Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 10 Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11 Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12 Responsible consumption and productionSDG 13 Climate action SDG 14 Life below waterSDG 15 Life on landSDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions SDG 17 PartnershipLine of sight (section numbers , tables, figures , box)Remarks (context specificity/ scale) Urban systemsUrban land use and spatial planning(+) Provides employ- ment density and supports productivity (high confidence) (+) Can reduce exposure and vulner - ability to climate change given policy integration (high confidence)(+) Better spatial planning will reduce pressures on land use change, including croplands (high confidence) (–) Growth in urban extent can still reduce cropland if not sufficiently managed (high confidence)(+) Improves access to health infrastruc- ture; improves air quality when coupled to shifting energy use; improves wellbeing with green and blue infrastructure (high confidence)(+) Better spatial planning increases educational oppor - tunities (medium confidence)(+) Can increase equal opportunities and effective participation of women, including urban governance (medium confidence)(+) Can improve water quality, water-use efficiency, water harvesting and wastewater treatment; efficient urbanisation can also reduce GHG emissions from water infrastructure (high confidence)(+) Can reduce energy use and enable access to modern energy infrastructure while urban infrastruc- ture for energy services varies (high confidence)(+) Provides employment density and supports productivity (high confidence)(+) Sustainable urban- isation and settlement planning requires development across all infrastructure sectors (high confidence)(+) Spatial inequalities within cities can be reduced; urban infra- structure gap between cities can be reduced (high confidence) (–) Unintended gentrification and spatial inequalities are still possible (medium confidence)(+) Supports capacity for participatory, inte- grated and sustainable human settlement plan- ning (Target 11.3) and protecting the poor and vulnerable (Target 11.5) (high confidence)(+) Urbanisation with lower material demands will support responsible consumption and production (high confidence) (–) Urban population growth contributes to increased demand for resources with differences in scenarios; increase in urban water demand can increase pressures on water scarcity; over-exploitation of groundwater needs to be avoided (medium confidence)(+) Contributes to both climate mitiga- tion and adaptation given integration in urban planning (high confidence)(+) Can reduce growth in urban expansion that can help protect coastal and marine eco- systems (medium confidence) (–) Urban develop- ment can still impact coastal and marine eco- systems (medium confidence)(+) Can reduce growth in urban expansion that can help protect biodiversity on land and terrestrial and inland freshwaters (high confidence) (–) Urban develop- ment can still impact biodiversity (medium confidence)(+) Has synergies with responsive, inclusive and participatory decision-making at all levels and transparent institu- tions (IPCC AR6_WGIII, confidence: medium)