romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The islands have been shaped by numerous glaciations during the Quaternary Period, the most recent being the Devensian.[citation needed] As this ended, the central Irish Sea was deglaciated and the English Channel flooded, with sea levels rising to current levels some 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, leaving the British Isles in their current form. Whether or not there was a land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland at this time is somewhat disputed, though there was certainly a single ice sheet covering the entire sea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the most recent glaciation that has shaped the British Isles?
A: Devensian', '
Q: What happened with the Devensian glaciation ended?
A: the English Channel flooded', '
Q: When did sea levels reach their current highth?
A: 4,000 to 5,000 years ago', '
Q: What covered the sea between Ireland and Great Britian during the last glacier?
A: a single ice sheet']
The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low lying: the lowest point in the islands is Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m (−9.02 ft). The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis being the highest point on the islands at 1,343 m (4,406 ft). Other mountainous areas include Wales and parts of Ireland, however only seven peaks in these areas reach above 1,000 m (3,281 ft). Lakes on the islands are generally not large, although Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is an exception, covering 150 square miles (390 km2).[citation needed] The largest freshwater body in Great Britain (by area) is Loch Lomond at 27.5 square miles (71 km2), and Loch Ness, by volume whilst Loch Morar is the deepest freshwater body in the British Isles, with a maximum depth of 310 m (1,017 ft). There are a number of major rivers within the British Isles. The longest is the Shannon in Ireland at 224 mi (360 km).[citation needed] The river Severn at 220 mi (354 km)[citation needed] is the longest in Great Britain. The isles have a temperate marine climate. The North Atlantic Drift ("Gulf Stream") which flows from the Gulf of Mexico brings with it significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the islands' latitudes. Winters are cool and wet, with summers mild and also wet. Most Atlantic depressions pass to the north of the islands, combined with the general westerly circulation and interactions with the landmass, this imposes an east-west variation in climate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the longest river in Ireland?
A: the Shannon', '
Q: Where are other mountain areas in the British Isles?
A: Wales and parts of Ireland', '
Q: Where is the highest point in the British Isles?
A: Ben Nevis', '
Q: What is the lowest elevation in the British Isles?
A: Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m', '
Q: What is the weather like in the summer time in the British Isles?
A: mild and also wet']
The islands enjoy a mild climate and varied soils, giving rise to a diverse pattern of vegetation. Animal and plant life is similar to that of the northwestern European continent. There are however, fewer numbers of species, with Ireland having even less. All native flora and fauna in Ireland is made up of species that migrated from elsewhere in Europe, and Great Britain in particular. The only window when this could have occurred was between the end of the last Ice Age (about 12,000 years ago) and when the land bridge connecting the two islands was flooded by sea (about 8,000 years ago).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which continent has similar plant and animal life as the British Isles?
A: European continent', '
Q: In Ireland where does the native animal and plant species mostly come from?
A: Europe, and Great Britain', '
Q: When did the land bridge between Ireland and Britain disappear?
A: about 8,000 years ago', '
Q: When did the last Ice Age end in the British Isles?
A: about 12,000 years ago']
As with most of Europe, prehistoric Britain and Ireland were covered with forest and swamp. Clearing began around 6000 BC and accelerated in medieval times. Despite this, Britain retained its primeval forests longer than most of Europe due to a small population and later development of trade and industry, and wood shortages were not a problem until the 17th century. By the 18th century, most of Britain's forests were consumed for shipbuilding or manufacturing charcoal and the nation was forced to import lumber from Scandinavia, North America, and the Baltic. Most forest land in Ireland is maintained by state forestation programmes. Almost all land outside urban areas is farmland. However, relatively large areas of forest remain in east and north Scotland and in southeast England. Oak, elm, ash and beech are amongst the most common trees in England. In Scotland, pine and birch are most common. Natural forests in Ireland are mainly oak, ash, wych elm, birch and pine. Beech and lime, though not native to Ireland, are also common there. Farmland hosts a variety of semi-natural vegetation of grasses and flowering plants. Woods, hedgerows, mountain slopes and marshes host heather, wild grasses, gorse and bracken.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the clearing of swamp land and forests begin in the British Isles?
A: around 6000 BC', '
Q: When did the clearing of the swamp land and forest begain to rapidly increase?
A: medieval times', '
Q: Why was Britain able to keep its ancient forests longer than Europe?
A: due to a small population', '
Q: When did lumber shortages start to occur in Britain?
A: 17th century', '
Q: What are three of the most typical type of tress that can be found in Ireland?
A: oak, ash, wych elm']
Many larger animals, such as wolf, bear and the European elk are today extinct. However, some species such as red deer are protected. Other small mammals, such as rabbits, foxes, badgers, hares, hedgehogs, and stoats, are very common and the European beaver has been reintroduced in parts of Scotland. Wild boar have also been reintroduced to parts of southern England, following escapes from boar farms and illegal releases. Many rivers contain otters and seals are common on coasts. Over 200 species of bird reside permanently and another 200 migrate. Common types are the common chaffinch, common blackbird, house sparrow and common starling; all small birds. Large birds are declining in number, except for those kept for game such as pheasant, partridge, and red grouse. Fish are abundant in the rivers and lakes, in particular salmon, trout, perch and pike. Sea fish include dogfish, cod, sole, pollock and bass, as well as mussels, crab and oysters along the coast. There are more than 21,000 species of insects.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two animals became extinct in the British Isles?
A: wolf, bear', '
Q: Which species of deer is protected in the British Isles?
A: red deer', '
Q: How many bird species does the British Isles have?
A: Over 200 species of bird', '
Q: What are three of the most common birds in the British Isles?
A: chaffinch, common blackbird, house sparrow', '
Q: What kinds of fish are abundent in the British Isles?
A: salmon, trout, perch and pike']
Few species of reptiles or amphibians are found in Great Britain or Ireland. Only three snakes are native to Great Britain: the common European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake; none are native to Ireland. In general, Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wild life, with weasels, polecats, wildcats, most shrews, moles, water voles, roe deer and common toads also being absent from Ireland. This pattern is also true for birds and insects. Notable exceptions include the Kerry slug and certain species of wood lice native to Ireland but not Great Britain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which snakes are considered native to the British Isles but not Ireland?
A: European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake', '
Q: What is the name of the slug that is native to both Britain and Ireland?
A: Kerry slug', '
Q: Is the grass nake or the smooth snake native to Ireland?
A: none are native to Ireland', '
Q: What type of wild life are not native to Ireland but are in Britain?
A: water voles, roe deer and common toads']
The demographics of the British Isles today are characterised by a generally high density of population in England, which accounts for almost 80% of the total population of the islands. In elsewhere on Great Britain and on Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around, or close to, a few large cities. The largest urban area by far is the Greater London Urban Area with 9 million inhabitants. Other major populations centres include Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million), West Yorkshire Urban Area (1.6 million) in England, Greater Glasgow (1.2 million) in Scotland and Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million) in Ireland.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated?
A: England', '
Q: What percentage of the population does England have compared to the other areas in the British Isles?
A: 80%', '
Q: What is the most populated city in Ireland?
A: Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million)', '
Q: How many people live in the area of London?
A: 9 million', '
Q: What are two other major populated cities in England?
A: Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million)']
The population of England rose rapidly during the 19th and 20th centuries whereas the populations of Scotland and Wales have shown little increase during the 20th century, with the population of Scotland remaining unchanged since 1951. Ireland for most of its history comprised a population proportionate to its land area (about one third of the total population). However, since the Great Irish Famine, the population of Ireland has fallen to less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles. The famine, which caused a century-long population decline, drastically reduced the Irish population and permanently altered the demographic make-up of the British Isles. On a global scale, this disaster led to the creation of an Irish diaspora that numbers fifteen times the current population of the island.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which two areas in the British Isles hasn't experienced a large population growth in the last one hundred years?
A: Scotland and Wales", "
Q: How does Ireland's population compare to the rest of the British Isles?
A: less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles", '
Q: How long did the Great Irish Famine cause a population decline in Ireland?
A: century-long population decline', '
Q: How large is the Irish diaspora that was caused by the Great Irish Famine?
A: fifteen times the current population of the island']
The linguistic heritage of the British Isles is rich, with twelve languages from six groups across four branches of the Indo-European family. The Insular Celtic languages of the Goidelic sub-group (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic) and the Brittonic sub-group (Cornish, Welsh and Breton, spoken in north-western France) are the only remaining Celtic languages—the last of their continental relations becoming extinct before the 7th century. The Norman languages of Guernésiais, Jèrriais and Sarkese spoken in the Channel Islands are similar to French. A cant, called Shelta, is spoken by Irish Travellers, often as a means to conceal meaning from those outside the group. However, English, sometimes in the form of Scots, is the dominant language, with few monoglots remaining in the other languages of the region. The Norn language of Orkney and Shetland became extinct around 1880.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many groups do these languages belong to?
A: six groups', '
Q: What are the three Insular Celtic languages?
A: Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic', '
Q: What are the remaining Cetic languages that are still used today?
A: Cornish, Welsh and Breton', '
Q: Which cant is often used by Irish Travellers?
A: Shelta']
At the end of the last ice age, what are now the British Isles were joined to the European mainland as a mass of land extending north west from the modern-day northern coastline of France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Ice covered almost all of what is now Scotland, most of Ireland and Wales, and the hills of northern England. From 14,000 to 10,000 years ago, as the ice melted, sea levels rose separating Ireland from Great Britain and also creating the Isle of Man. About two to four millennia later, Great Britain became separated from the mainland. Britain probably became repopulated with people before the ice age ended and certainly before it became separated from the mainland. It is likely that Ireland became settled by sea after it had already become an island.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What mainland was the British Isles once connected to?
A: European mainland', '
Q: When did the British Isles area become separated from the European continent?
A: two to four millennia', '
Q: When sea levels rose what occured in the British Isles area?
A: separating Ireland from Great Britain', '
Q: What happened to British Isles area when the ice melted after the last ice age?
A: sea levels rose', '
Q: Did Britain become populated with people again before or after the ice came to an end?
A: before the ice age ended']
At the time of the Roman Empire, about two thousand years ago, various tribes, which spoke Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group, were inhabiting the islands. The Romans expanded their civilisation to control southern Great Britain but were impeded in advancing any further, building Hadrian's Wall to mark the northern frontier of their empire in 122 AD. At that time, Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni, the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The people that lived in the British Isles during the Roman Empire era spoke which language?
A: Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group', "
Q: What was the name of the wall that the Romans built to mark their northern territory in the British Isles in 122AD?
A: Hadrian's Wall", '
Q: During the Roman Empire occupation in the British Isles, what was the name of the people that lived in Ireland?
A: Hiberni', '
Q: The northern area of Great Britain was populated by what native people during the Roman Empire occupation?
A: Picts', '
Q: What was the name of the native people that lived in the southern parts of the British Isles during the Roman Empire occupation?
A: Britons']
Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century AD. Initially, their arrival seems to have been at the invitation of the Britons as mercenaries to repulse incursions by the Hiberni and Picts. In time, Anglo-Saxon demands on the British became so great that they came to culturally dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain, though recent genetic evidence suggests Britons still formed the bulk of the population. This dominance creating what is now England and leaving culturally British enclaves only in the north of what is now England, in Cornwall and what is now known as Wales. Ireland had been unaffected by the Romans except, significantly, having been Christianised, traditionally by the Romano-Briton, Saint Patrick. As Europe, including Britain, descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation, an era known as the Dark Ages, Ireland entered a golden age and responded with missions (first to Great Britain and then to the continent), the founding of monasteries and universities. These were later joined by Anglo-Saxon missions of a similar nature.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which people arrived in the British Isles when the Roman Empire's power was diminishing?
A: Anglo-Saxons", '
Q: What area did the Anglo-Saxons begin to dominate in the British Isles?
A: southern Great Britain', '
Q: What happened to the British Isles and Europe after the Roman Empire ended?
A: the Dark Ages', '
Q: What era did Ireland enter when the Roman Empire ended?
A: golden age', '
Q: What did the Irish build during the Golden Age?
A: monasteries and universities']
Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements, particularly along the east coast of Ireland, the west coast of modern-day Scotland and the Isle of Man. Though the Vikings were eventually neutralised in Ireland, their influence remained in the cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Wexford. England however was slowly conquered around the turn of the first millennium AD, and eventually became a feudal possession of Denmark. The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in Normandy, in northern France, lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, which conquered England, remain associated to the English Crown as the Channel Islands to this day. A century later the marriage of the future Henry II of England to Eleanor of Aquitaine created the Angevin Empire, partially under the French Crown. At the invitation of a provincial king and under the authority of Pope Adrian IV (the only Englishman to be elected pope), the Angevins invaded Ireland in 1169. Though initially intended to be kept as an independent kingdom, the failure of the Irish High King to ensure the terms of the Treaty of Windsor led Henry II, as King of England, to rule as effective monarch under the title of Lord of Ireland. This title was granted to his younger son but when Henry's heir unexpectedly died the title of King of England and Lord of Ireland became entwined in one person.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Viking invasions begin in the British Isles?
A: 9th century', '
Q: What is one area where the Vikings created a permanent settlement in the British Isles?
A: east coast of Ireland', '
Q: England became a possession of which country when it became conquered after the first millennium?
A: Denmark', '
Q: When did the Norman Conquest occur?
A: 1066', '
Q: In 1169, Ireland was invaded by which people?
A: Angevins']
By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. Power in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland. A similar situation existed in the Principality of Wales, which was slowly being annexed into the Kingdom of England by a series of laws. During the course of the 15th century, the Crown of England would assert a claim to the Crown of France, thereby also releasing the King of England as from being vassal of the King of France. In 1534, King Henry VIII, at first having been a strong defender of Roman Catholicism in the face of the Reformation, separated from the Roman Church after failing to secure a divorce from the Pope. His response was to place the King of England as "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England", thereby removing the authority of the Pope from the affairs of the English Church. Ireland, which had been held by the King of England as Lord of Ireland, but which strictly speaking had been a feudal possession of the Pope since the Norman invasion was declared a separate kingdom in personal union with England.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Since the Norman invasion who had feudal possession of Ireland?
A: the Pope', '
Q: During the end of the Middle Ages which two kingdoms was Great Britain divided into?
A: Kingdoms of England and Scotland', '
Q: What was the name of the church that King Henry VIII founded?
A: Church of England', '
Q: Which king failed to receive a divorce from the Pope in 1534?
A: King Henry VIII']
Scotland, meanwhile had remained an independent Kingdom. In 1603, that changed when the King of Scotland inherited the Crown of England, and consequently the Crown of Ireland also. The subsequent 17th century was one of political upheaval, religious division and war. English colonialism in Ireland of the 16th century was extended by large-scale Scottish and English colonies in Ulster. Religious division heightened and the King in England came into conflict with parliament. A prime issue was, inter alia, over his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism. The resulting English Civil War or War of the Three Kingdoms led to a revolutionary republic in England. Ireland, largely Catholic was mainly loyal to the king. Following defeat to the parliaments army, large scale land distributions from loyalist Irish nobility to English commoners in the service of the parliamentary army created the beginnings a new Ascendancy class which over the next hundred years would obliterate the English (Hiberno-Norman) and Gaelic Irish nobility in Ireland. The new ruling class was Protestant and British, whilst the common people were largely Catholic and Irish. This theme would influence Irish politics for centuries to come. When the monarchy was restored in England, the king found it politically impossible to restore all the lands of former land-owners in Ireland. The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 repeated similar themes: a Catholic king pushing for religious tolerance in opposition to a Protestant parliament in England. The king's army was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne and at the militarily crucial Battle of Aughrim in Ireland. Resistance held out, and a guarantee of religious tolerance was a cornerstone of the Treaty of Limerick. However, in the evolving political climate, the terms of Limerick were superseded, a new monarchy was installed, and the new Irish parliament was packed with the new elite which legislated increasing intolerant Penal Laws, which discommoded both Dissenters and Catholics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which crown did the King of Scotland inherit in 1603?
A: Crown of England', '
Q: Why did the King of England have issues with parliment in the 17th century?
A: his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism', '
Q: What happened to Britain during the 17th century?
A: political upheaval, religious division and war', '
Q: Who where the ruling class after the revolutionary republic was created?
A: Protestant and British', '
Q: The English Civil War brought about what change to Britain?
A: revolutionary republic in England']
The Kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified in 1707 creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. Following an attempted republican revolution in Ireland in 1798, the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain were unified in 1801, creating the United Kingdom. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining outside of the United Kingdom but with their ultimate good governance being the responsibility of the British Crown (effectively the British government). Although, the colonies of North American that would become the United States of America were lost by the start of the 19th century, the British Empire expanded rapidly elsewhere. A century later it would cover one third of the globe. Poverty in the United Kingdom remained desperate however and industrialisation in England led to terrible condition for the working class. Mass migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the distribution of the islands' population and culture throughout the world and a rapid de-population of Ireland in the second-half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919–1922), with the six counties that formed Northern Ireland remaining as an autonomous region of the UK.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Kingdom of Great Britain founded?
A: 1707', '
Q: When did the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland unite?
A: 1801', '
Q: How large did the British Empire become by the beginning of the 20th century?
A: one third of the globe', '
Q: What negative factor occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution in England?
A: terrible condition for the working class', '
Q: What was the result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1919-1922?
A: Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom']