romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel's Pentium, and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer. Even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh (later renamed the PowerMac, in line with the PowerBook series) line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced?
A: expensive', '
Q: Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market?
A: education and desktop publishing', "
Q: Which platform, when improved in the 1990's, took market share from Macintosh?
A: Wintel", "
Q: What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990's?
A: performance", '
Q: Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1994, leaving Apple in 3rd place?
A: Compaq']
Smith's first Macintosh board was built to Raskin's design specifications: it had 64 kilobytes (kB) of RAM, used the Motorola 6809E microprocessor, and was capable of supporting a 256×256-pixel black-and-white bitmap display. Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team, was interested in running the Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh, and asked Smith whether he could incorporate the Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Mac while still keeping the production cost down. By December 1980, Smith had succeeded in designing a board that not only used the 68000, but increased its speed from 5 MHz to 8 MHz; this board also had the capacity to support a 384×256-pixel display. Smith's design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which made production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. The final Mac design was self-contained and had the complete QuickDraw picture language and interpreter in 64 kB of ROM – far more than most other computers; it had 128 kB of RAM, in the form of sixteen 64 kilobit (kb) RAM chips soldered to the logicboard. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 kB by means of soldering sixteen IC sockets to accept 256 kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final product's screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, exceeding the size of the planned screen.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much RAM did the first Maciuntosh board have?
A: 64 kilobytes (kB)', "
Q: Whose idea was it to run Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh?
A: Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team", "
Q: What did Tribble first incorporate into the Mac?
A: Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor", '
Q: Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board more cost-efficient?
A: fewer RAM chips than the Lisa', '
Q: What feature was missing from the final Mac design produced by Smith?
A: memory slots']
Apple spent $2.5 million purchasing all 39 advertising pages in a special, post-election issue of Newsweek, and ran a "Test Drive a Macintosh" promotion, in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. While 200,000 people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad condition that they could no longer be sold. This marketing campaign caused CEO John Sculley to raise the price from US$1,995 to US$2,495 (about $5,200 when adjusted for inflation in 2010). The computer sold well, nonetheless, reportedly outselling the IBM PCjr which also began shipping early that year. By April 1984 the company sold 50,000 Macintoshes, and hoped for 70,000 by early May and almost 250,000 by the end of the year.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How much did Apple spend to advertise in a special post-election issue of Newsweek?
A: $2.5 million', '
Q: What was the name of the big promotion Apple ran in the special edition of Newsweek?
A: "Test Drive a Macintosh"', '
Q: What did Apple allow potential buyers to take home and try for 24 hours?
A: a Macintosh', '
Q: How were many computers returned during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion that made them unsellable?
A: a bad condition', '
Q: Who was the CEO of Apple during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion?
A: John Sculley']
Apple released the Macintosh Plus on January 10, 1986, for a price of US$2,600. It offered one megabyte of RAM, easily expandable to four megabytes by the use of socketed RAM boards. It also featured a SCSI parallel interface, allowing up to seven peripherals—such as hard drives and scanners—to be attached to the machine. Its floppy drive was increased to an 800 kB capacity. The Mac Plus was an immediate success and remained in production, unchanged, until October 15, 1990; on sale for just over four years and ten months, it was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history. In September 1986, Apple introduced the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop, or MPW, an application that allowed software developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh, rather than cross compiling from a Lisa. In August 1987, Apple unveiled HyperCard and MultiFinder, which added cooperative multitasking to the Macintosh. Apple began bundling both with every Macintosh.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?
A: The Mac Plus", '
Q: How long did the Mac Plus remain in production, unchanged?
A: just over four years and ten months', "
Q: In 1986, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?
A: Macintosh Programmer's Workshop", "
Q: What did Apple's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?
A: cooperative multitasking", '
Q: After their unveiling in 1987, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?
A: HyperCard and MultiFinder']
With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by the Macintosh IIcx, a more compact version with fewer slots  and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030, the Macintosh SE/30. Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean." This allowed it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had "32-bit dirty" ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing. The following year, the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs (6502s) dedicated to I/O processing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?
A: the Macintosh IIx', '
Q: What was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean"?
A: the Macintosh IIci', '
Q: What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?
A: US$9,900', "
Q: How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?
A: two", '
Q: How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?
A: 40 MHz']
As for Mac OS, System 7 was a 32-bit rewrite from Pascal to C++ that introduced virtual memory and improved the handling of color graphics, as well as memory addressing, networking, and co-operative multitasking. Also during this time, the Macintosh began to shed the "Snow White" design language, along with the expensive consulting fees they were paying to Frogdesign. Apple instead brought the design work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group, becoming responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which Mac is known for improving the handling of color graphics?
A: Mac OS, System 7', '
Q: Who did Apple pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?
A: Frogdesign', "
Q: What was established for bringing Apple's design work in-house?
A: the Apple Industrial Design Group", '
Q: Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products?
A: Apple Industrial Design Group', '
Q: How did the Mac System 7 improve multitasking?
A: co-operative multitasking']
When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company's purchase of NeXT, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax; Umax, who produced the SuperMac; and Power Computing, who offered several lines of Mac clones, including the PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro. These companies had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware. Apple bought out Power Computing's license, but allowed Umax to continue selling Mac clones until their license expired, as they had a sizeable presence in the lower-end segment that Apple did not. In September 1997 Apple extended Umax' license allowing them to sell clones with Mac OS 8, the only clone maker to do so, but with the restriction that they only sell low-end systems. Without the higher profit margins of high-end systems, however, Umax judged this would not be profitable and exited the Mac clone market in May 1998, having lost USD$36 million on the program.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who returned to Apple in 1997?
A: Steve Jobs', '
Q: What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as?
A: Mac OS 8', '
Q: What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end?
A: the clone line', "
Q: What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?
A: significant financial losses", '
Q: How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market?
A: USD$36 million']
Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2, including retrofits such as the addition of a nanokernel and support for Multiprocessing Services 2.0 in Mac OS 8.6, though its dated architecture made replacement necessary. Initially developed in the Pascal programming language, it was substantially rewritten in C++ for System 7. From its beginnings on an 8 MHz machine with 128 KB of RAM, it had grown to support Apple's latest 1 GHz G4-equipped Macs. Since its architecture was laid down, features that were already common on Apple's competition, like preemptive multitasking and protected memory, had become feasible on the kind of hardware Apple manufactured. As such, Apple introduced Mac OS X, a fully overhauled Unix-based successor to Mac OS 9. OS X uses Darwin, XNU, and Mach as foundations, and is based on NeXTSTEP. It was released to the public in September 2000, as the Mac OS X Public Beta, featuring a revamped user interface called "Aqua". At US$29.99, it allowed adventurous Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release. The initial version of Mac OS X, 10.0 "Cheetah", was released on March 24, 2001. Older Mac OS applications could still run under early Mac OS X versions, using an environment called "Classic". Subsequent releases of Mac OS X included 10.1 "Puma" (2001), 10.2 "Jaguar" (2002), 10.3 "Panther" (2003) and 10.4 "Tiger" (2005).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did dated architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?
A: replacement', '
Q: What programming language was the Mac OS initially developed in?
A: Pascal', '
Q: What language replaced Pascal for System 7?
A: C++', '
Q: What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 9?
A: Mac OS X', "
Q: Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?
A: Aqua"]
The current Mac product family uses Intel x86-64 processors. Apple introduced an emulator during the transition from PowerPC chips (called Rosetta), much as it did during the transition from Motorola 68000 architecture a decade earlier. The Macintosh is the only mainstream computer platform to have successfully transitioned to a new CPU architecture, and has done so twice. All current Mac models ship with at least 8 GB of RAM as standard other than the 1.4 GHz Mac Mini, MacBook Pro (without Retina Display), and MacBook Air. Current Mac computers use ATI Radeon or nVidia GeForce graphics cards as well as Intel graphics built into the main CPU. All current Macs (except for the MacBook Pro without Retina Display) do not ship with an optical media drive that includes a dual-function DVD/CD burner. Apple refers to this as a SuperDrive. Current Macs include two standard data transfer ports: USB and Thunderbolt (except for the MacBook (2015 version), which only has a USB-C port and headphone port). MacBook Pro, iMac, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini computers now also feature the "Thunderbolt" port, which Apple says can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second. USB was introduced in the 1998 iMac G3 and is ubiquitous today, while FireWire is mainly reserved for high-performance devices such as hard drives or video cameras. Starting with the then-new iMac G5, released in October 2005, Apple started to include built-in iSight cameras on appropriate models, and a media center interface called Front Row that can be operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer. Front Row has been discontinued as of 2011, however, and the Apple Remote is no longer bundled with new Macs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the only mainstream computer platform to successfully transition to a new CPU architecture?
A: Macintosh', '
Q: What is the standard amount of RAM included with almost all current Mac models?
A: 8 GB', '
Q: Which MacBook Pro port can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second?
A: Thunderbolt', '
Q: When was the iMac G5 released?
A: October 2005', '
Q: Which interface did Apple introduce that was capable of being operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer?
A: Front Row', '
Q: What is the standard amount of RAM shipped with most Mac models?
A: 8 GB', '
Q: What processors are used by the current Mac product family?
A: Intel x86-64', '
Q: How many data transfer ports are included in most current Macs?
A: two', '
Q: According to Apple, how fast can the Thunderbolt port transfer data?
A: up to 10 gigabits per second.']
Originally, the hardware architecture was so closely tied to the Mac OS operating system that it was impossible to boot an alternative operating system. The most common workaround, is to boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application. Used even by Apple for A/UX and MkLinux, this technique is no longer necessary since the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs, though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation.[citation needed] Now, Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware in most PowerPC-based Macs or EFI in all Intel-based Macs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac OS?
A: boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application', '
Q: What was introduced that made using Mac OS alternative operating systems easier?
A: Open Firmware-based PCI Macs', '
Q: What were Open Firmware-based PCI Macs used as a convenience because of?
A: bugs in the firmware implementation', '
Q: Where does Mac hardware boot directly to in all Intel-based Macs?
A: EFI', '
Q: Where does Mac harware boot directly to in most PowerPC-based Macs?
A: Open Firmware']
In 1982, Regis McKenna was brought in to shape the marketing and launch of the Macintosh. Later the Regis McKenna team grew to include Jane Anderson, Katie Cadigan and Andy Cunningham, who eventually led the Apple account for the agency. Cunningham and Anderson were the primary authors of the Macintosh launch plan. The launch of the Macintosh pioneered many different tactics that are used today in launching technology products, including the "multiple exclusive," event marketing (credited to John Sculley, who brought the concept over from Pepsi), creating a mystique around a product and giving an inside look into a product's creation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was brought in to shape the marketing of Macintosh in 1982?
A: Regis McKenna', '
Q: What role did Andy Cunningham and Jane Anderson have in the Macintosh launch plan?
A: primary authors', '
Q: Who introduced the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept to Apple?
A: John Sculley', '
Q: Which company first used the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept?
A: Pepsi', '
Q: What did the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept create around a product?
A: a mystique']
Compaq, who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s, initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end, overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place. Apple's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system, which unified Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. Windows 95 significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought the capabilities of Windows to parity with the Mac OS GUI.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1994?
A: Compaq', '
Q: Who did Compaq overtake in the price war of 1994?
A: IBM', "
Q: What happened to Apple's market share with the release of Windows 95?
A: struggled", "
Q: What unified Microsoft's MS-DOS and Windows products?
A: Windows 95", '
Q: What significantly enhanced the multimedia capability of IBM PC compatible computers?
A: Windows 95']
Statistics from late 2003 indicate that Apple had 2.06 percent of the desktop share in the United States that had increased to 2.88 percent by Q4 2004. As of October 2006, research firms IDC and Gartner reported that Apple's market share in the U.S. had increased to about 6 percent. Figures from December 2006, showing a market share around 6 percent (IDC) and 6.1 percent (Gartner) are based on a more than 30 percent increase in unit sale from 2005 to 2006. The installed base of Mac computers is hard to determine, with numbers ranging from 5% (estimated in 2009) to 16% (estimated in 2005).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2003?
A: 2.06', '
Q: Who are IDC and Gartner?
A: research firms', "
Q: What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2006?
A: 6.1 percent", '
Q: What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006?
A: 30', '
Q: What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2009?
A: 16%']
The Macintosh SE was released at the same time as the Macintosh II for $2900 (or $3900 with hard drive), as the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot. The SE's expansion slot was located inside the case along with the CRT, potentially exposing an upgrader to high voltage. For this reason, Apple recommended users bring their SE to an authorized Apple dealer to have upgrades performed. The SE also updated Jerry Manock and Terry Oyama's original design and shared the Macintosh II's Snow White design language, as well as the new Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) mouse and keyboard that had first appeared on the Apple IIGS some months earlier.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Macintosh SE released at the same time as?
A: the Macintosh II', '
Q: What was the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?
A: The Macintosh SE', '
Q: What was the starting price of the Macintosh SE?
A: $2900', "
Q: What did the location of the SE's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to?
A: high voltage", "
Q: Who did Apple suggest users go to for performing updates on their SE's?
A: an authorized Apple dealer"]
In recent years, Apple has seen a significant boost in sales of Macs. This has been attributed, in part, to the success of the iPod and the iPhone, a halo effect whereby satisfied iPod or iPhone owners purchase more Apple products, and Apple has since capitalized on that with the iCloud cloud service that allows users to seamlessly sync data between these devices and Macs. Nonetheless, like other personal computer manufacturers, the Macintosh lines have been hurt by consumer trend towards smartphones and tablet computers (particularly Apple's own iPhone and iPad, respectively) as the computing devices of choice among consumers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is partially credited for the significant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?
A: the success of the iPod and the iPhone', '
Q: What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a Mac?
A: iCloud cloud service', '
Q: What consumer trend has hurt many personal computer manufacturers?
A: smartphones and tablet computers', "
Q: Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the most?
A: Apple's own iPhone", '
Q: What are the top two computing devices consumers are choosing?
A: iPhone and iPad']
In response, Apple introduced a range of relatively inexpensive Macs in October 1990. The Macintosh Classic, essentially a less expensive version of the Macintosh SE, was the least expensive Mac offered until early 2001. The 68020-powered Macintosh LC, in its distinctive "pizza box" case, offered color graphics and was accompanied by a new, low-cost 512×384 pixel monitor. The Macintosh IIsi was essentially a 20 MHz IIci with only one expansion slot. All three machines sold well, although Apple's profit margin on them was considerably lower than that on earlier models.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Apple introduce in 1990 to combat competition from smartphones?
A: relatively inexpensive Macs', '
Q: What was the less expensive version of the Macintosh SE that was offered until 2001?
A: The Macintosh Classic', '
Q: Which Macintosh had a distinctive "pizza box" case?
A: LC', '
Q: How many expansion slots did the Macintosh IIsi have?
A: only one', "
Q: How did Apple's profit margin on the lower cost Mac's compare to the profit margin onearlier models?
A: considerably lower"]
Starting in 2006, Apple's industrial design shifted to favor aluminum, which was used in the construction of the first MacBook Pro. Glass was added in 2008 with the introduction of the unibody MacBook Pro. These materials are billed as environmentally friendly. The iMac, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini lines currently all use aluminum enclosures, and are now made of a single unibody. Chief designer Jonathan Ive continues to guide products towards a minimalist and simple feel, including eliminating of replaceable batteries in notebooks. Multi-touch gestures from the iPhone's interface have been applied to the Mac line in the form of touch pads on notebooks and the Magic Mouse and Magic Trackpad for desktops.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Apple begin to favor aluminum in their design?
A: 2006', "
Q: Which Mac used aluminum in it's construction?
A: MacBook Pro", '
Q: Which material did Apple add with the 2008 unibody MacBrook Pro?
A: Glass', '
Q: Are aluminum and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful?
A: environmentally friendly', '
Q: What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in Mac notebooks?
A: replaceable batteries']