romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Lluís Dalmau, Peris Gonçal and Damià Forment. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausiàs March, Roiç de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausiàs March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General ("studium generale", place of general studies).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When were the Serranos Towers constructed?
A: 1392', '
Q: What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?
A: Tirant lo Blanch', '
Q: Who was an early poet to use Valencian?
A: Ausiàs March', '
Q: When was the University of Valencia founded?
A: between 1499 and 1502', "
Q: What was the University of Valencia's original name?
A: Estudio General"]
The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What war took place from 1702-1709?
A: War of Spanish Succession', '
Q: With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?
A: Charles of Austria', '
Q: When did English cavalry enter Valencia?
A: 24 January 1706', '
Q: Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?
A: Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth', '
Q: What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?
A: fortress at Sagunt']
The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, José I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?
A: Moncey', '
Q: When did Valencia surrender to the French?
A: 8 January 1812', '
Q: Who led the successful attack against Valencia?
A: Suchet', '
Q: What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?
A: Battle of Vitoria', "
Q: What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?
A: Valencia"]
The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Kingdom of Aragon, where they constituted a fifth of the population, and the Valencia area specifically, where they were roughly a third of the total population. The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613. The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come. Later, during the so-called Catalan Revolt (1640–1652), Valencia contributed to the cause of Philip IV with militias and money, resulting in a period of further economic hardship exacerbated by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What people group was descended from Muslim converts to Christianity?
A: Moriscos', '
Q: When were the Jews expelled?
A: 1609', '
Q: Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain?
A: North Africa', "
Q: What proportion of the Valencia area's population were the Moriscos?
A: a third", '
Q: When was the Taula de Canvi bankrupted?
A: 1613']
During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops,. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V. Around 1870, the Valencian Renaissance, a movement committed to the revival of the Valencian language and traditions, began to gain ascendancy. In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente, and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart, founder of the still extant cultural society, Lo Rat Penat, which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards?
A: land-owners', '
Q: Who had suppressed the Valencian language?
A: Philip V', '
Q: What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture?
A: Lo Rat Penat', '
Q: What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance?
A: Teodor Llorente', '
Q: Who founded Lo Rat Penat?
A: Constantine Llombart']
During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church, its congregations, and its religious orders were national property—though in Valencia, most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Spain's 18th Prime Minister?
A: Espartero", '
Q: When did Espartero rule?
A: 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841', '
Q: What type of government did Espartero have?
A: progressive', "
Q: Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?
A: local bourgeoisie", '
Q: Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia?
A: General Cabrera']
The Valencia Metro derailment occurred on 3 July 2006 at 1 pm. CEST (1100 UTC) between Jesús and Plaça d'Espanya stations on Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. 43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured. It was not immediately clear what caused the crash. Both the Valencian government spokesman Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá called the accident a "fortuitous" event. However, the trade union CC.OO. accused the authorities of "rushing" to say anything but admit that Line 1 is in a state of "constant deterioration" with a "failure to carry out maintenance".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people died when the Valencia metro derailed?
A: 43', '
Q: When did the Valencia metro derail?
A: 3 July 2006', '
Q: Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous?
A: Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá', '
Q: On which Valencia metro line did the derailment occur?
A: 1', '
Q: How many people were gravely injured by the derailment?
A: more than ten']
During the 20th century Valencia remained the third most populous city of Spain as its population tripled, rising from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000. Valencia was also third in industrial and economic development; notable milestones include urban expansion of the city in the latter 1800s, the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900, construction of the Central and Columbus markets, and the construction of the Gare du Nord railway station, completed in 1921. The new century was marked in Valencia with a major event, the Valencian regional exhibition of 1909 (La Exposición Regional Valenciana de 1909), which emulated the national and universal expositions held in other cities. This production was promoted by the Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia (Mercantile Athenaeum of Valencia), especially by its chairman, Tomás Trénor y Palavicino, and had the support of the Government and the Crown; it was officially inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII himself.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Valencia's population in 2000?
A: 739,014", '
Q: Where did Valencia rank in economic development among Spanish cities in the 1900s?
A: third', '
Q: Where did Valencia rank in size among Spanish cities in the 1900s?
A: third', '
Q: When was the Gare du Nord station finished?
A: 1921', '
Q: When was the Valencian regional exhibition held?
A: 1909']
The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognised by Francisco Franco's government. The Republican government passed to Juan Negrín on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was prime minister in 1936?
A: Manuel Azana', '
Q: What building did the government move to in 1936?
A: Palau de Benicarló', '
Q: How many bomb shelters were built?
A: over two hundred', '
Q: When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?
A: 13 January 1937', '
Q: Where did the government relocate to in 1937?
A: Barcelona']
In March 2012, the newspaper El Mundo published a story according to which FGV had instructed employees who were to testify at the crash commission investigation, providing a set of possible questions and guidelines to prepare the answers. In April 2013, the television program Salvados questioned the official version of the incident as there were indications that the Valencian Government had tried to downplay the accident, which coincided with the visit of the pope to Valencia, or even to hide evidence, as the book of train breakdowns was never found. The day after the broadcast of this report, which received extensive media coverage, several voices called for the reopening of the investigation. The investigation was effectively reopened and the accident is currently under re-examination.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What TV program questioned the official account of the crash?
A: Salvados', '
Q: What happened at the same time as the crash, which may have contributed to the government downplaying it?
A: visit of the pope to Valencia', '
Q: What evidence related to the crash remains missing?
A: book of train breakdowns', '
Q: Which paper published an article that raised questions about the handling of the investigation?
A: El Mundo', "
Q: When did El Mundo's article with information about the crash investigation come out?
A: March 2012"]
In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa María de los Inocentes; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles (4.8 km) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of "Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados". King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved from the bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. In the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was the hospital's patroness?
A: Santa María de los Inocentes", '
Q: What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital?
A: Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados', "
Q: Who placed the chapel's cornerstone?
A: Archbishop Pedro de Urbina", '
Q: What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period?
A: a grain market', '
Q: Who insisted on building the new chapel?
A: Conde de Oropesa']
Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club, Valencia C.F., which won the Spanish league in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won the UEFA Cup), for a total of six times, and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001. The team's stadium is the Mestalla; its city rival Levante UD also plays in the highest division after gaining promotion in 2010, their stadium is Estadi Ciutat de València. From the year 2011 there has been a third team in the city, Huracán Valencia, who play their games in Municipal de Manises, in the Segunda División B.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup?
A: 2004', '
Q: How many times did Valencia C.F. win the Spanish league?
A: six', "
Q: What is Levante UD's stadium?
A: Estadi Ciutat de València", '
Q: In which division does Huracan Valencia play?
A: Segunda División B', '
Q: Where does Huracan Valencia play?
A: Municipal de Manises']
Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. The city is situated on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, fronting the Gulf of Valencia on the Mediterranean Sea. Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, with approximately 169 hectares; this heritage of ancient monuments, views and cultural attractions makes Valencia one of the country's most popular tourist destinations. Major monuments include Valencia Cathedral, the Torres de Serrans, the Torres de Quart, the Llotja de la Seda (declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996), and the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències (City of Arts and Sciences), an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela. The Museu de Belles Arts de València houses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries, including works by Velázquez, El Greco, and Goya, as well as an important series of engravings by Piranesi. The Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Valencian Institute of Modern Art) houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was Valencia's founding?
A: 138 BC", '
Q: On what river is Valencia located?
A: Turia', "
Q: How big is Valencia's historic centre?
A: 169 hectares", "
Q: What Valencian museum has a photography collection?
A: Institut Valencià d'Art Modern", '
Q: What Valencian museum contains pieces by Velazquez and other famous artists?
A: Museu de Belles Arts de València']
Valencia stands on the banks of the Turia River, located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, fronting the Gulf of Valencia. At its founding by the Romans, it stood on a river island in the Turia, 6.4 km (4 mi) from the sea. The Albufera, a freshwater lagoon and estuary about 11 km (7 mi) south of the city, is one of the largest lakes in Spain. The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911, and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). In 1986, because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, the Generalitat Valenciana declared it a natural park.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How far from Valencia is the Albufera?
A: 11 km', "
Q: In what park is the Albufera located?
A: Parc Natural de l'Albufera", '
Q: How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded?
A: 6.4 km', '
Q: Who founded Valencia?
A: Romans', '
Q: From what entity was the Albufera bought?
A: Crown of Spain']
The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits?
A: 809,267", "
Q: How much did Valencia's foreign population rise from 2007 to 2008?
A: 14%", "
Q: Where does Valencia's population rank among EU municipalities?
A: 24th", "
Q: How much land is within Valencia's limits?
A: 134.6 km2", "
Q: From which countries does the biggest rise in Valencia's foreign population come?
A: Bolivia, Romania and Italy"]
About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina, and the Decumanus corresponds to Calle de los Caballeros.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the ruler of Valencia in 138 BC?
A: Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico', '
Q: How many Romans lived in Valencia in 138 BC?
A: two thousand', "
Q: What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times?
A: Via Augusta", '
Q: What is now located at the former centre of Valencia?
A: Plaza de la Virgen', "
Q: In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?
A: Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus"]
Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Ciutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean, entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, he had carved out his own fiefdom—which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalised in the Lay of the Cid. During his rule, he converted nine mosques into churches and installed the French monk Jérôme as bishop of the See of Valencia. El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege, whereupon his wife Ximena Díaz ruled in his place for two years.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was El Cid's real name?
A: Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar", '
Q: When did El Cid die?
A: July 1099', "
Q: Who took El Cid's position after his death?
A: Ximena Díaz", '
Q: When did El Cid rule?
A: 15 June 1094 to July 1099', '
Q: Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed?
A: Abd al-Aziz']
The city went through serious troubles in the mid-fourteenth century. On the one hand were the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics — and on the other, the series of wars and riots that followed. Among these were the War of the Union, a citizen revolt against the excesses of the monarchy, led by Valencia as the capital of the kingdom — and the war with Castile, which forced the hurried raising of a new wall to resist Castilian attacks in 1363 and 1364. In these years the coexistence of the three communities that occupied the city—Christian, Jewish and Muslim — was quite contentious. The Jews who occupied the area around the waterfront had progressed economically and socially, and their quarter gradually expanded its boundaries at the expense of neighbouring parishes. Meanwhile, Muslims who remained in the city after the conquest were entrenched in a Moorish neighbourhood next to the present-day market Mosen Sorel. In 1391 an uncontrolled mob attacked the Jewish quarter, causing its virtual disappearance and leading to the forced conversion of its surviving members to Christianity. The Muslim quarter was attacked during a similar tumult among the populace in 1456, but the consequences were minor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Valencia suffer from the Black Death?
A: 1348', '
Q: Which three religious groups lived in Valencia?
A: Christian, Jewish and Muslim', '
Q: The Muslims lived near what current market?
A: Mosen Sorel', '
Q: When was the Jewish section attacked?
A: 1391', '
Q: When was the Muslim section attacked?
A: 1456']
Faced with this loss of business, Valencia suffered a severe economic crisis. This manifested early in 1519–1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia, now part of the Crown of Aragon, with most of the fighting done in 1521. The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics, and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519. It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Aragon's population of mudéjars and imposed forced conversions to Christianity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whose government did the guilds rebel against?
A: Charles I', "
Q: When did the guilds' rebellion take place?
A: 1519–1523", '
Q: What caused the nobility to leave Valencia?
A: plague', '
Q: From where did the anti-monarchists get inspiration?
A: Italian republics', '
Q: What were the artisan guilds called?
A: the Germanies']