romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?
A: their precious metal value', '
Q: What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?
A: their numismatic value', '
Q: What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?
A: Kennedy half dollar', '
Q: What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?
A: cupronickel', '
Q: How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?
A: $4.00']
Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were silver dollars first minted?
A: 1794', '
Q: Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?
A: President Dwight D. Eisenhower', '
Q: Which coin was introduced in 1979?
A: Susan B. Anthony dollar', '
Q: What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?
A: Sacagawea', '
Q: In which century were gold dollars minted?
A: 19th']
The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?
A: The monetary base', '
Q: What was the monetary base value in 1994?
A: 400 billion dollars', '
Q: How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013?
A: over 3000 billion', '
Q: What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?
A: securities', '
Q: How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet?
A: Eight']
The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?
A: price inflation', '
Q: The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?
A: price inflation', '
Q: What does CPI stand for?
A: consumer price index', '
Q: Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?
A: Bureau of Labor Statistics', '
Q: What does the CPI estimate?
A: average price of consumer goods and services in the United States']
The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany. As a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?
A: 1845', '
Q: Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry?
A: Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel', '
Q: Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry?
A: August Wilhelm von Hofmann', '
Q: Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded?
A: in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany', '
Q: Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?
A: Prince Albert', '
Q: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?
A: 1845', '
Q: What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry?
A: practical aspects of the experimental sciences', '
Q: Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry?
A: Germany', '
Q: Which Prince supported the establishment of the college?
A: Prince Albert', '
Q: Who was the first professor of the college?
A: August Wilhelm von Hofmann']
City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site, the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, General Sir John Donnelly (who was also a Royal Engineer) to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre (350,000 m²) site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners (for GBP 342,500) for 'purposes of art and science' in perpetuity. The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the City and Guilds College founded?
A: 1876', '
Q: What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?
A: improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers', '
Q: What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?
A: to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects', '
Q: How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?
A: GBP 342,500', '
Q: What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?
A: CGLI Central Technical College', '
Q: Which college was founded in 1876?
A: City and Guilds College', '
Q: How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?
A: 16', '
Q: What does CGLI stand for?
A: Advancement of Technical Education', '
Q: Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?
A: to create a Central Institution in London', '
Q: How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?
A: eighty-seven']
In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing; however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised £110m for the College, was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public. One commentator observed that Imperial's scheme reflected "the state of democracy in Kent, the transformation of a renowned scientific college into a grasping, highly aggressive, neo-corporate institution, and the defence of the status of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty – throughout England, not just Wye – against rampant greed backed by the connivance of two important local authorities. Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus?
A: December 2005', '
Q: When did Imperial abandon their science park program?
A: September 2006', '
Q: When was the Wye College campus closed?
A: September 2009', '
Q: Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program?
A: the Wye campus', "
Q: Where was Imperial's science park programme located?
A: Wye campus", '
Q: When was the science park programme abandoned?
A: September 2006', '
Q: How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college?
A: £110m', '
Q: Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially?
A: the public', '
Q: What was closed on September 2009?
A: Wye College campus']
The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission; and (iii) Strategic Asset Investments – containing College’s shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings. During the year 2014/15, the market value of the endowment increased by £78 million (18%) to £512.4 million on 31 July 2015.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?
A: £512.4 million', '
Q: What is a "Unitised Scheme"?
A: a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term', "
Q: How much did the market value of the college's endowment increase between 2014 and 2015?
A: £78 million", "
Q: How many percent did the college's endowment market value increase from 2014 to 2015?
A: 18%", "
Q: How many distinct portfolios is the College's endownment divided into?
A: three", '
Q: What is the term that represents a unit trust vehicle that allows endowments to be invested to produce returns for the lon term?
A: Unitised Scheme', '
Q: The 120 operational and developmental properties within the college that are not core to the academic mission belong to which portfolio?
A: Non-Core Property', "
Q: The College's restricted equity holdings would be considered a part of which portion of the portfolio?
A: Strategic Asset Investments", '
Q: How much did the market value of the endowment increase by during the year 2014/2015?
A: £78 million']
Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for "research power" (compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?
A: 1,257', '
Q: In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?
A: 2nd', '
Q: How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?
A: 14', '
Q: How highly was Imperial ranked in "research power" in 2014?
A: 8th', '
Q: How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?
A: 1,257', '
Q: What does REF stand for?
A: Research Excellence Framework', '
Q: What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?
A: 44%', '
Q: What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?
A: 3.36', "
Q: What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?
A: 2nd"]
In September 2014, Professor Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money. The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014. Grimm's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least £200,000 per year. His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted. The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death. The inquest on his death has not yet reported.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead?
A: September 2014', "
Q: When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death?
A: 4 December 2014", "
Q: How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online?
A: more than 100,000", "
Q: What did Professor Grimm's last email accuse Imperial College of before his death?
A: bullying", "
Q: What did Imperial College announce it would do after Professor Grimm's death?
A: internal inquiry", '
Q: Which Professor was found dead in September 2014?
A: Professor Stefan Grimm', '
Q: To which department did the professor who passed in September 2014 belong?
A: Department of Medicine', '
Q: What was the dead professor threatened with before his death?
A: dismissal', '
Q: How much did the Grimm claim his employers said he should raise in grant money per year?
A: £200,000', "
Q: How many views did Grimm's last email get in the first four days after it was posted?
A: more than 100,000"]
Imperial College Boat Club
The Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?
A: 12 December 1919', '
Q: How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
A: 3', '
Q: What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
A: Martin McElroy', '
Q: Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at?
A: Henley Royal Regatta', '
Q: Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?
A: The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event']
The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What school was established in 1851?
A: The Royal School of Mines', '
Q: Who established the Royal School of Mines?
A: Sir Henry de la Beche', '
Q: A collection of miners, maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity?
A: the Museum of Economic Geology', '
Q: Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines?
A: Prince Albert', '
Q: Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region?
A: South Kensington']
In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main Entrance on Exhibition Road were opened by The Queen. The UK Energy Research Centre was also established in 2004 and opened its headquarters at Imperial College. In November 2005 the Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged to become the Faculty of Natural Sciences.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who granted Imperial degree-awarding powers?
A: Privy Council', '
Q: In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established?
A: 2003', '
Q: The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college?
A: Imperial College London', '
Q: What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School?
A: Tanaka Business School', '
Q: The Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged in 2005 to become which faculty?
A: Faculty of Natural Sciences']
Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London. It is situated in an area of South Kensington, known as Albertopolis, which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions, adjacent to the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal College of Music, the Royal College of Art, the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Albert Hall. Nearby public attractions include the Kensington Palace, Hyde Park and the Kensington Gardens, the National Art Library, and the Brompton Oratory. The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1950s & 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute, designed by Thomas Collcutt, of which only the 287 foot (87 m) high Queen's Tower remains among the more modern buildings.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In which area in London is Imperial's main campus located?
A: South Kensington", '
Q: What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as?
A: Albertopolis', '
Q: In which decade did the expansion of the South Kensington campus being?
A: 1950s', "
Q: Who designed the Imperial Institue that was a victim of Imperial's expansion in the 1950s & 1960s?
A: Thomas Collcutt", "
Q: Which landmark still remains from the Imperial Institue after Imperial's expansion?
A: Queen's Tower"]
The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies provides elective subjects and language courses outside the field of science for students in the other faculties and departments. Students are encouraged to take these classes either for credit or in their own time, and in some departments this is mandatory. Courses exist in a wide range of topics including philosophy, ethics in science and technology, history, modern literature and drama, art in the 20th century, film studies. Language courses are available in French, German, Japanese, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Mandarin Chinese. The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies is home to the Science Communication Unit which offers master's degrees in Science Communication and Science Media Production for science graduates.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which centre provides electives outside of science for students?
A: Centre For Co-Curricular Studies', '
Q: Outside of doing it on their own time, what other motivation could students have to take non mandatory electives?
A: credit', "
Q: Which unit is a part of the Co-Curricular Studies that offers master's degrees?
A: Science Communication Unit", "
Q: Scientists seeking a master's degree might be interested in which other degree besides Science Communication from the Science Communication Unit?
A: Science Media Production"]
Furthermore, in terms of job prospects, as of 2014 the average starting salary of an Imperial graduate was the highest of any UK university. In terms of specific course salaries, the Sunday Times ranked Computing graduates from Imperial as earning the second highest average starting salary in the UK after graduation, over all universities and courses. In 2012, the New York Times ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most-welcomed universities by the global job market. In May 2014, the university was voted highest in the UK for Job Prospects by students voting in the Whatuni Student Choice Awards Imperial is jointly ranked as the 3rd best university in the UK for the quality of graduates according to recruiters from the UK's major companies.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What statistic did the average Imperial graduate rank the highest in for 2014?
A: average starting salary', '
Q: Which type of graduate from Imperial earned the second highest average starting salary after graduation?
A: Computing graduates', '
Q: Who ranked different graduates according to their average starting salary after graduation in the UK?
A: Sunday Times', '
Q: Which prestigious newspaper ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most welcomed universities by job markets?
A: New York Times', '
Q: In which year did Imperial University claim the award for being voted the highest in the UK for Job Prospects?
A: 2014']