romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
There are two sovereign states in the isles: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called the Republic of Ireland, governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply the United Kingdom, which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown Dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights of self-government and judicial independence; responsibility for international representation rests largely upon the UK (in consultation with the respective governments); and responsibility for defence is reserved by the UK. The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent parts: England, Scotland and Wales, forming Great Britain, and Northern Ireland in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Of these, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have "devolved" governments meaning that they have their own parliaments/assemblies and are self-governing with respect to certain areas set down by law. For judicial purposes, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England and Wales (the latter being one entity) form separate legal jurisdiction, with there being no single law for the UK as a whole.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the names of the two states that are sovereign in the British Isles today?
A: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland', '
Q: What is another name that Ireland is also called?
A: Republic of Ireland', '
Q: Northern Ireland is part of which country?
A: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland', '
Q: What is another name for the  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?
A: United Kingdom', '
Q: Which three states in the United Kingdom have devolved governements?
A: Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland']
Ireland, the United Kingdom and the three Crown Dependencies are all parliamentary democracies, with their own separate parliaments. All parts of the United Kingdom return members to parliament in London. In addition to this, voters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland return members to a parliament in Edinburgh and to assemblies in Cardiff and Belfast respectively. Governance in the norm is by majority rule, however, Northern Ireland uses a system of power sharing whereby unionists and nationalists share executive posts proportionately and where the assent of both groups are required for the Northern Ireland Assembly to make certain decisions. (In the context of Northern Ireland, unionists are those who want Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom and nationalists are those who want Northern Ireland join with the rest of Ireland.) The British monarch is the head of state for all parts of the isles except for the Republic of Ireland, where the head of state is the President of Ireland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which state send members to the parliament in Edinburgh?
A: Scotland', '
Q: What type of government does the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies have?
A: parliamentary democracies', '
Q: Who shares power in Northern Ireland?
A: unionists and nationalists', '
Q: Unionists in Northern Ireland want to remain part of which country?
A: United Kingdom', '
Q: Nationalist in Northern Ireland want to join which country?
A: the rest of Ireland']
Ireland and the United Kingdom are both part of the European Union (EU). The Crown Dependencies are not a part of the EU however do participate in certain aspects that were negotiated as a part of the UK's accession to the EU. Neither the United Kingdom or Ireland are part of the Schengen area, that allow passport-free travel between EU members states. However, since the partition of Ireland, an informal free-travel area had existed across the region. In 1997, this area required formal recognition during the course of negotiations for the Amsterdam Treaty of the European Union and is now known as the Common Travel Area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The United Kingdom is part of what union?
A: European Union (EU)', '
Q: What does the Schengen area allow in the European Union?
A: passport-free travel between EU members states', '
Q: When was a free-travel area created betwen Northern Ireland and Ireland?
A: 1997', '
Q: This free-travel area in Ireland is now called what?
A: Common Travel Area']
Reciprocal arrangements allow British and Irish citizens to full voting rights in the two states. Exceptions to this are presidential elections and constitutional referendums in the Republic of Ireland, for which there is no comparable franchise in the other states. In the United Kingdom, these pre-date European Union law, and in both jurisdictions go further than that required by European Union law. Other EU nationals may only vote in local and European Parliament elections while resident in either the UK or Ireland. In 2008, a UK Ministry of Justice report investigating how to strengthen the British sense of citizenship proposed to end this arrangement arguing that, "the right to vote is one of the hallmarks of the political status of citizens; it is not a means of expressing closeness between countries."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the two exceptions to the voting rights in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandand Britain?
A: presidential elections and constitutional referendums', '
Q: In what elections are other Europeans who are living in the United Kingdom or Ireland, allowed to vote in?
A: local and European Parliament elections', '
Q: Which ministry wants to end this type of voting of EU nationals?
A: UK Ministry of Justice', "
Q: What type of arrangement let British and Irish citizens vote in each other's elections?
A: Reciprocal arrangements"]
The Northern Ireland Peace Process has led to a number of unusual arrangements between the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom. For example, citizens of Northern Ireland are entitled to the choice of Irish or British citizenship or both and the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom consult on matters not devolved to the Northern Ireland Executive. The Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland also meet as the North/South Ministerial Council to develop policies common across the island of Ireland. These arrangements were made following the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has caused several uncommon arrangements between the various states in the United Kingdom?
A: The Northern Ireland Peace Process', '
Q: What type of citizenship can Northern Ireland people have?
A: choice of Irish or British citizenship or both', '
Q: The Northern Ireland Executive meets with what other government to develop policies for the island of Ireland?
A: Government of Ireland', '
Q: The 1998 Good Friday Agreement resulted in what arrangement?
A: policies common across the island of Ireland']
Another body established under the Good Friday Agreement, the British–Irish Council, is made up of all of the states and territories of the British Isles. The British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly (Irish: Tionól Pharlaiminteach na Breataine agus na hÉireann) predates the British–Irish Council and was established in 1990. Originally it comprised 25 members of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament, and 25 members of the parliament of the United Kingdom, with the purpose of building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures. Since then the role and scope of the body has been expanded to include representatives from the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the States of Jersey, the States of Guernsey and the High Court of Tynwald (Isle of Man).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was one of organizations that was founded because of the Good Friday Agreement?
A: British–Irish Council', '
Q: Which states belong to the British-Irish Council?
A: all of the states and territories of the British Isles', '
Q: How many Oireachtas members where there in the original British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly?
A: 25', '
Q: How many members of the United Kingdom Parliament were in the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly originally?
A: 25', '
Q: The British-Irish Council has added representatives from which parliament?
A: Scottish Parliament']
The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom. During the February 2008 meeting of the British–Irish Council, it was agreed to set up a standing secretariat that would serve as a permanent 'civil service' for the Council. Leading on from developments in the British–Irish Council, the chair of the British–Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, Niall Blaney, has suggested that the body should shadow the British–Irish Council's work.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Does the Parliamentary Assembly had any kinds of legislative authority?
A: no', '
Q: What does the British-Irish Council discuss?
A: issues of mutual importance', '
Q: What does the British-Irish Council do?
A: investigates and collects witness evidence', '
Q: How often does the British-Irish Council meet?
A: biannually', '
Q: Who recommended that the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly should look very closely at the work that the British-Irish Council does?
A: Niall Blaney']
The United Kingdom and Ireland have separate media, although British television, newspapers and magazines are widely available in Ireland, giving people in Ireland a high level of familiarity with cultural matters in the United Kingdom. Irish newspapers are also available in the UK, and Irish state and private television is widely available in Northern Ireland.[citation needed] Certain reality TV shows have embraced the whole of the islands, for example The X Factor, seasons 3, 4 and 7 of which featured auditions in Dublin and were open to Irish voters, whilst the show previously known as Britain's Next Top Model became Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model in 2011. A few cultural events are organised for the island group as a whole. For example, the Costa Book Awards are awarded to authors resident in the UK or Ireland. The Man Booker Prize is awarded to authors from the Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland. The Mercury Music Prize is handed out every year to the best album from a British or Irish musician or group.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What types of media give the people of Ireland information about what is going on in Britain?
A: British television, newspapers and magazines', '
Q: What is available to the people in Northern Ireland so they have access to the media?
A: private television', '
Q: What is one of the most popoular television shows in the United Kingdom?
A: The X Factor', '
Q: Who can receive the Costa Book Award?
A: authors resident in the UK or Ireland']
Many globally popular sports had modern rules codified in the British Isles, including golf, association football, cricket, rugby, snooker and darts, as well as many minor sports such as croquet, bowls, pitch and putt, water polo and handball. A number of sports are popular throughout the British Isles, the most prominent of which is association football. While this is organised separately in different national associations, leagues and national teams, even within the UK, it is a common passion in all parts of the islands. Rugby union is also widely enjoyed across the islands with four national teams from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The British and Irish Lions is a team chosen from each national team and undertakes tours of the southern hemisphere rugby playing nations every four years. Ireland play as a united team, represented by players from both Northern Ireland and the Republic. These national rugby teams play each other each year for the Triple Crown as part of the Six Nations Championship. Also since 2001 the professional club teams of Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Italy compete against each other in the RaboDirect Pro12.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are some of the minor sports in the United Kingdom?
A: croquet, bowls, pitch and putt', '
Q: What is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom?
A: association football', '
Q: How many national Ruby teams are there in the United Kingdom?
A: four', '
Q: In which hemisphere do the rugby playing countries meet once every four years?
A: southern hemisphere', '
Q: How often do the national rugby teams play for the Triple Crown?
A: each year']
The idea of building a tunnel under the Irish Sea has been raised since 1895, when it was first investigated. Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed, most recently the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard proposed by The Institute of Engineers of Ireland in 2004. A rail tunnel was proposed in 1997 on a different route, between Dublin and Holyhead, by British engineering firm Symonds. Either tunnel, at 50 mi (80 km), would be by far the longest in the world, and would cost an estimated £15 billion or €20 billion. A proposal in 2007, estimated the cost of building a bridge from County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway in Scotland at £3.5bn (€5bn).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year?
A: 1895', '
Q: What is the name of the recent proposal of a tunnel between Rosslare and Fishguard ports?
A: Tusker Tunnel', '
Q: Who proposed the Tusker Tunnel?
A: The Institute of Engineers of Ireland', '
Q: What is the estimated cost to build the Tusker Tunnel?
A: £15 billion or €20 billion', '
Q: In what year was a bridge proposed between County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway, Scotland?
A: 2007']
Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup. Athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified "mob football", the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Museum has a vase with an image of an episkyros player?
A: National Archaeological Museum of Athens', '
Q: What game did Athenaeus reference in 228 AD?
A: harpastum', '
Q: What is the name of a similar, non-competitive game in Japan called?
A: kemari', '
Q: What country is the game chuck-guk from?
A: Korea', '
Q: What country is the game wogabaliri from?
A: Australia']
The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and only in their penalty area. Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may also use their head or torso to do so instead. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition. The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association), which organises World Cups for both men and women every four years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Football Association arrange The Laws of the Game?
A: 1863', '
Q: Who Organizes the World Cups?
A: International Federation of Association Football', '
Q: About how many years between World Cups?
A: four', '
Q: What country did the Laws of the Game come from?
A: England', '
Q: Who are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands?
A: goalkeepers']
Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century AD.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What century does football in England date back to?
A: eighth century AD', '
Q: What organization has said that there is no historical connection to association football with any other game outside of Europe?
A: FIFA', '
Q: In what century did the modern rules of association football come from?
A: mid-19th century', '
Q: What country did kids play football in public schools in the 19th century?
A: England']
The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which rules were influential to the codes of association football?
A: Cambridge Rules', '
Q: Which college where the Cambridge Rules written at?
A: Trinity College', '
Q: In what year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were influential?
A: 1862', '
Q: What year did the Sheffield FA form?
A: 1867', '
Q: What year were the Cambridge Rules first drawn up?
A: 1848']
At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match. The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of a team's players is known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the only position specified by the Laws of the Game
A: goalkeeper', '
Q: The focus of strikers and forwards are to do what?
A: score goals', '
Q:  A team players layout is a what?
A: formation', "
Q: Who's job is to prevent the opponents from scoring?
A: defenders", "
Q: Who's the most responsible for the teams tactics?
A: team's manager"]
These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did the Football Association form?
A: 1863', "
Q: At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting?
A: Freemasons' Tavern", '
Q: What year did the Rugby Football Union form?
A: 1871', '
Q: How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?
A: eleven', "
Q: Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?
A: The Sheffield FA"]
The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is C.W. Alcock responsible for founding?
A: FA Cup', '
Q: How long has the FA Cup been contested?
A: 1872', '
Q: Who founded the worlds first football league?
A: William McGregor', '
Q: How many clubs where in the first football league?
A: 12', '
Q: What country is the home of the first football league?
A: England']
The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for?
A: International Football Association Board', '
Q: What year was the IFAB formed?
A: 1886', '
Q: What city was FIFA formed?
A: Paris', '
Q: How many representatives did FIFA have in the IFAB?
A: four', '
Q: How many different British associations where part of the IFAB?
A: four']