romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.[citation needed] However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability, and hunting for 'population control' has no effect on the annual population of species.[citation needed] In some cases, it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population. Hunting advocates[who?] assert that hunting reduces intraspecific competition for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some environmentalists assert[who?] that (re)introducing predators would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect, such as introducing significant amounts of free lead into the environment and food chain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does hunting give resource managers an important tool?
A: managing populations', '
Q: What is carrying capacity in most circumstances determined by?
A: combination habitat and food availability,', '
Q: What do some environmentalists assert reintroducing predators would achieve?
A: same end', '
Q: How is hunting an important tool for resource managers?
A: managing populations', '
Q: What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat?
A: threaten the well-being of other species', '
Q: How can hunting actually increase the population of predators?
A: by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established', '
Q: What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced?
A: mortality', '
Q: What would environmentalists have done, instead of hunting?
A: (re)introducing predators', '
Q: What is an important tool in managing populations?
A: Hunting', '
Q: What is carrying capacity determined by?
A: combination habitat and food availability', '
Q: What can it increase the population of?
A: predators']
In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for trophies was—and still is—frowned upon. Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now undertaken mainly for sport.[citation needed] The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting persists and is a significant industry in some areas.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did sport hunters in the 19th century purse game for?
A: trophy', '
Q: What was the head of an animal displayed as?
A: sign of prowess', '
Q: What happened to the rest of the animal?
A: s typically discarded', '
Q: What did some churches disapprove of?
A: such waste', '
Q: What countries frowned upon this hunting?
A: Nordic', '
Q: What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century?
A: a trophy', '
Q: What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess?
A: the head or pelt of an animal', '
Q: In what countries was the hunting for trophies frowned upon, back in the day and in modern times?
A: Nordic', '
Q: What was hunting in North American in the 19th century used to supplement? 
A: food supplies', '
Q: What destinations did sport hunting see elaborate travel to in the pursuit of trophies?
A: Africa, India and other places', '
Q: What century was game hunted as a trophy?
A: 19th', '
Q: What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon?
A: Nordic', '
Q: What did North America primarily hunt for?
A: food supplies', '
Q: What sport of hunting is in Africa?
A: safari method']
A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?
A: Africa', '
Q: What does hunting create economic incentives for?
A: conservation', '
Q: What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level?
A: expenditures', '
Q: What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish?
A: scientific', '
Q: Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa?
A: creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas', '
Q: Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism?
A: photographic', "
Q: How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?
A: less than 3%", '
Q: What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?
A: minimal', '
Q: What is of major importance in Africa?
A: trophy hunting', '
Q: What does trophy hunting create in Africa?
A: economic incentives for conservation', '
Q: How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?
A: less than 3%']
A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds. In Tanzania, it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist. While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation, the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps. Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas, uninviting to the typical ecotourist. Advocates argue that these hunters allow for anti-poaching activities and revenue for local communities.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do a variety of industries benefit from?
A: hunting', '
Q: Where is it estimated that a hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist?
A: Tanzania', '
Q: Where does the average safari hunter stay in?
A: tented camps', '
Q: Advocates argue these hunters allow for what type of activities? 
A: anti-poaching', '
Q: What do a variety of industries obtain benefit from?
A: hunting', '
Q: In what country is it estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times what an average ecotourist does?
A: Tanzania', '
Q: What type of accommodations does the average photographer touring Tanzania seek?
A: luxury', '
Q: Where does the typical safari hunter hang his hat at night?
A: in tented camps', '
Q: Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist?
A: remote areas', '
Q: How much does a safari hunter spend compared to an average ecotourist?
A: fifty to one hundred times', '
Q: What does the photo tourist seek?
A: luxury accommodation', '
Q: Where does a safari hunter usually stay?
A: tented camps', '
Q: What hunters allow for anti-poaching activities?
A: Safari hunters']
Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters, even including iPhone applications. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting, and spent over $20.5 billion on their sport.[citation needed] In the US, proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs, including preservation of wildlife habitat.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Hunting has significant financial impact in what country?
A: the United States', '
Q: What do many companies specialize in apropos to hunting?
A: equipment or speciality tourism', '
Q: "There\'s an app for that!",  what have been different technologies been created to do?
A: assist hunters', "
Q: What broad range of backgrounds do today's hunters come from?
A: economic, social, and cultural", '
Q: How much money did the thirteen million hunters spend on their sport in 2001?
A: over $20.5 billion', '
Q: What type of financial impact does hunting have on the U.S.?
A: significant financial impact', '
Q: What has been developed in the U.S. to help hunters?
A: different technologies', '
Q: One technology that is available for hunters in the U.S. is?
A: iPhone applications', '
Q: How much did hunters spend in 2001?
A: over $20.5 billion', '
Q: What do the proceeds from hunting assist with?
A: preservation of wildlife habitat']
However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the North American cougar, the Altai argali sheep, the Asian elephant and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport. All these animals have been hunted to endangerment or extinction.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to?
A: the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals', "
Q: What do Steller's sea cow, the bluebuck, and the Javan tigers all have in common?
A: extinction", '
Q: Why have poachers killed endangered animals?
A: primarily for commercial sale or sport.', '
Q: How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted?
A: to endangerment or extinction', '
Q: How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species?
A: contributed heavily', '
Q: What contributes to endangerment?
A: excessive hunting', '
Q: What have poachers contributed to hunting?
A: endangerment']
On 16 March 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen. The stamps are created on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly toward the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System.[citation needed] In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?
A: President Franklin D. Roosevelt', '
Q: When did Roosevelt sign the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?
A: 16 March 1934', '
Q: What does the Act require all hunters over the age of sixteen to do?
A: an annual stamp purchase', '
Q: What do 98% of all the funds generated by the stamp sales go to?
A: the purchase or lease of wetland habitat', "
Q: How much of the nation's endangered species is it estimated benefits from the protection afford by the Duck Stamp funds?
A: one third", '
Q: What act was signed in 1934?
A: Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act', '
Q: What President signed this act?
A: Franklin D. Roosevelt', '
Q: What is the requirement of the act?
A: annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen', '
Q: What do the stamps depict?
A: wildlife artwork', '
Q: What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds.
A: one third']
Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934?
A: $670 million', '
Q: How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934?
A: 5,200,000 acres', '
Q: What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do?
A: hunt migratory birds', '
Q: Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps?
A: hunters', '
Q: Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps?
A: Migratory Bird Conservation Commission', '
Q: How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act?
A: $670 million', '
Q: How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase?
A: 5,200,000 acres', '
Q: What do the Duck Stamps serve as?
A: license to hunt migratory birds', '
Q: What percent of sales are contributed by hunters?
A: eighty-seven', '
Q: Who manages distribution of funds?
A: Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC)']
The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region.[citation needed] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to “vulnerable” due to conservation efforts like captive breeding

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East?
A: The Arabian oryx', "
Q: Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt?
A: the species' striking appearance", '
Q: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting?
A: 1972', '
Q: How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution?
A: use of automobiles and high-powered rifles', '
Q: What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable"?
A: Arabian oryx', '
Q: What is a species of large antelope?
A: Arabian oryx', '
Q: What did the large antelope species once inhabit?
A: much of the desert areas of the Middle East', '
Q: What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed.
A: automobiles and high-powered rifles', '
Q: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct?
A: 1972', '
Q: What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable?
A: conservation efforts']
The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase, but the bison remains near-threatened.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of creature is the American bison?
A: a large bovid', '
Q: What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s?
A: western North America', "
Q: What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do?
A: rot", '
Q: What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters?
A: several million', '
Q: What is the current status of bison?
A: near-threatened', '
Q: What did large herds of bison attract?
A: market hunters', '
Q: What part of North America did the bison live?
A: western', '
Q: Why were the bison killed?
A: for their hides', '
Q: What did hunter do with the rest of the bison?
A: leaving the rest to rot', '
Q: What do bison still remain?
A: near-threatened']
In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether?
A: a precipitous wildlife decline', '
Q: What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers?
A: antelope', '
Q: What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable?
A: hippopotamus', '
Q: What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana?
A: poaching, drought and habitat loss', '
Q: What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting?
A: Uganda', '
Q: What Botswana was resently forced to do?
A: ban trophy hunting', '
Q: What animal declined across Botswana?
A: antelope', '
Q: What animal numbers have increased in Botswana?
A: hippopotamus', '
Q: What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana?
A: elephant', '
Q: What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda? 
A: poaching']
Kathmandu(/ˌkɑːtmɑːnˈduː/; Nepali pronunciation: [kɑʈʰmɑɳɖu]) is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as "KTM" or the "tri-city". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country is Kathmandu the capital of?
A: Nepal', '
Q: What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English?
A: Sub-Metropolitan City', '
Q: Along with "KTM," what is another nickname of Kathmandu?
A: tri-city', '
Q: How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011?
A: 975,453', '
Q: How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu?
A: 49.45']
The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious beliefs as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city. English is understood by Kathmandu's educated residents. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: About how long has Kathmandu existed?
A: 2000', '
Q: What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is?
A: inscriptions', "
Q: What is Kathmandu's majority religion?
A: Hinduism", '
Q: What do most Kathmandu residents speak?
A: Nepali', '
Q: What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak?
A: English']
The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (काष्ठ) means "wood" and Mandap (/मण्डप) means "covered shelter". This temple, also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language, was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-storey structure was made entirely of wood, and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The structure collapsed during the major earthquake on 25 April 2015.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does काष्ठ mean in English?
A: wood', '
Q: What is the English translation of Mandap?
A: covered shelter', '
Q: What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple?
A: Maru Satal', '
Q: Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple?
A: King Laxmi Narsingh Malla', '
Q: On what date was Maru Satal destroyed?
A: 25 April 2015']
The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur (कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and "pur" means place.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the ancient name of Kathmandu?
A: Kasthamandap Mahanagar', '
Q: How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English?
A: Kantipur', '
Q: Who is also called Kanti?
A: Lakshmi', '
Q: How do you say place in Sanskrit?
A: pur', '
Q: What is the English translation of Mahanagar?
A: great city']
The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu?
A: lake', '
Q: What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?
A: snakes', '
Q: Who was the founder of Manjupattan?
A: Bodhisatwa Manjusri', '
Q: What type of creature was Banasur?
A: demon', "
Q: Who was Banasur's murderer?
A: Krishna"]
Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty?
A: Yalamber', '
Q: What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy?
A: northern', '
Q: Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu?
A: Sino-Tibetan', '
Q: Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located?
A: southern half', '
Q: What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?
A: Buddhist']