romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?
A: 1988', '
Q: What is the culture in Strasbourg?
A: Franco-German', '
Q: What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France?
A: Strasbourg Grand Mosque', '
Q: When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated?
A: 27 September 2012', '
Q: What is the second largest university in France?
A: University of Strasbourg']
Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What river is on the border of France and Germany?
A: River Rhine', '
Q: The River Ill flows parallel with what river for 4 kilometres?
A: Rhine', '
Q: What kind of waterways connect the River Ill and River Rhine within Strasbourg?
A: artificial', '
Q: Strasbourg is situated on what border of France and Germany?
A: eastern']
The Romans under Nero Claudius Drusus established a military outpost belonging to the Germania Superior Roman province at Strasbourg's current location, and named it Argentoratum. (Hence the town is commonly called Argentina in medieval Latin.) The name "Argentoratum" was first mentioned in 12 BC and the city celebrated its 2,000th birthday in 1988. "Argentorate" as the toponym of the Gaulish settlement preceded it before being Latinized, but it is not known by how long. The Roman camp was destroyed by fire and rebuilt six times between the first and the fifth centuries AD: in 70, 97, 235, 355, in the last quarter of the fourth century, and in the early years of the fifth century. It was under Trajan and after the fire of 97 that Argentoratum received its most extended and fortified shape. From the year 90 on, the Legio VIII Augusta was permanently stationed in the Roman camp of Argentoratum. It then included a cavalry section and covered an area of approximately 20 hectares. Other Roman legions temporarily stationed in Argentoratum were the Legio XIV Gemina and the Legio XXI Rapax, the latter during the reign of Nero.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Strasbourg called in 12 BC?
A: Argentoratum', '
Q: What was the Roman camp destroyed by?
A: fire', '
Q: Who was leading the Romans at Argentoratum?
A: Nero Claudius Drusus', '
Q: After what year was the Legio VIII Augusta permanently stationed in Argentoratum?
A: year 90', '
Q: How many times was Argentoratum rebuilt during the first and fifth centuries AD?
A: six times']
The centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande Île (Cardo: current Rue du Dôme, Decumanus: current Rue des Hallebardes). The outline of the Roman "castrum" is visible in the street pattern in the Grande Ile. Many Roman artifacts have also been found along the current Route des Romains, the road that led to Argentoratum, in the suburb of Kœnigshoffen. This was where the largest burial places were situated, as well as the densest concentration of civilian dwelling places and commerces next to the camp. Among the most outstanding finds in Kœnigshoffen were (found in 1911–12) the fragments of a grand Mithraeum that had been shattered by early Christians in the fourth century. From the fourth century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg (made an Archbishopric in 1988). Archaeological excavations below the current Église Saint-Étienne in 1948 and 1956 unearthed the apse of a church dating back to the late fourth or early fifth century, considered to be the oldest church in Alsace. It is supposed that this was the first seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Strasbourg.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has been found along the current Route des Romains? 
A: Roman artifacts', '
Q: Where was the centre of Argentoratum situated?
A: Grande Île', '
Q: Who shattered the fragments of a grand Mithraeum?
A: Christians', '
Q: When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric?
A: 1988']
In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Empire split to create France and Germany?
A: Carolingian Empire', '
Q: What language called Strasbourg Strossburi?
A: Alsatian', '
Q: What is the German spelling for Strasbourg?
A: Straßburg', '
Q: What was Strasbourg known as in the local language in the ninth century?
A: Strazburg', '
Q: In what century was Strasbourg occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks?
A: fifth century']
A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city. Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Grüselhorn (see below, Museums, Musée historique);. A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Strasbourg declare itself a free republic? 
A: 1332', '
Q: What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg?
A: 1348', '
Q: How many Jews were burned to death in 1349?
A: over a thousand', '
Q: What time were the Jews forbidden to be in town after?
A: 10 pm', '
Q: What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town?
A: special tax']
In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation, the city, under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther. Their adherents established a Gymnasium, headed by Johannes Sturm, made into a University in the following century. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. Protestant iconoclasm caused much destruction to churches and cloisters, notwithstanding that Luther himself opposed such a practice. Strasbourg was a centre of humanist scholarship and early book-printing in the Holy Roman Empire, and its intellectual and political influence contributed much to the establishment of Protestantism as an accepted denomination in the southwest of Germany. (John Calvin spent several years as a political refugee in the city). The Strasbourg Councillor Sturm and guildmaster Matthias represented the city at the Imperial Diet of Speyer (1529), where their protest led to the schism of the Catholic Church and the evolution of Protestantism. Together with four other free cities, Strasbourg presented the confessio tetrapolitana as its Protestant book of faith at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where the slightly different Augsburg Confession was also handed over to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the political guide during the Protestant Reformation? 
A: Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck', '
Q: Who was the spiritual guide during the Protestant Reformation?
A: Martin Bucer', '
Q: Who spent several years as a political refugee in the city?
A: John Calvin', '
Q: How many other cities joined Strasbourg at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530?
A: four']
Louis' advisors believed that, as long as Strasbourg remained independent, it would endanger the King's newly annexed territories in Alsace, and, that to defend these large rural lands effectively, a garrison had to be placed in towns such as Strasbourg. Indeed, the bridge over the Rhine at Strasbourg had been used repeatedly by Imperial (Holy Roman Empire) forces, and three times during the Franco-Dutch War Strasbourg had served as a gateway for Imperial invasions into Alsace. In September 1681 Louis' forces, though lacking a clear casus belli, surrounded the city with overwhelming force. After some negotiation, Louis marched into the city unopposed on 30 September 1681 and proclaimed its annexation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War?
A: three', '
Q: When did Louis surround the city with considerable force?
A: September 1681', '
Q: When did Louis march into the city unopposed and proclaimed its annexation?
A: 30 September 1681']
This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace, because both had a special status as a province à l'instar de l'étranger effectif (a kind of foreign province of the king of France). Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could (some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands). Its language also remained overwhelmingly German: the German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. Famous students included Goethe and Herder.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions? 
A: annexation', '
Q: When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick?
A: 1697', '
Q: What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?
A: Strasbourg Cathedral', '
Q: Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?
A: Goethe and Herder']
Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enragés, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in April 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city? 
A: French Revolution", '
Q: Who ruled the city with an iron hand?
A: Eulogius Schneider', '
Q: What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794?
A: statues', '
Q: What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of?
A: tin', '
Q: Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870?
A: Germans']
During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The bombardment of the city was meant to break the morale of the people of Strasbourg. On 24 and 26 August 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books, archeological finds and historical artifacts. The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf, the theatre, the city hall, the court of justice and many houses. At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter; over 600 died, including 261 civilians, and 3200 were injured, including 1,100 civilians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who bombarded the city of Strasbourg? 
A: Prussian army', '
Q: What date was the Museum of Fine Arts destroyed by fire?
A: 24 and 26 August 1870', '
Q: What cathedral was damaged along with the medieval church of Temple Neuf?
A: gothic', '
Q: How many inhabitants were left without shelter after the siege?
A: 10,000', '
Q: How many civilians died during the siege?
A: 261']
In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale, such as the Neue Stadt, or "new city" around the present Place de la République. Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives, libraries and museums. The University, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment,[citation needed] was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?
A: 1871', '
Q: What was the Treaty in 1871 called?
A: Treaty of Frankfurt', '
Q: What year was the university founded?
A: 1567', '
Q: What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives?
A: Rodolphe Reuss', '
Q:  What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872?
A: Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität']
A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stands today, renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques; most notably Fort Roon (now Fort Desaix) and Fort Podbielski (now Fort Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Fort Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Fort Kléber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Fort Foch) in Niederhausbergen, Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (now Fort Joffre) in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden (now Fort Frère) in Oberhausbergen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was established around the city?  
A: fortifications', '
Q: Where is Fort Podbielski located?
A: Mundolsheim', '
Q: Where is Fort Bismark located?
A: Wolfisheim', '
Q: Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located?
A: Holtzheim', '
Q: Where is Fort Roon Located?
A: Mundolsheim']
Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor, some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic, without preliminary referendum or vote. On 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day), communist insurgents proclaimed a "soviet government" in Strasbourg, following the example of Kurt Eisner in Munich as well as other German towns. French troops commanded by French general Henri Gouraud entered triumphantly in the city on 22 November. A major street of the city now bears the name of that date (Rue du 22 Novembre) which celebrates the entry of the French in the city. Viewing the massive cheering crowd gathered under the balcony of Strasbourg's town hall, French President Raymond Poincaré stated that "the plebiscite is done".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what war was the German Empire defeated? 
A: World War I', '
Q: What kind of Republic did some insurgents declare Alsace-Lorraine?
A: independent', '
Q: What date was Strasbourg declared a soviet government by insurgents?
A: 11 November 1918', '
Q: Who commanded the French troops on November 22?
A: French general Henri Gouraud', '
Q: What French President said "the plebiscite is done"?
A: Raymond Poincaré']
In 1919, following the Treaty of Versailles, the city was restituted to France in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" without a referendum. The date of the assignment was retroactively established on Armistice Day. It is doubtful whether a referendum in Strasbourg would have ended in France's favour since the political parties striving for an autonomous Alsace or a connection to France accounted only for a small proportion of votes in the last Reichstag as well as in the local elections. The Alsatian autonomists who were pro French had won many votes in the more rural parts of the region and other towns since the annexation of the region by Germany in 1871. The movement started with the first election for the Reichstag; those elected were called "les députés protestataires", and until the fall of Bismarck in 1890, they were the only deputies elected by the Alsatians to the German parliament demanding the return of those territories to France. At the last Reichstag election in Strasbourg and its periphery, the clear winners were the Social Democrats; the city was the administrative capital of the region, was inhabited by many Germans appointed by the central government in Berlin and its flourishing economy attracted many Germans. This could explain the difference between the rural vote and the one in Strasbourg. After the war, many Germans left Strasbourg and went back to Germany; some of them were denounced by the locals or expelled by the newly appointed authorities. The Saverne Affair was vivid in the memory among the Alsatians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was it restituted to France?  
A: 1919', '
Q: What autonomists were pro French?
A: Alsatian', '
Q: In what year did Bismarck fall?
A: 1890', '
Q: Who won the last election at Reichstag?
A: Social Democrats', '
Q: Who had vivid memories of the Saverne Affair?
A: Alsatians']
Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten months, completely empty, with the exception of the garrisoned soldiers. The Jews of Strasbourg had been evacuated to Périgueux and Limoges, the University had been evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who invaded Poland on 1 September 1939? 
A: German', '
Q: How many people were evacuated during the invasion?
A: 120,000', '
Q: What troops arrived in mid-June 1940?
A: Wehrmacht troops', '
Q: How long was the city completely empty?
A: ten months', '
Q: Where was the University evacuated?
A: Clermont-Ferrand']
After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940, Alsace was annexed to Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner. When, in July 1940, the first evacuees were allowed to return, only residents of Alsatian origin were admitted. The last Jews were deported on 15 July 1940 and the main synagogue, a huge Romanesque revival building that had been a major architectural landmark with its 54-metre-high dome since its completion in 1897, was set ablaze, then razed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Fall of France?
A: 1940', '
Q: What country was Alsace annexed to? 
A: Germany', '
Q: Who imposed the rigorous policy of Germanisation?
A: Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner', '
Q: When were the first evacuees allowed to return?
A: July 1940', '
Q:  How high was the dome at the Romanesque revival building?
A: 54-metre']
In September 1940 the first Alsatian resistance movement led by Marcel Weinum called La main noire (The black hand) was created. It was composed by a group of 25 young men aged from 14 to 18 years old who led several attacks against the German occupation. The actions culminated with the attack of the Gauleiter Robert Wagner, the highest commander of Alsace directly under the order of Hitler. In March 1942, Marcel Weinum was prosecuted by the Gestapo and sentenced to be beheaded at the age of 18 in April 1942 in Stuttgart, Germany. His last words will be: "If I have to die, I shall die but with a pure heart". From 1943 the city was bombarded by Allied aircraft. While the First World War had not notably damaged the city, Anglo-American bombing caused extensive destruction in raids of which at least one was allegedly carried out by mistake. In August 1944, several buildings in the Old Town were damaged by bombs, particularly the Palais Rohan, the Old Customs House (Ancienne Douane) and the Cathedral. On 23 November 1944, the city was officially liberated by the 2nd French Armoured Division under General Leclerc. He achieved the oath that he made with his soldiers, after the decisive Capture of Kufra. With the Oath of Kuffra, they swore to keep up the fight until the French flag flew over the Cathedral of Strasbourg.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who led the first Alsatian resistance movement?  
A: Marcel Weinum', '
Q: Who was the highest commander that is under Hitler?
A: Gauleiter Robert Wagner', '
Q: How was Marcel Weinum executed?
A: beheaded', '
Q: What was the city attacked by in 1943?
A: Allied aircraft', '
Q: On what date was the city liberated?
A: 23 November 1944']
Many people from Strasbourg were incorporated in the German Army against their will, and were sent to the eastern front, those young men and women were called Malgré-nous. Many tried to escape from the incorporation, join the French Resistance, or desert the Wehrmacht but many couldn't because they were running the risk of having their families sent to work or concentration camps by the Germans. Many of these men, especially those who did not answer the call immediately, were pressured to "volunteer" for service with the SS, often by direct threats on their families. This threat obliged the majority of them to remain in the German army. After the war, the few that survived were often accused of being traitors or collaborationists, because this tough situation was not known in the rest of France, and they had to face the incomprehension of many. In July 1944, 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces. Nowadays history recognizes the suffering of those people, and museums, public discussions and memorials have been built to commemorate this terrible period of history of this part of Eastern France (Alsace and Moselle). Liberation of Strasbourg took place on 23 November 1944.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the men and women sent to the eastern front against their will called? 
A: Malgré-nous', '
Q: Who sent deserters families to concentration camps?
A: Germans', '
Q: Where were the freed soviet captives sent?
A: Algiers', '
Q: When did the liberation of Strasbourg take place?
A: 23 November 1944']