romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?
A: Polybius', '
Q: Where was Polybius from?
A: Megalopolis', '
Q: Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?
A: Rome', '
Q: What years do Polybius books cover?
A: 220 to 167 BCE', '
Q: What League was Polybius a statesman?
A: Achaean']
The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301). Another important source, Plutarch's (c.50—c.120) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late first century CE-before 165 CE) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Diodorus Siculus write Bibliotheca historica?
A: 60 and 30 BCE', "
Q: What battle marks the end of Diodorus Siculus' work?
A: battle of Ipsus", '
Q: Who wrote Parallel Lives?
A: Plutarch', '
Q: Where was Apprian from?
A: Alexandria', '
Q: Which writer outlined the history of important Hellenistic figures?
A: Plutarch']
Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Peloponnesian War?
A: 431–404 BC', '
Q: What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?
A: Theban', '
Q: When was the Battle of Leuctra?
A: 371 BC', '
Q: When was the Battle of Mantinea?
A: 362 BC', '
Q: Which king lend the rise of Macedon?
A: Philip II']
Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?
A: 352 BC', '
Q: Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?
A: Philip II', '
Q: When was the Battle of Chaeronea?
A: 338 BC', '
Q: Who formed the League of Corinth?
A: Philip', '
Q: Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?
A: Achaemenid Empire of Persia']
Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?
A: Alexander", '
Q: Who was the leading calvary commander?
A: Perdiccas', '
Q: Who order the death of Meleager?
A: Perdiccas', '
Q: What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?
A: Babylon', "
Q: Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion? 
A: Arrian"]
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Diadochi plan to marry?
A: Cleopatra', "
Q: Who was Alexander's sister?
A: Cleopatra", '
Q: Who was the leader in Asia Minor?
A: Antigonus I Monophthalmus', '
Q: Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?
A: Anatolia', '
Q: Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?
A: Perdiccas']
The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Antipater die?
A: 319 BC', '
Q: Who did Antipater declar as his successor?
A: Polyperchon', '
Q: When did Cassander invade Macedonia?
A: 317', "
Q: Who ordered Eumenes' execution?
A: Antigonus", '
Q: Who sentenced Olympias to death?
A: Cassander']
The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?
A: 25,000', '
Q: Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?
A: Ptolemy', '
Q: When was the Battle of Gaza?
A: 312 BC', '
Q: Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?
A: Cassander', '
Q: What year did the Argead Dynasty end?
A: 310']
Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?
A: Demetrius', '
Q: When did Demetrius take control of Athens?
A: 307', '
Q: Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?
A: Antigonus', '
Q: What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?
A: Battle of Salamis', '
Q: What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?
A: Cyprus']
The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?
A: Seleucus', '
Q: Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?
A: Antigonus', '
Q: When was the Battle of Ipsus?
A: 301 BCE', '
Q: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?
A: Cilicia', '
Q: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?
A: Cyprus']
After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Cassander die?
A: 298 BCE', '
Q: When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?
A: 294', '
Q: Who captured Demetrius?
A: Seleucus', '
Q: What year was Seleucus killed?
A: 281 BCE', '
Q: At what battle was Seleucus killed ?
A: Battle of Corupedium']
During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?
A: Alexandria', '
Q: What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?
A: Antioch', '
Q: Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?
A: Hellenistic', '
Q: What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?
A: Alexander', '
Q: What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?
A: young and ambitious']
Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Lamian war?
A: 323-322', '
Q: When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?
A: 307', "
Q: Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?
A: Antigonus", '
Q: Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?
A: Ptolemaic Egypt', '
Q: When was the Chremonidean War?
A: 267-61']
Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235–222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What years did Cleomenes III rule?
A: 235–222 BCE', '
Q: In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?
A: Battle of Sellasia', '
Q: Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?
A: Sparta', "
Q: What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?
A: independent", "
Q: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. 
A: refor"]
Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the "Northern League" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the "Nesiotic League" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Aetolian League formed?
A: 370 BCE', '
Q: When was the Achaean League formed?
A: 280 BCE', '
Q: Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?
A: Northern League', '
Q: What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?
A: sympoliteia', '
Q: What league freed Corinth?
A: Achean']
One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?
A: Colossus of Rhodes', '
Q: What period did Rhodes prosper?
A: Hellenistic', '
Q: What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?
A: navy', '
Q: What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?
A: 304-305 BCE', "
Q: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. 
A: tes (3"]
Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?
A: Chremonidean War', '
Q: What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?
A: Pangaeum', '
Q: How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?
A: 25,000 men', '
Q: Who taught Antigonus II?
A: Zeno of Citium', '
Q: Who did Antigonus II defend against?
A: Epirus']
Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Doson die?
A: 221 BC', '
Q: Who took control when Doson died?
A: Philip V', '
Q: Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?
A: Philip V', '
Q: What was Philip V known as?
A: the darling of Hellas', '
Q: When was the Peace of Naupactus?
A: 217 BC']
In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?
A: 215 BC', '
Q: When did the First Macedonian War begin?
A: 212 BC', '
Q: When did the First Macedonian War end?
A: 205 BC', '
Q: How did the First Macedonian War end?
A: inconclusively', '
Q: Who defeated Philip?
A: Titus Quinctius Flamininus']
The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What years did Queen Teutra reign?
A: 231 BC to 227 BCE', '
Q: From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?
A: Ancient Greeks', '
Q: What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?
A: Ancient Macedon', '
Q: What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?
A: Illyrian', '
Q: What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?
A: Agrianes']
The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?
A: Thrace', '
Q: Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?
A: Alexander', "
Q: What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?
A: one fifth", '
Q: What language was spoken by the Odrysians?
A: Greek', '
Q: Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?
A: Thracian']