CASE OF CERF v. TURKEY

1. The case originated in an application (no. 12938/07) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mrs Yaşar Cerf (“the applicant”), on 15 March 2007.
2. The applicant was represented by Ms Catriona Vine, Mr Paul Troop and Ms Saniye Karakaş, lawyers practising in London. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent.
3. The applicant alleged, in particular, that her husband had been killed by either the authorities of the respondent State or by persons aided by the respondent State, and that the national authorities had failed to carry out an effective investigation into his killing.
4. On 5 September 2014 the application was communicated to the Government.
5. The applicant was born in 1946 and lives in Adana. As some of the facts are disputed by the parties, their submissions will be summarised separately.
A. The applicant ’ s submissions on the facts
6. The applicant ’ s husband, Mr Sefer Cerf, was the district leader and administrative board member of the People ’ s Democracy Party ( Halkın Demokrasi Partisi, hereinafter referred to as “HADEP”), a political party which was dissolved by the Constitutional Court in 2003 (see HADEP and Demir v. Turkey, no. 28003/03, 14 December 2010), in the town of Yüreğir, within the administrative jurisdiction of the province of Adana. In the four to five years prior to 1994 he and his family were often harassed, intimidated and threatened by plainclothes police officers on account of his political activities. On 1 October 1994 a man fired a shot at the applicant ’ s 11-year-old son outside their house, narrowly missing him.
7. At around 8 a.m. on 3 October 1994, the applicant ’ s husband Sefer Cerf left home to go to a café in the town centre. According to a number of eyewitnesses, Sefer Cerf arrived at the café and sat outside on the terrace next to his friend, R. Ç. , who was also an administrative board member of HADEP.
8. The witnesses then heard six gunshots and immediately afterwards saw two men with pistols in their hands running away from the café. The applicant ’ s husband Sefer Cerf and his friend R. Ç. were shot and Sefer Cerf died at the scene. R .Ç. was injured and died while being taken to a hospital by a friend, Mr Ahmet Dizman. A third person, Mr S. S. , was also hit by a ricocheting bullet and wounded in the foot.
9. On the day of the killing there were no police or anti-terrorism officers ’ vehicles in the area. This was unusual as ordinarily they would have been patrolling the neighbourhood. Furthermore, it took a considerable amount of time before the authorities attended the scene. When people tried to call an ambulance, they found that the telephone lines had been cut.
10. Police officers who arrived at the café questioned eyewitnesses and collected six spent bullet cases and two deformed bullets from the scene and sent them for forensic examination. An incident scene investigation was concluded by the prosecutor the same day.
11. Mr Sait Macir, also a board member of HADEP, was inside the café at the time and went outside to help the two victims. He told the authorities that he had seen the two assailants running away from the scene. Mr Macir was taken to a police station on the pretext of giving a statement but was instead questioned about his relationship with the applicant ’ s husband. His café was closed by the police for no reason and he was subjected to continuous harassment after the incident. On 30 December 1994 Mr Macir was himself shot and killed outside the same café (see Macir v. Turkey (friendly settlement), no. 28516/95, 22 April 2003). After his death, Mr Macir ’ s wife was taken to a police station where she was threatened and questioned about her husband ’ s connections to the applicant ’ s husband and to Mr R. Ç.
12. A couple of days after the incident, Ahmet Dizman, who had tried to take R. Ç. to hospital, was detained by the police. The police officers beat him up and told him that they had seen him at the funeral of Sefer Cerf and R. Ç. the day before. They threatened him and told him that if he continued to be involved in such activities, his end would be like those of the dead HADEP members. As a result of that ill-treatment Mr Dizman ’ s jaw was broken (see Dizman v. Turkey, no. 27309/95, §§ 12 and 15, 20 September 2005).
13. Threats against the applicant also continued after the killing of her husband. Plainclothes police officers continuously observed their family home, questioned their visitors and, on a number of occasions, threw notes into the garden with messages such as “like your father, your end has come”, addressed to the applicant ’ s daughter. On one occasion in 1995 the applicant ’ s daughter was detained at a checkpoint on her return from work and made to wait in a police vehicle before being taken to a police station. When her family sought to locate her, the police denied that she was in their custody. While she was detained, the police questioned her about the death of her father. On her release, the police threatened her and she was followed by the police over the following days.
14. On 20 October 1994 the Adana prosecutor ’ s office issued a standing search order in relation to the killing of Sefer Cerf and R. Ç. , requesting that the perpetrators be sought as long as prosecution was not time-barred, and that information be given to the office on a regular basis, every three months.
15. On 4 August 1995 a number of individuals were remanded under an indictment alleging offences including membership of Hizbullah, an illegal organisation which was involved in the assassination of individuals with pro-Kurdish sympathies in south-east Turkey in the early 1990s. On 25 July 1996 the Konya State Security Court acquitted the individuals previously indicted for offences including membership of Hizbullah. That decision was upheld by the Court of Cassation.
16. On 19 January 2000 a Mr M. D. was arrested. In his statement of 23 January 2000 M. D. admitted membership of Hizbullah, and told the authorities that he had taken part in the killing of the applicant ’ s husband and his friend R. Ç. He gave a detailed account of the assassination and described the role played by his co-assassins.
17. Following M. D. ’ s confession, a “scene report” was drawn up on 30 January 2000. He was taken by helicopter to Adana, where he was taken to the scene of the killing of the applicant ’ s husband for further questioning.
18. On 10 February 2000 Mr H. T. , one of the persons implicated by M. D. in the killing, and seven of his companions were arrested and detained in custody. H. T. refused to answer any questions put to him regarding the killing of Sefer Cerf and R. Ç.
19. Subsequently A. Y. , A. A. and a number of other persons were also arrested. During his questioning A. A. described the role played in the killing by K. G. , who had been their leader and had given them their orders.
20. The information obtained by the police during the investigations was forwarded to the Adana State Security Court, which subsequently decided that it had no jurisdiction, and sent the investigation file to the State Security Court in Diyarbakır.
21. On 10 February 2005 the applicant applied to the Adana prosecutor ’ s office, seeking information and copies of the documents from the investigation file. The prosecutor replied and informed the applicant in his letter that the investigation in question not only concerned the killing of her husband and R. Ç. , but the killings of seven other persons in 1994 and 1995. The prosecutor informed the applicant in his letter of 11 February 2005 that on account of the confidential nature of the investigation he could not give her a copy of the entire investigation file. The prosecutor did, however, give the applicant copies of certain documents from the file and informed her that five persons had been identified as possible suspects in the killing of her husband and that criminal proceedings had been initiated against one of those individuals before the Diyarbakır State Security Court. When the applicant insisted on obtaining copies of all the investigation documents so that she could make an application to the European Court of Human Rights, the prosecutor told her that he could not give her those documents because they would be used against Turkey.
22. In December 2006 the applicant again contacted the Diyarbakır prosecutor ’ s office, but was told that it would not provide her with information concerning the prosecution because she had no case file number.
23. On 5 March 2007 the applicant made a detailed submission to the office of the Diyarbakır prosecutor and informed that prosecutor about the actions taken by her in having her husband ’ s killing investigated. She also shared with the prosecutor the evidence in her possession and informed him of her allegations. She asked the prosecutor to reply to a number of questions set out by her in her submission concerning the investigation. In reply, the prosecutor informed the applicant about the actions taken in the criminal proceedings against the suspects K. G. and A. A.
24. On 27 August 2012 the applicant ’ s daughter applied to the Diyarbakır Assize Court, to which the proceedings had been transferred in the meantime, and asked for information on the proceedings against K. G. , M. D. and A. A. She was provided with a copy of the judgment of 30 December 2009 in which K. G. and M. D. had been found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. The court did not provide any information on A. A. ’ s case. On 10 September 2012 the applicant asked the Diyarbakır Assize Court for information about the whereabouts of K. G. , M. D. and A. A. However, she was not provided with any information in response. According to news reports obtained by the applicant, K. G. and M. D. had been released from prison on 4 January 2011, and on 26 January 2011 the Court of Appeal had upheld their convictions. Following their release they had left Turkey and fled to Syria.
25. It appears from the documents submitted by the Government that during the criminal proceedings against them M. D. , K .G., A. A. and M. A. O. retracted their earlier statements, which they alleged had been extracted from them under torture, and denied any involvement in the killing of the applicant ’ s husband.
B. The Government ’ s submissions on the facts
26. The applicant ’ s husband Sefer Cerf died as a result of an armed attack carried out on 3 October 1994. Neither Sefer Cerf nor the applicant had lodged any complaints with the Adana prosecutor on or after 3 October 1994 or made any allegations that they had been harassed or threatened by plainclothes police officers.
27. Immediately after the killing of her husband the prosecutor visited the scene and prepared an incident report. The prosecutor also secured the evidence such as the bullets, spent cartridges and the clothes worn by the applicant ’ s husband on the day in question, and sent them for forensic examination. A search of the area was also carried out. The prosecutor and the investigating police officers took statements from witnesses and prepared a sketch of the scene of the incident.
28. A post mortem examination was conducted on the body of the applicant ’ s husband the same day, and a bullet recovered from his body was also sent for forensic examination.
29. On 20 October 1994 the prosecutor issued a standing search order and instructed law - enforcement officials to investigate the killing until expiry of the limitation period.
30. Starting in 2000, a number of operations were carried out against Hizbullah. On 19 January 2000 M. D. was arrested in the course of one of those operations.
31. On 30 January 2000 prosecutors at the Ankara and Adana State Security Courts took M. D. to the place where the applicant ’ s husband had been killed. M. D. provided a detailed description of the killing of the applicant ’ s husband.
32. On 14 July 2000 one of M. D. ’ s co-assassins, A. A. , was arrested and confessed to the killings.
33. Subsequently, the following criminal proceedings were brought against the suspects.
34. On 9 August 2000 criminal proceedings were brought against A.A. before the Diyarbakır State Security Court for membership of Hizbullah and for carrying out armed attacks on behalf of that organisation, including the killing of the applicant ’ s husband. In 2004 the State Security Courts were abolished and the criminal proceedings against A. A. were taken over by the Diyarbakır Assize Court.
35. On 12 May 2009 A. A. was found guilty and sentenced to fourteen years ’ imprisonment. His conviction was quashed by the Court of Cassation on 1 April 20 1 0 on the ground that at the time the offences were committed he had been under the age of 18 and that fact had not been taken into account by the first - instance court.
36. Criminal proceedings restarted before the Batman Assize Court in 2010 and on 9 May 2013 A. A. was sentenced to a total of five years, six months and twenty days ’ imprisonment. A. A. did not appeal against his conviction.
37. A.A. was detained in a prison between 17 July 2000 and 23 March 2006 and between 8 and 22 January 2013.
38. On 24 May 2000 M. D. was charged with the offence of attempting to undermine the constitutional order.
39. On 6 September 2000 K. G. was charged with the offence of “attempting to overthrow the constitutional order by arms and to replace it with a system based on Sharia rules”.
40. In the indictments the killing of the applicant ’ s husband was also included as one of the acts imputable to M.D. and K.G.
41. On 30 December 2009 the Diyarbakır Assize Court handed down its 1, 153-page judgment. It appears from this judgment that separate criminal proceedings instigated against thirty-one defendants for the killing of a total of 181 people, including the applicant ’ s husband and his friend R .Ç., had been joined in this case. The Diyarbakır Assize Court found M.D. and K.G. guilty and sentenced them to life imprisonment. Their convictions and sentences were upheld by the Court of Cassation on 26 January 2011.
42. M. D. and K.G. were remanded in custody on 31 January 2000 and kept there until their conditional release was ordered on 3 January 2011 by the Court of Cassation, which noted that they had been in custody for longer than the ten -year period allowed by statute.
43. Following the upholding of their conviction, arrest warrants were issued on 29 March 2011 and on 17 May 2011 for M. D. and K. G. with a view to executing the remainder of their sentences.
44. M .A.O. was indicted on 11 June 2001 and charged with the offence of membership of an outlawed organisation, namely Hizbullah, and for carrying out illegal acts on behalf of that organisation, including the killing of the applicant ’ s husband.
45. On 13 February 2008 the Diyarbakır Assize Court found him guilty and sentenced him to life imprisonment. The conviction and the sentence were upheld by the Court of Cassation on 29 September 2009.
46. M.A.O. who had been remanded in custody on 23 April 2001, is still in prison serving his sentence.
47. On 26 July 2000 criminal proceedings were brought against A. Y. for membership of Hizbullah and for carrying out abductions and killings on behalf of that organisation, including the killing of the applicant ’ s husband.
48. On 20 December 2012 the Adana State Security Court found him guilty and sentenced him to twelve years and six months ’ imprisonment. On 2 June 20 1 3 the Court of Cassation upheld that judgment.
49. While the above-mentioned criminal proceedings were pending, on 11 February 2005 the Adana prosecutor communicated to the applicant, in response to a request made by her, copies of the documents concerning the investigation into the killing of her husband. As the investigation did not concern only the killing of her husband but also those of a number of other individuals, the applicant was only provided with copies of those documents which concerned the killing of her husband. In this connection a decision to classify the investigation files as confidential constituted an obstacle to the applicant ’ s access to the documents in question.
50. On 5 March 2007 the applicant made representations to the Diyarbakır prosecutor. On 21 and 27 March 2007 the applicant was provided with replies in respect of those representations.
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE CONVENTION
51. Relying on Article 2 of the Convention the applicant complained that her husband had been killed because of his political affiliation and by either the respondent State ’ s agents or by Hizbullah, aided by the authorities. Under the same provision the applicant also complained that the authorities had not conducted an effective investigation into the killing. Citing Article 13 of the Convention, the applicant complained that the investigation had been systematically and persistently flawed and politically compromised. As a result, enforcement of the available domestic remedies had been rendered ineffective.
52. The Government contested the applicant ’ s arguments.
53. The Court considers that the applicant ’ s complaints should be examined solely from the standpoint of Article 2 of the Convention, the relevant part of which reads as follows:
“1. Everyone ’ s right to life shall be protected by law ... “
54. Referring to the criminal proceedings brought against the suspects for the killing of the applicant ’ s husband (see paragraphs 33 - 48 above), the Government argued that the applicant had not taken part in those proceedings and had not availed herself of the right to appeal. They invited the Court to declare her complaints inadmissible for failure to exhaust domestic remedies within the meaning of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention.
55. The Government also argued that the applicant had failed to comply with the six-month rule laid down in Article 35 § 1 of the Convention. Referring to the decisions in the cases of Hanım Han v. Turkey ((dec.), no. 31248/09, 15 January 2013), and Seyithan Aydın v. Turkey ((dec.), no. 71998/01, 4 March 2008), the Government submitted that there was no justification for the thirteen years of inactivity on the part of the applicant, who took the view that the domestic trial was ineffective and who alleged that she had not been sufficiently informed. In the opinion of the Government, the applicant should have at least raised her objection concerning the effectiveness of the investigation during the six - year period between 20 October 1 99 4 and 19 January 2000, which were respectively the dates on which the search order had been issued (see paragraph 29 above) and on which A. A. had been arrested (see paragraph 32 above).
56. The applicant accepted that the national legislation permitted her to join the criminal proceedings in question as an intervening party. She argued, however, that while that remedy might have been available in theory, it was not reasonable to expect her to pursue it. The cases that she might have been able to participate in were cases concerning the involvement of a large terrorist organisation that had been supported by the Government. Had she put herself forward as an intervening party in such a high - profile case she would have exposed herself to serious risk, given especially the threats made against witnesses, the applicant herself, and her family.
57. Concerning the Government ’ s submissions that she had failed to comply with the six-month time-limit by delaying introducing her application with the Court, the applicant considered that the two cases relied on by the Government did not lend support to the Government ’ s submissions. Unlike the applicants in those two cases, she and her family had been threatened and intimidated. In any event, she had clearly been active, and had followed the proceedings closely notwithstanding her difficulties in finding legal representation given her lack of means.
58. The applicant also argued that her case could not be compared to the two cases relied on by the Government in which the applicants had remained inactive for periods of fifteen and nine years. In her case the authorities had given the appearance of engaging in a complex and confidential investigation which identified suspects, entailing numerous levels of the respondent State ’ s prosecutorial authorities that was ongoing, albeit slowly, over a number of years. In these circumstances, also having regard to the fates of the persons who had witnessed the killing of her husband (see paragraphs 11-12 above), she argued that she should not be criticised if she took a less active role than would otherwise be expected.
59. In the circumstances of the present case, before examining the Government ’ s objection to the admissibility of the applicant ’ s complaints because she did not participate in the criminal proceedings, the Court deems it more appropriate to deal first with the Government ’ s other objection, which concerns the applicant ’ s alleged failure to comply with the six-month time-limit.
60. The Court reiterates that under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention it can only deal with applications after all domestic remedies have been exhausted and within a period of six months from the date on which the final domestic decision was taken. The six-month time-limit has a number of aims. Its primary purpose is to maintain legal certainty by ensuring that cases raising issues under the Convention are examined within a reasonable time, and to prevent the authorities and other persons concerned from being kept in a state of uncertainty for a long period of time. It also affords the prospective applicant time to consider whether to lodge an application and, if so, to decide on the specific complaints and arguments to be raised and facilitates the establishment of facts in a case, since with the passage of time, any fair examination of the issues raised is rendered problematic ( Sabri Güneş v. Turkey [GC], no. 27396/06, § 39, 29 June 2012 and the cases cited therein).
61. The Court notes that it was held in the cases of Hanım Han and Seyithan Aydın, referred to by the Government, and in a number of other comparable cases, that if no remedies are available or if they are judged to be ineffective the six-month time-limit in principle runs from the date of the act complained of. Special considerations could apply in exceptional cases where an applicant first avails himself of a domestic remedy and only at a later stage becomes aware, or should have become aware, of circumstances which make that remedy ineffective. In such a situation, the six-month period might be calculated from the time when the applicant becomes aware, or should have become aware, of these circumstances (see Bulut and Yavuz v. Turkey (dec.), no. 73065/01, 28 May 2002 and the cases cited therein; and Mocanu and Others v. Romania [GC], nos. 10865/09, 45886/07 and 32431/08, §§ 258-259 and 264, ECHR 2014 (extracts)).
62. Turning to the circumstances of the present case, the applicant ’ s husband was killed on 3 October 1994 and an investigation was started the same day by the prosecutors of their own motion and without waiting for the applicant to make an official complaint. The Court observes, however, that the investigation seems to have run out of steam very quickly, and a decision was taken by the prosecutor to issue a standing search order some seventeen days after the killing, on 20 October 1994 (see paragraph 29 above). Not a single further step appears to have been taken in the investigation before a person was arrested and confessed to the killing of the applicant ’ s husband in January 2000 (see paragraph 30 above). On the other hand, during that dormant period of five years and three months the applicant does not appear to have taken any steps to acquaint herself with the investigation ’ s progress.
63. In the light of the foregoing, the Court considers that the absence of a meaningful investigation must have been apparent to the applicant long before January 2000. Nevertheless, it does not appear that the applicant exercised due diligence in determining that the criminal investigation had become dormant (see Alkın v. Turkey, no. 75588/01, § 34, 13 October 2009).
64. The Court concludes, therefore, that the applicant ’ s complaints concerning the killing of her husband and the alleged ineffectiveness of the investigation into the killings conducted during the period up to January 2000 have been introduced out of time and are inadmissible under Article 35 §§ 1 and 4 of the Convention.
65. The Court considers, however, that in some cases information purportedly casting new light on the circumstances of a killing may come into the public domain at a later stage. The issue then arises as to whether, and in what form, the procedural obligation to investigate is revived. To that end, the Court considered in its judgment in the case of Brecknell v. the United Kingdom (no. 32457/04, § 71, 27 November 2007) that, where there is a plausible or credible allegation, the discovery of any new piece of evidence or item of information relevant to the identification and eventual prosecution or punishment of the perpetrator of an unlawful killing would require the authorities to take further investigative measures. The steps which it would be reasonable to take will vary considerably depending on the facts of the situation. The lapse of time will, inevitably, be an obstacle as regards, for example, the location of witnesses and the ability of witnesses to recall events reliably. Such an investigation may in some cases reasonably be restricted to verifying the credibility of the source, or of the purported new evidence.
66. The Court considers that the information provided by M. D. , who was arrested in January 2000 and who confessed to the killing of the applicant ’ s husband, amounted to the kind of new evidence alluded to in the preceding paragraph. In this connection the Court observes that a new investigation was started into these allegations by the authorities, who subsequently discovered new leads and information about the killing. Subsequently, a number of other persons were also arrested and put on trial together with M. D. for offences including, inter alia, the killing of the applicant ’ s husband, and they were found guilty at the end of the proceedings.
67. In light of the foregoing, the Court considers that the information submitted to the authorities in January 2000 led to significant new developments and that therefore the procedural obligation to investigate the killing of the applicant ’ s husband was revived after that date (see Gasyak and Others v. Turkey, no. 27872/03, §§ 60-63, 13 October 2009; see also Sayğı v. Turkey, no. 37715/11, § 50, 27 January 2015).
68. It follows that the Government ’ s objection to the admissibility of the complaint under Article 2 of the Convention, in so far as it concerns the effectiveness of the investigation and the trial carried out after January 200 0, must be dismissed.
69. The Court has also examined the Government ’ s arguments that the applicant failed to exhaust domestic remedies within the meaning of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention by not joining the criminal trials as an intervening party and by not lodging appeals against the judgments. It notes that it has already examined and rejected similar arguments raised by the same respondent State in comparable cases (see, inter alia, Abdurrahman Orak v. Turkey, no. 31889/96, §§ 56-59 and 87, 14 February 2002; and Erat and Sağlam v. Turkey (dec.), no. 30492/96, 15 May 2001 ). In the instant case the Court does not see any particular reason to depart from those findings, and it rejects the Government ’ s objection to the admissibility of this complaint based on exhaustion of domestic remedies.
70. The Court notes that the applicant ’ s complaint concerning the effectiveness of the investigation and the trial conducted after January 2000 is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.
71. The applicant expressed serious concerns about the effectiveness of the investigation and the trial and alleged that the focus of the investigation had been primarily on establishing that the suspects were members of Hizbullah rather than on scrutinising the offences that they may have carried out as members of that organisation. The applicant considered it noteworthy that the only significant evidence revealed by the respondent State had been the confessions of those convicted; there was precious little other evidence linking those individuals with the death of her husband. In the opinion of the applicant, the confessions themselves seemed of dubious value, given that those convicted had subsequently retracted their claims, alleging that they had been tortured and forced to confess. The applicant alleged that the authorities had used those statements to obscure the truth concerning the death of her husband.
72. Taking into account the credible suspicion of links between the respondent State ’ s authorities and Hizbullah, it was incumbent on the authorities to undertake a comprehensive investigation capable of determining the truth of these allegations. Given the victims ’ political affiliation, the modus operandi of the assassins, the lack of a security presence on the day of the killing and the extensive circumstantial evidence linking the respondent State ’ s security forces and Hizbullah, any credible investigation should have investigated the potential involvement of the security services in the killing. There was no evidence that such investigation had been pursued.
73. Although contemporaneous descriptions of the perpetrators had been given by eyewitnesses to the killing, there was no evidence that those witnesses were given an opportunity to identify the individuals whom the respondent State claimed were responsible for the murders. By contrast, S. S. , who had been injured by a ricocheting bullet, was asked to identify the suspects, but was unable to.
74. The applicant also complained that there had been unexplained, unjustifiable and continuing delays in the proceedings before the national authorities. The proceedings against the various suspects had been transferred between the State Security Courts at Adana, Ankara and Diyarbakır for a number of years. Those delays had inevitably led to information being withheld, misplaced or not communicated between the various State agencies involved in the investigation.
75. The Government argued that the investigating authorities had shown due diligence in order to establish the whereabouts and the identities of the perpetrators. Subsequently those perpetrators had been found guilty and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.
76. The Government “ took the lengthy proceedings into account” and left it to the Court ’ s discretion to decide on the applicant ’ s complaint regarding the delays in the criminal proceedings. In that connection they submitted that a large number of previously unsolved murders and assaults had now been solved, and a large number of individuals had been prosecuted in the course of those related criminal proceedings.
77. The Court reiterates that the obligation to protect the right to life under Article 2 of the Convention, read in conjunction with the State ’ s general duty under Article 1 of the Convention to ‘ secure to everyone within [its] jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in [the] Convention ’, requires by implication that there should be some form of effective official investigation when individuals have been killed as a result of the use of force. The investigation must be, inter alia, thorough, impartial and careful (see McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom, 27 September 1995, §§ 161-63, Series A no. 324). In that connection, the Court points out that this obligation is not confined to cases where it is apparent that the killing was caused by an agent of the State (see Salman v. Turkey [GC], no. 21986/93, § 105, ECHR 2000 ‑ VII). A requirement of promptness and reasonable expedition is implicit in this context. It must be accepted that there may be obstacles or difficulties which prevent progress in an investigation in a particular situation. However, a prompt response by the authorities in investigating a use of lethal force may generally be regarded as essential in maintaining public confidence in their adherence to the rule of law and in preventing any appearance of collusion in or tolerance of unlawful acts (see McKerr v. the United Kingdom, no. 28883/95, § 114, ECHR 2001 ‑ III and the cases cited therein; see also Mocanu and Others v. Romania [GC], nos. 10865/09, 45886/07 and 32431/08, §§ 316-325, ECHR 2014 (extracts); and Mustafa Tunç and Fecire Tunç v. Turkey [GC], no. 24014/05, §§ 169-182, 14 April 2015 ).
78. The Court reiterates that in the normal course of events a criminal trial, with an adversarial procedure before an independent and impartial judge, must be regarded as furnishing the strongest safeguards of an effective procedure for the finding of facts and the attribution of criminal responsibility (ibid., § 134). In the present case, a number of suspects were prosecuted and five of them were subsequently convicted of offences including, inter alia, the killing of the applicant ’ s husband; they were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. The Court cannot, contrary to the applicant ’ s submissions, find that the preliminary investigations conducted after January 2000 and the subsequent trials proved incapable of identifying and prosecuting the perpetrators of the killings ( see, mutatis mutandis, Acar and Others v. Turkey, nos. 36088/97 and 38417/97, § 90, 24 May 2005 ).
79. Concerning the promptness of the criminal proceedings conducted after 2000, the Court reiterates that Article 2 of the Convention requires investigations to begin promptly and to proceed with reasonable expedition, and that this is required quite apart from any question of whether the delay actually impacted on the effectiveness of the investigation (see McCaughey and Others v. the United Kingdom, no. 43098/09, § 130, ECHR 2013).
80. The Court notes that the criminal proceedings against the defendants were instituted on various dates in 2000 and were not concluded until 2009 and 2013 (see paragraphs 34 and 48 above). Although, as the Government pointed out, the proceedings were complex, the Government have not sought to justify those delays, and have not argued that the delays were justifiable vis - à - vis the procedural obligation under Article 2 of the Convention.
81. The Court considers that the above - mentioned delays in the criminal proceedings cannot be regarded as compatible with the State ’ s obligation under Article 2 of the Convention to ensure the effectiveness of investigations into suspicious deaths, in the sense that the investigative process, however it is organised under national law, must be commenced promptly and carried out with reasonable expedition. To this extent, the foregoing finding of excessive delay in the investigation of itself entails the conclusion that the investigation was ineffective for the purposes of Article 2 of the Convention. There has, accordingly, been a violation of Article 2 of the Convention under its procedural aspect (ibid. § 140).
II. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF THE CONVENTION
82. Lastly, relying on Article 14 of the Convention, the applicant alleged that her husband had been killed on account of his Kurdish origin and his political activities. In support of this complaint the applicant referred to the killing of her husband ’ s friend Sait Macir and the ill-treatment of Ahmet Dizman referred to above, both of whom had also been HADEP members. Finally, under the same provision she also alleged that the prosecutor had not carried out an effective investigation because her husband was Kurdish.
83. Having regard to the documents in its possession, the Court finds that this part of the application does not disclose any appearance of a violation of the Convention ’ s provisions. It follows that this part of the application is manifestly ill-founded and should be rejected, in accordance with Article 35 § 3 (a) and 4 of the Convention.
III. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
84. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
85. The applicant claimed 1,907,200 Turkish liras (TRY, approximately 635,750 euros (EUR) ) in respect of pecuniary and 62,000 pounds sterling (GBP, approximately EUR 86,800) in respect of non-pecuniary damage.
86. The Government argued that there was no causal link between the claim for pecuniary violation and the alleged violations of the applicant ’ s rights under the Convention. They also considered that the applicant ’ s claim for non-pecuniary damage was excessive.
87. The Court does not discern any causal link between the violation found and the pecuniary damage alleged; it therefore rejects this claim. On the other hand, it awards the applicant EUR 20,000 in respect of non ‑ pecuniary damage.
88. The applicant also claimed the total sum of GBP 21,962.59 (approximately EUR 31,200) for the costs and expenses incurred before the domestic courts and for those incurred before the Court. GBP 20,422.50 of that sum was requested in respect of the legal representatives ’ fees and the remaining GBP 1,540.09 for administrative costs and expenses such as translation, telephone and postage. In support of her claims for the fees of her legal representatives the applicant submitted a time-sheet showing the hours spent by her representatives on the case. In support of her claim for administrative costs and expenses the applicant submitted several documents. The applicant requested the Court to order that the award in respect of the costs and expenses be paid directly into her legal representatives ’ bank account in the United Kingdom.
89. The Government considered the claims for costs and expenses to be excessive and unsupported by documentary evidence.
90. According to the Court ’ s case-law, an applicant is entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. In the present case, regard being had to the documents in its possession and the above criteria, the Court considers it reasonable to award the applicant the sum of EUR 3, 000 covering costs under all heads, to be paid in pounds sterling into her representatives ’ bank account in the United Kingdom.
91. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
1. Declares, unanimously, the complaint under Article 2 of the Convention concerning the effectiveness of the criminal proceedings conducted between 2000 and 2013 admissible;