rlacombe/ClimateX huggingface dataset:
Long- term solutions for high-level radioactive waste are under development (medium confidence)± Low impacts to biodiversity but high impact in case of an accident (medium confidence)Section 6.4.2.4, Figure 6.18Depends on the type of power plants being displaced Nuclear requires significantly less minerals than other low-carbon technologies Carbon capture and storage (CCS)+ CCS infrastructure generally requires reduction of air pol- lutants for optimal operation (high confidence)– Water use generally increases significantly; significant water treatment needs may also arise for brines (high confidence)+ Potential to spur technological innova- tion; also could reduce inequity risks for fossil workers (high confidence)+ Could help decarbonise some hard- to-decarbonise sectors (high confidence)± Use of resources and chemicals could increase unless appropriately managed (medium confidence)+ Low-carbon emissions (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: high)
Water management for reducing drought and adapting to climate change is important issue (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: high)
Water management for reducing drought and adapting to climate change is important issue (high confidence)± Probably no direct impact (soil–human health nexus through nutritional transfer: may contribute to better nutrient security through quality and nutrient-rich products and better living if higher prof- its and diversified products) (medium confidence)+ Better landscape water balance by influencing the quality and availability of water supply (high confidence)+ Better soil management can lead to improved productivity and thus economic growth (medium confidence)± Low environment footprints, quality and healthy food production and economic and social viability (high confidence)+ Clear climate benefit (high confidence)+ Better sponge function to life in water, and less nutrients into the water (medium confidence)+ Proved beneficial for combating soil degradation and improving soil health and beneficial to biodiversity (high confidence)+ Securing local food production and higher and stable profits may reduce migration and prevent conflict and support peace and justice (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)
Trade-offs with other uses of the organic matter Reduce CH 4 and N2O emissions in agriculture± When part of improved agricul- ture, it may reduce hunger (low confidence)+ Cleaner air and soil-plant-herbivore nexus (high confidence)± Less use of water and less manure into water streams (low confidence)± Requires innova- tive food production (low confidence)+ Reduction of emissions (which is a part of responsible production) (medium confidence)+ Clear reduction of emissions (high confidence)+ Less impact on water (high confidence)+ Less impact on land (high confidence)Section 7.4Risks include mitigation persistence, ecological impacts associated with improving feed quality and supply, or potential toxicity and animal welfare issues concerning feed additives Reduced conver - sion of forests and other ecosystems (deforestation, loss and degrada- tion of peatlands and coastal wetlands)± Protecting huge areas may lead to poverty (medium confidence)– May lead to some competition for land (medium confi- dence)+ Cleaner air, greener environ- ment generally leads to better health (high confidence)+ Better landscape water balance (high confidence)± May lead to competition for land and less economic benefits (medium confidence)± When surrounding cities, it may lead to cooling (high confidence)+ Clear climate benefit (high confidence)+ Better sponge function to life in water, and less nutrients into the water (high confidence)+ Beneficial to biodiversity (high confidence)± May lead to more competition for resources and thus pressures between actors (medium confidence)± May lead to joint forces (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: low)
It can compete for land and thus with food provision Ecosystem restoration, reforestation, afforestation+ If it provides income, food and wood products, then neutral to positive (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)
Reforestation and forest restoration can have co-benefits for food security, and cleaner air and greener environment generally leads to better health (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)
Afforestation (on naturally unforested land) can compound climate-related risks to water security (medium confidence)– May lead to competition for land and less economic benefits (medium confidence)± When done with involvement of locals it can reduce inequality (low confidence)+ When surrounding cities, it may lead to cooling (high confidence)+ Clear climate benefit (high confidence)+ Better sponge function to life in water when done in proper manner (high confidence)+ Beneficial to biodiversity when done in proper manner (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)
If car - ried out at massive scale, competition for food will arise; when carried out adapted to local circumstances, and for various needs, the trade-offs are small; may have high opportunity costs Improved sustainable forest management+ If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (high confidence)± If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (low confidence)+ Cleaner air, greener environ- ment generally leads to better health (low confidence)+ Better landscape water balance (medium confidence)± Can lead to improved wood chain, including bioenergy from residues (high confidence)+ If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (medium confidence)+ Can lead to improved wood chain, and biobased product innovation (high confidence)± When done with involvement of locals it can reduce inequality (low confidence)± Can lead to cooling of cities and building with biobased products (medium confidence)+ Most likely climate benefit (medium confidence)+ Better sponge function to life in water, and less nutrients into the water (medium confidence)+ Beneficial to biodiversity (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: high)
Reduce food loss and food waste+ Reduced food loss will reduce prices, and may lead to less poverty (high confidence)+ Reduced food loss will reduce prices, and may lead to more food available (high confidence)+ Reduced food loss will reduce prices, and may lead to more food available (high confidence)+ Less use of water (high confidence)+ Lead to less energy use (high confidence)+ Balanced food distribution globally may reduce prices for many (low confidence)+ Balanced food distribution globally may provide more sustainable societies (low confidence)+ Balanced food distribution and reduced losses is part of responsible consumption (high confidence)+ Clear reduction of emissions (high confidence)+ Less impact on water (medium confidence)+ Less impact on land (high confidence)+ Leads to less competition for resources and thus less pressures between actors (medium confidence)Section 7.5Occurs in all societies, there are no trade-offs Shift to balanced, sustainable healthy diets± Depends whether the healthier diet is cheaper, often not (medium confi- dence)+ Balanced food distribution globally may reduce prices for many (low confidence)+ Healthier diets for affluent populations (high confidence)+ Less use of water (high confidence)+ May lead to less energy use (high confidence)± More innovative food production (medium confidence)+ Balanced food globally may reduce prices for many (low confidence)+ Balanced food globally may provide more sustainable societies (low confidence)+ Clear reduction of emissions – Part of responsible production (high confidence)+ Clear reduction of emissions (high confidence)+ Less impact on water (medium confidence)+ Less impact on land (high confidence)Section 7.4Only for affluent societies; synergies occur because it may lead to freeing up land Renewables supply timber, biomass, agri feedstock)± Can lead to both positive and nega- tive outcomes for livelihoods and food security; if it pro- vides income, food and wood products, then neutral to positive (medium confidence)± May lead to competition when done at large scale and not taking into account local circumstances or needs (medium confidence)± Can lead to greener landscape, but can also result in large-scale undesirable changes (medium confidence)± Can lead to better landscape-level water balance when done in proper manner (medium confidence)± Can lead to better and more stable products and energy provision if done properly (medium confidence)+ If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (medium confidence)+ Can lead to improved wood chain, and bio-based product innovation (high confidence)± Clear reduction of emissions up to certain scales and volumes and when negative land-use effects are avoided (high confidence)± Depending on type of land use, less impact on water (medium confidence)± Depending on type of land use, less impact on life on land (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)
Electrifica- tion of the urban energy system(+) Can address energy poverty that is linked to poverty; eradicating poverty is supported by access to modern energy services for all (medium confidence)(+) Electrification can support welfare; electric stoves can support nutritional food intake (medium confidence) (–) Can have trade-offs if food systems are coupled with electricity and bioenergy (medium confidence)(+) Improves air quality when coupled to shifting energy use as included in the option; Avoids air pollution from energy and transport infrastructure; Sup- ports energy services for quality health services in hospitals (high confidence)(+) Electrification and access to electricity supports quality education and educational attainment (high confidence)(+) Supports equal opportunities, also through electricity for internet access if previously lacking (medium confidence)(+) Renewable energy powered water treatment facilities can sup- port clean water and sanitation (medium confi- dence)(+) Supports renewable energy, energy efficiency and access to affordable, reliable and modern energy; renewable- energy generation technologies can enhance infrastruc- ture resilience (high confidence)(+) Supports tech- nological upgrading, innovation and decent job creation (high confidence)(+) Supports sustain- able and resilient infrastructure and can support domestic tech- nology development; renewable-energy generation tech- nologies can enhance infrastructure resilience (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: high)
Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 10 Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11 Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12 Responsible consumption and productionSDG 13 Climate actionSDG 14 Life below waterSDG 15 Life on landSDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions SDG 17 PartnershipLine of sight (section numbers, tables, figures, box)Remarks (context specificity/scale) BuildingsDemand- side management + Reduce poverty due to less energy expenditures and other financial savings (high confidence)+ Result in avoiding the ‘heat or eat’ dillemma (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: low)
Furthermore, smart controllers and wireless communications that are used for control- ling lighting, windows, HVAC equipment, water heaters, and other building equipment provide many other non-energy benefits such as improved security, access control, fire and other emergency detection and management, and on-time identification of maintenance issues (high confidence)+ Lower energy demand can lead to reduced water demand for thermal cooling at energy production facilities (medium confidence)+ Result in fuel poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: high)
Also, buildings with high energy efficiency and/or green features are sold/rented at higher prices than conventional, low-energy- efficient houses (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resilience (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: high)
Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are associated with reduced energy demand, resulting in lower energy prices, energy efficiency investments, fostering innovation, and improvements in labour productivity Efficient heating, ventilation and air con- ditioning (HVAC)+ Reduce poverty due to less energy expenditures and other financial savings – The distributional costs of some mitigation policies supporting energy efficiency may reduce the dispos- able income of the poor (medium confidence)+ Result in avoiding the ‘heat or eat’ dillemma (low confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, fuel poverty alleviation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (high confidence)+ Lower energy demand can lead to reduced water demand for thermal cooling at energy production facilities (medium confidence)+ Result in fuel poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macroeco- nomic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) associated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand, energy efficiency invest- ments, and fostering innovation + Also result in improving labour productivity (high confidence)+ The development of ‘green buildings’ can foster innovation – Reduced energy demand can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infrastructure (medium confidence)± Can reduce or increase income inequalities (medium confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resilience (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: high)
In this case, appropriate access policies should be designed to efficiently shield poor households from the burden of carbon taxation Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are associated with reduced energy demand, resulting in lower energy prices, energy efficiency investments, fostering innovation, and improvements in labour productivity Efficient appliances+ Reduce poverty due to less energy expenditures and other financial savings – The distributional costs of some mitigation policies supporting energy efficiency may reduce the dispos- able income of the poor (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)
Also, improved cookstoves provide better food security (medium confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, fuel poverty alleviation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (high confidence) + Reduce school absenteeism due to better indoor conditions, while fuel poverty alleviation increases the availble space at home for reading (medium confidence)+ Efficient cookstoves result in substantial time savings for women, thus increasing the time for rest, communication, education and productive activi- ties (medium confidence)+ Lower energy demand can lead to reduced water demand for thermal cooling at energy production facilities (medium confidence)+ Result in energy/ fuel poverty allevia- tion and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macroeco- nomic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) associated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand, energy efficiency invest- ments, and fostering innovation + Also result in improving labour productivity (high confidence)– Reduced energy demand can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infrastructure (medium confidence)± Can reduce or increase income inequalities + Efficient cookstoves result in substantial time savings for women and children, thus enhancing education and the development of productive activities (medium confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources – Possible risks due to the penetration of new, efficient appliances and early retirement of existing equipment (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resil- ience (high confidence)+ Result in halting deforesta- tion through efficient cookstoves (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)
Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and san- itationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 10 Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11 Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12 Responsible consumption and productionSDG 13 Climate actionSDG 14 Life below waterSDG 15 Life on landSDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions SDG 17 PartnershipLine of sight (section num- bers, tables, figures, box)Remarks (context specificity/scale) BuildingsBuilding design and performance+ Reduce poverty due to less energy expenditures and other financial savings (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)
Also, green surfaces and urban farming (vertical, basement or unused buildings) contribute to local and resilient food production (medium confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, fuel poverty alleviation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: high)
Also, these measures result in water savings due to improved indoor conditions and lower space of dwellings (medium confidence)+ Result in fuel poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macro- economic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) associated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand (high confidence)– Reduced energy demand can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infra- structure (medium confidence)+ Reduce income inequalities (low confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resilience (high confidence)+ Green roofs and walls strengthen urban biodiversity (medium confidence)+ Institutions that are effective, accountable and transparent are needed at all levels of government for boosting sufficiency measures (medium confidence)Section 9.8 and Table 9.5Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are mainly associated with reduced energy demand and the resulting in lower energy prices On-site and nearby production and use of renewables+ Increase the productive time of women and children – The distribu- tional costs of some mitigation policies sup- porting RES (renewables) may reduce the disposable income of the poor (medium confidence)+ Improving energy access enhances agricultural produc- tivity and improves food security – Increased bioenergy production may restrict the available land for food production (medium confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, energy/fuel poverty alle- viation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (high confidence) + Reduce school absenteeism due to better indoor conditions and enable people living in poor developing countries to read (medium confidence)+ Improved access to electricity and clean fuels in developing coun- tries will result in substantial time savings for women, thus increasing the time for rest, communication, education and productive activi- ties (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)
Also, improved access to electric- ity is necessary to treat water in homes – Switch to bioenergy may increase water use compared to existing conditions (medium confidence)+ Result in energy poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply – Risks of reduced energy access, in cases where the distributional costs of mitigation increase the energy costs (medium confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macro- economic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) asso- ciated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand, RES invest- ments, improved energy access and fostering innovation (high confidence)+ Adoption of RES and smart grids helps in infrastruc- ture improvement and expansion – Increased RES penetration can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infrastructure (high confidence)± Can reduce or increase income inequalities + Improved access to electricity and clean fuels in developing countries will result in substantial time savings for women and children, enhanc- ing education and the development of productive activities (medium confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consump- tion of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resil- ience (high confidence)+ Result in halting deforesta- tion through improved access to electricity and clean fuels (medium confidence)+ Improved access to electric lighting can improve safety (particularly for women and children) + Institutions that are effective, accountable and transparent are needed at all levels of government for providing energy access and promoting modern renewables (medium confidence)+ The develop- ment of zero energy buildings requires, among other things, capacity building and citizen par - ticipation, as well as monitoring of the achieve- ments (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)