romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
Red, white, and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention - Hitler wrote: "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers. Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black?
A: 1870 to 1918', '
Q: What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?
A: German nationalism', "
Q: Whose design was the Nazi flag?
A: Hitler's personal design", '
Q: In what era did red white and black become part of the Nazi flag?
A: 1920s', '
Q: Red was chosen as part of the Nazi flag to do what?
A: attract attention']
The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution, after the fall of Bastille. A law adopted by the new government on October 20, 1789 authorized the Garde Nationale to raise the red flag in the event of a riot, to signal that the Garde would imminently intervene. During a demonstration on the Champs de Mars on July 17, 1791, the Garde Nationale fired on the crowd, killed up to fifty people. The government was denounced by the more radical revolutionaries. In the words of his famous hymn, the Marseillaise, Rouget de Lisle wrote: "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny!" (Contre nous de la tyrannie, l'entendard sanglant est leve). Beginning in 1790, the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves, to symbolize the blood of those killed in the demonstrations, and to call for the repression of those they considered counter-revolutionary.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?
A: Bastille', '
Q: On what date was the Garde Nationale empowered to hoist a red flag to signal their intervention in a riot?
A: October 20, 1789', '
Q: On what date did the Garde Nationale kill as many as fifty people on Champs de Mars?
A: July 17, 1791', '
Q: Who wrote the words "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny?"
A: Rouget de Lisle', '
Q: In what year did the most ardent revolutionaries in France adopt a red flag to symbolize the blood of their fallen comrades?
A: 1790']
Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848, with little attention. However, a few days later the French Revolution of 1848 broke out, which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic. In June 1848, Paris workers, disenchanted with the new government, built barricades and raised red flags. The new government called in the French Army to put down the uprising, the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker's movements in Europe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was the Communist Manifesto first created?
A: February 1848', '
Q: Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
A: Karl Marx', '
Q: The French Revolution resulted in the fall of which monarch?
A: Louis Philippe', '
Q: When did the 19th century workers of Paris construct barricades and hoist red flags to protest their new government?
A: June 1848', '
Q: Who was tasked with stopping the late 19th century worker uprisings in France?
A: the French Army']
In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?
A: the French Army', '
Q: After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, what did revolutionaries and workers create?
A: the Paris Commune', '
Q: For how long did the Paris Commune exist?
A: two months', '
Q: Next to whom was a a Paris Commune banner placed?
A: Vladimir Lenin', '
Q: In what year did people of the French Communist party go to Moscow to give the Soviet government a Paris Commune banner?
A: 1921']
In the United States, political commentators often refer to the "red states", which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections, and "blue states", which vote for the Democratic candidate. This convention is relatively recent: before the 2000 presidential election, media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election. Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of "red states" versus "blue states".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many days did the recount after the 2000 US election last for?
A: 39', '
Q: In the USA red states are known to do what, in terms of politics?
A: vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections', '
Q: In what year did the concept of red and blue states become relatively fixed?
A: 2000', '
Q: In the United States states that vote for Democratic presidential candidates are known as what?
A: blue states']
The Communist Party of China, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader Mao Zedong, the Party anthem became "The East Is Red", and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a "red sun". During the Cultural Revolution in China, Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards, and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was the Community Party of China created?
A: 1920', '
Q: The Community Party of China gained power in China, what year did it happen?
A: 1949', '
Q: Who was the Party leader of the Communist Party of China when it took power?
A: Mao Zedong', '
Q: In terms of the Communist Party of China, what is "The East is Red?"
A: the Party anthem', '
Q: How many members does the contemporary Communist Part of China have?
A: eighty million members']
After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent?
A: the Communist Party', '
Q: What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?
A: the national flower', '
Q: In the mid 20th century the flag of Laos was primarily what color?
A: red', '
Q: Which group gained power in China in 1949?
A: the Communist Party of China', '
Q: In what year during the 20th century did the Chinese flag become red?
A: 1949']
Between 7 September 1940 and 21 May 1941, 16 British cities suffered aerial raids with at least 100 long tons of high explosives. Over a period of 267 days, London was attacked 71 times, Birmingham, Liverpool and Plymouth eight times, Bristol six, Glasgow five, Southampton four, Portsmouth and Hull three and a minimum of one large raid on eight other cities. This was a result of a rapid escalation starting on 24 August 1940, when night bombers aiming for RAF airfields drifted off course and accidentally destroyed several London homes, killing civilians, combined with the UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill's retaliatory bombing of Berlin on the following night.[clarification needed]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the beginning date of the aerial raids on Great Britain?
A: 7 September 1940', '
Q: How many days did the aerial raids on Great Britain last?
A: 267 days', '
Q: How many times was London attacked?
A: 71 times', '
Q: Who was the UK Prime Minster at the time of the aerial raids?
A: Winston Churchill', '
Q: What city did Winston Churchill bomb in retaliation for the killing of civilians? 
A: Berlin']
From 7 September 1940, one year into the war, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights. More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, almost half of them in London. Ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked. The main Atlantic sea port of Liverpool was bombed, causing nearly 4,000 deaths within the Merseyside area during the war. The North Sea port of Hull, a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets, was subjected to 86 raids in the Hull Blitz during the war, with a conservative estimate of 1,200 civilians killed and 95 percent of its housing stock destroyed or damaged. Other ports including Bristol, Cardiff, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Southampton and Swansea were also bombed, as were the industrial cities of Birmingham, Belfast, Coventry, Glasgow, Manchester and Sheffield. Birmingham and Coventry were chosen because of the Spitfire and tank factories in Birmingham and the many munitions factories in Coventry. The city centre of Coventry was almost destroyed, as was Coventry Cathedral.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many nights did the Luftwaffe bomb London?
A: 57 consecutive nights', '
Q: What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target?
A: Sea port of Hull', '
Q: How many homes in London were destroyed in London?
A: More than one million', '
Q: How many people were killed in Liverpool?
A: nearly 4,000 deaths', '
Q: Which city centre was destroyed?
A: Coventry']
The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 1940 launch of Operation Sea Lion, the provisionally planned German invasion of Britain. By May 1941 the threat of an invasion of Britain had passed, and Hitler's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East. In comparison to the later Allied bombing campaign against Germany, the Blitz resulted in relatively few casualties; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 inflicted some 42,000 civilian deaths, about the same as the entire Blitz.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain?
A: Operation Sea Lion', '
Q: How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?
A: 42,000', '
Q: What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg?
A: July 1943', '
Q: Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe? 
A: Hitler']
In the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night. Enemy industry, their seats of government, factories and communications could be destroyed, effectively taking away their means to resist. It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will, which might have led to the collapse of production and civil life. Democracies, where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the ruling government, were thought particularly vulnerable. This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and what was then known as the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) between the two world wars. RAF Bomber Command's policy in particular would attempt to achieve victory through the destruction of civilian will, communications and industry.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In the 1920's and 30's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names?
A: Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell", "
Q: Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?
A: collapse of civilian will", '
Q: What does USAAC stand for?
A: United States Army Air Corps', '
Q: What kind of populace was believed to be most vulnerable?
A: Democracies', '
Q: What kind of bombing raids were most favored?
A: night']
Within the Luftwaffe, there was a more muted view of strategic bombing. The OKL did not oppose the strategic bombardment of enemy industries and or cities, and believed it could greatly affect the balance of power on the battlefield in Germany's favour by disrupting production and damaging civilian morale, but they did not believe that air power alone could be decisive. Contrary to popular belief, the Luftwaffe did not have a systematic policy of what became known as "terror bombing". Evidence suggests that the Luftwaffe did not adopt an official bombing policy in which civilians became the primary target until 1942.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who believe air power alone would not be decisive?
A: Luftwaffe', "
Q: What was the name of the Luftwaffe's bombing raids?
A: terror bombing", '
Q: What year did the terror bombing policy become official?
A: 1942']
Wever argued that the Luftwaffe General Staff should not be solely educated in tactical and operational matters. He argued they should be educated in grand strategy, war economics, armament production, and the mentality of potential opponents (also known as mirror imaging). Wever's vision was not realised; the General Staff studies in those subjects fell by the wayside, and the Air Academies focused on tactics, technology, and operational planning, rather than on independent strategic air offensives.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who said the Luftwaffe General Staff should be taught grand strategy?
A: Wever', '
Q: What is the mentality of potential opponents also known as?
A: mirror imaging', '
Q: What did the Air Academies not focus on?
A: independent strategic air offensives', '
Q: What army does the general staff belong to?
A: the Luftwaffe']
In 1936, Wever was killed in an air crash. The failure to implement his vision for the new Luftwaffe was largely attributable to his immediate successors. Ex-Army personnel Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff are usually blamed for the turning away from strategic planning and focusing on close air support. However, it would seem the two most prominent enthusiasts for the focus on ground-support operations (direct or indirect) were actually Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek. These men were long-time professional airmen involved in German air services since early in their careers. The Luftwaffe was not pressured into ground support operations because of pressure from the army, or because it was led by ex-army personnel. It was instead a mission that suited the Luftwaffe's existing approach to warfare; a culture of joint inter-service operations, rather than independent strategic air campaigns.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Wever die?
A: air crash', '
Q: What year did Wever die?
A: 1936', '
Q: Who took over for Wever after his death?
A: Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff', '
Q: What two men were the most important in ground support?
A: Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek', '
Q: What long time careers were Sperrle and Jeschonnek involved in?
A: German air services']
Adolf Hitler failed to pay as much attention to bombing the enemy as he did to protection from enemy bombing, although he had promoted the development of a bomber force in the 1930s and understood that it was possible to use bombers for major strategic purposes. He told the OKL in 1939 that ruthless employment of the Luftwaffe against the heart of the British will to resist could and would follow when the moment was right; however, he quickly developed a lively scepticism toward strategic bombing, confirmed by the results of the Blitz. He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe's inability to damage industries sufficiently, saying, "The munitions industry cannot be interfered with effectively by air raids ... usually the prescribed targets are not hit".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year was the beginning of enemy bombing first promoted by Hitler?
A: 1930s', '
Q: Why did Hitler feel the Luftwaffe was unsuccessful in bombing raids?
A: prescribed targets are not hit', "
Q: Why did Hitler feel bombing wasn't working?
A: inability to damage industries", '
Q: In 1939 Hitler said bombing of Britain would begin when?
A: the moment was right', '
Q: Who had skepticism towards strategic bombing? 
A: Adolf Hitler']
Ultimately, Hitler was trapped within his own vision of bombing as a terror weapon, formed in the 1930s when he threatened smaller nations into accepting German rule rather than submit to air bombardment. This fact had important implications. It showed the extent to which Hitler personally mistook Allied strategy for one of morale breaking instead of one of economic warfare, with the collapse of morale as an additional bonus. Hitler was much more attracted to the political aspects of bombing. As the mere threat of it had produced diplomatic results in the 1930s, he expected that the threat of German retaliation would persuade the Allies to adopt a policy of moderation and not to begin a policy of unrestricted bombing. His hope was — for reasons of political prestige within Germany itself — that the German population would be protected from the Allied bombings. When this proved impossible, he began to fear that popular feeling would turn against his regime, and he redoubled efforts to mount a similar "terror offensive" against Britain in order to produce a stalemate in which both sides would hesitate to use bombing at all.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How did Hitler threaten small nations into accepting German rule?
A: air bombardment', '
Q: What policy did Hitler hope the bombing of Allies would cause? 
A: policy of moderation', '
Q: What kind of prestige was Hitler hoping for?
A: political', '
Q: Why did Hitler use terror bombing against Britain? 
A: to produce a stalemate']
A major problem in the managing of the Luftwaffe was Hermann Göring. Hitler believed the Luftwaffe was "the most effective strategic weapon", and in reply to repeated requests from the Kriegsmarine for control over aircraft insisted, "We should never have been able to hold our own in this war if we had not had an undivided Luftwaffe". Such principles made it much harder to integrate the air force into the overall strategy and produced in Göring a jealous and damaging defence of his "empire" while removing Hitler voluntarily from the systematic direction of the Luftwaffe at either the strategic or operational level. When Hitler tried to intervene more in the running of the air force later in the war, he was faced with a political conflict of his own making between himself and Göring, which was not fully resolved until the war was almost over. In 1940 and 1941, Göring's refusal to cooperate with the Kriegsmarine denied the entire Wehrmacht military forces of the Reich the chance to strangle British sea communications, which might have had strategic or decisive effect in the war against the British Empire.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Hitler have a conflict over running the air force?
A: Hermann Göring', '
Q: What strategy could have worked against the British Empire?
A: strangle British sea communications', '
Q: What did the Kriegsmarine try to gain control over?
A: aircraft', '
Q: Who did Goring refuse to work with in 1940 and 1941?
A: the Kriegsmarine']
The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major "communications gap" between Hitler and the Luftwaffe, which other factors helped to exacerbate. For one thing, Göring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength. When Göring decided against continuing Wever's original heavy bomber programme in 1937, the Reichsmarschall's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were, not how many engines each had. In July 1939, Göring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe's most advanced equipment at Rechlin, to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?
A: communications gap', '
Q: What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?
A: misrepresent what information', "
Q: What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe's advanced equipment?
A: 1939", "
Q: Who's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939? 
A: Wever", '
Q: In what city did Goring display the advance equipment?
A: Rechlin']
Within hours of the UK and France declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, the RAF bombed German warships along the German coast at Wilhelmshaven. Thereafter bombing operations were against ports and shipping and propaganda leaflet drops. Operations were planned to minimize civilian casualties. From 15 May 1940 – the day after the Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Rotterdam – the RAF also carried out operations east of the Rhine, attacking industrial and transportation targets. Operations were carried out every night thereafter.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which two countries declared war on Germany on September 3 1939?
A: UK and France', '
Q: The RAF bombed what Germany coast?
A: Wilhelmshaven', '
Q: What kind of leaflets were dropped?
A: propaganda', '
Q: What were the RAF operations trying to lessen?
A: civilian casualties', '
Q: What year did the Luftwaffe destroy Rotterdam center?
A: 1940']
Although not specifically prepared to conduct independent strategic air operations against an opponent, the Luftwaffe was expected to do so over Britain. From July until September 1940 the Luftwaffe attacked RAF Fighter Command to gain air superiority as a prelude to invasion. This involved the bombing of English Channel convoys, ports, and RAF airfields and supporting industries. Destroying RAF Fighter Command would allow the Germans to gain control of the skies over the invasion area. It was supposed that Bomber Command, RAF Coastal Command and the Royal Navy could not operate under conditions of German air superiority.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which tactics were the Luftwaffe excepted to use against Britain? 
A: air operations', '
Q: Why did the Luftwaffe bomb the RAF Fighter Command?
A: to gain air superiority', '
Q: What was the name of the Channel the Luftwaffe bomb to try to gain air superiority?
A: English', '
Q: Which Navy was assumed not to be able to operate under German air superiority?
A: Royal']