romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country?
A: 0.8', '
Q: Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?
A: Brazil', '
Q: What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
A: Russia']
On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
A: red arrows", "
Q: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
A: green arrows", "
Q: If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?
A: Blue dash"]
The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?
A: Norway', '
Q: Which country has received the top rank twice?
A: Iceland']
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?
A: national performance and ranking', '
Q: Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?
A: Western', '
Q: The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?
A: global', '
Q: Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?
A: egalitarianism']
Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country’s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?
A: three', '
Q: In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?
A: 2010', '
Q: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?
A: The Economist']
The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?
A: 182', '
Q: How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?
A: 169']
Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another term for southern Europe
A: Mediterranean Europe', '
Q: What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?
A: Iberian peninsula', '
Q: What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?
A: Balkan countries', '
Q: What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?
A: southern France']
Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography, climate, and flora.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?
A: political, economic, and cultural attributes', '
Q: What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?
A: geography, climate, and flora']
Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?
A: The Mediterranean climate', '
Q: Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?
A: Western and Southern coastal regions', '
Q: What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?
A: vegetations and landscapes']
Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?
A: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy', '
Q: Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?
A: north coast of Spain', '
Q: What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?
A: Atlantic climate']
Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?
A: phytochoria', '
Q: Who coined the term phytochoria?
A: Armen Takhtajan']
The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?
A: classical antiquity', '
Q: What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?
A: city-states', '
Q: Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?
A: Alexander the Great']
The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?
A: Rome', '
Q: Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?
A: Constantinople', '
Q: Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?
A: Germanic', '
Q: What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?
A: AD 476', '
Q: By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?
A: 300 AD']
During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?
A: the Byzantine Empire', '
Q: Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?
A: Germanic peoples', '
Q: What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?
A: kingdoms and empires of their own']
The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?
A: the Crusades', '
Q: When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?
A: 1204', '
Q: Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?
A: Genoa and Venice', '
Q: What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?
A: The Reconquista', '
Q: What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?
A: the Byzantine Empire']
The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?
A: The Late Middle Ages', '
Q: What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?
A: the Black Death', '
Q: Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?
A: the Ottoman Empire', '
Q: When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?
A: 1453']
Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?
A: 14th century', '
Q: In what city did the Renaissance begin?
A: Florence', '
Q: What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?
A: science and theology', '
Q: The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?
A: Greek and Roman']
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?
A: Portugal and Spain', '
Q: When did religious conflict end in Europe?
A: 1648', '
Q: Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?
A: Spain and France', '
Q: Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?
A: Galileo Galilei', '
Q: Who was responsible for creating the first radio?
A: Guglielmo Marconi']
European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?
A: the rise of colonial empires", '
Q: What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?
A: the Columbian Exchange', '
Q: What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?
A: manufacturing', '
Q: Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?
A: the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain']
The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?
A: between 1815 and 1871', '
Q: From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?
A: the Ottoman Empire', '
Q: In what year was Rome conquered?
A: 1870', '
Q: What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?
A: The Age of Empire']
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did World War I begin?
A: 1914', '
Q: When did a victor emerge in World War I?
A: 1918', '
Q: At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?
A: the Paris Peace Conference']
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which group took control in 1933?
A: The Nazi regime', '
Q: Who led the Nazis?
A: Adolf Hitler', '
Q: Which country did Hitler align Germany with?
A: Italy', '
Q: Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?
A: Mussolini', '
Q: What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?
A: the Warsaw Pact']
Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does EU stand for?
A: European Union', '
Q: What was the European Union tasked with managing?
A: market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism', '
Q: When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?
A: 1989', '
Q: When did the USSR dissolve?
A: 1991', '
Q: In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?
A: 2013']
The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?
A: Romance languages', '
Q: What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?
A: Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican', '
Q: Where can people who speak Catalan be found?
A: eastern Spain', '
Q: What language is spoken in northwest Spain?
A: Galician', '
Q: How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?
A: over 40 million']
The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another term for Greek?
A: Hellenic', '
Q: Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?
A: Cyprus']
Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language is used in Macedonia?
A: Macedonian', '
Q: What do people speak in Bulgaria?
A: Bulgarian', '
Q: Slovene is a major language in what country?
A: Slovenia']
English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?
A: English', '
Q: Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?
A: Spanish', '
Q: Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?
A: Maltese']
There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?
A: Albanian', '
Q: What type of language is Maltese?
A: Semitic', '
Q: Where is Basque Country located?
A: northern Spain and southwestern France']
The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?
A: Christianity', '
Q: When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?
A: 380 AD', '
Q: What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?
A: Roman Catholic', '
Q: Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?
A: Greek Orthodox']
For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?
A: regions', "
Q: What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?
A: statistical convenience", '
Q: What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region?
A: sub-regions']