romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiangtang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was Nanjing formerly known as?
A: Jiankang', '
Q: What was the former name of Hangzhou?
A: Qiantang', '
Q: Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?
A: Chengdu', '
Q: What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou?
A: 589', '
Q: How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time?
A: three']
Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty (265–420), most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non-Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north. Some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River. Some of the Chinese refugees from north China might have resided in areas near Hangzhou. For example, the clan of Zhuge Liang (181–234), a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period, gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou, forming an exclusive, closed village Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun), consisting of villagers all with family name "Zhuge". The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day, and only recently came to be known in public. It suggests that a small number of powerful, elite Chinese refugees from the Central Plain might have taken refugee in south of the Yangtze River. However, considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang, most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in south China beyond Zhejiang, where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available, mainly north Jiangsu, west Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui,and provinces where less cohesive, organized regional governments had been in place. Metropolitan areas of Sichuan was another hub for refugees, given that the state of Shu had long been founded and ruled by political and military elites from the Central Plain and north China. Some refugees from the north China might have found residence in south China depending on their social status and military power in the north. The rump Jin state or the Southern Dynasties vied against some elite Chinese from the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Jin Dynasty?
A: 265–420', '
Q: Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together?
A: Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun)', '
Q: When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until?
A: this day', '
Q: What kind of geography is in Zhejiang?
A: mountainous', '
Q: When did Zhuge Liang live from?
A: 181–234']
Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222–589), Sui, and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay), and from Suzhou, and thence to the North China Plain. The débâcle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang Dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Six Dynasties end?
A: 589', '
Q: What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?
A: Zhejiang', '
Q: Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?
A: the Sui dynasty', "
Q: What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?
A: the Zhe River"]
The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its prosperity and beauty, it may have been the largest city in the world at the time. From then on, north Zhejiang and neighboring south Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture. The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, but its economy continued to prosper. Marco Polo visited the city, which he called "Kinsay" (after the Chinese Jingshi, meaning "Capital City") claiming it was "the finest and noblest city in the world".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?
A: 960', '
Q: When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?
A: 1127', "
Q: What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?
A: Lin'an", "
Q: When was the Yuan dynasty established?
A: Lin'an", "
Q: What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?
A: Kinsay"]
Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty, but it returned to prominence—particularly in Longquan—during the Southern Song and Yuan. Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-grey porcellaneous body that is delicately potted. Yuan Longquan celadons feature a thinner, greener glaze on increasingly large vessels with decoration and shapes derived from Middle Eastern ceramic and metalwares. These were produced in large quantities for the Chinese export trade to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and (during the Ming) Europe. By the Ming, however, production was notably deficient in quality. It is in this period that the Longquan kilns declined, to be eventually replaced in popularity and ceramic production by the kilns of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were greenware ceramics made from?
A: celadon', '
Q: What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?
A: bluish-green', '
Q: What period did Longquan ceramics decline?
A: the Ming', '
Q: What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production?
A: Jingdezhen in Jiangxi', '
Q: What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from?
A: Middle Eastern']
"In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province, and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities, and allowed to count as free men." "Cheh Kiang" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: 惰民; pinyin: duò mín; Wade–Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What do 'to-min' mean?
A: idle people", "
Q: What does 'yoh-hu' mean?
A: music people", "
Q: What does 'si-min' mean?
A: small people", '
Q: What does Tanka mean? 
A: egg-people', "
Q: What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?
A: Zhejiang"]
During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?
A: the First Opium War', '
Q: When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?
A: 1843', '
Q: What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?
A: Ningbo', '
Q: What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?
A: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom', "
Q: When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?
A: 1876"]
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led into World War II, much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. The Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Imperial Japanese Army began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese out of helping downed American airmen. The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle’s men.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?
A: World War II', '
Q: Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
A: Japan', "
Q: How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?
A: 250,000", '
Q: What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?
A: B-25', '
Q: The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?
A: the Reorganized National Government of China']
After the People's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955, even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there, creating a situation similar to Fujian province today. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity, and its economy was stagnant, especially during the high tide (1966–69) of the revolution. The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province. Mao’s self-reliance policy and the reduction in maritime trade cut off the lifelines of the port cities of Ningbo and Wenzhou. While Mao invested heavily in railroads in interior China, no major railroads were built in South Zhejiang, where transportation remained poor.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When did the People's Republic of China take control of Mainland China?
A: 1949", '
Q: When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until?
A: 1955', '
Q: When was the Cultural Revolution?
A: 1966–76', '
Q: When was the high tide of the Cultural Revolution?
A: 1966–69', '
Q: What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops?
A: grain']
Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources, a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea, and an economic base at the national average. Zhejiang, however, has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China, and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises. Northeast Zhejiang, as part of the Yangtze Delta, is flat, more developed, and industrial.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of?
A: natural', "
Q: What is Zhejiang's location vulnerable to from the sea?
A: flooding", '
Q: What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter of?
A: capitalist', '
Q: Which part of Zhejiang is part of the Yangtze Delta?
A: Northeast Zhejiang', '
Q: What type of geography is Northeast Zhejiang?
A: flat']
Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area. Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province, Huangmaojian Peak (1,929 meters or 6,329 feet), is located there. Other prominent mountains include Mounts Yandang, Tianmu, Tiantai, and Mogan, which reach altitudes of 700 to 1,500 meters (2,300 to 4,900 ft).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Zhejiang consist mostly of?
A: hills', '
Q: What percent of Zhejiang is hills?
A: 70%', '
Q: What is the highest peak of the province?
A: Huangmaojian Peak', '
Q: How high is Huangmaojian Peak in meters?
A: 1,929', '
Q: How high is Huangmaojian Peak in feet?
A: 6,329']
Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does the north of the province lie just south of?
A: the Yangtze Delta', '
Q: Where does the Grand Canal of China end?
A: Hangzhou', '
Q: What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?
A: Ou Rivers', '
Q: What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?
A: West Lake', '
Q: What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?
A: South Lake']
There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang. The largest, Zhoushan Island, is Mainland China's third largest island, after Hainan and Chongming. There are also many bays, of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest.  Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Spring starts in March and is rainy with changeable weather. Summer, from June to September is long, hot, rainy, and humid. Fall is generally dry, warm and sunny. Winters are short but cold except in the far south. Average annual temperature is around 15 to 19 °C (59 to 66 °F), average January temperature is around 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) and average July temperature is around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Annual precipitation is about 1,000 to 1,900 mm (39 to 75 in). There is plenty of rainfall in early summer, and by late summer Zhejiang is directly threatened by typhoons forming in the Pacific.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?
A: over three thousand', '
Q: What is the largest island near Zhejiang?
A: Zhoushan Island', '
Q: What is the largest bay of Zhejiang?
A: Hangzhou Bay', '
Q: How many distinct seasons does Zhejiang have?
A: four', '
Q: When does Spring start in Zhejiang?
A: March']
The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions (36 districts, 20 county-level cities, 33 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,570 township-level divisions (761 towns, 505 townships, 14 ethnic townships, and 290 subdistricts). Hengdian belongs to Jinhua, which is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China. Hengdian is called "China's Hollywood".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
A: eleven', '
Q: How many county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
A: 90', '
Q: How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
A: 1,570', '
Q: What is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China?
A: Jinhua', "
Q: What is called 'China's Hollywood'?
A: Hengdian"]
The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Zhejiang CPC Party Chief".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?
A: a dual party-government system', "
Q: Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?
A: The Governor of Zhejiang", '
Q: Who is the Governor subordinate to?
A: the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary', '
Q: What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as?
A: Zhejiang CPC Party Chief', '
Q: What type of party-government system are all governing institutions in Mainland China?
A: dual']
Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of the leading voices against Mao's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967. Jiang Hua (term 1956-1968), was the "chief justice" on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980. Three provincial Party Secretaries since the 1990s have gone onto prominence at the national level. They include CPC General Secretary and President Xi Jinping (term 2002-2007), National People's Congress Chairman and former Vice-Premier Zhang Dejiang (term 1998-2002), and Zhao Hongzhu (term 2007-2012), the Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, China's top anti-corruption body. Of Zhejiang's fourteen Party Secretaries since 1949, none were native to the province.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: When was Tan Zhenlin's term as Zhenjiang's Communist Party Secretary?
A: 1949-1952", '
Q: Who was the inaugural Communist Party Secretary of Zhenjiang?
A: Tan Zhenlin', '
Q: When was the so-called February Countercurrent?
A: 1967', "
Q: When was Jiang Hua's term?
A: 1956-1968", '
Q: When was the case against the Gang of Four?
A: 1980']
The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the province traditionally known as?
A: Land of Fish and Rice', '
Q: What is the main crop of the province?
A: rice', '
Q: What is the second main crop of the province?
A: wheat', '
Q: What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?
A: north Zhejiang', '
Q: What is the largest fishery in the country?
A: Zhoushan fishery']
Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?
A: Zhoushan', '
Q: What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi?
A: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge', '
Q: What is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world?
A: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge', '
Q: What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo?
A: commercial', '
Q: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge goes between Haiyan County and where else?
A: Cixi']
Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the "Zhejiang model", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the "Zhejiang spirit" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What is Zhejiang's own development model dubbed?
A: Zhejiang model", '
Q: What is the Zhejiang model based on prioritizing and encouraging?
A: entrepreneurship', '
Q: What direction is the economic heart of Zhejiang moving toward?
A: southeast', '
Q: What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2009?
A: 8.3%', "
Q: What was Zhejiang's nominal GDP in yuan for 2011?
A: 3.20 trillion"]
On Thursday, September 15, 2011, more than 500 people from Hongxiao Village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river. Angry protesters stormed the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company factory compound, overturned eight company vehicles, and destroyed the offices before police came to disperse the crowd. Protests continued on the two following nights with reports of scuffles, officials said. Chen Hongming, a deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau, said the factory's waste disposal had failed pollution tests since April. The environmental watchdog had warned the factory, but it had not effectively controlled the pollution, Chen added.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What day of the week was September 15, 2011?
A: Thursday', '
Q: What village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river on September 15, 2011?
A: Hongxiao', '
Q: How many company vehicles did angry protesters overturn at the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company?
A: eight', '
Q: How many more nights after the first day did protests last?
A: two', "
Q: Who was the deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau at the time?
A: Chen Hongming"]
Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population, and the largest Han subgroup are the speakers of Wu varieties of Chinese. There are also 400,000 members of ethnic minorities, including approximately 200,000 She people and approximately 20,000 Hui Chinese[citation needed]. Jingning She Autonomous County in Lishui is the only She autonomous county in China.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What kind of Chinese make up the vast majority of the population?
A: Han', '
Q: What varieties of Chinese do the largest Han subgroup speak?
A: Wu', '
Q: How many members of ethnic minorities are there?
A: 400,000', '
Q: How many She people are there?
A: 200,000', '
Q: Where is the only She autonomous county in China?
A: Lishui']