romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?
A: 1973', "
Q: Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?
A: Plymouth County Borough Corporation", "
Q: When did Drake's Leat open?
A: 24 April 1591", "
Q: From where did Drake's Leat draw water?
A: River Meavy", '
Q: When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?
A: 1801']
Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What body handles waste management in Plymouth?
A: Plymouth City Council', "
Q: Who oversees Plymouth's sewers?
A: South West Water", '
Q: Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?
A: Western Power Distribution', '
Q: In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?
A: 2009', '
Q: What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?
A: Plympton']
Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill (the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Plymouth Borough Police begin operation?
A: 1836', '
Q: Where is the police divisional headquarters located?
A: Crownhill', '
Q: How many fire stations are present in Plymouth?
A: five', '
Q: Where in Plymouth is the Royal National Lifeboat Institution based?
A: Millbay Docks', '
Q: What organization is the Plymouth Borough Police a part of?
A: Devon and Cornwall Constabulary']
Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?
A: Derriford Hospital", '
Q: In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?
A: 6', '
Q: What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?
A: Royal Eye Infirmary', '
Q: What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth?
A: South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust', '
Q: Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?
A: Exeter']
The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?
A: 2007', '
Q: Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?
A: Weston Mill', '
Q: What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?
A: Drake Memorial Park', '
Q: In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?
A: a brass plaque', '
Q: When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?
A: mid-19th century']
After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed?
A: 1666', '
Q: In the wake of what conflict was the Royal Citadel built?
A: English Civil War', "
Q: When was Smeaton's Tower first constructed?
A: 1759", "
Q: In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?
A: 23", '
Q: What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada?
A: Armada Memorial']
The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?
A: Sutton', '
Q: When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?
A: 1620', '
Q: What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?
A: Mayflower Steps', '
Q: How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?
A: 400', '
Q: How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?
A: 100']
On the northern outskirts of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a "Palmerston's Folly". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What structure was referred to as a "Palmerston\'s Folly"?
A: Crownhill Fort', '
Q: In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?
A: north', '
Q: Who runs Crownhill Fort?
A: the Landmark Trust']
To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?
A: west', '
Q: How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?
A: over 70']
Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?
A: south-east Cornwall", '
Q: Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?
A: Kingsand', '
Q: Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?
A: Tamar Valley']
The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?
A: Henning Larsen', '
Q: When did the Roland Levinsky building open?
A: 2008', '
Q: Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?
A: University of Plymouth', '
Q: What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?
A: Arts', "
Q: What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?
A: the city's central quarter"]
People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are Plymouth residents commonly called?
A: Plymothians', '
Q: What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?
A: Janners', '
Q: After what figure are Janners named?
A: Cousin Jan', '
Q: In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?
A: John']
The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man. Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. On 26 January 1786, Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here. The naturalist Dr William Elford Leach FRS, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?
A: Tavistock', '
Q: What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?
A: El Draco', '
Q: In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?
A: 1596', "
Q: What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?
A: dysentery", '
Q: What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?
A: Sir Joshua Reynolds']
Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?
A: Robert Lenkiewicz', '
Q: Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?
A: Plymouth College of Art', '
Q: What genre of music does John Surman play?
A: Jazz', '
Q: What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?
A: Keith Rowe', '
Q: Where do the family of Michael Foot live?
A: Trematon Castle']
Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?
A: footballer', '
Q: What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?
A: Canadian', '
Q: What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?
A: Lyndon B. Johnson', '
Q: In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?
A: Clear and Present Danger', "
Q: What is Dawn French's job?
A: comedian"]
Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is heresy mainly at odds with?
A: established beliefs or customs', '
Q: What is a person called is practicing heresy?
A: A heretic']
The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?
A: Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism']
In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?
A: Christian, Islamic and Jewish']
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What language does the term heresy find its roots in?
A: Greek', '
Q: What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?
A: slightly different', '
Q: What is the head person of a heretical movement called?
A: heresiarch', '
Q: What is the study of heresy?
A: Heresiology', '
Q: What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?
A: "choice" or "thing chosen"']
According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?
A: two times', '
Q: What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?
A: divisive person', '
Q: What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?
A: sound']
The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?
A: Jews and Judaism', '
Q: What religion were these Fathers of the Church?
A: Orthodox Christianity', '
Q: Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?
A: Tertullian']
The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?
A: Irenaeus', "
Q: What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?
A: orthodox", '
Q: What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?
A: apostolic succession']
Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?
A: Constantine the Great', '
Q: What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?
A: Edict of Milan', '
Q: What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?
A: Pontifex Maximus', '
Q: What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?
A: the ecumenical councils']
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?
A: AD 380', '
Q: Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?
A: Thessalonica of Theodosius I', '
Q: What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?
A: state-sponsored support', '
Q: What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?
A: state powers of legal enforcement', '
Q: What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?
A: death sentence']
Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?
A: Priscillian', '
Q: What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?
A: excommunicated', '
Q: What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?
A: Catholics', '
Q: Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?
A: Cayetano Ripoll', "
Q: From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?
A: Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter"]
In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?
A: obstinate and willful manifest heresy', '
Q: What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?
A: The Codex Justinianus', '
Q: What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?
A: Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism', '
Q: What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?
A: Paulicians', '
Q: What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?
A: Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars']