romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord would improvise chords from the figured bass symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise musical ornaments. J.S. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations. During the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto. During the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. For more information, see Improvisation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?
A: improvisation', '
Q: In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?
A: organ performers', '
Q: Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era?
A: instrumental performers', '
Q: Who was noted for his complex improvisations?
A: J.S. Bach', '
Q: What was Mozart noted for?
A: his ability to improvise melodies in different styles']
The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. It generally has a larger variety and amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass. The vocal practices changed a great deal over the classical period, from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex, polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods, which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?
A: the mid-19th century', '
Q: What is the most widely known medium for classical music?
A: The symphony orchestra', '
Q: A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments?
A: brass', '
Q: What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band?
A: a string section', '
Q: What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period?
A: vocal']
Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called the sackbut) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the medieval flute made from?
A: wood', '
Q: What was an early version of the fiddle called?
A: vielle', '
Q: What was an early version of the trombone called? 
A: sackbut', '
Q: Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?
A: singly', "
Q: Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?
A: bas"]
During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period?
A: liturgical', '
Q: What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies?
A: Polyphonic vocal genres', '
Q: When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop?
A: during the high medieval era', '
Q: What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line?
A: monophonic']
Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Many instruments originated during what era?
A: the Renaissance', '
Q: What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period?
A: authentic instruments', '
Q: Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification?
A: percussion']
Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instruments with strings included the harpsichord and the virginal. Percussion instruments include the triangle, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double reed shawm, the reed pipe, the bagpipe, the transverse flute and the recorder.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?
A: the Renaissance', '
Q: Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?
A: the hurdy-gurdy', '
Q: The virginal is what type of instrument?
A: Keyboard instruments with strings', '
Q: The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?
A: Percussion', '
Q: The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?
A: Woodwind']
Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?
A: polyphonic style', '
Q: What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?
A: masses', '
Q: Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?
A: opera']
Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?
A: Baroque', '
Q: What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?
A: fell into disuse', '
Q: The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?
A: Percussion', '
Q: The serpent is what type of instrument?
A: Brass', '
Q: Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?
A: theorbo']
One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, or clavichord), additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute) and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline, including bowed strings, woodwinds and brass instruments (e.g., a cello, contrabass, viol, bassoon, serpent, etc.).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was less standardized during the Baroque era?
A: the types of instruments used in ensembles', '
Q: Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?
A: a classical era string quartet', '
Q: Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?
A: clavichord', '
Q: What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?
A: a lute']
The term "classical music" has two meanings: the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today, and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s—the era of Mozart and Haydn. This section is about the more specific meaning.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?
A: Haydn", "
Q: Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?
A: the early 1830s", '
Q: The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era?
A: the Medieval era']
Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse (e.g., the theorbo and rackett), many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the violin), the Baroque oboe (which became the oboe) and the Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era?
A: Baroque', '
Q: The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?
A: rackett', '
Q: The Baroque violin became what modern instrument?
A: the violin', '
Q: What did the Baroque trumpet become?
A: the regular valved trumpet']
The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello and contrabass. Woodwinds included the basset clarinet, basset horn, clarinette d'amour, the Classical clarinet, the chalumeau, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord and the fortepiano. While the harpsichord was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use in the end of the century. Brass instruments included the buccin, the ophicleide (a serpent replacement which was the precursor of tuba) and the natural horn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?
A: viola', '
Q: The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?
A: Woodwinds', '
Q: What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s?
A: the harpsichord', '
Q: What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?
A: the ophicleide']
The "standard complement" of double winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to Beethoven. The exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No. 4, which each specify a single flute. The composer's instrumentation usually included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral "palette" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6, and 9 for an innovative effect. The third horn in the "Eroica" Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of "choral" brass in the Trio. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver "storm" and "sunshine" in the Sixth. The Ninth asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the "Eroica" (four horns has since become standard); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion—plus chorus and vocal soloists—in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of symphony should be expanded. For several decades after he died, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethoven's well-established model, with few exceptions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To whom is the "standard complement" attributed to?
A: Beethoven', '
Q: PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?
A: Symphony No. 5', "
Q: How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?
A: several decades", '
Q: What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?
A: timbral "palette"', "
Q: A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?
A: sunshine"]
In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers."  New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles  and even wind machines for sound effects.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?
A: fortepiano', '
Q: How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?
A: two', "
Q: What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?
A: the standard orchestral palette", '
Q: Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?
A: sound', '
Q: What is a celestes?
A: a bell-like keyboard instrument']
Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When do saxophones first appear in scores?
A: the late 19th century', '
Q: Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?
A: Symphonic Dances', "
Q: How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?
A: as a member of the orchestral ensemble", '
Q: The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?
A: "tenor tuba"', '
Q: Who wrote The Planets?
A: Gustav Holst']
The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?
A: The Wagner tuba', "
Q: Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?
A: Symphony No. 7 in E Major", '
Q: Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?
A: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky', '
Q: What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?
A: freelance musicians', '
Q: What Debussy piece features a cornet?
A: La Mer']
Electric instruments such as the electric guitar, the electric bass and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds, and instruments from other cultures such as the gamelan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?
A: Electric', '
Q: What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?
A: popular', '
Q: What type of instrument is the gamelan?
A: electronic']
Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music, such as bagpipes, vihuelas, hurdy-gurdies, and some woodwind instruments. On the other hand, instruments such as the acoustic guitar, once associated mainly with popular music, gained prominence in classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what did the bagpipe fill an important role?
A: early classical music,', '
Q: What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?
A: the acoustic guitar', '
Q: Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music?
A: popular']
While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?
A: equal temperament', '
Q: When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?
A: the 18th century', '
Q: What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?
A: meantone temperament']
Performers who have studied classical music extensively are said to be "classically trained". This training may be from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a B.mus. or M.mus. degree (which includes individual lessons from professors). In classical music, "...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate [Master's degree] level" is required.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What have classical trained performers done extensively?
A: studied classical music', '
Q: What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?
A: individual lessons from professors', '
Q: To what level is training for classical music often required?
A: postgraduate']
Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, harmonic principles, strong ear training (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of performance practice (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?
A: sight-reading', '
Q: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?
A: harmonic', '
Q: Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?
A: classical music']
Some "popular" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs, such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What brothers have had significant classical training?
A: Van Halen brothers', '
Q: Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?
A: classical', '
Q: Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?
A: commercial']
Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by Gramophone in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, Dieter Flury, told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of maternity leave would be a problem.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?
A: male', '
Q: Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?
A: harpist', '
Q: What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?
A: 1997', '
Q: Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?
A: the Berlin Philharmonic', '
Q: Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?
A: Dieter Flury']