romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
His family was long associated with the teaching of elocution: his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, in Edinburgh, were all elocutionists. His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are still well known, especially his The Standard Elocutionist (1860), which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over a quarter of a million copies in the United States alone. In this treatise, his father explains his methods of how to instruct deaf-mutes (as they were then known) to articulate words and read other people's lip movements to decipher meaning. Bell's father taught him and his brothers not only to write Visible Speech but to identify any symbol and its accompanying sound. Bell became so proficient that he became a part of his father's public demonstrations and astounded audiences with his abilities. He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language, including Latin, Scottish Gaelic, and even Sanskrit, accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where did Bell's uncle live?
A: Dublin", "
Q: What was Bell's father most famous for publishing?
A: The Standard Elocutionist", '
Q: Bell learned to accurately read lips even without knowing what?
A: pronunciation', '
Q: The Standard Elocutionist was printed how many times?
A: 168']
As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father. At an early age, however, he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, Scotland, which he left at age 15, completing only the first four forms. His school record was undistinguished, marked by absenteeism and lacklustre grades. His main interest remained in the sciences, especially biology, while he treated other school subjects with indifference, to the dismay of his demanding father. Upon leaving school, Bell travelled to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell. During the year he spent with his grandfather, a love of learning was born, with long hours spent in serious discussion and study. The elder Bell took great efforts to have his young pupil learn to speak clearly and with conviction, the attributes that his pupil would need to become a teacher himself. At age 16, Bell secured a position as a "pupil-teacher" of elocution and music, in Weston House Academy, at Elgin, Moray, Scotland. Although he was enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed classes himself in return for board and £10 per session. The following year, he attended the University of Edinburgh; joining his older brother Melville who had enrolled there the previous year. In 1868, not long before he departed for Canada with his family, Bell completed his matriculation exams and was accepted for admission to the University of London.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who taught Bell when he was very young?
A: father', '
Q: What school did Bell leave at 15?
A: Royal High School', "
Q: What was Bell's favorite subject?
A: biology", '
Q: How old was Bell when he became a "pupil-teacher"?
A: 16']
His father encouraged Bell's interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique automaton, developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. The rudimentary "mechanical man" simulated a human voice. Bell was fascinated by the machine and after he obtained a copy of von Kempelen's book, published in German, and had laboriously translated it, he and his older brother Melville built their own automaton head. Their father, highly interested in their project, offered to pay for any supplies and spurred the boys on with the enticement of a "big prize" if they were successful. While his brother constructed the throat and larynx, Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull. His efforts resulted in a remarkably lifelike head that could "speak", albeit only a few words. The boys would carefully adjust the "lips" and when a bellows forced air through the windpipe, a very recognizable "Mama" ensued, to the delight of neighbors who came to see the Bell invention.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what year did Bell's father take him to see an automaton?
A: 1863", '
Q: Who created the automaton Bell saw?
A: Sir Charles Wheatstone', '
Q: What did the automaton mimic?
A: human voice', '
Q: Bell built his own automaton with who?
A: Melville', '
Q: What part of the automaton did Bell create?
A: skull']
Intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with a live subject, the family's Skye Terrier, "Trouve". After he taught it to growl continuously, Bell would reach into its mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and vocal cords to produce a crude-sounding "Ow ah oo ga ma ma". With little convincing, visitors believed his dog could articulate "How are you grandma?" More indicative of his playful nature, his experiments convinced onlookers that they saw a "talking dog". However, these initial forays into experimentation with sound led Bell to undertake his first serious work on the transmission of sound, using tuning forks to explore resonance.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What living thing did Bell use in his research?
A: Skye Terrier', "
Q: What was Bell's pet's name?
A: Trouve", "
Q: What phrase did people believe Bell's dog could say?
A: How are you grandma?", '
Q: Bell investigated resonance using what?
A: tuning forks', '
Q: What did Bell  instruct his dog to do?
A: growl continuously']
At the age of 19, he wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father (who would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion). Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany, and also lent Bell a copy of Hermann von Helmholtz's work, The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Bell get to read his work?
A: Alexander Ellis', "
Q: What country was doing work similar to Bell's?
A: Germany", '
Q: Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music?
A: Hermann von Helmholtz', '
Q: How old was Bell when he wrote his paper?
A: 19', '
Q: What fictional character is based on Alexander Ellis?
A: Professor Henry Higgins']
Dismayed to find that groundbreaking work had already been undertaken by Helmholtz who had conveyed vowel sounds by means of a similar tuning fork "contraption", he pored over the German scientist's book. Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition, Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would be the underpinning of all his future work on transmitting sound, reporting: "Without knowing much about the subject, it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means, so could consonants, so could articulate speech." He also later remarked: "I thought that Helmholtz had done it ... and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity. It was a valuable blunder ... If I had been able to read German in those days, I might never have commenced my experiments!"[N 7]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made?
A: electrical', '
Q: What else besides vowels did Bell decide could be created?
A: consonants', "
Q: What language was Bell happy he couldn't read?
A: German", "
Q: What did Bell think he didn't know well enough?
A: electricity"]
In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, his health faltered mainly through exhaustion. His younger brother, Edward "Ted," was similarly bed-ridden, suffering from tuberculosis. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as "A.G. Bell") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward would never recover. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. His older brother Melville had married and moved out. With aspirations to obtain a degree at University College London, Bell considered his next years as preparation for the degree examinations, devoting his spare time at his family's residence to studying.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what year did the Bell's move to London?
A: 1865", '
Q: Where did Bell go in work in 1865?
A: Weston House', '
Q: What building was Bell in?
A: Somerset College', '
Q: How did Bell sign his letters?
A: A.G. Bell', '
Q: In what year did Bell move home?
A: 1867']
Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull's private school for the deaf in South Kensington, London. His first two pupils were "deaf mute" girls who made remarkable progress under his tutelage. While his older brother seemed to achieve success on many fronts including opening his own elocution school, applying for a patent on an invention, and starting a family, Bell continued as a teacher. However, in May 1870, Melville died from complications due to tuberculosis, causing a family crisis. His father had also suffered a debilitating illness earlier in life and had been restored to health by a convalescence in Newfoundland. Bell's parents embarked upon a long-planned move when they realized that their remaining son was also sickly. Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property,[N 8] conclude all of his brother's affairs (Bell took over his last student, curing a pronounced lisp), and join his father and mother in setting out for the "New World". Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What city is Susanna E. Hull located in?
A: South Kensington', '
Q: What sort of student attended Susanna E. Hull?
A: deaf', '
Q: Who died in 1870?
A: Melville', "
Q: Where did Bell's father go to recover from illness?
A: Newfoundland", '
Q: What did Bell help his final student get rid of?
A: lisp']
In 1870, at age 23, Bell, his brother's widow, Caroline (Margaret Ottaway), and his parents travelled on the SS Nestorian to Canada. After landing at Quebec City the Bells transferred to another steamer to Montreal and then boarded a train to Paris, Ontario, to stay with the Reverend Thomas Henderson, a family friend. After a brief stay with the Hendersons, the Bell family purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (42,000 m2) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farm house, stable, pigsty, hen-house, and a carriage house, which bordered the Grand River.[N 9]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How old was Bell when he went to Canada?
A: 23', '
Q: What boat did Bell travel on?
A: SS Nestorian', '
Q: In what Canadian city did Bell first arrive?
A: Quebec City', '
Q: What city did Bell arrive at by train?
A: Paris', "
Q: How many acres was the farm the Bell's bought in Canada?
A: 10.5"]
At the homestead, Bell set up his own workshop in the converted carriage house near to what he called his "dreaming place", a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property above the river. Despite his frail condition upon arriving in Canada, Bell found the climate and environs to his liking, and rapidly improved.[N 10] He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga, he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. For his work, Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony where he donned a Mohawk headdress and danced traditional dances.[N 11]

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What building did Bell use as a workshop?
A: carriage house', '
Q: What did Bell call his special spot in the back of the property?
A: dreaming place', '
Q: What Native American language did Bell learn?
A: Mohawk', '
Q: What special status did Bell get in the Mohawk tribe?
A: Honorary Chief', '
Q: Where was the Six Nations Reserve located?
A: Onondaga']
After setting up his workshop, Bell continued experiments based on Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. He also modified a melodeon (a type of pump organ) so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance. Once the family was settled in, both Bell and his father made plans to establish a teaching practice and in 1871, he accompanied his father to Montreal, where Melville was offered a position to teach his System of Visible Speech.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Bell rework to send music?
A: melodeon', '
Q: What is a melodeon a kind of?
A: pump organ', '
Q: When did Bell go to Montreal?
A: 1871', '
Q: Who went with Bell to Montreal?
A: father', "
Q: How did Bell's reworked melodeon send music?
A: electrically"]
Bell's father was invited by Sarah Fuller, principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (which continues today as the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf), in Boston, Massachusetts, to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller's instructors, but he declined the post in favor of his son. Traveling to Boston in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors. He was subsequently asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who ran the Boston School for Deaf Mutes?
A: Sarah Fuller', '
Q: What name does the Boston School for Deaf Mutes go by now?
A: the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf', '
Q: What month did Bell go to Boston?
A: April', '
Q: Bell trained who in Boston?
A: instructors', '
Q: What city was the American Asylum in?
A: Hartford']
Returning home to Brantford after six months abroad, Bell continued his experiments with his "harmonic telegraph".[N 12] The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each message was transmitted at a different pitch, but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many wires did Bell send a signal through?
A: 1', '
Q: For  his system to work, Bell had to change what about each code?
A: pitch', '
Q: Bell needed to fix both the transmitter and what?
A: receiver', "
Q: Where was Bell's home?
A: Brantford"]
Unsure of his future, he first contemplated returning to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students. While he was working as a private tutor, one of his most famous pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She was later to say that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that "inhuman silence which separates and estranges." In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of the new Bell's new Volta Bureau, dedicated to "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What city did Bell decide to return to?
A: Boston', '
Q: In what year did Bell open his own school?
A: 1872', "
Q: How many people were in Bell's first class?
A: 30", "
Q: Which of Bell's students is the most well known?
A: Helen Keller"]
Several influential people of the time, including Bell, viewed deafness as something that should be eradicated, and also believed that with resources and effort they could teach the deaf to speak and avoid the use of sign language, thus enabling their integration within the wider society from which many were often being excluded. In several schools, children were mistreated, for example by having their hands tied behind their backs so they could not communicate by signing—the only language they knew—in an attempt to force them to attempt oral communication. Owing to his efforts to suppress the teaching of sign language, Bell is often viewed negatively by those embracing Deaf culture.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Bell's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what?
A: sign language", "
Q: What would happen so some children's hands in schools?
A: tied behind their backs", '
Q: In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?
A: negative', '
Q: What was the only language many deaf people had?
A: signing']
In the following year, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending summers in his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was "swept up" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. While days and evenings were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping "night owl" hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. Worse still, his health deteriorated as he suffered severe headaches. Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a fateful decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: With what school did Bell get his next teaching job?
A: Boston University School of Oratory.', "
Q: What was Bell's discipline?
A: Vocal Physiology and Elocution", '
Q: What did Bell do late at night?
A: experiments', '
Q: What health condition did Bell start to have?
A: headaches', '
Q: In what year did Bell start to focus on research into sound?
A: 1873']
Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to "experiment". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders was backing the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[N 13] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Bell\'s two remaining students were "Georgie" Sanders and who?
A: Mabel Hubbard', "
Q: What was Georgie's father's name?
A: Thomas Sanders", '
Q: What disease made Mabel deaf?
A: scarlet fever', '
Q: How old was Mabel when she became deaf?
A: 15']
By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston "laboratory" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success.[N 14] While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a "phonautograph", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: On what material did the phonautograph operate?
A: smoked glass', '
Q: What kind of reed did Bell want to play with?
A: metal', '
Q: What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into?
A: sound', '
Q: What instrument is a phonautograph similar to?
A: pen', '
Q: In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph?
A: 1874']
In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become "the nervous system of commerce". Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell's experiments. Patent matters would be handled by Hubbard's patent attorney, Anthony Pollok.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What business was William Orton in charge of?
A: Western Union', '
Q: In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce?
A: nervous system', '
Q: What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines?
A: cost', '
Q: Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph?
A: Elisha Gray']
In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the famous scientist Joseph Henry, who was then director of the Smithsonian Institution, and asked Henry's advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph. Henry replied that Bell had "the germ of a great invention". When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, "Get it!" That declaration greatly encouraged Bell to keep trying, even though he did not have the equipment needed to continue his experiments, nor the ability to create a working model of his ideas. However, a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson, an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams, changed all that.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Bell go to see in 1875?
A: Joseph Henry', '
Q: Who ran the Smithsonian in 1875?
A: Joseph Henry', "
Q: What was Henry's reply to Bell's statement that he lacked information to complete his telegraph?
A: Get it!", '
Q: Who did Bell meet in 1874?
A: Thomas A. Watson', '
Q: What kind of business did Watson work at?
A: electrical machine']
With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant,[N 15] and the two of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. That demonstrated to Bell that only one reed or armature was necessary, not multiple reeds. This led to the "gallows" sound-powered telephone, which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Who did Bell take on to work with him?
A: Thomas Watson', '
Q: What month and day did Watson and Bell have a breakthrough?
A: June 2', '
Q: How many reeds did Bell conclude he needed?
A: 1', '
Q: What name was given to the telephone that sort of worked?
A: gallows', '
Q: Who gave money to Bell and Watson?
A: Sanders and Hubbard']