romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
According to the American National Standards Institute, pitch is the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high. Since pitch is such a close proxy for frequency, it is almost entirely determined by how quickly the sound wave is making the air vibrate and has almost nothing to do with the intensity, or amplitude, of the wave. That is, "high" pitch means very rapid oscillation, and "low" pitch corresponds to slower oscillation. Despite that, the idiom relating vertical height to sound pitch is shared by most languages. At least in English, it is just one of many deep conceptual metaphors that involve up/down. The exact etymological history of the musical sense of high and low pitch is still unclear. There is evidence that humans do actually perceive that the source of a sound is slightly higher or lower in vertical space when the sound frequency is increased or decreased.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Pitch is the auditory attribute to what?
A: sound', '
Q: Pitch is a close proxy for what?
A: frequency', '
Q: High pitch is what type of oscillation?
A: rapid', '
Q: Low pitch is what type of oscillation?
A: slower']
A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?
A: sound generated', '
Q: A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?
A: numerous', '
Q: Harmonics are an important class of what?
A: overtones', '
Q: Integer multiples are collectively called? 
A: the partials']
The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as upper partials, harmonic or otherwise. A complex tone composed of two sine waves of 1000 and 1200 Hz may sometimes be heard as up to three pitches: two spectral pitches at 1000 and 1200 Hz, derived from the physical frequencies of the pure tones, and the combination tone at 200 Hz, corresponding to the repetition rate of the waveform. In a situation like this, the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The pitch of complex tones can be?
A: ambiguous', '
Q: A complex tone is composed of how many waves?
A: two', '
Q:  The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?
A: the missing fundamental', '
Q: the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often?
A: divisor of the frequencies present']
The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches. The jnd becomes smaller if the two tones are played simultaneously as the listener is then able to discern beat frequencies. The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale, from 16 to 16,000 Hz, is 120.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what?
A: the tone's frequency content", '
Q: The jnd is typically tested by?
A: playing two tones in quick succession', '
Q: What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing?
A: 1,400']
It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch, but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch. A special type of pitch often occurs in free nature when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface. This phenomenon is called repetition pitch, because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?
A: snare drum', '
Q: Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?
A: the addition of a true repetition of the original sound', '
Q: It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what?
A: indefinite pitch']
For example, one might refer to the A above middle C as a', A4, or 440 Hz. In standard Western equal temperament, the notion of pitch is insensitive to "spelling": the description "G4 double sharp" refers to the same pitch as A4; in other temperaments, these may be distinct pitches. Human perception of musical intervals is approximately logarithmic with respect to fundamental frequency: the perceived interval between the pitches "A220" and "A440" is the same as the perceived interval between the pitches A440 and A880. Motivated by this logarithmic perception, music theorists sometimes represent pitches using a numerical scale based on the logarithm of fundamental frequency. For example, one can adopt the widely used MIDI standard to map fundamental frequency, f, to a real number, p, as follows

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The notion of pitch is insensitive to what?
A: spelling', '
Q: The description "G4 double sharp" refers to the same pitch as what?
A: A4', '
Q: Human perception of musical intervals is approximately what?
A: logarithmic', '
Q: Music theorist represent pitches using what kind of scale?
A: numerical']
Temporal theories offer an alternative that appeals to the temporal structure of action potentials, mostly the phase-locking and mode-locking of action potentials to frequencies in a stimulus. The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is still debated, but the processing seems to be based on an autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve. However, it has long been noted that a neural mechanism that may accomplish a delay—a necessary operation of a true autocorrelation—has not been found. At least one model shows that a temporal delay is unnecessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception, appealing to phase shifts between cochlear filters; however, earlier work has shown that certain sounds with a prominent peak in their autocorrelation function do not elicit a corresponding pitch percept, and that certain sounds without a peak in their autocorrelation function nevertheless elicit a pitch. To be a more complete model, autocorrelation must therefore apply to signals that represent the output of the cochlea, as via auditory-nerve interspike-interval histograms. Some theories of pitch perception hold that pitch has inherent octave ambiguities, and therefore is best decomposed into a pitch chroma, a periodic value around the octave, like the note names in western music—and a pitch height, which may be ambiguous, that indicates the octave the pitch is in.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is based on what?
A: autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve', '
Q: Is a temporal delay necessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception?
A: unnecessary', '
Q: Pitch perception  has inherent octave what?
A: ambiguities']
The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199. The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms; this introduced ten Tudor roses, one for each of the regional branches of the FA. Since 2003, England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit, and a year later was moved to its current position, first on the away shirt.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did King Richard I begin his reign?
A: 1189', "
Q: Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team?
A: lions", "
Q: What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on England's national football team motif?
A: a crown", '
Q: In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms?
A: 1949', '
Q: Since 2003, England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year?
A: 1966']
Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What color were England's first away kits?
A: blue", "
Q: What color are the socks traditionally worn in England's away kits?
A: red", '
Q: Three times in 1996, England wore what color socks in their away kits instead of the traditional red socks?
A: grey', '
Q: In 2011, England introduced a new away kit in what color?
A: navy blue', "
Q: When a new edition of England's away kit has been introduced, the kit is sometimes worn during what type of matches?
A: home matches"]
England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974, 1978 and 1994. The team's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950, 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D. In 1950, four teams remained after the first round, in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained. In 2010, England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat (4–1 to Germany) in the Round of 16, after drawing with the United States and Algeria and defeating Slovenia 1–0 in the group stage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year was England most recently eliminated from FIFA World Cup contention?
A: 2014', '
Q: In 2014, England was eliminated from the World Cup after being defeated by Italy and which other team?
A: Uruguay', '
Q: In which three years did England fail to qualify for the World Cup?
A: 1974, 1978 and 1994', '
Q: After the first round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, how many teams remained in contention?
A: sixteen', '
Q: What was the final score when, in 2010, England lost to Germany in the Round of 16 of the FIFA World Cup?
A: 4–1']
Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1. This still stands as England's worst ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, "it was like playing men from outer space". In the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team?
A: 1949', "
Q: What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?
A: 7–1", '
Q: In what year did England reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup for the first time?
A: 1954', '
Q: To whom is the quote "it was like playing men from outer space" attributed?
A: Syd Owen', '
Q: After reaching the FIFA World Cup quarter-finals for the first time, to whom did England lose with a final score of 4-2?
A: Uruguay']
In February 2012, Capello resigned from his role as England manager, following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from team captaincy after accusations of racial abuse concerning the player. Following this, there was media speculation that Harry Redknapp would take the job. However, on 1 May 2012, Roy Hodgson was announced as the new manager, just six weeks before UEFA Euro 2012. England managed to finish top of their group, winning two and drawing one of their fixtures, but exited the Championships in the quarter-finals via a penalty shoot-out, this time to Italy.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: In what year did Capello resign as England's football manager?
A: 2012", "
Q: Capello resigned as England's football manager after a dispute over removing which player from team captaincy?
A: John Terry", "
Q: Who became the new manager of England's football team in May of 2012?
A: Roy Hodgson", '
Q: In which round of UEFA Euro 2012 was England eliminated?
A: the quarter-finals', '
Q: A defeat by which team ultimately eliminated England from UEFA Euro 2012?
A: Italy']
The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events, and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in football; alongside Scotland, whom they played in the world's first international football match in 1872. England's home ground is Wembley Stadium, London, and the current team manager is Roy Hodgson.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which governing body controls the England national football team?
A: The Football Association', '
Q: Which other team, besides England, is one of the  two oldest national teams in football?
A: Scotland', "
Q: In what year did England and Scotland play the world's first international football match?
A: 1872", "
Q: What is the name of England's home field in London?
A: Wembley Stadium", "
Q: Who is the current team manager of England's football team?
A: Roy Hodgson"]
To begin with, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908. Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928, before they rejoined in 1946. As a result, they did not compete in a World Cup until 1950, in which they were beaten in a 1–0 defeat by the United States, failing to get past the first round in one of the most embarrassing defeats in the team's history.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which year did England join FIFA?
A: 1906', '
Q: England played against countries besides the Home Nations for the first time in what year?
A: 1908', '
Q: England left FIFA in 1928 and ultimately rejoined in what year?
A: 1946', '
Q: What was the first year after England left and rejoined FIFA in which they played in a World Cup?
A: 1950', '
Q: In what year did Wembley Stadium open?
A: 1923']
England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2004 and 2012. The team's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000. The team did not enter in 1960, and they failed to qualify in 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?
A: third place', '
Q: In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed?
A: eight', '
Q: Where does England rank in terms of the number of UEFA European Football Championship appearances?
A: tied for ninth-best', '
Q: In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round?
A: 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000', '
Q: In which five years did England fail to qualify for the UEFA European Championship?
A: 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008']
England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain (the first time competitively since 1962); despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup?
A: West Germany', "
Q: What was the final score of England's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup?
A: 3–2", "
Q: In which year did England fail to qualify for the FIFA World Cup resulting in Ramsey's dismissal?
A: 1974", '
Q: Where did the 1970 FIFA World Cup take place?
A: Mexico', '
Q: Where did the 1982 FIFA World Cup take place?
A: Spain']
Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non–English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure, and England rose to an No.4 world ranking under his guidance. His contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup's conclusion.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was the first non-English person to manage England's football team?
A: Sven-Göran Eriksson", '
Q: How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-Göran Eriksson?
A: five', '
Q: What was the highest world ranking achieved by England under management by Sven-Göran Eriksson?
A: No.4', '
Q: In what year was the contract of Sven-Göran Eriksson terminated?
A: 2006', "
Q: In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team?
A: 2001"]
All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live. From the 2008–09 season until the 2017–18 season, England's home and away qualifiers, and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV (often with the exception of STV, the ITV affiliate in central and northern Scotland). England's away qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup were shown on Setanta Sports until that company's collapse. As a result of Setanta Sports's demise, England's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis via the internet only. This one-off event was the first time an England game had been screened in such a way. The number of subscribers, paying between £4.99 and £11.99 each, was estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000 and the total number of viewers at around 500,000.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Commentated broadcasts of all England matches air on what network?
A: BBC Radio 5 Live', "
Q: What was the first season in which England's qualifiers and friendlies were broadcast on ITV?
A: 2008–09", "
Q: What network is ITV's affiliate in northern and central Scotland?
A: STV", '
Q: In what year was an England football match aired only via the internet for the first time?
A: 2009', '
Q: Approximately how many total viewers watched the England World Cup qualifier on the internet on 10 October 2009?
A: 500,000']
England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966. The tournament was played on home soil and England defeated Germany 4–2 in the final. In 1990, England finished in fourth place, losing 2–1 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off after losing on penalties to champions Germany in the semi-final. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2002 and 2006. Previously, they reached this stage in 1954, 1962, 1970 and 1986.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In how many FIFA world cups has England appeared?
A: 14', '
Q: Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup?
A: Spain', '
Q: In which year did England win the FIFA World Cup for the first and only time?
A: 1966', '
Q: In what place did England finish in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?
A: fourth', '
Q: Which country hosted the 1990 FIFA World Cup?
A: Italy']
In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs—Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen—from New York, purchased 6,642 acres (26.88 km2) of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto, who was elected President of Texas in September 1836. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but there were slave dealers in Houston. Thousands of enslaved African-Americans lived near the city before the Civil War. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. In 1860 forty-nine percent of the city's population was enslaved. A few slaves, perhaps as many as 2,000 between 1835 and 1865, came through the illegal African trade. Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state. They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers nearly tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where were Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen from?
A: New York', '
Q: How many acres of land did Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen purchase in 1836?
A: 6,642', '
Q: What was the reason the Allen brothers purchased land in 1836?
A: founding a city', '
Q: Who did the Allen brothers name the city they founded after?
A: Sam Houston', '
Q: In what year was Sam Houston elected President of Texas?
A: 1836', '
Q: Who bought land along Buffalo Bayou to build a city?
A: Allen brothers', '
Q: How much land did the Allen brothers buy?
A: 6,642 acres', '
Q: After which famous general was the city named?
A: Sam Houston', "
Q: In 1860 what percentage of the city's population was slaves?
A: forty-nine percent", '
Q: How much did the slave population of Houston increase from 1850 to 1860?
A: tripled']