romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Throughout the 20th century air defence was one of the fastest-evolving areas of military technology, responding to the evolution of aircraft and exploiting various enabling technologies, particularly radar, guided missiles and computing (initially electromechanical analog computing from the 1930s on, as with equipment described below). Air defence evolution covered the areas of sensors and technical fire control, weapons, and command and control. At the start of the 20th century these were either very primitive or non-existent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was one of the quickest areas to evolve in military technology in the 20th century?
A: air defence', '
Q: The evolution of air defence was in answer to the evolution of what?
A: aircraft', '
Q: In addition to radar and computing, what else did air defence want to exploit?
A: guided missiles', '
Q: In addition to sensors and technical fire control, and weapons, what else did air defence evolution cover?
A: command and control']
Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent. In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division. Heavier guns and long-range missiles may be in air-defence brigades and come under corps or higher command. Homeland air defence may have a full military structure. For example, the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command, commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB. At its peak in 1941–42 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are batteries typically grouped?
A: into battalions', '
Q: What type of battalion is normally tasked to a manoeuvre division in the field army?
A: light gun or SHORAD', '
Q: Which military section could have a full military structure?
A: Homeland air defence', "
Q: Who commanded the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
A: a full British Army general", "
Q: How many corps was the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
A: three AA corps"]
German air attacks on the British Isles increased in 1915 and the AA efforts were deemed somewhat ineffective, so a Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott, was appointed to make improvements, particularly an integrated AA defence for London. The air defences were expanded with more RNVR AA guns, 75 mm and 3-inch, the pom-poms being ineffective. The naval 3-inch was also adopted by the army, the QF 3 inch 20 cwt (76 mm), a new field mounting was introduced in 1916. Since most attacks were at night, searchlights were soon used, and acoustic methods of detection and locating were developed. By December 1916 there were 183 AA Sections defending Britain (most with the 3-inch), 74 with the BEF in France and 10 in the Middle East.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Air attacks headed by  Germany increased in 1915 in what area?
A: the British Isles', '
Q: Who was tasked with the job to make improvements to the AA as a result of the German attacks?
A: Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott', '
Q: What was used because of night attacks?
A: searchlights', '
Q: How many AA Sections were defending Britain by December 1916?
A: 183', '
Q: How many AA Sections were with the BEF in France during the same time?
A: 74']
As aircraft started to be used against ground targets on the battlefield, the AA guns could not be traversed quickly enough at close targets and, being relatively few, were not always in the right place (and were often unpopular with other troops), so changed positions frequently. Soon the forces were adding various machine-gun based weapons mounted on poles. These short-range weapons proved more deadly, and the "Red Baron" is believed to have been shot down by an anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun. When the war ended, it was clear that the increasing capabilities of aircraft would require better means of acquiring targets and aiming at them. Nevertheless, a pattern had been set: anti-aircraft weapons would be based around heavy weapons attacking high-altitude targets and lighter weapons for use when they came to lower altitudes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was many times unpopular with other troops?
A: AA guns', '
Q: What was mounted on poles by forces?
A: machine-gun based weapons', '
Q: What type of weapon is thought to have shot down the Red Baron?
A: anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun', '
Q: What made acquiring targets and aiming more required?
A: increasing capabilities of aircraft', '
Q: Heavy weapons shot at high-altitude targets and what shot at low-altitude targets?
A: lighter weapons']
In 1925 the British adopted a new instrument developed by Vickers. It was a mechanical analogue computer Predictor AA No 1. Given the target height its operators tracked the target and the predictor produced bearing, quadrant elevation and fuse setting. These were passed electrically to the guns where they were displayed on repeater dials to the layers who 'matched pointers' (target data and the gun's actual data) to lay the guns. This system of repeater electrical dials built on the arrangements introduced by British coast artillery in the 1880s, and coast artillery was the background of many AA officers. Similar systems were adopted in other countries and for example the later Sperry device, designated M3A3 in the US was also used by Britain as the Predictor AA No 2. Height finders were also increasing in size, in Britain, the World War I Barr & Stroud UB 2 (7 feet optical base) was replaced by the UB 7 (9 feet optical base) and the UB 10 (18 feet optical base, only used on static AA sites). Goertz in Germany and Levallois in France produced 5 metre instruments. However, in most countries the main effort in HAA guns until the mid-1930s was improving existing ones, although various new designs were on drawing boards.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument?
A: 1925', '
Q: What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named?
A: Predictor AA No 1', '
Q: What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US?
A: M3A3', '
Q: What did the British designate the Sperry device as?
A: Predictor AA No 2', '
Q: What replaced the UB 2?
A: UB 7']
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When year did the Dambusters raid happen?
A: 1943', '
Q: What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do?
A: knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit', '
Q: What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate?
A: a new 55 mm gun', '
Q: What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use?
A: a centralised control system', '
Q: What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent?
A: hydraulics']
AAA battalions were also used to help suppress ground targets. Their larger 90 mm M3 gun would prove, as did the eighty-eight, to make an excellent anti-tank gun as well, and was widely used late in the war in this role. Also available to the Americans at the start of the war was the 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun, which was the most powerful AA gun with an impressive 60,000 ft (18 km) altitude capability. No 120 M1 was ever fired at an enemy aircraft. The 90 mm and 120 mm guns would continue to be used into the 1950s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was also utilized to control ground targets?
A: AAA battalions', '
Q: Along with the 88, what other AAA battalion gun made a good anti-tank weapon?
A: 90 mm M3 gun', '
Q: What did the Americans use at the beginning of the war?
A: 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun', '
Q: What was the altitude range in feet of the stratosphere gun?
A: 60,000 ft', '
Q: What decade were the 90 and 120 millimeter guns used until?
A: 1950s']
The allies' most advanced technologies were showcased by the anti-aircraft defence against the German V-1 cruise missiles (V stands for Vergeltungswaffe, "retaliation weapon"). The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London, and then moved to Belgium to become part of the "Antwerp X" project. With the liberation of Antwerp, the port city immediately became the highest priority target, and received the largest number of V-1 and V-2 missiles of any city. The smallest tactical unit of the operation was a gun battery consisting of four 90 mm guns firing shells equipped with a radio proximity fuse. Incoming targets were acquired and automatically tracked by SCR-584 radar, developed at the MIT Rad Lab. Output from the gun-laying radar was fed to the M-9 director, an electronic analog computer developed at Bell Laboratories to calculate the lead and elevation corrections for the guns. With the help of these three technologies, close to 90% of the V-1 missiles, on track to the defence zone around the port, were destroyed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against?
A: German V-1 cruise missiles', "
Q: Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London?
A: Folkestone-Dover coast", '
Q: Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project?
A: Belgium', '
Q: What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?
A: Antwerp', '
Q: What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?
A: SCR-584 radar']
In the 1982 Falklands War, the Argentine armed forces deployed the newest west European weapons including the Oerlikon GDF-002 35 mm twin cannon and SAM Roland. The Rapier missile system was the primary GBAD system, used by both British artillery and RAF regiment, a few brand-new FIM-92 Stinger were used by British special forces. Both sides also used the Blowpipe missile. British naval missiles used included Sea Dart and the older Sea Slug longer range systems, Sea Cat and the new Sea Wolf short range systems. Machine guns in AA mountings was used both ashore and afloat.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what war did the armed forces from Argentina use the SAM Roland?
A: 1982 Falklands War', '
Q: What two units used the Rapier missile system?
A: British artillery and RAF regiment', '
Q: What older system did the British naval use?
A: Sea Slug longer range systems', '
Q: What new short range systems did the British naval use?
A: Sea Wolf', '
Q: What was used in AA mountings on both land and water?
A: Machine guns']
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will?
A: Larger SAMs', '
Q: What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US?
A: MANPADS', '
Q: What does MANPADS mean?
A: Man-Portable Air Defence Systems', '
Q: How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs?
A: air-search radar', '
Q: Short range missiles are replacing what weapons?
A: autocannons']
However, as stealth technology grows, so does anti-stealth technology. Multiple transmitter radars such as those from bistatic radars and low-frequency radars are said to have the capabilities to detect stealth aircraft. Advanced forms of thermographic cameras such as those that incorporate QWIPs would be able to optically see a Stealth aircraft regardless of the aircraft's RCS. In addition, Side looking radars, High-powered optical satellites, and sky-scanning, high-aperture, high sensitivity radars such as radio telescopes, would all be able to narrow down the location of a stealth aircraft under certain parameters. The newest SAM's have a claimed ability to be able to detect and engage stealth targets, with the most notable being the S-400, which is claimed to be able to detect a target with a 0.05 meter squared RCS from 90 km away.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What continues to grow along with stealth technology?
A: anti-stealth technology', '
Q: What can detect stealth aircraft?
A: Multiple transmitter radars', '
Q: What can see stealth aircraft even with RCS?
A: Advanced forms of thermographic cameras', '
Q: What is the most notable SAM that can detect a stealth target?
A: the S-400', '
Q: How far away can the S-400 detect a target?
A: 90 km away']
Sanskrit (/ˈsænskrɪt/; Sanskrit: saṃskṛtam [səmskr̩t̪əm] or saṃskṛta, originally saṃskṛtā vāk, "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Sanskrit is the primary sacred language of which religion?
A: Hinduism', '
Q: How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India?
A: 22', '
Q: Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language?
A: Uttarakhand', '
Q: Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and which other religion?
A: Sikhism', '
Q: Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language?
A: Old Indo-Aryan', '
Q: What language is the sacred language of Hinduism?
A: Sanskrit', '
Q: Besides its uses as language of religions, for what other application can Sanskrit be used?
A: lingua franca', '
Q: Where is Sanskrit usually found?
A: India', '
Q: From what is Sanskrit an adaption?
A: Old Indo-Aryan', '
Q: From what language did Sanskrit originate?
A: Vedic Sanskrit']
Over 90 weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies are published in Sanskrit. Sudharma, a daily newspaper in Sanskrit, has been published out of Mysore, India, since 1970, while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years. Since 1974, there has been a short daily news broadcast on state-run All India Radio. These broadcasts are also made available on the internet on AIR's website. Sanskrit news is broadcast on TV and on the internet through the DD National channel at 6:55 AM IST.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the daily newspaper Sudharma first published?
A: 1970', '
Q: Where are Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam published?
A: Gujarat', '
Q: In what year did daily news broadcasts in Sankrit begin on state-run All India Radio?
A: 1974', '
Q: Approximately how many weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies published in Sanskrit?
A: Over 90', '
Q: What is the broadcast time for Sanskrit news on the DD National channel?
A: 6:55 AM IST', '
Q: What is the publication, Sudharma?
A: daily newspaper', '
Q: Where is the newspaper Sudharma published?
A: Mysore, India', '
Q: What language are many periodicals published in in India?
A: Sanskrit', '
Q: Since what year has there been a daily broadcast on All India Radio?
A: 1974', "
Q: Where can the Sanskrit broadcasts be found online?
A: AIR's website"]
Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term "Sanskrit" arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India, and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vyākaraṇins such as Pāṇini and Patanjali, who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times, especially during ritual. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits, which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages. However, linguistic change led to an eventual loss of mutual intelligibility.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In Ancient India, which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit?
A: Prakrits', '
Q: The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India?
A: Pāṇini and Patanjali', '
Q: The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India?
A: social class and educational attainment', '
Q: What type of language were Prakrits?
A: Middle Indo-Aryan', '
Q: Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a "particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking?"
A: Madhav Deshpande', '
Q: What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as?
A: perfected manner', '
Q: Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider?
A: social class', '
Q: How was Sanskrit originally used?
A: ritual', '
Q: Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes?
A: Ancient India', '
Q: With what did Sanskrit exist beside?
A: vernacular Prakrits']
Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts, many of which were used to write Sanskrit. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent. Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries, the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. Around the eighth century, the Śāradā script evolved out of the Gupta script. The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddhaṃ script. In East India, the Bengali alphabet, and, later, the Odia alphabet, were used.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit?
A: between the fourth and eighth centuries', '
Q: What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai?
A: Kharosthi', '
Q: Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century?
A: Śāradā', '
Q: In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent?
A: 11th or 12th century', '
Q: Which script replaced the Gupta script?
A: Devanagari', '
Q: What were used to write Sanskrit?
A: Brahmic scripts', '
Q: Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved?
A: Gupta', '
Q: What script was used in the northwest of India?
A: Kharosthi', '
Q: From what was Gupta derived?
A: Brahmi', '
Q: What script evolved from the Gupta script?
A: Śāradā']
Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed. Other Austronesian languages, such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian, also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a larger proportion derived from Arabic. Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords, although more are derived from Spanish. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Tagalog is what kind of language?
A: Philippine', '
Q: From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived?
A: Spanish', '
Q: What is an example of a Sanskrit loanword used in Southeast Asian languages?
A: bhāṣā', '
Q: What is the meaning of the Sanskrit loanword "bhāṣā?"
A: spoken language', '
Q: What is an example of a traditional language that derives much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit?
A: Malay', '
Q: Where were many Sanskrit words found?
A: Austronesian languages', '
Q: In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit?
A: Javanese', '
Q: What Sanskrit borrowed word is found in many Asian languages?
A: bhāṣā', '
Q: What is the meaning of bhasa?
A: spoken language', '
Q: Where does traditional Malay get many of its loanwords?
A: Sanskrit']
For nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry—the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The deviations from Pāṇini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian. Traditional Sanskrit scholars call such deviations ārṣa (आर्ष), meaning 'of the ṛṣis', the traditional title for the ancient authors. In some contexts, there are also more "prakritisms" (borrowings from common speech) than in Classical Sanskrit proper. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, based on early Buddhist Prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are two examples of epic poetry written in Sanskrit?
A: the Ramayana and Mahabharata', '
Q: What are prakritisms?
A: borrowings from common speech', '
Q: Which Sanskrit literary language has been influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages?
A: Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit', '
Q: How long was Sanskrit a language of culture?
A: 2000 years', '
Q: What epic poems are written in post-Vedic Sanskrit?
A: Ramayana and Mahabharata', '
Q: Where is a post-Vedic form of Sanskrit found?
A: Indian epic poetry', '
Q: Of what are deviations in the epics thought to be the influence?
A: Prakrits', '
Q: What is found to a lesser extent in Classical Sanskrit?
A: prakritisms']
From the Rigveda until the time of Pāṇini (fourth century BCE) the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts: the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change. However, there is a clear, five-level linguistic development of Vedic from the Rigveda to the language of the Upanishads and the earliest sutras such as the Baudhayana sutras.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the time of Panini?
A: fourth century BCE', '
Q: What type of text is the Samaveda?
A: Vedic texts', '
Q: What was Sanskrit used for?
A: sacred purposes', '
Q: How was Sanskrit viewed to be in relation to maintaining class?
A: conservative', '
Q: To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ?
A: change']
Sheldon Pollock argues that "most observers would agree that, in some crucial way, Sanskrit is dead".:393 Pollock has further argued that, while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India, it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age.:416 Instead, it was reduced to "reinscription and restatements" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses.:398 A notable exception are the military references of Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara's 17th-century commentary on the Mahābhārata.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who has said the Sanskrit is dead?
A: Sheldon Pollock', '
Q: According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used?
A: literary cultures', '
Q: What is Sanskrit not  able to express?
A: the modern age', '
Q: How is Sanskrit limited in it function towards ideas?
A: restatements', '
Q: To what is Sanskrit restricted?
A: hymns']