romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
With the rise of disco in the US and punk rock in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held. Early punk bands like The Ramones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in around two minutes with no guitar solos. However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the début and rise to stardom of Foreigner, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s. Midwestern groups like Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock. In 1978, Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called tapping, showcased on the song "Eruption" from the album Van Halen, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two genres made inroads on hard rock in the 1970s?
A: disco in the US and punk rock in the UK', "
Q: What punk band's songs rarely exceeded two minutes in length?
A: The Ramones", '
Q: What were three midwestern hard rock bands?
A: Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx', '
Q: What city was Van Halen originally from?
A: Los Angeles', '
Q: Which Van Halen instrumental showcased the guitar mastery of Eddie Van Halen?
A: "Eruption"']
Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate, with Whitesnake's self-titled album (1987) selling over 17 million copies, outperforming anything in Coverdale's or Deep Purple's catalogue before or since. It featured the rock anthem "Here I Go Again '87" as one of 4 UK top 20 singles. The follow-up Slip of the Tongue (1989) went platinum, but according to critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato, "it was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success of Whitesnake". Aerosmith's comeback album Permanent Vacation (1987) would begin a decade long revival of their popularity. Crazy Nights (1987) by Kiss was the band's highest charting release in the US since 1979 and the highest of their career in the UK. Mötley Crüe with Girls, Girls, Girls (1987) continued their commercial success and Def Leppard with Hysteria (1987) hit their commercial peak, the latter producing seven hit singles (a record for a hard rock act). Guns N' Roses released the best-selling début of all time, Appetite for Destruction (1987). With a "grittier" and "rawer" sound than most glam metal, it produced three top 10 hits, including the number one "Sweet Child O' Mine". Some of the glam rock bands that formed in the mid-1980s, such as White Lion and Cinderella experienced their biggest success during this period with their respective albums Pride (1987) and Long Cold Winter (1988) both going multi-platinum and launching a series of hit singles. In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes were New Jersey (1988) by Bon Jovi, OU812 (1988) by Van Halen, Open Up and Say... Ahh! (1988) by Poison, Pump (1989) by Aerosmith, and Mötley Crüe's most commercially successful album Dr. Feelgood (1989). New Jersey spawned five Top 10 singles, a record for a hard rock act. In 1988 from 25 June to 5 November, the number one spot on the Billboard 200 album chart was held by a hard rock album for 18 out of 20 consecutive weeks; the albums were OU812, Hysteria, Appetite for Destruction, and New Jersey. A final wave of glam rock bands arrived in the late 1980s, and experienced success with multi-platinum albums and hit singles from 1989 until the early 1990s, among them Extreme, Warrant Slaughter and FireHouse. Skid Row also released their eponymous début (1989), reaching number six on the Billboard 200, but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam rock era.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many copies did Whitesnake's 1987 self title album sell?
A: 17 million", "
Q: What was the title of Aerosmith's 1987 comeback album?
A: Permanent Vacation", "
Q: Def Leppard's album Hysteria churned out how many hit singles?
A: seven", '
Q: What Guns N Roses album was the second best selling debut of all time?
A: Appetite for Destruction', '
Q: What Guns N Roses song became a number one single?
A: "Sweet Child O\' Mine"']
A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a number two platinum album, Just Push Play (2001), which saw the band foray further into pop with the Top 10 hit "Jaded", and a blues cover album, Honkin' on Bobo, which reached number five in 2004. Heart achieved their first Top 10 album since the early 90s with Red Velvet Car in 2010, becoming the first female-led hard rock band to earn Top 10 albums spanning five decades. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007), The Who (delayed in 2002 by the death of bassist John Entwistle until 2006) and Black Sabbath (with Osbourne 1997–2006 and Dio 2006–2010) and even a one off performance by Led Zeppelin (2007), renewing the interest in previous eras. Additionally, hard rock supergroups, such as Audioslave (with former members of Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden) and Velvet Revolver (with former members of Guns N' Roses, punk band Wasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland), emerged and experienced some success. However, these bands were short-lived, ending in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The long awaited Guns N' Roses album Chinese Democracy was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material. More successfully, AC/DC released the double platinum-certified Black Ice (2008). Bon Jovi continued to enjoy success, branching into country music with "Who Says You Can't Go Home", which reached number one on the Hot Country Singles chart in 2006, and the rock/country album Lost Highway, which reached number one in 2007. In 2009, Bon Jovi released another number one album, The Circle, which marked a return to their hard rock sound.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine?
A: Audioslave', '
Q: What was the title of Bon Jovi\'s 2000 hit single?
A: "It\'s My Life"', '
Q: What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000?
A: AC/DC', '
Q: Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots?
A: Scott Weiland', '
Q: What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called?
A: Chinese Democracy']
The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the Midwestern states. Today the term "High Plains" is used for a subregion of the Great Plains.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains?
A: "Great Plains', "
Q: who brought the term great plains into widespread usage?
A: Nevin Fenneman's", "
Q: what year was Nevin Fenneman's study?
A: 1916", '
Q: what was theregion called before "the great plans"? 
A: the High Plains']
Much of the Great Plains became open range, or rangeland where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in Texas and gradually moved northward. In 1866-95, cowboys herded 10 million cattle north to rail heads such as Dodge City, Kansas and Ogallala, Nebraska; from there, cattle were shipped eastward.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what type of land is much of the great plans?
A: open range', '
Q: when did ranchers usually have a cattle round up?
A: spring and fall', '
Q: in a cattle round up, what did ranchers do to the new calves?
A: branded', '
Q: from 1866-95 about how many cattle did cowboys herd?
A: 10 million']
With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. Today this is known as the De Soto Trail. The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and Cíbola, a place said to be rich in gold.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?
A: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado', '
Q: who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?
A: Hernando de Soto', '
Q: what is the section of oklahoma and texas that  Hernando de Soto traveled?
A: the De Soto Trail', '
Q: who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and Cíbola?
A: The Spanish', '
Q: what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and Cíbola were rich in?
A: gold']
The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches (510 millimetres) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as Southern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and Eastern Montana are mainly semi hot steppe land and are generally characterised by rangeland or marginal farmland. The region (especially the High Plains) is periodically subjected to extended periods of drought; high winds in the region may then generate devastating dust storms. The eastern Great Plains near the eastern boundary falls in the humid subtropical climate zone in the southern areas, and the northern and central areas fall in the humid continental climate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what is the name of the line that divides the great plains?
A: The 100th meridian', '
Q: about how much rainfall does the great plains get per year?
A: 20 inches', '
Q: what do high winds in the area sometimes cause?
A: dust storms', '
Q: what type of climate does the eastern great plains fall into?
A: humid subtropical climate']
After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They (and Americans as well) also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain free farms. Land speculators and local boosters identified many potential towns, and those reached by the railroad had a chance, while the others became ghost towns. In Kansas, for example, nearly 5000 towns were mapped out, but by 1970 only 617 were actually operating. In the mid-20th century, closeness to an interstate exchange determined whether a town would flourish or struggle for business.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: after about what year did railroads bring hunters to the great plains?
A: 1870', '
Q: what animal did hunters kill off for their hides?
A: bison', '
Q: what farmers rushed in to settle the land with the help of the railroads?
A: European farmers', '
Q: what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area?
A: packages of land and transportation']
The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier "closed" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77 inhabitants per square kilometer). There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable, and there has been a proposal - the "Buffalo Commons" - to return approximately 139,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of these drier parts to native prairie land.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? 
A: a third', '
Q: who declated the American frontier "closed" in 1893?
A: Frederick Jackson Turner', '
Q: how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?
A: more than 6,000', '
Q: how much prarie land does the "Buffalo Commons" want to return?
A: 139,000 square miles']
Although the eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasized the isolation of the lonely farmer and wife, plains residents created busy social lives for themselves. They often sponsored activities that combined work, food and entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, quilting bees, Grange meetings, church activities and school functions. Women organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families. The Grange was a nationwide farmers' organization, they reserved high offices for women, and gave them a voice in public affairs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: who usually organized shared meals and potluck events?
A: Women']
From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-bearing strata dating from the last ice age. Center pivot irrigation is used extensively in drier sections of the Great Plains, resulting in aquifer depletion at a rate that is greater than the ground's ability to recharge.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing
A: 1950s', '
Q: what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called?
A: Ogallala Aquifer', '
Q: what type of irrigation is used in the great plains?
A: Center pivot irrigation']
The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts, but not all, of the states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The region is known for supporting extensive cattle ranching and dry farming.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what is the great plains?
A: broad expanse of flat land', '
Q: where does the great plains lie?
A: west of the Mississippi River', '
Q: what is the region known for?
A: extensive cattle ranching']
The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the "Great Plains" as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiographic region defined by topography. The Great Plains ecoregion includes five sub-regions: Temperate Prairies, West-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, South-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, Texas Louisiana Coastal Plains, and Tamaulipus-Texas Semi-Arid Plain, which overlap or expand upon other Great Plains designations.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by?
A: Commission for Environmental Cooperation', '
Q: what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of?
A: Mexican, American, and Canadian governments']
The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soon as farms were established. Immigrants poured in, especially from Germany and Scandinavia. On the plains, very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch by themselves; they clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, feeding the hired hands, and, especially after the 1930s, handling paperwork and financial details. During the early years of settlement, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After approximately one generation, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New technology including sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement, promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women regarding farm bookkeeping, and home economics courses in the schools.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: what mainly opened the great plains for settlement?
A: railroads', '
Q: what did the railroads make it easy to do?
A: ship wheat and other crops', '
Q: who did the railroads sell cheap lands to?
A: immigrants', '
Q: who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s?
A: sewing and washing machines']
During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many ungulates and glires, that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes in mammals, giving rise to the "grit, not grass" hypothesis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: about how long ago did the climate become favorable?
A: about 25 million years ago', '
Q: what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for?
A: mammals', '
Q: what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets?
A: grazing diets', '
Q: the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked?
A: development of grazers']
To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act of 1904 to include a homestead of an entire section. Hundreds of thousands of people claimed such homesteads, sometimes building sod houses out of the very turf of their land. Many of them were not skilled dryland farmers and failures were frequent. Much of the Plains were settled during relatively wet years. Government experts did not understand how farmers should cultivate the prairies and gave advice counter to what would have worked[citation needed]. Germans from Russia who had previously farmed, under similar circumstances, in what is now Ukraine were marginally more successful than other homesteaders. The Dominion Lands Act of 1871 served a similar function for establishing homesteads on the prairies in Canada.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: when did the US pass the Homestead ACt?
A: 1862', '
Q: how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim?
A: up to 160 acres', '
Q: how long did the person have to live on the land?
A: five years', '
Q: when was the Kinkaid Act brought about? 
A: 1904', '
Q: the dominion act was passed in what year
A: 1871']
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What technology is used by night-vision devices?
A: active near-infrared illumination', '
Q: What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?
A: Infrared astronomy', '
Q: What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?
A: red', '
Q: What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?
A: Infrared thermal-imaging cameras', '
Q: Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?
A: scientific']
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?
A: 700 nm', '
Q: What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?
A: near-IR', '
Q: Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?
A: 780 nm', '
Q: Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?
A: 1050 nm', '
Q: What objects are notably bright in near IR?
A: Leaves']