romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?
A: length and width', '
Q: Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?
A: standard paper sizes', '
Q: Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms?
A: length and width']
The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?
A: ISO 216', '
Q: What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?
A: Germany', '
Q: What is the largest standard size paper?
A: A0', '
Q: How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?
A: 2', '
Q: What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?
A: A3']
The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the lightest density of paper produced?
A: tissue paper', '
Q: What is the common density of printing paper?
A: 800 kg/m3']
Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?
A: Alum', '
Q: Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?
A: sizing', '
Q: How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum?
A: more stable']
Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?
A: lignin', '
Q: A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?
A: lignin', '
Q: What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?
A: light and oxygen']
Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?
A: Library of Congress', '
Q: Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?
A: oxalic']
Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?
A: twice', '
Q: What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?
A: Mechanical', '
Q: What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?
A: acid-free']
Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?
A: 400%', '
Q: What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?
A: 35%', '
Q: What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?
A: plant trees', '
Q: What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?
A: 10%']
Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?
A: 40%', '
Q: How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?
A: 71.6 million', '
Q: How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?
A: 16 billion', '
Q: How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?
A: 31']
Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?
A: bleaching', '
Q: How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?
A: through food', '
Q: Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?
A: fatty tissue', '
Q: What agency internationally regulates dioxins?
A: the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants']
Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?
A: paperfoam', '
Q: What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?
A: biodegradable', '
Q: What is paperfoam primarily made of?
A: paper', '
Q: How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?
A: recycled']
With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?
A: corn protein', '
Q: Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?
A: corn protein', '
Q: PFOA is what type of coating?
A: synthetic']
The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the football league established?
A: 1987', '
Q: Where is football played?
A: indoors', '
Q: What does AFL sand for?
A: Arena Football League', '
Q: Who founded The AFL?
A: Jim Foster', '
Q: In what year was the AFL founded?
A: 1987', '
Q: In what decade was AFL sport invented?
A: 1980s', '
Q: Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?
A: Jim Foster', '
Q: What was the inaugural year of the AFL?
A: 1987', '
Q: Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?
A: third', '
Q: In yards, how large is an arena football field?
A: 68', '
Q: What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?
A: half']
For its 2015 season, the league consisted of 12 teams, all from the United States; however, upon the completion of the regular season, the league announced that the two teams it had assumed operation of during the season would cease all operations effective immediately; a regular season game slated between the two had previously been canceled and declared a tie. Subsequently, one of the remaining teams, the Spokane Shock, severed its ties with the league to join the competing IFL. The AFL is divided into two conferences  –  the American Conference and National Conference. Starting 2016, each conference will have only four teams as the champion San Jose SaberCats announced in November 2015 that they were ceasing activity for "reasons not associated with League operations."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many teams were there in the 2015 season?
A: 12', '
Q: How many conferences does the AFL have?
A: 2', '
Q: What are these conferences in the AFL named?
A: American Conference and National Conference', '
Q: Which team was the Champion in the 2015 season?
A: San Jose SaberCats', '
Q: How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season?
A: 12', '
Q: What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league?
A: Spokane Shock', '
Q: What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season?
A: IFL', '
Q: Along with the American Conference, what is the other conference in the AFL?
A: National Conference', '
Q: As of 2016, how many teams does each conference have?
A: four']
The 2016 regular season consists of an 18-week schedule during which each team plays 16 games and two bye weeks. Each team plays two or three games against the teams within its own conference, and two games (home/road) against each team interconference-wise. The 2015 season started during the last week of March and ran weekly into late August. At the end of the regular season, all teams from each conference (the conference winner and three wild card teams) play in the AFL playoffs, an eight-team single-elimination tournament that culminates with the championship game, known as the ArenaBowl. From 1987 to 2004, 2010 and 2011 and again starting in 2014, the game was played at the site of the higher seeded team. From 2005 to 2008, the games were at neutral sites, Las Vegas and New Orleans. In 2012, the league championship returned to a neutral site and ArenaBowl XXV was held at the New Orleans Arena; ArenaBowl XXVI was held in Orlando. The 2016 season will begin April 1, 2016.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: As of 2016, how many regular season games does an AFL team play?
A: 16', '
Q: How long is the AFL regular season?
A: 18-week', '
Q: In what month did the 2015 AFL season begin?
A: March', '
Q: What month did the 2015 AFL season end?
A: August', '
Q: What is the name of the AFL championship game?
A: ArenaBowl']
From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the af2. The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play. Later that year both the AFL and af2 were dissolved and reorganized as a new corporation comprising teams from both leagues, and the AFL returned in 2010. The Arena Football League has its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the AFL development league?
A: af2', '
Q: When did the AFL development league begin?
A: 2000', '
Q: When was the first AFL season played?
A: 1987', '
Q: What Arena Football League season was cancelled?
A: 2009', '
Q: In what city and state is the Arena Football League based?
A: Chicago, Illinois']
Jim Foster, a promotions manager with the National Football League, conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9x12 envelope, with sketches of the field and notes on gameplay. He presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a business plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist, Foster presented his idea to various television networks. He reached an agreement with NBC for a "test game".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?
A: the National Football League", '
Q: What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?
A: an indoor soccer match', '
Q: Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?
A: Madison Square Garden', '
Q: In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?
A: 1981', '
Q: What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?
A: NBC']
Plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL. He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game in his spare time from his job with the Blitz. By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when the test game was played.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What football league began in 1982?
A: the United States Football League', '
Q: What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?
A: Chicago Blitz', '
Q: When did the USFL shut down?
A: 1985', '
Q: On what date was the arena football test game played?
A: April 27, 1986', "
Q: What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?
A: executive vice-president"]
The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, at the Rockford MetroCentre. Sponsors were secured, and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams, the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros, with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off. Interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, "showcase", game. The second game was held on February 26, 1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $20,000, up from $4,000 in the test game. Foster also invited ESPN to send a film crew to the game; a highlights package aired on SportsCenter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?
A: Rockford, Illinois', '
Q: At what venue did the test game occur?
A: Rockford MetroCentre', '
Q: Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?
A: Chicago Politicians', '
Q: On what date did the second test game take place?
A: February 26, 1987', '
Q: The second test game was played in what arena?
A: Rosemont Horizon']
Following the successes of his trial-run games, Foster moved ahead with his idea for arena football. He founded the Arena Football League with four teams: the Pittsburgh Gladiators, Denver Dynamite, Washington Commandos, and Chicago Bruisers. Foster appointed legendary Darrel "Mouse" Davis, godfather of the "run and shoot" and modern pro offenses, as executive director of football operations. Davis hired the original coaches and was the architect of the league's original wide-open offensive playbooks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many teams did the Arena Football League originally have?
A: four', '
Q: Along with the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators, what team was one of the original AFL teams?
A: Washington Commandos', '
Q: What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL?
A: executive director of football operations', "
Q: What was Darrell Davis' nickname?
A: Mouse", '
Q: Who was responsible for hiring the first coaches of the AFL teams?
A: Davis']
The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19, 1987, between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans. The game was deliberately not televised so that it could be analyzed and any follies and failures would not be subject to national public scrutiny. Following the inaugural game, tweaks and adjustments were made, and the first season continued. The Dynamite and Bruisers played in the first-ever televised AFL game the next night, on June 20, 1987, at the Rosemont Horizon in suburban Chicago on ESPN with Bob Rathbun and Lee Corso calling the play. The broadcast showed a short clip of the Commandos-Gladiators game. Each team played six games, two against each other team. The top two teams, Denver and Pittsburgh, then competed in the first-ever AFL championship game, ArenaBowl I.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?
A: June 19, 1987', '
Q: Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?
A: Gladiators', '
Q: How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?
A: 12,117', '
Q: On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?
A: June 20, 1987', '
Q: At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?
A: the Rosemont Horizon']
On September 30, 1987, Foster filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to patent his invented sport. The patent application covered the rules of the game, specifically detailing the goalposts and rebound netting and their impact on gameplay. Foster's application was granted on March 27, 1990. The patent expired on September 30, 2007.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date did Foster apply for a patent on arena football?
A: September 30, 1987', "
Q: When did the United States Patent and Trademark Office grant Foster's patent?
A: March 27, 1990", "
Q: On what date was the expiration of Foster's patent?
A: September 30, 2007", '
Q: With whom did Foster file his patent?
A: the United States Patent and Trademark Office']
From the 1987 season until the late 1990s, the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN, which aired tape-delayed games, often well after midnight, and often edited to match the alloted time slot. The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998, when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC's old Wide World of Sports.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1987, what television station sometimes showed arena football games?
A: ESPN', '
Q: In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?
A: midnight', '
Q: What AFL game was broadcast on ABC?
A: Arena Bowl XII', '
Q: In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game?
A: 1998', '
Q: On what ABC program was an AFL game shown?
A: Wide World of Sports']
On Saturday, July 23, 1989, much of America learned of the AFL for an unintended reason, when the Pittsburgh Gladiators' head coach, Joe Haering, made football history by punching commissioner Jim Foster during a game with the Chicago Bruisers. The national media ran with the story, including a photo in USA Today. The game was played between the two teams in Sacramento's Arco Arena, as part of the AFL's 'Barnstorming America' tour. Foster had walked onto the field of play to mediate an altercation between the two teams when Haering, a former NFL assistant, punched him in the jaw. Haering was suspended without pay.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the coach of the Pittsburgh Gladiators in 1989?
A: Joe Haering', '
Q: What day of the week was July 23, 1989?
A: Saturday', '
Q: Who was the commissioner of the AFL in 1989?
A: Jim Foster', '
Q: What paper featured a photograph of the head coach of the Gladiators punching the commissioner of the AFL?
A: USA Today', '
Q: In what arena were the Gladiators playing the Bruisers on July 23, 1989?
A: Arco Arena']
One of the league's early success stories was the Detroit Drive. A primary team for some of the AFL's most highly regarded players, including George LaFrance and Gary and Alvin Rettig, as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter, the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis Arena, and went to the ArenaBowl every year of their existence (1988–1993). The AFL's first dynasty came to an end when their owner, Mike Ilitch (who also owned Little Caesars Pizza and the Detroit Red Wings) bought the Detroit Tigers baseball team and sold the AFL team.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What team did Art Schlichter play for?
A: Detroit Drive', '
Q: Where did the Detroit Drive play their home games?
A: Joe Louis Arena', '
Q: In what year did the Drive go to their first Arena Bowl?
A: 1988', '
Q: Who owned the Detroit Drive in this period?
A: Mike Ilitch', '
Q: What team did the owner of the Detroit Drive buy that led him to sell the Drive?
A: Detroit Tigers']
Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season, the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered "dynasties", including the Tampa Bay Storm (the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons), their arch-rival the Orlando Predators, the now-defunct San Jose SaberCats of the present decade, and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the Drive franchise relocate to?
A: Massachusetts', '
Q: Before what season did the Drive move to a different state?
A: 1994', '
Q: What is the name of the AFL team based in Tampa Bay?
A: Storm', '
Q: What team is cited as a rival of the Tampa Bay franchise?
A: Orlando Predators', '
Q: What team was the rival of the Arizona Rattlers?
A: San Jose SaberCats']
In 1993, the league staged its first All-Star Game in Des Moines, Iowa, the future home of the long-running Iowa Barnstormers, as a fundraiser for flood victims in the area. The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64–40 in front of a crowd of 7,189. The second Allstar game was in Oct. 2013, with two games, the first in Honolulu, Hawai'i, the second being in Beijing, China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What notable event in the AFL first occurred in 1993?
A: first All-Star Game', '
Q: In what city and state did the 1993 All-Star Game occur?
A: Des Moines, Iowa', '
Q: What AFL team would be based in Des Moines?
A: Iowa Barnstormers', '
Q: What conference lost the first All-Star Game?
A: American Conference', '
Q: How many points did the National Conference score in the first All-Star Game?
A: 64']