romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?
A: 19th century', '
Q: What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?
A: École Polytechnique', '
Q: What language does the French word polytechnique come from?
A: Greek']
While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"?
A: polytechnic']
The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the first institute of technology in the world?
A: the Berg-Schola', '
Q: What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?
A: World War II', '
Q: What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?
A: Collegium Carolinum', '
Q: In what year was the École Polytechnique founded?
A: 1794']
In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?
A: institutions of higher education']
In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?
A: 1992', '
Q: What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?
A: University of Westminster', '
Q: What street is the University of Westminster on?
A: Regent Street']
In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: • To what degree is technology defined as a concept? • What is the scope of technology discourse? • What is the place and relation of science with technology? • How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? • Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? • Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?
A: polytechnics']
During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?
A: University of Technology', '
Q: What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?
A: College of Advanced Education system']
Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?
A: TAFE", '
Q: What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?
A: Melbourne Polytechnic']
In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au

Questions and answers:
['
Q: TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?
A: 2009']
In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase "university of technology", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates):

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?
A: seven']
Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?
A: Fachhochschule", "
Q: In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?
A: master's degrees"]
Hogeschool is used in Belgium and in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?
A: hogeschool']
Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?
A: academization"]
In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?
A: four', '
Q: How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?
A: three']
In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?
A: Cambodia']
In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?
A: Affiliate Schools']
Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located?
A: Quebec', "
Q: In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?
A: public funding"]
Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?
A: Polytechnics Canada", '
Q: What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?
A: collaborative institute-industry projects']
China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?
A: 1895', '
Q: What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?
A: Capital University', "
Q: What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?
A: half"]
In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?
A: 1997']
EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute  monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands?
A: The Geophysics Institute']
One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?
A: Quito Astronomical Observatory', '
Q: What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?
A: National Polytechnic School', '
Q: When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?
A: 1873']
The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?
A: one"]
Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?
A: the country's development"]
MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?
A: 50']
Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?
A: Instituts de technologie"]
Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?
A: 180', '
Q: How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?
A: 160']
Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?
A: Finland', '
Q: What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?
A: ammattikorkeakoulus', "
Q: What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?
A: yrkeshögskola"]
Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?
A: technology']
In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are an institute of technology called in France?
A: institut universitaire de technologie', "
Q: What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?
A: IUT"]
In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée?
A: Fachhochschule"]
Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?
A: Polytechnicum', "
Q: What century in France's history included the French École polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?
A: 18th", '
Q: What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?
A: Escola Politécnica']
Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?
A: 1970s', '
Q: Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?
A: teaching', '
Q: In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?
A: business']
Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?
A: TU", "
Q: What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?
A: research"]
The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?
A: medicine", '
Q: How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?
A: nine']