romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
The New Kingdom c. 1550–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What year were the New Kingdom in control?
A: 1550–1070 BC', '
Q: What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power?
A: Eighteenth Dynasty', '
Q: Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom?
A: Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II', '
Q: Who were some of the invaders to Egypt during the New Kingdom?
A: Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians']
In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC?
A: Achaemenid Persians', '
Q: What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II?
A: Psamtik III', '
Q: From where did Camyses II rule Egypt?
A: Susa in Persia', '
Q: What was the duration of the 27th dynasty of Egypt?
A: 525 BC to 402 BC,']
The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A: Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia', '
Q: What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A: Pharaohs', '
Q: What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?
A: Alexandria', '
Q: What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A: Egyptian']
The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A: Cleopatra VII', '
Q: Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?
A: Octavian', "
Q: How did Mark Anthony's love die?
A: suicide", '
Q: What culture annexed Egypt?
A: Rome']
The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?
A: Byzantines', '
Q: What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?
A: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628', '
Q: How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?
A: ten years', '
Q: What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?
A: Sunni Islam']
Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who modernized Egyptian army?
A: Muhammad Ali Pasha', '
Q: In what 2 ways was Army improved?
A: strengthening it with numbers and in skill', '
Q: Why did military use barracks?
A: to avoid distraction of their growth', '
Q: What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule?
A: nationalism and pride']
The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was Suez canal completed?
A: 1869', '
Q: Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?
A: French', '
Q: In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?
A: 1875', "
Q: Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?
A: Ismail", '
Q: To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?
A: British Government']
The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was new constitution drafted?
A: 1923', '
Q: What system of government was constitution based on?
A: parliamentary system', '
Q: Who was elected in 1924?
A: Saad Zaghlul', '
Q: Who succeeded King Farouk?
A: his son Fuad', '
Q: How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?
A: 1954']
In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?
A: 1958', '
Q: What was the sovereign union with Syria known?
A: United Arab Republic', '
Q: How long did the union with Syria last?
A: 1961']
In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as "baseless", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. On 26 May Nasser declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?
A: Mohamed Fawzi', '
Q: How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?
A: three successive steps', '
Q: Who warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967?
A: Soviet Union i', '
Q: On what day did Nasser state "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel?"
A: 23 May']
At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953-54 through 1965-66, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser. During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?
A: less than half a million', '
Q: How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s
A: four million', '
Q: How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s
A: 17 million', '
Q: What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser?
A: Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists', '
Q: What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s?
A: went from sluggish to the verge of collapse']
In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October War, a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. it presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did Nasser die?
A: 1970', '
Q: Who succeeded Nasser?
A: Anwar Sadat', '
Q: Which side of the Cold War was Sadat?
A: United States,', '
Q: What was the October War?
A: surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier', '
Q: What did Sadat exchange for the remainder of Sinai?
A: peace with Israel']
In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was encouraged through Infitah?
A: foreign investment', '
Q: What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?
A: reduced taxes and import tariffs', "
Q: What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat's polidy?
A: elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs", '
Q: What occured in 1977?
A: Egyptian Bread Riots.']
During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations.[citation needed] As a result, by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What group dominated the political scene when Mubarak was in power?
A: National Democratic Party,', '
Q: What laws created in 1990s impacted culture?
A: 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law', '
Q: When did parliamentary politics become irrelevant in Egypt?
A: late 1990s']
Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring. In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (NDP), described Egypt as a "pharaonic" political system, and democracy as a "long-term goal". Dessouki also stated that "the real center of power in Egypt is the military".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?
A: parties from using religion as a basis for political activity', "
Q: What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?
A: Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party", '
Q: What was the long term goal for Egypt?
A: democracy', '
Q: What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?
A: power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring']
On 18 January 2014, the interim government instituted a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.1% of voters were supportive. Participation was low with only 38.6% of registered voters participating although this was higher than the 33% who voted in a referendum during Morsi's tenure. On 26 March 2014 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, who at this time was in control of the country, resigned from the military, announcing he would stand as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election. The poll, held between 26 and 28 May 2014, resulted in a landslide victory for el-Sisi. Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014. The Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups boycotted the vote. Even though the military-backed authorities extended voting to a third day, the 46% turnout was lower than the 52% turnout in the 2012 election.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was interim government instituted?
A: 18 January 2014', '
Q: What was the support by voters for referendum?
A: 98.1%', '
Q: Who was elected President in 2014?
A: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi', '
Q: What group boycotted the elections?
A: Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups']
Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo received snowfall in many decades. Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world, and most of its land surface is desert.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When does most of Egypts rain fall?
A: winter months', "
Q: Where does snow fall in Egypt?
A: Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities", '
Q: When was the last snow fall in Cairo?
A: 13 December 2013,', '
Q: What is the sunniest county in the world?
A: Egypt']
The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?
A: 2426', '
Q: How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?
A: 627', '
Q: How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?
A: 1483', '
Q: How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt?
A: 15,000', '
Q: How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt?
A: 371']
The House of Representatives, whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation. Elections were last held between November 2011 and January 2012 which was later dissolved. The next parliamentary election will be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014. Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president Adly Mansour pushed the date. The Egyptian presidential election, 2014, took place on 26–28 May 2014. Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5%, with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, or 96.91% compared to 757,511 (3.09%) for Hamdeen Sabahi.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What branch of government are the House of Representatives focused on?
A: legislation', '
Q: What percent of votes did el-Sisi get? 
A: 96.91%', '
Q: What tems do House of Representatives serve?
A: five-year terms', '
Q: Who came in second place in election for Egypt president to es-Sisi?
A: Hamdeen Sabahi']
In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy—tourism—and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who were primary targets of Egypt terrorist attacks?
A: Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials', "
Q: What was the name of a high profile terrorist group in Egypt in 1990s?
A: Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya", '
Q: What sector of economy was plagued by terrorism attacks?
A: tourism']
On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution. The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms. The parliament may impeach the president. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next 8 years. Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on "religion, race, gender or geography".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When was new constitution institutionalised?
A: 18 January 2014', '
Q: How long are presidential terms?
A: four-year term', '
Q: How many terms may a president serve?
A: 2 terms', '
Q: Who may impeach the president?
A: parliament', '
Q: what may not be basis for political party?
A: religion, race, gender or geography']
The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a bipartisan independent agency of the US government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government. According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey, 84% of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam; 77% supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery; and 82% support stoning a person who commits adultery.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where does Egypt rank for Religious freedom according to Pew Forum?
A: fifth worst', '
Q: What percentage of Egyptians polled support death penalty for those leaving Islam?
A: 84%', '
Q: What violation could result in stoning and was supported by 82% of Egyptian responders?
A: adultery']
As a result of modernisation efforts over the years, Egypt's healthcare system has made great strides forward. Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programs are now able to cover 98% of the population. Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 years in 2009. There was a noticeable decline of the infant mortality rate (during the 1970s to the 1980s the infant mortality rate was 101-132/1000 live births, in 2000 the rate was 50-60/1000, and in 2008 it was 28-30/1000).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What trend has Egypt healthcare made recently?
A: great strides forward', '
Q: How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs?
A: 98%', '
Q: What was life expectancy in 1960s?
A: 44.8 years', '
Q: What was the life expectancy in 2009?
A: 72.12 years', '
Q: What direction has infant mortality rate taken?
A: noticeable decline']
Cairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: According to QS World University Rankings where does Cairo University rank?
A: 551-600', '
Q: According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank?
A: 360', '
Q: According to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University are all ranked where?
A: 701+ range', '
Q: What is the aim of new research institutes?
A: modernising research']