romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?
A: sharia", '
Q: What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?
A: Arabic', '
Q: During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?
A: 1969 to 1973', '
Q: What religion was suppressed in Libya?
A: Christian', '
Q: What beverage did the Libyan government ban?
A: alcohol']
The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What philosophy influenced the RCC?
A: Arab nationalism', "
Q: Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?
A: Syria", '
Q: What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?
A: Nasser', '
Q: What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?
A: Egypt and Sudan', '
Q: In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?
A: 1969']
After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Anwar Sadat succeed?
A: Nasser', '
Q: What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation?
A: unified state', '
Q: Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation?
A: Egypt, Syria and Sudan', '
Q: In what year was the merger charter signed?
A: 1972', '
Q: When did the federation have to be implemented by?
A: September 1973']
After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What nations comprised the Four Powers?
A: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union', '
Q: Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?
A: U.S.', "
Q: Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date?
A: U.K.", '
Q: In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya?
A: June 1970', '
Q: Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970?
A: British']
Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many Italians lived in Libya prior to October of 1970?
A: 12,000', '
Q: In addition to Italians, what people were kicked out of Libya in 1970?
A: Jews', '
Q: Who did the RCC buy military equipment from?
A: France and the Soviet Union', '
Q: Who were the adversaries of the Soviets during the Cold War?
A: U.S.', '
Q: Who did Libya offer foreign aid to in 1971?
A: Malta']
His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead he supported militia like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, As-Sa'iqa, the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front, and the Abu Nidal Organization. He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany, and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral. Gaddafi also welcomed the three surviving attackers in Tripoli following their release in exchange for the hostages of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 a few weeks later and allowed them to go into hiding.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?
A: Yasser Arafat', '
Q: What organization did Arafat belong to?
A: Fatah', '
Q: Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972?
A: Black September Organization', '
Q: In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur?
A: Munich', '
Q: How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack?
A: three']
Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Sardinian nationalists, Action directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, Japanese Red Army, Free Aceh Movement, and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled "terrorists" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected such a characterisation, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?
A: 1970s', '
Q: During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?
A: Eritrean War of Independence', '
Q: On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate?
A: Europe', '
Q: What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s?
A: colonialism and neocolonialism', '
Q: What was the ANC combating?
A: Apartheid']
On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a Zuwarah speech. He initiated this with a 5-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of bureaucracy and the bourgeoisie. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of a cultural revolution to expunge Libya of "poisonous" foreign influences. He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a "Popular Revolution"?
A: 16 April 1973', '
Q: What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?
A: administrative', "
Q: What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?
A: dissolved", '
Q: How many points did the Popular Revolution plan have?
A: 5', '
Q: Along with Libya and France, where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution?
A: Egypt']
As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found General People's Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of direct political participation that was more democratic than a traditional party-based representative system. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution?
A: General People's Committees", "
Q: Along with the bureaucracy, who were the General People's Committees directed at?
A: traditional leaders", "
Q: What political system did Gaddafi claim was less democratic than the General People's Committees?
A: traditional party-based representative"]
The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC, but exacerbated tribal divisions. They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC, leading to the arrest of Ba'athists, Marxists and Islamists. Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the General People's Congress and the General People's Committee. Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What kind of structure did the People's Committee system use?
A: pyramid", "
Q: What negative consequence did the People's Committees lead to?
A: tribal divisions", "
Q: Along with Ba'athists and Islamists, who was arrested as a result of the actions of the People's Committees?
A: Marxists", "
Q: Along with the General People's Congress, what national body represented the People's Committees?
A: General People's Committee"]
In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed by China's political leader Mao Zedong. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised nationalism as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?
A: Mao Zedong', '
Q: In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?
A: June 1973', '
Q: What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?
A: pan-Arab', '
Q: Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?
A: Soviet Union', '
Q: What economic philosophy was associated with the West?
A: capitalism']
Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as The Green Book. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. While the first two volumes advocated radical reform, the third adopted a socially conservative stance, proclaiming that while men and women were equal, they were biologically designed for different roles in life. During the years that followed, Gaddafists adopted quotes from The Green Book, such as "Representation is Fraud", as slogans. Meanwhile, in September 1975, Gaddafi implemented further measures to increase popular mobilization, introducing objectives to improve the relationship between the Councils and the ASU.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Gaddafi's written work on Third International Theory consisted of how many volumes?
A: three", "
Q: When was the last volume of Gaddafi's work on Third International Theory published?
A: 1979", "
Q: What was the title given to Gaddafi's Third International Theory writings?
A: The Green Book", '
Q: What volume of The Green Book discussed democracy?
A: one', '
Q: What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book?
A: socialism']
In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution. In 1976, student demonstrations broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, and were attacked by police and Gaddafist students. The RCC responded with mass arrests, and introduced compulsory national service for young people. Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who were persecuted as anti-revolutionary. In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged; Amnesty International condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Office for the Security of the Revolution founded?
A: 1975', '
Q: In what year did student protests occur in Benghazi?
A: 1976', '
Q: How many senior officers were expelled fro the army in 1975?
A: 200', '
Q: How many students were executed in January of 1977?
A: two', '
Q: Who criticized the political execution of students and military officers that occurred in January 1977?
A: Amnesty International']
Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya?
A: Sadat', "
Q: What nation's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114?
A: Israeli", '
Q: What city was the destination of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
A: Haifa', "
Q: Why did Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 accidentally fly into Israel's airspace?
A: sandstorm", '
Q: Jews from what nation chartered the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
A: American']
Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the Yom Kippur War against Israel without consulting him, and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war. Gaddafi become openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow, and when Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry took Sadat's side, Gaddafi by 1975 sponsored the Sudan People's Liberation Army to overthrow Nimeiry. Focusing his attention elsewhere in Africa, in late 1972 and early 1973, Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich Aouzou Strip. Offering financial incentives, he successfully convinced 8 African states to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973. Intent on propagating Islam, in 1973 Gaddafi founded the Islamic Call Society, which had opened 132 centres across Africa within a decade. In 1973 he converted Gabonese President Omar Bongo, an action which he repeated three years later with Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was allied with Egypt during the Yom Kippur War?
A: Syria', '
Q: Who was the president of Sudan in 1975?
A: Gaafar Nimeiry', "
Q: What revolutionary group sought to overthrow the president of Sudan?
A: Sudan People's Liberation Army", '
Q: Prior to the Libyan invasion, what country was the Aouzou Strip a part of?
A: Chad', '
Q: What element did the Aouzou Strip possess a great deal of?
A: uranium']
Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the Maghreb; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the Arab Islamic Republic. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba, the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia and soon abandoned. Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-government militants in Tunisia into the 1980s. Turning his attention to Algeria, in 1975 Libya signed the Hassi Messaoud defence agreement allegedly to counter "Moroccan expansionism", also funding the Polisario Front of Western Sahara in their independence struggle against Morocco. Seeking to diversify Libya's economy, Gaddafi's government began purchasing shares in major European corporations like Fiat as well as buying real estate in Malta and Italy, which would become a valuable source of income during the 1980s oil slump.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country formed a political union with Libya in 1974?
A: Tunisia', '
Q: What was the name of the abortive political union between Tunisia and Libya in 1974?
A: Arab Islamic Republic', '
Q: Who was the president of Tunisia in 1974?
A: Habib Bourguiba', '
Q: With what country did Libya conclude the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement?
A: Algeria', '
Q: Against what government was the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement directed against?
A: Moroccan']
On 2 March 1977 the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية‎, al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah), a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi. Officially, the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 Basic People's Congresses, where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?
A: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "
Q: How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?
A: 187", "
Q: What body did the members elected by the Basic People's Congresses attend?
A: General People's Congress", '
Q: What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya?
A: Libyan Arab Republic', "
Q: How often did the General People's Congress occur?
A: annual"]
Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the GPC accused of being vis-à-vis Gaddafi?
A: a rubber stamp', '
Q: What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?
A: primary schools to be abolished', '
Q: What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools?
A: home schooling', '
Q: What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC?
A: allow women into the armed forces']
With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur'an for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting Allah's law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. That year, Gaddafi was invited to Moscow by the Soviet government in recognition of their increasing commercial relationship.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?
A: Qur'an", '
Q: What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?
A: protection of private property', '
Q: What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow?
A: commercial', '
Q: What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of?
A: shirk', '
Q: Who won a border war with Libya?
A: Egypt']
In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government. Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He continued exerting considerable influence over Libya, with many critics insisting that the structure of Libya's direct democracy gave him "the freedom to manipulate outcomes".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?
A: 1978', '
Q: Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?
A: Secretary-General', '
Q: After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?
A: Leader of the Revolution', '
Q: What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces?
A: commander-in-chief']