rlacombe/ClimateX huggingface dataset:
Integrated, systems-oriented solutions reduce competition and trade-offs and include inclusive governance, behavioural (e.g., healthier diets with lower carbon and water footprints) and technical (e.g., novel feeds) responses (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Differentiated responses based on water and food security level and climate risk increase effectiveness, such as social protection programmes for extreme events, medium-term responses such as local food procurement for school meals, community seed banks or well construction to build adaptive capacity (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Longer- term responses include strengthening ecosystem services, local and regional markets, enhanced capacity and reducing systemic gender, land tenure and other social inequalities as part of a rights-based approach (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Collective efforts across sectors, with the involvement of food producers and water users and including Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge, are a pre-condition to reaching sustainable water and food systems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Policies that support system transitions include shifting subsidies, certification, green public procurement, capacity building, payments for ecosystem services and social protection (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
The concentration and interconnection of people, infrastructure and assets within and across cities and into rural areas drives the creation of risks and solutions at a global scale (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Concentrated inequalities in risk are broken through prioritising affordable housing and upgrading of informal and precarious settlements, paying special attention to including marginalised groups and women (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Such actions are most effective when deployed across grey/ physical infrastructure, nature-based solutions and social policy and between local and city-wide or national actions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Moreover, an additional 2.5 billion people are projected to be living in urban areas by 2050, with up to 90% of this increase concentrated in the regions of Asia and Africa (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Governance capacity, financial support and the legacy of past urban infrastructure investment constrain how cities and settlements can adapt to key climate risks (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
The adaptation gap is also geographically uneven; it is highest in Africa (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
At the same time, legacy infrastructure in large and mega cities, designed without taking climate change risk into account, and past adaptation decisions constrain innovation, leading to stranded assets and with increasing numbers of people unable to avoid harm, including heat stress and flooding, without transformative adaptation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
As ecosystems provide important additional benefits to human well-being and coastal livelihoods, urban adaptation strategies can be developed for settlements and nearby ecosystems; combining these with engineering solutions can extend their lifetime under high rates of sea level rise (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Where inclusive approaches to adaptation policy and action are supported, this can enable wider gains of more equitable urbanisation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Urban adaptation measures have many opportunities to contribute to climate resilient development pathways (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Targeted development planning across the range of innovation and investment in social policy, nature-based solutions and grey/physical infrastructure can significantly increase the adaptive capacity of urban settlements and cities and their contribution to climate resilient development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
City and local action can complement—and at times go further than—national and international interventions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Adaptation policy that focuses on informality and sub-serviced or inadequately serviced neighbourhoods and supports inclusive urbanisation by considering the social and economic root causes of unequal vulnerability and exposure can contribute to the broader goals of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and reduce vulnerability to non-climatic risks, including pandemic risk (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
More comprehensive and clearly articulated global ambitions for city and community adaptation will contribute to inclusive urbanisation by addressing the root causes of social and economic inequalities that drive social exclusion and marginalisation, so that adaptation can directly support the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Adaptation pathways break adaptation planning into manageable steps based on near- term, low-regret actions and aligning adaptation choices with societal goals that account for changing risk, interests and values, uncertain futures and the long-term commitment to adapting to sea level rise (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
In charting adaptation pathways, reconciling divergent interests and values is a priority (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Nature-based interventions, for example wetlands and salt marshes, can reduce impacts and costs while supporting biodiversity and livelihoods but have limits under high warming levels and rapid sea level rise (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Ecological limits and socioeconomic, financial and governance barriers will be reached first and are determined by the type of coastline and city or settlement (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
With higher warming, faster sea level rise and increasing human pressures due to coastal development, the ability to adapt decreases (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Adaptation options, such as providing sufficient space for a coastal system to migrate inland, when combined with ambitious and urgent mitigation measures, can reduce impacts, but they depend on the type of coastline and patterns of coastal development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
With rapid sea level rise, these options will become insufficient to limit risks for marine ecosystems and their services such as food provision, coastal protection and carbon sequestration (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The options include vulnerability-reducing measures, avoidance (e.g., disincentivising developments in high-risk areas and addressing existing social vulnerabilities), hard and soft protection (e.g., sea walls, coastal wetlands), accommodation (e.g., elevating houses), advance (e.g., building up and out to sea) and staged, managed retreat (e.g., landward movement of people and development) interventions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Local government barriers to coastal adaptation could lead to courts’ becoming de facto decision makers for local adaptation, and this could be compounded by legislative shortcomings and fragmentation, insufficient leadership, lack of coordination between governance levels and disagreement about financial responsibility (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Protection has a high benefit-cost ratio during the 21st century but can become unaffordable and insufficient to reduce coastal risk (e.g., due to salinisation, drainage of rivers and excess water), reaching technical limits (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Hard protection sets up lock-in of assets and people to risks and reaches limits by the end of the century or sooner, depending on the scenario, local sea level rise effects and community tolerance thresholds (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Considering coastal retreat as part of the solution space could lower global adaptation costs but would result in large land losses and high levels of migration for South and Southeast Asia in particular and in relative terms, small island nations would suffer most (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Solutions include disincentivising developments in high-risk areas and addressing existing social vulnerabilities now (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Many drivers and root causes of coastal risk are historically and institutionally embedded (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Reconciling divergent worldviews, values and interests can unlock the productive potential of conflict for transitioning towards pathways that foster climate resilient development, generate equitable adaptation outcomes and remove governance constraints (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Shared understanding and locally appropriate responses are enabled by deliberate experimentation, innovation and social learning (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
External assistance and government support can enhance community capabilities to reduce coastal hazard risk (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Flexible options enable responses to be adjusted as climate risk escalates and circumstances change, which may increase exposure (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Legal and financial provisions can enable managed retreat from the most at-risk locations (medium confidence) but require coordination, trust and legitimate decisions by and across policy domains and sectors (high confidence) that prioritise vulnerability, justice and equity (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Inclusive, informed and meaningful deliberation and collaborative problem- solving depend on safe arenas for engagement by all stakeholders (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Building adaptive capacity through sustainable development and encouraging safe and orderly movements of people within and between states represent key adaptation responses to prevent climate-related involuntary migration (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Reducing poverty, inequity and food and water insecurity and strengthening institutions in particular reduce the risk of conflict and supports climate resilient peace (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The COVID-19 pandemic demon- strated the value of coordinated planning across sectors, safety nets and other capacities in societies to cope with a range of shocks and stresses and to alleviate system-wide risks to health (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
A significant adaptation gap exists for human health and well-being and for responses to disaster risks (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Most Nation- ally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement from low- and middle-income countries identify health as a priority concern (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Effective governance institutions, arrangements, funding and mandates are key for adaptation to climate-related health risks (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Although some mortality and morbidity from climate change are already unavoidable, targeted adaptation and mitigation actions can reduce risks and vulnerabilities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The burden of diseases could be reduced and resilience increased through health systems, generating awareness of climate change impacts on health (medium confidence), strengthening access to water and sanitation (high confidence), integrating vector control management approaches (very high confidence), expanding existing early-warning monitoring systems (high confidence), increasing vaccine development and coverage (medium confidence), improving the heat resistance of the built environment (medium confidence) and building financial safety nets (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Such cross-sectoral solutions include improved air quality through renewable energy sources (very high confidence), active transport (e.g., walking and cycling) (high confidence) and sustainable food systems that lead to healthier diets (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Heat Action Plans have strong potential to prevent mortality from extreme heat events and elevated temperature (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Nature- based solutions reduce a variety of risks to both physical and mental health and well-being (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
For example, integrated agroecological food systems offer opportunities to improve dietary diversity while building climate-related local resilience to food insecurity (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The greatest gaps between policy and action are in failures to manage adaptation of social infrastructure (e.g., community facilities, services and networks) and failure to address complex interconnected risks for example in the food–energy–water–health nexus or the inter- relationships of air quality and climate risk (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Building climate resilient health systems will require multi-sectoral, multi-system and collaborative efforts at all governance scales (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
The health sectors in some countries have focused on implementing incremental changes to policies and measures to respond to impacts (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
As the likelihood of dangerous risks to human health continues to increase, there is a greater need for transformational changes to health and other systems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
This highlights an urgent and immediate need to address the wider interactions between environmental change, socioeconomic development and human health and well-being (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Financial support for health adaptation is currently less than 0.5% of overall dispersed multilateral climate finance projects (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
This level of investment is insufficient to protect human health and health systems from most climate-sensitive health risks (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Adaptation financing often does not reach places where the climate sensitivity of the health sector is greatest (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Properly support- ed and where levels of agency and assets are high, migration as an adaptation to climate change can reduce exposure and socioeconomic vulnerability (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
However, migration becomes a risk when climate hazards cause an individual, household or community to move involuntarily or with low agency (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Inability to migrate (i.e., involuntary immobility) in the face of climate hazards is also a potential risk to exposed populations (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Broad-based institutional and cross-sectoral efforts to build adaptive capacity, including meeting the SDGs, reduce future risks of climate- related involuntary displacement and immobility (medium confidence), while policies such as the Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Reg- ular Migration (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Residents of small island states do not view relocation as an appropriate or desirable means of adapting to the impacts of climate change (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Previous disaster- and development- related relocation has been expensive and contentious, posed multiple challenges for governments and amplified existing ones and generated new vulnerabilities for the people involved (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
In locations where permanent, government-assisted relocation becomes unavoidable, active involvement of local populations in planning and decision-making may lead to more successful outcomes (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
By addressing vulner - ability, improving livelihoods and strengthening institutions, meeting the SDGs reduces the risks of armed conflict and violence (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Formal institutional arrangements for natural resource management and environmental peacebuilding, conflict-sensitive adaptation and climate-sensitive peacebuilding and gender-sensitive approaches offer potential new avenues to build peace in conflict- prone regions vulnerable to climate change (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Concepts of justice, consent and rights-based deci- sion-making, together with societal measures of well-being, are increasingly used to legitimate adaptation actions and evaluate the impacts on individuals and ecosystems, diverse communities and across generations (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Applying these principles as part of monitoring and evaluating the outcomes of adaptation, particularly during system transitions, provide a basis for ensuring that the distribution of benefits and costs are identified (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Adaptation and mitigation approaches that exacerbate inequitable access to resources and fail to address injustice increase suffering, including water and food insecurity and malnutrition rates for vulnerable groups that rely directly or indirectly on natural resources for their livelihoods (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Insurance solutions are difficult for low- income groups to access (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Formal insurance policies come with risks when implemented in a stand-alone manner, including risks of maladaptation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Understanding the positive and negative links of adaptation actions with gender equality goals (i.e., SDG 5) is important to ensure that adaptive actions do not exacerbate existing gender-based and other social inequalities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate literacy varies across diverse communities, compounding vulnerability {2.6.3, 2.6.7, 4.3, 4.6, 4.6.9, 5.12.5, 5.14, 6.4.4, Box 6.1, 9.4.5, Box 9.1, 12.5.8, 16.1.4, CCB GENDER} TS.D.9.4 Empowering marginalised communities in the co-pro- duction of policy at all scales of decision-making advances equi- table adaptation efforts and reduces the risks of maladaptation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Recognising Indigenous rights and local knowledge in the design and implementation of climate change responses contrib- utes to equitable adaptation outcomes (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge play an important role in finding solu- tions and often creates critical linkages between cultures, policy frame- works, economic systems and natural resource management (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Intergenerational approaches to future climate planning and policy will become increasingly important in relation to the manage- ment, use and valuation of social-ecological systems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Many regions benefit from the significant diversity of local knowledge and systems of production, informed by long-standing experience with natural variability, providing a rich foundation for adaptation actions ef- fective at local scales (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The greatest gains are achieved by prioritising investment to reduce climate risk for low-income and marginalised residents, particularly in informal settlements and rural communities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Legislative frameworks will assist business and insurance sector investment in key infrastructure to drive adaptive action at scale for equitable outcomes (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
There are gender differences in climate literacy in many regions exacerbating vulnerability in agricultural contexts in access to resources and opportunities for climate resilient crops (high confidence) {3.6.4, 4.6.5, 4.8.5, 5.4.4, 5.13.4, Table 5.6, 6.3.6, 9.4.2, 9.4.5, Box 9.2, CCB FEASIB, CCB MOVING PLATE}TS.D.9.7 Local leadership, especially among women and youth, can advance equity within and between generations (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Climate justice initiatives that explicitly address multi- dimensional inequalities as part of a climate change adaptation strategy can reduce inequities in access to resources, assets and services as well as participation in decision-making and leadership, and are essential to achieving gender and climate justice (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Various tools, measures and processes are available that can enable, accelerate and sustain adaptation implementation (high confidence), in particular when anticipating climate change impacts, and empower inclusive decision-making and action when they are supported by adaptation finance and leadership across all sectors and groups in society (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Breaking adaptation down into manageable steps over time, while acknowledging potential long-term adaptation needs and options, can increase the prospect that effective adaptation plans will be actioned in timely and effective ways by stakeholders, sectors and institutions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Opportunities exist to integrate adaptation into institutionalised decision cycles (e.g., budget reforms, statutory monitoring and evaluation, election cycles) and during windows of opportunity (e.g., recovery after disastrous events, designing new or replacing existing critical infrastructure or developing COVID recovery projects) (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Appraisal of adaptation options for policy and implementation that considers the risks of adverse effects can help prevent maladaptive adaptation and take advantage of possible co-benefits (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Instruments such as behavioural nudges, re-directing subsidies and taxes and the regulation of marketing and insurance schemes have proven useful to strengthening societal responses beyond governmental actors (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Integrated adaptation frameworks and decision-support tools that anticipate multi-dimensional risks and accommodate community values are more effective than those with a narrow focus on single risks (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Approaches that integrate the adaptation needs of multiple sectors such as disaster management, account for different risk perceptions and integrate multiple knowledge systems are better suited to addressing key risks (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Reliable climate services, monitoring and early warning systems are the most commonly used strategies for managing the key risks, complementing long-term investments in risk reduction (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Integrated pathways for managing climate risks will be most suitable when so- called ‘low-regret’ anticipatory options are established jointly across sectors in a timely manner and are feasible and effective in their local context, when path dependencies are avoided so as not to limit future options for climate resilient development and when maladaptations across sectors are avoided (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Integration of risks across sectors can be assisted by mainstreaming climate considerations across institutions and decision-making processes (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Approaches that break down adaptation into manageable steps over time and use pathway analyses to determine low-regret actions for the near-term and long- term options are a useful starting point for adaptation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Considering socioeconomic developments and climatic changes beyond 2100 is particularly relevant for long-lived investment decisions such as new harbours, airports, urban expansions and flood defences to avoid lock-ins (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Monitoring climate change, socioeconomic developments and progress on implementation is critical for learning about adaptation success and maladaptation and to assess whether, when and what further actions are needed for informing iterative risk management (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Narratives can effectively communicate climate information and link this to societal goals and the actions needed to achieve them (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Implementing actions often requires large upfront investments of human and financial resources and political capital by public, private and societal actors, while the benefits of these actions may only become visible in the mid to long term (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
These options, such as disaster risk management, climate services and risk sharing, increase the feasibility and effectiveness of other options by expanding the solution space available (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
For example, carefully designed and implemented disaster risk management and climate services can increase the feasibility and effectiveness of adaptation responses to improve agricultural practices, income diversification, urban and critical services and infrastructure planning (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Risk insurance can be a feasible tool to adapt to transfer climate risks and support sustainable development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)