romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then to rotate crops. Although some polyculture farmers use the same techniques, they also employ integrated pest management strategies as well as strategies that are more labor-intensive, but generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What farms use biologically destructive pesticides
A: monoculture farms', '
Q: What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face?
A: The control of associated biodiversity', '
Q: What farmers use integrated pest management strategies?
A: polyculture farmers', '
Q: What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy?
A: polyculture farmers']
National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is placed on the number of visitors permitted to enter certain fragile areas. Designated trails or roads are created. The visitors are allowed to enter only for study, cultural and recreation purposes. Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals are prohibited. Exploitation of habitat or wildlife is banned.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What types of parks receive special protection against damage or degradation?
A: National park and nature reserve', '
Q: Who selects National parks?
A: governments or private organizations', '
Q: What is the goal of protecting National Parks from damage?
A: with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation', '
Q: Who usually owns and manages National parks?
A: national or state governments', '
Q: What activities are prohibited in national parks?
A: Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals']
During the last century, decreases in biodiversity have been increasingly observed. In 2007, German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Of these, about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction. Estimates reach as high as 140,000 species per year (based on Species-area theory). This figure indicates unsustainable ecological practices, because few species emerge each year.[citation needed] Almost all scientists acknowledge that the rate of species loss is greater now than at any time in human history, with extinctions occurring at rates hundreds of times higher than background extinction rates. As of 2012, some studies suggest that 25% of all mammal species could be extinct in 20 years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is the German Federal Environment Minister?
A: Sigmar Gabriel', '
Q: What year did Gabriel estimate 30% of of all species will be extinct by?
A: 2050', '
Q: How many plant species are close to extinction?
A: about one eighth', '
Q: 2012 studies estimated what percentage of mammals could be extinct in 20 years?
A: 25%']
Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to "trivial" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat for the more diverse species that preceded the conversion. In some countries lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement necessarily leads to biodiversity loss (degradation costs having to be supported by the community).[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is systematically related to the numbers of species?
A: Habitat size', '
Q: What animals are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area?
A: Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans', '
Q: How is a standardized ecosystem formed?
A: monoculture following deforestation', '
Q: What leads to biodiversity loss is some countries?
A: lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement']
Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoose). In other cases, such as oil palms in Indonesia and Malaysia, the introduction produces substantial economic benefits, but the benefits are accompanied by costly unintended consequences.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways?
A: the zebra mussel', '
Q: What animal intentionally invaded Hawaii?
A: mongooses', '
Q: What animals were not vulnerable to the mongoose?
A: nocturnal rats', '
Q: What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion?
A: Indonesia and Malaysia,']
Less than 1% of all species that have been described have been studied beyond simply noting their existence. The vast majority of Earth's species are microbial. Contemporary biodiversity physics is "firmly fixated on the visible [macroscopic] world". For example, microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more diverse than multicellular life (see e.g., extremophile). "On the tree of life, based on analyses of small-subunit ribosomal RNA, visible life consists of barely noticeable twigs. The inverse relationship of size and population recurs higher on the evolutionary ladder—"to a first approximation, all multicellular species on Earth are insects". Insect extinction rates are high—supporting the Holocene extinction hypothesis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of science is firmly fixated on the visible world?
A: Contemporary biodiversity physics', '
Q: What type of life is more metabolically diverse than multicellular life?
A: microbial life', '
Q: What type of life is more enviromentally diverse than multicellular life?
A: microbial life', '
Q: What rate supports the Holocene extinction hypothesis?
A: Insect extinction rates']
The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term describes the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms in existence?
A: biodiversity', '
Q: What ensures the survival of human species by providing food, shelter, other resources to mankind?
A: biodiversity', '
Q: What influences richness of biodiversity?
A: the climatic conditions and area of the region', '
Q: What term describes all the species of plants in existence?
A: flora']
The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental policy. Thomas Lovejoy, in the foreword to the book Conservation Biology, introduced the term to the scientific community. Until then the term "natural diversity" was common, introduced by The Science Division of The Nature Conservancy in an important 1975 study, "The Preservation of Natural Diversity." By the early 1980s TNC's Science program and its head, Robert E. Jenkins, Lovejoy and other leading conservation scientists at the time in America advocated the use of the term "biological diversity".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which scientist first used the term biological diversity?
A: Raymond F. Dasmann', '
Q: What book first contained the term biological diversity?
A: A Different Kind of Country', '
Q: What decade did the term biological diversity become common usage in science and economics?
A: the 1980s', '
Q: Who introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community?
A: Thomas Lovejoy', '
Q: What term was common before biological diversity?
A: "natural diversity"']
Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in either modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare. Only a tiny fraction of wild species has been investigated for medical potential. Biodiversity has been critical to advances throughout the field of bionics. Evidence from market analysis and biodiversity science indicates that the decline in output from the pharmaceutical sector since the mid-1980s can be attributed to a move away from natural product exploration ("bioprospecting") in favor of genomics and synthetic chemistry, indeed claims about the value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals may not provide enough incentive for companies in free markets to search for them because of the high cost of development; meanwhile, natural products have a long history of supporting significant economic and health innovation. Marine ecosystems are particularly important, although inappropriate bioprospecting can increase biodiversity loss, as well as violating the laws of the communities and states from which the resources are taken.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources?
A: Biodiversity', '
Q: What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?
A: at least 50%', '
Q: What field has biodiversity made critical advances in?
A: bionics', '
Q: What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature?
A: about 80%']
In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield. Often hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and diseases. Local governments and industry have been pushing hybridization. Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion and genetic pollution. This has resulted in loss of genetic diversity and biodiversity as a whole.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield?
A: the Green Revolution', '
Q: What did the high yield strains become resistant to?
A: local climate and diseases', '
Q: Who has been pushing for hybridization?
A: Local governments and industry', '
Q: What caused the loss of biodiversity?
A: Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion']
Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machines, and a space. For example, lowercase j would become binary 1101010 and decimal 106. ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control characters (many now obsolete) that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters, including the space (which is considered an invisible graphic:223).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the ASCII based on?
A: English alphabet', '
Q: How many specific characters are there in the ASCII code?
A: 128 specified characters', '
Q: How many are non-printing control characters?
A: 33 are non-printing control characters', '
Q: How many characters are printable characters? 
A: 95 printable characters', '
Q: What is the space also known as what?
A: invisible graphic:223']
The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex;:237 § 10 for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,:228, 237 § 14 as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code. Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.:238 § 18 The digits 0–9 were arranged so they correspond to values in binary prefixed with 011, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together?
A: for ease of identification', '
Q: How many positions are in the first two columns?
A: 32 positions', '
Q: What did the committee decide was important?
A: to support uppercase 64-character alphabets', '
Q: Where was the letter A places in position?
A: 41hex']
ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: ASCII was incorporated into what other character set?
A: Unicode', '
Q: How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode?
A: 128 symbols', '
Q: What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII?
A: UTF-8']
When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems Control-S retains its meaning but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-S to resume output. The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop?
A: a Control-S', '
Q: What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again?
A: Control-Q', '
Q: What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow?
A: handshaking', '
Q: What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR?
A: Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)']
DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are glass TTYs also known as?
A: CRTs or terminals', '
Q: What did Gary Kildall clone to create CP/M?
A: RT-11', '
Q: When was the introduction of PC DOS?
A: 1981', '
Q: What programming did IBM use in the 1970s?
A: EBCDIC', "
Q: What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?
A: MS-DOS"]
C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get "N{ jag har sm|rg}sar." as the answer, which should be "Nä jag har smörgåsar." meaning "No I've got sandwiches."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was created to solve the problem for ANSI C?
A: C trigraphs', '
Q: Why was their use limited?
A: their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers', '
Q: What did many programmers keep their computers on?
A: US-ASCII', '
Q: What what happening to the words that were sent from programmers?
A: contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words']
The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard, Fieldata, and early EBCDIC, more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was ASCII based on?
A: teleprinter encoding systems', '
Q: ASCII specifies correspondence between what? 
A: digital bit patterns and character symbols', '
Q: What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do?
A: communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information', '
Q: How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII?
A: 11 to 25 special graphic symbols', '
Q: How many codes were required for ASCII?
A: more than 64 codes']
ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence. His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work –  according to Bemer, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe". Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the father of ASCII."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was ASCII first commercially used?
A: 1963', "
Q: What was it used for?
A: a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network", '
Q: What did TWX use before ASCII?
A: five-bit ITA2', '
Q: Who is the father of ASCII?
A: Bob Bemer', '
Q: What was the code first called in Europe?
A: Bemer-Ross Code']
For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the "line feed" function do?
A: causes a printer to advance its paper', '
Q: What character represents the "line feed" function?
A: character 10', '
Q: What does character 8 represent? 
A: backspace', '
Q: What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters?
A: control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters']
Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. Most other systems used BS for that meaning and used DEL to mean "remove the character at the cursor".[citation needed] That latter interpretation is the most common now.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did some software do to the ASCII characters?
A: assigned special meanings', '
Q: What interpretation became common in Unix systmes?
A: interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character"', '
Q: What do most other systmes use the DEL to mean?
A: remove the character at the cursor', '
Q: What did other systmes us for "remove previously-typed input character"?
A: BS']