was determined to have helped sailors from contracting scurvy?
A: lime', '
Q: How many sailors died from scurvy between the years 1500 and 1800?
A: two million', '
Q: Which nickname was given to the British sailors?
A: limeys']
In 1816, François Magendie discovered that dogs fed only carbohydrates (sugar), fat (olive oil), and water died evidently of starvation, but dogs also fed protein survived, identifying protein as an essential dietary component. William Prout in 1827 was the first person to divide foods into carbohydrates, fat, and protein. During the 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Justus von Liebig quarrelled over their shared belief that animals get their protein directly from plants (animal and plant protein are the same and that humans do not create organic compounds). With a reputation as the leading organic chemist of his day but with no credentials in animal physiology, Liebig grew rich making food extracts like beef bouillon and infant formula that were later found to be of questionable nutritious value. In the 1860s, Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which dietary component was not fed to dogs resulting in their death?
A: protein', '
Q: Who first began dividing foods into categories?
A: William Prout', '
Q: Who did Justus von Liebig argue with over the belief that animals get protein from plants?
A: Jean-Baptiste Dumas', '
Q: Which credientials did Liebig lack despite being a leading organic chemist?
A: animal physiology', '
Q: What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins?
A: body fat']
In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the main component of Japanese sailor's diet?
A: white rice", '
Q: What is the scientific term for beriberi?
A: endemic neuritis', '
Q: What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause?
A: paralysis', "
Q: Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?
A: Kanehiro Takaki", '
Q: What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?
A: thiamine']
In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What element can be found in thyroid glands?
A: iodine', '
Q: What group of natives suffered from beriberi?
A: Java', '
Q: Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues?
A: Christiaan Eijkman', '
Q: What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?
A: unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact', '
Q: How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them?
A: two decades']
In the early 20th century, Carl von Voit and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals, applying principles of physics in nutrition. In 1906, Edith G. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well-being of mice but it did not assure their growth. In the middle of twelve years of attempts to isolate them, Hopkins said in a 1906 lecture that "unsuspected dietetic factors," other than calories, protein, and minerals, are needed to prevent deficiency diseases. In 1907, Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart conducted the single-grain experiment, which took nearly four years to complete.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was measured in the early 20th century?
A: caloric energy expenditure', '
Q: What did Carl von Voit and Max Rubner apply to nutrition in order to receive their results?
A: principles of physics', '
Q: Which amino acid can assist with the well - being of mice but not necessarily their growth?
A: tryptophan', '
Q: What did Hopkins believe was required other than calories, protein and minerals to help prevent deficiency diseases?
A: unsuspected dietetic factors', '
Q: Which experiment related to diet was conducted that required four years to complete?
A: single-grain experiment']
In 1913, Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins, fat-soluble vitamin A, and water-soluble vitamin B (in 1915; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins) and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy. Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne also performed pioneering work on vitamins A and B. In 1919, Sir Edward Mellanby incorrectly identified rickets as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil. In 1922, McCollum destroyed the vitamin A in cod liver oil, but found that it still cured rickets. Also in 1922, H.M. Evans and L.S. Bishop discover vitamin E as essential for rat pregnancy, originally calling it "food factor X" until 1925.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was notable about the discovered vitamin A?
A: fat-soluble', '
Q: Which property was vitamin B found to have?
A: water-soluble', '
Q: Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent?
A: scurvy', '
Q: What was cod liver oil able to help cure in dogs?
A: rickets', '
Q: What was referred to as "food factor X"?
A: vitamin E']
The list of nutrients that people are known to require is, in the words of Marion Nestle, "almost certainly incomplete". As of 2014, nutrients are thought to be of two types: macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities. A type of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, i.e. non-digestible material such as cellulose, is required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exact reasons remain unclear. Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals, which are said to influence (or protect) some body systems. Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of, for instance, vitamins.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who claims that the list of nutrients that humans require is incomplete?
A: Marion Nestle', '
Q: What is the other category of nutrients that people require other than micronutrients?
A: macro-nutrients', '
Q: What is notable about cellulose in humans?
A: non-digestible', '
Q: What else, other than antioxidants, helps protect body systems?
A: phytochemicals', '
Q: In which year were nutrients categorized into their two respective categories?
A: 2014']
The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories (often called "Calories" and written with a capital C to distinguish them from little 'c' calories). Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram, though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which category is represented by carbohydrates and fats among other nutrients?
A: macronutrients', '
Q: What other significant aspect do macronutrients provide other than energy?
A: structural material', '
Q: What unit other than calories is used to measure the energy generated by nutrients?
A: Joules', '
Q: Which nutrient generally provides around 37 kJ per gram?
A: fats', '
Q: Although vitamins are important for many reasons, which role do they not play in the human body?
A: provide energy']
Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids, some of which are essential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production, just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as gluconeogenesis. By breaking down existing protein, the carbon skeleton of the various amino acids can be metabolized to intermediates in cellular respiration; the remaining ammonia is discarded primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Other than fats, what else consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?
A: carbohydrates', '
Q: If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide, what else could it be?
A: complex polysaccharides', '
Q: What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up?
A: triglycerides', '
Q: What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet?
A: cannot be synthesized in the body', '
Q: Which element do the amino acids that make up the core component of protein have in common?
A: nitrogen']
Traditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result in only a partial catabolism to glucose, while, in essence, many complex carbohydrates may be digested at the same rate as simple carbohydrates. Glucose stimulates the production of insulin through food entering the bloodstream, which is grasped by the beta cells in the pancreas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was traditionally believed to be absorbed quickly causing blood - glucose levels to rapidly rise?
A: simple carbohydrates', '
Q: What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?
A: fructose', '
Q: When simple carbohydrates undergo metabolic pathways, what do they result in after partial catabolism?
A: glucose', '
Q: What is glucose able to stimulate that is required in the human body?
A: production of insulin', '
Q: Where are beta cells that attach to insulin located?
A: pancreas']