CASE OF BAGGETTA v. ITALY

1. The present case was brought before the Court by the European
Commission of Human Rights ("the Commission") on 13 March 1986, within
the three-month period laid down in Article 32 § 1 and Article 47
(art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an
application (no. 10256/83) against the Italian Republic lodged with
the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by Mr. Giuseppe Baggetta,
who is an Italian national, on 25 January 1983.
The Commission's request referred to Articles 44 and 48
(art. 44, art. 48) and to the Italian declaration recognising the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The
purpose of the request was to obtain a decision from the Court as to
whether or not the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the
respondent State of one of its obligations under Article 6 § 1
2. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with
Rule 33 § 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicant stated that he
wished to take part in the proceedings pending before the Court and
designated the lawyer who would represent him (Rule 30).
3. On 17 March 1986, the President of the Court decided that one
and the same Chamber of seven judges should consider the Capuano,
Baggetta and Milasi cases (Rule 21 § 6). The Chamber included, as ex
officio members, Mr. C. Russo, the elected judge of Italian
nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43) and
Mr. R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 § 3 (b)).
On 19 March 1986, the President of the Court drew by lot, in the
presence of the Registrar, the names of the other five members,
namely Mr. J. Cremona, Mrs. D. Bindschedler-Robert, Mr. F. Matscher,
Mr. L.-E. Pettiti and Mr. J. Gersing (Article 43 in fine of the
Convention and Rule 21 § 4) (art. 43).
4. Mr. Ryssdal assumed the office of President of the Chamber
(Rule 21 § 5). Having consulted, through the Registrar, the Agent of the
Italian Government ("the Government"), the Commission's Delegate and the
applicant's lawyer, he decided on 2 April that there was no need for
memorials to be filed at this stage (Rule 37 § 1).
Nevertheless, between 21 April and 10 September 1986, the Registrar
received the applicant's claims for just satisfaction and observations
on the matter from the Government and the Commission's Delegate. On
the President's instructions he also requested the Commission to
produce a number of documents; these were supplied on 24 April
On 4 April 1986, the President gave the applicant leave to use the
Italian language (Rule 27 § 3).
5. On 28 November 1986, after consulting, through the Registrar, the
Agent of the Government, the Commission's Delegate and the applicant's
lawyer, the President directed that the oral proceedings should open on
6. The hearings were held in public in the Human Rights Building,
Strasbourg, on the appointed day. The Court had held a preparatory
meeting immediately beforehand.
There appeared before the Court:
Mr. L. Ferrari Bravo, Head of the Diplomatic Legal
Service of the Ministry of Foreign
Mrs. L. Bianchi, magistrato, Counsel;
Mr. R.G. Milasi, avvocato, Counsel.
The Court heard addresses by Mr. Ferrari Bravo, Mr. Striani and
Mr. Grasso for the Government, by Mr. Weitzel for the Commission and
by Mr. Corigliano and Mr. Milasi for the applicant, as well as their
On the day of the hearings, the Government and the applicant filed
with the registry a number of documents requested by the Court.
Further documents were forwarded by them on 23 and 30 March 1987
7. Mr. Giuseppe Baggetta, who was born in 1955, lives in Reggio
On 27 November 1971, he was arrested at Cosenza with eight other
people after the sacking of a political club on the same day. The
public prosecutor's office began an investigation, and the applicant
was released on 28 January 1972. On 9 January 1973, the investigating
judge at Cosenza committed him and his co-defendants for trial at the
District Court of the same town on charges of possession of dangerous
weapons (porto in luogo pubblico di congegni micidiali), criminal
damage and arson (danneggiamento seguito da incendio) and - a lesser
offence - unlawful possession of clubs and knuckledusters (porto
abusivo di bastoni e noccoliere).
8. The trial was set down for 26 September 1978, but had to be
postponed as two of Mr. Baggetta's co-defendants were not well enough
to attend. The hearings scheduled for 26 February 1979 and
31 March 1980 were also postponed, because one of the defendants had
not been notified of the date of the first hearing and two had not
been notified of the date of the second one. The trial took place on
22 November 1982. In its judgment given on the same day and filed
with the registry on 7 December, the District Court sentenced
Mr. Baggetta in absentia to one year, eight months' imprisonment
(reclusione), suspended, and a fine (multa) of 250,000 lire for the
first offence; and it ruled that the second offence was covered by an
amnesty and the lesser offence was time-barred.
9. On 19 January 1983, the applicant lodged an appeal, claiming
that he had not been tried within a reasonable time as envisaged in
Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention and that the proceedings
were a nullity. He also stated that he was born not in 1951, as the
decision at first instance had indicated, but in 1955.
The file reached the Catanzaro Court of Appeal on 16 June 1983.
On 5 October, that court notified the defendants of the date of the
hearing - 19 January 1984. At the end of the hearing the Court of
Appeal held that the charge against Mr. Baggetta of possession of
dangerous weapons could not be proceeded with, as the court was
granting him a "judicial pardon" (perdono giudiziale) as a minor. The
judgment was filed with the registry on 30 January 1984.
10. The applicant appealed on a point of law to the Court of
Cassation, which held on 19 December 1986 that the criminal proceedings
were time-barred. This judgment was filed with the registry on
11. Two other sets of criminal proceedings were taken against
12. The first of these was instituted in Rome in 1974 and concerned
sixty-one people charged with having organised a political movement which
had undemocratic aims or, as was Mr. Baggetta's case, with having taken
part in the movement's activities.
In September 1974, the Rome public prosecutor's office sent the
applicant a "judicial notification" (comunicazione giudiziaria) and on
21 November 1975 issued a warrant for his arrest, which was executed
On 5 June 1976, the Rome District Court found Mr. Baggetta not guilty,
and accordingly discharged him. He was released the same day.
On 13 March 1981, the Rome Court of Appeal ruled that the
prosecution's appeal was inadmissible as far as Mr. Baggetta was
concerned, as the ground of appeal in his case had not been argued in
sufficient detail. The judgment was filed with the registry on
27 April, and no further action was taken in the applicant's case.
13. The other prosecution was brought in Reggio Calabria in
respect of events in Reggio between October 1969 and May 1973, which
were set out in a police report of 17 May 1973.
On 9 January 1980, the investigating judge committed Mr. Baggetta and
thirty-four co-defendants for trial. On 31 March, the presiding judge
of the District Court summoned them to appear on 23 April 1980.
On 7 March 1983, the District Court ruled that Mr. Baggetta could not
be prosecuted, because he had already been tried in Rome for the same
offences (see paragraph 12 above). The judgment was filed with the
14. The criminal proceedings had repercussions on the applicant's
On 16 September 1974, Mr. Baggetta had been informed by the Head of
Personnel in the Milan regional directorate of Italian Railways that
he had passed a competition for skilled posts and that he should
submit within thirty days a number of supporting documents, including
a copy of his police record. As this showed that proceedings were
being taken against him, he was not allowed to take up his new duties
until the proceedings were concluded.
On 10 February 1983, the Head of Personnel confirmed that the
appointment remained suspended pending the outcome of the proceedings
in Cosenza and Reggio Calabria: the "good conduct" requirement for
access to a public-service post could not be regarded as having been
satisfied until the courts had given final decisions.
On 11 April 1983, the applicant informed Italian Railways that the
Reggio proceedings were over (see paragraph 13 above) and that the
prosecutor had not appealed against the decision of the Cosenza
District Court (see paragraph 9 above), so that any heavier sentence
was precluded. He therefore asked to be appointed immediately.
On 19 April 1983, Italian Railways replied that they had to await the
end of the proceedings in the Catanzaro Court of Appeal, and that the
fact that it was not legally possible to increase the sentence passed
at first instance was of no importance. They also intimated that they
would have to obtain a copy of the Rome District Court's decision
of 5 June 1976 (see paragraph 12 above).
15. On 19 February 1985, as Law no. 732 of 29 October 1984 had
abolished the good-conduct requirement, Mr. Baggetta renewed his
On 28 March 1985, Italian Railways replied that the aforementioned Law
did not apply to competitions held before it had come into force, and
that the decision of the Court of Cassation therefore had to be
In January 1987, Italian Railways acknowledged that the applicant
fulfilled the good-conduct condition and they asked him to undergo a
medical examination in order to check that he was fit to perform his
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION
16. Mr. Baggetta applied to the Commission on 25 January 1983
(application no. 10256/83). He complained of the slowness of the
proceedings in the Catanzaro Court of Appeal, of unjustified pre-trial
detention in connection with the prosecutions in Cosenza and Rome and
of loss of prospect of a job on account of the proceedings pending at
17. On 6 October 1983, the Commission declared the second and
third complaints inadmissible, but on 9 July 1984 declared the first
In its report of 4 December 1985 (made under Article 31 of the
Convention) (art. 31), it expressed the unanimous opinion that
the "reasonable time" envisaged in Article 6 § 1 (art. 6-1) had been
exceeded. The full text of the Commission's opinion is reproduced as
I. APPLICATION FOR THE CASE TO BE STRUCK OUT OF THE LIST
18. At the hearing the Government asked the Court to strike the
case out of the list under Rule 48 § 2 of the Rules of Court, which
"When the Chamber is informed of a friendly settlement, arrangement or
other fact of a kind to provide a solution of the matter, it may,
after consulting, if necessary, the Parties, the Delegates of the
Commission and the applicant, strike the case out of the list."
The Government contended that the applicant could no longer claim to
be a victim of a violation of the Convention owing to two events that
had occurred after the case was referred to the Court, namely the
Court of Cassation's judgment of 19 December 1986 holding that the
prosecution was time-barred (see paragraph 10 above) and the decision
to recruit Mr. Baggetta to a post on the railways, subject to a
medical examination (see paragraph 15 above).
According to the Commission's Delegate, on the other hand, the
applicant nonetheless remained a victim in respect of past events,
especially as the Italian Court of Cassation's ruling that the
criminal proceedings were time-barred was not designed to compensate
for the length of the proceedings.
The Court notes that in the instant case there has been neither a
friendly settlement nor an arrangement; it too considers that the two
new facts brought to its notice are not of a kind to provide a
solution of the matter and that a decision must accordingly be taken
on the merits (see, inter alia and mutatis mutandis, the Guzzardi
judgment of 6 November 1980, Series A no. 39, pp. 30-31, § 85).
A. Alleged violation of Article 6 § 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention
19. According to the applicant, the hearing of his case had taken
longer than the "reasonable time" envisaged in Article 6 § 1
(art. 6-1) of the Convention, which provides:
"In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone
is entitled to a ... hearing within a reasonable time by [a] ...
The Government contested this allegation, whereas the Commission
20. There was no dispute as to the period to be considered. It
began not on 27 November 1971, when Mr. Baggetta was arrested (see
paragraph 7 above), but only on 1 August 1973, when the Italian
declaration recognising the right of individual petition took effect.
In order to determine the reasonableness of the length of time which
elapsed after that date, regard must be had, however, to the state of
the case at that moment (see the Foti and Others judgment
of 10 December 1982, Series A no. 56, p. 18, § 53).
The period ended on 19 December 1986, the day on which the Court of
Cassation's judgment was given (see paragraph 10 above).
In sum, the period to be considered amounts to more than thirteen
2. Reasonableness of the length of the proceedings
21. The reasonableness of the length of proceedings has to be
assessed according to the circumstances of the case and having regard
to the criteria laid down in the Court's case-law (see, amongst other
authorities, the above-mentioned Foti and Others judgment, Series A
22. Neither the complexity of the case nor the applicant's
attitude calls for any particular comment; nor did those appearing
before the Court deal with these aspects of the matter.
The same does not apply to the conduct of the relevant authorities.
According to the Commission, the final decision on the charge against
the applicant had taken so long that it fell to the respondent State
to come forward with an explanation. The explanation it gave in the
instant case, however, was not, in the Commission's view, such as to
demonstrate that the requirement of hearing within a "reasonable time"
had been complied with. In particular, the crisis situation which the
respondent State pleaded in its defence and which was due to the
excessive workload of the courts could scarcely be regarded as
temporary. Moreover, the respondent State had not taken prompt action
Quoting statistics in support of their contentions, the Government
disputed the Commission's opinion. The measures they had taken
between 1978 and 1985 had, they claimed, been swift and sufficient;
besides, it was bound to take "some time" for them to have any effect
(see the Buchholz judgment of 6 May 1981, Series A no. 42, p. 21,
§ 61). The Government also pointed to the speed with which the appeal
proceedings had been conducted (see paragraph 9 above) and stated,
contrary to what the Commission maintained, that the crisis situation
at the Cosenza District Court lasted for less than nine years.
23. The Court agrees with the Commission. It points out first of
all that the Convention places the Contracting States under a duty to
organise their legal systems so as to enable the courts to comply with
the requirements of Article 6 § 1 (art. 6-1), including that of
trial within a "reasonable time"; nonetheless, a temporary backlog of
business does not involve liability on the part of the Contracting
States provided that they take, with the requisite promptness,
remedial action to deal with an exceptional situation of this kind
(see, for example, the Zimmermann and Steiner judgment of
13 July 1983, Series A no. 66, p. 12, § 29).
24. In the instant case it might be asked whether such a situation
did not arise from the political troubles the region was experiencing
at the time (see the above-mentioned Foti and Others judgment,
Series A no. 56, pp. 20-21, § 61). However that may be, the situation
does not justify the time which elapsed - more than nine years -
before the judgment of 22 November 1982; the period to be considered
was much longer than in other cases referred to by the Government,
which, besides, did not relate to a "criminal charge" (see the
above-mentioned Buchholz judgment, Series A no. 42; the
above-mentioned Zimmermann and Steiner judgment, Series A no. 66;
and the Guincho judgment of 10 July 1984, Series A no. 81).
At all events, the respondent State's endeavours to improve the
working conditions of the Calabria courts began only in 1978, roughly
seven years after the institution of the proceedings against the
applicant, who had been waiting for his case to be set down for trial
since 9 January 1973, when the judicial investigation was concluded
(see paragraph 7 above). Furthermore, despite the expeditiousness of
the Court of Appeal, the proceedings did not end until December 1986.
25. In the light of all the circumstances of the case, the Court
concludes that the applicant was not tried within a "reasonable time"
and that there was accordingly a violation of Article 6 § 1 (art. 6-1).
B. Application of Article 50 (art. 50)
26. Article 50 (art. 50) of the Convention reads as follows:
"If the Court finds that a decision or a measure taken by a legal
authority or any other authority of a High Contracting Party is
completely or partially in conflict with the obligations arising from
the ... Convention, and if the internal law of the said Party allows
only partial reparation to be made for the consequences of this
decision or measure, the decision of the Court shall, if necessary,
afford just satisfaction to the injured party."
At the hearing, the applicant's representative reiterated in substance
the claims for just satisfaction that had been submitted in writing
(see paragraph 4 above): it was alleged that Mr. Baggetta had
suffered substantial material loss and had sustained irreparable
27. The applicant sought in the first place employment on the
railways with retrospective effect to 16 October 1974 or, subject to
certain conditions, in the Reggio Calabria Prefecture.
According to the Government, the Court did not have jurisdiction to
order that they should take a specific measure of this kind.
The Commission expressed no view on this matter.
The Court notes that Mr. Baggetta never lost his right to be employed
on the railways: his taking up his duties was merely postponed
pending the outcome of the various criminal proceedings against him.
And the Government stated that the Court of Cassation's 1986 judgment
removed the final obstacle to his recruitment. In these
circumstances, the Court does not find it necessary to rule on the
Government's plea of inadmissibility on this point.
28. The applicant also claimed two hundred million lire as "fair
compensation for damage and prejudice sustained" and, in addition,
reimbursement of his costs and expenses of unspecified amount; his
claim related to each of the proceedings opened against him, in Rome
and Reggio Calabria as well as Cosenza.
The Government argued that these claims were unfounded or, at least,
unreasonable and disproportionate. The Commission's Delegate
considered, on the other hand, that the postponement of Mr. Baggetta's
recruitment had caused him significant loss.
It has to be noted firstly, as regards the costs and expenses, that
the applicant had the benefit of legal aid before the Commission and
In addition, it is only the prosecution instituted in Cosenza that is
relevant (see paragraphs 16-17 above). Yet the proceedings against
the applicant in Rome and Reggio Calabria also contributed to the
postponement of his taking up his duties (see paragraphs 12-13
and 14 in fine above); accordingly, the Court has to take account only
of material loss he may have suffered after April 1983, the date when
those proceedings were concluded. Nor is there anything to suggest