romikgosai/squad_modified huggingface dataset:
At Princeton, the physicist Robert R. Wilson encouraged Feynman to participate in the Manhattan Project—the wartime U.S. Army project at Los Alamos developing the atomic bomb. Feynman said he was persuaded to join this effort to build it before Nazi Germany developed their own bomb. He was assigned to Hans Bethe's theoretical division and impressed Bethe enough to be made a group leader. He and Bethe developed the Bethe–Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb, which built upon previous work by Robert Serber.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in?
A: Manhattan Project', '
Q: Whose division was Feynman assigned to at the Manhattan Project?
A: Hans Bethe', '
Q: What did Feynman produce with the help of Bethe?
A: Bethe–Feynman formula', '
Q: What was the purpose of the Bethe-Feynman formula?
A: calculating the yield of a fission bomb', '
Q: Who had previously worked on fission bomb yields before Feynman?
A: Robert Serber']
He immersed himself in work on the project, and was present at the Trinity bomb test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation. On witnessing the blast, Feynman ducked towards the floor of his truck because of the immense brightness of the explosion, where he saw a temporary "purple splotch" afterimage of the event.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Feynman used this to protect his eyes during the test detonation
A: truck windshield', '
Q: What atomic bomb test did Feynman see?
A: Trinity bomb test', '
Q: What did Feynman see after the atomic test?
A: "purple splotch" afterimage', '
Q: What did Feynman think that the truck windshield would shield him against?
A: ultraviolet radiation']
Feynman's other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality. On completing this work he was transferred to the Oak Ridge facility, where he aided engineers in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents (for example, due to sub-critical amounts of fissile material inadvertently stored in proximity on opposite sides of a wall) could be avoided. He also did theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb, which later proved not to be feasible.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What was the Water Boiler that Feyman worked on?
A: nuclear reactor', '
Q: Where was Feyman sent after his work at Los Alamos?
A: Oak Ridge facility', '
Q: What did Feynman help produce at the Oak Ridge Facility?
A: safety procedures', '
Q: Which weapon did Feynman found to not be feasible?
A: uranium hydride bomb', '
Q: Where did Feynman work on the "Wateer Boiler"?
A: Los Alamos']
Due to the top secret nature of the work, Los Alamos was isolated. In Feynman's own words, "There wasn't anything to do there." Bored, he indulged his curiosity by learning to pick the combination locks on cabinets and desks used to secure papers. Feynman played many jokes on colleagues. In one case he found the combination to a locked filing cabinet by trying the numbers he thought a physicist would use (it proved to be 27–18–28 after the base of natural logarithms, e = 2.71828...), and found that the three filing cabinets where a colleague kept a set of atomic bomb research notes all had the same combination. He left a series of notes in the cabinets as a prank, which initially spooked his colleague, Frederic de Hoffmann, into thinking a spy or saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets. On several occasions, Feynman drove to Albuquerque to see his ailing wife in a car borrowed from Klaus Fuchs, who was later discovered to be a real spy for the Soviets, transporting nuclear secrets in his car to Santa Fe.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Feynman quickly bored of Los Alamos because the work was all kept __?
A: top secret', '
Q: How did Feynman spook a colleague?
A: left a series of notes in the cabinets', '
Q: What did Frederic de Hoffmann think had happened when he found these notes?
A: saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets', '
Q: Feynman visited his wife in which New Mexico city?
A: Albuquerque', '
Q: Feynman borrowed a car from Klaus Fuchs, who was later found to be a what?
A: spy for the Soviets']
Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a "depression".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?
A: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out', '
Q: What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?
A: possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies', '
Q: After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb, Feynman went through what mental disorder?
A: depression', '
Q: What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated?
A: error on his part']
Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?
A: University of Wisconsin–Madison', '
Q: Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?
A: Dean Mark Ingraham', '
Q: Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?
A: 1942', '
Q: Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW?
A: Manhattan project']
After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: At which college did Feyman turn down a job?
A: Institute for Advanced Study', '
Q: Where did Feyman accept a job after the war?
A: Cornell University', '
Q: Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell?
A: Hans Bethe', '
Q: His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what?
A: Nobel Prize–winning work', '
Q: Why did Feynman go through a depression?
A: destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb']
Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: The  Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position?
A: Princeton University', '
Q: Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study?
A: no teaching duties', '
Q: Where did Feynman receive much inspiration?
A: students', '
Q: Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college?
A: California Institute of Technology', '
Q: In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains?
A: Ithaca']
Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone".

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which nickname did Feynman receive?
A: Great Explainer', '
Q: Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?
A: fully understood', '
Q: In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?
A: antiparticles', '
Q: Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?
A: light cone']
He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?
A: Feynman diagrams', '
Q: What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons?
A: positrons', '
Q: Where did Feynman paint his diagrams?
A: his van', '
Q: What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do?
A: approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes']
From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop?
A: quark model', '
Q: What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model?
A: parton model', '
Q: Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s?
A: not real particles', '
Q: Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?
A: Ernest Rutherford', '
Q: After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist?
A: sixth quark']
After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Where did  Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity
A: quantum electrodynamics', '
Q: What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity?
A: consequences of a free massless spin 2 field', '
Q: What equation did Feyman derive?
A: Einstein field equation of general relativity', '
Q: Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain?
A: QCD and the electro-weak theory', "
Q: What did Feynman's discoveries help explain?
A: Yang–Mills theories"]
Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which society was Feynman elected to?
A: Royal Society', '
Q: After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce?
A: The Feynman Lectures on Physics', "
Q: Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book?
A: connections to drugs and rock and roll", '
Q: In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument?
A: drums', '
Q: What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?
A: The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter']
In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?
A: 1974', "
Q: Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?
A: cargo cult science", '
Q: What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?
A: fool yourself', '
Q: What is cargo cult science?
A: pseudoscience']
In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?
A: parallel computer', '
Q: Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?
A: Stephen Wolfram', '
Q: Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?
A: His son Carl', '
Q: What specifically did his son work on?
A: software', '
Q: What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?
A: influencing the interconnects']
Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics.

Questions and answers:
['
Q: What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?
A: string theory and M-theory', '
Q: The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?
A: tubes', "
Q: What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?
A: they don't check their ideas", '
Q: Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?
A: \'Well, it still might be true.\'"']
Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that the space shuttle reliability estimate by NASA management was fantastically unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used these figures to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?
A: sober narrative', "
Q: Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?
A: What Do You Care What Other People Think?", '
Q: While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?
A: 1 in 200', '
Q: His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?
A: NASA', '
Q: Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?
A: Christa McAuliffe']
Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'."

Questions and answers:
['
Q: Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?
A: Jewish', '
Q: Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?
A: The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize', '
Q: What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?
A: the chosen people', '
Q: What religious affiliation did Feynman have?
A: atheist', '
Q: Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard?
A: race']
While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled "Arlene"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis—an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. ("Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address.") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role.

Questions and answers:
["
Q: Who was Feynman's wife?
A: Arline Greenbaum", '
Q: Which disease did Arline succumb to?
A: tuberculosis', '
Q: In which year did his wife die?
A: 1945', "
Q: Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?
A: Feynman's daughter, Michelle", "
Q: What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?
A: Infinity"]