rlacombe/ClimateX huggingface dataset:
Range shifts reduce biodiversity in the warmest regions and locations as adaptation limits are exceeded (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Simultaneously, these shifts homogenise biodiversity (medium confidence) in regions receiving climate-migrant species, alter food webs and eliminate the distinctiveness of communities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Increasing losses of habitat-forming species such as trees, corals, kelp and seagrass have caused irreversible shifts in some ecosystems and threaten associated biodiversity in marine systems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Human-introduced invasive (non-native) species can reduce or replace native species and alter ecosystem characteristics if they fare better than endemic species in new climate-altered ecological niches (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Such invasive species effects are most prominent in geographically constrained areas, including islands, semi-enclosed seas and mountains, and they increase vulnerability in these systems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Phenological shifts increase the risks of temporal mismatches between trophic levels within ecosystems (medium confidence), which can lead to reduced food availability and population abundances (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Box 3.2, Box 3.4, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 4.3.5, 9.6.1, 10.4.2, 11.3.1, 11.3.2, 11.3.11, 13.3.1, 13.4.1, 13.10.2, 14.5.1, 15.3.3, 15.3.4, 15.8, Box CCP1.1, CCP1.2.2, CCP1.2.1, CCP3.2.1, CCP5.2.1, CCB EXTREMES} TS.B.1.3 At the warm (equatorward and lower) edges of distribu tions, adaptation limits to human-induced warming have led to widespread local population losses (extirpations) that result in range contractions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Among land plants and animals, local population loss was detected in around 50% of studied species and is often attributable to extreme events (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Many mountain-top species have suffered population losses along lower elevations, leaving them increasingly restricted to a smaller area and at higher risk of extinction (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Global extinctions due to climate change are already being observed, with two extinctions currently attributed to anthropogenic climate change (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Climate-induced extinctions, including mass extinctions, are common in the palaeo record, underlining the potential of climate change to have catastrophic impacts on species and ecosystems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The Arctic is showing increased arrival of species from warmer areas on land and in the sea, with a declining extent of tundra and ice-dependent species, such as the polar bear (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Coral reefs are suffering global declines, with abrupt shifts in community composition persisting for years (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Deserts and tropical systems are decreasing in diversity due to heat stress and extreme events (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
In contrast, arid lands are displaying varied responses around the globe in response to regional changes in the hydrological cycle (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
In terrestrial ecosystems, carbon uptake services linked to CO 2 fertilisation effects are being increasingly limited by drought and warming and exacerbated by non-climatic anthropogenic impacts (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Deforestation, draining and burning of peatlands and tropical forests and thawing of Arctic permafrost have already shifted some areas from being carbon sinks to carbon sources (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The severity and outbreak extent of forest insect pests increased in several regions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Woody plant expansion into grasslands and savannahs, linked to increased CO 2, has reduced grazing land, while invasive grasses in semiarid lands increased the risk of fire (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Coastal ‘blue carbon’ systems are already impacted by multiple climate and non- climate drivers (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Warming and CO 2 fertilisation have altered coastal ecosystem biodiversity, making carbon storage or release regionally variable (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Indigenous knowledge contains unique information sources about past changes and potential solutions to present issues (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Tangible heritage, such as traditional harvesting sites or species and archaeological and cultural heritage sites, and intangible heritage, such as festivals and rites associated with nature-based activities, endemic knowledge and unique insights about plants and animals, are being lost (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Cultural losses threaten adaptive capacity and may accumulate into intergenerational trauma and irrevocable losses of sense of belonging, valued cultural practices, identity and home (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Extremes are surpassing the resil- ience of some ecological and human systems and challenging the adaptation capacities of others, including impacts with irre- versible consequences (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Vulnerable people and human systems and climate-sensitive species and ecosystems are most at risk (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
The most severe impacts are occurring in the most climate-sensitive species and ecosystems, characterised by traits that limit their abilities to regenerate between events or to adapt, and those most exposed to climate hazards (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Losses of local plant and animal populations have been widespread, many associated with large increases in hottest yearly temperatures and heatwave events (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Marine heatwave events have led to widespread, abrupt and extensive mortality of key habitat-forming species among tropical corals, kelps, seagrasses and mangroves, as well as mass mortality of wildlife species, including benthic sessile species (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Droughts, floods, wildfires and marine heatwaves contribute to reduced food availability and increased food prices, threatening food security, nutrition and livelihoods of millions of people across regions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Extreme events caused economic losses in forest productivity and crops and livestock farming, including losses in wheat production in 2012, 2016 and 2018, with the severity of impacts from extreme heat and drought tripling over the last 50 years in Europe (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Forests were impacted by extreme heat and drought impacting timber sales, for example, in Europe (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Marine heatwaves, including well-documented events along the west coast of North America (2013–2016) and east coast of Australia (2015–2016, 2016–2017 and 2020), have caused the collapse of regional fisheries and aquaculture (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Human populations exposed to extreme weather and climate events are at risk of food insecurity with lower diversity in diets, leading to malnutrition and increased risk of disease (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Since AR5, the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events such as wildfires, extreme heat, cyclones, storms and floods have adversely affected or caused loss and damage to human health, shelter, displacement, incomes and livelihoods, security and inequality (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Over 20 million people have been internally displaced annually by weather-related extreme events since 2008, with storms and floods the most common drivers (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate-related extreme events are followed by negative impacts on mental health, well-being, life satisfaction, happiness, cognitive performance and aggression in exposed populations (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Human-induced global warming has slowed the growth of agricultural productivity over the past 50 years in mid and low latitudes (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Crop yields are compromised by surface ozone (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Methane emissions have negatively impacted crop yields by increasing temperatures and surface ozone concentrations (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Warming is negatively affecting crop and grassland quality and harvest stability (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Warmer and drier conditions have increased tree mortality and forest disturbances in many temperate and boreal biomes (high confidence), negatively impacting provisioning services (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Ocean warming has decreased sustainable yields of some wild fish populations (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Ocean acidification and warming have already affected farmed aquatic species (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
At higher latitudes, warming has expanded the available area but has also altered phenology (high confidence), potentially causing plant–pollinator and pest mismatches (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
At low latitudes, temperatures have crossed upper tolerance thresholds, more frequently leading to heat stress and/ or shifts in distribution and losses for crops, livestock, fisheries and aquaculture (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The impacts of climate-related extremes on food security, nutrition and livelihoods are particularly acute and severe for people living in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, small islands, Central and South America and the Arctic and small-scale food producers globally (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Droughts induced by the 2015–2016 El Niño, partially attributable to human influences (medium confidence), caused acute food insecurity in various regions, including eastern and southern Africa and the Dry Corridor of Central America (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
In the northeast Pacific, a 5-year warm period (2013 to 2017) impacted the migration, distribution and abundance of key fish resources (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Increasing variability in grazing systems has negatively affected animal fertility, mortality and herd recovery rates, reducing livestock keepers’ resilience (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Higher temperatures and humidity caused by climate change increases toxigenic fungi on many food crops (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Harmful algal blooms and water-borne diseases threaten food security and the economy and livelihoods of many coastal communities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Increasing ocean warming and acidification are enhancing movement and bioaccumulation of toxins and contaminants into marine food webs (medium confidence) and with bio-magnification of persistent organic pollutants and methyl mercury already affecting fisheries (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Indigenous Peoples and local communities, especially where food safety monitoring is underdeveloped, are among the most vulnerable to these risks, in particular in the Arctic (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Women, the elderly and children in low-income households, Indigenous Peoples, minority groups, small-scale producers and fishing communities and people in high-risk regions more often experience malnutrition, livelihood loss and rising costs (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Increasing competition for critical resources, such as land, energy and water, can exacerbate the impacts of climate change on food security (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Water insecurity is manifested through climate-induced water scar -city and hazards and is further exacerbated by inadequate water governance (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Economic and societal impacts of water insecurity are more pronounced in low-income countries than in middle- and high-income ones (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Human-induced climate change has affected physical aspects of water security through increasing water scarcity and exposing more people to water-related extreme events like floods and droughts, thereby exacerbating existing water-related vulnerabilities caused by other socioeconomic factors (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Many of these changes in water availability and water-related hazards can be directly attributed to anthropogenic climate change (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Water insecurity disproportionately impacts the poor, women, children, Indigenous Peoples and the elderly in low-income countries (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Water insecurity can contribute to social unrest in regions where inequality is high and water governance and institutions are weak (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Nearly half a billion people now live in areas where the long-term average precipitation is now as high as was previously seen in only about 1 in 6 years (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Approximately 163 million people now live in unfamiliarly dry areas (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Substantially more people (around 709 million) live in regions where annual maximum 1-d precipitation has increased than in re- gions where it has decreased (around 86 million) (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Over the last two decades, the global glacier mass loss rate has been the highest since the glacier mass balance measurements began a century ago (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Cryosphere changes have impacted cultural uses of water among vulnerable mountain and Arctic communities and Indigenous Peoples (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Cryosphere change has affected ecosystems, water resources, livelihoods and cultural uses of water in all cryosphere- dependent regions across the world (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Anthropogenic climate change has led to increased likelihood, severity and societal impacts of droughts (primarily agricultural and hydrological droughts) in many regions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Between 1970 and 2019, drought-related disaster events worldwide caused billions of dollars in economic damages (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Drylands are particularly exposed to climate change related droughts (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Recent heavy rainfall events that have led to catastrophic flooding were made more likely by anthropogenic climate change (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Observed mortality and losses due to floods and droughts are much greater in regions with high vulnerability and vulnerable populations such as the poor, women, children, Indigenous Peoples and the elderly due to historical, political and socioeconomic inequities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate change and changes in land use and water pollution are key drivers of ecosystem loss and degradation (high confidence), with negative impacts observed on culturally significant terrestrial and freshwater species and ecosystems in the Arctic, mountain regions and other biodiversity hotspots (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate trends and extreme events have had major impacts on many natural systems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
For example, periodic droughts in parts of the Amazon since the 1990s, partly attributed to climate change, resulted in high tree mortality rates and basin-wide reductions in forest productivity, momentarily turning Amazon forests from a carbon sink into a net carbon source (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Fire risks have increased due to heat and drought conditions in many parts of the world (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Increased precipitation has resulted in range shifts of species in some regions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate-induced trends and extremes in the water cycle have impacted agricultural production positively and negatively, with negative impacts outweighing the positive ones (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Droughts, floods and rainfall variability have contributed to reduced food availability and increased food prices, threatening food and nutrition security, and the livelihoods of millions globally (high confidence), with the poor in parts of Asia, Africa and South and Central America being disproportionately affected (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Drought years have reduced thermoelectric and hydropower production by around 4–5% compared to long-term average production since the 1980s (medium confidence), reducing economic growth in Africa and with billions in US dollars of existing and planned hydropower infrastructure assets in mountain regions worldwide and in Africa exposed to increasing hazards (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Changes in temperature, precipitation and water-related disasters are linked to increased incidences of water- borne diseases such as cholera, especially in regions with limited access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Women, children, the elderly, Indigenous People, low-income households and socially marginalised groups within cities, set- tlements, regions and countries are the most vulnerable (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Distress sufficient to impair mental health has been caused by climate-related ecological grief associated with environmental change (e.g., solastalgia) or extreme weather and climate events (very high confidence), vicarious experience or anticipation of climate events (medium confidence) and climate-related loss of livelihoods and food insecurity (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Vulnerability to mental health effects of climate change varies by region and population, with evidence that Indigenous Peoples, agricultural communities, first responders, women and members of minority groups experience greater impacts (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
A significant proportion of warm-season heat-related mortality in temperate regions is attributed to observed anthropogenic climate change (medium confidence), with fewer data available for tropical regions in Africa (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
For some heatwave events over the last two decades, associated health impacts have been partially attributed to observed climate change (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Potential hours of work lost due to heat have increased significantly over the past two decades (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Some regions are already experiencing heat stress conditions at or approaching the upper limits of labour productivity (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Extreme climate events have been key drivers in rising undernutrition of millions of people, primarily in Africa and Central America (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
For example, anthropogenic warming contributed to climate extremes induced by the 2015–2016 El Niño, which resulted in severe droughts, leading to an additional 5.9 million children in 51 countries becoming underweight (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Undernutrition can in turn increase susceptibility to other health problems, including mental health problems, and impair cognitive and work performance, with resulting economic impacts (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Children and pregnant women experience disproportionate adverse health and nutrition impacts (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
These risks include Salmonella, Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium infections (medium confidence) mycotoxins associated with cancer and stunting in children (high confidence) and seafood contamination with marine toxins and pathogens (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate-related food-borne disease risks vary temporally and are influenced, in part, by food availability, accessibility, preparation and preferences (medium confidence), as well as adequate food safety monitoring (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
More extreme weather events have contributed to vector-borne disease outbreaks in humans through direct effects on pathogens and vectors and indirect effects on human behaviour and emergency response destabilisation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Climate change and variability are facilitating the spread of chikungunya virus in North, Central and South America, Europe and Asia (medium to high confidence); tick-borne encephalitis in Europe (medium confidence); Rift Valley fever in Africa; West Nile fever in southeastern Europe, western Asia, the Canadian prairies and parts of the USA (medium confidence); Lyme disease vectors in North America (high confidence) and Europe (medium confidence); malaria in eastern and southern Africa (high confidence); and dengue globally (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
For example, in Central and South America, the reproduction potential for the transmission of dengue increased between 17% and 80% for the period 1950–1954 to 2016–2021, depending on the sub-region, as a result of changes in temperature and precipitation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Water insecurity and inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene increase disease risk (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Exposure to wildfires and associated smoke has increased in several regions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Spring pollen season start dates in northern mid-latitudes are occurring earlier due to climate change, increasing the risks of allergic respiratory diseases (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Most climate-related displacement and migration occur within national boundaries, with interna- tional movements occurring primarily between countries with contiguous borders (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Since 2008, an annual average of over 20 million people have been internally dis- placed annually by weather-related extreme events, with storms and floods being the most common (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Extreme climate events act as both direct drivers (e.g., destruction of homes by tropical cyclones) and indirect drivers (e.g., rural income losses during prolonged droughts) of involuntary migration and displacement (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
The largest absolute number of people displaced by extreme weather each year occurs in Asia (South, Southeast and East), followed by sub-Saharan Africa, but small island states in the Caribbean and South Pacific are disproportionately affected relative to their small population size (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Specific climate events and conditions cause migration to increase, decrease or flow in new directions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
One of the main pathways for climate- induced migration is through deteriorating economic conditions and livelihoods (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate change has influenced changes in temporary, seasonal or permanent migration, often rural to urban or rural to rural, that is associated with labour diversification as a risk- reduction strategy in Central America, Africa, South Asia and Mexico (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
This movement is often followed by remittances (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
However, the same economic losses can also undermine household resources and savings, limiting mobility and compounding people’s exposure and vulnerability (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Involuntary migration occurs when adaptation alternatives are exhausted or not viable and reflects non-climatic factors that constrain adaptive capacity and create high levels of exposure and vulnerability (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
These outcomes are also shaped by policy and planning decisions at regional, national and local scales that relate to housing, infrastructure, water provisioning, schools and healthcare to support the integration of migrants into receiving communities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Existing examples of relocations of Indigenous Peoples in coastal Alaska and villages in the Solomon Islands and Fiji suggest that relocated people can experience significant financial and emotional distress as cultural and spiritual bonds to place and livelihoods are disrupted (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Vulnerability to climate change is a multi-dimension- al, dynamic phenomenon shaped by intersecting historical and contemporary political, economic and cultural processes of marginalisation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Societies with high levels of inequity are less resilient to climate change (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Complex human vulnerability patterns are shaped by past developments, such as colonialism and its ongoing legacy (high confidence), are worsened by compounding and cascading risks (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)