romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent the years 1549–1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?
A: Jesuit', '
Q: When was St. Francis Xavier born?
A: 1506', '
Q: When did St. Francis Xavier die?
A: 1552', '
Q: When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?
A: 1549–1551', '
Q: Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?
A: the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines']
In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was Malacca?
A: Malaysia', '
Q: Where was Goa?
A: India', '
Q: Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?
A: Anjiro', '
Q: In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?
A: Portuguese', '
Q: How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?
A: en masse']
In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?
A: William Scott Wilson", '
Q: Who were the models for future generations of samurai?
A: The warriors in the Heike Monogatari', '
Q: Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?
A: the Heike Monogatari']
As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Musō Soseki (1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304–58). Musō, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whose culture included tea ceremonies?
A: samurai', '
Q: What kind of painting did samurai do?
A: monochrome ink', '
Q: What was Japanese culture influenced by?
A: Chinese arts', '
Q: Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?
A: Zen monks', '
Q: When was Muso Soseki born?
A: 1275']
For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" (織田上総介三郎信長), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname (yobina), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Nobunaga mean?
A: an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony', '
Q: What did Kazusanosuke mean?
A: a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province', '
Q: What did Saburo mean?
A: a formal nickname (yobina)', '
Q: What did Oda mean?
A: a clan or family name', "
Q: What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?
A: Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga"]
A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did the samurai treat concubines?
A: akin to a marriage', '
Q: How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?
A: shameful, if not criminal', '
Q: Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?
A: many wealthy merchants', "
Q: Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?
A: her family's money erased the samurai's debts", "
Q: What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?
A: the son could inherit his father's social status"]
A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How common was divorce for samurai?
A: rare', "
Q: What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?
A: adoption of a male heir", '
Q: Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?
A: it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage', '
Q: What financial concern prevented divorce?
A: After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money']
Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?
A: Maintaining the household', '
Q: What did okugatasama mean?
A: one who remains in the home', "
Q: What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?
A: manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly", '
Q: What was a naginata?
A: a polearm', '
Q: What was tantojutsu?
A: the skill of the knife']
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?
A: humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty', '
Q: Who did samurai wives have to teach?
A: the children (and perhaps servants, too)', '
Q: Who did samurai wives have to take care of?
A: elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof', '
Q: Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?
A: her husband', "
Q: What defined the samurais' code?
A: Confucian law"]
This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?
A: 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate', "
Q: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?
A: Hino Tomiko", '
Q: Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?
A: lost interest in politics', '
Q: Who was Nene?
A: wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi', '
Q: Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?
A: Toyotomi Hideyoshi']
As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?
A: Tokugawa', '
Q: What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?
A: intelligence and education as desirable attributes', '
Q: What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?
A: philosophical and literary classics', '
Q: When had most samurai wives learned to read?
A: the end of the Tokugawa period']
The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first Western samurai?
A: William Adams', '
Q: Who made William Adams a samurai?
A: Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu', "
Q: What was William Adams's Japanese name?
A: Anjin Miura", '
Q: What did hatamoto mean?
A: bannerman', '
Q: How many servants did William Adams have?
A: eighty or ninety']
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?
A: Dutch', '
Q: Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?
A: 1556', "
Q: What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?
A: Yayousu", '
Q: What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?
A: a Red Seal Ship', '
Q: How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?
A: drowned after his ship ran aground']
In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松武兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What nationality was Edward Schnell?
A: Prussian', '
Q: What duties did Edward Schnell have?
A: military instructor and procurer of weapons', '
Q: Who did Edward Schnell work for?
A: the Aizu domain', "
Q: What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?
A: Hiramatsu Buhei", '
Q: Where did Edward Schnell live?
A: Wakamatsu']
As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or dō).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?
A: a form of lamellar armor', '
Q: What was the first samurai armor called?
A: yoroi', '
Q: What were the small scales in yoroi called?
A: kozane', '
Q: What were kozane made of?
A: iron or leather', '
Q: What was a full chest armor called?
A: dou']
In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (dō), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?
A: the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection', '
Q: What type of armor was replaced?
A: kozane dou', '
Q: What new type of armor replaced the old?
A: plate armor', '
Q: What was the new armor called?
A: Tosei-gusoku', '
Q: When was samurai armor last used?
A: 1877']
The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What did 'samurai' mean at first?
A: those who serve in close attendance to nobility", "
Q: What did 'samorapu' mean?
A: to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend", "
Q: What did 'saburahu' mean?
A: to serve, to attend", "
Q: What did 'saburahi' mean?
A: servant, attendant", "
Q: When was the word 'samurahi' used?
A: the Edo period"]
Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. Samurai was a word used by the Kuge aristocratic class with warriors themselves preferring the word bushi. The term Bushidō, the "way of the warrior", is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were the bushi class?
A: ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families', '
Q: Where did the bushi live?
A: mainly in the north of Japan', '
Q: Where did the imperial family live?
A: Kyoto', '
Q: What does Bushido mean?
A: the "way of the warrior"', '
Q: What was a bukeyashiki?
A: the mansion of a warrior']
Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is seppuku (切腹, seppuku?) or hara kiri, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido (武士道, Bushidō?) in 1905, studies of Kobudo and traditional Budō indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was a synonym for seppuku?
A: hara kiri', '
Q: What was the reason for seppuku?
A: allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death', '
Q: How idealistic were samurai?
A: as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior', '
Q: How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?
A: romanticized']
Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?
A: Akechi Mitsuhide', '
Q: Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?
A: Kusunoki Masashige)', '
Q: Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?
A: Tokugawa', "
Q: What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?
A: loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy"]
Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Jidaigeki?
A: historical drama', '
Q: Who is Akira Kurosawa? 
A: One of Japan’s most renowned directors', "
Q: Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?
A: Akira Kurosawa", "
Q: What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?
A: Seven Samurai", "
Q: What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?
A: The Magnificent Seven"]