romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture. The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony) were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology. The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?
A: The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism', '
Q: When did this event occur ?
A: development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.', '
Q: What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?
A: the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,', '
Q: What was the foundation for spirituality and church ? 
A: The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)', '
Q: What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?
A: Oracle of Apollo at Delphi']
The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras. The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ?
A: classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC', '
Q: What is so well known about this period ?
A: It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras', "
Q: Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ?
A: this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander", '
Q: What shiny other name is this time also called ?
A: The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization', '
Q: What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?
A: civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.']
In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?
A: Alexander', '
Q: How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?
A: provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way', '
Q: What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?
A: Hellenistic cities', '
Q: Are any relatives of the first people of  the Grecian world still around ?
A: there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.', '
Q: Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?
A: cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia.']
This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact with barbarian (non-Greek) peoples, which was deepened in the new cosmopolitan environment of the multi-ethnic Hellenistic kingdoms. This led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world, what living situation became of great importance ?
A: the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state.', '
Q: The kingdoms of Diadochi was comprised of what ?
A: larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi.', '
Q: How did the cites remind themselves of their beginnings ?
A: Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors.', '
Q: What did the Greeks wants to be imparted to their descendants ?
A: the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation.', '
Q: What academia was heightened during this time of Hellenism ?
A: Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.']
In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world. Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking, though none were from Greece. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century, with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the religions of the past begin to dissipate ?
A: decline beginning in the 3rd century BC', '
Q: What encouraged the change of faith ?
A: with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.', '
Q: What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ?
A: The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world.', '
Q: What group was significant in the expansion of the Christian faith ?
A: Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity', "
Q: What language are the Apostle's namely believed to have spoken ?
A: Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking"]
Of the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they became secondary to religious considerations and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promoted a robust Roman national identity. Concurrently the secular, urban civilization of late antiquity survived in the Eastern Mediterranean along with Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What alternative name were the Greeks known by ?
A: the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans")', '
Q: What did the label of  Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ?
A: the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans', '
Q: Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ?
A: secondary to religious considerations', "
Q: What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ?
A: Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn."]
The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlier, the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused into a single Greco-Roman world. Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks. 
A: influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,', '
Q: Who ruled Rome during this time period ?
A: Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)', "
Q: What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?
A: decided to make Greek the empire's official language.", '
Q: What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?
A: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor"', '
Q: Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?
A: the Latin West started to favour the Franks']
A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. However, it was the combination of Orthodox Christianity with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years. The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire. These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus (see also Greeks in Russia, Greeks in Armenia, Greeks in Georgia, and Caucasian Greeks).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?
A: the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204', '
Q: When did the nation reestablish itself ?
A: empire was revived in 1261', '
Q: What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ?
A: philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity.', '
Q: What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?
A: interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity', '
Q: Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ?
A: second Russo-Turkish War']
Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the Ottoman Empire, due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia, both in Northern Greece, and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, Constantinople. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied Yemen and Algeria, frequently as provincial governors.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the emperor Constantine  lose rule over in 1453 ?
A: Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453', '
Q: What did the populace do in response to the loss ?
A: many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West', '
Q: What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ?
A: in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia', '
Q: Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ?
A: men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy', '
Q: What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ?
A: levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme.']
For those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym "Greeks" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin. The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi, (as opposed to being so named by others) and, at least those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic. There were, however, many Greeks who escaped the second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system, according to which Muslims were explicitly awarded senior status and preferential treatment. These Greeks either emigrated, particularly to their fellow Greek Orthodox protector, the Russian Empire, or simply converted to Islam, often only very superficially and whilst remaining crypto-Christian. The most notable examples of large-scale conversion to Turkish Islam among those today defined as Greek Muslims - excluding those who had to convert as a matter of course on being recruited through the devshirme - were to be found in Crete (Cretan Turks), Greek Macedonia (for example among the Vallahades of western Macedonia), and among Pontic Greeks in the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands. Several Ottoman sultans and princes were also of part Greek origin, with mothers who were either Greek concubines or princesses from Byzantine noble families, one famous example being sultan Selim the Grim, whose mother Gülbahar Hatun was a Pontic Greek.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How were the population factions of the Ottoman Empire classified ?
A: religion was the defining characteristic of national groups', '
Q: What did it mean to be classified as a Greek by the millet command ?
A: was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin.', '
Q: What moniker did the Greeks grant themselves for distinction ?
A: The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi', '
Q: What did the literate segment of Greeks consider to be a part of their ethic lines ?
A: those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic', '
Q: Were Christian prized among the Ottomans ?
A: second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system']
The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce. Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ? 
A: the Greek tradition of education and commerce', '
Q: Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?
A: the wealth of the extensive merchant class', '
Q: What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ?
A: the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce', '
Q: What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ?
A: Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.']
The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and Greek Orthodox religion continued after the creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830. According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822, a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece, a clause removed by 1840. A century later, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.[note 1] The Greek genocide, in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek Asia Minor Campaign, was part of this process of Turkification of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ?
A: creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830', '
Q: Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ?
A: clause removed by 1840', '
Q: How did the original  Constitution identify its society members ?
A: a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece', '
Q: When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?
A: first Greek constitution of 1822', '
Q: What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the  Lausanne Treaty ?
A: agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange']
The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan. On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople the Last Emperor urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ? 
A: Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek.', '
Q: What do the Grecian Romioi  descendants of the Constantine rule  believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?
A: considered themselves the political heirs of Rome', '
Q: What other cultures do the Romioi  clam to be their birthright ?
A: deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well', '
Q: What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?
A: Hellene" still meant pagan']
Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?
A: Greek Enlightenment', '
Q: When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ? 
A: The modern Greek state was created in 1829,', '
Q: What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ?
A: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire', '
Q: What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?
A: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,']