romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
A "country pub" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others—especially those away from village centres—existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another name for a rural public house?
A: country pub', '
Q: What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?
A: serving travellers as coaching inns', '
Q: Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?
A: the last thirty']
In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?
A: providing seating facilities for the consumption of food', '
Q: Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?
A: drinking']
Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?
A: theme pubs', '
Q: What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?
A: Irish pubs', '
Q: What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?
A: rock pubs', '
Q: What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?
A: strip pubs', '
Q: In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?
A: karaoke bars']
In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?
A: Richard II', '
Q: In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?
A: 1393', "
Q: What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?
A: John", "
Q: What was John Shakespeare's profession?
A: inspectors", '
Q: If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?
A: forfeit his ale']
Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?
A: the Middle Ages', "
Q: From where did pubs without written names derive their names?
A: the illustration on the pub's sign"]
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?
A: Latin', '
Q: Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?
A: The Cross', '
Q: What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?
A: the coat of arms', '
Q: What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?
A: hops', '
Q: Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?
A: farming']
Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?
A: Trafalgar', '
Q: What town is The Crow and Gate located in?
A: Crowborough', '
Q: What county is home to The Crow and Gate?
A: East Sussex', '
Q: Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?
A: royal']
Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What hangs today over most British pub doors?
A: decorated signs', '
Q: What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?
A: the name of the pub', '
Q: What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?
A: directing potential customers to their door']
Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create "brand awareness", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?
A: Slug and Lettuce', '
Q: What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?
A: comic', '
Q: What is the purpose of a pub name?
A: to identify and differentiate each pub']
As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele?
A: pictorial signs']
Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the "Marquis of Granby". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him. All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George[citation needed], after King George III, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named?
A: John Manners, Marquess of Granby', '
Q: Who was the father of John Manners, Marquess of Granby?
A: John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland', '
Q: What was the military rank of the 3rd Duke of Rutland?
A: general', '
Q: In what century did the 3rd Duke of Rutland live?
A: 18th', '
Q: What were pubs licensed in 1780 named?
A: the Royal George']
Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as "The Bag o'Nails" (Bacchanals), "The Goat and Compasses" (God Encompasseth Us), "The Cat and the Fiddle" (Chaton Fidèle: Faithful Kitten) and "The Bull and Bush", which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at "Boulogne Bouche" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The pub "The Bag o\'Nails" was a corruption of what word?
A: Bacchanals', '
Q: What phrase was "The Goat and Compasses" a corruption of?
A: God Encompasseth Us', '
Q: What does Chaton Fidèle mean in English?
A: Faithful Kitten', '
Q: What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to?
A: Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour', '
Q: Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour?
A: Henry VIII']
Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts, skittles, dominoes, cards and bar billiards, to the more obscure Aunt Sally, Nine Men's Morris and ringing the bull. In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or Table Football becoming common.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What game played in both Britain and America has become increasingly popular in pubs?
A: pool', "
Q: Along with Aunt Sally and ringing the bull, what is one of the obscure traditional games played in pubs?
A: Nine Men's Morris", '
Q: Along with darts, skittles, dominoes and bar billiards, what is a well-known pub game?
A: cards', '
Q: Along with dominoes, on what pub game can you legally bet in the United Kingdom?
A: cribbage', '
Q: What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game?
A: Table Football']
Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?
A: video games', '
Q: What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?
A: dance bar', '
Q: At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?
A: sports bar', "
Q: Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?
A: Shove ha'penny"]
Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term "Sunday League Football". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?
A: Sunday League Football', "
Q: What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?
A: Bowling"]
Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called Pub rock that was a precursor to Punk music.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers are examples of bands from what genre of music?
A: Pub rock', '
Q: What genre of music was influenced by pub rock?
A: Punk music', '
Q: In what decade was Pub rock popular?
A: the 1970s']
Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and "bar snacks", such as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts which helped to increase beer sales. In South East England (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors selling cockles, whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell to customers during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Pork scratchings, pickled eggs and salted crisps are examples of what type of food?
A: bar snacks', '
Q: In London, what food vendors could often be found near pubs?
A: mobile shellfish stalls', '
Q: In what section of London can mobile shellfish stalls still be found today?
A: East End', '
Q: What seafood can often be purchased in jars at pubs?
A: pickled cockles and mussels']
In the 1950s some British pubs would offer "a pie and a pint", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours. The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s. In the late 1960s "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what decade did some British pubs provide "a pie and a pint"?
A: 1950s', "
Q: In what decade was the ploughman's lunch often consumed in pubs?
A: 1960s", '
Q: What decade saw the popularity of "chicken in a basket"?
A: 1960s', '
Q: What was "chicken in a basket" served in?
A: a wicker basket', '
Q: Along with chicken, what food was included in "chicken in a basket"?
A: chips']
Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and freezer food. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served. Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they're served at a pub?
A: Pub grub", '
Q: On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks?
A: Sunday', "
Q: What culture's cuisine is ploughman's lunch a part of?
A: British"]
Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?
A: the 1990s", '
Q: Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?
A: lunches', '
Q: What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?
A: gastropubs', '
Q: Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?
A: dining room']
A gastropub concentrates on quality food. The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining, though has occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?
A: pub and gastronomy", '
Q: In what year was the term gastropub invented?
A: 1991', '
Q: Along with David Eyre, who took over the Eagle pub?
A: Mike Belben', '
Q: In what city is the Eagle pub located?
A: London', '
Q: In what area of London is the Eagle pub located?
A: Clerkenwell']
CAMRA maintains a "National Inventory" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs. The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and The Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many pubs does the National Trust own?
A: thirty-six', '
Q: In what city is the George Inn located?
A: London', '
Q: What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon?
A: Belfast', '
Q: What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in?
A: Northern Ireland', '
Q: What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs?
A: CAMRA']
The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing. Likewise, The Berney Arms in Norfolk has no road access. It may be reached by foot or by boat, and by train as it is served by the nearby Berney Arms railway station, which likewise has no road access and serves no other settlement.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What pub in England is the highest above sea level?
A: the Tan Hill Inn', '
Q: In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located?
A: Yorkshire', '
Q: How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn?
A: 528', '
Q: In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located?
A: Inverie', '
Q: In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?
A: Scotland']
A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the "oldest inn in England". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?
A: Ye Olde Fighting Cocks', '
Q: In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?
A: 11th', '
Q: Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?
A: Nottingham', '
Q: When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?
A: 1189', '
Q: When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?
A: 1086']
There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The Old Ferryboat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is The Old Ferryboat Inn located?
A: Holywell', '
Q: How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date?
A: 460', '
Q: When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn?
A: 560']
The Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to 905 AD. Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War. The Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral. Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton, Lancashire, is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When does The Bingley Arms claim to have been founded?
A: 905', '
Q: In what county is the Bingley Arms located?
A: Yorkshire', '
Q: When does the building housing Ye Olde Salutation Inn date back to?
A: 1240', '
Q: Where is Ye Olde Salutation Inn located?
A: Nottingham', '
Q: When does the building housing Ye Olde Man & Scythe date from?
A: 1631']
The town of Stalybridge in Cheshire is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom — The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What town is the Q Inn located in?
A: Stalybridge', '
Q: What county is home to The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn?
A: Cheshire', '
Q: What pub has the shortest name in the United Kingdom?
A: the Q Inn', '
Q: What is the pub with the longest name in the UK?
A: The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn', '
Q: What county is Stalybridge in?
A: Cheshire']
The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since 1982. Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements. Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline. Changes in demographics may be an additional factor.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was a smoking ban passed in the United Kingdom?
A: 2007', '
Q: In what year did the number of United Kingdom pubs generally start to decline?
A: 1982', '
Q: Competition from what new form of establishment is sometimes blamed for the decline of pubs?
A: gastro-pubs', '
Q: What business that sells cheap alcohol has sometimes been held to have resulted in the decline of pubs?
A: supermarkets']
The Lost Pubs Project listed 28,095 closed pubs on 21 April 2015, with photographs of many. In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many closed pubs did The Lost Pubs Project catalog?
A: 28,095', '
Q: In what year did Parliament inquire into the frequency of pub closures?
A: 2015', '
Q: What did Parliament promise to pass as a result of increased pub closures?
A: legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants']
The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base. In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham in Blair's home constituency. There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was based out of the Swan Inn?
A: Dick Turpin', '
Q: In what county was the Swan Inn located?
A: Buckinghamshire', '
Q: What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?
A: John Fothergill', "
Q: In what year was An Innkeeper's Diary published?
A: 1931", "
Q: What publishing house published An Innkeeper's Diary?
A: Chatto & Windus"]