romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Note: Besides ethnic groups, Slavs often identify themselves with the local geographical region in which they live. Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include: Zagorci in northern Croatia, Istrijani in westernmost Croatia, Dalmatinci in southern Croatia, Boduli in Adriatic islands, Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia, Slavonci in eastern Croatia, Bosanci in Bosnia, Hercegovci in Herzegovina, Krajišnici in western Bosnia, but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia, most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers, and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence, Semberci in northeast Bosnia, Srbijanci in Serbia proper, Šumadinci in central Serbia, Vojvođani in northern Serbia, Sremci in Syrmia, Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina, Banaćani in Banat, Sandžaklije (Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border), Kosovci in Kosovo, Bokelji in southwest Montenegro, Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands, Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region, Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains, Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region, Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria, Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province, Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Serbs of Croatia are mostly descendants of who?
A: the Grenzers', '
Q: Where are Zagorci located?
A: northern Croatia', '
Q: Where are Istrijani located?
A: westernmost Croatia', '
Q: Where are Boduli located?
A: Adriatic islands', '
Q: Where are Vlaji located?
A: hinterland of Dalmatia']
The modern Slavic peoples carry a variety of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Yet two paternal haplogroups predominate: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a [L69.2=T/S163.2]. The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39% in the Sorbs, through 56.4% in Poland, 54% in Ukraine, 52% in Russia, Belarus, to 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7% in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Herzegovina. The correlation between R1a1a [M17] and the speakers of Indo-European languages, particularly those of Eastern Europe (Russian) and Central and Southern Asia, was noticed in the late 1990s. From this Spencer Wells and colleagues, following the Kurgan hypothesis, deduced that R1a1a arose on the Pontic-Caspian steppe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples?
A: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a', '
Q: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs?
A: 63.39%', '
Q: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?
A: 56.4%', '
Q: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?
A: 54%', '
Q: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia?
A: 52%']
Specific studies of Slavic genetics followed. In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. The significant findings of this study are that:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?
A: 2007', '
Q: Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?
A: Rębała', '
Q: In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?
A: the Proto-Slavic homeland']
Marcin Woźniak and colleagues (2010) searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]. Working with haplotypes, they found a pattern among Western Slavs which turned out to correspond to a newly discovered marker, M458, which defines subclade R1a1a7. This marker correlates remarkably well with the distribution of Slavic-speakers today. The team led by Peter Underhill, which discovered M458, did not consider the possibility that this was a Slavic marker, since they used the "evolutionary effective" mutation rate, which gave a date far too old to be Slavic. Woźniak and colleagues pointed out that the pedigree mutation rate, giving a later date, is more consistent with the archaeological record.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?
A: Marcin Woźniak and colleagues', '
Q: When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?
A: 2010', '
Q: The team that discovered M458 was led by who?
A: Peter Underhill']
Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally, Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?
A: Pomors', '
Q: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?
A: Y Haplogroup N', '
Q: Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?
A: Uralic peoples', '
Q: Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?
A: central-eastern Europe', '
Q: Pomors are also known as what?
A: Northern Russians']
On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades – N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?
A: South Slavic populations', '
Q: I2a1b1 is found being highest where?
A: Bosnia-Herzegovina', '
Q: Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?
A: north-eastern Italians', '
Q: Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?
A: west Balkans', '
Q: Who has split I2a2 into two clades?
A: Ken Nordtvedt']
In 2008, biochemist Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk (Russian: Борис Аркадьевич Малярчук) et al. of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia, used a sample (n=279) of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Mongoloid" "mtDNA lineages". Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of "Slavic populations" with "1.8%" Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk added that "Slavic populations" "almost always" contain Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in 2,000–3,000 BC with additional Mongoloid mixture occurring among Slavics in the last 4,000 years. Malyarchuk said the "Russian population" was developed by the "assimilation of the indigenous pre-Slavic population of Eastern Europe by true Slavs" with additional "assimilation of Finno-Ugric populations" and "long-lasting" interactions with the populations of "Siberia" and "Central Asia". Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations (Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Mongols)", especially the decay of the "Avar Khaganate".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk use a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?
A: 2008', '
Q: Who used a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?
A: Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk', '
Q: Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of what populations?
A: Slavic populations', '
Q: Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in what time period?
A: Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations', '
Q: Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from what populations?
A: steppe populations']
DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations. Taken together, they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Only (0.7%) fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups, which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians. An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters. The DNA clearly shows that both Poles and Russians are not different from the neighbouring European populations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?
A: 1228', '
Q: DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?
A: West Eurasian', '
Q: Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?
A: 95%', '
Q: What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?
A: 0.7%', '
Q: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?
A: European']
Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period – although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?
A: Ukraine', '
Q: Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?
A: Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths', '
Q: After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?
A: non-Slavic peoples', '
Q: What peoples where in the Balkans?
A: Paleo-Balkan peoples', '
Q: Who vanished from the population of the Balkans?
A: The Thracians and Illyrians']
In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.[citation needed] In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with Germanic and Celtic, while the eastern Slavs encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some Finno-Ugric tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population. At the time of the Magyar migration, the present-day Hungary was inhabited by Slavs, numbering about 200,000, and by Romano-Dacians who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Magyars. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north. In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria where they were Slavicized.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders?
A: In the Western Balkans', '
Q: In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with who?
A: Avar invaders', '
Q: In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with who?
A: Germanic and Celtic', '
Q: The eastern Slavs intermixed with who?
A: Uralic and Scandinavian peoples', "
Q: Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of what state?
A: the Rus' state"]
Polabian Slavs (Wends) settled in parts of England (Danelaw), apparently as Danish allies. Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled on Norse age Iceland. Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards. In the 12th century, there was intensification of Slavic piracy in the Baltics. The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades. Niklot, pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrites, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160 Niklot was killed and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia invaders started germanization. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony. In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have Slavic paternal ancestry. Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who settled in parts of England?
A: Polabian Slavs (Wends)', '
Q: Where did Polabian Slavs (Wends) settle?
A: parts of England (Danelaw)', '
Q: Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled where?
A: Norse age Iceland', '
Q: What refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus?
A: Saqaliba', "
Q: Saqaliba served as what?
A: caliph's guards"]
Cossacks, although Slavic-speaking and Orthodox Christians, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other Turks. Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were Ossetians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Cossacks came from what backgrounds?
A: Tatars and other Turks', '
Q: Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were what?
A: Ossetians', '
Q: What religious affiliation did the Cossacks have?
A: Orthodox Christians']
The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population. The population of Moravian Wallachia also descend of this population.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the Gorals reside?
A: southern Poland and northern Slovakia', '
Q: Who descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs?
A: Gorals', '
Q: When did the Vlachs migrate into the region?
A: 14th to 17th centuries', '
Q: What population descended from the Vlachs?
A: Moravian Wallachia']
Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued south, attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population. There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in Romania.[better source needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who?
A: the Magyar or Romanian population', '
Q: There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country?
A: Romania', '
Q: Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country?
A: Bulgaria', '
Q: Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain?
A: Carpathian basin']
Southampton (i/saʊθˈæmptən, -hæmptən/) is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated 75 miles (121 km) south-west of London and 19 miles (31 km) north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the River Test and River Itchen, with the River Hamble joining to the south of the urban area. The city, which is a unitary authority, has an estimated population of 253,651. The city's name is sometimes abbreviated in writing to "So'ton" or "Soton", and a resident of Southampton is called a Sotonian.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the estimated population of Southampton?
A: 253,651", '
Q: What could you call someone who lives in Southampton?
A: Sotonian', '
Q: In what ceremonial county is Southampton located?
A: Hampshire', '
Q: How many miles away from London is Southampton?
A: 75', '
Q: In which direction would you travel from Portsmouth to reach Southampton?
A: north-west']
Significant employers in Southampton include The University of Southampton, Southampton Solent University, Southampton Airport, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, the NHS, ABP and Carnival UK. Southampton is noted for its association with the RMS Titanic, the Spitfire and more generally in the World War II narrative as one of the departure points for D-Day, and more recently as the home port of a number of the largest cruise ships in the world. Southampton has a large shopping centre and retail park called WestQuay. In October 2014, the City Council approved a follow-up from the WestQuay park, called WestQuay Watermark. Construction by Sir Robert McAlpine commenced in January 2015. Hammerson, the owners of the retail park, aim to have at least 1,550 people employed on its premises at year-end 2016.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the big retail shopping center in Southampton called?
A: WestQuay', "
Q: In what month of 2014 did Southampton's City Council give the go-ahead for WestQuay Watermark?
A: October", '
Q: What war is Southampton often associated with?
A: World War II', '
Q: What company owns WestQuay Watermark?
A: Hammerson', '
Q: By the end of 2016, how many people are projected to be working onsite at WestQuay Watermark?
A: 1,550']
In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas, however by the time of the 2011 census they had merged to become the sixth largest built-up area in England with a population of 855,569. This built-up area is part of the metropolitan area known as South Hampshire, which is also known as Solent City, particularly in the media when discussing local governance organisational changes. With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the region one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census?
A: Portsmouth', "
Q: What's the other name for South Hampshire?
A: Solent City", '
Q: In the 2011 census, what was the population of Southampton after it merged with Portsmouth?
A: 855,569', '
Q: What metropolitan area is Portsmouth a part of?
A: South Hampshire', '
Q: What is the estimated minimum population of South Hampshire?
A: 1.5 million']
Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age. Following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established. It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of Winchester, at the site of modern Bitterne Manor. Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house. Clausentum was not abandoned until around 410.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Romans invade Britain?
A: AD 43', '
Q: What ancient settlement was established after Rome invaded and the Britons were conquered?
A: Clausentum', '
Q: According to evidence found, in what archaeological age were there first inhabitants in the area of Southampton?
A: stone age', '
Q: What is the site of Clausentum called now?
A: Bitterne Manor', "
Q: In addition to two ditches, what was Clausentum's defense from invaders?
A: a wall"]
The Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Mary's area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic, which evolved into Hamtun and then Hampton. Archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What people established a settlement in what is now the St. Mary's area of Southampton?
A: Anglo-Saxons", '
Q: What name did the Anglo-Saxons give their settlement first?
A: Hamwic', '
Q: What name did Hamwic have in the interim as it was evolving into Hampton?
A: Hamtun', '
Q: What county in England was named after Hampton?
A: Hampshire', '
Q: What river separated Hamwic from the home of previous settlers?
A: Itchen']
Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of raids disturbed Hamwic in the 9th century?
A: Viking', '
Q: What year did the Vikings start attacking Hamwic?
A: 840', '
Q: In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of Hamwic?
A: 10th', "
Q: What was the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement that took Hamwic's place?
A: Southampton"]
Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century and by the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth and wool.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did the Norman Conquest take place?
A: 1066', '
Q: What was the capital of England during the time of the Norman Conquest?
A: Winchester', '
Q: Southampton was important to transit between Winchester and what other region in England in the 11th century?
A: Normandy', '
Q: In what century was Southampton Castle built?
A: 12th', '
Q: During the 13th century, what did Southampton get in trade for English cloth and wool?
A: French wine']
Surviving remains of 12th century merchants' houses such as King John's House and Canute's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time. In 1348, the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Ruins of merchants' homes that survive today are evidence that Southampton had rich people in what century?
A: 12th", '
Q: What plague made it to England because of all the ships visiting Southampton in the 14th century?
A: Black Death', '
Q: What year did the Black Death arrive in England for the first time?
A: 1348', "
Q: In addition to King John's House, what's the name of another rich merchant's dwelling that still partly remains?
A: Canute's Palace"]