Judgment Case ID: 6900

Judgment:
Appeal No. 2355 of 1991. WITH Civil Appeal Nos. 2356 66/91	 2366A 69/91	 S.L.P.(C) Nos. 9755/ 91	 9830/91 & 10235 43 of 1991. From the Judgment and Order dated 27.2.91 of the Punjab & Haryana High COurt in C.W.P. Nos. 8872/89	 10463	 10462/89	 15085/90	 17092/ 89	 11381/90	 15599/90	 12573/89	 14551/89	 10951/90 and 195 of 1991. D.S.Tiwatia	 Anil Mauriya	 A.K.GoeI	 Mrs. Sheela Goel and B.Y.Kulkarni for the Appellants. G.Ramaswami Attorney General	 G.L.Sanghi	 Sudhir Walia	 S.Murlidhar and Y.P.Rao for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by YOGESHWAR DAYAL	 J. These appeals raise a question of the scope and effect of failure of compliance with Section 7 and/or Section 12 of the (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act '). The question involved is that if the principal employer does not get registration under Section 7 of the Act and/or the Contractor does not get a licence under Section 12 of the Act whether the persons so appointed by the principal employer through the contract would be deemed to be the direct employees of the principal employer or not. 404 There is a direct conflict between the decisions of the High Courts of Punjab	 Kerala on the one hand and the deci sions of Madras	 Bombay	 Gujarat and Karnataka High Courts on the other. The view of the Punjab and Kerala High Courts is that the only consequence of non compliance either by the principal employer of Section 7 of the Act or by the con tractor in complying with Section 12 of the Act is that they are liable for prosecution under the Act; whereas the view of the High Courts of Madras	 Bombay	 Gujarat and Karnataka is that in such a situation the contract labour becomes directly the employee of the principal employer. For the sake of convenience we deal with the facts of Civil Appeal No. 2355 of 1991. This appeal arises from the decision of a Division Bench of the Punjab & Haryana High Court dated 27th February	 1991 passed in writ petition No. 8872 of 1989. The Division Bench while deciding a batch of writ petitions followed its earli er decision in the case of Gian Singh & Ors. F. CI.	 Patent Appeal No. 1215 of 1990) which has since been reported in The Division Bench in the aforesaid case of Gian Singh held that if the principal employer does not get registration as required under Section 7 of the Act and/or the Contractor does not get the licence under section 12 of the Act	 the persons who are appointed by the principal employer through the contrac tor	 the only consequence is the penal provisions contained in sections 23 and 24 of the Act and that the principal employer or contractor can be prosecuted under those sec tions	 but the Act nowhere provides that such employees employed through the contractor would become the employee of the principal employer. In the High Court judgment	 under appeal	 reliance was placed on behalf of the workmen on the views of the High Courts of Karnataka	 Madras	 Gujarat and Bombay in the cases reported as FCI. Loading and Unloading Workers Union vs Food Corporation of India 	 The Workmen of Best & Crompton Industries Ltd. vs The Management of Best & Crompton Engineering Ltd.	 Madras and Ors.	 (1985) (1) Lid 492; Food Corporation of India Workers Union vs Food Corpo ration of India and Others and United Labour Union and Others vs Union of India and Others	 but the High Court took the view that it was not applicable. To appreciate the correctness of one view or the other. it will be necessary to go through the object and the scheme of the Act. The object; of the Act were dealt with by the Supreme Court in the case of M/s 405 Gammon India Ltd. and Others vs Union of India and Others	 (1974) 1) SCC 596 in paragraph 14 at page 600 as follows: "The Act was passed to prevent the exploita tion of contract labour and also to introduce better conditions of work. The Act provides for regulation and abolition of contract la bour. The underlying policy of the Act is to abolish contract labour	 wherever possible and practicable	 and where it cannot be abolished altogether	 the policy of the Act is that the working conditions of the contract labour should be so regulated as to ensure payment of wages and provision of essential amenities. That is why the Act provides for regulated conditions of work and contemplates progres sive abolition to the extent contemplated by Section 10 of the Act	 Section 10 of the Act deals with abolition while the rest of the Act deals mainly with regulation. The dominant idea of Section 10 of the Act is to find out whether contract labour is necessary for the industry	 trade	 business	 manufacture or occupation which is carried on in the estab lishment. " As the long title and the preamble of the Act shows that it is an Act to regulate the employment of contract labour in certain establishments and to provide for abolition in certain circumstances and for matters connected therewith. The Statement of Objects and Reasons mentions that the system of employment of contract labour has tended itself to various abuses and the question of its abolition had been under consideration of the Government for a long time. The Planning Commission had made certain recommendations in the Second Five Year Plan viz. it undertook a study in this behalf on improvement of service conditions of contract labour where the abolition was not possible. The general consensus thereafter was that the contract labour system should be abolished wherever possible and practicable and further that in a case where the system could not be abol ished altogether	 the working conditions of contract labour should be regulated so as to ensure payment of wages and provision of essential amenities. The above objects have been brought into the Act which was enacted in 1970. Section 2 gives the definition of various words while section 3 deals with the constitution of Central Advisory Board and section 4 deals with the consti tution of State Advisory Board. These boards are empowered to constitute various committees as mentioned in section 5. Chapter III is important and deals with 'registration ' of establishment employing contract labour while Chapter IV deals with 'licensing ' of 406 contractors employed by these establishments. Section 7 deals with registration of certain establishment notified by the Government and these establishments are obviously the principal employers as defined in section 2(g). Section 8 provides for revocation of registration in certain cases and section 9 deals with the effect of non registration. Under Section 9 no principal employer of an establish ment	 to which the Act applies shall; (a) in case of an establishment required to be registered under Section 7	 but which has not been registered within the time fixed for the purpose under that section (b) in the case of an establish ment the registration in respect of which has been revoked under Section 8 employ contract labour in the establishment after the expiry of the period referred to in clause (a) or after the revocation of registration referred to in clause (b)	 as the case may be. Section 10 deals with the prohibi tion of employment of contract labour which reads as fol lows: "10. Prohibition of employment of contract labour ( 1 ) Notwithstanding anything con tained in this Act	 the appropriate Government may	 after consultation with the Central Board or	 as the case may be	 a State Board	 prohib it	 by notification in the Official Gazette	 employment of contract labour in any process	 operation or other work in any establishment. (2) Before issuing any notification under sub section (1) in relation to an establish ment	 the appropriate Government shall have regard to the conditions of work and benefits provided for the contract labour in that establishment and other relevant factors	 such as .lm18 (a) whether the process	 operation or other work is incidental to	 or neces sary for the industry	 trade	 business	 manufacture or occupation that is carried on in the establishment; (b) whether it is of perennial nature	 that is to say	 it is of sufficient duration having regard to the nature of industry	 trade	 business	 manufacture or occupation carried on in that establish ment; (c) whether it is done ordinarily through regular workmen in that establish ment or an establishment similar theretO; (d) whether it is sufficient to employ considerable number of whole time workmen." Chapter IV deals with the licensing of contractors. Sub clause (1) of 407 Section 12 states that w.e.f. such date as the appropriate Government may	 by notification in the Gazette	 appoint	 no contractor to whom this Act applies shall undertake or execute any work through the contract labour except under and in accordance with the licence issued in that behalf by the Licensing Officer. Sub clause (2) of Section 12 provides that subject to the provisions of the Act	 a licence in sub section (1) may contain such conditions including	 in particular	 conditions as to hours of work	 fixation of wages and other essential amenities in respect of the labour contract as the appropriate Government may deem fit to impose in accordance with the rules	 if any	 made under Section 35 and shall be issued on payment of such fees and on the deposit of such sum	 if any	 as security for due performance of the conditions as may be prescribed. Section 14 provides for revocation	 suspension and amendment of the licences while Section 15 provides for an appeal. Chapter VI deals with the penalties and procedures. Section 22 deals with the obstructions. Section 23 deals with contravention of provisions regarding employment of contract labour and Sections 24 and 25 deal with other offences and offences by companies. Chapter VII makes certain miscellaneous provi sions and Section 30 provides that laws and agreements inconsistent with the provisions of the Act shall be void except where such agreements or contracts or standing orders afforded more favourable facilities to the employees than provided under the Act. We shall also refer to Rule 25 of the Rules which mentions the conditions subject to which licence could be issued to a contractor under Section 12. The said rule inter alia provides that a licence issued to a contractor shall not be transferable	 that contractors cannot employ workmen in excess of the number specified therein and that rate of wages payable to the workmen shall be the rate prescribed under the . Clause (v)(a) of the Rule 25(2) is important and reads as follows: "In cases where the workmen employed by the contractor perform the same or similar kind of working as the workmen directly employed by the principal employer of the establishment	 the wage rates	 holidays	 hours of work and other conditions of service of the workmen of the contractor shall be the same as applicable to the workmen directly employed by the prin cipal employer of the establishment on the same or similar kind of work. ' Rule 25(2) further provides for accommodation for women and children and for the times of work of females. From the above provisions it is clear that the Act serves two fold purposes (1) regulation of the conditions of service of the workers employed by the contractor who is engaged by a principal employer and; (2) 408 also provides for the appropriate Government abolishing contract labour altogether	 in certain notified processes	 operation or other works in any establishment. Neither the Act nor the Rules flamed by the Central Government or by any appropriate Government provide that upon abolition of con tract labour	 the said labour would be directly absorbed by the principal employer. The question arises when the Act does not provide for such a measure	 but contents itself by merely regulating the conditions of service of the contract labour	 can the Court in proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution	 where the principal employer or the licence contractor violates the provisions of Section 9 or 12 respectively	 direct that the contract labour so employed would become directly the employee of the principal employer. The view of the Bombay High Court in the case of United Labour Union and Others vs Union of India (supra) was really concerned with the appropriate Government for purposes of notification being issued under Section 10(1) of the Act. It took the view that the Central Government was the appropri ate Government in relation to Air India Corporation but after analysing the provisions of Section 2(ii)(b)	 7	8	12	20	21 and 29 the Bombay High Court took the view "The combined effect of these provisions makes it clear that for a valid employment of con tract labour	 two conditions must be ful filled	 viz.	 (1) every principal employer of an establishment must be registered and (2) the contractor must have valid licence. In other words	 the mere registration by the principal employer or the holding of licence by contractor alone will not enable the man agement to treat the workmen as contract labour. Whilst considering the provisions of the Act	 it must be kept in mind that this Act is a piece of beneficial legislation. The aim of the Act is to regulate conditions of serv ice of contract labourers and to abolish contract labour under certain circumstances. It is therefore meant for securing proper conditions of service to under contract la bour. It is not the purpose of the Act to render workmen jobless. The interpretation which must be given is one which would further these objects and not one which results in greater hardship. It must be noted that there is no provision which states that the rela tionship of principal employer and workmen comes to an end on the abolition of contract labour. On the contrary as already stated there is a deemed contract labour only if the two conditions of registra 409 tion and licence are fulfilled. In such a case i.e.	 where either or both the conditions are not fulfilled	 the necessary implication would be that the workmen remain workmen of the principal employer. It must be remembered that on a failure of the contractor to provide amenities or to pay wages the principal em ployer remains liable for the same. The same would be the position on a failure by reason of there being no valid contract labour. Mr. Dhanuka	 however	 submitted that the Act provides certain penal consequences for non registration. He submits that there no such provision in the Act	 the same cannot be implied. He submits that in the absence of any such provision the Court cannot give any direction to that effect. In my view	 the penal provisions are provided to dissuade employers from attempting to commit a breach of the provisions of the Act and the Rules made thereunder. They do not detract from the position that there can be no deemed contract labour if the two conditions are not satis fied. If the protection or right given by reason of a deeming provision is not available then the natural consequence must follow in addition to the penal consequence	 unless there is a provision to the contrary. As already stated	 in the Act there is no provi sion that the services of the workmen	 qua the principal employer	 stand terminated on the contract labour becoming invalid and/or abol ished". (emphasis supplied) The question arising before us directly came up for consideration before a division bench of the Gujarat High Court in the case of Food Corporation of India Workers Union vs Food Corporation of India and Others (supra) which ob served : It is evident that (	i) the principal employer should obtain a Certificate of Regis tration and (ii) the workmen can be employed on contract labour basis only through licensed contractor. The Certificate of Registration is required to be obtained by the principal employer	 issued by the appropriate Government under the provisions of Section 7 of the Act. The licence is to be obtained by the contrac tors under the provisions of Section 12 of the Act. The workmen can be employed as contract labour only through licensed contractor. Unless both these conditions are complied with	 the provisions of the would not be 410 attracted. Both these conditions are required to be fulfilled	 if one wishes to avail of the provisions of the Act. Even if one of the conditions is not complied with	 the provi sions of the Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act	 1970 would not be attracted. Therefore	 in a situation wherein either of these two conditions is not satisfied	 the position would be that a workman employed by an intermediary would be deemed to have been employed by the principal employer. In the result it is declared that during the period when the two conditions of obtaining registra tion under Section 7 by the principal employer and of holding licence by the contractor are not complied with and the workmen are employed by contractor	 the workmen can claim to be direct employees of the principal employer. " The decision of the Madras High Court in The Workmen of Best & Crompton Industries Ltd. vs The Management of Best & Compton Engineering Ltd.	 Madras and Ors.	 really arose out of an award given by the Labour Court in an industrial dis pute. The industrial dispute had been raised by the workmen of the principal employer. They challenged the termination of service of workmen by the Management as the Management did not requisition the service of 75 workmen after 16th October	 1978 on the ground that they were employed by the licensed contractor. This led to an industrial dispute and on a reference made of the said industrial dispute	 the Labour Court rejected the contention of the Management and held that the so called contractor was a mere name lender and did not hold licence under the Act and directed the reinstatement of the workmen with backwages and other bene fits. This award of the Labour Court was challenged before the High Court by the Management by a writ petition. The learned Single Judge of the Madras High Court took the view that the conclusion of the Labour Court that the labour contractor was not early a labour contractor	 but lie was merely acting as a tool in the hands of the Management is not supported either by the pleadings of the parties or by the evidence. According to the learned single Judge there was absolutely nothing to displace the weighty documentary evidence in favour of the Management and therefore	 he characterised the finding entered by the Labour Court to the contrary as being perverse and vitiated The division bench in Letters Patent Appeal reversed this finding of the learned Single Judge. The High Court observed at page 497 "In order to enable the Management to have the benefit of the contract labour	 the Act has now legalised the employment of 411 such contract labour	 provided the intermedi ary contractor holds	 a valid licence and provided the Management also holds a valid licence as principal employer. This is subject to the prohibition contemplated under section 10. There is no need for us to examine the content of S.10 in this case. In order to regulate the employment of contract labour and to provide for abolition in certain circumstances	 the said Act came to be passed. According to section 7: "Provided that the registering officer may entertain any such application for registra tion after expiry of the period fixed in this behalf	 if the registering officer is satis fied that the applicant was prevented by sufficient cause from making the application in time. (2) If the application for registration is complete in all respects	 the registering officer shall register the establishment and issue to the principal employer of the estab lishment a certificate of registration con taining such particulars as may be prescribed". Under S.12 of the Act	 no contractor to whom this Act applies	 shall undertake or execute any work through con tract labour except under and in accordance with a licence issued in that behalf by the licensing officer. Sub s.(2) of section 12 provides: "Subject to the provisions of this Act	 a licence under sub section (1) may contain such conditions including in particular conditions as to hours of work	 fixation of wages and other essential amenities in respect of con tract labour as the appropriate Government may deem fit to impose in accordance with the rules	 if any	 made under S.35 and shall be issued on payment of such fees and on the deposit of such sum	 if any	 as security for the due performance of the conditions as may be prescribed". The combined effect of these two provi sions in our view makes it clear that for a valid employment of "(1)Every principal employer of an establish ment to which this Act applies shall	 within such period as the appropriate Government may	 by notification in the Official Gazette	 fix in this behalf with respect to establishments generally or with respect to any class of them	 make an application to the registering officer in the prescribed manner for registra tion of the 412 establishment; contract labour	 two conditions should be satisfied	 viz.	 not only the prin cipal employer but also the contractor should possess the requisite licence. In other words	 the holding of licence by one alone will not enable the management to treat the workmen as contract labour." The High Court of Kerala in the case of P. Karunakaran vs The Chief Commercial Superintendent and Others	 took the same view as was taken by the Punjab & Haryana High Court in the judgment under appeal. A similar view was expressed by the Delhi High Court in the case of New Delhi General Mazdoor Union vs Standing Conference of Public Enterprises (Scope) & Another	 (1991) 2 Delhi Lawyer 189. The reference to the Labour Court/Industrial Tribunal could be as to whether it is necessary for the Management to employ contract labour directly or indirectly; a question can as well be referred whether the engagement of contract labour was bona fide or it was a camouflage. In appropriate cases in industrial adjudication appropriate directions can be given to the principal employer in this behalf. This has been the subject matter of decisions by the Tribunals/Labour Courts and by this Court also. The case of Standard Vacuum Refining Co. vs Their Workmen is a case on this point. It was a case where the workmen employed by an oil refinery demanded that the contract system of labour adopted by the company for cleaning mainte nance of the refinery belonging to the company should be abolished and the said demand was referred for adjudication. It was found that the work for which the contract was given is incidental to the manufacturing process and is necessary for it and of a perennial nature which must be done every day and in these circumstances the Industrial Tribunal directed the Company to abolish the contract system of labour with effect from a particular date and to have the said work done through workmen engaged by itself. This direction was given in view of the fact that the work was of a permanent nature and the labour employed through contrac tor was receiving much less wages than the unskilled workmen of the company and they were not having any other benefits and amenities like provident fund	 gratuity	 bonus	 privi lege leave etc. On the award of the Industrial Tribunal the Supreme Court gave the finding that it was an industrial dispute as defined under Section 20c) of the Industrial Disputes Act. In dealing with the question whether the Tribunal was justified in giving the directions for abolish ing the contract system the Supreme Court noted that indus trial adjudication generally does not encourage employment of contract labour in modern times and it would be necessary to examine the merits of the dispute apart from gen 413 eral consideration that contract labour should not be encouraged; and that n any case the decision should rest not merely on theoretical or abstract objections to contract labour but also on the terms and conditions of the contract labour and the grievance made by the workmen thereof. On facts the Supreme Court observed: "It may be accepted that the contractor in the present case is an independent person and the system is genuine and there is no question of the company carrying on this work itself and camouflaging it as if it was done through contractors in order to pay less to the work men. But the fact that the contract in this case is a bona fide contract would not neces sarily mean that it should not be touched by the industrial tribunals. If the contract had been mala fide and a cloak for suppressing the fact that the workmen were really the workmen of the company	 the tribunal would have been justified in ordering the company to take over the entire body of workmen and treat it as its own workmen. But because the contract in this case was bona fide	 the tribunal has not ordered the company to take over the entire body of workmen. It has left to it to decide for itself how many workmen it should employ and on what terms and has merely directed that when selection is being made preference should be given to the workmen employed by the present contractor. " The Supreme Court also noticed that the industrial dispute was confined to the cleaning maintenance of the plant; the work was incidental to manufacturing process and the work is necessary for it and was of a perennial nature which must be done every day and such work is generally done by workmen in the regular employment of the employer and there would be no difficulty in having regular workmen for this kind of work. It noted that the matter would be differ ent if the work done was of an intermittent or temporary nature or was so little that it would not be possible to employ full time workmen for the purpose. It would be noticed that after the aforesaid observa tions of the Supreme Court in the case of Standard Vacuum Refining Company (supra) the Parliament while giving power to the appropriate Government to prohibit employment of contract labour in any process or operation or other work in any establishment gave the guidelines in clauses (a)	(b)	(c) and (d) of sub section (2) of Section 10	 as noticed earli er	 and guidelines are practically based on the guidelines given to the Tribunals in the aforesaid case of Standard Vacuum Refining Coral)any by this court. The Act as can 414 be seen from the scheme of the Act merely regulates the employment of contract labour in certain establishment and provides for its abolition in certain circumstances. The Act does not provide for total abolition of contract labour but it provides for abolition by the appropriate Government in appropriate cases under Section 10 of the Act. In the present case and the other connected Special Leave Petitions no notification has been issued by the appropriate Government under Section 10 of the Act vis a vis the type of establishment with which we are concerned. It is not for the High Court to inquire into the ques tion and decide whether the employment of contract labour in any process	 operation or in any other work in any estab lishment should be abolished or not. It is a matter for the decision of the Government after considering the matter	 as required to be considered under Section 10 of the Act. The only consequences provided in the Act where either the principal employer or the labour contractor violates the provision of Sections 9 and 12 respectively is the penal provision	 as envisaged under the Act for which reference may be made to Sections 23 and 25 of the Act. We are thus of the firm view that in proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution merely because contractor or the employer had violated any provision of the Act or the rules	 the Court could not issue any mandamus for deeming the contract labour as having become the employees of the principal employer. We would not like to express any view on the decision of the Karnataka High Court or of the Gujarat High Court (supra) since these decisions are under challenge in this court	 but we would place on record that we do not agree with the aforequoted observations of the Madras High Court about the effect of non registration of.the principal employer or the non licensing of the labour contractor nor with the view of Bombay High Court in the aforesaid case. We are of the view that the decisions of the Kerala High Court and Delhi High Court are correct and we approve the same. In the result C.A.2355 of 1991 fails and is dismissed and in view of the observations in C.A. 2355 of 1991	 C.A.Nos.2356 66/91	 2366A 69/91 and S.L.P.(C) Nos. 9755/91	 9830/91 & 10235 43/91 are also hereby dismissed. In the circumstances of the case	 parties are left to bear their own costs of the present proceedings.

Summary:
Following its earlier decision in 1991(1) P.L.R.I. the High Court held that the principal employer and the Contrac tor were liable for prosecution under the 	 if they made non compliance of section 7 and section 12 of the Act	 respec tively. Further	 it was held that the employee employed through the contractor did not become the employees of the principal employer. C.A.No. 2335 of 1991 arose by special leave from the decision of the High Court. The point involved in other appeals is common. This Court	 on the question	 if the principal employer did not get registration under section 7 of the Act and/or the contractor did not get a licence under Section 12 of the Act	 whether the person so appointed by the principal employer through the contractor would be deemed to the direct employees of the principal employer or not	 dismissing the appeals	 HELD: 1. The long title and the preamble of the Con tract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act	 1970 show that it is an Act to regulate the employment of contract labour in certain establish 402 ments and to provide for abolition in certain circumstances and for matters connected therewith. The Statement of Ob jects and Reasons mentions that the system of employment of contract labour has tended itself to various abuses and the question of its abolition had been under consideration of the Government for a long time. [405 E] 2. The serves two fold purpose (1) regulations of the conditions of service of the workers employed by the contractor who is engaged by a principal employer; and (2) also provides for the appropriate Government abolishing contract labour alto gether	 in certain notified processes operation or other works in any establishment. Neither the Act nor the Rules framed by the Central Government or by any appropriate Government provide that upon abolition of contract labour	 the said labour would be directly absorbed by the principal employer. [407 H 408 A] 3. The Act as can be seen from the Scheme of the Act merely regulates the employment of contract labour in cer tain establishment and provides for its abolition in certain circumstances. The Act does not provide for total abolition of contract labour but it provides for abolition by the appropriate Government in appropriate cases under Section 10 of the Act. [413 H 414 A] 4. In the present case and the other connected Special Leave Petitions no notification has been issued by the appropriate Government under Section 10 of the Act. [414 B] 5. It is not for the High Court to inquire into the question and decide whether the employment of contract labour in any process	 operation or in any other work in any establishment should be abolished or not. It is a matter for the decision of the Government after considering the matter	 as required to be considered under Section 10 of the Act. [414 C D] 6. In proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution merely because contractor or the employer had violated any provision of the Act or the Rules	 the court could not issue any mandamus for deeming the contract labour as having become the employees of the principal employer. [414 E] M/s Gammon India Ltd. and Others vs Union of India	 [1974] 1 SCC 596; Standard Vacuum Refining Co vs Their work men	 ; F.C.I. Loading and Unloading Workers Union vs Food Corpora 403 tion of India ; Food Corporation of India Workers Union vs Food Corporation of India and others. 	 referred to. Gian Singh & Others vs F.C.I.	 1991(1) PLR 1 (Punjab and Haryana); The Workmen of Best & Crompton Industries Ltd. vs The Management of Best & Crompton Engineering Ltd. Madras and Ors	 1985(1) LLJ 492 (Madras); and United Labour Union and Others vs Union of india and Others	 1990(60) FLR 686 (Bombay)	 over ruled. P. Karunakaran vs The Chief Commercial Superintendent and Others	 1988(2) LIC 1346 (Kerala) and New Delhi General Mazdoor Union vs Standing Conference of Public Enterprises (Scope) & Another	 1991(2) Delhi Lawyer 189	 approved.