romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
LaserDisc had a number of advantages over VHS. It featured a far sharper picture with a horizontal resolution of 425 TVL lines for NTSC and 440 TVL lines for PAL discs, while VHS featured only 240 TVL lines with NTSC. It could handle analog and digital audio where VHS was mostly analog only (VHS can have PCM audio in professional applications but is uncommon), and the NTSC discs could store multiple audio tracks. This allowed for extras like director's commentary tracks and other features to be added onto a film, creating "Special Edition" releases that would not have been possible with VHS. Disc access was random and chapter based, like the DVD format, meaning that one could jump to any point on a given disc very quickly. By comparison, VHS would require tedious rewinding and fast-forwarding to get to specific points.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many horizontal TVL lines did LaserDisc have in comparison to VHS's 240?
A: 425", '
Q: Which medium was chapter based like DVD format, Laserdisc or VHS?
A: LaserDisc', '
Q: Which medium allowed for multiple audio tracks, Laserdisc or VHS?
A: LaserDisc']
LaserDiscs were initially cheaper than videocassettes to manufacture, because they lacked the moving parts and plastic outer shell that are necessary for VHS tapes to work, and the duplication process was much simpler. A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five or six layers. A disc can be stamped out in a matter of seconds whereas duplicating videotape required a complex bulk tape duplication mechanism and was a time-consuming process. However, by the end of the 1980s, average disc-pressing prices were over $5.00 per two-sided disc, due to the large amount of plastic material and the costly glass-mastering process needed to make the metal stamper mechanisms. Due to the larger volume of demand, videocassettes quickly became much cheaper to duplicate, costing as little as $1.00 by the beginning of the 1990s.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?
A: cheaper', '
Q: How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?
A: at least 14', '
Q: How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s?
A: $5.00 per two-sided disc', '
Q: How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s?
A: as little as $1.00']
LaserDiscs potentially had a much longer lifespan than videocassettes. Because the discs were read optically instead of magnetically, no physical contact needs to be made between the player and the disc, except for the player's clamp that holds the disc at its center as it is spun and read. As a result, playback would not wear the information-bearing part of the discs, and properly manufactured LDs would theoretically last beyond one's lifetime. By contrast, a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum, causing progressive wear with each use (though later in VHS's lifespan, engineering improvements allowed tapes to be made and played back without contact). Also, the tape was thin and delicate, and it was easy for a player mechanism, especially on a low quality or malfunctioning model, to mishandle the tape and damage it by creasing it, frilling (stretching) its edges, or even breaking it.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?
A: LaserDiscs', '
Q: Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading?
A: progressive wear with each use', '
Q: Where do VHS tapes store their information?
A: magnetic coating']
LaserDisc was a composite video format: the luminance (black and white) and chrominance (color) information were transmitted in one signal, separated by the receiver. While good comb filters can do so adequately, these two signals cannot be completely separated. On DVDs, data is stored in the form of digital blocks which make up each independent frame. The signal produced is dependent on the equipment used to master the disc. Signals range from composite and split, to YUV and RGB. Depending upon which format is used, this can result in far higher fidelity, particularly at strong color borders or regions of high detail (especially if there is moderate movement in the picture) and low-contrast details like skin tones, where comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How is data stored on DVDs?
A: digital blocks which make up each independent frame', '
Q: What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs?
A: the receiver', '
Q: In what areas are comb filters most likely to lose detail?
A: low-contrast details like skin tones', '
Q: Are comb filters exact, or is some data smudged?
A: comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail']
In contrast to the entirely digital DVD, LaserDiscs use only analog video. As the LaserDisc format is not digitally encoded and does not make use of compression techniques, it is immune to video macroblocking (most visible as blockiness during high motion sequences) or contrast banding (subtle visible lines in gradient areas, such as out-of-focus backgrounds, skies, or light casts from spotlights) that can be caused by the MPEG-2 encoding process as video is prepared for DVD. Early DVD releases held the potential to surpass their LaserDisc counterparts, but often managed only to match them for image quality, and in some cases, the LaserDisc version was preferred. However, proprietary human-assisted encoders manually operated by specialists can vastly reduce the incidence of artifacts, depending on playing time and image complexity. By the end of LaserDisc's run, DVDs were living up to their potential as a superior format.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Do LaserDiscs or DVD use analog video?
A: LaserDiscs', '
Q: Are DVDs partially or entirely digital?
A: entirely', '
Q: What is contrast banding?
A: subtle visible lines in gradient areas', '
Q: What step of the DVD production process causes contrast banding?
A: MPEG-2 encoding process']
LaserDisc players can provide a great degree of control over the playback process. Unlike many DVD players, the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user: pause, fast-forward, and fast-reverse commands are always accepted (barring, of course, malfunctions). There were no "User Prohibited Options" where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part (such as fast forwarding through copyright warnings). (Some DVD players, particularly higher-end units, do have the ability to ignore the blocking code and play the video without restrictions, but this feature is not common in the usual consumer market.)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How does LaserDisc operation vary from DVD?
A: the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user', '
Q: What are "User Protected Options" on DVDs?
A: where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part', '
Q: Where are User Protected Options commonly found on DVDs?
A: copyright warnings', '
Q: Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, gives the user the most control over playback?
A: LaserDisc']
Damaged spots on a LaserDisc can be played through or skipped over, while a DVD will often become unplayable past the damage. Some newer DVD players feature a repair+skip algorithm, which alleviates this problem by continuing to play the disc, filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound. The success of this feature depends upon the amount of damage. LaserDisc players, when working in full analog, recover from such errors faster than DVD players. Direct comparison here is almost impossible due to the sheer size differences between the two media. A 1 in (3 cm) scratch on a DVD will probably cause more problems than a 1 in (3 cm) scratch on a LaserDisc, but a fingerprint taking up 1% of the area of a DVD would almost certainly cause fewer problems than a similar mark covering 1% of the surface of a LaserDisc.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the repair+skip feature on newer DVD players do?
A: filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound', '
Q: Which format, DVD or Laserdisc, can become unreadable with damage?
A: DVD', '
Q: Will the same size scratch cause more problems for a DVD or LaserDisc?
A: DVD']
Similar to the CD versus LP sound quality debates common in the audiophile community, some videophiles argue that LaserDisc maintains a "smoother", more "film-like", natural image while DVD still looks slightly more artificial. Early DVD demo discs often had compression or encoding problems, lending additional support to such claims at the time. However, the video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of LaserDisc are substantially less than that of DVDs, making DVDs appear sharper and clearer to most viewers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which format is considered to look most realistic, LaserDisc or DVD?
A: LaserDisc', '
Q: Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, is said to appear sharper and clearer to most viewers?
A: DVDs', '
Q: What features do LaserDiscs lack in, causing DVDs to appear sharper and clearer?
A: video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth']
Another advantage, at least to some consumers, was the lack of any sort of anti-piracy technology. It was claimed that Macrovision's Copyguard protection could not be applied to LaserDisc, due to the format's design. The vertical blanking interval, where the Macrovision signal would be implemented, was also used for the internal timing on LaserDisc players, so test discs with Macrovision would not play at all. There was never a push to redesign the format despite the obvious potential for piracy due to its relatively small market share. The industry simply decided to engineer it into the DVD specification.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs, preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented?
A: internal timing', "
Q: Why wasn't there a need to redesign the LaserDisc format to prevent piracy?
A: relatively small market share", "
Q: What protection could not be applied to LaserDiscs, making them prone to piracy?
A: Macrovision's Copyguard protection"]
LaserDisc's support for multiple audio tracks allowed for vast supplemental materials to be included on-disc and made it the first available format for "Special Edition" releases; the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane is generally credited as being the first "Special Edition" release to home video,[citation needed] and for setting the standard by which future SE discs were measured. The disc provided interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs, and other features for historians and collectors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers?
A: "Special Edition"', '
Q: What was the first "Special Edition" film to be released to home video?
A: the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane', '
Q: What bonus features were available on the first home video "Special Edition"?
A: interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs', '
Q: What feature, unique to LaserDisc, made bonus content possible?
A: support for multiple audio tracks']
The space-consuming analog video signal of a LaserDisc limited playback duration to 30 minutes (CAV) or 60 minutes (CLV) per side because of the hardware manufacturer's refusal to reduce line count for increased playtime. After one side was finished playing, a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching a movie, and some titles fill two or more discs. Many players, especially units built after the mid-1980s, can "flip" discs automatically by rotating the optical pickup to the other side of the disc, but this is accompanied by a pause in the movie during the side change. If the movie is longer than what could be stored on two sides of a single disc, manually swapping to a second disc is necessary at some point during the film. One exception to this rule is the Pioneer LD-W1, which features two disc platters. In addition, perfect still frames and random access to individual still frames is limited only to the more expensive CAV discs, which only had a playing time of approximately 30 minutes per side. In later years, Pioneer and other manufacturers overcame this limitation by incorporating a digital memory buffer, which "grabbed" a single frame from a CLV disc.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was required of a LaserDisc to continue playback after 60 minutes?
A: a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching', '
Q: Which LaserDisc player solves the disc switching dilemma?
A: Pioneer LD-W1', '
Q: What must be reduced in order to allow LaserDisc playback time to increase?
A: line count', '
Q: Which format allows for more playback tie per side, CLV or CAV?
A: CLV']
The analog information encoded on LaserDiscs does not include any form of built-in checksum or error correction. Because of this, slight dust and scratches on the disc surface can result in read-errors which cause various video quality problems: glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions. In contrast, the digital MPEG-2 format information used on DVDs has built-in error correction which ensures that the signal from a damaged disc will remain identical to that from a perfect disc right up until the point at which damage to the disc surface is so substantial that it prevents the laser from being able to identify usable data.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What video problems on a LaserDisc can be caused by dust or scratches?
A: glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions', '
Q: Which format used in DVDs has built-in error correction?
A: digital MPEG-2', '
Q: What type of encoding, analog or digital, causes LaserDiscs to be succeptable to damages?
A: analog']
In addition, LaserDisc videos sometimes exhibit a problem known as "crosstalk". The issue can arise when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped, but it could also occur even with a properly functioning player and a factory-new disc, depending on electrical and mechanical alignment problems. In these instances, the issue arose due to the fact that CLV discs require subtle changes in rotating speed at various points during playback. During a change in speed, the optical pickup inside the player might read video information from a track adjacent to the intended one, causing data from the two tracks to "cross"; the extra video information picked up from that second track shows up as distortion in the picture which looks reminiscent of swirling "barber poles" or rolling lines of static.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When does "crosstalk" occur?
A: when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped', '
Q: What problem can be caused by a player becoming out of alignment?
A: "crosstalk"', '
Q: How does "crosstalk" appear to the viewer?
A: swirling "barber poles" or rolling lines of static']
Assuming the player's optical pickup is in proper working order, crosstalk distortion normally does not occur during playback of CAV format LaserDiscs, as the rotational speed never varies. However, if the player calibration is out of order or if the CAV disc is faulty or damaged, other problems affecting tracking accuracy can occur. One such problem is "laser lock", where the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen as if the movie were paused.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which format does crosstalk generally not occur?
A: CAV', '
Q: Why does the CAV format prevent crosstalk?
A: the rotational speed never varies', '
Q: What happens during "laser lock"?
A: the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen']
Another significant issue unique to LaserDisc is one involving the inconsistency of playback quality between different makers and models of player. On most televisions, a given DVD player will produce a picture that is visually indistinguishable from other units. Differences in image quality between players only becomes easily apparent on large televisions and substantial leaps in image quality are generally only obtained with expensive, high-end players that allow for post-processing of the MPEG-2 stream during playback. In contrast, LaserDisc playback quality is highly dependent on hardware quality. Major variances in picture quality appear between different makers and models of LD players, even when tested on a low to mid-range television. The obvious benefits of using high quality equipment has helped keep demand for some players high, thus also keeping pricing for those units comparably high. In the 1990s, notable players sold for anywhere from US$200 to well over $1,000, while older and less desirable players could be purchased in working condition for as little as $25.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Is LaserDisc quality consistent or inconsistent between player brands? 
A: inconsistency', '
Q: What is LaserDisc playback quality dependent on?
A: hardware quality', '
Q: How cheaply could an older LaserDisc player be purchased in the 1990s?
A: $25', '
Q: What range of prices were high-end LaserDisc players in the 1990s?
A: US$200 to well over $1,000']
Many early LDs were not manufactured properly; sometimes a substandard adhesive was used to sandwich together the two sides of the disc.[citation needed] The adhesive contained impurities that were able to penetrate the lacquer seal layer and chemically attack the metalized reflective aluminium layer, causing it to oxidize and lose its reflective characteristics. This was a problem that was termed "laser rot" among LD enthusiasts, also called "color flash" internally by LaserDisc-pressing plants. Some forms of laser rot could appear as black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise. But, for the most part, rotted discs could actually appear perfectly fine to the naked eye.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What substandard product was used in LD manufacturing that caused "laser rot"?
A: adhesive', '
Q: What was the internal name for "laser rot" within LD processing plants?
A: "color flash"', '
Q: What problems could occur with laser rot?
A: black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise']
LaserDisc did not have high market penetration in North America due to the high cost of the players and discs, which were far more expensive than VHS players and tapes, and due to marketplace confusion with the technologically inferior CED, which also went by the name Videodisc. While the format was not widely adopted by North American consumers, it was well received among videophiles due to the superior audio and video quality compared to VHS and Betamax tapes, finding a place in nearly one million American homes by the end of 1990. The format was more popular in Japan than in North America because prices were kept low to ensure adoption, resulting in minimal price differences between VHS tapes and the higher quality LaserDiscs, helping ensure that it quickly became the dominant consumer video format in Japan. Anime collectors in every country the LD format was released, which includes both North America and Japan, also quickly became familiar with this format, and sought the higher video and sound quality of LaserDisc and the availability of numerous titles not available on VHS. LaserDiscs were also popular alternatives to videocassettes among movie enthusiasts in the more affluent regions of South East Asia, such as Singapore, due to their high integration with the Japanese export market and the disc-based media's superior longevity compared to videocassette, especially in the humid conditions endemic to that area of the world.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Why didn't LaserDiscs become popular in North America?
A: high cost of the players and discs", '
Q: By 1990, how many American homes were estimated to use LD?
A: nearly one million', '
Q: Why were LaserDiscs more popular in Japan?
A: prices were kept low to ensure adoption', '
Q: Which format was more popular in high humidity areas such as Singapore?
A: LaserDiscs']
The format also became quite popular in Hong Kong during the 1990s before the introduction of VCDs and DVD; although people rarely bought the discs (because each LD was priced around USD100), high rental activity helped the video rental business in the city grow larger than it had ever been previously. Due to integration with the Japanese export market, NTSC LaserDiscs were used in the Hong Kong market, in contrast to the PAL standard used for broadcast (This anomaly also exists for DVD). This created a market for multi-system TVs and multi-system VCRs which could display or play both PAL and NTSC materials in addition to SECAM materials (which were never popular in Hong Kong). Some LD players could convert NTSC signals to PAL so that most TVs used in Hong Kong could display the LD materials.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much did a LD cost in Hong Kong in the 1990s?
A: USD100', '
Q: Broadcast in Hong Kong used which standard formatting?
A: PAL standard', '
Q: In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Hong Kong?
A: NTSC']
Although the LaserDisc format was supplanted by DVD by the late 1990s, many LD titles are still highly coveted by movie enthusiasts (for example, Disney's Song of the South which is unavailable in the US in any format, but was issued in Japan on LD). This is largely because there are many films that are still only available on LD and many other LD releases contain supplemental material not available on subsequent DVD versions of those films. Until the end of 2001, many titles were released on VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what year had DVD taken over the LaserDisc market?
A: late 1990s', '
Q: Which collector group highly values LaserDisc for their rareness?
A: movie enthusiasts', '
Q: Until the end of what year were movies released in VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan?
A: 2001', "
Q: What country was the only to receive a LD release of Disney's Song of the South?
A: Japan"]
In the early 1980s, Philips produced a LaserDisc player model adapted for a computer interface, dubbed "professional". In 1985, Jasmine Multimedia created LaserDisc Juke Boxes featuring music videos from Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, and Cyndi Lauper. When connected to a PC this combination could be used to display images or information for educational or archival purposes, for example thousands of scanned medieval manuscripts. This strange device could be considered a very early equivalent of a CD-ROM.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what decade did Philips produce a "professional" LD model for computer?
A: early 1980s', '
Q: In what year were LD jukeboxes created?
A: 1985', '
Q: Who created LD Jukeboxes in 1985?
A: Jasmine Multimedia', '
Q: Which musical artists were featured on LD Jukeboxes in 1985?
A: Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, and Cyndi Lauper']