rlacombe/ClimateX huggingface dataset:
Trade-offs and barriers associated with such approaches include costs of establishment, access to inputs and viable markets, new knowledge and management (high confidence) and their potential effectiveness varies by socioeconomic context, ecosystem zone, species combinations and institutional support (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that address social inequities and differentiate responses based on climate risk and local situation will enhance food security and nutrition (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Adaptation strategies which reduce food loss and waste or support balanced diets33 (as described in the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land) contribute to nutrition, health, biodiversity and other environmental benefits (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The resilience of species, biological communities and ecosystem processes increases with size of natural area, by restoration of degraded areas and by reducing non-climatic stressors (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
To be effective, conservation and restoration actions will increasingly need to be responsive, as appropriate, to ongoing changes at various scales, and plan for future changes in ecosystem structure, community composition and species’ distributions, especially as 1.5°C global warming is approached and even more so if it is exceeded (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Adaptation options, where circumstances allow, include facilitating the movement of species to new ecologically appropriate locations, particularly through increasing connectivity between conserved or protected areas, targeted intensive management for vulnerable species and protecting refugial areas where species can survive locally (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Ecosystem-based Adaptation is vulnerable to climate change impacts, with effectiveness declining with increasing global warming (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Urban greening using trees and other vegetation can provide local cooling (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Natural river systems, wetlands and upstream forest ecosystems reduce flood risk by storing water and slowing water flow, in most circumstances (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Coastal wetlands protect against coastal erosion and flooding associated with storms and sea level rise where sufficient space and adequate habitats are available until rates of sea level rise exceeds natural adaptive capacity to build sediment (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
The urgent provision of basic services, infrastructure, livelihood diversification and employment, strengthening of local and regional food systems and community-based adaptation enhance lives and livelihoods, particularly of low-income and marginalised groups (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Inclusive, integrated and long-term planning at local, municipal, sub-national and national scales, together with effective regulation and monitoring systems and financial and technological resources and capabilities foster urban and rural system transition (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Globally, more financing is directed at physical infrastructure than natural and social infrastructure (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Ecosystem-based adaptation (e.g., urban agriculture and forestry, river restoration) has increasingly been applied in urban areas (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Combined ecosystem-based and structural adaptation responses are being developed, and there is growing evidence of their potential to reduce adaptation costs and contribute to flood control, sanitation, water resources management, landslide prevention and coastal protection (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Such adaptation challenges would occur much earlier under high rates of sea level rise, in particular if low-likelihood, high impact outcomes associated with collapsing ice sheets occur (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Responses to ongoing sea level rise and land subsidence in low-lying coastal cities and settlements and small islands include protection, accommodation, advance and planned relocation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
These responses are more effective if combined and/or sequenced, planned well ahead, aligned with sociocultural values and development priorities, and underpinned by inclusive community engagement processes (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Energy generation diversification, including with renewable energy resources and generation that can be decentralised depending on context (e.g., wind, solar, small scale hydroelectric) and demand side management (e.g., storage, and energy efficiency improvements) can reduce vulnerabilities to climate change, especially in rural populations (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Adaptations for hydropower and thermo-electric power generation are effective in most regions up to 1.5°C to 2°C, with decreasing effectiveness at higher levels of warming (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Climate responsive energy markets, updated design standards on energy assets according to current and projected climate change, smart-grid technologies, robust transmission systems and improved capacity to respond to supply deficits have high feasibility in the medium- to long-term, with mitigation co-benefits (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and response systems are effective adaptation options for extreme heat (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Effective adaptation options for water-borne and food-borne diseases include improving access to potable water, reducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to flooding and extreme weather events, and improved early warning systems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
For vector-borne diseases, effective adaptation options include surveillance, early warning systems, and vaccine development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Effective adaptation options for reducing mental health risks under climate change include improving surveillance, access to mental health care, and monitoring of psychosocial impacts from extreme weather events (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Health and well-being would benefit from integrated adaptation approaches that mainstream health into food, livelihoods, social protection, infrastructure, water and sanitation policies requiring collaboration and coordination at all scales of governance (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
This improves the degree of choice under which migration decisions are made, ensuring safe and orderly movements of people within and between countries (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Some development reduces underlying vulnerabilities associated with conflict, and adaptation contributes by reducing the impacts of climate change on climate sensitive drivers of conflict (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Risks to peace are reduced, for example, by supporting people in climate-sensitive economic activities (medium confidence) and advancing women’s empowerment (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
For example, climate services that are inclusive of different users and providers can improve agricultural practices, inform better water use and efficiency, and enable resilient infrastructure planning (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Hard limits to adaptation have been reached in some ecosystems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
With increasing global warming, losses and damages will increase and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation limits (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
For example, individuals and households in low-lying coastal areas in Australasia and Small Islands and smallholder farmers in Central and South America, Africa, Europe and Asia have reached soft limits (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Inequity and poverty also constrain adaptation, leading to soft limits and resulting in disproportionate exposure and impacts for most vulnerable groups (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Lack of climate literacy46 at all levels and limited availability of information and data pose further constraints to adaptation planning and implementation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Although global tracked climate finance has shown an upward trend since AR5, current global financial flows for adaptation, including from public and private finance sources, are insufficient for and constrain implementation of adaptation options especially in developing countries (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The overwhelming majority of global tracked climate finance was targeted to mitigation while a small proportion was targeted to adaptation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Adaptation finance has come predominantly from public sources (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Adverse climate impacts can reduce the availability of financial resources by incurring losses and damages and through impeding national economic growth, thereby further increasing financial constraints for adaptation, particularly for developing and least developed countries (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Ecosystems already reaching or surpassing hard adaptation limits include some warm- water coral reefs, some coastal wetlands, some rainforests, and some polar and mountain ecosystems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Above 1.5°C global warming level, some Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures will lose their effectiveness in providing benefits to people as these ecosystems will reach hard adaptation limits (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Above 1.5°C global warming level, limited freshwater resources pose potential hard limits for Small Islands and for regions dependent on glacier and snow-melt (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
By 2°C global warming level, soft limits are projected for multiple staple crops in many growing areas, particularly in tropical regions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
By 3°C global warming level, soft limits are projected for some water management measures for many regions, with hard limits projected for parts of Europe (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Transitioning from incremental to transformational adaptation can help overcome soft adaptation limits (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The implementation of these maladaptive actions can result in infrastructure and institutions that are inflexible and/or expensive to change (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
For example, seawalls effectively reduce impacts to people and assets in the short-term but can also result in lock-ins and increase exposure to climate risks in the long-term unless they are integrated into a long-term adaptive plan (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Adaptation integrated with development reduces lock-ins and creates opportunities (e.g., infrastructure upgrading) (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Maladaptation is also minimized by planning that accounts for the time it takes to adapt (high confidence), the uncertainty about the rate and magnitude of climate risk (medium confidence) and a wide range of potentially adverse consequences of adaptation actions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Implementing actions can require large upfront investments of human, financial and technological resources (high confidence), whilst some benefits could only become visible in the next decade or beyond (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Accelerating commitment and follow-through is promoted by rising public awareness, building business cases for adaptation, accountability and transparency mechanisms, monitoring and evaluation of adaptation progress, social movements, and climate-related litigation in some regions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Sustained adaptation actions are strengthened by mainstreaming adaptation into institutional budget and policy planning cycles, statutory planning, monitoring and evaluation frameworks and into recovery efforts from disaster events (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Instruments that incorporate adaptation such as policy and legal frameworks, behavioural incentives, and economic instruments that address market failures, such as climate risk disclosure, inclusive and deliberative processes strengthen adaptation actions by public and private actors (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
A wide range of top-down, bottom-up and co-produced processes and sources can deepen climate knowledge and sharing, including capacity building at all scales, educational and information programmes, using the arts, participatory modelling and climate services, Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge and citizen science (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
These measures can facilitate awareness, heighten risk perception and influence behaviours (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Building capacity and removing some barriers to accessing finance is fundamental to accelerate adaptation, especially for vulnerable groups, regions and sectors (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Public finance is an important enabler of adaptation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Public mechanisms and finance can leverage private sector finance for adaptation by addressing real and perceived regulatory, cost and market barriers, for example via public-private partnerships (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Financial and technological resources enable effective and ongoing implementation of adaptation, especially when supported by institutions with a strong understanding of adaptation needs and capacity (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
M&E implementation is currently limited (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Although most of the monitoring of adaptation is focused towards planning and implementation, the monitoring of outcomes is critical for tracking the effectiveness and progress of adaptation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
M&E systems are most effective when supported by capacities and resources and embedded in enabling governance systems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Vulnerabilities and climate risks are often reduced through carefully designed and implemented laws, policies, processes, and interventions that address context specific inequities such as based on gender, ethnicity, disability, age, location and income (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
These approaches, which include multi-stakeholder co-learning platforms, transboundary collaborations, community-based adaptation and participatory scenario planning, focus on capacity-building, and meaningful participation of the most vulnerable and marginalised groups, and their access to key resources to adapt (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
This in turn undermines efforts to achieve sustainable development, particularly for vulnerable and marginalized communities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
This is especially challenging in localities with persistent development gaps and limited resources (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Integrated and inclusive system-oriented solutions based on equity and social and climate justice reduce risks and enable climate resilient development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate resilient devel- opment is facilitated by international cooperation and by governments at all levels working with communities, civil society, educational bodies, scientific and other institutions, media, investors and businesses; and by developing partner - ships with traditionally marginalised groups, including women, youth, Indigenous Peoples, local communities and ethnic minorities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
These practices build on diverse knowledges about climate risk and chosen development pathways account for local, regional and global climate impacts, risks, barriers and opportunities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Structural vulnerabilities to climate change can be reduced through carefully designed and implemented legal, policy, and process interventions from the local to global that address inequities based on gender, ethnicity, disability, age, location and income (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
This includes rights-based approaches that focus on capacity-building, meaningful participation of the most vulnerable groups, and their access to key resources, including financing, to reduce risk and adapt (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Evidence shows that climate resilient development processes link scientific, Indigenous, local, practitioner and other forms of knowledge, and are more effective and sustainable because they are locally appropriate and lead to more legitimate, relevant and effective actions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Planning processes and decision analysis tools can help identify ‘low regrets’ options47 that enable mitigation and adaptation in the face of change, complexity, deep uncertainty and divergent views (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Inclusive processes strengthen the ability of governments and other stakeholders to jointly consider factors such as the rate and magnitude of change and uncertainties, associated impacts, and timescales of different climate resilient development pathways given past development choices leading to past emissions and scenarios of future global warming (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The quality and outcome of these interactions helps determine whether development pathways shift towards or away from climate resilient development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
However, the global trend of urbanisation also offers a critical opportunity in the near-term, to advance climate resilient development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Equitable outcomes contributes to multiple benefits for health and well-being and ecosystem services, including for Indigenous Peoples, marginalised and vulnerable communi- ties (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate resilient development in urban areas also supports adaptive capacity in more rural places through maintaining peri-urban supply chains of goods and services and financial flows (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Coastal cities and settlements play an especially important role in advancing climate resilient development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Dominant models of energy intensive and market-led urbanisation, insufficient and misaligned finance and a predominant focus on grey infrastructure in the absence of integration with ecological and social approaches, risks missing opportunities for adaptation and locking in maladaptation (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Poor land use planning and siloed approaches to health, ecological and social planning also exacerbates, vulnerability in already marginalised communities (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Urban climate resilient development is observed to be more effective if it is responsive to regional and local land use development and adaptation gaps, and addresses the underlying drivers of vulnerability (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The greatest gains in well-being can be achieved by prioritizing finance to reduce climate risk for low-income and marginalized residents including people living in informal settlements (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Recent analyses, drawing on a range of lines of evidence, suggest that maintaining the resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services at a global scale depends on effective and equitable conservation of approximately 30% to 50% of Earth’s land, freshwater and ocean areas, including currently near-natural ecosystems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Degradation and loss of ecosystems is also a cause of greenhouse gas emissions and is at increasing risk of being exacerbated by climate change impacts, including droughts and wildfire (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate resilient development avoids adaptation and mitigation measures that damage ecosystems (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Documented examples of adverse impacts of land-based measures intended as mitigation, when poorly implemented, include afforestation of grasslands, savannas and peatlands, and risks from bioenergy crops at large scale to water supply, food security and biodiversity (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Consequences of current and future global warming for climate resilient development include reduced effectiveness of Ecosystem-based Adaptation and approaches to climate change mitigation based on ecosystems and amplifying feedbacks to the climate system (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Past and current development trends (past emissions, development and climate change) have not advanced global climate resilient development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Societal choices and actions implemented in the next decade determine the extent to which medium- and long-term pathways will deliver higher or lower climate resilient development (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Importantly climate resilient development prospects are increasingly limited if current greenhouse gas emissions do not rapidly decline, es- pecially if 1.5°C global warming is exceeded in the near-term (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
These prospects are constrained by past development, emissions and climate change, and enabled by inclusive governance, adequate and appropriate human and technological resources, information, capacities and finance (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
The prospects for climate resilient development will be further limited if global warming levels exceeds 1.5°C (high confidence) and not be possible in some regions and sub-regions if the global warming level exceeds 2°C (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Climate resilient development is most constrained in regions/subregions in which climate impacts and risks are already advanced, including low-lying coastal cities and settlements, small islands, deserts, mountains and polar regions (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Regions and subregions with high levels of poverty, water, food and energy insecurity, vulnerable urban environments, degraded ecosystems and rural environments, and/or few enabling conditions, face many non-climate challenges that inhibit climate resilient development which are further exacerbated by climate change (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Feasible, integrated mitigation and adaptation solutions can be tailored to specific locations and monitored for their effectiveness while avoiding conflict with sustainable development objectives and managing risks and trade- offs (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Ecosystems and biodiversity TS.B.1 Climate change has altered marine, terrestrial and fresh - water ecosystems all around the world (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Effects were experienced earlier and are more widespread with more far-reaching consequences than anticipated (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)
Biological responses, including changes in physi - ology, growth, abundance, geographic placement and shifting seasonal timing, are often not sufficient to cope with recent climate change (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Climate change has caused local species losses, increases in disease (high confidence) and mass mortality events of plants and animals (very high confidence), resulting in the first climate-driven extinctions (medium confidence), ecosystem restructuring, increases in areas burned by wildfire (high confidence) and declines in key ecosystem services (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Climate- driven impacts on ecosystems have caused measurable eco - nomic and livelihood losses and altered cultural practices and recreational activities around the world (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
Consistent with expectations, species in all ecosystems have shifted their geographic ranges and altered the timing of seasonal events (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
Among thousands of species spread across terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems, half to two-thirds have shifted their ranges to higher latitudes (very high confidence), and approximately two-thirds have shifted towards earlier spring life events (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: very high)
The move of diseases and their vectors has brought new diseases into the high Arctic and at higher elevations in mountain regions to which local wildlife and humans are not resistant (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: high)
These processes have led to emerging hybridisation, competition, temporal or spatial mismatches in predator–prey, insect– plant and host–parasite relationships and invasion of alien plant pests or pathogens (IPCC AR6_WGII, confidence: medium)