romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) of India, along with several other state education boards, has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs. In such schools, learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 (Classes V to VIII). This is true of most schools affiliated with the ICSE board, especially in those states where the official language is Hindi. Sanskrit is also taught in traditional gurukulas throughout India.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To what has the Central Board of Education of India relegated Sanskrit? 
A: alternative option', '
Q: Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option?
A: second or third', '
Q: What grades in Indian schools have an option for Sanskrit study?
A: 5 to 8', '
Q: In what language states is Sanskrit considered an option?
A: Hindi', '
Q: In what other type of schools is Sanskrit also taught?
A: gurukulas']
St James Junior School in London, England, offers Sanskrit as part of the curriculum. In the United States, since September 2009, high school students have been able to receive credits as Independent Study or toward Foreign Language requirements by studying Sanskrit, as part of the "SAFL: Samskritam as a Foreign Language" program coordinated by Samskrita Bharati. In Australia, the Sydney private boys' high school Sydney Grammar School offers Sanskrit from years 7 through to 12, including for the Higher School Certificate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What English school offers Sanskrit as a language study?
A: St James Junior School', '
Q: Since what date has Sanskrit been offered as a language option in the U.S.?
A: September 2009', '
Q: What is the credit towards in study in the U.S.?
A: Foreign Language', '
Q: Who coordinates the study program of Samskritam as a Foreign Language?
A: Samskrita Bharati.', '
Q: What school in Australia offers Sanskrit as a study?
A: Sydney Grammar School']
Sanskrit originated in an oral society, and the oral tradition was maintained through the development of early classical Sanskrit literature. Writing was not introduced to India until after Sanskrit had evolved into the Prakrits; when it was written, the choice of writing system was influenced by the regional scripts of the scribes. Therefore, Sanskrit has no native script of its own. As such, virtually all the major writing systems of South Asia have been used for the production of Sanskrit manuscripts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Under what type of tradition did Sanskrit begin?
A: oral tradition', '
Q: After what language evolved was writing introduced?
A: Prakrits', '
Q: What does Sanskrit not have of its own?
A: native script', '
Q: What feature of written text influenced the use of scripts?
A: regional scripts', '
Q: Which writing systems have been used to write Sanskrit?
A: all']
Since the late 18th century, Sanskrit has been transliterated using the Latin alphabet. The system most commonly used today is the IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration), which has been the academic standard since 1888. ASCII-based transliteration schemes have also evolved because of difficulties representing Sanskrit characters in computer systems. These include Harvard-Kyoto and ITRANS, a transliteration scheme that is used widely on the Internet, especially in Usenet and in email, for considerations of speed of entry as well as rendering issues. With the wide availability of Unicode-aware web browsers, IAST has become common online. It is also possible to type using an alphanumeric keyboard and transliterate to Devanagari using software like Mac OS X's international support.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From what time has the Latin alphabet been used to transcribe Sanskrit?
A: late 18th century', '
Q: What transliteration system is most common today?
A: IAST', '
Q: How long has IAST been the standard system used for transliteration of Sanskrit?
A: since 1888', '
Q: What is used in transliteration for computer systems? 
A: ASCII', '
Q: What transliteration scheme is often used on the internet?
A: ITRANS']
Sanskrit has also influenced Sino-Tibetan languages through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation. Buddhism was spread to China by Mahayana missionaries sent by Ashoka, mostly through translations of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit. Many terms were transliterated directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary. Chinese words like 剎那 chànà (Devanagari: क्षण kṣaṇa 'instantaneous period') were borrowed from Sanskrit. Many Sanskrit texts survive only in Tibetan collections of commentaries to the Buddhist teachings, the Tengyur.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What in the use of Sanskrit has influenced Sino-Tibetan languages?
A: Buddhist texts', '
Q: What religion was spread to China through Sanskrit translations?
A: Buddhism', '
Q: Who sent missionaries to China?
A: Ashoka', '
Q: What were transliterated and added to the Chinese language?
A: Many terms', '
Q: Where do many Sanskrit texts survive?
A: Tibetan collections']
Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a "Sanskritised register" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages (tadbhava words). Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated at roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as the literary forms of Malayalam and Kannada. Literary texts in Telugu are lexically Sanskrit or Sanskritised to an enormous extent, perhaps seventy percent or more.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language has influenced the languages of India?
A: Sanskrit', '
Q: From what dialect is Hindi descended?
A: Khariboli', '
Q: Of what is Hindi considered to be in relation to Sanskrit?
A: Sanskritised register', '
Q: What is the percentage of Sanskrit words thought to be in modern Indo-Aryan languages?
A: fifty percent', '
Q: What language texts  are as much as 70% Sanskrit?
A: Telugu']
The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit date to the first century BCE.[citation needed] They are in the Brahmi script, which was originally used for Prakrit, not Sanskrit. It has been described as a paradox that the first evidence of written Sanskrit occurs centuries later than that of the Prakrit languages which are its linguistic descendants. In northern India, there are Brāhmī inscriptions dating from the third century BCE onwards, the oldest appearing on the famous Prakrit pillar inscriptions of king Ashoka. The earliest South Indian inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi, written in early Tamil, belong to the same period. When Sanskrit was written down, it was first used for texts of an administrative, literary or scientific nature. The sacred texts were preserved orally, and were set down in writing "reluctantly" (according to one commentator), and at a comparatively late date.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From when are the earliest dated Sanskrit inscriptions?
A: first century BCE', '
Q: In what script are the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions?
A: Brahmi', '
Q: In what language was Brahmi first used?
A: Prakrit', '
Q: What language is the descendant of Sanskrit?
A: Prakrit', '
Q: How were early sacred texts offered?
A: orally']
The Sanskrit grammatical tradition, Vyākaraṇa, one of the six Vedangas, began in the late Vedic period and culminated in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, which consists of 3990 sutras (ca. fifth century BCE). About a century after Pāṇini (around 400 BCE), Kātyāyana composed Vārtikas on the Pāṇini sũtras. Patanjali, who lived three centuries after Pāṇini, wrote the Mahābhāṣya, the "Great Commentary" on the Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vārtikas. Because of these three ancient Vyākaraṇins (grammarians), this grammar is called Trimuni Vyākarana. To understand the meaning of the sutras, Jayaditya and Vāmana wrote a commentary, the Kāsikā, in 600 CE. Pāṇinian grammar is based on 14 Shiva sutras (aphorisms), where the whole mātrika (alphabet) is abbreviated. This abbreviation is called the Pratyāhara.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Sanskrit grammatical tradition?
A: Vyākaraṇa', '
Q: In what period did Vyakarana begin?
A: late Vedic', '
Q: How many sutras are in the Astadhyayi?
A: 3990 sutras', '
Q: Who composed Vartikas on the Panini sutras?
A: Kātyāyana', '
Q: What is the abbreviated alphabet called? 
A: Pratyāhara']
Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Pāṇinian" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations (Samhitas) and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas and Upanishads. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over several centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the traditional Vedic corpus; however, the early Sutras are Vedic, too, both in language and content.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to Panini, from where did Sanskrit evolve?
A: earlier Vedic', '
Q: To what time can the present form of Sanskrit be traced?
A: second millennium BCE', '
Q: As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed?
A: separate dialects', '
Q: What is Vedic Sanskrit meant to be used as?
A: the Vedas', '
Q: What hymns are thought to be the earliest?
A: Rigveda Samhita']
In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India?
A: early second millennium BCE', '
Q: What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages?
A: close', '
Q: From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?
A: north-west', '
Q: Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?
A: India and Pakistan', '
Q: What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?
A: Indo-Aryan migration theory']
Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together?
A: Sanskrit dramas', '
Q: What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit?
A: multilingual', '
Q: For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit?
A: scholarly communication', '
Q: Until what period was high Sanskrit used?
A: British times', '
Q: How large of a group in society use Sanskrit?
A: thin layer']
Samskrita Bharati is an organisation working for Sanskrit revival. The "All-India Sanskrit Festival" (since 2002) holds composition contests. The 1991 Indian census reported 49,736 fluent speakers of Sanskrit. Sanskrit learning programmes also feature on the lists of most AIR broadcasting centres. The Mattur village in central Karnataka claims to have native speakers of Sanskrit among its population. Inhabitants of all castes learn Sanskrit starting in childhood and converse in the language. Even the local Muslims converse in Sanskrit. Historically, the village was given by king Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire to Vedic scholars and their families, while people in his kingdom spoke Kannada and Telugu. Another effort concentrates on preserving and passing along the oral tradition of the Vedas, www.shrivedabharathi.in is one such organisation based out of Hyderabad that has been digitising the Vedas by recording recitations of Vedic Pandits.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What organization is trying to revive Sanskrit?
A: Samskrita Bharati', '
Q: What kind of competitions does the All-India Sanskrit Festival have?
A: composition contests', '
Q: How many speakers of Sanskrit were there by the 1991 census?
A: 49,736', '
Q: Where in India is Sanskrit still spoken by the population?
A: Mattur village', '
Q: Who originally gave Mattur village to Sanskrit scholars?
A: king Krishnadevaraya']
Orientalist scholars of the 18th century like Sir William Jones marked a wave of enthusiasm for Indian culture and for Sanskrit. According to Thomas Trautmann, after this period of "Indomania", a certain hostility to Sanskrit and to Indian culture in general began to assert itself in early 19th century Britain, manifested by a neglect of Sanskrit in British academia. This was the beginning of a general push in favor of the idea that India should be culturally, religiously and linguistically assimilated to Britain as far as possible. Trautmann considers two separate and logically opposite sources for the growing hostility: one was "British Indophobia", which he calls essentially a developmentalist, progressivist, liberal, and non-racial-essentialist critique of Hindu civilisation as an aid for the improvement of India along European lines; the other was scientific racism, a theory of the English "common-sense view" that Indians constituted a "separate, inferior and unimprovable race".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Sanskrit and Indian culture popular?
A: 18th century', '
Q: In what century was Indian culture accorded a more hostile reception?
A: early 19th century', '
Q: How did the British academics show their feelings about Sanskrit?
A: neglect', '
Q: What did British of the 19th century want India to be as soon as possible?
A: assimilated to Britain', '
Q: Besides assimilation of British culture, what else did the British consider Indians to be?
A: inferior']
Satyagraha, an opera by Philip Glass, uses texts from the Bhagavad Gita, sung in Sanskrit. The closing credits of The Matrix Revolutions has a prayer from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The song "Cyber-raga" from Madonna's album Music includes Sanskrit chants, and Shanti/Ashtangi from her 1998 album Ray of Light, which won a Grammy, is the ashtanga vinyasa yoga chant. The lyrics include the mantra Om shanti. Composer John Williams featured choirs singing in Sanskrit for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. The theme song of Battlestar Galactica 2004 is the Gayatri Mantra, taken from the Rigveda. The lyrics of "The Child In Us" by Enigma also contains Sanskrit verses.[better source needed].

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wrote an opera in Sanskrit?
A: Philip Glass', '
Q: On what was the Philip Glass opera based?
A: Bhagavad Gita', '
Q: Which well known performer has used Sanskrit chants in her music?
A: Madonna', '
Q: Which composer featured Sanskrit music in his movies?
A: John Williams', '
Q: What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica?
A: Rigveda']
Valencia (/vəˈlɛnsiə/; Spanish: [baˈlenθja]), or València (Valencian: [vaˈlensia]), is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre. Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.5 million people. Valencia is Spain's third largest metropolitan area, with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million. The city has global city status. The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country is Valencia in?
A: Spain', "
Q: What is the population of Valencia's urban area?
A: 1.5 million", "
Q: Where does Valencia rank among Spain's largest cities?
A: third", '
Q: What body of water is Valencia located on?
A: the Mediterranean Sea', '
Q: What is the city of Valencia the capital of?
A: the autonomous community of Valencia']
Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry,[citation needed] with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations[citation needed]. However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 5.5% of the population employed in this sector. Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the main type of employment in Valencia?
A: service sector occupations', "
Q: What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in industry?
A: 5.5", "
Q: What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in the agricultural sector?
A: 1.9", "
Q: How much of Valencia's land is used for agriculture?
A: 3973 hectares", "
Q: What are Valencia's agricultural areas mainly planted with?
A: orchards and citrus groves"]
Public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services. The Estació del Nord (North Station) is the main railway terminus in Valencia. A new temporary station, Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla, has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante. Valencia Airport is situated 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Valencia city centre. Alicante Airport is situated about 170 km (110 mi) south of Valencia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What airport is closest to Valencia?
A: Valencia Airport', '
Q: What airport is south of Valencia?
A: Alicante Airport', '
Q: What is the main train station in Valencia?
A: Estació del Nord', "
Q: What group runs Valencia's public transit?
A: Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana", '
Q: What station in Valencia was built for high-speed trains?
A: Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla']
Starting in the mid-1990s, Valencia, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and touristic possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. Many local landmarks were restored, including the ancient Towers of the medieval city (Serrano Towers and Quart Towers), and the San Miguel de los Reyes monastery, which now holds a conservation library. Whole sections of the old city, for example the Carmen Quarter, have been extensively renovated. The Paseo Marítimo, a 4 km (2 mi) long palm tree-lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port (Playa Las Arenas, Playa Cabañal and Playa de la Malvarrosa).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What promenade was built north of Valencia's port?
A: The Paseo Marítimo", '
Q: How long is the Paseo Maritimo?
A: 4 km (2 mi)', '
Q: What Valencian landmark contains a conservation library?
A: San Miguel de los Reyes monastery', "
Q: When did Valencia's rapid development begin?
A: the mid-1990s", '
Q: What is an example of a section of Valencia that was majorly renovated?
A: the Carmen Quarter']
The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta) the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter. The Bourbon forces burned important cities like Xativa, where pictures of the Spanish Bourbons in public places are hung upside down as a protest to this day. The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, an outrage to the citizens of Valencia. Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela, a religious, cultural and now political centre, to Murcia (capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese). Because of his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which had bombarded and looted Valencia during the War of Succession, the cardinal resigned the viceroyalty in protest against the actions of Philip, who finally relented and returned the capital to Valencia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How long did the English occupy Valencia?
A: 16 months', '
Q: At what battle were the Bourbons victorious?
A: Battle of Almansa', '
Q: Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles?
A: Philip V', "
Q: What abolished Valencia's ancient charters?
A: Nueva Planta decrees", '
Q: Who resigned in protest against Philip?
A: Cardinal Luis de Belluga']
The city remained in the hands of Christian troops until 1102, when the Almoravids retook the city and restored the Muslim religion. Although the self-styled 'Emperor of All Spain', Alfonso VI of León and Castile, drove them from the city, he was not strong enough to hold it. The Christians set it afire before abandoning it, and the Almoravid Masdali took possession on 5 May 1109. The event was commemorated in a poem by Ibn Khafaja in which he thanked Yusuf ibn Tashfin for the city's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa, the Almohads, who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145, although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis, King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171, at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans. The two Muslim dynasties would rule Valencia for more than a century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Christian troops lose control of Valencia?
A: 1102', '
Q: Who called himself the Emperor of All Spain?
A: Alfonso VI of León and Castile', "
Q: Who wrote poetry about Valencia's capture by the Almoravids?
A: Ibn Khafaja", '
Q: When did the Almohads gain control of the peninsula?
A: 1145', '
Q: Who prevented the Almohads from entering Valencia?
A: Ibn Mardanis']
The 15th century was a time of Islamic economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, in which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon. Local industry, led by textile production, reached a great development, and a financial institution, the Canvi de Taula, was created to support municipal banking operations; Valencian bankers lent funds to Queen Isabella I of Castile for Columbus's voyage in 1492. At the end of the century the Silk Exchange (Llotja de la Seda) building was erected as the city became a commercial emporium that attracted merchants from all over Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Valencian Golden Age?
A: 15th century', '
Q: Of what area was Valencia the largest city?
A: Crown of Aragon', '
Q: What building attracted merchants from other countries to Valencia?
A: Silk Exchange', '
Q: Who borrowed money from Valencian bankers in 1492?
A: Queen Isabella I of Castile', "
Q: What was Valencia's leading industry?
A: textile production"]