romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and, later, nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with barracks pulled down in the 1960s, however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?
A: Ark Royal', '
Q: By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?
A: 1971', '
Q: What military unit is based in Plymouth?
A: 42 Commando of the Royal Marines']
The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?
A: Domesday Book', '
Q: In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?
A: 1086', '
Q: What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?
A: Sudtone', '
Q: In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?
A: 1254', '
Q: In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?
A: 1439']
In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament?
A: Nancy Astor', '
Q: For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected?
A: Plymouth Sutton', '
Q: On what date did Plymouth become a city?
A: 18 October 1928', '
Q: In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor?
A: 1935', '
Q: What parish was incorporated into Plymouth in 1967?
A: Plymstock']
In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent?
A: Plymouth Devonport', '
Q: What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government?
A: Secretary of State for Education', '
Q: What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to?
A: 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act', '
Q: What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?
A: Labour', '
Q: In what town was Michael Foot born?
A: Plymouth']
The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the population of Plymouth in 1971?
A: 250,000', '
Q: What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?
A: 1971 Local Government White Paper', '
Q: What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?
A: Tamarside', "
Q: On what date did Plymouth's county status end?
A: 1 April 1974", '
Q: What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?
A: the Banham Commission']
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?
A: South West England', '
Q: Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?
A: Gary Streeter', "
Q: As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?
A: Conservative", '
Q: What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?
A: Moor View']
The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following "fourth" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total electorate for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Labour administration. Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with: Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebastián, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors?
A: three', '
Q: How many members are on the Plymouth council?
A: 57', '
Q: What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year?
A: a third', '
Q: With what French city is Plymouth twinned?
A: Brest', '
Q: In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States?
A: 2001']
Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015–16.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?
A: King George V', '
Q: How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?
A: six', '
Q: What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?
A: the Lord Mayor', '
Q: Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?
A: Dr John Mahony']
The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: At what street address is the Lord Mayor's residence located?
A: 3 Elliot Terrace", "
Q: Who gave the Lord Mayor's official residence to Plymouth?
A: Lady Astor", '
Q: On what street is the Civic Centre office building located?
A: Armada Way', '
Q: In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?
A: June 2007', '
Q: What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be?
A: £40m']
Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What river is to the west of Plymouth?
A: River Tamar', '
Q: To the east of Plymouth lies which river?
A: River Plym', '
Q: The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?
A: Cornwall', '
Q: In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?
A: Plymouth Sound', '
Q: When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?
A: 1967']
The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?
A: Cattewater', '
Q: When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?
A: 1814', "
Q: What island is present in Plymouth Sound?
A: Drake's Island", '
Q: How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles?
A: 30.83', '
Q: In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?
A: 155']
Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?
A: Site of Special Scientific Interest', '
Q: What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound?
A: Lower Devonian slates', '
Q: Along with Devonian slate, Middle Devonian limestone and limestone, what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth?
A: granite', '
Q: Along with shales, what is most of the city built on?
A: Upper Devonian slates', '
Q: For what reason is Plymouth Sound a Site of Special Scientific Interest?
A: its geology']
A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?
A: Cremyll', '
Q: What location north of the city possesses granite?
A: Dartmoor', '
Q: What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?
A: Tamar', '
Q: Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?
A: Cattedown', '
Q: What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?
A: limestone']
On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east–west linked by a north–south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential. In suburban areas, post-War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951–57 according to the Modernist zoned low-density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie. By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft). Its largest park is Central Park, with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what date was the publication of the Plan for Plymouth?
A: 27 April 1944', '
Q: Who wrote the Plan for Plymouth?
A: Sir Patrick Abercrombie', '
Q: What street was intended to connect Plymouth Hoe to the railroad station?
A: Armada Way', "
Q: Who headed the team that created the 'Vision for Plymouth'?
A: David MacKay", '
Q: How many parks exist in Plymouth?
A: 28']
Along with the rest of South West England, Plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. This means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown. The annual mean temperature is approximately 11 °C (52 °F). Due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the UK. As a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant, but as a contrast the coldest month of February has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 °C (37 and 39 °F). Snow is rare, not usually equating to more than a few flakes, but there have been exclusions, namely the European winter storms of 2009-10 which, in early January, covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow; more on higher ground. Another period of notable snow occurred from 17–19 December 2010 when up to 8 inches (20 cm) of snow fell through the period – though only 2 inches (5.1 cm) would lie at any one time due to melt. Over the 1961–1990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm (3 in) per year. July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 °C (66 °F).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Köppen climate classification does Plymouth possess?
A: temperate oceanic', "
Q: In degrees Fahrenheit, what is Plymouth's annual mean temperature?
A: 52", '
Q: What month in Plymouth has the lowest temperatures?
A: February', '
Q: Up to how many centimeters of snow fell on Plymouth between 17 and 19 December 2010?
A: 20', '
Q: Along with August, what is typically the hottest month in Plymouth?
A: July']
Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in). November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with convection, what provokes rain in the Plymouth area?
A: Atlantic depressions', '
Q: Along with winter, in what season are Atlantic depressions most prevalent?
A: autumn', '
Q: About how many inches of rain fall on Plymouth every year?
A: 39', '
Q: Along with March, what month has the fastest winds on average?
A: November', '
Q: From what direction do most of the winds blow on Plymouth?
A: south-west']
South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year?
A: over 1,600', '
Q: What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area?
A: South West England']
Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971–2000) will achieve a temperature of 26.6 °C (80 °F), although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 °C (89 °F), the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77 °F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to −4.1 °C (25 °F) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to −8.8 °C (16 °F). Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In degrees Fahrenheit, what was the highest temperature achieved in Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?
A: 89', '
Q: In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000?
A: June 1976', '
Q: About how many days a year in Plymouth are over 77 °F?
A: 4.25', '
Q: In degrees Celsius, what was the coldest temperature recorded at Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?
A: −8.8 °C', '
Q: In what month and year did Plymouth see its lowest temperature between 1971 and 2000?
A: January 1979']
The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 (22nd largest in the UK out of 165). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around £160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It has courses in maritime business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics. The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine. Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many students are studying at the University of Plymouth?
A: 25,895', '
Q: Where does the University of Plymouth rank among British institutions of higher education in terms of number of enrolled students?
A: 22nd', '
Q: How many staff members work for the University of Plymouth?
A: 3,000', '
Q: About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total?
A: £160 million', '
Q: In what year was the University of Plymouth established?
A: 1992']
The University of St Mark & St John (known as "Marjon" or "Marjons") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What institution of higher  education is colloquially known as Marjons?
A: The University of St Mark & St John', '
Q: What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John?
A: teacher training']
The city is also home to two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with City College Plymouth, what college calls Plymouth home?
A: Plymouth College of Art', '
Q: About how many students are enrolled at City College Plymouth?
A: 26,000', '
Q: How many years ago was Plymouth College of Art founded?
A: 153', '
Q: How many independent art colleges exist in the United Kingdom?
A: four', '
Q: How many large colleges exist in Plymouth?
A: two']
Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many state primary schools are in Plymouth?
A: 71', '
Q: Plymouth has how many state secondary schools?
A: 13', '
Q: How many state grammar schools are based in Plymouth?
A: three', '
Q: What is the name of the independent school in Plymouth?
A: Plymouth College', '
Q: Aside from Plymouth High School for Girls and Devonport High School for Boys, what state grammar school is present in Plymouth?
A: Devonport High School for Girls']
The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880?
A: the Royal Naval Engineering College', '
Q: When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?
A: 1910', '
Q: What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959?
A: Dockyard Technical College', '
Q: In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?
A: 1994', '
Q: After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?
A: University of Southampton']
Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?
A: Marine Biological Association', '
Q: What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?
A: Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences', '
Q: What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?
A: Marine Institute', "
Q: What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?
A: Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership", '
Q: What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?
A: National Marine Aquarium']