CASE OF SERGEY AFANASYEV v. UKRAINE

1. The case originated in an application (no. 48057/06) against Ukraine lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Russian national, Mr Sergey Gennadyevich Afanasyev (“the applicant”), on 2 November 2006.
2. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr M.O. Tarakhkalo, a lawyer practising in Kharkiv. The Ukrainian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr. N. Kulchytskyy.
3. The applicant alleged, in particular, that he had been ill-treated after his arrest and that there had been no effective investigation on that account. He further complained that the privilege against self-incrimination, the principle of equality of arms, his right to have a lawyer and his right to examine a witness had been violated.
4. On 7 February 2011 the application was communicated to the Government.
5. The Russian Government, having been informed of their right to intervene in the proceedings (Article 36 § 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 of the Rules of Court), indicated that they did not wish to exercise their right at that stage. Mrs G. Yudkivska, the judge elected in respect of Ukraine, was unable to sit in the case (Rule 28 of the Rules of Court). The President of the Chamber decided to appoint Mr Stanislav Shevchuk to sit as an ad hoc judge (Rule 29 § 1(b)).
I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
6. The applicant was born in 1963 and is currently serving a prison sentence. Before his arrest, the applicant had been living as a vagrant in Yevpatoriya for several years.
7. During the evening of 19 April 2005 L., a vagrant woman, was murdered by suffocation. Her corpse was found on the morning of 20 April 2005 beneath a balcony of a multi-storey building in Yevpatoriya. A criminal investigation was opened.
8. The police started by interviewing the victim ’ s relatives and acquaintances and the residents of the building where the corpse was found. A number of interviewees stated that throughout the day and the evening of 19 April 2005, they had seen L. with the applicant; some of them had seen the applicant quarrelling with L. and drinking alcohol on that day; certain interviewees described L. as a very aggressive woman.
9. In the afternoon of 20 April 2005 the police found the applicant and his acquaintance, V., and took them to a police station for questioning about the incident. When questioned, V. stated that he, L., and the applicant had been living as vagrants. In the evening of 19 April 2005 they had been drinking alcohol with another man under the balcony of the building where L. used to sleep. He and the applicant had decided to buy some more alcohol and left the company for that purpose. When they returned, L. was alone. They had offered her some more drink and then decided to leave her. V. had walked away, but had had to wait for the applicant at a distance. When the applicant rejoined V. about fifteen minutes later, the applicant said that L. had insulted him. The next morning the applicant had called an ambulance for L.
10. The police then questioned the applicant. They allegedly ill-treated him and forced him to confess to the crime. The applicant stated in particular that in the evening of 19 April 2005 L. had insulted him and hit him in the face; in reply, he had squeezed her throat. The next morning he had called an ambulance.
11. Following those statements, V. was released and the applicant was taken to the prosecutor ’ s office for further questioning by an investigator.
12. At 7.30 p.m. on 20 April 2005 the investigator formally arrested the applicant. The applicant admitted in the arrest report that L. could have died as a result of his action.
13. At 7.40 on the same date the investigator started to question the applicant in the presence of a legal-aid lawyer. The applicant repeated his statements. According to the applicant, the lawyer arrived only at the end of the questioning.
14. The applicant was then presented for examination to a forensic medical expert, whose report stated that the applicant had a bruised left eye and a granulating wound on his upper lip. The applicant explained that those injuries had been caused by L. and a man. The expert opined that the injuries had been light and that the bruise on the eye had been sustained two to four days before the examination while the wound on the lip could have been sustained on 19 April 2005.
15. At 8.30 on 20 April 2005 the applicant and his lawyer participated in a reconstruction of the crime, in which the applicant showed how he had committed the crime.
16. On 21 April 2005 the applicant was charged with the murder of L. When questioned on that day in the presence of his lawyer, the applicant admitted that his actions might have caused L. ’ s death but insisted that he had had no intention of killing her.
17. On 23 April 2005 the Yevpatoriya Town Court (“the town court”) extended the applicant ’ s preliminary detention to ten days.
18. On 30 April 2005 the town court ordered the applicant ’ s detention pending trial.
19. On 25 June 2005 the applicant was questioned again in the presence of his lawyer. The applicant confirmed his earlier statements and emphasised that he had had no intention of killing L.
20. On 8 July 2005 the town court committed the case for trial.
21. During the trial the applicant, assisted by his lawyer, contended that there had been no fight between him and L. on the evening of 19 April 2005. He claimed that L. had hit him in the mouth only once, and that in response he had squeezed her throat for a while but had had no intention of killing her. The next morning he had approached L. assuming that she was well, but instead had discovered her dead. He had therefore called an ambulance. Had he known that L. had died, he would never have returned to her that morning.
22. On 26 July 2005 the town court found the applicant guilty of murder and sentenced him to ten years ’ imprisonment. The court allowed a civil claim in favour of L. ’ s mother in the amount of 10,000 Ukrainian hryvnias (UAH). The court found that on the night of 19 April 2005 the applicant and L. had been preparing to sleep under the balcony of a building; a quarrel had started between them and L. had hit the applicant in the face. In response, the applicant had squeezed L. ’ s throat, which had caused her death.
23. The court made those findings on the basis of the initial confession that the applicant had made to the police on 20 April 2005; the self-incriminatory explanations that he had given in the course of further questioning and during a reconstruction of the crime; his submissions during the trial that he had squeezed L. ’ s throat; the indirect witness evidence, material and documentary evidence; and the assessments of the forensic medical expert, including his opinion as to the injuries to the applicant ’ s face. The court did not call or question V. as a witness. According to the applicant, he had requested that V. be examined in the courtroom.
24. The applicant appealed, claiming that the town court had failed properly to assess the evidence in the case. V. had not been heard during the trial, despite the fact that he had accompanied the applicant throughout the day and evening of 19 April 2005, and could therefore have clarified many important facts. According to the applicant, he had informed the court of appeal that he would like to be present at the appeal hearing.
25. On 4 October 2005 the Court of Appeal of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (“the Court of Appeal”) dismissed the applicant ’ s appeal as unsubstantiated. It found that the conclusions of the first-instance court had been well-founded on the material of the case file and that the applicant ’ s guilt had been properly established by various pieces of evidence, including his initial confession to the police. There had been nothing to suggest that the applicant ’ s self-incriminatory statements had been obtained unlawfully. The appeal hearing was held without the presence of the applicant and his lawyer but with the participation of the prosecutor, who made oral representations.
26. The applicant appealed on points of law to the Supreme Court, expressing his general disagreement with the earlier proceedings. He claimed that on 20 April 2005 he had been forcibly arrested by police officers and had made self-incriminating statements at the police station while “ under the influence of police officers”. He had then been taken to the prosecutor ’ s office where he had been questioned by an investigator. The applicant contended that a legal-aid lawyer had not appeared until the end of the questioning at the prosecutor ’ s office. He further claimed that V. had not been questioned by the lower courts even though his evidence might have changed the outcome of the case. The applicant also requested that he be summoned for a hearing concerning his cassation appeal.
27. On 17 October 2005 the applicant wrote to the Minister of Internal Affairs claiming that on 20 April 2005 he had been arrested by force and then pressed by police officers to incriminate himself. The applicant contended that the investigation of his case had been conducted improperly, the material had been falsified, the courts had not considered the case fairly, and in particular had not examined V. as a witness. This complaint was redirected to the Supreme Court for consideration together with the applicant ’ s appeal.
28. On 25 July 2006 a panel of three judges of the Supreme Court considered the applicant ’ s case in private. Having examined the case file, it found that the applicant ’ s submissions were unsubstantiated. His contentions of ill-treatment were not supported by the material of the case file. He had been assisted by a lawyer but had not previously complained of ill-treatment. V. ’ s testimony would not have been relevant to the applicant ’ s alibi, as the applicant and L. had been alone at the time of the crime; the applicant had rejoined V. fifteen minutes after communicating with L. The panel concluded that there had been no grounds for scheduling an oral hearing and dismissed the applicant ’ s appeal.
29. After his conviction the applicant requested copies of various procedural documents from his case file, which he said were essential for his application to the Court. Some time later the applicant was sent copies of the requested documents.
Code of Criminal Procedure, 28 December 1960
30. Article 358 of the Code provides, inter alia, that the court of appeal must summon a defendant held in custody for a hearing if he or she has made a request to that effect.
31. Article 395 of the Code provides, inter alia, that the court of cassation shall review whether a challenged court decision is lawful and substantiated, based on the case file and additionally submitted material. The scope of the review is limited by the arguments of the cassation appeal(s). The court is empowered to review the case beyond the arguments of the cassation appeal(s) provided that this does not worsen the position of the convicted or acquitted person.
32. Article 396 of the Code provides, in so far as relevant, as follows :
Article 396 Outcome of consideration of a case by the court of cassation
“ Having considered a case in cassation, the court of cassation shall adopt one of the following decisions:
(1) a decision leaving the judgment, resolution or ruling unchanged and dismissing appeals in cassation;
(2) a decision quashing the judgment, resolution or ruling and remitting the case for additional investigation or fresh trial or consideration on appeal;
(3) a decision quashing the judgment, resolution or ruling and discontinuing the proceedings;
(4) a decision changing the judgment, resolution or ruling. ”
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION
33. The applicant complained under Article 3 of the Convention that on 20 April 2005 he had been ill-treated by police officers and that there had been no effective investigation on that account.
34. Article 3 of the Convention reads as follows:
Article 3 (prohibition of torture)
“No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”
35. The Government submitted that the applicant had lodged a complaint of ill-treatment only in his appeal on a point of law to the Supreme Court and in his complaint to the Minister of Internal Affairs of 17 October 2005. He had not made that complaint to the prosecutor ’ s office, which was vested with the power to examine such matters. The applicant had therefore failed to exhaust domestic remedies. If he had considered that domestic remedy ineffective, he should have applied to the Court within the six-month time-limit from the date of the alleged ill-treatment.
36. The Government further maintained that the applicant ’ s complaint of ill-treatment before the above -mentioned domestic authorities and the Court had been too vague. He had provided no description or details of the means of ill-treatment, nor was the complaint supported by any evidence. They emphasised that during the forensic medical examination carried out on the same day, and later during the investigation, the applicant had claimed that his injuries had been caused in another way. Moreover, the forensic expert had concluded that the injuries could not have been sustained by the applicant on 20 April 2005. Therefore, the applicant ’ s complaint of ill-treatment was wholly unsubstantiated. His submissions before the domestic authorities had not been arguable and had not generated the procedural obligation of the State under Article 3 of the Convention to carry out an effective investigation of his allegations of ill-treatment.
37. The applicant disagreed, stating that he had complained of ill-treatment to the investigator of the Prosecutor ’ s Office during his questioning on 20 April 2005, but the investigator had not included his complaint in the record. The applicant insisted that, given his vulnerable social status, he had properly raised the issue of his ill-treatment before the domestic authorities. Likewise, there had been no grounds for dismissing the complaint under the six-month rule.
38. The applicant also argued that his medical examination of 20 April 2005 had not been conducted adequately and that he had not been in a position to challenge it. He submitted that he had made an arguable complaint of ill-treatment before the domestic courts and that the authorities should have taken the appropriate measures to investigate his allegation.
39. The Court notes that the factual issues raised in the present complaint fall within the knowledge of the domestic authorities. Accordingly, it could be accepted that the applicant experienced certain difficulties in procuring evidence to substantiate his allegations. Nevertheless, in such cases applicants may well be expected to submit at least a detailed account of the facts complained of and provide – to the greatest possible extent – some evidence in support of their complaints (see, mutatis mutandis, Visloguzov v. Ukraine, no. 32362/02, § 45, 20 May 2010). The Court also recalls that the procedural obligation under Article 3 of the Convention to investigate an allegation of ill-treatment only arises where an individual raises an arguable claim that he has been subjected to ill-treatment prohibited by that provision (see, among many authorities, Assenov and Others v. Bulgaria, 28 October 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998-VIII, §§ 102 et seq.).
40. The Court first considers that the applicant ’ s complaint of ill-treatment has not been sufficiently explained in his submissions to the Court. He did not elaborate on the circumstances in which he was allegedly ill-treated or specify any methods of ill-treatment. Nor did he set out the exact sequence of events on 20 April 2005, the date when he was allegedly ill-treated. The applicant ’ s complaint consisted merely of short phrases stating that he had been subjected to ill-treatment.
41. Likewise, the complaint of ill-treatment that the applicant made before the domestic authorities also lacked precision and detail. In particular, the allegations of ill-treatment in his complaint to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which was passed to the Supreme Court, were limited to general assertions that provided little information on the facts.
42. In addition, the applicant ’ s vague and imprecise allegations are not supported by any evidence. On the contrary, the forensic expert who carried out a medical examination on 20 April 2005, immediately after the alleged ill-treatment on the same date, found that the applicant had sustained only light injuries that could not be attributable to the State, as their origin predated the applicant ’ s arrest. The Court finds no reason to doubt the credibility of those findings, especially given the fact that the applicant has never questioned the expert ’ s impartiality at the domestic level. Moreover, for a long period of time the applicant admitted that his injuries had been caused outside the police station.
43. Indeed, the case file suggests that the first time the applicant complained to the domestic authorities of ill-treatment was in October 2005. This delay seriously undermined the chances of collecting any proof in support of the allegation. However, the applicant has no reasonable justification for protracting the case, especially given that he was assisted by a lawyer.
44. In these circumstances the Court, having regard to the available material, considers that the complaint of ill-treatment is too vague, imprecise, and unsupported by any evidence. It has not been properly substantiated and developed by the applicant and should be rejected as manifestly ill-founded. The Court further considers that the applicant failed to make an arguable complaint of ill-treatment before the domestic authorities, which would have triggered their procedural obligation, under Article 3 of the Convention, to carry out an effective investigation of the allegation.
45. Accordingly, the complaint should be rejected as inadmissible, pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 (a) and 4 of the Convention.
II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 §§ 1 and 3 (c) OF THE CONVENTION
46. The applicant complained that he had had no access to a lawyer at the first questioning on 20 April 2005.
47. The Court decided to examine the complaint under Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (c) of the Convention, which provides, in so far as relevant, as follows:
“1. In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by [a] ... tribunal ...
“3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:
(c) to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require; ...”
48. The Government submitted that the complaint had been inadmissible as the applicant had not raised the issue in his appeals to the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court. Alternatively, they contended that the applicant had overrun the six-month time-limit, which should have been calculated from 20 April 2004, that is from the date of the alleged violation.
49. The applicant contended that he had raised the matter in his appeals before the upper courts and had therefore exhausted domestic remedies. He argued that there had been no grounds for dismissing this complaint under the six - month rule.
50. It appears from the case file that the applicant did not raise the issue of lack of access to a lawyer before the Court of Appeal. Nevertheless, a copy of the applicant ’ s cassation appeal submitted to the Supreme Court, as provided by the Government, indicates that the applicant raised this particular issue in substance when he stated that he had seen a lawyer for the first time only at the end of his questioning on 20 April 2005 in the prosecutor ’ s office.
51. The Court further notes that the Supreme Court had sufficient powers to deal effectively with the present complaint (see paragraphs 31 and 32 above ). After the Supreme Court ’ s decision, the applicant had no further effective remedies to exhaust. The fact that the applicant did not raise this issue before the Court of Appeal or at any other stage preceding the cassation review may be regrettable but cannot be the basis for concluding that the complaint is inadmissible on non-exhaustion grounds. The Court considers that the applicant sufficiently informed the domestic authorities of his complaint and that they were given appropriate opportunity to remedy the issue before it was raised at international level.
52. The Court further notes that there is no ground for dismissing the present complaint under the six-month rule, as the Supreme Court ’ s decision was delivered on 25 July 2006, and the applicant applied to the Court on 2 November 2006.
53. In the light of those considerations, the Court rejects the Government ’ s objections.
54. The Court further notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.
55. The Government submitted that the absence of a lawyer during the initial questioning had not affected the overall fairness of the proceedings because the applicant had continued to incriminate himself in the presence of a lawyer. Apart from the initial confession, the applicant ’ s guilt was well established by numerous pieces of evidence.
56. The applicant disagreed and claimed that, although at the time of his actual arrest the police had had every reason to consider him as a main suspect, they had not provided him with a lawyer in a timely fashion. Accordingly, he had not received appropriate legal assistance and had been unable to develop his defence strategy. The initial evidence obtained in breach of his right to defence had influenced his further behaviour and aggravated his situation.
57. The Court reiterates that Article 6 § 1 of the Convention requires that, as a rule, access to a lawyer should be provided from the first time a suspect is questioned by the police, unless it is demonstrated in the light of the particular circumstances of each case that there are compelling reasons to restrict this right. Even where compelling reasons may exceptionally justify denial of access to a lawyer, such a restriction - whatever its justification - must not unduly prejudice the rights of the accused under Article 6. The rights of the defence will in principle be irretrievably prejudiced when incriminating statements made during questioning by police without access to a lawyer are used for a conviction (see Salduz v. Turkey [GC], no. 36391/02, § 55, 27 November 2008).
58. It has not been disputed by the parties that on 20 April 2005 the police brought the applicant to the police station because they had suspected him of having committed the murder. Indeed, the statements collected by the police from various interviewees earlier that day had thrown a strong suspicion on the applicant. This suspicion was reinforced after V. had made his own statements (see paragraphs 8 and 9 above). Accordingly, the Court finds it established that at the relevant time the police treated the applicant as a suspect ( contrast Smolik v. Ukraine, no. 11778/05, § 54, 19 January 2012 ).
59. Also, it is not disputed that on 20 April 2005 the police questioned the applicant before the arrival of a lawyer. Meanwhile, this questioning resulted in the applicant confessing to the crime. Similarly, the applicant made self-incriminating statements without the presence of a lawyer when his arrest was formalised by an investigator from the prosecutor ’ s office later on the same date (see paragraphs 10 and 12 above).
60. The Court considers that, by virtue of the above - mentioned Court ’ s principles, the applicant was entitled to have access to a lawyer as from the first questioning that took place on 20 April 200 5. There is no indication that the applicant waived that right.
61. The question, therefore, is whether the absence of a lawyer had been justified by a compelling reason. On the facts, the Court does not find any compelling reason for restricting the applicant ’ s right to a lawyer during that time. The Court further notes that the initial confession, obtained without a lawyer, was used by the courts for the applicant ’ s conviction (see paragraphs 23 and 25 above). In these circumstances the applicant ’ s defence rights were prejudiced irretrievably.
62. There has therefore been a violation of Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (c) of the Convention in this respect.
III. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 §§ 1 and 3 (d) OF THE CONVENTION
63. The applicant complained that the courts had ignored his requests to call and examine V. as a witness.
64. The relevant parts of Article 6 provide as follows:
“1. In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by [a] ... tribunal ...
“3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:
(d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;”
65. The Government contended that in asking the domestic courts to call and examine V. as a witness, the applicant had failed to explain why examination of this witness was necessary for the proper determination of the case. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court had sufficiently addressed that issue and explained why witness V. had not been examined by the courts. The Government maintained that the domestic courts were better placed to assess the evidence, and emphasised that the courts had not referred to the statements given by V. during the pre-trial investigation.
66. The applicant contended that the examination of witness V. could have affected both the legal characterisation of the crime and the severity of the punishment. The reasons given in this respect by the Supreme Court had not been sufficient.
67. The Court reiterates that the right to call witnesses is not absolute and can be limited in the interests of the proper administration of justice. Article 6 § 3 (d) does not require the attendance and examination of every witness on the accused ’ s behalf; its essential aim, as indicated by the words “under the same conditions”, is full equality of arms in the matter (see Vidal v. Belgium, judgment of 25 March 1992, Series A no. 235-B, pp. 32-33, § 33). An applicant claiming that his right to obtain the attendance and examination of a defence witness has been violated should show that the examination of that person was necessary for the establishment of the truth and that the refusal to call that witness was prejudicial to his defence rights (see Guilloury v. France, no. 62236/00, § 55, 22 June 2006). Although it is normally for national courts to assess the evidence before them as well as the relevance of the evidence which defendants seek to adduce, there might be exceptional circumstances that could prompt the Court to conclude that the failure to hear a person as a witness was incompatible with Article 6 (see Destrehem v. France, no. 56651/00, § 41, 18 May 2004, and Bricmont v. Belgium, 7 July 1989, § 89, Series A no. 158).
68. In the present case, the applicant complained that the courts had failed to examine V., who had been accompanying him on the evening of 19 April 2005 and the following day. The applicant contended that the examination of V. could have changed the outcome of the criminal case.
69. The Court notes that the applicant ’ s fifteen-minute communication with the victim, which resulted in the latter ’ s death, was not observed by V. Therefore any statements that V. might have made would not have been decisive in establishing the circumstances that might have had impact on the legal characterisation of the case or the severity of the punishment.
70. In refusing this complaint, the Supreme Court had noted that V. ’ s statements had not been relevant to the applicant ’ s alibi, as the applicant and L. had been alone at the time of the crime; the applicant had rejoined V. fifteen minutes after communicating with L. In the Court ’ s opinion, this reasoning sufficiently addressed the matter and fairly suggested that the witness sought by the applicant would not have provided any important information that might be relevant for the applicant ’ s defence position.
71. Given that domestic courts are better placed to assess the relevance of evidence, the Court considers that the facts of the instant case do not present an exception that should prompt the Court to conclude that the failure to hear V. as a witness was incompatible with Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (d) of the Convention.
72. It follows that this complaint is manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 §§ 3 (a) and 4 of the Convention.
IV. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION
73. The applicant complained that the courts had convicted him on the basis of a self-incriminatory statement obtained by ill-treatment. He also complained that his absence from the hearing before the Court of Appeal had impaired his right to defend himself in person and violated the principle of equality of arms. He relied on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention.
74. The Government argued that the applicant ’ s complaint, that his confession to the crime had been obtained by means of ill-treatment, was unfounded as Article 3 of the Convention had not been violated.
75. As to the complaint relating to the applicant ’ s absence from the appeal hearing, the Government first contended that the applicant had misled the Court by claiming that he had notified the Court of Appeal of his wish to participate in the appeal hearing. They had produced copies of the applicant ’ s actual submissions to the Court of Appeal that contained no such request. They further contended that the applicant had failed to raise those issues in his cassation appeal to the Supreme Court. As alternative, they contended that the applicant had submitted his complaint to the Court outside the six-month time - limit, which should have been calculated from the date of the alleged violation of his rights.
76. The applicant disagreed and maintained his complaints.
77. The Court has rejected the applicant ’ s allegations of ill-treatment as inadmissible. Accordingly, no issue under Article 6 of the Convention can arise in connection with his contention that he was convicted on the basis of evidence obtained by means of ill-treatment. This complaint is therefore manifestly ill-founded.
78. As regards the applicant ’ s complaints relating to the proceedings before the Court of Appeal, in the initial submissions to the Court the applicant provided a handwritten uncertified copy of his appeal, which contained a request to be present at the appeal hearing. However, the Government submitted different copies of the applicant ’ s appeal, with appendices and cover letters, which bear signatures attesting their receipt by the Court of Appeal. In these circumstances the Court will rely on the material submitted by the Government, which does not suggest that the applicant requested that his appearance before the Court of Appeal be ensured.
79. Likewise, the case file does not suggest that the applicant raised those issues before the Supreme Court : he did not complain that he was not summoned for the appeal hearing; nor did he contend that the Court of Appeal had not respected the principle of equality of arms. Accordingly, these issues are inadmissible on the grounds of failure to exhaust domestic remedies.
80. It follows that this part of the application should be declared inadmissible, pursuant to Article 35 §§ 1, 3 (a), and 4 of the Convention.
V. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF THE CONVENTION
81. The applicant complained that his detention during the investigation had contradicted Article 5 of the Convention. He complained under Article 6 of the Convention that he had not had sufficient time to examine the case file before the trial, the legal aid lawyer had failed to provide him with effective legal representation, and the Supreme Court had considered his cassation appeal in private. The applicant complained under Article 6 §§ 1 and 2 and Articles 13 and 17 of the Convention that the case file had been falsified by the investigator, and that the courts had failed to assess the evidence properly and to establish the facts correctly; the civil claim within the criminal case had been determined wrongly. Relying on Article 14 of the Convention, the applicant contended that the domestic authorities had discriminated against him on the grounds of his nationality by failing to provide him with appropriate responses to his requests. Lastly, the applicant alleged that, contrary to Article 34 of the Convention, he had not been provided with copies of the materials of the case file that were necessary for him to exercise his right to apply to the Court.
82. The Court has examined these complaints and considers that, in the light of all the material in its possession and in so far as the matters complained of are within its competence, they do not disclose any appearance of a violation of the rights and freedoms set out in the Convention or its Protocols. Accordingly, the Court rejects them as manifestly ill-founded, pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 (a) and 4 of the Convention.
VI. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
83. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
84. The applicant claimed 30,000 euros (EUR) in respect of non-pecuniary damage.
85. The Government contended that the claim had been unfounded.
86. The Court considers that the applicant must have suffered distress and anxiety on account of the violation found. Ruling on an equitable basis, as required by Article 41 of the Convention, it awards the applicant EUR 2,400 in respect of non-pecuniary damage.
87. The applicant also claimed EUR 2,872 for the costs and expenses incurred before the Court.
88. The Government considered this claim unsubstantiated and excessive.