romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Whats the typical age range for pre-school?
A: three to seven', '
Q: What are pre-schools also known as?
A: nursery schools and as kindergarten,', '
Q: In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?
A: US']
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another term used for Primary education?
A: elementary', '
Q: What does primary school consist of?
A: first five to seven years of formal, structured education', '
Q: What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?
A: UNESCO']
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "postsecondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does secondary education comprise of?
A: formal education that occurs during adolescence', '
Q: What two examples were given of what "postsecondary" or "higher" education?
A: university, vocational school', '
Q: When does secondary schooling typically take place?
A: teenage years', '
Q: What is the purpose of secondary education?
A: to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.']
Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did secondary education emerge in the United States?
A: 1910', '
Q: Why was secondary school introduced in the U.S?
A: rise of large corporations and advancing technology', '
Q: Who benefited from secondary schools?
A: employers and employees']
Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities mainly provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Individuals who complete tertiary education generally receive certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was another name used for Higher Education?
A: tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education', '
Q: What is High Education?
A: follows the completion of a school such as a high school', '
Q: What does Tertiary education include?
A: undergraduate and postgraduate education']
University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent like Yale University; public and state-governed like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education; or independent but state-funded like the University of Virginia. A number of career specific courses are now available to students through the Internet.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does University education include?
A: teaching, research, and social services activities,', '
Q: What are usually Universities made up of?
A: several colleges', '
Q: What type of University would Yale fall under?
A: independent']
In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. In its early years, special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education?
A: not eligible for public education', '
Q: Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?
A: physicians or special tutors', '
Q: Who were some of these early physicians?
A: Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet', '
Q: What would Special Education usually only apply to in the early years of schooling in the U.S?
A: people with severe disabilities']
While considered "alternative" today, most alternative systems have existed since ancient times. After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century, some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system. Alternative education developed in part as a reaction to perceived limitations and failings of traditional education. A broad range of educational approaches emerged, including alternative schools, self learning, homeschooling and unschooling. Example alternative schools include Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools, Sands School, Summerhill School, The Peepal Grove School, Sudbury Valley School, Krishnamurti schools, and open classroom schools. Charter schools are another example of alternative education, which have in the recent years grown in numbers in the US and gained greater importance in its public education system.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is another term used for Special Education Services?
A: alternative', '
Q: When were public schools become more and more developed?
A: 19th century', '
Q: What are some examples of alternative schools?
A: Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools']
In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education, just as Friedrich Fröbel's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms. Other influential writers and thinkers have included the Swiss humanitarian Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau; the founders of progressive education, John Dewey and Francis Parker; and educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner, and more recently John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison and Ivan Illich.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Whos educatgion approach was introduced in Germany in the 19th century and is used in most Kindergartens?
A: Friedrich Fröbel's", '
Q: Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?
A: Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi', '
Q: Who were the founders of progressive education?
A: John Dewey and Francis Parker']
Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to "reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What makes up Indigenous education?
A: indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content', '
Q: In which two systems can Indigenous education be used?
A: formal and non-formal educational systems', '
Q: What is one of the main purposes for Indigenous education?
A: improve the educational success of indigenous students']
Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this includes language acquisition, cultural norms and manners. Informal learning for young people is an ongoing process that also occurs in a variety of places, such as out of school time, in youth programs at community centers and media labs.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who defines informal learning?
A: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)', '
Q: Where does informal learning occur?
A: home, work, and through daily interactions', '
Q: What does informal leaning usually consist of amongst people who take this route of learning?
A: language acquisition, cultural norms and manners']
Informal learning usually takes place outside educational establishments, does not follow a specified curriculum and may originate accidentally, sporadically, in association with certain occasions, from changing practical requirements. It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects, but rather unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management and fitness for life. It is experienced directly in its "natural" function of everyday life and is often spontaneous.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does informal learning usually take place?
A: outside educational establishments', '
Q: What is not necessary for informal learning?
A: to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects', '
Q: What falls under the informal learning umbrella?
A: unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management']
The concept of 'education through recreation' was applied to childhood development in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities. L.P. Jacks, also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreation: "A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well." Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life's activities. The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the \'education through recreation" applied to childhood?
A: 19th century', "
Q: When was the concept of 'education through recreation' changed and expanded?
A: 20th century", '
Q: What changed when the concept was broadened?
A: to include young adults']
Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of "learning on your own" or "by yourself", or as a self-teacher. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U.S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, film director), and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Auto didacticism generally mean?
A: learning on your own', "
Q: When can you become an Autodidact?
A: any point in one's life", '
Q: Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact?
A: Abraham Lincoln', '
Q: Which famous inventor was a Autodidact?
A: Thomas Alva Edison']
In 2012, the modern use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning.[clarification needed] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Online courses often can be more expensive than face-to-face classes. Out of 182 colleges surveyed in 2009 nearly half said tuition for online courses was higher than for campus based ones. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX. Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, and Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. Despite favorable studies on effectiveness, many people may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did e-learning jump 14 times over traditional leaning?
A: 2012', '
Q: Which form of education looks to be the dominant form i the coming years?
A: Open education', '
Q: What has been a constant issue with education for as long as education has been around itself?
A: Cost of education', '
Q: Which type of schooling can be most expensive?
A: Online courses']
The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education, these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal "academic value" to traditional degrees. Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. A culture is beginning to form around distance learning for people who are looking to social connections enjoyed on traditional campuses. For example, students may create study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is not as common in open education?
A: merit-system degree', '
Q: Which University offers conventional degrees? 
A: Open University in the United Kingdom', '
Q: What do most open education sources offer?
A: own form of certificate']
Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does Universal Primary Education belong to?
A: international Millennium Development Goals', '
Q: What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?
A: charitable funding', '
Q: Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?
A: Transparency International']
Similarities — in systems or even in ideas — that schools share internationally have led to an increase in international student exchanges. The European Socrates-Erasmus Program facilitates exchanges across European universities. The Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Programs such as the International Baccalaureate have contributed to the internationalization of education. The global campus online, led by American universities, allows free access to class materials and lecture files recorded during the actual classes.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has come from similarities in systems?
A: increase in international student exchanges', '
Q: Which programfacilitates the exchange students across Europe?
A: The European Socrates-Erasmus Program', '
Q: Which group provides opportunities for Eastern Europe and Asia exchange students?
A: The Soros Foundation']
Research into LCPS (low cost private schools) found that over 5 years to July 2013, debate around LCPSs to achieving Education for All (EFA) objectives was polarised and finding growing coverage in international policy. The polarisation was due to disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor, reach disadvantaged groups, provide quality education, support or undermine equality, and are financially sustainable. The report examined the main challenges encountered by development organisations which support LCPSs. Surveys suggest these types of schools are expanding across Africa and Asia. This success is attributed to excess demand. These surveys found concern for:

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What does LCPS stand for?
A: low cost private schools', '
Q: What was the reason for the polarisation for affordable schooling?
A: disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor', '
Q: Where are these types of school spreading across?
A: Africa and Asia']
Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational process. Students often blame their teachers and their textbooks, despite the availability of libraries and the internet. When someone tries to improve education, the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude. Better by products of an educational system would be gratitude and determination.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?
A: children did not exceed the education of their parents', '
Q: Who do students often blame for their education short comings?
A: teachers and their textbooks', '
Q: What happens when someone tries to improve education?
A: the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude']
Developed countries have people with more resources (housing, food, transportation, water and sewage treatment, hospitals, health care, libraries, books, media, schools, the internet, education, etc.) than most of the world's population. One merely needs to see through travel or the media how many people in the undeveloped countries live to sense this. However, one can also use economic data to gain some insight into this. Yet criticism and blame are common among people in the developed countries.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the discrepancy between Developed and less developed countries?
A: Developed countries have people with more resources', '
Q: What resources do developed countries have better access to?
A: housing, food, transportation', '
Q: What is common in developed countries?
A: criticism and blame']
Gratitude for all these resources and the determination to develop oneself would be more productive than criticism and blame because the resources are readily available and because, if you blame others, there is no need for you to do something different tomorrow or for you to change and improve. Where there is a will, there is a way. People in developed countries have the will and the way to do many things that they want to do. They sometimes need more determination and will to improve and to educate themselves with the resources that are abundantly available. They occasionally need more gratitude for the resources they have, including their teachers and their textbooks. The entire internet is also available to supplement these teachers and textbooks.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is one good trait about students from developed countries?
A: have the will and the way to do many things', '
Q: What use of technology can greatly supplement how teachers teach in the classroom?
A: internet', '
Q: What do students also need occasionally before putting blame on teachers?
A: gratitude for the resources they have']