romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Persian: تاجيكستان‎‎ Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان‎‎ Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where is Tajikistan located?
A: in Central Asia', '
Q: How many people are living in Tajikistan?
A: 8 million people', '
Q: What is the area of Tajikistan?
A: area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)', '
Q: What country lies to Tajikistans east?
A: China', '
Q: What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?
A: Wakhan Corridor', '
Q: What country borders Tajikistan to the east?
A: China', '
Q: How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?
A: 8 million', '
Q: What is the area of Tajikistan?
A: 143,100 km2', '
Q: What country borders Tajikistan to the south?
A: Afghanistan', '
Q: What country borders Tajikistan to the west?
A: Uzbekistan']
The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the first recorded history of this region?
A: about 500 BCE', '
Q: What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?
A: the Achaemenid Empire', '
Q: Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?
A: Alexander the Great']
The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?
A: Yuezhi tribes', '
Q: When was Islam brought to the region?
A: in the early eighth century', '
Q: What empire brought Islam practices with them?
A: Hephthalite Empire,', '
Q: What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?
A: Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism']
Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the rate that the GDP expanded?
A: an average rate of 9.6%', '
Q: What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?
A: aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers', '
Q: What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?
A: 60%', '
Q: What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?
A: Tajik Aluminum Company']
Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion. A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million. Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?
A: the government', '
Q: What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?
A: hydropower potential', '
Q: What is the highest dam in the world?
A: Nurek Dam', '
Q: What will the project named CASA 1000 do?
A: CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan']
According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the average amount lived on per day?
A: US$1.25 per day', '
Q: What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?
A: estimated $2.1 billion US dollars', '
Q: How did Tajikistan change their economy?
A: by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor', "
Q: What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?
A: remittances"]
Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is raised locally for the domestic market?
A: opium poppy', '
Q: What all has helped with the fight against drugs?
A: with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities', '
Q: Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?
A: heroin and raw opium confiscations', '
Q: What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?
A: strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency']
As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country. And in 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are the majority of transportation options?
A: via roads, air, and rail.', '
Q: What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?
A: Iran and Pakistan', '
Q: What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?
A: Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan', '
Q: What year was the agreement signed?
A: 2012']
In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and Ürümqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many airports does Tajikistan have?
A: 26 airports', "
Q: What is the country's main airport?
A: Dushanbe International Airport", '
Q: Where are the international flights maining going to?
A: Russia', '
Q: What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?
A: Khorog Airport']
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?
A: 7,349,145', '
Q: What percent of the population is under 30 years old?
A: 70%', '
Q: What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?
A: 35%', '
Q: What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?
A: Tajik', '
Q: What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?
A: Tajikistanis']
The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What people live in the southeast area of the country?
A: The Pamiri people', '
Q: How are they different than most Tajiks?
A: distinct linguistically and culturally', '
Q: What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?
A: Pamir Mountains']
Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%–95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What school has been recognized by the government?
A: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi', '
Q: What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?
A: a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion', '
Q: What are the two national Islamic holidays?
A: Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon', '
Q: What percent of the population is muslim?
A: 98%']
Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some[who?] feel this is discriminatory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of religions concerns are there?
A: minority religious groups undermine national unity', '
Q: What concerns for the religions institutions are there?
A: a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere', '
Q: What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?
A: Hizb ut-Tahrir', '
Q: What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?
A: aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state']
By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do religions communities have to register with?
A: State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities', '
Q: What does the SCRA require?
A: a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location', '
Q: What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?
A: a physical structure', '
Q: What can happen if you do not register?
A: can result in large fines and closure of place of worship']
Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?
A: , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies', '
Q: How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?
A: 104,272', '
Q: What percent of the GDP was spent on health?
A: 1%', "
Q: What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?
A: World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper"]
Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008[update] tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?
A: 11 years of primary and secondary education', '
Q: What do they want to impliment in 2016?
A: a 12-year system', '
Q: What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?
A: Khujand State University', '
Q: What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment?
A: 17%']
Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or physical anthropology, which concerns long-term development of the human organism. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is anthropology a study of?
A: humans and their societies', '
Q: What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?
A: social', '
Q: What investigates the influence of language in social life?
A: linguistic anthropology', '
Q: What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?
A: physical', '
Q: Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?
A: United States']
Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society of Anthropology (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Vienna created it's society in what year?
A: 1870", '
Q: When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?
A: 1869', '
Q: When was the American Anthropological Association founded?
A: 1902', "
Q: When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?
A: 1865", "
Q: What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?
A: empirical foundation"]
During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?
A: anthropological societies', '
Q: What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?
A: international', '
Q: Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?
A: The major theorists', '
Q: How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?
A: 48', '
Q: How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in?
A: 13']
Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?
A: late 19th and early 20th centuries', '
Q: What did Margaret Mead advocate for?
A: gender equality and sexual liberation', '
Q: What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?
A: cross-cultural comparisons', "
Q: What did Boas' argue against?
A: 19th-century racial ideology", '
Q: What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?
A: cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques']