romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning. So worried were the Government over the sudden campaign of leaflets and posters distributed by the Communist Party in Coventry and London, that the Police were sent in to seize their production facilities. The Government, up until November 1940, was opposed to the centralised organisation of shelter. Home Secretary Sir John Anderson was replaced by Morrison soon afterwards, in the wake of a Cabinet reshuffle as the dying Neville Chamberlain resigned. Morrison warned that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made. He recognised the right of the public to seize tube stations and authorised plans to improve their condition and expand them by tunnelling. Still, many British citizens, who had been members of the Labour Party, itself inert over the issue, turned to the Communist Party. The Communists attempted to blame the damage and casualties of the Coventry raid on the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests and called for a negotiated peace. Though they failed to make a large gain in influence, the membership of the Party had doubled by June 1941. The "Communist threat" was deemed important enough for Herbert Morrison to order, with the support of the Cabinet, the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the communist party agitated over?
A: the need for bomb-proof shelters.', '
Q: What did Londoners use for bomb-shelters?
A: Underground railway system', "
Q: What did Morrison warn he couldn't do?
A: that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made.", '
Q: Who did the Communists blame for the damage in the Conventry raids?
A: the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests', '
Q: What was Morrison forced to do in response to the Communist Party?
A: the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal.']
The brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread, particularly in London. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. Rumours that Jews were inflating prices, were responsible for the Black Market, were the first to panic under attack (even the cause of the panic), and secured the best shelters via underhanded methods, were also widespread. Moreover, there was also racial antagonism between the small Black, Indian and Jewish communities. However, the feared race riots did not transpire despite the mixing of different peoples into confined areas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The success of the Communists helped what political group?
A: British Union of Fascists (BUF)', '
Q: Where did anti-semitic attitude spread primarily?
A: particularly in London', '
Q: What was one the rumors that Jews were doing in regard to shelters?
A: secured the best shelters via underhanded methods', '
Q: What was feared would happen when different races were mixed in shelters?
A: race riots']
In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may have been a factor. However, resentment of rich self-evacuees or hostile treatment of poor ones were signs of persistence of class resentments although these factors did not appear to threaten social order. The total number of evacuees numbered 1.4 million, including a high proportion from the poorest inner-city families. Reception committees were completely unprepared for the condition of some of the children. Far from displaying the nation's unity in time of war, the scheme backfired, often aggravating class antagonism and bolstering prejudice about the urban poor. Within four months, 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children had been returned home. The lack of bombing in the Phoney War contributed significantly to the return of people to the cities, but class conflict was not eased a year later when evacuation operations had to be put into effect again.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was another reason for populations moving?
A: industry dispersal may have been a factor', "
Q: How much of London's population left?
A: Over a quarter", '
Q: What locations saw an increase in populations?
A: south Wales and Gloucester', '
Q: How much of the population returned in four months?
A: 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children', '
Q: How many evacuees were there?
A: 1.4 million']
In recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings, news bulletins and public information broadcasts. Notable interviews include Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside, and Herbert Morrison's famous "Britain shall not burn" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings?
A: The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting', '
Q: What are some of the things included in these recordings?
A: period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings', '
Q: What is one of the notable recordings included?
A: Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside', '
Q: What is a second recording that is of note?
A: Herbert Morrison\'s famous "Britain shall not burn" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.']
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973, it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation." The U.S. Supreme Court found that "the plain intent of Congress in enacting" the ESA "was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost." The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which president signed the Act into law?
A: Richard Nixon', '
Q: On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed?
A: December 28', '
Q: What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act?
A: to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost', '
Q: Which two federal agencies administer the Act?
A: the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)', '
Q: In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law?
A: 1973']
One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States. It would be another eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed, and another two years before the first version of the endangered species act was passed. The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the historical range of the whooping crane?
A: central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast', '
Q: What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population?
A: Unregulated hunting and habitat loss', '
Q: What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941?
A: 16 birds', '
Q: How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass
A: eight years']
The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales, and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940. These later laws had a low cost to society–the species were relatively rare–and little opposition was raised.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce?
A: Lacey Act of 1900', '
Q: What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit?
A: interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws', '
Q: What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation?
A: all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants', '
Q: What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird?
A: Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940']
It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage and administer the National Wildlife Refuge System. Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species. The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do?
A: list endangered domestic fish and wildlife', '
Q: The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase?
A: $15 million per year', '
Q: The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization?
A: the National Wildlife Refuge System', '
Q: How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce?
A: The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts', '
Q: How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act?
A: Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species']
This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition of "fish and wildlife" was limited to vertebrates. However, with time, researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction. The endangered species program was expanded by the Endangered Species Act of 1969.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?
A: "Class of \'67"', '
Q: How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?
A: It included only vertebrates', '
Q: What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species?
A: habitat destruction', '
Q: How did being listed initially impact species?
A: the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction']
The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to include mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans. Reptiles were added mainly to reduce the rampant poaching of alligators and crocodiles. This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed?
A: December, 1969', '
Q: How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species?
A: by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States', '
Q: What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act?
A: mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans', '
Q: What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of "reptiles" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act?
A: alligators and crocodiles', '
Q: What important precedent did this set for invertebrates?
A: This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection']
President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973 (Pub.L. 93–205). It was written by a team of lawyers and scientists, including the first appointed head of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ),an outgrowth of NEPA (The "National Environmental Policy Act of 1969") Dr. Russell E. Train. Dr. Train was assisted by a core group of staffers, including Dr. Earl Baysinger at EPA (currently Assistant Chief, Office of Endangered Species and International. Activities), Dick Gutting (U.S. Commerce Dept. lawyer, currently joined NOAA the previous year (1972), and Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand, a marine biologist (Ph.D, Oregon State University) by training, who had transferred from his post as the Scientific Adviser to the U.S Army Corps of Engineers, office of the Commandant of the Corp. to join the newly formed White House office. The staff, under Dr. Train's leadership, incorporated dozens of new principles and ideas into the landmark legislation; crafting a document that completely changed the direction of environmental conservation in the United States. Dr. Bertrand is credited with writing the most challenged section of the Act, the "takings" clause - Section 2.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who led the team of lawyers and scientists who crafted the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
A: Dr. Russell E. Train', '
Q: The team leader was the first appointed head of what organization?
A: the Council on Environmental Quality', '
Q: Who wrote the most challenged section of the Act?
A: Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand', '
Q: Who was the core staffer to the legislation that worked for the EPA and continued to work in the Office of Endangered Species?
A: Dr. Earl Baysinger', '
Q: What Congress called for the drafting of the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
A: the 93rd United States Congress']
A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. A "species" under the act can be a true taxonomic species, a subspecies, or in the case of vertebrates, a "distinct population segment." The procedures are the same for both types except with the person/organization petition, there is a 90-day screening period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list?
A: two ways', '
Q: What federal program is used to list a species?
A: candidate assessment program', "
Q: How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list
A: 90-day screening period", '
Q: In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of "species"?
A: a "distinct population segment."']
During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12291 which required economic analysis of all government agency actions. The House committee's statement was "that economic considerations have no relevance to determinations regarding the status of species."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982?
A: "solely"', '
Q: Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered?
A: the biological status of the species', '
Q: Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions?
A: Ronald Reagan', '
Q: What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed?
A: Congress rejected']
Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. "The purpose of the notice and comment requirement is to provide for meaningful public participation in the rulemaking process." summarized the Ninth Circuit court in the case of Idaho Farm Bureau Federation v. Babbitt.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How is public notice given regarding a listing?
A: through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area", '
Q: How long after a published notice of the listing may a public hearing regarding the listing be requested?
A: 45 days', '
Q: Do listing notices cross international soil?
A: Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing']
The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open space for individual and population growth, food, water, light or other nutritional requirements, breeding sites, seed germination and dispersal needs, and lack of disturbances are considered.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations?
A: Section 4', '
Q: Critical habitat regulation links what two topics?
A: habitat protection and recovery goals', '
Q: What does critical habitat regulation require?
A: the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species', '
Q: What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife?
A: seed germination and dispersal needs']
All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale development, logging and mining projects on private and state land typically require a federal permit and thus become subject to critical habitat regulations. Outside or in parallel with regulatory processes, critical habitats also focus and encourage voluntary actions such as land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act?
A: require a federal permit', '
Q: What are some non-regulation actions that critical habitats encourage?
A: land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves', '
Q: What does the Endangered Species Act detail about government action regarding critical habitats?
A: federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats']
The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regulation limiting the protective status of critical habitat. As a result, few critical habitats were designated between 1986 and the late 1990s. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of court orders invalidated the Reagan regulations and forced the FWS and NMFS to designate several hundred critical habitats, especially in Hawaii, California and other western states. Midwest and Eastern states received less critical habitat, primarily on rivers and coastlines. As of December, 2006, the Reagan regulation has not yet been replaced though its use has been suspended. Nonetheless, the agencies have generally changed course and since about 2005 have tried to designate critical habitat at or near the time of listing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list?
A: within one year', '
Q: Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of critical habitat in 1986?
A: the Reagan Administration', '
Q: After the limitations placed on critical habitat were lifted by the courts, where were critical habitats established primarily?
A: Hawaii, California and other western states', '
Q: Where have the majority of critical habitats in the Midwest and Eastern states been located geographically?
A: primarily on rivers and coastlines']