romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The state government left Philadelphia in 1799, and the federal government was moved to Washington, DC in 1800 with completion of the White House and Capitol. The city remained the young nation's largest with a population of nearly 50,000 at the turn of the 19th century; it was a financial and cultural center. Before 1800, its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the country, and the first black Episcopal Church. The free black community also established many schools for its children, with the help of Quakers. New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population, but with the construction of roads, canals, and railroads, Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the US government leave Philadelphia for D.C.?
A: 1799', '
Q: What religion did the black community found?
A: African Methodist Episcopal Church', '
Q: Which city surpassed the population of Philadelphia?
A: New York City', '
Q: What type of economy did Philadelphia have?
A: industrial']
Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia had a variety of industries and businesses, the largest being textiles. Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the Baldwin Locomotive Works, William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Industry, along with the U.S. Centennial, was celebrated in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition, the first official World's Fair in the United States. Immigrants, mostly Irish and German, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854, which extended the city limits of Philadelphia from the 2 square miles of present-day Center City to the roughly 130 square miles of Philadelphia County.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Philadelphia's biggest industry during the 19th century?
A: textiles", "
Q: When was the first World's Fair?
A: 1876", '
Q: Which were the two biggest immigrant groups in Philadelphia?
A: Irish and German', '
Q: What is the size in square miles today?
A: 130 square miles']
These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of South Street, and was later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of Catholic churches and schools, and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic Nativist riots had erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. In the latter half of the century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe and Italy; and African Americans from the southern U.S. settled in the city. Between 1880 and 1930, the African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559. Twentieth-century black newcomers were part of the Great Migration out of the rural South to northern and midwestern industrial cities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who carried out the first strike in North America?
A: immigrants', '
Q: When did the strike take place?
A: 1835', '
Q: What did the strikers achieve?
A: ten-hour workday', '
Q: Why did so many Irish immigrants come to Philadelphia?
A: the Great Famine', '
Q: When did the black population explode?
A: Between 1880 and 1930']
By the 20th century, Philadelphia had become known as "corrupt and contented", with a complacent population and an entrenched Republican political machine. The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election-year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the Philadelphia City Council from two houses to just one. In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot of ethnic whites against blacks during Red Summer, in post-World War I unrest, as recent immigrants competed with blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of Prohibition laws, mob violence, and police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brigadier General Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety, but political pressure prevented any long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which political party controlled Philadelphia in the early 20th century?
A: Republican', '
Q: What phrase could describe Philadelphia of the early 20th century?
A: corrupt and contented', '
Q: When did the first major political reform occur?
A: 1917']
In 1940, non-Hispanic whites constituted 86.8% of the city's population. The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry, which led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization had been drawing off many of the wealthier residents to outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century, with much of the development in the Center City and University City areas of the city. After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to more aggressively market itself as a tourist destination. Glass-and-granite skyscrapers were built in Center City. Historic areas such as Independence National Historical Park located in Old City and Society Hill were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s. They are now among the most desirable living areas of Center City. This has slowed the city's 40-year population decline after it lost nearly one-quarter of its population.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was the peak of Philadelphia's population?
A: 1950", '
Q: Why did the population decline after this time?
A: the loss of many middle-class union jobs', '
Q: What is the main driver of the economy now?
A: service businesses', '
Q: How much of the population left after 1950?
A: one-quarter', '
Q: What is another large industry?
A: a tourist destination']
Philadelphia's central city was created in the 17th century following the plan by William Penn's surveyor Thomas Holme. Center City is structured with long straight streets running east-west and north-south forming a grid pattern. The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire. The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers served as early boundaries between which the city's early street plan was kept within. In addition, Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824 (in parenthesis): Centre Square, North East Publick Square (Franklin Square), Northwest Square (Logan Square), Southwest Square (Rittenhouse Square), and Southeast Square (Washington Square). Center City has grown into the second-most populated downtown area in the United States, after Midtown Manhattan in New York City, with an estimated 183,240 residents in 2015.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who planned the central city?
A: Thomas Holme', '
Q: Which rivers run through the city?
A: The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers', '
Q: How many public parks did Penn plan?
A: five', '
Q: How many live in the central area today?
A: 183,240']
The City Planning Commission, tasked with guiding growth and development of the city, has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan. Much of the city's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007–2012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors John F. Street and Michael Nutter. The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning mapping that would streamline future community preferences and development, which the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs to be added to Philadelphia in 2035.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many planning districts make up Philadelphia?
A: 18', '
Q: When was the 1980 zoning code revamped?
A: 2007–2012', '
Q: Which two mayors accomplished the zoning code revamp?
A: John F. Street and Michael Nutter']
In the first decades of the 19th century, Federal architecture and Greek Revival architecture were dominated by Philadelphia architects such as Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan. Frank Furness is considered Philadelphia's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century, but his contemporaries included John McArthur, Jr., Addison Hutton, Wilson Eyre, the Wilson Brothers, and Horace Trumbauer. In 1871, construction began on the Second Empire-style Philadelphia City Hall. The Philadelphia Historical Commission was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city. The commission maintains the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places, adding historic buildings, structures, sites, objects and districts as it sees fit.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Name 6 important Philadelphia architects?
A: Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan', "
Q: Who is Philadelphia's greatest architect of the later 19th century?
A: Frank Furness", '
Q: When did building begin on the Philadelphia CIty Hall?
A: 1871', '
Q: What commission was created in 1955?
A: Philadelphia Historical Commission', '
Q: What does this commission control?
A: Philadelphia Register of Historic Places']
The 548 ft (167 m) City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when One Liberty Place was constructed. Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Philadelphia's Center City from the late 1980s onwards. In 2007, the Comcast Center surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city's tallest building. The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center is under construction in Center City and is planned to reach a height of 1,121 feet (342 meters); upon completion, the tower is expected to be the tallest skyscraper in the United States outside of New York City and Chicago.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How tall is the City Hall?
A: 548 ft', '
Q: What is the tallest building?
A: Comcast Center', '
Q: Which building under construction will surpass Comcast Center?
A: Comcast Innovation and Technology Center']
For much of Philadelphia's history, the typical home has been the row house. The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and, for a time, row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as "Philadelphia rows". A variety of row houses are found throughout the city, from Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia. While newer homes are scattered throughout the city, much of the housing is from the early 20th century or older. The great age of the homes has created numerous problems, including blight and vacant lots in many parts of the city, while other neighborhoods such as Society Hill, which has the largest concentration of 18th-century architecture in the United States, have been rehabilitated and gentrified.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the dominant type of house in Philadelphia?
A: row house', '
Q: What are row houses called outside of Philadelphia?
A: Philadelphia rows', '
Q: How old is most of the housing in Philadelphia?
A: early 20th century or older', '
Q: Name a type of row house in the city?
A: Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia', '
Q: Which neighborhood has the oldest housing in America?
A: Society Hill']
Under the Köppen climate classification, Philadelphia falls in the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa). Summers are typically hot and muggy, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold. Snowfall is highly variable, with some winters bringing only light snow and others bringing several major snowstorms, with the normal seasonal snowfall standing at 22.4 in (57 cm); snow in November or April is rare, and a sustained snow cover is rare. Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to twelve wet days per month, at an average annual rate of 41.5 inches (1,050 mm), but historically ranging from 29.31 in (744 mm) in 1922 to 64.33 in (1,634 mm) in 2011. The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28, 2013, when 8.02 in (204 mm) fell at Philadelphia International Airport.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What climate zone does Philadelphia fall under?
A: humid subtropical climate zone', '
Q: What is the summer weather like?
A: hot and muggy', '
Q: What is the normal snowfall?
A: 22.4 in', '
Q: How much rain does Philly get on average?
A: 41.5 inches', '
Q: What is the most rain in one day?
A: 8.02 in']
The January daily average is 33.0 °F (0.6 °C), though, in a normal winter, the temperature frequently rises to 50 °F (10 °C) during thaws and dips to 10 °F (−12 °C) for 2 or 3 nights. July averages 78.1 °F (25.6 °C), although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent; highs reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 27 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2, allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry; February's average of 2.64 inches (67 mm) makes it the area's driest month. The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 °F (15 °C) to 64.5 °F (18 °C).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the average January temp?
A: 33.0 °F', '
Q: What is the July average temp?
A: 78.1 °F', '
Q: What is the average time for freezing temps?
A: November 6 thru April 2', '
Q: How long does the grow season last on average?
A: 217', '
Q: Which month is the driest?
A: February']
According to the 2014 United States Census estimates, there were 1,560,297 people residing in the City of Philadelphia, representing a 2.2% increase since 2010. From the 1960s up until 2006, the city's population declined year after year. It eventually reached a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again. Since 2006, Philadelphia added 71,587 residents in eight years. A study done by the city projected that the population would increase to about 1,630,000 residents by 2035, an increase of about 100,000 from 2010.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the 2014 population?
A: 1,560,297', "
Q: When was the low point in Philadelphia's population?
A: 2006", '
Q: How much is the population predicted to grow by 2035?
A: 100,000']
In comparison, the 2010 Census Redistricting Data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 661,839 (43.4%) African American, 626,221 (41.0%) White, 6,996 (0.5%) Native American, 96,405 (6.3%) Asian (2.0% Chinese, 1.2% Indian, 0.9% Vietnamese, 0.6% Cambodian, 0.4% Korean, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.1% Indonesian), 744 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 90,731 (5.9%) from other races, and 43,070 (2.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 187,611 persons (12.3%); 8.0% of Philadelphia is Puerto Rican, 1.0% Dominican, 1.0% Mexican, 0.3% Cuban, and 0.3% Colombian. The racial breakdown of Philadelphia's Hispanic/Latino population was 63,636 (33.9%) White, 17,552 (9.4%) African American, 3,498 (1.9%) Native American, 884 (0.47%) Asian, 287 (0.15%) Pacific Islander, 86,626 (46.2%) from other races, and 15,128 (8.1%) from two or more races. The five largest European ancestries reported in the 2010 United States Census Census included Irish (12.5%), Italian (8.4%), German (8.1%), Polish (3.6%), and English (3.0%).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the percent of blacks?
A: 43.4%', '
Q: What is the percent of whites?
A: 41.0%', '
Q: What is the hispanic make-up of the population?
A: 12.3%', '
Q: What is the largest European ancestry?
A: Irish (12.5%)']
The average population density was 11,457 people per square mile (4,405.4/km²). The Census reported that 1,468,623 people (96.2% of the population) lived in households, 38,007 (2.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 19,376 (1.3%) were institutionalized. In 2013, the city reported having 668,247 total housing units, down slightly from 670,171 housing units in 2010. As of 2013[update], 87 percent of housing units were occupied, while 13 percent were vacant, a slight change from 2010 where 89.5 percent of units were occupied, or 599,736 and 10.5 percent were vacant, or 70,435. Of the city's residents, 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available, as of 2013[update].

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the density?
A: 11,457 people per square mile', '
Q: How many houses or apartments were there in 2010?
A: 670,171', '
Q: What percent are vacant as of 2013?
A: 13 percent', "
Q: What percent don't own cars?
A: 32", '
Q: What percent own 2 or more cars?
A: 23']
In 2010, 24.9 percent of households reported having children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.3 percent were married couples living together and 22.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0 percent had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.2 percent were non-families. The city reported 34.1 percent of all households were made up of individuals while 10.5 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.20. In 2013, the percentage of women who gave birth in the previous 12 months who were unmarried was 56 percent. Of Philadelphia's adults, 31 percent were married or lived as a couple, 55 percent were not married, 11 percent were divorced or separated, and 3 percent were widowed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At the last census how many households had children under 18 in them?
A: 24.9 percent', '
Q: What percent were non-family households?
A: 43.2', '
Q: What is the size of the average household?
A: 2.45', '
Q: Percentage of unwed births?
A: 56']
According to the Census Bureau, the median household income in 2013 was $36,836, down 7.9 percent from 2008 when the median household income was $40,008 (in 2013 dollars). For comparison, the median household income among metropolitan areas was $60,482, down 8.2 percent in the same period, and the national median household income was $55,250, down 7.0 percent from 2008. The city's wealth disparity is evident when neighborhoods are compared. Residents in Society Hill had a median household income of $93,720 while residents in one of North Philadelphia's districts reported the lowest median household income, $14,185.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the median household income in 2013?
A: $36,836', '
Q: What is the name of a wealthy neighborhood?
A: Society Hill', '
Q: What is the lowest median income in Philadelphia?
A: $14,185']
During the last decade, Philadelphia experienced a large shift in its age profile. In 2000, the city's population pyramid had a largely stationary shape. In 2013, the city took on an expansive pyramid shape, with an increase in the three millennial age groups, 20 to 24, 25 to 29, and 30 to 34. The city's 25- to 29-year-old age group was the city's largest age cohort. According to the 2010 Census, 343,837 (22.5%) were under the age of 18; 203,697 (13.3%) from 18 to 25; 434,385 (28.5%) from 25 to 44; 358,778 (23.5%) from 45 to 64; and 185,309 (12.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.5 years. For every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males. The city had 22,018 births in 2013, down from a peak 23,689 births in 2008. Philadelphia's death rate was at its lowest in at least a half-century, 13,691 deaths in 2013. Another factor attributing to the population increase is Philadelphia's immigration rate. In 2013, 12.7 percent of residents were foreign-born, just shy of the national average, 13.1 percent.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is the city's largest age group?
A: 25- to 29-year-old", '
Q: How many people at the last census were under 18?
A: 343,837', "
Q: How many baby's were there in 2013?
A: 22,018", '
Q: How many deaths were there in 2013?
A: 13,691']
Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks are the largest ethnic European groups in the city. Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States, after New York City. South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market. The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray's Ferry section of South Philadelphia, home to many Mummer clubs, are well known as Irish neighborhoods. The Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. Northeast Philadelphia, although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population. Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community, while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant stronghold.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Name the six largest European ethnic groups in the city?
A: Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks', '
Q: Which city has the largest Irish and Italian populations?
A: New York City', '
Q: What area of the city has a large Italian neighborhood?
A: South Philadelphia', '
Q: Which three areas are high in Irish and Polish?
A: Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown', '
Q: Which part of the city has a large Jewish area?
A: Mount Airy']
There has also been an increase of yuppie, bohemian, and hipster types particularly around Center City, the neighborhood of Northern Liberties, and in the neighborhoods around the city's universities, such as near Temple in North Philadelphia and particularly near Drexel and University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Philadelphia is also home to a significant gay and lesbian population. Philadelphia's Gayborhood, which is located near Washington Square, is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses, restaurants, and bars.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Name three sub-cultures in the Center City?
A: yuppie, bohemian, and hipster', '
Q: What is the name of the gay district?
A: Gayborhood', '
Q: Name a University located in the city?
A: Drexel and University of Pennsylvania']
As of 2010[update], 79.12% (1,112,441) of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 9.72% (136,688) spoke Spanish, 1.64% (23,075) Chinese, 0.89% (12,499) Vietnamese, 0.77% (10,885) Russian, 0.66% (9,240) French, 0.61% (8,639) other Asian languages, 0.58% (8,217) African languages, 0.56% (7,933) Cambodian (Mon-Khmer), and Italian was spoken as a main language by 0.55% (7,773) of the population over the age of five. In total, 20.88% (293,544) of Philadelphia's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percent of 5 year olds or older speak English?
A: 79.12%', '
Q: What percent of 5 year olds or older speak Spanish?
A: 9.72%', "
Q: What is the total over 5's that speak another language than English?
A: 20.88%"]