romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect —with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to, and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?
A: telemedicine', '
Q: Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?
A: AT&T Corporation', '
Q: When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?
A: the 1950s', "
Q: What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?
A: 6 Mbit/s", "
Q: What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?
A: 1 MHz"]
While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?
A: 1992', '
Q: What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?
A: IBM', '
Q: What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?
A: PCS/1', '
Q: What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?
A: Diversified Information and Assistance Network', '
Q: How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?
A: 15']
Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?
A: Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)', '
Q: What is one type of MCU bridge?
A: IP', '
Q: In what way can an MCU be characterized?
A: the number of simultaneous calls it can handle', '
Q: What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?
A: Continuous Presence', '
Q: Where can an MCU be embedded?
A: dedicated videoconferencing units']
Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?
A: money savings', '
Q: What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?
A: VoIP', '
Q: What is another use of VoIP?
A: telecommuting', '
Q: What is telecommuting?
A: work from home', '
Q: What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?
A: 54%']
Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town. At the Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?
A: 1990s', '
Q: In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?
A: desktop', '
Q: In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?
A: 1992', '
Q: In what year did the first public video-conference take place?
A: 1995', '
Q: What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?
A: Cape Town']
The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind (usually ISDN or IP). The use of audio modems in the transmission line allow for the use of POTS, or the Plain Old Telephone System, in some low-speed applications, such as videotelephony, because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?
A: a codec (coder/decoder)', '
Q: How high can compression rates go?
A: 1:500', '
Q: What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted?
A: IP', '
Q: What does POTS stand for?
A: Plain Old Telephone System', '
Q: What do POTS do?
A: convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves']
Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business, educational, deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing, such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions, personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries, and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a common use of conferencing technology?
A: deaf Video Relay Service', '
Q: What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions?
A: teachers', '
Q: What is one way that videocalling can be used?
A: personal videocalls to inmates', '
Q: What is a common use of conferencing technology?
A: tele-medical']
Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?
A: real-time telemedicine', '
Q: What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? 
A: Rural', '
Q: In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? 
A: Ohio', '
Q: How far away was the hospital from this rural area?
A: 70 miles', '
Q: How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?
A: $10,000 per transfer']
VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services, and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users. Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe, while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what European country has VRS services become well developed?
A: Sweden', '
Q: What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?
A: financing', '
Q: What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens?
A: Germany', '
Q: What country is a world leader in providing VRS services?
A: United States']
In May 2005, the first high definition video conferencing systems, produced by LifeSize Communications, were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution. Polycom introduced its first high definition video conferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?
A: 2005', '
Q: Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system?
A: LifeSize Communications', '
Q: Where was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?
A: Las Vegas, Nevada', '
Q: What company introduced the first HD video conferencing system to the general market?
A: Polycom', '
Q: What was the resolution of the first HD video conferencing system?
A: 1280 by 720']
Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as "decentralized multipoint", where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central "manager" or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they don't have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad-hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing?
A: a standards-based H.323 technique', '
Q: What is one advantage of using an H.323 technique?
A: higher quality', '
Q: What is one disadvantage of using the H.323 technique?
A: increased network bandwidth', '
Q: What is the H.323 technique also known as?
A: decentralized multipoint', "
Q: Why is the video and audio of the H.323 technique higher quality?
A: they don't have to be relayed through a central point"]
The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in St. Louis, Missouri. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Baltimore, Maryland, Falls Church, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who has the world's largest administrative judicial system?
A: U.S.", "
Q: What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?
A: Social Security Administration (SSA)", '
Q: In what year did the SSA see a 55% increase in videoconferenced hearings?
A: 2009', '
Q: When did the SSA open its largest videoconferencing-only center?
A: August 2010', "
Q: Where is the SSA's fifth videoconferencing only center located?
A: St. Louis, Missouri"]
To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does duel dating use to show the date?
A: two consecutive years', '
Q: What is the Old Style date mean?
A: Julian calendar', '
Q: What is N.S. stand for?
A: New Style', '
Q: What are New Style dates?
A: Gregorian', '
Q: Why use two consecutive year dates?
A: starting date of the year']
The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who revised the Julian calendar?
A: Pope Gregory XIII', '
Q: When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced?
A: 1582', '
Q: What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar?
A: Julian calendar', '
Q: What holiday was the inducement to revise the Julian calendar?
A: Easter', '
Q: When did the First Council of Nicaea rule that Easter be celebrated by all Christians?
A: on the same day']
Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?
A: Philip II of Spain', '
Q: Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?
A: Spain and Portugal', '
Q: What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?
A: Friday, 15 October 1582', '
Q: What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?
A: Thursday, 4 October 1582', '
Q: Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?
A: delay in communication']
During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527–1608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers "customarily" used "two dates" on their letters, one OS and one NS.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it?
A: 1923', '
Q: At what date did the first country start using the new calendar?
A: 1582', '
Q: How which calendar did some countries notate the date?
A: in both', '
Q: Who said that English writers usually used both dates on writings?
A: Woolley', '
Q: What difference in dating caused the use of double-dating documents?
A: different beginnings of the year']
The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe. Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform after a time, for the sake of convenience in international trade. The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the percentsge of correction from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar?
A: 0.002%', '
Q: What was the correction due to?
A: length of the year', '
Q: What change in date motivated the change in calendars?
A: celebration of Easter', '
Q: To what astrological date was Easter tied?
A: spring equinox', '
Q: What was wrong in the Julian calendar?
A: slightly too long']
The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of calendar is the Gregorian calendar?
A: solar', '
Q: How many days are in the Gregorian calendar?
A: 365', '
Q: How often is a leap day added to the Julian calendar year?
A: every 4 years', '
Q: When does the Gregorian calendar omit 3 leap days?
A: every 400 years', '
Q: On what day did both the Julian and Gregorian calendars add leap day?
A: 24 February']
Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon, whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox. Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day. By the 10th century all churches (except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter, which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March, although Bede had already noted its drift in 725—it had drifted even further by the 16th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Easter Sunday celebrated after the equinox?
A: 15th day', '
Q: What did churches do to settle the date if there was a difference? 
A: compromise', '
Q: By what century had almost all churches begun celebrating Easter according to the Alexandrian Easter?
A: 10th century', '
Q: On what border of the Byzantine Empire were the last holdouts for celebrating according the  Alexandrian Easter?
A: eastern border', '
Q: What date placement drifted increasingly off the true date on the calendar?
A: vernal equinox']
Lilius's proposals had two components. Firstly, he proposed a correction to the length of the year. The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long. As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days, the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year. The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years. Lilius's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days (see Accuracy). At the time of Gregory's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea, resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March, and if unreformed it would drift further. Lilius proposed that the 10-day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years, thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Lilius first propose to correct in the calendar?
A: length of the year', '
Q: By how much is the Julian calendar too long?
A: 11 minutes', '
Q: How much difference does the extra 11 minutes make over 400 years time?
A: three days', '
Q: On what date was the original vernal equinox set?
A: 21 March', '
Q: By the time of Lilius where was the equinox falling?
A: 10 or 11 March']
Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March (O.S.), 5 April (N.S.) till 1800, when it moved to 6 April. Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section Adoption). These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did most European countries set the start of the new year?
A: 1 January', '
Q: When did Scotland begin to use January 1 as the start of the new year?
A: 1600', '
Q: When did the other British states and colonies set the year start date to January 1?
A: 1752', '
Q: What act did Britain use to implement the use of the Gregorian calendar?
A: Calendar (New Style) Act 1750', '
Q: When did England finally change the tax year to 6 April?
A: 1800']