romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?
A: driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce', '
Q: What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?
A: increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum']
In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. "The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?
A: 2060", "
Q: What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?
A: could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters"]
The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?
A: Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire', '
Q: What other culutres has ruled the area?
A: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism', '
Q: What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?
A: city of Sarazm', '
Q: When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?
A: 1991', '
Q: What years did the civil war take place?
A: 1992 to 1997', '
Q: What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?
A: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism', '
Q: What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?
A: the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire', '
Q: What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?
A: 1991', '
Q: What years did the war last through?
A: 1992 to 1997']
Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957–58 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR, the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups, and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people. By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?
A: 1939', '
Q: How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?
A: 260,000 Tajik', '
Q: What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?
A: Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)', '
Q: What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?
A: living conditions, education and industry']
The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem, Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result widely praised as a successful United Nations peace keeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition. Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticized it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?
A: by clan loyalties', '
Q: What did the ceasefire guaranteed?
A: 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition', '
Q: Who came into power in 1992?
A: Emomali Rahmon', '
Q: Why did more than half a million people flee?
A: because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities']
Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was stationed along the boarder?
A: Russian border troops', '
Q: Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?
A: at the Dushanbe Airport', '
Q: Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?
A: t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe', '
Q: Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?
A: to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.']
In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted again in July 2012. In 2015 Russia will send more troops to Tajikistan, as confirmed by a report of STRATFOR (magazine online)

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?
A: 28 Tajik soldiers', '
Q: When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?
A: 2015', '
Q: When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?
A: November 2010', '
Q: Why was there concerns in 2010?
A: that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August']
Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of government does Tajikistan have?
A: a republic', '
Q: Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?
A: Kokhir Rasulzoda', '
Q: Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?
A: Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova', '
Q: When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?
A: November 1994', "
Q: What kind of system is a dominant-party system?
A: where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament"]
Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?
A: independent press outlets remain restricted', '
Q: What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?
A: no public criticism of the regime is tolerated', '
Q: What is not covered by local media?
A: all direct protest is severely suppressed', '
Q: What access is blocked?
A: access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru']
Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?
A: Tajikistan', '
Q: What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?
A: the Pamir range', '
Q: Where is Dushanbe located?
A: on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley', '
Q: Where exactly is Tajikistan?
A: between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)', '
Q: What area is under sea level?
A: in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys']
Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان‎‎ -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did the word Tajik come from?
A: the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe', '
Q: What does Tajikistan mean?
A: "Land of the Tajiks"', '
Q: What does the suffix -stan mean?
A: "place of" or "country"', '
Q: Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?
A: because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."']
It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999–1211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
A: 650–680', '
Q: Who took control of the regin in 710?
A: Umayyads', '
Q: Who restored Persian control of the region?
A: The Samanid Empire,', '
Q: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
A: Khorasan', '
Q: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
A: 650–680', '
Q: Who took control of the regin in 710?
A: Umayyads', '
Q: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
A: 650–680', '
Q: Who restored Persian control of the region?
A: The Samanid Empire,', '
Q: Who took control of the regin in 710?
A: Umayyads', '
Q: Who restored Persian control of the region?
A: The Samanid Empire,', '
Q: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
A: Khorasan', '
Q: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
A: Khorasan', '
Q: When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?
A: 650–680', '
Q: When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?
A: 710', '
Q: Who conquered Tansaxania?
A: The Kara-Khanid Khanate', '
Q: When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?
A: The Samanid Empire']
Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?
A: during the late 19th century's Imperial Era", '
Q: Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?
A: the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand', '
Q: What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?
A: gaining access to a supply of cotton', '
Q: What did Russia do between 1864-1885?
A: Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan', '
Q: In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?
A: the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara']
During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?
A: an Islamic social movement throughout the region', '
Q: Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?
A: Russians', '
Q: When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?
A: between 1910 and 1913', '
Q: Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?
A: the threat of forced conscription during World War I']
After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?
A: guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi', '
Q: What did they go to war against Bolshevick?
A: to maintain independence', '
Q: Who won the war?
A: The Bolsheviks', '
Q: What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?
A: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity']
In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?
A: Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic', '
Q: Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?
A: in the southern region', '
Q: What happeded between 1927-1934?
A: collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place', '
Q: What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?
A: Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement']
Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946–1956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956–61), Jabbor Rasulov (1961–1982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982–1985, 1991–1992).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who directed the purges of Soviets?
A: Moscow', '
Q: How many people were expelled??
A: nearly 10,000 people', '
Q: Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?
A: Ethnic Russians', '
Q: What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?
A: grew from less than 1% to 13%', '
Q: What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?
A: subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary']
The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards." The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What happened in the Feb 2010 election?
A: PDPT lose four seats in Parliament', '
Q: Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?
A: accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment', '
Q: What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?
A: "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."', '
Q: What was the Tajikistan governments response?
A: The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people']