romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
USB 2.0 also added a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC. This is used to perform split transactions. Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth, performs the data transfer at full or low bandwidth, and provides the response at high bandwidth when prompted by a second SPLIT token.

Questions and answers:
['
Q:  a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?
A: to perform split transactions', '
Q:  Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, what happens?
A: the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth', '
Q: How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add?
A: 12 bits']
There are two basic forms of data packet, DATA0 and DATA1. A data packet must always be preceded by an address token, and is usually followed by a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter. The two packet types provide the 1-bit sequence number required by Stop-and-wait ARQ. If a USB host does not receive a response (such as an ACK) for data it has transmitted, it does not know if the data was received or not; the data might have been lost in transit, or it might have been received but the handshake response was lost.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: There are two basic forms of data packet, what are they?
A: DATA0 and DATA1', '
Q: A data packet must always be preceded by what?
A: an address token', '
Q: What is a data packet usually followed by?
A: a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter']
Low-bandwidth devices are supported with a special PID value, PRE. This marks the beginning of a low-bandwidth packet, and is used by hubs that normally do not send full-bandwidth packets to low-bandwidth devices. Since all PID bytes include four 0 bits, they leave the bus in the full-bandwidth K state, which is the same as the low-bandwidth J state. It is followed by a brief pause, during which hubs enable their low-bandwidth outputs, already idling in the J state. Then a low-bandwidth packet follows, beginning with a sync sequence and PID byte, and ending with a brief period of SE0. Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents, until the final SE0 indicates that a new packet follows.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?
A: a special PID value, PRE', '
Q: All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?
A: four 0 bits', '
Q:  Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what?
A: simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents']
These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use, especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard-drives. The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth both theoretically and practically. However, Firewire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as direct memory access (DMA), which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the DMA attack.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what?
A: two buses', '
Q: USB was designed for what?
A: simplicity and low cost', '
Q: FireWire was designed for what?
A: high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video', '
Q: FireWire 400 is faster than what?
A: USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use']
The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB. It operates at 48 V DC and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W, PoE+ 25.5 W) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides 2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters. This has made PoE popular for VoIP telephones, security cameras, wireless access points and other networked devices within buildings. However, USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short, and power demand is low.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a what?
A: more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB', '
Q: Is USB cheaper or more expensive than PoE?
A: cheaper', '
Q: What keeps USB cheaper than PoE?
A: the distance is short, and power demand is low.']
Ethernet standards require electrical isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds. USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer, and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds. This gives Ethernet a significant safety advantage over USB with peripherals such as cable and DSL modems connected to external wiring that can assume hazardous voltages under certain fault conditions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: USB  was designed for peripherals to be what?
A: closely associated with a host computer', '
Q: USB connects what?
A: the peripheral and host grounds', '
Q: Ethernet standards require what?
A: isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds']
eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. eSATAp (power over eSATA; aka ESATA/USB) is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new, backward compatible, connector. On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: eSATA does not supply power to what?
A: external devices', "
Q: Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is what?
A: advancing and external drives gradually need less power", '
Q: On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies how much power?
A: 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD']
USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB. It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007. The HSIC physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to traditional USB 2.0. HSIC uses two signals at 1.2 V and has a throughput of 480 Mbit/s. Maximum PCB trace length for HSIC is 10 cm. It does not have low enough latency to support RAM memory sharing between two chips.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a what?
A: chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0', '
Q: What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate?
A: the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB', '
Q: When was the USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip adopted as the standard by the USB Implementers Forum
A: 2007']
Throughout its prehistory and early history, the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in North China. Sichuan was referred to in ancient Chinese sources as Ba-Shu (巴蜀), an abbreviation of the kingdoms of Ba and Shu which existed within the Sichuan Basin. Ba included Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams, while Shu included today's Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Sichuan referred to as by ancient Chinese sources?
A: Ba-Shu', '
Q: How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated?
A: at least the 15th century BC', '
Q: Where were the kingdoms of Ba and Shu located?
A: within the Sichuan Basin', '
Q: What land was included in the kingdom of Ba?
A: Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams', '
Q: What land was included in the kingdom of Shu?
A: Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan']
The existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou. Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty (265–420), with folk stories such as that of Emperor Duyu (杜宇) who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death. The existence of a highly developed civilization with an independent bronze industry in Sichuan eventually came to light with an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan. This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts. Excavations by archaeologists in the area yielded few significant finds until 1986 when two major sacrificial pits were found with spectacular bronze items as well as artefacts in jade, gold, earthenware, and stone. This and other discoveries in Sichuan contest the conventional historiography that the local culture and technology of Sichuan were undeveloped in comparison to the technologically and culturally "advanced" Yellow River valley of north-central China. The name Shu continues to be used to refer to Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Emperor  Duyu transform himself into after his death?
A: a cuckoo', '
Q: What does the name Shu refer to?
A: Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.', '
Q: When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?
A: a local farmer in 1929', '
Q: The Shu were an ally of who, according to the Book of Documents?
A: the Zhou', '
Q: When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled?
A: the Jin dynasty (265–420)']
The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were only the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south. Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Yangzi Gorges to eastern and southern China, Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a refuge for political refugees.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?
A: the Himalayas', '
Q: What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?
A: Qin Mountains', '
Q: What river flows through the Sichuan basin?
A: Yangtze', '
Q: Where was the Qin dynasty based?
A: present-day Gansu and Shaanxi', '
Q: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South?
A: mountainous areas of Yunnan']
Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?
A: 316 BC', '
Q: What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?
A: improved agricultural technology.', '
Q: Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?
A: Li Bing', '
Q: The Min River is a major tributary of what river? 
A: Yangtze', '
Q: The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?
A: to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.']
Sichuan came under the firm control of a Chinese central government during the Sui dynasty, but it was during the subsequent Tang dynasty where Sichuan regained its previous political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han. Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of Du Fu, who is sometimes called China's greatest poet. During the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang fled from Chang'an to Sichuan. The region was torn by constant warfare and economic distress as it was besieged by the Tibetan Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han?
A: Tang dynasty', "
Q: Who was known as China's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu?
A: Du Fu", '
Q: What was Chengu known to supply the country with?
A: armies', '
Q: Which years saw the An Lushan Rebellion?
A: 755-763', '
Q: Which empire ravished the Chengdu region with constant warfare and economic distress?
A: the Tibetan Empire']
In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty (大西王朝). In response to the resistance from local elites, he massacred a large native population. As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition, the population of Sichuan fell sharply, requiring a massive resettlement of people from the neighboring Huguang Province (modern Hubei and Hunan) and other provinces during the Qing dynasty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong?
A: Yellow Tiger', '
Q: Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century?
A: Sichuan', '
Q: Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of? 
A: Daxi Dynasty', '
Q: Which province supplied a large amount of people to the Sichuan resettlement, following years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition?
A: Huguang Province']
In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces, such as Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou, which previously never had modern Western-style universities, began to be developed in this regard. The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of Japanese bombing of the Sichuan Basin, made the region the stronghold of Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang government during 1938-45, and led to the Bombing of Chongqing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century? 
A: Chongqing', '
Q: What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
A: Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan', '
Q: What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern, westernized education systems? 
A: Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou', '
Q: What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?
A: The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate']
The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War, and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March. Chiang Kai-Shek himself flew to Chongqing from Taiwan in November 1949 to lead the defense. But the same month Chongqing fell to the Communists, followed by Chengdu on 10 December. The Kuomintang general Wang Sheng wanted to stay behind with his troops to continue anticommunist guerilla war in Sichuan, but was recalled to Taiwan. Many of his soldiers made their way there as well, via Burma.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group was the main antagonist during the Chinese Civil War?
A: the Communists', '
Q: Who led the defense of Chongqing in November 1949?
A: Chiang Kai-Shek', '
Q: On what date in 1949 did Chengdu fall to the communists?
A: 10 December', '
Q: Why did Sichuan see some communist activity?
A: it was one area on the road of the Long March']
From 1955 until 1997 Sichuan had been China's most populous province, hitting 100 million mark shortly after the 1982 census figure of 99,730,000. This changed in 1997 when the Sub-provincial city of Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality. The new municipality was formed to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces, as well as to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Chinese Province had the largest population until 1997?
A: Sichuan', '
Q: Why did Sichuan lose its status as the most populous Province in 1997?
A: Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality.', "
Q: Why was the Chongqing Municipality formed?
A: to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces", '
Q: Why did China need to resettle people into Chongqing?
A: the Three Gorges Dam project.', '
Q: What was the population of Sichuan in 1982?
A: 99,730,000']
Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts. The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile Sichuan basin (which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality). The western Sichuan consists of the numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which are known generically as Hengduan Mountains. One of these ranges, Daxue Mountains, contains the highest point of the province Gongga Shan, at 7,556 metres (24,790 ft) above sea level.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many distinct parts make up Sichuan?
A: two', '
Q: What makes up majority of the eastern Sichuan province?
A: Sichuan basin', '
Q: Western Sichuan is delineated by what mountain range?
A: Hengduan Mountains', '
Q: Which mountain range contains the highest point in the Gongga Shan province?
A: Daxue Mountains', '
Q: How many feet above sea level is the highest point of the Saxue Mountains?
A: 24,790 ft']
The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the province is the Min River of central Sichuan, which joins the Yangtze at Yibin. Sichuan's 4 main rivers, as Sichuan means literally, are Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which river flows through the Sichuan Basin?
A: Yangtze River', '
Q: Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Sichuan?
A: Min River', '
Q: What are the 4 main rivers in Sichuan?
A: Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang', '
Q: Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan.
A: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai']
Due to great differences in terrain, the climate of the province is highly variable. In general it has strong monsoonal influences, with rainfall heavily concentrated in the summer. Under the Köppen climate classification, the Sichuan Basin (including Chengdu) in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa or Cfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild to cool, dry and cloudy winters. Consequently, it has China's lowest sunshine totals. The western region has mountainous areas producing a cooler but sunnier climate. Having cool to very cold winters and mild summers, temperatures generally decrease with greater elevation. However, due to high altitude and its inland location, many areas such as Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan exhibit a subarctic climate (Köppen Dwc)- featuring extremely cold winters down to -30 °C and even cold summer nights. The region is geologically active with landslides and earthquakes. Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 °C. The southern part of the province, including Panzhihua and Xichang, has a sunny climate with short, very mild winters and very warm to hot summers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What climate classification does the Sichuan Basin hold?
A: humid subtropical climate', '
Q: What area of China has the least amount of sunlight?
A: the Sichuan Basin', '
Q: Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan experience what kind of climate?
A: subarctic climate', '
Q: What is the range of average elevation in the Sichuan Basin?
A: 2,000 to 3,500 meters', '
Q: What is the range of average temperature in the Sichuan Basin?
A: 0 to 15 °C']
Sichuan has been historically known as the "Province of Abundance". It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China. Grain, including rice and wheat, is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999. Commercial crops include citrus fruits, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, peaches and grapes. Sichuan also had the largest output of pork among all the provinces and the second largest output of silkworm cocoons in 1999. Sichuan is rich in mineral resources. It has more than 132 kinds of proven underground mineral resources including vanadium, titanium, and lithium being the largest in China. The Panxi region alone possesses 13.3% of the reserves of iron, 93% of titanium, 69% of vanadium, and 83% of the cobalt of the whole country. Sichuan also possesses China's largest proven natural gas reserves, the majority of which is transported to more developed eastern regions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What area for the "Province of Abundance" refer to?
A: Sichuan', '
Q: What are the major agricultural outputs of Sichuan?
A: rice and wheat', '
Q: What kind of meat is Sichuan known to produce in abundance?
A: pork', "
Q: How much of China's titanium is houses in Sichuan?
A: 93%", "
Q: What is often done with Sichuan's natural gas reserves?
A: transported to more developed eastern regions"]