romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter. An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice, Italy. There are also remnants of formerly populous communities in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Armenian Quarter?
A: one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem', '
Q: How many people live in the Armenian monastery in or near Italy?
A: 35', '
Q: When was the Italian Armenian monastery founded?
A: 1717', '
Q: What religion is the Italian Armenian monastery?
A: Catholic', '
Q: Where is the Italian Armenian monastery?
A: on an island near Venice']
Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (Պարսկահայ), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (Լիբանանահայ). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province). In diverse communities (such as in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are Parskahay?
A: Armenians who originate from Iran', '
Q: What are Lipananahay?
A: Armenians from Lebanon', '
Q: What dialect do most Diaspora Armenians speak?
A: Western', '
Q: How similar is Western Armenian to Eastern Armenian dialect?
A: considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other', '
Q: What type of Armenian is spoken by Armenians in Iran and Russia?
A: Eastern']
Armenia established a Church that still exists independently of both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches, having become so in 451 AD as a result of its stance regarding the Council of Chalcedon. Today this church is known as the Armenian Apostolic Church, which is a part of the Oriental Orthodox communion, not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion. During its later political eclipses, Armenia depended on the church to preserve and protect its unique identity. The original location of the Armenian Catholicosate is Echmiadzin. However, the continuous upheavals, which characterized the political scenes of Armenia, made the political power move to safer places. The Church center moved as well to different locations together with the political authority. Therefore, it eventually moved to Cilicia as the Holy See of Cilicia.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did Armenia's church become independent?
A: 451 AD", "
Q: What is Armenia's church called?
A: Armenian Apostolic Church", "
Q: What type of Catholicism is Armenia's church part of?
A: Oriental Orthodox", '
Q: Where was the Armenian Catholicosate located at first?
A: Echmiadzin', '
Q: Where did the Armenian Catholicosate move to?
A: Cilicia']
The Armenians collective has, at times, constituted a Christian "island" in a mostly Muslim region. There is, however, a minority of ethnic Armenian Muslims, known as Hamshenis but many Armenians view them as a separate race, while the history of the Jews in Armenia dates back 2,000 years. The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had close ties to European Crusader States. Later on, the deteriorating situation in the region led the bishops of Armenia to elect a Catholicos in Etchmiadzin, the original seat of the Catholicosate. In 1441, a new Catholicos was elected in Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos Virapetsi, while Krikor Moussapegiants preserved his title as Catholicos of Cilicia. Therefore, since 1441, there have been two Catholicosates in the Armenian Church with equal rights and privileges, and with their respective jurisdictions. The primacy of honor of the Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin has always been recognized by the Catholicosate of Cilicia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What religion is dominant in the countries surrounding Armenia?
A: Muslim', '
Q: What are Hamshenis?
A: ethnic Armenian Muslims', '
Q: Who became Catholicos in Etchmiadzin in 1441?
A: Kirakos Virapetsi', '
Q: Who remained Catholicos of Cilicia?
A: Krikor Moussapegiants', '
Q: How do the two Catholicosates compare?
A: equal rights and privileges']
While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Armenian church recognizes the Pope?
A: Armenian Catholic Church', '
Q: What broke away from the Armenian Apostolic Church?
A: Armenian Evangelical Church', '
Q: Which Armenian church is the most popular in Armenia?
A: Armenian Apostolic Church', '
Q: What broke away from the Armenian Evangelical Church?
A: Armenian Brotherhood Church']
Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD, when Mesrop Mashtots first invented the Armenian alphabet. This period of time is often viewed as the Golden Age of Armenian literature. Early Armenian literature was written by the "father of Armenian history", Moses of Chorene, who authored The History of Armenia. The book covers the time-frame from the formation of the Armenian people to the fifth century AD. The nineteenth century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. This period of time, during which Armenian culture flourished, is known as the Revival period (Zartonki sherchan). The Revivalist authors of Constantinople and Tiflis, almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over classical Armenian (grabar). This period ended after the Hamidian massacres, when Armenians experienced turbulent times. As Armenian history of the 1920s and of the Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like Paruyr Sevak, Gevork Emin, Silva Kaputikyan and Hovhannes Shiraz began a new era of literature.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who came up with the Armenian alphabet?
A: Mesrop Mashtots', '
Q: When did Armenian writing begin?
A: 400 AD', "
Q: Who was the 'father of Armenian history'?
A: Moses of Chorene", "
Q: Who wrote 'The History of Armenia'?
A: Moses of Chorene", '
Q: Which European movement were the Revivalist authors similar to?
A: Romanticists']
The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple basilicas, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hrip'simé style had formed. By the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture had formed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were early Armenian Christian churches built?
A: between the 4th and 7th century', '
Q: In which century did Armenia become Christian?
A: 4th', "
Q: What radiating style are some Armenian churches built with?
A: Hrip'simé", '
Q: When were Armenian churches built with center cupola cones?
A: fifth century', '
Q: When were Armenian churches built with niched buttresses?
A: seventh century']
From the 9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of Lake Van, this included both traditional styles and new innovations. Ornately carved Armenian Khachkars were developed during this time. Many new cities and churches were built during this time, including a new capital at Lake Van and a new Cathedral on Akdamar Island to match. The Cathedral of Ani was also completed during this dynasty. It was during this time that the first major monasteries, such as Haghpat and Haritchavank were built. This period was ended by the Seljuk invasion.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who invaded Armenia in the 11th century?
A: Seljuk', '
Q: What Armenian monasteries were built in the 11th century?
A: Haghpat and Haritchavank', '
Q: When was there an Armenian architecture revival?
A: From the 9th to 11th century', '
Q: What dynasty ruled Armenia in the 10th century?
A: Bagratid Dynasty', '
Q: What was ornately carved in the 9th-11th centuries?
A: Armenian Khachkars']
During Soviet rule, Armenian athletes rose to prominence winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan, who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. In football, their most successful team was Yerevan's FC Ararat, which had claimed most of the Soviet championships in the 70s and had also gone to post victories against professional clubs like FC Bayern Munich in the Euro cup.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Armenia begin winning Olympic medals?
A: 1952', '
Q: Where were the 1952 Olympics held?
A: Helsinki', "
Q: Which Armenian football team was the most successful?
A: Yerevan's FC Ararat", "
Q: Who won Armenia's first Olympic medal?
A: Hrant Shahinyan", '
Q: What pro team has FC Ararat beaten?
A: FC Bayern Munich']
Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of music does Sayat Nova play?
A: Armenian folk music', '
Q: What instruments are used in Armenian folk music?
A: the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun', '
Q: What kind of Armenian religious music is prevalent?
A: the Armenian chant', '
Q: What did Mashtots do besides composing religious chants?
A: inventor of the Armenian alphabet', "
Q: What was Aram Khatchaturian's career?
A: classical music composer"]
The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated. Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 40s and 50s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 60s and 70s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia. Also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. Ruben Hakobyan (Ruben Sasuntsi) is a well recognized Armenian ethnographic and patriotic folk singer who has achieved widespread national recognition due to his devotion to Armenian folk music and exceptional talent. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth.[citation needed] These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of music is Richard Hagopian famous for?
A: the traditional "kef" style', "
Q: What instruments does 'kef' use?
A: Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments", '
Q: What type of music does Sirusho perform?
A: pop music combined with Armenian folk music', '
Q: What nationality is Charles Aznavour?
A: French-Armenian', '
Q: What US heavy metal band is comprised of Armenians?
A: System of a Down']
Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the majority of Armenian women, including many Armenian families. Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest extant Armenian carpet from the region, referred to as Artsakh (see also Karabakh carpet) during the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (near Gandzak) and dates to the early 13th century. The first time that the Armenian word for carpet, gorg, was used in historical sources was in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What job do many Armenian women traditionally do?
A: Carpet-weaving', '
Q: When is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?
A: early 13th century', '
Q: Where is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?
A: the village of Banants (near Gandzak)', "
Q: What is 'gorg'?
A: the Armenian word for carpet", "
Q: Where is the earliest known use of 'gorg'?
A: in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh"]
Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making." Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as artsvagorgs (eagle-carpets), vishapagorgs (dragon-carpets) and otsagorgs (serpent-carpets). The rug mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic resemblance to the illuminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Hakobyan's career?
A: Art historian", '
Q: What creatures are often depicted on Armenian carpets?
A: dragons and eagles', '
Q: What are artsvagorgs?
A: eagle-carpets', '
Q: What are vishapagorgs?
A: dragon-carpets', '
Q: What are otsagorgs?
A: serpent-carpets']
Armenians enjoy many different native and foreign foods. Arguably the favorite food is khorovats an Armenian-styled barbecue. Lavash is a very popular Armenian flat bread, and Armenian paklava is a popular dessert made from filo dough. Other famous Armenian foods include the kabob (a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables), various dolmas (minced lamb, or beef meat and rice wrapped in grape leaves, cabbage leaves, or stuffed into hollowed vegetables), and pilaf, a rice dish. Also, ghapama, a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish, and many different salads are popular in Armenian culture. Fruits play a large part in the Armenian diet. Apricots (Prunus armeniaca, also known as Armenian Plum) have been grown in Armenia for centuries and have a reputation for having an especially good flavor. Peaches are popular as well, as are grapes, figs, pomegranates, and melons. Preserves are made from many fruits, including cornelian cherries, young walnuts, sea buckthorn, mulberries, sour cherries, and many others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is khorovats?
A: an Armenian-styled barbecue', '
Q: What is lavash?
A: Armenian flat bread', '
Q: What is paklava?
A: a popular dessert made from filo dough', '
Q: What is a kabob?
A: a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables', '
Q: What is ghapama?
A: a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish']
Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group claims a worldwide membership of more than 8.2 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance figures of more than 15 million, and an annual Memorial attendance of more than 19.9 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Brooklyn, New York, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They prefer to use their own translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other translations. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the Jehovah Witnesses?
A: millenarian restorationist Christian denomination', '
Q: What are the beliefs of Jehovah Witnesses distinct from?
A: mainstream Christianity', '
Q: How many adherents worldwide does the group claim?
A: more than 8.2 million', "
Q: Who is in charges of directing the Jehovah Witnesses?
A: Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses", '
Q: Where are the group elders located?
A: Brooklyn, New York']
Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "the truth" and consider themselves to be "in the truth". They consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning. Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are Jehovah witnesses best known for?
A: their door-to-door preaching', '
Q: What do Jehovah Witnesses refuse?
A: military service and blood transfusions', '
Q: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the name Jehovah vital for?
A: proper worship', '
Q: Why do Jehovah Witnesses reject inherent immortality of the soul, hellfire and Trinitarianism?
A: they consider to be unscriptural doctrines', "
Q: Why don't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs?
A: they consider to have pagan origins"]
In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to study the Bible. During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world. In 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour; later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally, each ending with a "harvest," that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age," and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times," at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in "the last days," and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?
A: 1870', '
Q: Where did Russell and others form their group?
A: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania', "
Q: What was the purpose of Russell's group?
A: to study the Bible", '
Q: 1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what?
A: the Gentile Times', '
Q: When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?
A: Three Worlds']
From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance. In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was presided over by William Henry Conley, and in 1884, Charles Taze Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles. By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs, and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization maintained nearly a hundred "pilgrims," or traveling preachers. Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry, and by 1912, he was the most distributed Christian author in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?
A: From 1879', '
Q: How many congregations were founded?
A: Thirty', "
Q: What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell's ministry remain?
A: self-administrative", '
Q: When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings?
A: during 1879 and 1880', "
Q: Who presided over Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881?
A: William Henry Conley"]