Judgment Case ID: 3628

Judgment:
Appeal No. 1 of 1976. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 23 5 1975 of the Allahabad High Court in First Appeal No. 392/ 64. Shana Bhushan	 V.P. Goel and Subodh Markendeya	 for the Appellant. L.N. Sinha	 Solicitor General of India and O.P. Rana	 for the Respondent No. 1. Bal Kishan Gaur and Amlan Ghosh	 for Respondent No. 2. Yogeshwar Prasad and Rani Arora	 for Respondent No. 3. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KRISHNA IYER	 J. Two principal submissions	 whose implications ' perhaps are of profound moment and have public impact	 have been	 at wide ranging length	 urged in this appeal by certificate	 by Shri Shanti Bhushan	 for the appellant/defendant and	 with effective brevity	 controvert ed by the Solicitor General	 for respondent/1st plaintiff. The two focal points of the controversy are: (a) Is the appeal to the High Court by the State 1st plaintiff at all competent	 entitlement as a 'party aggrieved ' being absent	 having regard to the provisions of the U.P. Zamindari Aboli tion and Land Reforms Act	 1950 (U.P. Act 1 of 1951) (for short	 the Act) ?; and (b) Is it sound to conceptualise 'area appurtenant to buildings ' in section 9 of the Act so nar rowly as has been ' done by the High Court ? There were two plaintiffs the State of Uttar Pradesh and the Gaon Sabha of Bedpura claiming common but alternative reliefs. The suit was for injunction or ejectment	 on title	 of the sole defendant who was the quondam zamindar of the 'estate ' which is the 'subject matter of the suit. The trial Court dis missed the suit whereupon the 2nd plaintiff dropped out of the litigation	 as it were	 and the State alone pursued the matter by way of appeal against the decree. The High Court partially allowed the appeal and the aggrieved defendant is the appellant before us. An expose of the facts may now be given to the extent necessary for explaining the setting of the contention between the parties. The State of Uttar Pradesh extin guished all zamindari estates by the Act and implemented a scheme of settlement of lands with intermediaries	 tenants and others by first vesting all estates in the State and empowering it to vest	 divest and re vest flora time to time according to flexible needs and ad hoc requirements	 the same estate 's in Gaon Sabhas or other local authorities. Settlement of trees	 buildings and other specified items in the intermediaries was also part of the agrarian reform. A skeletal picture of the legislation may now be projected. But	 before that	 a short sketch of the actual dispute may illumine the further discussion. The suit lands were part of an estate owned and.pos sessed by the defendant zamindarini. The statutory conse quence of the abolition of all zamindaris by force of section 4 is spelt out in section 6	 to wit	 the 1075 cesser of the ownership of the zamindar and vesting of title and possession in the State. By a notification under section 117(1) of the Act the area of lands was vested by the State in the 2nd plaintiff Gaon Sabha. The legislative nullifica tion notwithstanding	 the defendant who had been conducting a lucrative bi weekly cattle fair	 the best in the district	 persisted in this profitable adventure strengthened by section 9 of the Act which settles in the intermediary all buildings and area appurtenant thereto. This resulted in possessory disputes between the Gaon Sabha and the defendant proceed ings under section 145 upholding the latter 's possession and the present suit for declaration of title and consequential injunction or ejectment. The estate	 which is the site of the rural cattle mar ket	 has a large number of trees on it	 a temple in one plot	 a (veterinary) clinic in another and quite a number of cattle stands and other auxiliary structures which are facilities for the bovine display and transaction of business. Taking advantage of the provisions of the Act	 the defendant successfully claimed before the High Court that the trees and the two plots with the shrine and the oushadhalaya should be deemed to have been settled with her. Her ambitious demand	 based on some provisions which we will presently X ray more carefully	 was that the entire estate with all the buildings thereon was enjoyed as a unum quid and th.e vacant lands were as much necessary for the mean ingful running of the cattle fair as the structures them selves. To dissect and detach the buildings from the vacant spaces was to destroy the functional wholeness of the serv ice rendered. In short	 the large intervening areas sur rounding the chabutras and other edifices were essential adjuncts or appurtenant lands which	 together in their original entirety	 should be settled under section 9 of the Act with the erstwhile intermediary viz.	 the defendant. The High Court declined to go the whole hog with the defendant but granted the plea to the limited degree of giving all the structures and a space of 5 yards running round each 'build ing '. In the view of the Court hats	 bazars	 and melas could not be held by a private owner under the scheme of the Act and reliance on the conduct of the cattle market as an indicator of 'appurtenant ' area was	 therefore	 impermissi ble. The suit was decreed pro tanto. The Gaon Sabha	 when defeated in the trial Court	 discreetly stepped out of the risks of an appeal but the Government	 first plaintiff	 claiming to be gravely ag grieved	 challenged the dismissal of the suit and was faced with the plea that the land having vested in the Gaon Sabha	 on the issue of the notification under section 117 (1 ) of the Act	 .the State had no surviving interest in the property and	 therefore	 forfeited the position of a person ag grieved	 who alone could competently appeal against a de cree. This contention	 negatived by the High Court. has been reiterated before us with resourceful embellishments and that	 logically	 is the first question of law falling for our decision and is the piece de resistance	 if we may say so	 in this appeal. If the 1st plaintiff 's entire interests	 by subsequent plenary vesting in the 2nd plain tiff	 have perished	 the former cannot	 as of right	 appeal under section 96 C.P.C. Survival after death is unknown to 1076 real property law and suits	 without at least apprehended injury	 are beyond the ken of the procedural law. To put it in a nutshell	 has the State current interest in the estate	 sufficient to sustain an appeal ? The anatomy of the Act	 so far as this dispute is con cerned	 needs to be ' set out and alongside thereof	 the exercises in statutory construction necessary to resolve the two legal disputes. The Act had for its primary object	 as testified by its Preamble	 the extinction of intermediary rights viz.	 zamindaris and the like. The goal of the legislation must make its presence felt while the judicial choice of meanings of words of ambiguous import or plurality of significations is made. Section 4 is the foundational provision	 the very title deed of the State; and it runs	 to read: "section 4. Vesting of estates in the State. (1 ) As soon as may be after the commence ment of this Act	 the State Government may	 by notification	 declare that	 as from a date to be specified	 all estate situate in the Uttar Pradesh shall vest in the State and as from the beginning of the date so specified (herin after called the date of vesting)	 all such estates shall stand transferred to and vest except as hereinafter provided	 in the State free from all encumbrances. (2) It shall be lawful for the State Government	 if it so considers necessary	 to issue	 from time to time	 the notification referred to in sub section (1) in respect only of such area or areas as may be specified and all the provisions of sub section (1)	 shall be applicable to. and in the case of every such notification." Section 6 sets out the legal consequences of such vesting more specifically. We may extract the provision: "6. Consequences of the vesting of an estate in the State. When the notification under section 4 has been published in the Gazette then	 notwith standing anything contained in any contract or document or in any other law for the time being in force and save as otherwise provided in this Act	 the consequences as hereinafter set forth shall	 from the begining of the date of vesting	 ensue in the area to which the notification relates	 namely (a) all rights	 title and interest of all the intermediaries (i) in every estate in such area including land (cultivable or barren)	 grove land	 forests whether within or outside village boundaries	 trees (other than trees in village abadi	 holding or grove)	 fisheries	 tanks	 ponds	 water channels	 fernes	 pathways	 abadi sites	 hats	 bazars and meals other than hats	 bazars and melas held upon land to which clauses (a) to (c) of sub section (1) of Section 18 apply	 and 1077 (ii) in all sub soil in such estates including rights	 if any in mines and miner als	 whether being worked or not; shall 'cease and be vested in the State of Uttar Pradesh free from all encumbrances; * * * * Reading the two sister sections together	 certain clear conclusions emerge. Emphatically	 three things happened on the coming into force of the Act. By virtue of section 4 the right	 title and interest of all intermediaries in every estate	 including hats	 bazars and melas	 stood terminated. Secondly	 this whole bundle of interests came to be vested in the State	 free from all encumbrances	 the quality of the vesting being absolute. 'Thirdly	 one and only one species of property in hats	 bazars and melas was expressly excluded from the total vesting of estates in the State	 viz.	 such as had been held on lands to which section 18(1)(a) to (c) ap plied. Section 9	 at this stage	 needs to be read since it is geared to the nationalisation of zamindaris by providing for settlement	 under the State	 of some kind 's of landed interests in existing owners or occupiers. Section 9 states: "Private wells	 trees in abadi and buildings to be settled with the existing owners or occupiers thereof All wells	 trees in abadi	 and all build ings situate within the limits of an estate	 belonging to or held by an intermediary or tenant or other person	 whether residing in the village or not	 shall continue to belong to. or be held by such intermediary	 tenant or persons	 as the case may be		 and the site	 of the wells or the buildings which are appurte nant thereto: shall be. deemed to. be settled with him by the State Government on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed" A close up of this section is called for since the basic plank of the defendant 's case is the claim to the whole set of plots as building and appurtenant area of land statutori ly settled with her. If she is such a settlee	 the substan tive merit of the plaintiff 's title fails. We will examine this aspect after a survey of the sections relevant to the locus standi of the State is done. So we shift to Chapter VII which relates to Gaon Sabhas vesting by the State of resumed estates in them and the limitations and other conditions to which it is subject. Attributed legal personality by s.3	 the Gaon Sabhas are bodies corporate which	 under the various provisions of Chapter VII	 have been invested with legal viability right to own and hold property	 to transfer and otherwise deal with movables and immovables and manage their landed assets through the executive agency of Land Management Com mittees. This comprehensive 'proprietary personality of the Sabha is indisputable but unhelpful for our purpose. 1078 The controversy before us comes into focus when we read section 117 (1)	 (2) and (6)	 all the limbs being taken as belong ing to a legally living corporate body. Section 117	 cls. (1) and (2)	 provide: "117. Vesting of certain lands etc.	 in Gaon Shabhas and other local authorities. (1 ) At any time after the publication of the notification referred to in Section 4	 the State Government may	 by general or special order to be published in the manner pre scribed	 declare that as from a date to be specified in this behalf	 all or any of the following things	 namely * * * * * (v) hats	 bazars and melas except hats	 bazars	 and melas held on land to which	 the provisions of clauses (a) to (c) of sub sec tion (1) of section 18 apply or on sites and areas referred to in section 9	 and * * * * * which had vested in the State under this Act shall vest in the Gaon Sabhas or and other local authority established t.or the whole or part of the village in which the said things are situate	 or partly in one such local authority (including a Gaon Sabha) and partly in another: Provided that it shall be lawful for the State Govern ment to make the declaration aforesaid subject to such exceptions and conditions as may be specified in the notifi cation. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in any other law ' for the time being in force	 the State Government may	 by general or special order to be published in the manner prescribed in the Gazette	 declare that as from a date to be specified in this behalf	 all or any of the things specified in clauses (i) to (vi) of sub section (1) which alter their vesting in the State under this Act had been vested in a Gaon Sabha or any other local authority	 either under this Act or under section 126 of the Uttar Pradesh Nagar Mahapalika Adhiniyam 1959 (U.P. Act II of 1959) shall vest in any other .local au thority (including a Gaon Sabha) established for the whole or part of the village in which the said things are situated. " Section 117(6) injects a precarious does into the system of estates vested in Gaon Sabhas by sub s.(1) and goes on to state: "117(6). The State Government may	 at any time	 by general or special order to be published in the manner prescribed	 amend or cancel any declaration or notification made in respect of any of the things aforesaid. ' whether 1079 generally or in the case of any Gaon Sabha or other local authority	 and resume such thing and whenever the State Government so resumes any such thing	 the Gaon Sabha or other. local authority	 as the case may be	 shall be enti tled to receive and be paid compensation on account only of the development	 if any	 effected by it in. or over that thing: Provided that the State Government may	 after such resumption	 make a fresh declara tion under sub section (1) or sub section (2) vesting the thing resumed in the same or any other local authority (including a Gaon Sabha) and the provisions of sub sections (3)	 (4) and (5) as the case may be	 shall mutatis mutandis	 apply to such declaration. * * * * * Before moving further	 we may glance at a group of sections which have more than peripheral impact on the legal equation between Government and Sabha visa vis estates vested in the latter by the former. Section 119 carves out a power for the State Government to take away hats	 bazars and melas vested in a Gaon Sabha and transfer them to a zilla parishad or other authority. Sections 122A and 122B create and regulate the Land Management Committee which is to administer the estates vested in the Sabha and section 126	 quite importantly	 gives the power to the State Government to issue orders and directions to the Management Committee. Pausing here for an instant	 let us look back on the status of the State which	 through its Executive branch	 vests a resumed estate in a Gaon Sabha	 retaining power	 at any time	 and without conditions or even compensation (save for actual developmental work done)	 to divest the land so vested and make it over to another like local authority. In such a situation where the State remains the legal master with absolute powers of disposition over the land vested pro tempore in a particular Gaon Sabha	 can it be postulated that it has no legal interest in the preservation of that over which it has continuous power of operation	 creation and deprivation? Government	 despite vesting estates in Gaon Sabhas on the wholesome political princi ple of decentralisation and local self government	 has and continues to have a constant hold on these estates	 may be like a brooding omnipotence descending	 when it chooses	 to take away what it had given possession of to a Sabha. This is plainly present legal interest in Government and a sort of precarium tenans in the Sabha	 notwithstanding the illu sory expression 'vesting ' which may mislead one into the impression that an absolute and permanent ownership has been created. An overview of these legal prescriptions	 makes one sceptical about the statutory ideology of autonomous village self government since	 so far as estates are concerned	 these Sabhas have been handcuffed and thrown at the mercy or mood of the State Government. The pragmatics of the Act has reduced Gaon Sabhas to obedient 1080 holders	 for the nonce	 of the limited bounty of estates vested in them a formal	 fickle	 homage to article 40 of the Constitution! Shri Shanti Bhushan did draw our attention to certain cousin statutes and other 'remotely related provisions but the soul of his submission does not suffer by their omission in the discussion. We pass on to the spinal issues agitat ed before us. Locus standi The estates first vest in the State. The fulfilment of the purpose of the Act	 the setting in which the corner stone for the statutory edifice is laid and the categorical language used	 especially 'free from all encumbrances '	 leave no doubt in our minds	 nor was it disputed before us	 that this initial vesting is absolute and inaugurates the scheme of abolition. The consequence of vesting articulated by section 6 only underscore this conclusion. What next ensues. when the State Government	 acting under s.117(1)	 notifies a further vesting in a Gaon Sabha is the cardinal question. Does the State retain a residu ary legal interest	 sufficient to make it a 'person ag grieved '	 competent to challenge in appeal an adverse de cree? And can the State canvas for the position that a proprietary right persists in it albeit its act of vesting the same estate earlier in a local authority? Does the key word 'vest ' connote and denote divergent things in the same section and Act visa vis Government and the Gaon Sabha? Had drafting skills been better	 this unlovely ambiguity could have been avoided. But courts have no choice but to take the text as it is. Zeroing in on the relevant provisions	 we are inclined to concur with the High Court. With certi tude one may assert that the State has that minimal interest to follow the proprietary fortunes of the estate so as to. entitle it to. take legal action to interdict its getting into alien hands. The legislative project and the legal engineering visua lised by the Act are clear and the semantics of the words used in the provisions must bend	 if they can	 to subserve them. To be literal or be blinkered by some rigid canon of construction may be to miss the life of the law itself. Strength may be derived for this interpretative stand from the observation in a recent judgment of this Court(1) "A word can have many meanings. To find out the exact connotation of a word in a statute	 we must look to the context in which it is used. The context would quite often provide the key to meaning of the word and the sense it ' should carry. Its setting would give colour to it and provide a cue to the inten tion of the legislature in using it. A word	 as said by Holmes	 is not a crystal	 trans parent and unchanged; it is the skin of a living thought and may vary greatly in colour and content according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used." (1) Thiru Manickaru & Co. vs The State of Tamil Nadu. [1977] 1 S.C.R. 950. 1081 In the instant case the Act contemplates taking over of all zamindari rights as part of land reform. However	 instead of centralising management of all estates at State level	 to stimulate local self government	 the Act gives an ena bling power not obligatory duty to make over these estates to Gaon Sabhas which	 so long as they are in their hands	 will look after them through management committees which will be under the statutory control of Government under s.126. Apart from management	 No. power is expressly vested in the Sabhas to dispose of the estates absolutely. The fact that as a body corporate it can own and sell property does not mean that the estates vested in a Sabha can be finally sold away	 in the teeth of the provisions striking a contrary note. For	 under s.117(6)	 if	 for any reasons of better management or other	 the State (Government is but the operational arm of the State and cannot	 as contended	 be delinked as a separate entity	 in this context) the. State thinks fit to amend or cancel the earlier vesting declara tion or notification	 it can totally deprive the Sabha of	 and resume from it	 any estate. This plenary power to emasculate or extinguish the Sabha 's right to the estate is tell tale. True	 this cut back on the amplitude of the vesting is not an incident of the estate created but is provided for by the Act itself. Even so	 we have to envi sion	 in terms of realty law	 what are the nature and inci dents of the interest vested in the Sabha full ownership divestible under no circumstances or partial estate with the paramount interest still surviving in praesenti in the State ? It is reasonable to harmonize the statutory provisions to reach a solution which will be least incongruous with legal rights we are cognisant of in current jurisprudence. Novelty is not a favoured child of the law. So it is right to fix the estate created by s.117 into familiar moulds if any. Such an approach lends to the position that the vesting in the State was absolute but the vesting in the Sabha was limited to possession and management subject to divestiture by Government. Is such a construction of 'vesting ' in two different senses in the same section	 sound ? Yes. It is	 because 'vesting ' is a word of slippery import and has many meanings. The context controls the text and the purpose and scheme Project the particular semantic shade or nuance of meaning. That is why even definition clauses allow themselves to be modified by con textual compulsions. So the sense of the situation suggests that in s.117(1) of the Act "vested in the State ' carries a plenary connotation	 while 'shall vest in the Gaon Sabha ' imports a qualified disposition confined to the right to full possession and enjoyment so long as it lasts. Lexico graphic support is forthcoming	 for this meaning. Black 's Law Die 1082 tionary gives as the sense of 'to vest as 'to give an imme diate fixed right of present or future enjoyment	 to clothe with possession	 to deliver full possession of land or of an estate	 to give seisin '. Webster 's III International Dic tionary gives the meaning as 'to give to a person a legally fixed immediate right of present or furture enjoyment '. The High Court has sought some Engilsh judicial backing(1) for taking liberties with strict and pedantic construction. A ruling of this Court(2) has been aptly pressed into service. There is thus authority for the position that the ex pression 'vest ' is of fluid or flexible content and can if the context so dictates	 bear the limited sense of being in possession and enjoyment. Indeed	 to postulate vesting of absolute title in the Gaon Sabha by virtue of the declara tion under s.117(1) of the Act is to stultify s.117(6). Not that the legislature cannot create a right to divest what has been completely vested but that an explanation of the term 'vesting ' which will rationalise and integrate the initial vesting and the subsequent resumption is prefera ble	 more plausible and better fulfils the purpose of the Act. We hold that the State has title to sustain he action in ejectment. Aside from this stand	 it is easy to take the view that the 1st plaintiff is a person I aggrieved and has the competence to carry an appeal against the dismissal of the suit. Of course	 he who has a proprietary right	 which has been or is threatened to be violated	 is surely an 'ag grieved person '. A legal injury creates a remedial right in the injured person. But the right to a remedy apart	 a larger circle of persons can move the court for the protec tion of defence or enforcement of a civil right or to ward off or claim compensation for a civil wrong	 even if they are not proprietarily or personally linked with the cause of action. The nexus between the lis and the plaintiff need not necessarily be personal although it has to be more than a wayfarer 's allergy to an unpalatable episode. 'A person aggrieved ' is an expression which has expanded with the larger urgencies and felt necessities of our times. Processual jurisprudence is not too jejune to respond to societal changes and challenges: "Law necessarily has to carry within it the impress of the past traditions	 the capacity to respond to the needs of the present and enough resilience to cope with the demands of the future. A code of law	 especially in the social fields	 is not a document for fastid ious dialectics; properly drafted and rightly implemented it can be the means of the order ing of the life of a people. "(3) (1) Richardson vs Robertson (1862) 6 L R 75; & .Hiride vs Chorlton (1866) 2 CP 104	 116. (2) Fruit & Vegetable Merchant 's Union vs The Delhi Improvement Dust	 ; (3) Address by Khanna 1. at the Birth Centenary of Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru d/16 10 76 at Allahabad. 1083 The classical concept of a 'person aggrieved ' is delin eated in Re : Sidebotham ex p. Sidebotham (1880 14 Ch.D. 258). But the amplitude of 'legal grievance ' has broadened with social compulsions. The State undertakes today activ ities whose beneficiaries may be the general community even though the legal right to the undertaking may not vest in the community. The State starts welfare projects whose effective implementation may call for collective action from the protected group. or any member of them. New movements like consumerism	 new people 's organs like harijan or mahila samajams or labour unions	 new protective institutions like legal aid societies operate on the socio legal plane	 not to beat 'their golden wings in the void ' but to intervene on behalf of the weaker classes. Such burgeoning of collec tive social action has	 in turn	 generated gradual processu al adaptations. Test suits	 class actions and representa tive litigation are the beginning and the horizon is ex pending	 with persons and organisations not personally injured but vicariously concerned being entitled to. invoke the jurisdiction of the court for redressal of actual or imminent wrongs. In this wider perspective	 who is a 'person aggrieved '? Dhabolkar gives the updated answer: "The test is whether the words 'person ag grieved ' include a person who has a genuine grievance because an order has been made which prejudicially affects his inter ests '." (p. 315) "American jurisprudence has recognised	 far instance	 the expanding importance of consumer protection in the economic system and permit ted consumer organisations to. initiate or intervene in actions	 although by the narrow rule of 'locus standi '	 such a course could not have been justified (see p. 807 New York University Law Review	 Vol. 46	 1971). In fact	 citizen organisations have recently been compaigning for using legal actions for pro tection of community interest	 broadening the scope of 'standing ' in legal proceedings (see p. 403 Boston University Law Review	 Vol.51. 1971). In the well known case of Attorney General of the Gambia vs Peirra Sarr N. 'Jie 1961 A.C. 617)	 Lord Denning observed about the Attor ney General 's standing thus: " . The words 'person aggrieved ' are of wide import and should not be subjected to a restrictive interpretation. They do not in clude	 of course	 a mere busy body who is interfering in things which do not concern him; but they do include a person who has a genuine grievance because an order has been made which prejudicially affects his interests." (p. 324 325) Where a wrong against community interest is done	 'no locus standi ' will not always be a plea to non suit an interested public body chasing the wrong doff in court. In the case before us	 Govern 1084 ment	 in the spacious sense of 'person aggrieved ' is comfortably placed. Its	 right of resumption from the Gaon Sabha	 meant to be exercised in public interest	 will be seriously jeopardised if the estate slips into the hands of a trespasser. The estate belonged to the State	 is vested in the Gaon Sabha for community benefit	 is controlled by the State through directions to the Land Management Commit tee and is liable to be divested without ado any time. The wholesome object of the legislature of cautiously decen tralised vesting of estates in local self governing units will be frustrated	 if the State	 the watchdog of the whole project	 is to be a helpless. spectator of its purposeful bounty being wasted or lost. It must act	 out of fidelity to the goal of the statute and the continuing duty to sal vage public property for public use. Long argument is otiose to make out a legal grievance in such a situation of peril and	 after all	 the star of processual actions pro bono publico has to be on the. ascendant in a society where supineness must be substituted by activism if the dynamic rule of law is to fulfil itself. 'Locus standi ' has a larger ambit in current legal semantics than the accepted	 individualistic jurisprudence of old. The legal dogmas of the quiet past are no longer adequate to. assail the social injustices of the stormy present. Therefore	 the State	 in the present case	 is entitled to appeal under section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The second	 and from a practical point of view equally potent ground of defence	 is that 'appurtenant ' space envelops the whole area around the buildings and the suit for recovery of possession deserves to be dismised in toto. Let us examine this submission. Section 9 of the Act obligates the State to settle (indeed	 it is deemed to be settled) with the intermediary certain items in the estate. That provision has been set out earlier. The short enquiry is whether the entire land is 'appurtenant ' to the buildings. The contention of the defendant flows along these lines. The structures accepted by the High Court as 'buildings ' within the scope of section 9 were part of a cattle fair complex. Even the mandir and the oushadalya fitted in to the hat total and the integrity of the whole could not be broken up without violating the long years of common enjoyment. It would also be	 a double injury: (a) to the defendant; and (b) to the community. The hat or mela could not be held by the defendant if the land were snatched away and the Government could do. nothing on a land without the buildings belonging to the defendant. Maybe there is some sociological substance in the: presenta tion but the broader purpose of the ' section cannot be sacrificed to the marginal cases .like the. present. The larger objective is to settle with the former intermediary only. such land as is strictly appurtenant to buildings	 all the rest going to the State for implementation of the agrarian reform policy. The key to the solution of the dispute lies in ascer taining whether land on which the cattle fair was being held was appurtenant to the buildings or not on the strength of its use for the hat. The Solicitor General made a two pronged attack on the defendant 's proposition. 1085 Firstly	 he argued that hats	 bazars and melas were a dis tinct interest in the scheme of Indian agrestic life and agrarian law. This right had been virtually nationalised by the Act and only the State or the Gaon Sabha. save where section 18(a) to (c) otherwise provided	 could hold a 'fair. A ruling by this Court on an analogous subject lends support to this contention (See State of Bihar vs Dulhin Shanti Devi: AIR 1967 SC 427 relating to Bihar Land Reforms Act). The heated debate at the bar on this and allied aspects need not detain us further also because of our concurrence with the second contention of the Solicitor General that the large open spaces cannot be regarded as appurtenant to the terraces	 stands and structures. What is integral is not necesarily appurtenant. A position of subordination	 something incidental or ancillary or dependant is implied in appurtenance. Can we say that the large spaces are subsidi ary or ancillary to or inevitably implied in the enjoyment of the buildings qua buildings? that much of space required for the use of the structures as such has been excluded by the High Court itself. Beyond that may or may not be necessary for the hat or mela but not for the enjoyment of the chabutras as such. A hundred acres may spread out in front of a club house for various games like golf. But all these abundant acres are unnecessary for nor incidental to the enjoyment of the house in any reasonable manner. It is confusion to miss the distinction	 fine but real. "Appurtenance '	 in relation to a dwelling	 or to a school	 college . includes all land occupied therewith and used for the purpose thereof (Words and Phrases Legally Defined Butterworths	 2nd edn). "The word 'appurtenances ' has a distinct and definite meaning . Prima facie it imports nothing more than what is strictly appertaining to the subject matter of the devise or grant	 and which would	 in truth	 pass without being specially mentioned:Ordinarily	 what is necessary for the enjoyment and has been used for the purpose of the building	 such as easements	 alone will be appurtenant. Therefore	 what is necessary for the enjoy ment of the building is alone covered by the expression 'appurtenance '. If some other purpose was being fulfilled by the building and the lands	 it is not possible to contend that those lands are covered by the expression 'appurte nances '. Indeed 'it is settled by the earliest authority	 repeated without contradiction to the latest	 that land cannot be appurtenant to land. The word 'appurtenances ' includes all the incorporeal hereditaments attached to the land granted or demised	 such as rights of way	 of common . but it does not include lands in addition to that granted '. (Words and Phrase	 supra). In short	 the touchstone of 'appurtenance ' is dependence of the building on what appertains to it for its use as a building. Obviously	 the hat	 bazar or mela is not an appurtenance to the building. The law thus leads to the clear conclusion that even if the buildings were used and enjoyed in the past with the whole stretch of vacant space for a hat or mela	 the land is not appurtenant to the prin cipal subject granted by section 9	 viz.	 buildings. This conclustion is inevitable	 although the contrary argument may be ingenious. What the High Court has grant ed	 viz.	 5 yards of 1086 surrounding space	 is sound in law although based on guess work in fact. The appeal fails and is dismissed but	 in the circumstances	 without costs. P.B.R. Appeal dismissed. 13.385CI/76 GIPF. INDEX ACCOMPLICE: Whether a pointer an accomplice [See Representation of the People Act.] . 525 ACCUSED PLEADED GUILTY If lesser sentence could be awarded. Murlidhar Meghraj Loya etc. vs State of Maharashtra etc. . 1 ADMISSIONS: admissibility in evidence [See Evidence Act] . 967 ADMINISTRATION OF EVACUEE PROPERTY ACT	 1950 S.40(4) (a) and rule 22 Scope of	 section 10(2) (n) out of the funds in his possession meaning of. Custodian of Evacuee Property vs Smt. Rabia Bai . 255 ALTERNATE REMEDY Whether a bar to writ jurisdiction under article 226 of the Constitution under Art 226 of the constitution. . 64 [See Constitution of India	 1950] . 64 ANDHRA PRADESH (ANDHRA AREA) Electricity Supply Undertaking(Acquisition) Act (Andhra 15of 1954)	 Ss. 5(3)(vi)	 6(2)(a) (iii) and 10(2)(b)(iii) Amounts due to undertaking from consumers prior to vesting in State If can be recovered by State from the licence. Vijayawada Municipal Council vs Andhra Pradesh State Elec tricity Board and Anr. . 846 ANDHRA PRADESH GENERAL SALES TAX ACT	 1957 Excise and countervailing duty paid by the buyers directly into the Treasury Neither the invoice nor books of the assessee (manufacturer) show the excise duty Excise duty. If fails under "any sums charge by the dealer" occurring in the definition of "turnover". M/s Mc Dowell & Company Ltd. etc. vs Commercial Tax Office VII Circle Hyderabad etc. APPEAL AGAINST ACQUITT OF AN OFFENCE OF CONSUMING LIQUOR Mem because the High Court took view that a fur ther charge "possession of liquor" she have been framed setting aside the acquittal without find whether the order of acquittal erroneous and ordering re t is bad Bombay Prohibition A 1949 (Bern. XXV Sec. 66(1) r/w Sec. 378 Criminal Procedure Code (Act 11 of 1974) 1973. Patel Jethabhai Chatur vs State of Gujarat 	 Contract between lay parties not be thwarted by narrow pedal and legalistic interpretatic Intendment of parties regarding validity of arbitraror 's appointment	 whether material. Union of India vs M/s D.M. R. &Co . ATTESTING WITNESS [See Succession Act] BENAMI TRAINSACTION Pr of Benami nature. Union of India vs Moksh Buil and Financiers and Ors. BIHAR AND ORISSA EXC ACT	 1951 as amended Amending Acts of 1970 and 1 Ss. 22 and 29 Power of State 2 to auction exclusive privilege to vend liquor Nature of payment received. Lakhan Lal etc. vs The State of Orissa and Ors. BIHAR ELECTRICITY DUTY ACT	 1948 (As amended) S.3(2) (e) Scope of. Damodar Valley Corporation vs State of Bihar and Ors. . 118 HAR LAND REFORMS ACT	 1950 Ss. 4(a) and 10 Lessee of nines If a tenure holder or intermediary under the Act. Sone Valley Portland Cement Co. Ltd. vs The General Mining Synidicate (P) Ltd. 359 BOMBAY INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT	 1946 section 98(1)(a) schedule III item 6(ii) Scope of Workmen laid off Lock out de clared later alleging unruly behaviour Lockout if illegal. priya Laxmi Mills Ltd. vs Mazdoor Maharan Mandal	 Baroda . 709 BOMBAY PROHIBITION ACT	 949 (Bom. XXV) Sec. 66(1)(b). [See Appeal against acquittal] . 872 BOMBAY PROVINCIAL MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT	 As applied in Gujarat (Bom. 59 of 1949)	 S.284N Applicability of .5A	 Land Acquirition Act. Farid Ahmed Abdul Samad and Anr. vs The Municipal Corpora tion of the City of Ahmedabad and Anr. . 71 BOMBAY RENT	 HOTEL AND LODGING HOUSE RATES ACT	 1947 Sub. Section 13(1)(B) Suit for eviction on the grond of bonafide and personal need of a landlord Whether right to sue survives to his heirs Requirement of firm in which landlord is a partner whether his requirement Whether decree passed in favour of landlord can be disturbed on his death. Shantilal Thakordas and Ors. vs Chimanlal Maganlal Telwala . 341 5(4A) Indian Easements Act 1882 Sec. 52 62(c) Revocation of licence by efflux of time Presiden cy Small Causes Courts Act 1882 Sec. ' 47 Effect of filing of application for eviction Meaning of licence under a Subsisting agreement Interpretation of statutes Practice. D.H. Manjar & Ors. vs Waman Laxman Kudav . .403 BOMBAY VILLAGE PANCHAYAT ACT (BOM. 6 OF 1933) S.89 'House ' if includes 'building '. Tata Engineering & Locomotive Company Ltd. vs Gram Panchay at pimpri Waghere. . 306 BURDEN OF establishing urgency under the . Land Acquisition Act [See Land Acquisition Act] . 763 CENTRAL CIVIL SERVICE (CLASSIFICATION	 CONTROL AND APPEAL) Rules	 1965 Scope of Rules applicable only when disciplinary proceedings are taken. Union of India and Anr. K.S. Subramanian . 87 1. 2(b) 9 Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act 1957	 Central Government selling foodgrains and fertilisers	 whether a dealer Profit motive	 if relevant Whether State carried on business. Joint Director of Food	 Visakapatham vs The State of Andhra Pradesh. . 59 3 2. section 15(b) Scope of Assessee bought declared goods and paid States Sales Tax Sale by way of inter state sale If entitled to refund of State Sales Tax. Thiru Manickam and Co. vs The State of TamilNadu . .950 3. (74 of 1956) section 8(3)(6) and Central Sales Tax (Regulation and Turnover) Rules	 1957	 r. 13Goods used in the manufac ture or processing of goods for sale Scope of Fertilizers used for growing tea plants	 if could be included in goods used in the manufacture of tea for sale. Travancore Tea Estates Co. Ltd. vs State of Karnataka & Ors. 755 4. (74 of 1956) S.9(1)	 proviso Scope of. M/s Karam Chand Thapar and Bros. (Coal Sales) Ltd. vs State of Uttar Pradesh and Ant. . 25 CHARGE Fresh charge on appreciation of evidence can be ordered to be framed by the High Court in exercise of its appellate jurisdiction Criminal Procedure Code (Act. II of 1974)	 1973 Secs. 386(a)	 464(I) and 462(2)(a). Patel Jethabhai Chatur vs State of Gujarat . 872 CITY OF BANGALORE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION SERVICES (GENERAL) CADRE AND RECRUITMENT REGULATIONS 1971	 Reg. 3 'Absorption of Senior Health Inspectors by Corporation contrary to provi sions in Reg. 3 Effect of. C. Muniyappa Naidu etc. vs State of Karnataka & Ors. CITY OF MYSORE IMPROVEMENT ACT	 1903	 Ss. 16	 18 and 33(1) Relevant date for determining market value for purposes of compensation	 what is. Special Land Acquisition Officer City Improvement Trust Board	 Mysore vs P. Govindan. . 549 CIVIL SERVICE 1. Powers of relaxation Whether rules can be made retro spectively Andhra Pradesh State and Subordinate Serv ices Rules 1962 Rule 47 Andhra Pradesh Civil ' Services (Co operation Branch) Government of Andhra Pradesh and Ors. vs Sri D. Janardhana Rao and Anr. 702 2. Seniority Irregular recruitment Regularisation Appointments through Public Service Commission Recruitment through centralised recruitment scheme. P.C. Patel and Ors. vs Smt. T.H. Pathak and Ors. . 677 CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Res Judicata	 whether invocable in subsequent stage of same proceedings. Y.B. Patel and Ors. vs Y. L. patil . 320 2. Ss. 79 and 80	 suit for compensation against railway administration whether impleading Union of India as a party necessary. State of Kerala vs The General Manager	 Southern Railway Madras. . 419 3. S.80 Whether applicable to suits filed under s.9(1) of the (M.P.) Public Trusts Act	 1951. State of Maharashtra & Anr. vs Shri Chartder Kant . 993 4. S.115 Jurisdiction of High Court to interfere with the Trial Court 's discretionary order	 when exercisable. 4 M/s Mechelec Engineers & Manu facturers vs M/s Basic Equipment Corporation. 1060 5. (Act 5 of 1908) Order VI r/w Order	 XIV	 rule 1(5) Courts should not allow parties to go to trial in the absence of proper pleadings. Union of India vs Sita Ram Jaiswal . 979 6. (Act v of 1908) Order V]	 Rule 17. [See Pleadings] . 728 7. Act V of 1908 Section 11 Principle of res judicata Applicability when gratuity was awarded in a previous proceedings under the Payment of Wages Act i.n the teeth of the clear provision of Rule 8.01 Scope of Rule 8.01. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation Hyderabad vs Venkateswara Rao etc. . . 248 CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 1908 1. Whether Magistrate has jurisdiction to recall dismissal order made u/s 203 Application for recalling dismissal order	 whether amounts to fresh complaint. Bindeshwari Prasad Singh vs Kali Singh . 125 2. S.99 A Scope of Whether 'Statement of grounds ' a mandatory provision. State of Uttar Pradesh vs Lalai Singh Yadav . 616 3. (Act 2 of 1974)Ss. 235 and 465 Scope of. Santa Singh vs The State of Punjab . 229 4. (Act II of 1974)	 1973 section 378. [See Appeal against ac quittal] . 872 5. (Act 2 of 1974) S.494 Prosecution applying for with drawal of prosecution Principles to be considered by Court in granting consent. State of Orissa vs Chandrika Mohapalra & Ors. 335 COMPULSORY RETIREMENT Compulsory retirement made in public interest under the Government of lndia Decision No. 23 dated 30th November 1962 below Fundamental Rule 56 (later substituted as a new rule FR 56(i) Mere reference to a non subsisting rule does not invalidate the order when retirement is in public interest and bona fide. Mayconghoan Rahamohan 	Singh vs The Chief Commissioner(Administration) Manipur and Ors. . 1022 2. [see Constitution of India] . 128 CONDONATION OF DELAY in applying for renewal of stage permits under the Motor Vehicles Act. [See Motor Vehicles Act] . 503 CONDUCT OF ELECTION RULES 1961	 rr. 42 and 56(6) . Tendered ballot paper	 what is and use of. Dr. Wilfred D 'Souza vs Francis Menino Jesus Ferrao . 942 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 1. article 14 Combines Seniority Scheme introduced by the Reserve Bank of India to equalise opportunities of confirma tion and pro motion of Clerks Some Clerks affected ad versely by unforseen circumstances if violative of equal opportunity clause Right of State to integrate Cadres and lay down principles of seniority. Reserve Bank of India & Ors. N. C. Paliwal & Ors. . 377 5 2. articles 14	 16 Civil Service Seniority Direct Re cruits and promotees Quota Whether roster implicit Bene fit of service Words and Phrases "As far as practicable." N.K. Chauhan and Ors. vs State of Gujarat and Ors. . 1037 3. article 15(4) Reservation of seats for socially and educa tionally backward classes in educational institutions Annual family income test if valid. Kumari K.S. Jayasree and Anr. vs The State of Kerala and Anr. . 194 4. article 19(6)(ii) and 269(g): [See ] . 59 5. article 3IA(1) Second Proviso article 31(b) Meaning of right conferred 9th Schedule Whether different ceiling can be imposed for different persons Whether second proviso to article 31(A)(1) imposed a feter on the legislative competence Gujarat Agricultural Land Ceiling Act 1961 (Gujarat Act 27 of 1961) Section 2 (21)	 6. Hasmukhlal Dahayabhai and Ors. vs State of Gujarat & Ors. . 103 6. article 131 Disputes between State and Union Jurisdic tion of High Court Charge of Excise Duty Condition of Whether an article manufactured or produced before the levy is imposed is excisable. Union of India vs State of Mysore . 842 7. article 136 Practice and Procedure Whether a Court of Criminal Appeal Whether can interfere with concurrent findings of fact Interference when grave and substantial injustice. Dalbir Kaur and Ors. vs State of Punjab . .280 8. article 226 High Court if could interefere with the Appellate orders of Income Tax Appellate Tribunal under article 226. Income Tax Officer	 Lucknow vs M/s S.B. Singbar Singh and Sons and Anr. .214 9. article 226 When alternative remedies available	 whether writ petition maintainable. G. Sarana vs University of Lucknow and Ors. . 64 10. article 226	 whether concurrent findings of facts by the Revenue Authorities	 can be reopened in writ petition. Y.B. Patel and Ors. vs Y. L. Patil . 32 11. article 235 Disciplinary action over subordinate judiciary Governor If bound by the recommendation of the High Court Consultation with State Public Service Commis sion If warranted by article 235. Baldev Raj Guliani and Ors. vs The Punjab & Haryana High Court and Ors. . 425 12. article 288(2) Scope of. Damodar Valley Corporation vs State of Bihar and Ors. . 118 13. articles 309	 310 and 311 Scope of article 310 Visa Vis articles 309 and 311. Union of India and Anr. vs K. section Subramanian . 87 14. article 311 Termination of services of temporary servant Protection of Article when applicable. State of U. P. vs Ram Chandra Trivedi . 462 15. article 311(2)	 violation of Penalty of compulsory retirement Hyderabad Civil Service (Classification	 Control and Appeal Rules	) reasonable opportunity of defence at the stages of enquiry and punishment 6 Consideration of extraneous matters in recommendation of penalty by High Court Chief Justice	 whether valid. State of Andhra Pradesh vs S.N. Nizamuddin Ali Khan . 128 CONTEMPT OF COURT ACT (ACT NO. 70 OF 1971) Ss. 2(b) 10 and 12(1) read with Article 215	 Constitution of India Remitting the punishment awarded after accepting the apolo gy	 tendered by the contemnor and ordering him to pay the cost of paper books	 whether valid Whether endorsing to the Registrar a copy of the wireless message	 addressed to the State Counsel for information only amounts to contempt. Arun Kshetrapal vs Registrar	 High Court	 Jabalpur & Anr. 98 2. 1971	 S.19(1)(b) Finding of committal of contempt is basis of acceptance of apology Judge exposing himself to public controversy cannot shelter behind his office. Ram Pratap Sharma and Ors. vs Daya Nand and Ors. CONTRACT OF SALE OF GOODS Whether interstate or intra state Sale. [See sale] . 631 CORRUPT PRACTICE: [See Election] . .490 COSTS: tax matters when there is conflict among High Courts. [See Practice] . 9 	 Ss. 28	 131(1)(3) and (5): [See Limitation] . .983 DEALER: Whether Central Government selling foodgrains and ferti lizers a dealer. [See ] . DELEGATION OF POWERS TO OFFICERS for execution of contracts under s.122(1) of Jammu & Kashmir Constitution Contracts containing arbitration clause validity executed on behalf of the Government cannot be questioned on the plea of violation of section 122(1.). Timber Kashmir (P) Ltd. etc. vs Conservator of Forests	 Jammu and Ors. . 937 DEVELOPMENT REBATE Whether dividend when withdrawn. [See Income Tax Act] . 638 DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT (CLASS II POSTS) RECRUITMENT (AMENDMENT) RULES	 1974	 Rule 2	 inter pretation of whether officer on special duty in the same grade as Development Officers. section Ramaswamy vs Union of India and Ors. 221 DISCIPLINARY ACTION : Over subordinate judiciary by High Court. [See Constitution of India] . DISMISSAL ORDER	 recall of [See Code of Criminal Procedure] . 125 DOCTRINE OF WAIVER Bar of waiver	 whether applicable to later grievance against 'bias. ' G. Sarana vs University of Lucknow and Ors. ELECTION Representation of the People Act	 1951 Sec. 123(2) Sec. 100(1)(b) Corrupt practice Undue influ ence Conduct of Election Rules 1961 Rules 39(2) Ballot paper containing mark on the reverse of the symbol 7 Can be rejected as invalid Charge of Corrupt practice If of quasi criminal nature Degree of proof Interference with appreciation of evidence by High Court Whether elec tion result can be lightly interfered with. M. Narayana Rao vs G. Venkata Reddy & Ors. 490 ELECTRICITY ACT 1910 Section 22B Electricity Supply Act. 1948 Sections 18	 49 and 79(j) Whether section 49 invalid for excessive delegation Whether Electricity Board can reduce the quota of consumption if the State Government has done so Board having determined the quota	 whether can further reduce it Whether Board can fix the quota with out framing regulations Practice and Procedure Whether appellant can be allowed to raise a new question of facts for the first time. Adoni Cotton Mills etc. vs The Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board and Ors. .133 EMPLOYEES ' STATE INSURANCE ACT	 1948 Sec. 61 If debars grant of sick leave If the Act deals with all aspects of sickness. The Alembic Glass Industries Ltd. Baroda and Ors. vs The Workmen and Ors. 80 ESCAPED ASSESSMENT [See Income Tax ] . 207 ESTATE DUTY ACT (34 of 1953) 1. Ss. 2(15)	 9 and 27 Scope of. Controller of Estate Duty	 Gujarat vs Shri Kantilal Trikam lal . S.5 Land covered with wild. and natural forest growths of agricultural land. Controller of Estate Duty	 Kerala v V. Venugopala Verma Rajah . 346 3. S.10 Gift of property the deemed to be part of the State of deceased doner. Controller of Estate Duty	 Keral vs M/s R.V. Vishwanathan and Ors. . 64 EVIDENCE ACT (1 of 1872) 1. Ss. 17 and 33 Evidence of admission Admissibility. Union of India vs Moksh Builder and Financiers and Ors. . 96 2. S.43 and Code of Civil Procedure (Act 5 of 1908) 0.41 r. 2 Admission of Judgments in land acquisition preceedings an additional evidence. The Land Acquisition Officer	 City Improvement Trust Board vs H. Narayaniah etc. 3. S.68 Discharge of onusproban by propounder when execut ic of will surrounded by suspicious circumstances. Seth Beni Chand (since dead) no by 1. rs. vs Smt. Kamla Kunwar and Ors. . 57 4. 116 Whether tenant cadeny the landlord 's title. Sri Ram Pasricha vs Jagannat and Ors. FINAL LIST	 when may be set asid by Court. Union of India vs Dr. R.D. Nanjia and Ors. FINDINGS OF FACT [See Constitution of India] . 32 FIRST INFORMATION REPORT delay in lodging. [See Penal Code] . 280 FUNDAMENTAL RULE 56(j): [See Compulsory retirement] . 1025 GENERAL CLAUSES ACT 189 ' Section 3(42) Meaning of per son Whether legislatur 8 bound to follow definition in General Clauses Act. Hasmukhalal Dayabhai and Ors. vs State of Gujarat and Ors. etc. . 103 OLD CONTROL RULES	 1963	 whether includes smuggled gold within their ambit. Triveni Prasad Ramkaran Verma State of Maharashtra . 519 GRATUITY	 entitlement to whether a former employee of he Nizam 's State Railway can claim gratuity aS of right in addition to provident Fund Government of Hyderabad Railway establishment Code	 1949	 Rule . 01	 8.02	 8.05	 8.12	 8.13	 .15	 8.16	 8.17 and 8.19 read with para 17 Chapter VII interpretation of. Andhra Pradesh State .Road Transport Corporation	 Hyderabad vs Venkateswara .Rao. GUJARAT MUNICIPALITIES 1963	 section 38 (10)(b)(i) "act as Councillor" ScoPe of President of the Municipality applying or lease of land If debarred taking land on lease General power of supervision conferred on the President If resident should be deemed to have acted within the meaning of 38(1)(b)(i) when lease was ranted to him by the Chief officer. Rustamji Nasorvanji Danger vs shri Joram Kunverji Ganatra and Ors. . 884 HINDU LAW If a co widow can relinquish ght of survivorship Whether after relinquishment	 a widow an dispose of property by will. Rindumati Bai vs Nrarbada ' Prasad . .988 RELIGIOUS ENDOWMENT Hindu temple forming part of a Jain Institution When may be treated as a Hindu religious endow ment. Commissioner of Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Mysore vs Sri Ratnavaram Heggde (deceased) by 1. .889 IDENTIFICATION PARADE: [See Penal Code] . 280 INCOME TAX ACT 1922 1. S.2.(4) When can single and isolated sale be a busi ness transaction within the meaning of Onus probandi on the Taxation Department Initial purchase with intention of advantageous sale Earning profit on delivery of goods not necessary. Dalmia Cement Ltd.	 vs The Commissioner of Income Tax	 New Delhi. . 5 54 2. (11 of 1922) Ss. 2 (6A)(e) 'and 10(2) (vi b) Development rebate treated as accumulated profits Withdrawal of amount by shareholder from Company 's account if withdrawal can be treated as dividend since amount withdrawn is within accumulated profits. P.K. Badiani vs The Commissioner of Income Tax	 Bombay . .638 3. S.9 Irrevocable rent If could be deducted from income from property of only one year Exemption If could be given only once. Commissioner of Income Tax	 Lucknow vs Shri Madho Parsad Jatia. . 202 2(1) to Sec. 23A(1) Meaning of investment Companies	 whether restricted to shares stocks and other securities or used in contradistinction with manufacturing processing and trading operations Indian Companies 87(f) Companies Act 1956 Sec. 372(11). Nawn Estates (P) Ltd. vs C.I.T.	 West Bengal . 798 5. 23A and 35(1) Whether income tax officer has power under section 35(1) to rectify an order passed under section 23A. Commissioner of Income Tax	 Kanpur. vs M/s. J.K. Commercial Corporation Ltd. etc. 512 for partition and disruption of the Hindu Undivided family disallowed by I.T.O. Appeal under the Act filed against the orders of. I.T.O. also dis missed No reference under the Act challenging the Tribu nal 's order dismissing the appeal was taken	 but subse quentiy got a preliminary decree for partition passed by the civil court during the pendency of the apPeal Whether t he Income Tax Authorities are bound by the subsequent parti tion decree of the civil court. Narendra kumar J. Madi vs Commissioner of Income Tax	 Guja rat 11	 Ahmedabad . 112 7. Ss. 34 and 42	 Income Tax Act (43 of 1961) section 147 and Income Tax Rules	 1922	 r. 33 corresponding to r. 10 of 1962 Rules One 0 f t he met hods mentioned in corresponding to r. 10 of 1962 Rules One of the methods mentioned in r. 33 applied for assessment Higher tax liability if another method in rule adopted If a case of income escaping as sessment. Commissioner of Income Tax	 West Bengal 1	 Calcutta vs Simon Carves Ltd. 207 8. section 5(2) Non resident company receiving income outside India Income if accrued in India. 84SCI/77 The Performing Right Socio)Ltd. & Anr. vs The Commr. Income Tax and Ors. . 1 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES A( 1907 Sec. 2(00) Meaning of trenchment Can termination service by efflux of time cover by the expression retrenchment Hindustan Steel Ltd. vs The p siding Officer	 Labour. Court Orissa and Ors. . 6 legal practioners can appear before the Tribunal Whether Secs. 36(1) an 36(2) is controlled by section '36(4) Pradip Port Trust	 Pradip Their Workmen . 5 INTER STATE SENIORITY [See State 's Reorganisation Act] . INTERPRETATION 1. Amendment of a section could be used to interpret earlier provision in the Act. Sone Valley Portland Cem Co. Ltd. vs The General Mini Syndicate (P) Ltd. 3 2. "Refund meaning of Subsequent amendment of Section If could. be used to interpr earlier ambiguous provision. Thiru Manickam & Co. vs Sic of Tamil Nadu . 9 3. "should" contained in a clause "should" possesses a post graduate degree and requist experience whether mandato ry or directory "Post gradual Meaning of. Juthika Bhattacharya The State of Madhya prad and Ors. . 4 4. Contract of. [See ] INTERPRETATION OF DOCUMENTS Principles application 10 to interpretation of document Notifications Nos. F. 9/5/59 R & S published in gazette dt. 17 1 60 u/s 507 of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act	 1957 (66 of 1957) and Notifica tion GSR 486 u/s 1(2) of Delhi Rent Control Act	 1958 (59 of 1958) gazetted on 21 4 62 Whether the whole of Mauza Chowkri Mubarakbad and whole of Onkar Nagar and Lekhpura were meant to be notified. Jangbirv. Mahavir Prasad Gupta . 670 INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES [See Bombay Rents/ Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act	 1947] . Estate Duty Act and other taxing statutes Principles. Controller of Estate Duty	 Gujarat vs Shri Kantilal Trikam lal Expressions not being terms of art whether to be construed in technical sense or ordinary popular sense as used by businessmen Legislative history as guide to construction Genesis and development of law as key to interpretation Whether English decisions useful guides or construction of analogous provisions	 fundamental concepts and general principles. Nawn Estates (P) Ltd. C.I.T.	 West Bengal . 798 Provision in Act substituted by another Amending provision avoid Effect. State of Maharashtra vs The Central Provinces Manganese Ore Co. Ltd. 1002 Rules as an aid Use of Statement of objects and reasons. Tata Engineering & Locomotive Company Ltd. vs Gram Panchayat Pimpri Waghere. . 306 6. Statute when retrospective. K. Eapen Chacko vs The Provident Investment Co. P. Ltd. 1026 7. When a statute could be read retrospectively. State of Kerala vs philomina etc. & Ors. . 273 JAMMU & KASHMIR CONSTITUTION	 section 122 [See Delegation of Powers] . 937 Admission of judgments in Land Acquisition proceedings. [See Land Acquisition] . 178 JURISDICTION 1. of High Courts to interfere with the trial Court 's discretionary order. [See C.P.C.] . 1061 2. of High Court under article 226 to interfere with orders of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. [See Constitution of India ] . 214 KARNATAKA LAND REFORMS ACT	 1961	 Ss. 107 and 133 'Whether applicable to land unauthorisedly held after expiry of lease. Corporation of the City of Bangalore vs B.T. Kampanna . KARNATAKA RECRUITMENT OF GAZETTED PROBATIONERS (Class I and 11 Posts appointment by competitive examination) Rules	 1966 R. 9 read with Part IV of Schedule II Scope of Awarding block marks in interview If violative of the Rule. State of Karnataka and Anr. vs M. Farida & Ors. . 323 KERALA LAND REFORMS ACT 1. 1963 section 84 Scope of interpretation When a statute could be read retrospectively. 11 State of Kerala and Ors. vs Philomina etc. and Ors. . 273 2. 1964 Secs. 81	 83	 84	 85	 85A and 86 Voluntary trans fers made after notified date whether valid. State of Kerala and Ors. vs K.A. Gangadharan . 960 3. (Kerala 1 of 1964) as amended in 1969 and 1971	 Secs. 3(1)	 50A	 52	 73	 108	 125 and 132(3) Scope of. K. Eapen Chacko vs The Provident Investment Co. P. Ltd. 1026 LAND ACQUISITION ACT 1. City of Bangalore Improvement Act	 1945	 Ss. 16	 18 and 27 Notification under Ss. 16 and 18 on different dates Date for determining market .value for awarding compensation for acquisition of land. The Land Acquisition Officer	 City Improvement Trust	 Board vs 11. Narayaniah etc. 178 Ss. 5A	 6 and 17(4) Burden of establishing urgency On whom lies. Narayan Govind Gayate etc. vs State of Maharashtra . 763 3. (1 of 1894) s.6A If mandatory Effect of non compliance in case of beneficial schemes. Farid Ahmed Abdul Samad and Anr. vs The Municipal Corpn. of the City of Ahmedabad and Anr. LEGAL ENTITY [See Railways Act	 1890] . .419 LIMITATION 1. for rectification under the U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948	 section 22. [See U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948] . Period of limitation in respect of suo moto revision by Central Government to annul or modify any order of erroneous refund of duty when begins Customs Act	 	 131(1)(3)(5) scope of. Geep Flashlight Industries Ltd. vs Union of India & Ors. .983 LIMITATION ACT 1. 1963 Ss. 5 and 29(23) If applicable. Mohd. Ashfaq vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal M.P. and Ors. 563 2. whether applicable to revision petitions filed under section 10	 U.P. Sales Tax Act. Time spent in obtaining second copy of. impugned order	 whether to be excluded in computing limitation period for filing revi sion petitions. Commissioner of Sales Tax	 U.P. vs Madan Lal and Sons Ba reilly. MADHYA pRADESH MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ACT 1956Sec. 138(b) Madhya Pradesh Accommodation Control Act Sec. 7 Must rental value under the Municipal Act follow the standard rent under Accommodation Control Act When premises let out When used by owner. Municipal Corporation	 Indore	 and Ors. vs Smt. Ratna Prabha ana Ors. . 1017 MADHYA PRADESH PUBLIC TRUSTS ACT 1951s. 9(1): [See Code of Civil Procedure] . 993 MADRAS GENERAL SALES TAX ACT 1959	 Schedule 11	 items 7(a and (b) If ultra vires. M/s. Guruviah Naidu and Sons etc vs State of T.N. and Anr. State Government reserved certain areas for exploitation of minerals in public sector If had the power to do so. State Governments If could reject application of private persons. Amritlal Nathubhai Shah and Ors. vs Union Government of India and Anr . 372 2. S.30A Scope of. State of Bihar and Anr. vs Khas Karampura Collieries Ltd. etc. 157 	 Entry 22 Explanation of Schedule	 construction of word includes Whether 	potteries Industry includes manufacture of Mangalore pattern roofing tiles. The South Gujarat .Roofing Tiles Manufacturers Associations and Ant. vs The State of Gujarat and Anr . 878 MONOPOLY OF BUS ROUTES Whether permitting the existing private operators to operate till the date of expiry of their permits creates a monopoly. Sarjoo Prasad Singh vs The State of Bihar and Ors. 661 MOTOR VEHICLES ACTS 1939 1. section 43(1) State Government can direct imposition of fiscal rates on stage carriage operators for carrying mails as condition of permit Ss. 48(3) and 59(3)(c) such direc tions do not interfere with quasi judicial functions of Regional Transport Authority. Special provisions of section 48(3) (XV) do not override general provisions of section 43(1)(d)(1). Sree Gajana Motor Transport Co. Ltd. vs The State of Karna taka and Ors. . 665 Motor Vehicles Rules	 1951 Rule 108(c) Whether considerations in Sec.47 for grant of stage permits to be mentioned in the order. Ikram Khan vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal and Ors. . 459 3. S.58(2) proviso Delay in.applying for renewal of exist ing permit If could be condoned Chapter IVA If a self contained code Renewal application under section 68F(ID) Whether section 57 applicable. Mohd. Ashfaq vs State Transport Appellate Tribunal U.S. and Ors. 563 of 'Whether there should be a finding on each and every separate objection raised. Sarjoo prasad Singh vs The State of Bihar and Ors. 661 MURDER: Distinction between S.299 and 300 I.P.C. [See Penal Code] . 601 NECESSARY PARTY: [See Civil Procedure Code] . 419 NEW CASE Courts ' Whether can make a [See Partnership Act] . 583 NEW DELHI HOUSE RENT CONTROL ORDER 1939 C1. Standard rent of house fixed in 1944 Rateable value enhanced on the basis of rent received in 1966 Whether rating should be correlated to actual income. New Delhi Municipal Committee vs M.N. Soi and Anr. NEW PLEA [See Adoni Cotton Mills vs Andhra Pradesh State Elec tricity Board] . 133 NOLLES PROSEQUE: Principle to be followed by court (See Criminal Procedure Code Act 2 of 1974) . .335 13 OTHER RIGHTS in Explanation 2 to section 2(15) meaning of. Controller of Estate Duty	 Gujarat vs Shri Kantilal Trikam lal . 9 PARTNERSHIP ACT Whether mandatory Whether suit can be filed by unregistered firm Dissolution of firm Suit by a 'partner of erstwhile unregistered firm	 If other partners of erstwhile firm necessary parties Materi al alterations in a document Effect of Suit for Specific and ascertained amount Whether court can make out new case and grant partial relief on another basis. Loonkaran Setia etc. vs Ivan E. Johan and Ors. . 853 PENAL CODE S.34 Specific evidence for infliction of fatal wound not required Community of intent with participatory presence fixes constructive liability. Harshadsingh @ Baba Pahalvansingh Thakura vs The State of Gujarat . 626 2. Ss. 299 and 300 Culpable homicide not amounting to murder and murder Distinction Tests to be applied in each case S.300 Thirdly I.P.C. Scope of. State of Andhra Pradesh vs Rayavarapu Punnayya and Anr. .601 3. Section 302 Non examination of eye witnesses Interest ed witnesses Meaning of Necessity of examining independent witnesses Motive Delay in lodging F/R and despatch to Magistrate Identification parade	 necessity of. Dalbir Kaur and Ors. vs State of Punjab . 280 PLEADINGS 1. Amendments to Amendment to the pleadings to introduce an entirely different case	 under the guise of permisible inconsistent pleas which is likely to cause prejudice to the other side cannot be allowed Civil Procedure Code (Act V of 1908) Order VI Rule 17. M/s Modi Spinning and Weaving Mills Co. Ltd. and Anr. vs M/s Ladha Ram and Col . .728 2. Under section 70 of the Contract (Act 9) of 1872 Ingre dients necessary to be pleaded. Union of India vs Sita Ram Jaiswal. . 979 POSSESSION "Possession" to attract criminal liability must be "conscious possession". Patel Jethabhai Chatur vs State of Gujarat . 872 POWERS OF OFFICER to rectify an order passed u/s 23A [See Income Tax Act] . 512 POWER TO AUCTION exclusive privilege to vend liquor [See Bihar and Orissa Excise Act. .811 PRACTICE 1. Costs in tax matters when there is conflict among High Courts Controller of Estate Duty	 Gujrart vs Shri Kantilal Trikamalal . 2. Duty of High Court when there is conflict between deci sions the Supreme Court Upsetting concurrent findings of fact second appeal Propriety. State of U.P . vs Ram Chandrs Trivedi . 46: 3. Duty of High Court where there	 is conflict between the view expressed by Divisional bench and larger benches of the Supreme Court. Union of India and Anr. K.S. Subramanian. Non suiting for want of proper pleadings at the appellate stage by the Supreme Court when parties went to trial and issues were raised and the litigation went through the course of trial and appeal is not desirable. Union of India vs Sita .Ram Jaiswal . 979 5. Supreme Court will not entertain a complaint on facts and interfere with a finding of facts by the appellate Court under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. Patel Jethabhai Chatur vs State of Gujarat . 872 PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE 1. Further plea taken in the affidavit rejoinder to the writ petition shall not be allowed to be agitate Sarjoo Prasad Singh vs The State of Bihar and Ors. 861 2. High Court 's duty to give reasons even in cases of sum mary dismissal. Shankar Gopinath Apte vs Gangabai Hariharrao Patwardhan . 411 3. Interference with findings on reliability of evidence only in exceptional circumstances. Harshadsingh@ Baba pahalvansingh Thakur vs The State . 626 5. Re appraisal of evidence by Supreme Court in spite of concurrent findings of fact	 proper when miscarriage of justice has occurred. Mohammad Aslam vs State of Uttar Pradesh . 689 Whether High Court can direct a Minister to be impleaded as a party and file his personal affidavit. State of Punjab ana Anr. vs Y.P. Duggal and Ors. . 96 PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT	 and 5(1)(d) Sec. 5(2) Misappropriating Govt. funds. Retaining Govt. Funds by a Govt. Servant Evidence Act	 Sec. 154 When can witness be declared hostile Can evidence of a hostile witness be accepted Evidence Act Sec. 105 Onus of proving exceptions in IPC on accused Degree of proof Criminal Trial Effect of non examination of materi al witness Conviction on evidence of a solitary witness Whether adverse inference can be drawn against accused for not leading evidence Onus of prosecution Pre sumption of innocence. Rabindra Kumar Dey vs State of Orissa . .439 PREVENTION OF FOOD ADULTERATION ACT 1910. 1. section 16 Proviso Scope of. Murlidhar Meghraj etc. vs State of Maharashtra etc. . 1 2. sec. 16(1) (a) (2) (1) 2(1) (c) 2(1) (j) 2(1) Preven tion of Food Adulteration of Rules. Rules 23	 28 and 29 Can conviction be based on sole testimony of Food Inspector Can an article fail under clause (j) and (i) of Sec. 2(i) Are they mutually exclusive or overlapping When rules are silent about colouring material can use of dye be punished Do provisions of Probation of Offenders Act apply to offences under the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act. Prem Ballab and Anr vs The State (Delhi Admn.) . 592 PRIVITY OF CONTRACT When a company has severa branches and there is a contract between the buyer and one of the branches	 the contract of sale is between the company and the buyer. English Electric Company of India 1Ltd. vs The Deputy Commercial Tax Officer and Ors. . 631 15 PROBATION OF OFFENDERS ACT	 1958 Applicability to cases under POFA [See Prevention of Food Adulteration Act	 1950] . 59 PROCEDURE When a court of appeal can interfere in the lower court 's Judgment. Padma Uppal etc. vs State of Punjab and Ors. . 329 PROMOTIONS Right to promotion Whether promotion of class III employees to Class is governed by "Advance Correction Slip No. 7)" introducing w.e. f. March	 11	 1973	 new rules 324 to 328 and substituting a new rule 301 in Chapter III of the Indian Railway Establishment Manual Scope and applica bility of Rules 301 and 328 (2) (4) and (5) S.K. Chandan vs Union of India and Ors. . 785 PROPERTY right to dispose of by will by a widow [See Hindu Law] . PROVIDENT FUND Illegal payment of gratuity in the past will not affect legal claims to Provident Fund. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation	 Hyd. P. Venkateswara Rao etc. 248 PUNJAB GENERAL SALES TAX ACT (Punjab Act 46 of 1948)	 section 11(2) Notice under Whether should be issued within a par ticular period. The Indian Aluminium Ltd. & Anr. vs The Excise and Taxa tion Officer and Anr. .716 PUNJAB CIVIL SERVICE RULES	 Vol. 1 Rules 2.49 and 3.10 to 3.16 Junior Vernacular Cadre teachers officiating in senior vernacular cadre enti tled to benefit of their substantive post . State of Punjab and Ors. v	 Labh Ram and Ors. . 832 RAILWAYS ACT	 1890 section 3(6)	 Railway Administration	 whether a separate legal entity. State of Kerala vs The General Manager. S.R. Madras . .419 RAILWAYS ESTABLISHMENT CODE Para 157 Whether the para graph empowers the Railway Board to make rules for the gazetted Railway servants Construction of para 157. S.K. Chandan vs Union of India and Ors. 785 RAILWAY ESTABLISHMENT MANUAL Whether Rule 328 (2) providing for the invalidity of promotions made in the Diesel Locomotive Works from August 1	 1961 to March 11	 1973 casts an obligation on the Railway Board to recall all promotions and to form a fresh panel Meaning of "Promotion made in the Diesel Locomotive Works in Rule 328 (2) and promotion to the higher grades in Rules 328(4)". S.K. Chartdan vs Union of India and Ors. .785 RATEABLE VALUE (See New Delhi House Rent Control Order) . 731 REAPPRAISAL of Evidence by Supreme Court. (See Practice and Procedure) . 689 REASONABLE OPPORTUNITY See Constitution of India . 128 2. to be heard. (See State 's Reorganisation Act) . .827 REHABILITATION ACT	 1954 section 14(1) (b) "Such cash balances Meaning of. 16 Custodian of Evacuee Property	 vs Smt. Rabia Bai . .255 . Election petition Not accompanied by impugned pamphlet If liable to be rejected Printer If could be called an accom plice Failure to send pamphlet to District Magistrate as required by section 127 A(2) If makes the printer an accom plice. Thakur Virendra Singh v . Vimal Kumar . 525 See. 15	 21	 22	 23"Preparation and revision of electoral roll Amendment	 transposition or deletion of entries in electoral roll Provision of Sec. 23	 if mandatory Repre sentation of the People Act	 1951 Every person on elec toral roll whether entitled to vote even if name not brought in accordance with law Sec. 100(1) See. 123(1) (A) Bribery Proof of Quasi criminal in nature inter ference with appreciation of evidence by High Court	 Bihar and Orissa Act	 Ramji Prasad Singh vs Ram Bilas Jha and four Ors. .741 . section 9A Contract signed as President	 Gram Panchayat Rejection of nomination paper If valid Improper rejection If courts could give relief under section 100(1) (c). Jugal Kishore Patnaik vs Ratnakar Mohanty . Incurring expenses in excess of what is per missible Interference by this Court with appreciation of evidence by High Court. Nangthomban Ibomeha Singh vs Leisanghem Chandramoni Singh and Ors	 . 573 RES JUDICATA. (See Civil Procedure Code). 320 RETRENCHMENT Meaning of (See industrial Disputes Act) . 586 RETROSPECTIVITY. service rules. (See Civil Service) . REVISION suo moto limitation for (See Limitation) . 983 RIGHT OF MANAGEMENT Hindu Law Joint Hindu Undivided family Whether a junior member of the family can act as Karta with the consent of all the other members	 if the senior member gives up his right. Narendra Kurnar J. Modi vs Commissioner of Income Tax Gujarat 11. Ahmedabad . 112 RIGHT TO PLEAD by legal Practitioners before the Labour Tribunal. (See IndustriaI Disputes Act). 537 RIGHT TO SUE by the heirs (See Bombay Rents Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act	 1947) . 341 RIGHT TO SUE for eviction by a co owner. (See West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act	 1956) . SALE Contract for sale of goods	 whether inter State sale or intraState sale Ingredients Central Sales Tax Act Section 3(a). English Electric Company of India Ltd. vs The Deputy Commercial Tax Officer and Ors. . 631 SALES REORGANISATION ACT (37 of 1956) section 115 Oppertunity to hear after final inter state seniority list is prepared 17 after giving opportunity to aggrieved officers to make representation against provisional list If should be given. Union of India vs Dr. R.D. Nanjiah and Ors. 827 SALES TAX Central Provinces Bear Sales Tax Act	 1947 section 2(g) Expln. II Goods within States at the time of contract of sale	 mixed up outside state and the mixture sold 'sale ' if taxable. State of Maharashtra etc. vs Central Provinces Manganese Ore. Co. Ltd. 1002 2. Supply of crude oil by Oil and Natural Gas Commission from Assam to refinery of Indian Oil Corporation in Bihar Supply under directions of Government at price fixed	 by Government If inter state sale liable to Central Sales Tax. Oil and Natural Gas Commission vs State of Bihar and Ors. 364 SECOND APPEAL 1 Disturbance of concurrent finding of fact without consid ering the objects of the notification or discussing any principle of construction of documents which could indicate that a point of law had really arisen for a decision is patently exceeding the jurisdiction of the High Court Civil Procedure Code (Act V) 1908	 section 100. Jangbir vs Mahavir Prasad Gupta . 670 2. Propriety of upsetting concurrent findings in (See Practice) . 462 SENIORITY 1. Direct recruits of Promotees. (See Constitution of India) . 1037 2. When recruitment irregular. (See Civil Service) . 677 SENIORITY SCHEME Right of State to lay down principles of seniority (See Constitution of India) . 377 SENTENCE Judicial Jurisdiction to soften the sentence in economic crimes and food offences. (See ) . 1 SICKNESS BENEFIT (See ) . 80 SOLE WITNESS conviction based on (See Prevention of Corruption Act) . SPECIAL RULES 1962 Rule 4. Government of A.P. and Ors. vs Shri D. Janardhana Rao Anr. . 702 SUCCESSION ACT	 1925 Sec. 6" legal will Genuineness of Suspicious circumstances Burden of proof Degree of proof. Jaswant Kaur vs Amrit Kaur and Ors. . 925 2. 1975	 section 63 (c)	 Attesting witness defined. Seth Beni Chand (Since dead now by 1. rs. vs Smt. Kamh Kunwar and Ors. . 578 SUMMARY DISMISSAL Court 's duty to give reasons. (See Practice and Procedure) . .411 SUSPENDED OFFICER REINSTATED AND LATER COMPULSORILY RETIRED Effect of If order of suspension merge with order of reinstatement. Baldev Raj Guliani and Ors. vs The Punjab & Haryana High Court and Ors	 . 42 18 SUSPENSION ORDERS Whether merges with order of Retirement (See Suspended Officer) . .425 TERMINATION of services of temporary servants. (See Constitution of India) . 462 TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT (4 of 1882) section 53A	 Indian Easements Act (5 of/882) section 60(b) and Indian Contract Act (9 of 1872) section 221 Scope of. Shankar Gopinath Apte vs Gangs bai Hariharrao Patwardhan . 411 U.P. INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION ACT	 1921 Whether the basic section of a college is within the scope of. Commissioner	 Lucknow Division and Ors. vs Kumari Prem Lata Misra. 957 U.P. SALES TAX ACT	 1948 section 3 A	 Notification issued under Rule for constructing words Whether carbon paper is taxable as 'Paper ' Whether ribbon is accessory or part of typewriter. State of Uttar Pradesh vs M/s Kores (India) Ltd. 837 section 22 Order of rectification passed within 3 years of orginal order	 but served beyond 3 years /f barred by limitation. M/s Karam Chand Thapar and Bros. (Coal Sales ) Ltd. vs State of U.P. and Anr. . 25 U.P. ZAMINDARI ABOLITION AND LAND REFORMS ACT	 1950	 Section 117 Scope of State vests lands in Gaon Sabha Suit for eject ment .Goan Sabha did not appeal State If had locus standi. Maharaj Singh vs State of Uttar 5. Pradesh and Ors. 1072 UNION AND STATE DISPUTES (See Constitution of India) . 842 VOLUNTARY TRANSFERS (See Kerala Land Reforms Act) . .960 WEALTH TAX ACT (27 of 1957) S.2(e)(i) Agricultural Lands	 What are Tests for determining. Commissioner of Wealth Tax	 A.P. vs Officer in charge (Court of Wards ) Paigah. . 146 WEST BENGAL PREMISES TENANCY ACT (f) Whether one of the co owners can file suit for eviction without impleading other co owners Whether a co owner	 an owner for the purpose of an eviction suit Stage for raising objection about frame of suit. Sri Ram Pasricha vs Jagannath and Ors. 395 WILL genuineness of legal will degree of proof. (See Succession Act	 1925) . 925 WORDS AND PHRASES 1. "As far as Practicable" (See Constitution of India) . 1037 2. "House	 if it concludes buildings". (See Bombay Village Panchayat Act) . 306 3. "Other rights" in Explanation 2 to section 2(15) of the Estates Duty Act	 meaning of. (See "Other rights") . 9 4. "Out of the funds in his possession" and "such cash balances". Meaning of Custodian of Evacuee Property vs Smt. Rabia Bai . .255 5. See "Person" meaning of General Clauses Act) . 103 19 6. "Post graduate" Meaning of (See Interpretation) . .477 7. "restoration" in Section 70 of the Contract Act	 meaning of. union of India vs Sita Barn Jaiswal . 979 8. "Substituted" meaning of. State of Maharashtra etc. vs The General Provinces Manganese Ore. Co. Ltd. 1002 9. Vest Persons aggrieved Appurtenance meaning of. Maharaj Singh vs State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors. 1072 WRIT JURISDICTION High Court cannot interfere with a finding .of fact based upon relevant circumstances and when it is not shown to be perverse The Constitution of India	 Article 226. Khazan Singh Ors. vs Hukan Singh and Ors. . 636 WRIT JURISDICTION OF THE HIGH COURT Scope for interference with findings of depart. mental authorities. Mis Khushiram Behari Lal and Co. vs The Assessing Authority Sangrur Anr. . 752 M 184 SCI/77 2500 9 8 77 GIPF.

Summary:
By virtue of section 4 of the U.P. Zamindari Abolition & Land Reforms Act	 1950	 the right	 title and interest of all the intermediaries in every estate including hats	 bazars and melas stood terminated and vested absolutely in the State. Section 9 provides ' that all wells	 trees in abadi and all buildings situate within the limits of an Estate	 belonging to an intermediary	 shall continue to belong to or be held by such intermediary and the site of the buildings which is appurtenant thereto	 shall be deemed to be settled with him by the State Government. Section 117(1) empowers the State Government to vest lands in Gaon Sabhas or other local authorities. Under section 117(6) the State Government has power to resume from a Gaon Sabha the lands vested in it. By a notification under section 117(1 ) the State Government vested the land in the village in the Gaon Sabha. On the estate in dispute	 the defendant who was the quondam zamindar	 had been conducting a cattle fair. The estate had on it	 among others	 a few structures. The plaintiffs ' (the State and the Gaon Sabha) suit for eject ment of the defendant from the estate was dismissed by the trial court. The Gaon Sabha	 however	 did not appeal; but the State went in appeal to the High Court as 'a person aggrieved '. The High Court negatived the defendants conten tions that as a result of the notification under section 117(1) the land having vested in the Gaon Sabha	 the State Government had no locus standi and that it was not a person aggrieved	 but allowed the defendant to keep all the struc tures and a space of 5 yards running round each building. Dismissing the appeal	 HELD: (1) The State has title to sustain the action in ejectment. The Government	 despite vesting the estates in Gaon Sabhas has	 and continues to have	 a constant hold on these estates	 when it chooses	 to take away what it had given possession of to a Gaon Sabha. This is plainly 'present legal interest ' in the Government and a sort of precarium tenans in the Sabha. [1082 D; 1079 F G] (a) The Act contemplates taking over of all zamindari rights as part of land reform. Instead of centralising management of all estates at State level	 the Act gives an enabling power to make over these states to Gaon Sabhas. Apart from management	 no power is expressly vested in the Sabhas to dispose of the estates absolutely. If the State thinks fit to amend or cancel the earlier vesting declara tion or notification it can totally deprive the Sabha of	 and resume from it	 any estate. The vesting in the State was absolute but the vesting in the Sabha was limited to possession and management subject to divestiture by Government. Such a construction of vesting in two different senses in the same section is sound because the word 'vest ' has many meanings. The sense of the situation suggests that in section 117(1) 'vested in the State ' carries a plenary conno tation	 while 'shall vest in the Gaon Sabha ' imports a qualified disposition confined to the right to full posses sion and enjoyment so long as it lasts. To postulate vesting of absolute title in the Gaon Sabha by virtue of the declaration under section 117(1) is to stultify section 117(6). [1081 A C; F G] 1073 (b) The State is 'a person aggrieved '. He	 who has a proprietary right	 which has been or is threatened by violation	 is an 'aggrieved person '. The right to a remedy apart	 a larger circle of persons can move the court for the protection of defence or enforcement of a civil right or to ward off or claim compensation for a civil wrong	 even if they are not proprietarily or personally linked with the cause of action. The nexus between the lis and the plain tiff need not necessarily be personal. A person aggrieved is an expression which has expanded with the larger urgen cies and felt necessities of our time. [1082 E F] (c) The amplitude of 'legal grievance ' has broadened with social compulsions. The State undertakes today activi ties whose beneficiaries may be the general community even though the legal right to the	 undertaking may not vest in the community. The State starts welfare projects whose effective implementation may call for collective action from the protected group or any member of them. Test suits	 class actions and representative litigation are the begin ning and the horizon is expanding with persons and organi sations not personally injured but vicariously concerned being entitled to invoke the jurisdiction of the court for redressal of actual or imminent wrongs. [1083 A C] Dhabolkar ; followed. 'Locus standi ' has a larger ambit in current legal semantics than the accepted	 individualistic jurisprudence of old. Therefore	 the State	 in the present case	 is entitled to appeal under section 96 of the= Code. of Civil Procedure. [1084 D] (2) Where a wrong against community interest is done	 'no locus standi ' will not always be a plea to non suit an interested public body chasing the wrongdoer in court. In the instant case the Government is the 'aggrieved person '. Its right of resumption from the Gaon Sabha	 meant to be exercised in public interest will be seriously jeopardised if the estate slips into the hands of a trespasser. The estate belonged to the State	 is vested in the Gaon Sabha for community benefit	 is controlled by the State through directions to the Land Management Committee and is liable to be divested. The wholesome object of the legislature of cautiously decentralised vesting of estates in local self governing units will be frustrated	 if the State is to be a helpless spectator of its purposeful bounty being wasted or lost. [1083 H; 1084 A B] (3)(a) The touchstone of 'appurtenance ' is dependence of the building on what appertains to it for its use as a building. Obviously the hat	 bazar	 or mela is not an appurtenance to the building. Even if the buildings were used and enjoyed in the past with the whole. st.retch of.vacant space for a hat or mela	 the land is not appurte nant to the principal subject granted by section 9	 namely	 buildings. [1085 G] (b) The larger objective of section 9 is to settle with the former intermediary only such land as is strictly appurte nant to buildings	 all the rest going to the State. for implementation of the agrarian reform policy. [1084 G] (c) The large open spaces cannot 	be regarded as appurtenant to the terraces	 stands and structures. What a integral is not necessarily appurtenant. A position of subordination	 something incidental or ancillary or depend ent is implied in appurtenance. That much of space required for the use of the structures as such has been excluded by the High Court itself. Beyond that may or may not be necessary for the hat or mela but not for the enjoyment of the chabutras as such. [1085 B C] (d) 'Appurtenance ' in relation to a dwelling	 includes all land occupied therewith and used for the purposes there of. The word 'appurtenances ' has a distinct and definite meaning. Prima facie it imports nothing more than what is strictly appertaining to the subject matter of the devise or grant. What is necessary for the enjoyment and has been used for the purpose of the building	 such as easement	 alone will be appurtenant. The. word 'appurtenance ' in cludes all the incorporeal hereditaments attached to the land granted or demised such as rights of way	 but does not include lands in addition to that granted. [1086 D E] (e) What the High Court has granted viz.	 5 yards of surrounding space is sound in law. [1086 H] 1074