romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many members were in the National Assembly?
A: 600', '
Q: How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?
A: 400', '
Q: What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?
A: Khrushchev', '
Q: What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?
A: Communist Party', '
Q: Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?
A: Boghdadi and Amer']
In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided limited aid to Nasser's Lebanese supporters through money, light arms, and officer training—short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged. Nasser did not covet Lebanon, seeing it as a "special case", but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?
A: Camille Chamoun", '
Q: What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?
A: to unite with the UAR', '
Q: What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?
A: a second presidential term', '
Q: Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation?
A: Sarraj', '
Q: What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive?
A: limited']
On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that "any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR". On 15 July, US marines landed in Lebanon, and British special forces in Jordan, upon the request of those countries' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces. Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked. On 19 July, for the first time, he declared that he was opting for full Arab union, although he had no plan to merge Iraq with the UAR. While most members of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) favored Iraqi-UAR unity, Qasim sought to keep Iraq independent and resented Nasser's large popular base in the country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy?
A: Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref', '
Q: What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?
A: Nuri al-Said', '
Q: Where did US Marines land?
A: Lebanon', '
Q: Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid?
A: to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces', '
Q: How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity?
A: unblocked']
In the fall of 1958, Nasser formed a tripartite committee consisting of Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, and Salah Bitar to oversee developments in Syria. By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run. He put Syria under Sarraj, who effectively reduced the province to a police state by imprisoning and exiling landholders who objected to the introduction of Egyptian agricultural reform in Syria, as well as communists. Following the Lebanese election of Fuad Chehab in September 1958, relations between Lebanon and the UAR improved considerably. On 25 March 1959, Chehab and Nasser met at the Lebanese–Syrian border and compromised on an end to the Lebanese crisis.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?
A: Sarraj', '
Q: What was Syria like under Sarraj?
A: police state', '
Q: Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?
A: Fuad Chehab', "
Q: How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?
A: improved considerably", '
Q: In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis?
A: 1959']
Relations between Nasser and Qasim grew increasingly bitter on 9 March, after Qasim's forces suppressed a rebellion in Mosul, launched a day earlier by a pro-Nasser Iraqi RCC officer backed by UAR authorities. Nasser had considered dispatching troops to aid his Iraqi sympathizers, but decided against it. He clamped down on Egyptian communist activity due to the key backing Iraqi communists provided Qasim. Several influential communists were arrested, including Nasser's old comrade Khaled Mohieddin, who had been allowed to re-enter Egypt in 1956.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Iraqi leader clashed with Nasser?
A: Qasim', '
Q: What did Quasm do to anger Nasser?
A: suppressed a rebellion in Mosul', '
Q: What did Nasser suppress as a result?
A: Egyptian communist activity', '
Q: What old ally did Nasser turn against?
A: Khaled Mohieddin']
Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy. He also dismissed Sarraj in September to curb the growing political crisis. Aburish states that Nasser was not fully capable of addressing Syrian problems because they were "foreign to him". In Egypt, the economic situation was more positive, with a GNP growth of 4.5 percent and a rapid growth of industry. In 1960, Nasser nationalized the Egyptian press, which had already been cooperating with his government, in order to steer coverage towards the country's socioeconomic issues and galvanize public support for his socialist measures.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?
A: elites', "
Q: How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?
A: worsening", '
Q: How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?
A: nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy', '
Q: What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation?
A: dismissed', '
Q: What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?
A: press']
On 28 September 1961, secessionist army units launched a coup in Damascus, declaring Syria's secession from the UAR. In response, pro-union army units in northern Syria revolted and pro-Nasser protests occurred in major Syrian cities. Nasser sent Egyptian special forces to Latakia to bolster his allies, but withdrew them two days later, citing a refusal to allow inter-Arab fighting. Addressing the UAR's breakup on 5 October, Nasser accepted personal responsibility and declared that Egypt would recognize an elected Syrian government. He privately blamed interference by hostile Arab governments. According to Heikal, Nasser suffered something resembling a nervous breakdown after the dissolution of the union; he began to smoke more heavily and his health began to deteriorate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup?
A: secessionist army units', '
Q: In what year did Syria leave the UAR?
A: 1961', '
Q: Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces?
A: Latakia', '
Q: What happened to Nasser after the breakup of the UAR?
A: nervous breakdown', "
Q: How was Nasser's health after the breakup of the UAR?
A: his health began to deteriorate"]
Nasser's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962. Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom, while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September. Consequently, Egypt became increasingly embroiled in the drawn-out civil war until it withdrew its forces in 1967. Most of Nasser's old colleagues had questioned the wisdom of continuing the war, but Amer reassured Nasser of their coming victory. Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a "miscalculation".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country experienced a coup in 1962?
A: North Yemen', '
Q: What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion?
A: Saudi Arabia', '
Q: Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with?
A: the new government', "
Q: In what year did Egypt leave Yemen's civil war?
A: 1967", "
Q: How did Nasser characterize Egypt's involvement in Yemen's civil war?
A: miscalculation"]
On 8 February 1963, a military coup in Iraq led by a Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance toppled Qasim, who was subsequently shot dead. Abdel Salam Aref, a Nasserist, was chosen to be the new president. A similar alliance toppled the Syrian government on 8 March. On 14 March, the new Iraqi and Syrian governments sent Nasser delegations to push for a new Arab union. At the meeting, Nasser lambasted the Ba'athists for "facilitating" Syria's split from the UAR, and asserted that he was the "leader of the Arabs". A transitional unity agreement stipulating a federal system was signed by the parties on 17 April and the new union was set to be established in May 1965. However, the agreement fell apart weeks later when Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters from the officers corps. A failed counter-coup by a Nasserist colonel followed, after which Nasser condemned the Ba'athists as "fascists".

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What groups completed a coup in Iraq?
A: Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance", '
Q: Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup?
A: Abdel Salam Aref', "
Q: What caused the agreement to fail?
A: Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters", "
Q: How did Nasser describe the Ba'athists?
A: fascists"]
In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed "the disastrous situation". He discouraged Syria and Palestinian guerrillas from provoking the Israelis, conceding that he had no plans for war with Israel. During the summit, Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein, and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Morocco. In May, Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In practice, Nasser used the PLO to wield control over the Palestinian fedayeen. Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri, Nasser's personal nominee.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What river did the Israelis want to divert?
A: Jordan River', "
Q: How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?
A: act of war", '
Q: What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?
A: King Hussein', '
Q: What organization was formed as a result of the talks?
A: Palestine Liberation Organization', '
Q: Who was set to lead the PLO?
A: Ahmad Shukeiri']
After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?
A: 1961', '
Q: Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?
A: Nasser', '
Q: What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?
A: Cold War']
Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?
A: African', '
Q: Who did Nasser give asylum to?
A: anti-colonial leaders from several African countries', '
Q: What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?
A: anti-colonial propaganda', '
Q: What African group did Nasser help to form?
A: Organisation of African Unity', '
Q: What year was the OAU formed?
A: 1963']
In 1961, Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. To achieve this, he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar, which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam, and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia. Nasser had used al-Azhar's most willing ulema (scholars) as a counterweight to the Brotherhood's Islamic influence, starting in 1953.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world?
A: Egypt', '
Q: What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite?
A: Islamic and socialist', '
Q: What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform?
A: al-Azhar', '
Q: What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize?
A: Muslim Brotherhood']
Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments, instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer. Moreover, he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties. Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What military entity did Nasser create in 1961?
A: Presidential Council', '
Q: As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser?
A: merit', "
Q: Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council?
A: Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him", '
Q: What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council?
A: Amer', '
Q: What was the Presidential Council meant to do?
A: approve all senior military appointments']
In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?
A: Amer", '
Q: Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?
A: Nasser', "
Q: How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him?
A: directly confronting Nasser", "
Q: How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence?
A: painkillers", '
Q: From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering?
A: diabetes']
In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution. The charter called for universal health care, affordable housing, vocational schools, greater women's rights and a family planning program, as well as widening the Suez Canal.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961?
A: socialism', '
Q: What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms?
A: National Charter', '
Q: What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter?
A: widening the Suez Canal', '
Q: What year was the National Charter released?
A: 1962', '
Q: What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter?
A: universal']
Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?
A: 51', '
Q: What was the new name for the National Union?
A: Arab Socialist Union', "
Q: What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?
A: repression", '
Q: What group was targeted with imprisonment?
A: Islamists', "
Q: How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?
A: submit their resignations in protest"]
During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?
A: He was the only candidate", '
Q: The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?
A: Muslim Brotherhood', "
Q: What was Qutb's sentence?
A: executed", '
Q: What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?
A: private sector', "
Q: How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?
A: from sluggishness to the verge of collapse"]
In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be "baseless". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?
A: Soviet Union', "
Q: What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?
A: dispatch troops to Sinai", '
Q: What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein?
A: Israeli-American', '
Q: What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain?
A: West Bank', '
Q: Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive?
A: US']
On 21 May, Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded, a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli. Amer reassured him that the army was prepared for confrontation, but Nasser doubted Amer's assessment of the military's readiness. According to Nasser's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin, although "Amer had absolute authority over the armed forces, Nasser had his ways of knowing what was really going on". Moreover, Amer anticipated an impending Israeli attack and advocated a preemptive strike. Nasser refused the call upon determination that the air force lacked pilots and Amer's handpicked officers were incompetent. Still, Nasser concluded that if Israel attacked, Egypt's quantitative advantage in manpower and arms could stave off Israeli forces for at least two weeks, allowing for diplomacy towards a ceasefire. Towards the end of May, Nasser increasingly exchanged his positions of deterrence for deference to the inevitability of war, under increased pressure to act by both the general Arab populace and various Arab governments. On 26 May Nasser declared, "our basic objective will be to destroy Israel". On 30 May, King Hussein committed Jordan in an alliance with Egypt and Syria.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block?
A: Straits of Tiran', "
Q: Who was Nassir's vice president?
A: Zakaria Mohieddin", '
Q: How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasion, if it happened?
A: diplomacy towards a ceasefire', '
Q: What country joined Egypt and Syria against Israel?
A: Jordan']
According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into "a nonstop shouting match". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser–Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation?
A: Sharm el-Sheikh", "
Q: What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing  in the war?
A: Nasser–Amer", '
Q: What did Nasser dismiss during the war?
A: rational analysis']