romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed. Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions, with resulting peoples assemblies immediately requesting admission into the USSR, which was granted by the Soviet Union. The USSR annexed the whole of Lithuania, including the Scheschupe area, which was to be given to Germany.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia? 
A: Soviet NKVD', '
Q: What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the Nazis?
A: Scheschupe area', '
Q: Of the three countries invaded, which lost the least amount of people through deportation or loss of life?
A: Latvia', '
Q: How did these countries become part of the USSR?
A: Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates']
Finally, on 26 June, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and, unexpectedly, Northern Bukovina from Romania. Two days later, the Romanians caved to the Soviet demands and the Soviets occupied the territory. The Hertza region was initially not requested by the USSR but was later occupied by force after the Romanians agreed to the initial Soviet demands. The subsequent waves of deportations began in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians meet the requests of the USSR?
A: 6', '
Q: What month did France sue for peace?
A: June', '
Q: How many days did it take for the Romanians give into the Soviets requests?
A: Two days']
Elimination of Polish elites and intelligentia was part of Generalplan Ost. The Intelligenzaktion, a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's 'leadership class', took place soon after the German invasion of Poland, lasting from fall of 1939 till spring of 1940. As the result of this operation in 10 regional actions about 60,000 Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists were killed. It was continued in May 1940 when Germany launched AB-Aktion, More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were the “intelligentia?” 
A: Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists', '
Q: How long did liquidation occur?
A: fall of 1939 till spring of 1940', '
Q:  How many intelligentia were killed during operation AB-Akiton?
A: 16,000 members']
Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. All Polish males were required to perform forced labour. While ethnic Poles were subject to selective persecution, all ethnic Jews were targeted by the Reich. In the winter of 1939–40, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland. They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos, such as 380,000 held in the Warsaw Ghetto, where large numbers died under the harsh conditions therein, including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone. Poles and ethnic Jews were imprisoned in nearly every camp of the extensive concentration camp system in German-occupied Poland and the Reich. In Auschwitz, which began operating on 14 June 1940, 1.1 million people died.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto? 
A: 380,000', '
Q: How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?
A: 43,000', '
Q: Which group of people were considered inferior?
A: Poles and other Slavs', '
Q: How many Polish people were used in labor camps?
A: Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens', '
Q: How many people are believed to have died in Auschwitz?
A: 1.1 million people']
On 10 January 1941, Germany and the Soviet Union signed an agreement settling several ongoing issues. Secret protocols in the new agreement modified the "Secret Additional Protocols" of the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty, ceding the Lithuanian Strip to the Soviet Union in exchange for 7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark). The agreement formally set the border between Germany and the Soviet Union between the Igorka river and the Baltic Sea. It also extended trade regulation of the 1940 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement until August 1, 1942, increased deliveries above the levels of year one of that agreement, settled trading rights in the Baltics and Bessarabia, calculated the compensation for German property interests in the Baltic States now occupied by the Soviets and other issues. It also covered the migration to Germany within two and a half months of ethnic Germans and German citizens in Soviet-held Baltic territories, and the migration to the Soviet Union of Baltic and "White Russian" "nationals" in German-held territories.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much did the transfer of the Lithuanian Strip cost the Soviet Union?
A: 7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark)', '
Q: How long did germans have to relocate from the baltic states after the amendment of secret protocols?
A: two and a half months', '
Q: How long did the Russians have to relocate from the german occupied regions?
A: two and a half months', '
Q: How long did the amendment extend the trade agreements?
A: until August 1, 1942']
Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as "Fascist propaganda". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that "there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the Chamber of Commerce." Beginning in September 1939, the Soviet Comintern suspended all anti-Nazi and anti-fascist propaganda, explaining that the war in Europe was a matter of capitalist states attacking each other for imperialist purposes. Western Communists acted accordingly; while before they supported protecting collective security, now they denounced Britain and France going to war.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was part of Hollywood Ten?
A: Herbert Biberman', '
Q: Who was the leader of the American communist party?
A: Earl Browder', '
Q: Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?
A: Western Communists']
When anti-German demonstrations erupted in Prague, Czechoslovakia, the Comintern ordered the Czech Communist Party to employ all of its strength to paralyze "chauvinist elements." Moscow soon forced the Communist Parties of France and Great Britain to adopt an anti-war position. On 7 September, Stalin called Georgi Dimitrov,[clarification needed] and the latter sketched a new Comintern line on the war. The new line—which stated that the war was unjust and imperialist—was approved by the secretariat of the Communist International on 9 September. Thus, the various western Communist parties now had to oppose the war, and to vote against war credits. Although the French Communists had unanimously voted in Parliament for war credits on 2 September and on 19 September declared their "unshakeable will" to defend the country, on 27 September the Comintern formally instructed the party to condemn the war as imperialist. By 1 October the French Communists advocated listening to German peace proposals, and Communist leader Maurice Thorez deserted from the French Army on 4 October and fled to Russia. Other Communists also deserted from the army.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The western communists new rhetoric was that the war was? 
A: the war was unjust and imperialist', '
Q: The western communists claimed the war was what?
A: the war was unjust and imperialist', '
Q: French communists voted for what?
A: war credits', '
Q: Where did Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army?
A: fled to Russia']
The Communist Party of Germany featured similar attitudes. In Die Welt, a communist newspaper published in Stockholm[e] the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies (Britain representing "the most reactionary force in the world") and argued: "The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English–French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union. The Soviet people and the working people of Germany have an interest in preventing the English war plan."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wanted war with the Soviet Union?
A: English–French war bloc', '
Q: Who publicly wanted peace with Soviet Union
A: German government', '
Q: The British army was considered to be what by Walter Ulbricbht?
A: the most reactionary force in the world']
When a joint German–Soviet peace initiative was rejected by Britain and France on 28 September 1939, Soviet foreign policy became critical of the Allies and more pro-German in turn. During the fifth session of the Supreme Soviet on 31 October 1939 Molotov analysed the international situation thus giving the direction for Communist propaganda. According to Molotov Germany had a legitimate interest in regaining its position as a great power and the Allies had started an aggressive war in order to maintain the Versailles system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who refused a German-Soviet peace plan?
A: Britain and France', '
Q: Why was the west creating a war?
A: to maintain the Versailles system.', '
Q: Who provides rhetoric points for the Soviet propaganda?
A: Molotov']
Molotov declared in his report entitled "On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union" (31 October 1939) held on the fifth (extraordinary) session of the Supreme Soviet, that the Western "ruling circles" disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism, declaring "their aim in war with Germany is nothing more, nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism. [...] There is absolutely no justification for this kind of war. The ideology of Hitlerism, just like any other ideological system, can be accepted or rejected, this is a matter of political views. But everyone grasps, that an ideology can not be exterminated by force, must not be finished off with a war."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the title of Molotov’s report called?
A: On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union', '
Q: According to Molotov, what was the goal of the west?
A: extermination of Hitlerism', '
Q: Under what guise does the west perform their international policing?
A: defending democracy']
Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria.[citation needed] These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the battleship Bismarck, heavy naval guns, other naval gear and thirty of Germany's latest warplanes, including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber. The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment and other items.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement?
A: was over four times larger', '
Q: What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?
A: occupied Polish territories', '
Q: Where were the soybeans coming from?
A: Manchuria', '
Q:  What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?
A: the battleship Bismarck', '
Q: How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?
A: thirty']
The Soviets also helped Germany to avoid British naval blockades by providing a submarine base, Basis Nord, in the northern Soviet Union near Murmansk. This also provided a refueling and maintenance location, and a takeoff point for raids and attacks on shipping. In addition, the Soviets provided Germany with access to the Northern Sea Route for both cargo ships and raiders (though only the commerce raider Komet used the route before the German invasion), which forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Germans use to avoid British blockades?
A: a submarine base', '
Q: Where was the sub base located?
A: northern Soviet Union near Murmansk', '
Q: Which oceans did the sub base provide access to?
A: both the Atlantic and the Pacific']
The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff "to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?
A: Ribbentrop', "
Q: Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?
A: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant", "
Q: What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?
A: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin"]
In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their commercial agreement after their relations were strained following disagreement over policy in Romania, the Soviet war with Finland, Germany falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact and with Stalin worried that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after France signed an armistice. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany. By the end of August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders, settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases. However, in late August, Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania, targeting oil fields. The move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who stopped the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: What regions were redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?
A: Hungarian and Romanian borders', '
Q: Who started refining Romanian oil?
A: Germany']
After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact. After negotiations during November 1940 on where to extend the USSR's sphere of influence, Hitler broke off talks and continued planning for the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?
A: Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy', '
Q: Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers?
A: Ribbentrop', '
Q: Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement?
A: Britain and the USA']
In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?
A: Hitler', '
Q: Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?
A: Japan', '
Q: Why did Stalin sign the pact? 
A: reinforce a public affection for Germany']
Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur?
A: Soviet positions in eastern Poland', '
Q: How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries?
A: 4.3 million casualties', '
Q: How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?
A: three million Soviet prisoners', '
Q: How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred?
A: matter of weeks']
The German original of the secret protocols was presumably destroyed in the bombing of Germany, but in late 1943, Ribbentrop had ordered that the most secret records of the German Foreign Office from 1933 on, amounting to some 9,800 pages, be microfilmed. When the various departments of the Foreign Office in Berlin were evacuated to Thuringia at the end of the war, Karl von Loesch, a civil servant who had worked for the chief interpreter Paul Otto Schmidt, was entrusted with these microfilm copies. He eventually received orders to destroy the secret documents but decided to bury the metal container with the microfilms as a personal insurance for his future well-being. In May 1945, von Loesch approached the British Lt. Col. Robert C. Thomson with the request to transmit a personal letter to Duncan Sandys, Churchill's son-in-law. In the letter, von Loesch revealed that he had knowledge of the documents' whereabouts but expected preferential treatment in return. Colonel Thomson and his American counterpart Ralph Collins agreed to transfer von Loesch to Marburg in the American zone if he would produce the microfilms. The microfilms contained a copy of the Non-Aggression Treaty as well as the Secret Protocol. Both documents were discovered as part of the microfilmed records in August 1945 by the State Department employee Wendell B. Blancke, head of a special unit called "Exploitation German Archives" (EGA).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed?
A: 9,800 pages', '
Q: What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war?
A: Exploitation German Archives', '
Q: Near the end of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?
A: Thuringia', '
Q: Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm?
A: personal insurance for his future well-being', '
Q: Where was Karl von Löesch transferred to after he turned over the documents?
A: the American zone']
The treaty was published in the United States for the first time by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on May 22, 1946, in Britain by the Manchester Guardian. It was also part of an official State Department publication, Nazi–Soviet Relations 1939–1941, edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie in January 1948. The decision to publish the key documents on German–Soviet relations, including the treaty and protocol, had been taken already in spring 1947. Sontag and Beddie prepared the collection throughout the summer of 1947. In November 1947, President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December. Since negotiations at that conference did not prove constructive from an American point of view, the document edition was sent to press. The documents made headlines worldwide. State Department officials counted it as a success: "The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain?
A: the Manchester Guardian', '
Q: Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?
A: President Truman', '
Q: Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held?
A: London', '
Q: Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together?
A: Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie', '
Q: What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?
A: flat-footed']
In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi–Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact published?
A: 1948', '
Q: What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication
A: Falsifiers of History', "
Q: How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?
A: until the Soviet Union's dissolution"]