romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
In January 2009, the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft, saying "Microsoft's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers, undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice." Microsoft Corp v Commission

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?
A: the European Commission', '
Q: When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?
A: January 2009', '
Q: The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?
A: competition between web browsers', '
Q: The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?
A: product innovation']
Safari and Mobile Safari were likewise always included with OS X and iOS respectively, so, similarly, they were originally funded by sales of Apple computers and mobile devices, and formed part of the overall Apple experience to customers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What browser was automatically included with OS X?
A: Safari']
Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make their engine default, or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes enough money from this deal that it does not need to charge users for Firefox. In addition, Google Search is also (as one would expect) the default search engine in Google Chrome. Users searching for websites or items on the Internet would be led to Google's search results page, increasing ad revenue and which funds development at Google and of Google Chrome.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?
A: Google', '
Q: What other browser has Google as the default search engine?
A: Chrome', '
Q: The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?
A: Google Chrome']
The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user ("retrieval" or "fetching"), allowing them to view the information ("display", "rendering"), and then access other information ("navigation", "following links").

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the main use of a browser?
A: to bring information resources to the user']
This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does URL stand for?
A: Uniform Resource Locator', '
Q: What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?
A: The prefix of the URL', '
Q: What does http stand for?
A: Hypertext Transfer Protocol', '
Q: What does ftp stand for?
A: File Transfer Protocol', "
Q: A news: prefix is given to the user's what?
A: default newsgroup reader"]
In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as "rendering". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?
A: rendering', '
Q: Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?
A: Flash applications and Java applets']
Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What can resources have to connect to other resources?
A: hyperlinks']
Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web browsers".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?
A: rich user interfaces', '
Q: When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?
A: Internet suites', '
Q: What does IRC stand for?
A: Internet Relay Chat']
All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's consent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?
A: pop-up blockers']
A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?
A: browser extension']
Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmarks" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed. In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user?
A: bookmarked', '
Q: What are "bookmarks" called in Internet Explorer?
A: Favorites', '
Q: The top browsers have a built-in what?
A: feed aggregator', '
Q: Firefox does web feeds as what?
A: live bookmarks', '
Q: The Opera feed reader is more what?
A: traditional']
Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, download history, form and search history, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: HTTP Secure is supported by what?
A: Most browsers', '
Q: Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?
A: form and search history', '
Q: A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?
A: current security vulnerabilities']
Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?
A: proprietary web browsers', '
Q: Non-standard dialects led to what?
A: problems with interoperability', '
Q: Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?
A: HTML and XHTML', '
Q: HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?
A: rendered in the same way']
Web browsers consist of a user interface, layout engine, rendering engine, JavaScript interpreter, UI backend, networking component and data persistence component. These components achieve different functionalities of a web browser and together provide all capabilities of a web browser.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A user interface, UI backend, layout engine and other things are part of what?
A: Web browsers', '
Q: The layout engine, rendering engine, user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers?
A: functionalities']
Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the capital of Massachusetts?
A: Boston', '
Q: What is the approximate population for 2014?
A: 655,884', '
Q: How many square miles does Boston cover?
A: 48 square miles', '
Q: What was the population of Boston in 2014
A: 655,884', '
Q: How many square miles is Boston?
A: 48 square miles', '
Q: What place is Boston in for largest city in the US?
A: 24th', '
Q: Which of the United States is Boston located in?
A: Massachusetts', '
Q: How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?
A: 48', '
Q: The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?
A: Greater Boston', '
Q: What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?
A: 4.7 million people', '
Q: What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?
A: Boston']
One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Boston founded?
A: 1630', '
Q: Where was Boston Founded?
A: Shawmut Peninsula', '
Q: List one major event that took place in Boston.
A: Boston Massacre', '
Q: How many people visit Faneuil Hall annually?
A: 20 million', '
Q: What year was Boston founded?
A: 1630', '
Q: What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?
A: the Shawmut Peninsula', '
Q: Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?
A: tourists', '
Q: The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?
A: 20 million']
The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What ranks in the top of the country for investment?
A: businesses and institutions', '
Q: Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?
A: philanthropy', '
Q: Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?
A: environmental sustainability and investment', '
Q: Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?
A: The city has one of the highest costs of living', '
Q: How does Boston rank on world livability?
A: high', '
Q: Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?
A: colleges and universities']
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name before the city was called Boston?
A: Trimountaine', "
Q: What did Boston's early settlers call the area?
A: Trimountaine", '
Q: What does Trimountaine mean?
A: three mountains', '
Q: What year was the city renamed Boston?
A: 1630', '
Q: Who named the city Boston?
A: Puritan colonists from England', '
Q: What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?
A: fresh water']
In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?
A: 1629', "
Q: America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?
A: 1635", '
Q: Who was Massachusetts first governor?
A: John Winthrop', '
Q: How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?
A: four', '
Q: Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?
A: John Winthrop']
Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?
A: the American Revolution', '
Q: What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?
A: seafaring tradition', '
Q: Boston was the location of many important events of what war?
A: the American Revolution']
The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812?
A: The Embargo Act of 1807', "
Q: What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?
A: The Embargo Act of 1807", "
Q: What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812?
A: manufacturing", '
Q: In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade?
A: 19th century', "
Q: When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods?
A: the early 20th century"]
During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name given to old Boston families?
A: Boston Brahmins', "
Q: Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?
A: Boston Brahmins", '
Q: Boston was admired for what kind of life?
A: literary life', '
Q: Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?
A: artistic patronage']
Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade? 
A: slave trade', '
Q: What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?
A: the abolitionist movement', '
Q: What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?
A: the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850', "
Q: What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?
A: Franklin Pierce"]
In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?
A: the Town of Boston", '
Q: What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?
A: 1822', '
Q: Boston was chartered as what in 1822?
A: a city', '
Q: What was the population of Boston in 1822?
A: about 46,226', '
Q: How many square miles was the city in 1822?
A: 4.7 square miles']
In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?
A: Boston's population grew rapidly", "
Q: The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?
A: the city's ethnic composition", '
Q: What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?
A: about 35,000', '
Q: What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?
A: Roman Catholicism', '
Q: What is Bostons largest religious group today?
A: Catholics']
Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea, were unsuccessful.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?
A: the crown of Beacon Hill', '
Q: What sits on Beacon Hill today?
A: State House', '
Q: What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872?
A: The Great Boston Fire of 1872', '
Q: What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for?
A: as landfill along the downtown waterfront']
By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?
A: 20th century', '
Q: Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?
A: the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA)', '
Q: How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?
A: with vociferous public opposition.']