romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left few traces; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period. Judaea's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora; in Rome, this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion. Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar. By the Augustan era, the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews. In some periods under Roman rule, Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice, under certain conditions. Judaism was a superstitio to Cicero, but the Church Father Tertullian described it as religio licita (an officially permitted religion) in contrast to Christianity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?
A: treaty', '
Q: When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?
A: 63 BC', '
Q: What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?
A: synagogues', '
Q: Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?
A: Julius Caesar', '
Q: In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?
A: Christianity']
After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms”, regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief systems. Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence. The majority of Rome’s elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these ungodly practices as a primary cause of economic and political crisis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD?
A: Christians', '
Q: Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?
A: Emperor Nero', '
Q: What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce? 
A: persecution', '
Q: What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?
A: official policy', '
Q: How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?
A: ungodly practices']
In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?
A: Decius', "
Q: What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?
A: Decian oath", '
Q: What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?
A: Jews', '
Q: What was the Decian decree meant to root out?
A: subversives', '
Q: What happened to the decree after a year?
A: edict expired.']
Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did  Valerian call the Christian religion?
A: subversive foreign cult', '
Q: What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?
A: assemblies', "
Q: To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?
A: Rome's traditional", "
Q: What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?
A: threat", "
Q: What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?
A: stronger"]
In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity. The first (303 AD) "ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded ofﬁcials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... [Physical] or capital punishments were not imposed on them" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?
A: treason', "
Q: In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?
A: 303 AD", '
Q: In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing?
A: legal rights', '
Q: To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice?
A: traditional gods', '
Q: With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict?
A: imprisonment']
In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine I. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "This meant an ofﬁcial recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?
A: strictly enforced', '
Q: In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?
A: imprisoned or martyred', '
Q: What were some Christian communities?
A: powerful and influential', '
Q: What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts?
A: lenient', '
Q: When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?
A: 311']
With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?
A: St. Jerome', '
Q: To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?
A: peace of God', '
Q: With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?
A: "pagan" emperors', '
Q: What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?
A: Donatists', '
Q: What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church? 
A: Constantine I']
Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the signum (sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their supra-human elevation of the Imperial hierarch. His later direct intervention in Church affairs proved a political masterstroke. Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state, and on his death, he was honored as a Christian, Imperial, and "divus".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?
A: edict of Milan', '
Q: How did Constantine accept Christianity?
A: officially', '
Q: Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?
A: traditional religions', '
Q: As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?
A: absolute head of state', '
Q: As what was Constantine honored when he died?
A: Christian, Imperial, and "divus"']
At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group did Constantine call to a meeting?
A: First Council of Nicaea', '
Q: From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?
A: Western Empire', '
Q: How many bishops attended the First Council?
A: 318', '
Q: What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?
A: Nicene Creed', '
Q: What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?
A: Christian orthodoxy']
The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?
A: Julian', '
Q: What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?
A: Nicene Christianity', '
Q: What pleas were rejected by the empire?
A: religious tolerance', '
Q: What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?
A: Heretics', '
Q: What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?
A: ritual']
Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who rejected the Christian religion?
A: Julian', '
Q: When did Julian become Augustus?
A: 361', '
Q: What did Julian try to restore to the empire?
A: non-Christian practices', "
Q: What building did Julian want to rebuild?
A: Jerusalem's temple", "
Q: After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?
A: Christian control"]
The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?
A: pontifex maximus', '
Q: What group did Gratian seek the abolish?
A: Vestals', '
Q: Which emperor briefly united the empire again?
A: Theodosius I', '
Q: Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?
A: East and West', '
Q: What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power?
A: Sacred fire']
YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload, view, rate, share, and comment on videos, and it makes use of WebM, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video. Available content includes video clips, TV clips, music videos, movie trailers, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is Youtube headquartered? 
A: San Bruno, California, United States', '
Q: When was Youtube created?
A: February 2005', '
Q: How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006?
A: US$1.65 billion', '
Q: Other than video blogging and and educational videos, what content is available on youtube?
A: short original videos', "
Q: How does youtube now operate as a business?
A: as one of Google's subsidiaries"]
According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the first names of the men that invented youtube?
A: Hurley and Chen', '
Q: Where did Chen live in 2005?
A: San Francisco', '
Q: What was the original stimuli for creating the website?
A: difficulty sharing videos', '
Q: When did the creators have the idea for youtube?
A: the early months of 2005']
YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in September 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site launched officially on December 15, 2005, by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: when was the first beta test for the youtube site?
A: May 2005', '
Q: What was the first video to reach a million views?
A: a Nike advertisement', '
Q: How much did Sequoia Capital invest in youtube in November of 2005?
A: $3.5 million', '
Q: What was the official launch date for the youtube website?
A: December 15, 2005', '
Q: As of May 2010 how many total video views had youtube attained?
A: 14 billion']
In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. The site has 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. According to third-party web analytics providers, Alexa and SimilarWeb, YouTube is the third most visited website in the world, as of June 2015; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video website globally, attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: As of 2014, how many hours of video were being uploaded every  minute?
A: 300', '
Q: How much content on youtube comes from outside the US?
A: around three quarters', '
Q: How many unique visitors a month were tracked as of 2014?
A: 800 million', '
Q: As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month?
A: 15 billion', "
Q: Youtube is ranked what on the world's list of most visited sites?
A: third"]
On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter." In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which it described as "nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined". In May 2011, YouTube reported in its company blog that the site was receiving more than three billion views per day. In January 2012, YouTube stated that the figure had increased to four billion videos streamed per day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did youtube do on March 31 2010? 
A: launched a new design', '
Q: Who was the Google product manager in 2010?
A: Shiva Rajaraman', '
Q: How many videos was youtube serving per day as of May 2010?
A: more than two billion', '
Q: How many views per day was youtube receiving as of May 2011?
A: more than three billion', '
Q: How many videos per day were streamed as of January 2012?
A: four billion']
In February 2015, YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site, called YouTube Kids. It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and is available for both Android and iOS devices. Later on August 26, 2015, YouTube Gaming was launched, a platform for video gaming enthusiasts intended to compete with Twitch.tv. 2015 also saw the announcement of a premium YouTube service titled YouTube Red, which provides users with both ad-free content as well as the ability to download videos among other features.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did youtube announce in Feb of 2015?
A: a new app', '
Q: what was the name of the new app youtube launched?
A: YouTube Kids', '
Q: What platform was launched in Aug of 2015?
A: YouTube Gaming', '
Q: What is the name of the youtube feature that removes ads and allows downloading movies?
A: YouTube Red', '
Q: On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available?
A: both Android and iOS']
In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed. The YouTube site had a page that allowed supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that supported HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats could play the videos, and not all videos on the site were available.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard?
A: HTML5', '
Q: What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5?
A: allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player', "
Q: How did users opt into the trial version of youtube's HTML5 site?
A: a page", '
Q: What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML5?
A: WebM']
All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload long videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films. The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010. If an up-to-date browser version is used, videos greater than 20 GB can be uploaded.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the maximum length of a video on youtube?
A: 12 hours', '
Q: When a user with a new account posts a video, what is the maximum length allowed?
A: 15 minutes', '
Q: When was the time limit on video length first enacted on youtube?
A: March 2006', '
Q: in 2006 Youtube found that the majority of longer videos were what?
A: unauthorized uploads', '
Q: What is the upload file size limit on out of date browsers?
A: 20 GB']