romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems—later known as parallel computing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions. One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk, rather than at a computer workstation, ready to do battle with the windmills.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?
A: ants and Martians', '
Q: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?
A: Mathematics', '
Q: What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?
A: parallel computing', '
Q: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?
A: Don Quixote', '
Q: What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?
A: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory']
Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase "Tuva or Bust" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?
A: Brazilian Center for Physics Research', '
Q: Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?
A: Tuva', '
Q: When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?
A: The day after he died', "
Q: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?
A: Genghis Blues", "
Q: Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?
A: Feynman's daughter Michelle"]
According to Genius, the James Gleick-authored biography, Feynman tried LSD during his professorship at Caltech. Somewhat embarrassed by his actions, he largely sidestepped the issue when dictating his anecdotes; he mentions it in passing in the "O Americano, Outra Vez" section, while the "Altered States" chapter in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! describes only marijuana and ketamine experiences at John Lilly's famed sensory deprivation tanks, as a way of studying consciousness. Feynman gave up alcohol when he began to show vague, early signs of alcoholism, as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain—the same reason given in "O Americano, Outra Vez" for his reluctance to experiment with LSD.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What substance did Feynman give up later in life?
A: alcohol', '
Q: Why did Feynman give up alcohol?
A: he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain', '
Q: Which illicit drug did Feynman try at Caltech?
A: LSD', '
Q: In what book did he talk about his LSD use?
A: O Americano, Outra Vez']
In Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, he gives advice on the best way to pick up a girl in a hostess bar. At Caltech, he used a nude or topless bar as an office away from his usual office, making sketches or writing physics equations on paper placemats. When the county officials tried to close the place, all visitors except Feynman refused to testify in favor of the bar, fearing that their families or patrons would learn about their visits. Only Feynman accepted, and in court, he affirmed that the bar was a public need, stating that craftsmen, technicians, engineers, common workers, "and a physics professor" frequented the establishment. While the bar lost the court case, it was allowed to remain open as a similar case was pending appeal.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which book does Feynman detail was to pick up girls?
A: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman", '
Q: Where was his second office at Caltech?
A: topless bar', '
Q: Who was the only person to testify that the topless bar should remain open?
A: Feynman', '
Q: Where did Feynman write down his equations at the topless bar?
A: paper placemats', '
Q: Who tried to shut the topless bar down?
A: county officials']
In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy, James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as "The Feynman Algorithm" or "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm" to a student: "The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman's notes. Gell-Mann says no, Dick's methods are not the same as the methods used here. The student asks, well, what are Feynman's methods? Gell-Mann leans coyly against the blackboard and says: Dick's method is this. You write down the problem. You think very hard. (He shuts his eyes and presses his knuckles parodically to his forehead.) Then you write down the answer."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?
A: New York Times', '
Q: Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?
A: James Gleick', '
Q: Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?
A: The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm', "
Q: Feynman's algorithim included writing the problem, thinking, and then what?
A: write down the answer"]
The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?
A: compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64', '
Q: Once the popularity on the lectures grew, who began to attend?
A: professional physicists and graduate students', "
Q: Which two of Feynman's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format?
A: Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands", '
Q: Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005?
A: "Feynman\'s Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics', '
Q: Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2005?
A: Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton']
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي‎ Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/;  audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?
A: 1942 – 20 October 2011', "
Q: What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?
A: Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism", '
Q: What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?
A: his own Third International Theory', '
Q: What political philosophy did  Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
A: Pan-Africanism', '
Q: What was Gaddafi\'s position when he was considered the "Brotherly Leader"?
A: the Great Socialist People\'s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011', '
Q: When did Gaddafi rule as the "Brotherly Leader"?
A: from 1977 to 2011', '
Q: What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
A: Pan-Africanism', "
Q: List Gaddafi's lifespan.
A: 1942 – 20 October 2011", '
Q: When did he first gain power in Libya?
A: 1969', '
Q: What political ideology did Gaddafi create?
A: Third International Theory', '
Q: By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?
A: Colonel Gaddafi', "
Q: What was Gaddafi's nationality?
A: Libyan", '
Q: What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?
A: Libyan Arab Republic', "
Q: From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?
A: Brotherly Leader", "
Q: What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?
A: 20 October 2011"]
The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?
A: The Green Book', "
Q: What was Gaddafi's first position in government?
A: Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council", '
Q: As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished.
A: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic', '
Q: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
A: introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system', "
Q: Describe the Popular Revolution.
A: the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions.", '
Q: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
A: he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system', '
Q: How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?
A: to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world.', "
Q: Describe the Popular Revolution.
A: formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions", '
Q: When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?
A: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic', '
Q: What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?
A: Islamic socialism', "
Q: What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?
A: goat herder", "
Q: What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?
A: Bedouin", '
Q: In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?
A: Benghazi', "
Q: From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?
A: Idris", '
Q: What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?
A: Revolutionary Command Council']
In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does "Jamahiriya" mean?
A: state of the masses', "
Q: What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?
A: he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents", '
Q: List two reasons why Libya become an "international pariah."
A: Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi\'s support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing', "
Q: Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya.
A: U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions", '
Q: How did Gaddafi lose power?
A: uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC', '
Q: What was Libya\'s socialist government called?
A: Jamahiriya ("state of the masses")', '
Q: Why did Libya become an "international pariah"?
A: Gaddafi\'s support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing', '
Q: How did the world respond to Libya in 1986?
A: U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions.', '
Q: How did Gaddafi lose power?
A: an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War', '
Q: How did Gaddafi die?
A: Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.', '
Q: What does the term Jamahiriya mean in English?
A: state of the masses', '
Q: In what year did Gaddafi found the Jamahiriya?
A: 1977', '
Q: Along with Egypt, what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era?
A: Chad', "
Q: What terrorist bombing was Gaddafi's Libya supposedly involved in?
A: Lockerbie", '
Q: In what year did the United states bomb Libya?
A: 1986']
Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya. His family came from a small, relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arabized Berber in heritage. His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978); Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder. Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records. As such, Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943, although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life. He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing.
A: was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya", "
Q: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?
A: as a goat and camel herder", '
Q: How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?
A: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.', '
Q: What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child?
A: Bedouin', "
Q: When was Gaddafi born?
A: Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943", "
Q: Describe Gaddafi's early childhood.
A: Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya", "
Q: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?
A: Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder", '
Q: How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born?
A: Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records', '
Q: How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life?
A: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.', "
Q: When did Gaddafi's parents die?
A: His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)", "
Q: Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, what was Gaddafi's father called?
A: Abu Meniar", "
Q: When did Gaddafi's mother die?
A: 1978", '
Q: How many sisters did Gaddafi have?
A: three', "
Q: Near what town was Gaddafi's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi?
A: Sirte", "
Q: What was the name of Gaddafi's tribe?
A: Qadhadhfa"]
From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya; his nation was occupied by Italy, and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911. At World War II's end in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Although Britain and France intended on dividing the nation between their empires, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) declared that the country be granted political independence. In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Libya become an independent nation?
A: In 1951', '
Q: When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?
A: an absolute monarchy', '
Q: What countries occupied Libya after World War II?
A: British and French forces', '
Q: Who was the first leader of Libya?
A: a pro-western monarch, Idris', "
Q: What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi's family?
A: Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911", "
Q: How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi's family?
A: According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911", '
Q: What happened to Libya right after World War II?
A: Libya was occupied by British and French forces', '
Q: When was it announced that Libya would be independent?
A: In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership', '
Q: What was the first type of government that Libya had?
A: a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.', '
Q: What country occupied Libya during World War II?
A: his nation was occupied by Italy', '
Q: What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child?
A: Italy', '
Q: Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign?
A: British', "
Q: Who was Gaddafi's father's father?
A: Abdessalam Bouminyar", '
Q: During what year did the Italians invade Libya?
A: 1911', '
Q: Along with the British, who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War?
A: French']
Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents. Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Describe Gaddafi's first experience with education.
A: a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher", '
Q: In addition to gaining an education, describe how Gaddafi managed to attend school 20 miles from his family.
A: During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents', '
Q: How did Gaddafi deal with peer pressure regarding his cultural background?
A: Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.', "
Q: When Gaddafi's family moved to Sabha, describe his educational experiences in secondary school.
A: Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.", "
Q: Describe Gaddafi's parents' educational backgrounds.
A: where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.", '
Q: Why was Gaddafi made fun of in elementary school?
A: Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.', '
Q: How did Gaddafi manage to attend elementary school so far from home?
A: During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents.', "
Q: Were Gaddafi's parents educated?
A: while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.", "
Q: Was Gaddafi's education free?
A: Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain.", '
Q: How did his early relationships play a role later when Gaddafi  became a ruler?
A: Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.', '
Q: In what religion was Gaddafi educated?
A: Islamic', "
Q: What town did Gaddafi's family move to after they left Sirte?
A: Sabha", '
Q: What geographical portion of Libya is Fezzan located in?
A: south-central', "
Q: Who was Gaddafi's closest friend in secondary school?
A: Abdul Salam Jalloud", '
Q: In what town did Gaddafi first attend primary school?
A: Sirte']