romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of lighting was powered by electricity?
A: incandescent light', '
Q: When did gas powered street lights became economically available.
A: early 1800s']
Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Street lights help reduce?
A: urban crime.']
Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?
A: Lighting fixtures', '
Q: Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?
A: visual glare']
An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?
A: lumen per watt']
Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?
A: 6400', '
Q: What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?
A: incandescent bulb', '
Q: It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?
A: blue-white', '
Q: A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?
A: Lower color temperature']
Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?
A: light produced by the fixture.']
Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who invented track lighting?
A: Lightolier', '
Q: What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.
A: master transformer', '
Q: What  type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?
A: cable lighting', '
Q: How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?
A: 12 or 24 volts']
A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?
A: torchiere']
The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?
A: table lamp', '
Q: Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? 
A: task lighting']
The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?
A: dark nightclub', '
Q: What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?
A: illuminated ceiling', '
Q: Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?
A: accent lighting']
In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?
A: small lights', '
Q: What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?
A: LED based versions', '
Q: What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?
A: translucent tube']
Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is used to light walkways at night?
A: Street Lights', '
Q: What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?
A: photovoltaic luminaires']
Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?
A: Floodlights']
Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?
A: security lighting']
Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?
A: Entry lights']
Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What color are tail lights?
A: red', '
Q: What color are headlamps on a vehicle?
A: white or selective yellow', '
Q: When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?
A: late 1950s', '
Q: What color are reversing indicator lamps?
A: White', '
Q: What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?
A: turn signals']
Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?
A: light bulbs', '
Q: What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?
A: electrical energy', '
Q: Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.
A: 60 w', '
Q: How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?
A: 800 lumens']
Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is designing as it applies to built environments?
A: architectural lighting design', '
Q: Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?
A: kno', '
Q: What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?
A: Radiance', '
Q: Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?
A: tabular', '
Q: What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.
A: Daylight factor calculation.']
In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of paint tends to absorb light?
A: dark paint', '
Q: What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?
A: light paint']
Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layouts" or "point by points") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?
A: Photometric studies']
Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?
A: lighting cues']
Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?
A: stage lighting']
Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the basic SI unit of measurement?
A: candela (cd)', '
Q: What is the SI unit for lumiance?
A: cd/m2', '
Q: What is the CGS unit of lumiance?
A: stilb', '
Q: What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? 
A: lumen (lm)']
The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?
A: luminosity function', '
Q: What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?
A: Lux']
Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does UGR stand for?
A: Unified Glare Rating']
To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to make objects appear natural.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does CCT stand for?
A: correlated color temperature', '
Q: What does CRI stand for?
A: color rendering index', '
Q: What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?
A: CRI', '
Q: What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"?
A: CCT']
For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does GAI stand for?
A: gamut area index', '
Q: The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?
A: GAI', '
Q: Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?
A: ano']
Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is typically used to measure light?
A: light dosimeters']
In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What measures the amount of light entering the eye?
A: Daysimeter', '
Q: A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?
A: circadian light meter']
The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?
A: 30', '
Q: What type of light stimulates the circadian system?
A: short-wavelength light']
Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? 
A: Specification of illumination requirements']
Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? 
A: Lighting control']
Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of standard do newer control systems use? 
A: wireless mesh open standards', '
Q: What is the name of one type of control system used? 
A: ZigBee', '
Q: Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?
A: no']