romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
From 1996 to 2002, Tuvalu was one of the best-performing Pacific Island economies and achieved an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.6% per annum. Since 2002 economic growth has slowed, with GDP growth of 1.5% in 2008. Tuvalu was exposed to rapid rises in world prices of fuel and food in 2008, with the level of inflation peaking at 13.4%. The International Monetary Fund 2010 Report on Tuvalu estimates that Tuvalu experienced zero growth in its 2010 GDP, after the economy contracted by about 2% in 2009. On 5 August 2012, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Tuvalu, and assessed the economy of Tuvalu: "A slow recovery is underway in Tuvalu, but there are important risks. GDP grew in 2011 for the first time since the global financial crisis, led by the private retail sector and education spending. We expect growth to rise slowly". The IMF 2014 Country Report noted that real GDP growth in Tuvalu had been volatile averaging only 1 percent in the past decade. The 2014 Country Report describes economic growth prospects as generally positive as the result of large revenues from fishing licenses, together with substantial foreign aid.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: What was Tuvalu's GDP rate from 1996 to 2002?
A: 5.6%", '
Q:  What has been the GDP of Tuvalu in 2008?
A: 1.5%', "
Q: What rises in cost have effected Tuvalu's domestic growth?
A: fuel and food", '
Q: What has been the level of domestic growth in 2010 on Tuvalu?
A: zero growth', '
Q: What does Tuvalu expect as a return in fishing licenses and foreign aid?
A: large revenues']
Banking services are provided by the National Bank of Tuvalu. Public sector workers make up about 65% of those formally employed. Remittances from Tuvaluans living in Australia and New Zealand, and remittances from Tuvaluan sailors employed on overseas ships are important sources of income for Tuvaluans. Approximately 15% of adult males work as seamen on foreign-flagged merchant ships. Agriculture in Tuvalu is focused on coconut trees and growing pulaka in large pits of composted soil below the water table. Tuvaluans are otherwise involved in traditional subsistence agriculture and fishing.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What business provides banking services on Tuvalu?
A: National Bank of Tuvalu', '
Q: Where are many of those who provide income to residents earning?
A: overseas', '
Q: How do 15% of male Tuvaluans earn their income?
A: seamen', '
Q: What percentage of the Tuvalu workforce is in the public sector?
A: 65%', '
Q: What are the traditional forms of living employed by Tuvaluans?
A: agriculture and fishing.']
Tuvaluans are well known for their seafaring skills, with the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute on Amatuku motu (island), Funafuti, providing training to approximately 120 marine cadets each year so that they have the skills necessary for employment as seafarers on merchant shipping. The Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union (TOSU) is the only registered trade union in Tuvalu. It represents workers on foreign ships. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that 800 Tuvaluan men are trained, certified and active as seafarers. The ADB estimates that, at any one time, about 15% of the adult male population works abroad as seafarers. Job opportunities also exist as observers on tuna boats where the role is to monitor compliance with the boat's tuna fishing licence.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What school provides maritime education on Tuvalu?
A: Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute', '
Q: What is the yearly number of cadets at the Maritime Training Institute?
A: 120', "
Q: What is the only trade union on Tuvalu?
A: Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union", "
Q: On what does the Seaman'd Union represent workers?
A: on foreign ships", '
Q: How many Tuvaluan men are active seafarers?
A: 800']
Government revenues largely come from sales of fishing licenses, income from the Tuvalu Trust Fund, and from the lease of its highly fortuitous .tv Internet Top Level Domain (TLD). In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from the use of its area code for premium-rate telephone numbers and from the commercialisation of its ".tv" Internet domain name, which is now managed by Verisign until 2021. The ".tv" domain name generates around $2.2 million each year from royalties, which is about ten per cent of the government's total revenue. Domain name income paid most of the cost of paving the streets of Funafuti and installing street lighting in mid-2002. Tuvalu also generates income from stamps by the Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau and income from the Tuvalu Ship Registry.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: How much money does Tuvalu's tv domain name earn each year?
A: $2.2 million", "
Q: What si Tuvalu's tv domain?
A: Top Level Domain", "
Q: What company is managing Tuvalu's tv domain?
A: Verisign", '
Q: How much of the total government revenue comes from the domain name?
A: ten per cent', '
Q: What  income source does Tuvalu earn from shipping?
A: Tuvalu Ship Registry']
The United Nations designates Tuvalu as a least developed country (LDC) because of its limited potential for economic development, absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks. Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries (EIF), which was established in October 1997 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation. In 2013 Tuvalu deferred its graduation from least developed country (LDC) status to a developing country to 2015. Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said that this deferral was necessary to maintain access by Tuvalu to the funds provided by the United Nations's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), as "Once Tuvalu graduates to a developed country, it will not be considered for funding assistance for climate change adaptation programmes like NAPA, which only goes to LDCs". Tuvalu had met targets so that Tuvalu was to graduate from LDC status. Prime minister, Enele Sopoaga wants the United Nations to reconsider its criteria for graduation from LDC status as not enough weight is given to the environmental plight of small island states like Tuvalu in the application of the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the UN developmental designation for Tuvalu?
A: least developed', '
Q: What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status?
A: deferred its graduation', '
Q: What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries?
A: World Trade Organisation', '
Q: What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country?
A: funding assistance', '
Q: What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration?
A: environmental']
The Tuvalu Media Department of the Government of Tuvalu operates Radio Tuvalu which broadcasts from Funafuti. In 2011 the Japanese government provided financial support to construct a new AM broadcast studio. The installation of upgraded transmission equipment allows Radio Tuvalu to be heard on all nine islands of Tuvalu. The new AM radio transmitter on Funafuti replaced the FM radio service to the outer islands and freed up satellite bandwidth for mobile services. Fenui – news from Tuvalu is a free digital publication of the Tuvalu Media Department that is emailed to subscribers and operates a Facebook page, which publishes news about government activities and news about Tuvaluan events, such as a special edition covering the results of the 2015 general election.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the radio station on Tuvalu?
A: Radio Tuvalu', '
Q: From where does Radio Tuvalu broadcast?
A: Funafuti', '
Q: Who gave financial support to Tuvalu to upgrade transmission equipment?
A: Japanese government', '
Q: What did the new radio equipment replace with AM service? 
A: FM radio', '
Q: What service got more bandwidth from the transmission upgrade?
A: mobile']
Funafuti is the only port but there is a deep-water berth in the harbour at Nukufetau. The merchant marine fleet consists of two passenger/cargo ships Nivaga III and Manu Folau. These ships carry cargo and passengers between the main atolls and travel between Suva, Fiji and Funafuti 3 to 4 times a year. The Nivaga III and Manu Folau provide round trip visits to the outer islands every three or four weeks. The Manu Folau is a 50-metre vessel that was a gift from Japan to the people of Tuvalu. In 2015 the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) assisted the government of Tuvalu to acquire MV Talamoana, a 30-metre vessel that will be used to implement Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to transport government officials and project personnel to the outer islands. In 2015 the Nivaga III was donated by the government of Japan; it replaced the Nivaga II, which had serviced Tuvalu from 1989.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Where is Tuvalu's only port?
A: Funafuti", '
Q: Where is there a deep water berth available on Tuvalu?
A: Nukufetau', '
Q: Of how many ships does the merchant marine fleet consist?
A: two', '
Q: What ship did Japan donate to Tuvalu in 2015?
A: Nivaga III', "
Q: What do Tuvalu's merchant fleet carry?
A: cargo and passengers"]
Tuvalu consists of three reef islands and six true atolls. Its small, scattered group of atolls have poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 square kilometres (10 square miles) making it the fourth smallest country in the world. The islets that form the atolls are very low lying. Nanumanga, Niutao, Niulakita are reef islands and the six true atolls are Funafuti, Nanumea, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Vaitupu. Tuvalu's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an oceanic area of approximately 900,000 km2.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: How many reef islands does the Tuvalu group have?
A: three', '
Q: What are the number of true atolls are in the Tuvalu islands?
A: six', '
Q: What is the total land area of Tuvalu?
A: 26 square kilometres', '
Q: How does Tuvalu rank in country size as compared to other nations?
A: fourth smallest', "
Q: What is the coverage of Tuvalu's economic zone?
A: 900,000 km2"]
Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain. It comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1 kilometres (15.6 miles) (N–S) by 18.4 kilometres (11.4 miles) (W-E), centred on 179°7'E and 8°30'S. On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with several natural reef channels. Surveys were carried out in May 2010 of the reef habitats of Nanumea, Nukulaelae and Funafuti and a total of 317 fish species were recorded during this Tuvalu Marine Life study. The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to 607.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?
A: Funafuti", '
Q: What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?
A: volcanic island chain', "
Q: What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?
A: 179°7'E and 8°30'S", '
Q: How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?
A: 607', '
Q: How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?
A: 66']
Tuvalu experiences the effects of El Niño and La Niña caused by changes in ocean temperatures in the equatorial and central Pacific. El Niño effects increase the chances of tropical storms and cyclones, while La Niña effects increase the chances of drought. Typically the islands of Tuvalu receive between 200 to 400 mm (8 to 16 in) of rainfall per month. However, in 2011 a weak La Niña effect caused a drought by cooling the surface of the sea around Tuvalu. A state of emergency was declared on 28 September 2011; with rationing of fresh-water on the islands of Funafuti and Nukulaelae. Households on Funafuti and Nukulaelae were restricted to two buckets of fresh water per day (40 litres).

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What specific ocean temperature conditions effect Tuvalu?
A: El Niño and La Niña', '
Q: Which effect causes increases in sea storms like cyclones?
A: El Niño', '
Q: What temperature effect causes drought?
A: La Niña', '
Q: What did a drought in 2011 cause on Funafuti?
A: rationing of fresh-water', '
Q: What is the usual amount of rainfall per month on Tuvalu?
A: 200 to 400 mm']
The governments of Australia and New Zealand responded to the 2011 fresh-water crisis by supplying temporary desalination plants, and assisted in the repair of the existing desalination unit that was donated by Japan in 2006. In response to the 2011 drought, Japan funded the purchase of a 100 m3/d desalination plant and two portable 10 m3/d plants as part of its Pacific Environment Community (PEC) program. Aid programs from the European Union and Australia also provided water tanks as part of the longer term solution for the storage of available fresh water.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of device did Australia and New Zealand offer to Tuvalu during the 2011 drought?
A: desalination plants', '
Q: As aprt of what program did Japan fund a new desalination plant at Tuvalu?
A: Pacific Environment Community', '
Q: What did aid from the European Union provide during the drought on Tuvalu?
A: water tanks', "
Q: What did Tuvalu's new water tanks make possible to store?
A: fresh water", '
Q: In what year had Japan previously donated a desalination plant to Tuvalu?
A: 2006']
The eastern shoreline of Funafuti Lagoon was modified during World War II when the airfield (what is now Funafuti International Airport) was constructed. The coral base of the atoll was used as fill to create the runway. The resulting borrow pits impacted the fresh-water aquifer. In the low areas of Funafuti the sea water can be seen bubbling up through the porous coral rock to form pools with each high tide. Since 1994 a project has been in development to assess the environmental impact of transporting sand from the lagoon to fill all the borrow pits and low-lying areas on Fongafale. In 2014 the Tuvalu Borrow Pits Remediation (BPR) project was approved in order to fill 10 borrow pits, leaving Tafua Pond, which is a natural pond. The New Zealand Government funded the BPR project. The project was carried out in 2015 with 365,000 sqm of sand being dredged from the lagoon to fill the holes and improve living conditions on the island. This project increase the usable land space on Fongafale by eight per cent.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What is the modern name for the air field built during WWII?
A: Funafuti International Airport', '
Q: What was damaged by building of the war time air field?
A: Funafuti Lagoon', '
Q: What has the pits from the Tuvalu air runways construction  impacted?
A: fresh-water aquifer', '
Q: What government funded the restoration of the borrow pits on Tuvalu?
A: New Zealand Government', '
Q: How much increase in land space did the filling of the borrow pits cause?
A: eight per cent']
The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification. The coral bleaching, which includes staghorn corals, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the El Niños that occurred from 1998–2000 and from 2000–2001. A reef restoration project has investigated reef restoration techniques; and researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the coral reefs through the introduction of foraminifera. The project of the Japan International Cooperation Agency is designed to increase the resilience of the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise through ecosystem rehabilitation and regeneration and through support for sand production.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached?
A: 80 per cent', '
Q: What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching?
A: water temperature', '
Q: What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu?
A: foraminifera', '
Q: What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise?
A: ecosystem rehabilitation', '
Q: What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu?
A: reef restoration']
The rising population has resulted in an increased demand on fish stocks, which are under stress; although the creation of the Funafuti Conservation Area has provided a fishing exclusion area to help sustain the fish population across the Funafuti lagoon. Population pressure on the resources of Funafuti and inadequate sanitation systems have resulted in pollution. The Waste Operations and Services Act of 2009 provides the legal framework for waste management and pollution control projects funded by the European Union directed at organic waste composting in eco-sanitation systems. The Environment Protection (Litter and Waste Control) Regulation 2013 is intended to improve the management of the importation of non-biodegradable materials. In Tuvalu plastic waste is a problem as much imported food and other commodities are supplied in plastic containers or packaging.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What has been formed to protect the fish stocks in Tuvalu Lagoon?
A: Funafuti Conservation Area', '
Q: What factor has caused an increased demand for fish?
A: rising population', '
Q: What has growth in population and poor sanitation caused?
A: pollution', '
Q: What organization has funded a waste management control plan on Tuvalu?
A: European Union', '
Q: What do imports produce on Tuvalu?
A: plastic waste']
Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?
A: Reverse osmosis', '
Q: How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?
A: 40 m3 per day', '
Q: At what storage  point is R/O water production meant to be used?
A: below 30%', '
Q: What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?
A: government', '
Q: What is the cost of R/O produced water?
A: A$3.50 per m3']
In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: When did the UN ask Tuvalu to come up with a plan to improve drinking water?
A: July 2012', '
Q: What did Tuvalu develop as a safe water strategy?
A: National Water Resources Policy', '
Q: What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu?
A: 50 and 100L', '
Q: What organization called for Tuvalu to  improve its water and sanitation systems?
A: United Nations', '
Q: What group ultimately sponsored the Tuvalu water resources policy?
A: Global Environment Fund']
Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe, which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972. Cyclone Bebe submerged Funafuti, eliminating 90% of structures on the island. Sources of drinking water were contaminated as a result of the system's storm surge and the flooding of the sources of fresh water.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage?
A: low elevation', "
Q: To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible?
A: sea level rise", '
Q: What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu?
A: 4.6 metres', '
Q: Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation?
A: Niulakita', '
Q: Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation?
A: second-lowest']
Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops. Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996–97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?
A: Cyclone Bebe', '
Q: How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season? 
A: three', '
Q: What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?
A: Cyclone Ofa', '
Q: What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?
A: Cyclone Gavin', "
Q: What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?
A: Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili"]
In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau caused many families to shelter in evacuation centres or with other families. Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands (Nui, Nukufetau and Vaitupu); with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90% of the crops. Of the three northern islands (Nanumanga, Niutao, Nanumea), Nanumanga suffered the most damage, with 60-100 houses flooded, with the waves also causing damage to the health facility. Vasafua islet, part of the Funafuti Conservation Area, was severely damaged by Cyclone Pam. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu?
A: 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft)', '
Q: In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu?
A: March 2015', '
Q: During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage?
A: Nui', '
Q: What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during  Cyclone Pam?
A: 90%', '
Q: The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become  a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam?
A: coconut palms']
The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris. Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical, funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with recovery, including WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, OCHA, World Bank, DFAT, New Zealand Red Cross & IFRC, Fiji National University and governments of New Zealand, Netherlands, UAE, Taiwan and the United States.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did the Tuvalu government assess after Cyclone Pam?
A: damage', '
Q: What event on Tuvalu made assistance to the population necessary?
A: Cyclone Pam', '
Q: What assistance did many international groups give to Tuvalu?
A: recovery', '
Q: For what action was government assistance necessary after the Tuvalu cyclone??
A: cleaning-up']