romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss. Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of annelid tunnels through coral?
A: Palolo worm', "
Q: What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat?
A: Palolo worm", '
Q: What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer?
A: spawning modules', '
Q: What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems?
A: molluscs', '
Q: What type of worm have there been proposals to farm?
A: Ragworms']
Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES. More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?
A: 30 AD', '
Q: Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?
A: China', '
Q: When did Rome begin using leeches?
A: 50 AD', '
Q: When did India begin using leeches?
A: 200 AD', '
Q: Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered?
A: IUCN and CITES']
Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from 549 to 542 million years ago, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian. Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla. Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about 518 million years old, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about 488 to 474 million years ago. It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes  , but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than 199 million years ago.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Cloudina exist?
A: 549 to 542 million years ago', '
Q: What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid?
A: cnidarian', '
Q: How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada?
A: 505 million years', '
Q: What era was underway 505 million years ago?
A: early Cambrian', '
Q: Where was Myoscolex found?
A: Australia']
The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago. Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Tertiary period begin?
A: 65 million years ago', '
Q: What era did oligochaetes evolve in?
A: early Cretaceous', '
Q: What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?
A: oligochaetes', '
Q: When were the earliest annelid fossils found?
A: 472 to 461 million years ago']
Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a "first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among?
A: polychaetes and clitellates', '
Q: What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms?
A: oligochaetes', '
Q: What subtype of clitellates contains leeches?
A: hirudinomorphs', '
Q: How many polychaete families are there?
A: approximately 80', '
Q: When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes?
A: 1997']
In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes (including the original 3) in 10 taxa. This analysis agreed that clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans were on various branches of the polychaete family tree. It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless, as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa. In addition, it also placed sipunculans, generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum, on another branch of the polychaete tree, and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their sister-group among the clitellates. Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who compared annelid genes in 2007?
A: Torsten Struck and colleagues', '
Q: How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first compare?
A: 3', '
Q: How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck compare for a cross-check?
A: 11', '
Q: What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications, according to the 2007 study?
A: Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata', '
Q: What did Rouse decide leeches were a subgroup of?
A: oligochaetes']
In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal previously thought in both annelids and arthropods.[n 2]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify?
A: 3', '
Q: What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids?
A: Polychaetes', '
Q: What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented?
A: echiurans and sipunculan', '
Q: What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear?
A: pogonophores', '
Q: What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007?
A: ladder-like']
Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa. Bryzoa may be the most basal phylum (the one that first became distinctive) within the Lophotrochozoa, and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ("animals that molt"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What superphylum are annelids in?
A: protostomes', '
Q: What is the other superphylum besides protostomes?
A: deuterostomes', '
Q: What superphylum are vertebrates in?
A: deuterostomes', "
Q: What does 'Articulata' mean?
A: jointed animals", '
Q: What are lophophores?
A: fan-like feeding structures']
The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern. In these phyla the "fates" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage. Hence this development pattern is often described as "spiral determinate cleavage".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development?
A: annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms', '
Q: How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves?
A: after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern', '
Q: What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?
A: spiral determinate cleavage']
In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. God is also usually defined as a non-corporeal being without any human biological gender, but the concept of God actively (as opposed to receptively) creating the universe has caused some religions to give "Him" the metaphorical name of "Father". Because God is conceived as not being a corporeal being, God cannot(some say should not) be portrayed in a literal visual image; some religious groups use a man (sometimes old and bearded) to symbolize God because of His deed of creating man's mind in the image of His own.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent?
A: unlimited power', '
Q: What is the feeling of God being everywhere?
A: omnipresence', "
Q: What is the extent of God's knowledge?
A: infinite knowledge", '
Q: What is infinite knowledge classified as?
A: omniscience', '
Q: What is the benevolence of God called?
A: omnibenevolence', '
Q: Does God have a gender?
A: without any human biological gender', '
Q: What type of human is God portrayed as in some religions?
A: a man (sometimes old and bearded)', '
Q: What is a God in monotheism?
A: Supreme Being and principal object of faith']
In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?
A: theism', "
Q: What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?
A: the creator, but not the sustainer", '
Q: Which belief is that God is the universe?
A: pantheism', '
Q: Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?
A: atheism', '
Q: Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?
A: agnosticism', '
Q: What is God in theism?
A: creator and sustainer of the universe', '
Q: What is monotheism?
A: belief in the existence of one God', '
Q: What is pantheism?
A: God is the universe itself', '
Q: What is atheism?
A: God is not believed to exist', '
Q: What is God in deism?
A: the creator']
There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one "true" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, "He Who Is", "I Am that I Am", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, "Al-El", or "Al-Elah" ("the God") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bahá'í Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are vocalizations of the name of God, YHWH?
A: Yahweh and Jehovah', '
Q: What is the Holy Trinity?
A: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit', '
Q: In the time of Atenism, what was God called?
A: Aten', '
Q: What is the Islamic name for God?
A: Allah', "
Q: What do members of the Bahá'í Faith call God?
A: Baha", '
Q: What was the first monotheistic religion?
A: Atenism', '
Q: What is the God of the Hebrew Bible called?
A: YHWH', '
Q: What is the Christian God called?
A: Yahweh and Jehovah', '
Q: What are the 2 titular names of God in the Jewish religion?
A: Elohim or Adonai', '
Q: Where do scholars believe the name Adonai came from?
A: Aten']
The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is the English word God derived from?
A: the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan', '
Q: Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?
A: neuter—applying to both genders', '
Q: When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?
A: Christianization of the Germanic peoples', '
Q: What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?
A: Germanic paganism', '
Q: What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?
A: "to call" or "to invoke"', '
Q: Where does the word God come from originally?
A: Codex Argenteus', '
Q: What language does the English word God come from?
A: German', '
Q: What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?
A: neuter']
In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What differentiates God from gods?
A: the capitalized form of God', '
Q: What belief has many gods?
A: polytheism', '
Q: What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?
A: signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton', '
Q: What is the tetragrammaton gor God?
A: YHWH', '
Q: No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?
A: God', '
Q: What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?
A: gods', '
Q: What is the name of God in Judaism?
A: YHWH', '
Q: What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?
A: YHWH']
There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly Śakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of view do Christians take on God?
A: trinitarian', '
Q: How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism?
A: region, sect, and caste', '
Q: Does hinduism only believe in a single god?
A: ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic', '
Q: What view does the Jewish community take on God?
A: monotheistic', '
Q: What kind of religion is Hinduism considered?
A: dharmic', '
Q: What type of religion is Judaism?
A: monotheistic', '
Q: What type of religion is Christianity?
A: trinitarian', "
Q: How many gods do the Hindu's have?
A: monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic."]
Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism. In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons. The Trinity comprises God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit. Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid (meaning "oneness" or "uniqueness"). God is described in the Quran as: "Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, and are not expected to visualize God.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?
A: polytheism', '
Q: Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?
A: iconodules', '
Q: What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion?
A: tawhid', '
Q: What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism?
A: Quran', '
Q: What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid?
A: "oneness" or "uniqueness"', '
Q: What religion believes that all theist worship the same god?
A: Hinduism and Sikhism', '
Q: What is the trinity in Christianity?
A: one God in three persons', '
Q: What do monotheists believe?
A: one god', '
Q: What do Muslims think of Christianity?
A: comparing it to polytheism']
Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance). Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the basis behind Catholic theology?
A: God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time', '
Q: What ways can God interact with the universe?
A: religious experience and the prayers of humans', "
Q: Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent?
A: God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world", '
Q: What is the suffix theism used for?
A: used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods', '
Q: What are examples of different types of theism?
A: monotheism or polytheism', '
Q: What three points do most theists agree on?
A: God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,', '
Q: What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?
A: Catholic', '
Q: What does theism mean in general?
A: belief in a god or gods']