romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships (under Charles Grimaldi, who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco). On visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to 'close the town'. The extensive rebuilding—part of the walls dates from 1175—culminated in the completion of the western walls in 1380. Roughly half of the walls, 13 of the original towers, and six gates survive.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who led the invasion of Southampton in the 14th century by the French and others?
A: Charles Grimaldi', '
Q: What principality did Grimaldi set up with the profits from plundering Southampton?
A: Monaco', '
Q: What year did Edward III show up in Southampton and tell them to build walls?
A: 1339', "
Q: How many of the original towers from Southampton's walls are still standing?
A: 13", '
Q: The oldest section of the original wall around the town dates from what year?
A: 1175']
The city walls include God's House Tower, built in 1417, the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England. Over the years it has been used as home to the city's gunner, the Town Gaol and even as storage for the Southampton Harbour Board. Until September 2011, it housed the Museum of Archaeology. The walls were completed in the 15th century, but later development of several new fortifications along Southampton Water and the Solent by Henry VIII meant that Southampton was no longer dependent upon its fortifications.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the name of the wall tower that was the first of its kind in England built for artillery purposes?
A: God's House Tower", "
Q: In what year was the God's House Tower built?
A: 1417", "
Q: What museum was located in God's House Tower until 2011?
A: Museum of Archaeology", '
Q: Which king of England directed new fortifications that helped Southampton rely less on its wall?
A: Henry VIII', '
Q: In what century did Southampton complete construction of the wall around the city?
A: 15th']
On the other hand, many of the medieval buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have disappeared altogether. From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle, only a section of the bailey wall remains today, lying just off Castle Way. The last remains of the Franciscan friary in Southampton, founded circa 1233 and dissolved in 1538, were swept away in the 1940s. The site is now occupied by Friary House.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street?
A: Castle Way', '
Q: About what year was the Franciscan friary established in Southampton?
A: 1233', "
Q: What year did Southampton's Franciscan friary shut down?
A: 1538", '
Q: In what decade were the leftovers of the Southampton friary destroyed?
A: 1940s', '
Q: What landmark now sits on the site of the Franciscan friary in Southampton?
A: Friary House']
Elsewhere, remnants of the medieval water supply system devised by the friars can still be seen today. Constructed in 1290, the system carried water from Conduit Head (remnants of which survive near Hill Lane, Shirley) some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. The friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310 and passed on ownership of the water supply system itself in 1420. Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what year was the friars' water supply system built in Southampton?
A: 1290", "
Q: Where was the water brought from by the friars' supply system?
A: Conduit Head", '
Q: What year did the friars start letting the rest of Southampton use the water from their system?
A: 1310', '
Q: When was ownership of the medieval water supply system given to the town of Southampton?
A: 1420', "
Q: What's the name of the landmark on Commercial Road where remains of the friars' water system can be seen?
A: Conduit House"]
In 1642, during the English Civil War, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton. The Royalists advanced as far as Redbridge, Southampton, in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What war was taking place in the 1640s in England?
A: English Civil War', '
Q: What year did a Parliamentary garrison enter Southampton?
A: 1642', '
Q: What is the furthest town the Royalists reached during their advance into Southampton in 1644?
A: Redbridge', '
Q: In what month of 1644 did the Royalists fail to take Redbridge?
A: March']
During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an important industry for the town. Henry V's famous warship HMS Grace Dieu was built in Southampton. Walter Taylor's 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution. From 1904 to 2004, the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton, building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What skilled trade was a central industry for Southampton in the Middle Ages?
A: shipbuilding', "
Q: What's the name of the famed warship built in Southampton for Henry V?
A: HMS Grace Dieu", '
Q: What was the name of the man who overhauled block-making to mechanize the process?
A: Walter Taylor', '
Q: Between 1904 and 2004, what shipbuilding company employed a large portion of Southampton?
A: Thornycroft', "
Q: In what historical period did Walter Taylor's improvements on block-making play an important role?
A: Industrial Revolution"]
Prior to King Henry's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the ringleaders of the "Southampton Plot"—Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton—were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street. They were found guilty and summarily executed outside the Bargate.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415?
A: Battle of Agincourt', '
Q: What group did the men accused of high treason, including Henry Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey, lead?
A: Southampton Plot', '
Q: What is the public house where the men from Southampton Plot were tried called now?
A: Red Lion', "
Q: What was the Earl of Cambridge's first name?
A: Richard", '
Q: Outside of what structure did the execution of the Southampton Plot leaders take place?
A: the Bargate']
Southampton has been used for military embarkation, including during 18th-century wars with the French, the Crimean war, and the Boer War. Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation port during the Great War and became a major centre for treating the returning wounded and POWs. It was also central to the preparations for the Invasion of Europe in 1944.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the military use Southampton for during wars in the 18th century?
A: embarkation', '
Q: In addition to wars with the French and the Boer War, in which notable war in the 18th century did Southampton play a role?
A: the Crimean war', '
Q: What war won Southampton the title of No. 1 Military Embarkation port?
A: the Great War', '
Q: What group of people in addition to wounded soldiers from the Great War often were brought to Southampton for treatment?
A: POWs', '
Q: In what year did Southampton lead preparations for the Invasion of Europe?
A: 1944']
Southampton became a spa town in 1740. It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s, despite the lack of a good quality beach. Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay, with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Southampton turn into a spa town?
A: 1740', '
Q: Despite not having a good beach, what decade saw  Southampton become popular for sea bathing?
A: 1760s', '
Q: Where in Southampton were special baths filled by seawater constructed?
A: West Quay', '
Q: What change in flow of the sea controlled the innovative baths at West Quay?
A: the tide']
The town experienced major expansion during the Victorian era. The Southampton Docks company had been formed in 1835. In October 1838 the foundation stone of the docks was laid and the first dock opened in 1842. The structural and economic development of docks continued for the next few decades. The railway link to London was fully opened in May 1840. Southampton subsequently became known as The Gateway to the Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what historical period did Southampton expand greatly?
A: Victorian era', '
Q: What year was the Southampton Docks company created?
A: 1835', '
Q: In what month of 1838 was stone laid for the foundation of the Southampton docks?
A: October', '
Q: What year did the railroad to London from Southampton open fully?
A: 1840', '
Q: What name did Southampton earn for its importance in creating a link to London?
A: The Gateway to the Empire']
In his 1854 book "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star" John Choules described Southampton thus: "I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton, except it be Oxford. The High Street opens from the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half, and is of very handsome width. The variety of style and color of material in the buildings affords an exhibition of outline, light and color, that I think is seldom equalled. The shops are very elegant, and the streets are kept exceedingly clean."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who wrote "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star"?
A: John Choules', "
Q: What town did Choules say had the only Main Street more beautiful than Southampton's?
A: Oxford", "
Q: How long was Southampton's High Street as described by Choules?
A: one mile and a half", "
Q: What adjective did Choules use to describe the shops of Southampton's High Street?
A: elegant", '
Q: Choules complimented the streets of Southampton for being kept in what condition?
A: clean']
The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard Mayflower in 1620. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. Four in five of the crew on board the vessel were Sotonians, with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city. Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of Imperial Airways. Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968 and has continued to expand.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What famous ship left Southampton's port carrying the Pilgrim Fathers?
A: Mayflower", '
Q: What year did the Mayflower set sail from Southampton?
A: 1620', '
Q: How many crew members out of every five on the RMS Titanic were Sotonians?
A: Four', '
Q: What company operated passenger ships across the Atlantic, including the RMS Queen Elizabeth?
A: Cunard', '
Q: In what year did Southampton Container Terminals open?
A: 1968']
The Supermarine Spitfire was designed and developed in Southampton, evolving from the Schneider trophy-winning seaplanes of the 1920s and 1930s. Its designer, R J Mitchell, lived in the Portswood area of Southampton, and his house is today marked with a blue plaque. Heavy bombing of the factory in September 1940 destroyed it as well as homes in the vicinity, killing civilians and workers. World War II hit Southampton particularly hard because of its strategic importance as a major commercial port and industrial area. Prior to the Invasion of Europe, components for a Mulberry harbour were built here. After D-Day, Southampton docks handled military cargo to help keep the Allied forces supplied, making it a key target of Luftwaffe bombing raids until late 1944. Southampton docks was featured in the television show 24: Live Another Day in Day 9: 9:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who designed the Supermarine Spitfire?
A: R J Mitchell', '
Q: What area of Southampton did Mitchell hail from?
A: Portswood', "
Q: What color is the plaque that marks the Spitfire designer's house?
A: blue", "
Q: In what month of 1940 did bombs destroy the factory that made Mitchell's seaplanes?
A: September", '
Q: Which forces did Southampton supply after D-Day that made it a target for many Luftwaffe air raids?
A: Allied forces']
630 people lost their lives as a result of the air raids on Southampton and nearly 2,000 more were injured, not to mention the thousands of buildings damaged or destroyed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many people died because of the bombs dropped on Southampton?
A: 630', '
Q: In addition to casualties, about how many people were wounded by air raids on Southampton?
A: 2,000', '
Q: Was it hundreds or thousands of buildings in Southampton that sustained damage from air raids?
A: thousands']
Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II. Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938. However a large portion of those walls remain.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What style of architecture partially survived the war?
A: Georgian', '
Q: Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war?
A: World War II', '
Q: In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton?
A: 1920s', '
Q: Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s?
A: the Bargate']
A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton. Southampton acquired city status, becoming the City of Southampton in 1964.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What document declared the upgrade of University College at Highfield?
A: Royal Charter', '
Q: What is the new name of University College at Highfield?
A: University of Southampton', '
Q: When did Southampton officially become a city?
A: 1964', '
Q: In what year did the Royal Charter give the University of Southampton its name?
A: 1952']
After the establishment of Hampshire County Council, following the act in 1888, Southampton became a county borough within the county of Hampshire, which meant that it had many features of a county, but governance was now shared between the Corporation in Southampton and the new county council. There is a great source of confusion in the fact that the ancient shire county, along with its associated assizes, was known as the County of Southampton or Southamptonshire. This was officially changed to Hampshire in 1959 although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire or Hantscire for centuries. Southampton became a non-metropolitan district in 1974.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did an act establish the Hampshire County Council?
A: 1888', '
Q: What organization did the new county council share governance of Southampton with?
A: the Corporation in Southampton', '
Q: What year was the county of Hampshire officially named?
A: 1959', '
Q: Even before it was official, Hampshire was often called Hampshire or what ancient variation of the name?
A: Hantscire', '
Q: What designation was Southampton given in 1974?
A: non-metropolitan district']
Southampton as a Port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County; as far back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King's Sheriff in Hampshire and the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and the Port of Portsmouth; this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of £200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June 1199. The definition of the port of Southampton was apparently broader than today and embraced all of the area between Lymington and Langstone. The corporation had resident representatives in Newport, Lymington and Portsmouth. By a charter of Henry VI, granted on 9 March 1446/7 (25+26 Hen. VI, m. 32), the mayor, bailiffs and burgesses of the towns and ports of Southampton and Portsmouth became a County incorporate and separate from Hampshire.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Southampton's history of administrative independence dates back to the reign of which king?
A: King John", '
Q: What was the annual fee paid by the burgesses of Southampton for the rights of custom and toll laid out in the charter of 1199?
A: £200', '
Q: In the 1100s, the port of Southampton included everything between Lymington and what area?
A: Langstone', '
Q: Under what king was a charter granted in 1446/7 that separated Southampton and Portsmouth from Hampshire?
A: Henry VI', "
Q: What date was the charter regarding Southampton's tax farm signed at Orival?
A: 29 June 1199"]
The status of the town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of Southampton as a county, In the charter dated 27 June 1640 the formal title of the town became 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'. These charters and Royal Grants, of which there were many, also set out the governance and regulation of the town and port which remained the 'constitution' of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period which from about 1888 saw the setting up of County Councils across England and Wales and including Hampshire County Council who now took on some of the function of Government in Southampton Town. In this regime, The Town and County of the Town of Southampton also became a county borough with shared responsibility for aspects of local government. On 24 February 1964 the status changed again by a Charter of Elizabeth II, creating the City and County of the City of Southampton.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What king's charter recognized Southampton as its own county?
A: Charles I", "
Q: What year did Southampton receive the charter naming it 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'?
A: 1640", '
Q: What era in history saw local government begin setting up County Councils in the area?
A: Victorian period', '
Q: After 1888, which Council took over some governance of Southampton Town?
A: Hampshire County Council', "
Q: What was the year that Queen Elizabeth II's charter created the City and County of the City of Southampton?
A: 1964"]
The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government reorganisation on 1 April 1997, a result of the 1992 Local Government Act. The district remains part of the Hampshire ceremonial county.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What county did the city of Southampton become administratively independent of in April of 1997?
A: Hampshire County', '
Q: What official designation did Southampton receive in the April 1997 local government reorganization?
A: unitary authority', '
Q: What act was responsible for the reorganization of local government on April 1, 1997?
A: 1992 Local Government Act', '
Q: What ceremonial county does Southampton still belong to?
A: Hampshire']
Southampton City Council consists of 48 councillors, 3 for each of the 16 wards. Council elections are held in early May for one third of the seats (one councillor for each ward), elected for a four-year term, so there are elections three years out of four. Since the 2015 council elections, the composition of the council is:

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many concillors sit on Southampton's City Council?
A: 48", '
Q: How man wards are there in Southampton?
A: 16', '
Q: How many councillors are assigned to each ward in Southampton?
A: 3', '
Q: In what month are council elections held?
A: May', '
Q: In how many years of every four is a council election held in Southampton?
A: three']
There are three members of parliament for the city: Royston Smith (Conservative) for Southampton Itchen, the constituency covering the east of the city; Dr. Alan Whitehead (Labour) for Southampton Test, which covers the west of the city; and Caroline Nokes (Conservative) for Romsey and Southampton North, which includes a northern portion of the city.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many representatives does Southampton have in parliament?
A: three', "
Q: What is Royston Smith's constituency?
A: Southampton Itchen", "
Q: Who is Southampton Test's member of parliament?
A: Dr. Alan Whitehead", '
Q: To what political party does Caroline Nokes belong?
A: Conservative', '
Q: Which directional area of Southampton does Dr. Alan Whitehead represent?
A: west']
The city has a Mayor and is one of the 16 cities and towns in England and Wales to have a ceremonial sheriff who acts as a deputy for the Mayor. The current and 793rd Mayor of Southampton is Linda Norris. Catherine McEwing is the current and 578th sherriff. The town crier from 2004 until his death in 2014 was John Melody, who acted as master of ceremonies in the city and who possessed a cry of 104 decibels.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How many cities or towns are there in all of England and Wales with a ceremonial sheriff acting as the Mayor's deputy?
A: 16", "
Q: Who's the current Mayor of Southampton?
A: Linda Norris", "
Q: What's the name of the 578th sheriff of Southampton?
A: Catherine McEwing", '
Q: When did John Melody, the town crier of Southampton, pass away?
A: 2014', '
Q: How many decibels was John Melody able to reach in his cry?
A: 104']
Southampton City Council has developed twinning links with Le Havre in France (since 1973), Rems-Murr-Kreis in Germany (since 1991), Trieste in Italy (since 2002); Hampton, Virginia in USA, Qingdao in China (since 1998), and Busan in South Korea (since 1978).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What city in France does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with?
A: Le Havre', '
Q: Which Italian city did Southampton City Council establish a twinning link with in 2002?
A: Trieste', "
Q: What's the only city in the USA with a twinning link to Southampton City Council?
A: Hampton, Virginia", '
Q: What year did Southampton City Council link with Busan, South Korea?
A: 1978', '
Q: In what country does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with Rems-Murr-Kreis?
A: Germany']
The geography of Southampton is influenced by the sea and rivers. The city lies at the northern tip of the Southampton Water, a deep water estuary, which is a ria formed at the end of the last Ice Age. Here, the rivers Test and Itchen converge. The Test—which has salt marsh that makes it ideal for salmon fishing—runs along the western edge of the city, while the Itchen splits Southampton in two—east and west. The city centre is located between the two rivers.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At which tip of Southampton Water is Southampton located?
A: northern', '
Q: What river converges with the Test?
A: Itchen', '
Q: Which river is excellent for salmon fishing?
A: Test', '
Q: Which river splits the city of Southampton into an east section and a west section?
A: Itchen', '
Q: What Southampton area is located between the Itchen and Test rivers?
A: The city centre']
Town Quay is the original public quay, and dates from the 13th century. Today's Eastern Docks were created in the 1830s by land reclamation of the mud flats between the Itchen & Test estuaries. The Western Docks date from the 1930s when the Southern Railway Company commissioned a major land reclamation and dredging programme. Most of the material used for reclamation came from dredging of Southampton Water, to ensure that the port can continue to handle large ships.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What's the name of the public quay that's been in Southampton since the 13th century?
A: Town Quay", '
Q: In what decade were the Eastern Docks that can be seen today created?
A: 1830s', '
Q: What company commissioned the program that created the Western Docks?
A: Southern Railway Company', '
Q: What body of water was dredged for the material used for reclamation?
A: Southampton Water', '
Q: In what decade did the Southern Railway Company commission the program that created the Western Docks?
A: 1930s']