Judgment Case ID: 6729

Judgment:
ivil Appeal Nos. 931/77 & 200/78. Appeals by Certificate from the Judgment and Decree dated 1.4.76 and from the Judgment and Decree dated 19.6.1975 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in A.S. NO. 71/73 and Appeal No. 259 of 1972. B. Kanta Rao for the Appellants. C. Sitaramiah	 and B. Parthasarthi for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by: K.RAMASWAMY	 J. Civil Appeal Nos. 931 of 1977 and 200 of 1978 relate to the same dispute though arose from two suits and separate judgements. The Bench that heard Civil appeal No. 931 of 1977 directed on January 24	 1991 to list Civil Appeal No. 200 of 1978 for common disposal. Civil Appeal No. 200 of 1978 arose out of O.S. No 118 of 1968 on the file of the Court of Add. Subordinate Judge. Guntur and Appeal No. 259 at 1972 dated June 19	 1975 of the A.P. High Court. The suit for possession and mesne profits was laid by the descendants of Nori Lakshmipathi Somayaajulu of Vatticherukuru	 Guntur Taluq and District	 for short `N.L.S. '. The dispute relates to the tank known as `Nori Lakshmipathi Somayajulu 's Western Tank ' ``Vooracheruva ' ' (Village Tank). It consists of 100 acres of which roughly 30 acres is covered by water spread area marked A ' Schedule `B ' Schedule consists of 70 acres (silted up area). The tank was dug in Fasli 1190 (1700 A.D.) Zamindar	 Raja Mainikya Rao made a grant of the land for digging the tank and its preservation	 maintenance and repairs. It is the descendants ' case that it is a private tank enjoyed by the `grantee '	 N.L.S. as owner and thereafter the descendants and perfected the title by prescription. It was found as a fact by the High Court and the descendants are unable to persuade us from the evidence to differ from the findings that the tank is a ``public tank ' ' dug by 541 the village. The descendants ' plea and evidence adduced in support thereof that it is their private tank	 was negated by both the courts. The Trial Court found that the tank is a `public trust '	 the appellants would be hereditary trustees and could be removed only by taking action under section 77 of the A.P. Hindu Charitable and Religious Institutions and Endowments Act	 1966 for short `the Endowments Act '. It also held that the descendants acquired title by adverse possession. Accordingly the suit for possession was decreed relegating to file a separate application for meesne profits. On appeal the High Court reversed the decree and held that the tank is a public tank and the tank and the lands stood vested in the Gram Panchayat under A.P. Gram Panchayat Act 2 of 1964 for short `the Act '. Since the Gram panchayat was in possession from July 7	 1965	 though dispossessed the descendants forcibly and as the suit is not under section 6 of the but one based on title	 it called for no interference. It dismissed the suit. This Court granted leave to appeal under Article 136. Civil Appeal No. 931 of 1977 arose out of the suit for possession in O.S. No. 57 of 1966 on the file of the court of Subordinate Judge at Guntur filed by the Gram Panchayat against the descendants. The suit was dismissed by the Trial Court and was confirmed by the High Court in A.S. No. 71 of 1973 and the High Court granted leave under article 133 on Dec. 10. 1976. The pleadings are the same as in the other suit. In addition the descendants further pleaded in the written statement that the Gram Panchayat unlawfully took possession of the tank on July 7	 1965. They also acquired title by grant of ryotwari patta under section 3 of the A.P. Inams (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act (Act XXXVII of 1956)	 for short `the Inams Act '. The Gram Panchayat had no manner of right to interfere with their possession and enjoyment. They also pleaded and adduced evidence that they were leasing out the fishery rights and grass and trees grown on the land. The income was being utilized for the repairs of tank. The Trial Court and the High Court found that the lands were endowed to N.L.S. for the maintenance of the tank and the descendants obtained ryotwari patta under Inams Act and are entitled to remain in possession and enjoyment as owners subject to maintain the tank. Accordingly the suit was dismissed. On appeal in A.S. No. 71 of 1973 by judgment dated April 1	 1976 the High Court confirmed the decree on further finding that by operation of section 14 of the Inams Act	 Civil Suit was barred. Thus both the appeals are before this Court. 542 In Civil Appeal No. 200 of 1978	 Shri Seetharamaiah learned Senior Counsel for the descendants N.L.S. have no exclusive personal right title or interest in the tank and the appurtenant total land of 100 acres. In view of the entries of the Inams Fair Register for short `I.F.R.	 ' it is a public trust and not a public tank. Unless recourse is had to remove them from trusteeship under section 77 of the Endowments Act	 the appellants cannot be dispossessed. Since admittedly N.L.S. and the descendants were enjoying the property till date of dispossession	 presumption of the continuance of the enjoyment anterior thereto as owners could be drawn. The High Court thereby committed error of law in holding that the lands stood vested in the Gram Panchayat under the Act and that it is a public tank. In Civil Appeal No. 931 of 1977	 it was further contended that since the grant of Ryotwari patta under the Inams Act had became final section 14 thereof bars the jurisdiction of the Civil Court to entertain the suit. Shri B.Kanta Rao	 learned counsel for the Gram Panchayat contended that the finding of the High Court that the tank and the appurtenant land	 namely	 the plaint schedule property	 as `public tank '	 is based on evidence that the tank was dug by the villagers and that they have been using for their drinking purposes and the cattle is a finding of fact. By operation of sections 85 and 64 of the Act	 the land and the tank stood vested in the Gram Panchayat. Entries in the I.F.R. establishes that the grant of the land was for preservation	 maintenance and repairs of the tank. Therefore	 the grant should be in favour of the institution	 namely	 the tank. The pattas obtained by the descendants should be for the benefit of the tank	 though granted in individual names. By operation of section 85 of the Act	 the descendants acquired no personal title to the property. Ryotwari patta is only for the purpose of land revenue. The Gram Panchayat acquired absolute right title and interest in the land. The Civil Suit is not a bar on the facts in this case. Before appreciating the diverse contentions	 the facts emerged from the findings in both the appeals could be gathered thus. Admittedly the Zamindar. Raja Manikya Rao granted 100 acres of land in Inam village to dig the tank and the grant was for its preservation and maintenance	 the grant was in favour of N.L.S. In 1700 A.P.	 i.e. 1190 Fasli	 the tank was dug by the villagers and ever since the villagers have been using the fresh water tank for their drinking purposes and of the cattle and perfected their right by prescription. In course of time the tank was silted up and in and around 30 acres the water spread area	 fresh water is existing. No. repairs were effected by the descendants. The rest of the land was silted up. Grass and trees have been 543 grown thereon and was being enjoyed. On July 7	 1965	 the Gram Panchayat took unilateral possession of the tank and ever since was exercising possession	 supervision and control over it. After expiry of three years from the date of dispossession	 the descendants filed O.S. No.57 of 1966 for possession based on title. Earlier thereto the Gram Panchayat field the suit for possession. Under the Inams Act	 Ryotwari patta under section 3 was granted to the descendants in individual capacity and on appeal the Revenue Divisional Officer	 Guntur confirmed the same. It became final as it was not challenged by filing any writ petition. Both the suits now stood dismissed. The counsel on other side have taken us through the evidence and we have carefully scanned the evidence. From these facts the first question emerges is whether the tank and the appurtenant land stood vested in Gram panchayat. Section 64 of the Act reads thus: ``Vesting of common property or income in Gram Panchayat Any property or income which by custom belongs to or has been administered for the benefit of the villagers is common	 or the holders in common of village land generally or of land of a particular description or of lands under a particular source of irrigation	 shall vest in the Gram Panchayat and be administered by it for the benefit of the villagers or holders aforesaid ' '. Section 85 reads thus: ``Vesting of water works in Gram Panchayat (1) All public water courses	 springs	 reservoirs	 tanks	 cisterns	 fountains	 wells	 ponds an other water works (including those used by the public to such an extent as to give a prescriptive right to their use) whether existing at the commencement of this Act or afterwards made	 laid or erected and whether made	 laid or erected at the cost of the Gram Panchayat or otherwise for the use or benefit of the public	 and also any adjacent land	 not being private property	 appertaining thereto shall vest in the Gram Panchayat and be subject to its control ' '. Provided that nothing in this sub section shall apply to any work which is	 or is connected with	 a work of irrigation or 544 to any adjacent land appertaining to any such work. (2) Subject to such restrictions and control as may be prescribed	 the Gram Panchayat shall have the fishery rights in any water work vested in it under sub section (1)	 the right to supply water from any such work for raising seed beds on payment of the prescribed fee	 and the right to use the adjacent land appertaining thereto for planting of trees and enjoying the usufruct thereof or for like purpose. (3) The Government may	 by notification in the Andhra Pradesh Gazettee	 define or limit such control or may assume the administration of any public source of water supply and public land adjacent and appertaining thereto after consulting the Gram Panchayat and giving due regard to its objections	 if any ' '. (emphasis supplied) A bird 's eye view of the provisions brings out vividly that any property or income which belongs to or has been administered for the benefit of the villagers in common or the holders in any of the village land generally or of land of a particular description or of lands under particular source of irrigation shall vest in the Gram Panchayat and be administered by it for the benefit of the villagers or holders aforesaid. The lands or income use for communal purpose shall either belong to the GRam Panchayat or has been administered by the Gram Panchayat. It is not the case of the Gram Panchayat nor any finding recorded by the courts below to the effect. So section 64 is not attracted	 though the villagers acquired prescriptive right to use the water from the tank for their use and of their cattle. All public water courses	 springs	 reservoirs	 tanks cisterns	 etc. and other water works either existing on the date of the Act or made thereafter by the Gram Panchayat	 or otherwise including those use by the public ripened into prescriptive right for the use and benefit of the public and also adjacent or any appurtenant land not being private property shall vest in the gram Panchayat under section 85(1) and be subject to its control. The proviso is not relevant for the purpose of this case. Under sub s (2)	 the Gram Panchayat shall have fishery rights therein subject to any restriction or control prescribed by the Govt. by rules. The Gram Panchayat also shall have the right to use the adjacent land appertaining thereto for planting trees and enjoying the usufruct thereof or for like purposes. Sub section (3) gives over riding power to 545 the Govt.	 by a notification published in the A.P. Gazettee to define or limit the control or supervision by the Gram Panchayat or the Govt. may assume administration of any public source of water supply and public land adjacent and appertaining thereto. The only condition precedent thereto is prior consultation of the Gram Panchayat and to have due regard to any objections. If raised	 by the Gram Panchayat and issue notification published in the Gazette resuming the water sources or the land etc. The word `vest ' clothes varied colours from the context and situation in which the word came to be used in a statute or rule. In Chamber 's Mid Century Dictionary at p. 1230 defined ``vesting ' ' in the legal sense `to settle	 secure	 or put in fixed right of possession; to endow	 to descend	 devolve or to take effect	 as a right '. In Black 's Law Dictionary	 5th Edition at p. 1401	 the word	 `vest '	 to give an immediate	 fixed right of present or future enjoyment	 to accure to	 to be fixed	 to take effect	 to clothe with possession	 to deliver full possession of land or of an estate	 to give seisin to enfeoff. In Stroud 's Judicial Dictionary	 4th Edition	 Vol. 5 at p. 2938	 the word `vested ' was defined in several senses. At p. 2940 in item 12 it is stated thus `as to the interest acquired by public bodies	 created for a particular purpose	 in works such as embankments which are vested in them by statue	 see Port of London Authority vs Canvey Island Commissioners	 in which it was held that the statutory vesting was to construct the sea wall against inundation or damages etc. and did not acquire fee simple. Item 4 at p. 2939	 the word `vest '	 in the absence of a context	 is usually taken to mean vest in interest rather than vest in possession '. In item 8 to `vest '	. ``generally means to give the property in ' '. Thus the word `vest ' bears variable colour taking its content from the context in which it came to be used. Take for instance	 the land acquired under the Land Acquisition Act. By operation of sections 16 & 17 thereof	 the property so acquired shall vest absolutely in the Government free from all encumbrances. Thereby	 absolute right	 title and interest is vested in the Government without any limitation divesting the pre existing rights of its owner. Similarly	 under section 56 of the 	 the estate of the insolvent vests in the receiver only for the purpose of its administration and to pay off the debts to the creditors. The receiver acquired no personal interest of his own in the property. The receiver appointed by the court takes possession of the properties in the suit on behalf of the court and administer the property on behalf of the ultimate successful party as an officer of the court and he has no personal interest in the property vested thereunder. In Fruit and Vegetable Merchants Union vs Delhi 546 Improvement Trust	 [1957] SCR p. 1 the question was whether the Delhi Improvement Trust was vested of the Nazul land belonging to the Government with absolute right	 when the property was entrusted under the scheme for construction of the markets etc. It was held by this court that placing the property at the disposal of the trust did not signify that the Government had divested itself of its title to the property and transferred the same to the trust. The clauses in the agreement show that the Government had created the Trust as its agent not on permanent basis but as a convenient mode of having the scheme of improvement implemented by the Trust subject to the control of the Government. The word `vesting ' in section 85 would signify that the water courses and tanks	 lands etc. used by the public to such an extent as to give a prescriptive right to their use	 are vested in the Gram Panchayat	 and placed them under the control and supervision of the Gram Panchayat. It confers no absolute or full title. It was open to the Government	 even after vesting	 to place restrictions upon the Gram Panchayat in the matter or enjoyment and use of such tanks	 and appurtenant lands etc. Sub section (3) of section 85 expressly makes the matter clear. It empowers the Government to assume the administration of any such tank or lands or to define or limit the control which is vested in the Gram Panchayat. Gram Panchayat being a statutory body is bound by the restrictions imposed by sub S3 (3) The assumption of management by the Govt. would be subject to the prescriptive right of the villagers if any. The Division Bench in Gram Panchayat	 mandapaka & Ors. V. Distt. Collector Eluru & Ors.	 AIR 1981 AP 15 considered the meaning of the word `vesting and correctly laid the law in its interpreting section 85 of the Act. Anna Narasimha Rao & Ors. V. Kurra Venkata Narasayya & Ors.	 [1981] 1 AWR p. 325 relied on by Shri Kanta Rao	 though supports his contention that the vesting of the tanks etc. in the Gram panchayat was with absolute eights and the village community rights would over ride against rights of the Government	 in our view the law was not correctly laid down. Under A.P. Land Encroachment Act	 1905; Talengana Area Land Revenue Act	 relevant Abolition Act like A.P. Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act	 1948	 Inams Abolition Act etc. give absolute rights of vesting in the State over the forest land	 tanks	 rivers	 mines	 poramboke	 land	 etc. free from all encumbrances and the pre existing rights in the other land stood abolished and will be subject to the grant of Ryotwari patta etc. It is also settled law that grant of Ryotwari patta is not a title but a right coupled with possession to remain in occupation and enjoyment subject to payment of the land revenue to the State. Therefore	 we 547 agree with the High Court that the tank is public tank and not a public trust and that under section 85(1) and section 64	 the vesting of the tanks	 the appurtenant land and the common land is only for the purpose of possession	 supervision	 control and use thereof for the villagers for common use subject to the over riding title by the Government and its assumption of management should be in terms of sub section (3) of section 85 of the Act and subject to the prescriptive right in the water; water spread tank for common use. Admittedly	 N.S.L. or the descendants used the plaint schedule property till July 7	 1965. The question then is what rights the descendants acquired therein. Admittedly within six months from the date of dispossession no suit under section 6 of the was laid. Therefore	 though the Gram Panchayat was not justified to take law into its own hand to take unilateral possession without due course of law	 since the suit filed by the descendants was based on title the descendants in Civil Appeal No.200 of 1978 have to establish their better title. Their claim was based on the Ryotwari patta granted under section 3 of the Inams Act. Therefore	 entries in I.F.R. bear great evidenciary value to ascertain their rights. In Arunachalam Chetty vs Venkatachalpathi Garu Swamigal	 AIR 1919 PC. p. 62 at 65 the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council considered the effect of the columns in the I.F.R. and held thus : ``It is true that the making of this Register was for the ultimate purpose of determining whether or not the lands were tax free. But it must not be forgotten that the preparation of this Register was a great act of State	 and its preparation and contents were the subject of much consideration under elaborately detailed reports and minutes. It is to be remembered that the Inam Commissioners through officials made enquiry on the spot	 heard evidence and examined documents	 and with regard to each individual property	 the government was put in possession not only of the conclusion come to as to whether the land was tax free	 but of a statement of the history and tenure of the property itself. While their Lordships do not doubt that such a report would not displace actual and authentic evidence in individual cases	 yet the board	 when such is not available	 cannot fail to attach the utmost importance	 as part of the history of the property	 to the information set forth in the Inam Register ' '. 548 Construction of the relevant entries in the I.F.R. is a question of law. Col. 2	 the general class to which the land belongs	 described as `Dharmadayam ' endowment for a charitable ``institution ' '	 Col. 7	 description of tenure for the ``preservation and repairs ' ' of Nori Lakshmipathi Somayajulu Western Tanks at Vatticherkuru	 Col. 9 tax free	 Col. 10	 nature of the tenure	 permanent	 Col. 11	 guarantor of the land Raja Manikya Rao in 1190 Fasli (1700 A.D.)	 Col 13	 name of the original grantee `Nori Lakshmipathi Somayajulu '	 Col. 21 to be confirmed under usual conditions of service and Col. 22	 confirmed. In the survey and settlement record of the year 1906 of the same columns have been repeated. The land in the tank were classified as Village `Poramboke ' and the tank as `village tank '. In the village map also the same remarks were reiterated. Therefore	 the entries in the I.F.R. are great acts of the State and coupled with the entries in the survey and settlement record furnishes unimpeachable evidence. On construction of these documents	 it would clearly emerge that the original grant was made for the preservation and maintenance of the tank and tax free Inam land was granted for that purpose through it was in the name of the individual granted. We are of the view that the grant was for the preservation and maintenance of the tank. In K.V. Krishna Rao vs Sub Collector	 Ongole	 ; this court held under the Inam Act that the tank is a charitable institution. Thereby we conclude that the grant was for the institution. Under section 3 of the Inams Act	 the enquiry should be whether (1) a particular land is Inam land; (2) Inam land in a Ryotwari	 Zamindar or Inam Village; and (3) is held by any institution. In view of the finding that the grant was for the preservation and maintenance of tank	 the Inam	 land in an inam village was held by the institution	 namely	 the tank. Ryotwari patta shall	 therefore	 be in favour of the institution. Undoubtedly the ryotwari patta was granted in favour of the descendants. In Nori Venkatarama Dikshitulu & Ors. vs Ravi Venkatappayya & Ors.	 [1959] 2 A.W.R.357 in respect of the tope dedicated to the public benefits in the same village	 namely Vatticherukuru	 one of the question that arose was whether the patta granted in the individuals ' names	 would be their individual property or for the endowment. The Division Bench held that though the pattas were obtained in the individuals ' name	 the trustees of an institution cannot derive personal advantage from the administration of the trust property. It was held that the grant of patta was for the maintenance of the trust. We approve that the law was correctly laid down. In Krishan Nair Boppudi Punniah & Ors. vs Sri Lakshmi Narasimhaswamy Varu	 by its trustees & Ors. 	 [1963] 1 A.W.R. 214 549 relied on by Shri Sitaramaiah	 on the basis of the entries in I.F.R.	 the finding was that the grant was in favour of the individual burdened with service and not to an institution. Therefore	 the ratio therein does not assist us to the facts in this case. Moreover	 in view of the stand taken by Shri Sitaramaiah that the lands are not the private property of N.L.S. or his descendants but held by them as trustees	 the grant of Ryotwari patta to the individuals by necessary implication	 as a corollary	 is of no consequence. The question then is whether the enjoyment of the usufruct by the descendants would clothe them with any right as owners of the land. In view of the concurrent finding that descendants did not acquire title by prescription	 the passage in Tagore Law Lecture	 `Hindu Religious Endowment and Institutions ' at p. 6 relied on by Shri Sitaramaiah to the effect `dedication of tanks and trees ' as private property also renders no assistance to the descendants. Undoubtedly	 a presumption of an origin in lawful title could be drawn	 as held in Syed Md. Mazaffaralmusavi vs Bibi Jabeda & Ors.	 AIR (1930) P.C. 1031 that the court has so often readily made presumption in order to support possessory rights	 long and quietly enjoyed	 where no actual proof of title is forth coming. It is not a mere branch of the law of evidence. It was resorted to because of the failure of actual evidence. The matter is one of presumption based upon the policy of law. It was also further held that it is not a presumption to be capriciously made nor is it one which a certain class of possessor is entitled to	 de jure. In a case such as the one in question where it was necessary to indicate what particular kind of lawful title was being presumed	 the Court must be satisfied that such a title was in its nature practicable and reasonably capable of being presumed without doing violence to the probabilities of the case. It is the completion of a right to which circumstances clearly point where time had obliterated any record of the original commencement. The longer the period within which and the remoter the time when first a grant might be reasonably supposed to have occurred the less force there is an objection that the grant could not have been lawful. In Bhojraj vs Sita Ram & Ors.	 AIR (1936) P.C. 60 it was further held that the presumption	 not to supplement but to contradict the evidence would be out of place. A presumption should be allowed to fill in gaps disclosed in the evidence. But the documentary evidence in the I.F.R. and the survey and settlement records furnish the unerring evidence. Though the original grant was not produced	 the grant was for the institution and not to the individuals. Therefore	 the colour of title though enabled them to enjoy the usufruct for personal use	 once the tank and the appurtenant land was found to be public tank	 the descendants acquired no personal right over it. The decision in Bhupathiraju 550 Venkatapathiraju & Ors. vs The President	 Taluq Board	 Naraspur & Ors.	 [1913]19.I.C.727(Mad.) (D.B.) relied by Shri Sitaramaiah the finding was that the grant was to the plaintiffs ' family subject to conditions of service. Their right to take the usufruct of the trees therein was held to be for the benefit of the grantee. In that view its ratio cannot be applied to the facts in this case. In M. Srinivasacharyulu & Ors. vs Dinawahi Pratyanga Rao & Ors.	 one of the contentions raised was that since the produce was being enjoyed by the trustees for over many years for personal use	 it must be construed that the trust was for personal benefit of archakas. It was repelled holding that it would be a dangerous proposition to lay down that if the trustees of the religious trusts have for many years being applying the income to their own personal use	 the trust deed must be construed in the light of such conduct. The decree of the trial court that the enjoyment was for the institution was upheld. The finding in Civil Appeal No. 931 of 1977	 that since the endowment was the dashabandam the descendants are entitled to the Ryotwari patta cannot be upheld. Dashabandam grant of land burdened with the service of a public nature was made at a time when maintenance of water sources and water courses to the benefits of the villagers was left to the villagers. In Ravipati Kotayya & Anr.v. Ramansami Subbaraydu & Ors.	 it was held that in the case of dashabandam inams situated in Ryotwari villages	 the government has the right of resumption on default of service. The lands burdened with dashabandam service which is service of public nature	 are inclinable as being against public policy. We	 therefore	 hold that the descendants	 though enjoyed the income from the properties	 did not effect the repairs and neglected the maintenance and upkeep of the tank. They rendered the tank disused and abandoned. By operation of s.85 of the Act the lands and tank stood vested in the Gram Panchayat for control	 management and supervision. Undoubtedly	 a hereditary trustee is entitled to be the Chairman of a Board of Trustees	 if any	 constituted under the Endowment Act or else be in exclusive possession and management of the public trust registered thereunder until he is removed as per the procedure provided therein. Since the tank always remained a public tank and not being a public trust	 the Endowment Act does not apply. therefore	 the question of initiating action under section 77 of the Endowment Act for removal of the descendants as trustees does not arise. In the suit of the descendants the High Court did not consider the effect of grant of ryotwari patta under Inams Act and in the suit of the 551 Gram (Village) Panchayat the effect of vesting under s.85 of the Act on the grant of ryotwari patta was not considered. Only section 14 i.e. the bar of civil suit was focussed. Consequently both the suits were dismissed by different division benches. The question is whether the suit is maintainable. All communal lands	 porambokes	 tanks	 etc.	 in inam villages shall vest in the government under s.2A of Inams Act free from all encumbrances. Section 3 determines the inam lands whether held by the individual or the institution	 provides procedure for determination and s.3(4) gives right of appeal. Section 4 converts those lands into ryotwari lands and accords entitlement to grant of ryotwari patta. Section 5 gives power to restitute the lands to the tenants in occupation though were ejected between specified dates. Section 7 gives power to grant ryotwari patta to the tenants to the extent of two thirds share in the land and one third to the land holder. If it was held by the institution	 two third share would be to the institution and one third to the tenants. Section 3 grants right of permanent occupancy to the tenants in inam lands held by institutions. Section 9 prescribes procedure for eviction of the tenants having right of permanent occupancy. Section 10 A provides right to ryotwari patta to tenants in Ryotwari or Zamindari village with the right of permanent occupancy	 even in the lands	 held under customary right etc. Section 12 fastens liability on the ryotwari pattadars to pay land assessment. Section 13 gives exclusive power of jurisdiction to Tehsildar	 the Revenue court and the collector to try the suit as per the procedure as of a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure. Section 14 of the Inams Act reads thus: 14. " Bar of jurisdiction of Civil Courts: No suit or other proceedings shall be instituted in any Civil Court to set aside or modify any decision of the Tahsildar	 the Revenue Court	 or the Collector under this Act	 except where such decision is obtained by misrepresentation	 fraud or collusion of parties.". Section 14 A and Section 15 provides that: "14 A Revision (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act	 the Board of Revenue may	 at any time either suo moto or on application made to it	 call for and examine the records relating to any proceedings taken by the Tahsildar	 the Revenue Court or the Collector under this act for the purpose of satisfying itself as to the regularity of 552 such proceeding or the correctness	 legality or propriety of any decision made or order passed therein; and if	 in any case	 it appears to the Board of revenue that any such decision or order should be modified	 annulled	 reserved or remitted for consideration	 it may pass order accordingly. (2) No order prejudicial to any person shall be passed under sub section (1) unless such person has been given an opportunity of making his representation. Act to override other laws: "Unless otherwise expressly provided in this Act the provision of this act and of any orders and Rules made thereunder shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force or any instrument having effect by virtue of any such law". The Constitution intends to herald an egalitarian social order by implementing the goals of socio economic justice set down in the Preamble of the Constitution. In that regard the Constitution created positive duties on the State in Part IV towards individuals. The Parliament and the State legislatures made diverse laws to restructure the social order; created rights in favour of the citizens; conferred power and jurisdiction on the hierarchy of Tribunals or the authorities constituted thereunder and given finality to their orders or decisions and divested the jurisdiction of the established civil courts expressly or by necessary implication. The Inam Act is a step in that direction as part of Estate Abolition Act. Therefore	 departure in the allocation of the judicial functions would not be viewed with disfavour for creating the new forums and entrusting the duties under the statutes to implement socio economic and fiscal laws. We have to consider	 when questioned	 why the legislature made this departure. The reason is obvious. The tradition bound civil Courts gripped with rules of pleading and strict rules of evidence and tardy trial	 four tier appeals	 endless revisions and reviews under C.P.C are not suited to the needed expeditious dispensation. The adjudicatory system provided in the new forums is cheap and rapid. The procedure before the Tribunal is simple and not hide bound by the intricate procedure of pleadings	 trial	 admissibility of the evidence and proof of facts according to law. Therefore	 there is abundant flexibility in the discharge of the functions with greater expedition and inexpensiveness. In order to find out the purpose in creating the Tribunals under 553 the statutes and the meaning of particular provision in social legislation	 the Court would adopt the purposive approach to ascertain the social ends envisaged in the Act	 to consider scheme of the Act as an integrated whole and practical means by which it was sought to be effectuated to achieve them. Meticulous lexographic analysis of words and phrases and sentences should be subordinate to this purposive approach. The dynamics of the interpretative functioning of the Court is to reflect the contemporary needs and the prevailing values consistent with the constitutional and legislative declaration of the policy envisaged in the statute under consideration. In Denna vs Union of India	 ; this Court held that the "Law is a dynamic science	 the social utility of which consists in its ability to keep abreast of emerging trends in social and scientific advance and its willingness to readjust its postulates in order to accommodate those trends. Law is not static. The purpose of Law is to serve the needs of life". The law should	 therefore	 respond to the clarion call of social imperatives evolve in that process functional approach as means to subserve "social promises" set out in the Preamble	 directive principles and the fundamental Rights of the Constitution. It is seen that the Inam 's Act is an integral part of the scheme of the Andhra Pradesh Estates (Aboilition and Conservation into Ryotwari) Act	 26 of 1984 for short 'Estate Abolition Act ' to cover the left over minor Inams. It determined the pre existing rights of the Inamdars and the religious institutions; envisages grant of ryotwari patta afresh to the concerned and seeks to confer permanent occupancy rights on the tenants. It also regulates the relationship between institutions and its tenants. It created appellate and revisional and forums and declared finality to the orders passed by the tribunals and expressly excluded the jurisdiction of the Civil Court	 notwithstanding anything contained in any other law or inconsistent therewith the Inams Act shall prevail. The exception engrafted was that a suit would lie to challenge the decision obtained by fraud	 misrepresentation and collusion by parties. Section 9 of the Civil Procedure Code	 1908 provides that whenever a question arises before the Civil Court whether its jurisdiction is excluded expressly or by necessary implication	 the Court naturally feels inclined to consider whether remedy afforded by an alternative provision prescribed by special statute is sufficient or adequate. In cases where exclusion of the Civil Court 's jurisdiction is expressly provided for	 the consideration as to the scheme of the statute in question 554 and the adequacy or sufficiency of the remedy provided for by it may be relevant	 but cannot be decisive. Where exclusion is pleaded as a matter of necessary implication such consideration would be very important and in conceivable circumstances might become even decisive. The jurisdiction of a Tribunal created under statute may depend upon the fulfilment of some condition precedent or upon existence of some particular fact. Such a fact is collateral to the actual matter which the Tribunal has to try and the determination whether it existed or not is logically temporary prior to the determination of the actual question which the tribunal has to consider. At the inception of an enquiry by a Tribunal of limited jurisdiction	 when a challenge is made to its jurisdiction	 the Tribunal has to consider as the collateral fact whether it would act or not and for that purpose to arrive at some decision as to whether it has jurisdiction or not. There may be Tribunal which by virtue of the law constituting it has the power to determine finally	 even the preliminary facts on which the further exercise of its jurisdiction depends; but subject to that	 the Tribunal cannot by a wrong decision with regard to collateral fact	 give itself a jurisdiction which it would not otherwise had. Except such tribunals of limited jurisdiction when the statute not only empowers to enquire into jurisdictional facts but also the rights and controversy finally it is entitled to enter on the enquiry and reach a decision rightly or wrongly. If it has jurisdiction to do right	 it has jurisdiction to do wrong. It may be irregular or illegal which could be corrected in appeal or revision subject to that the order would become final. The questions to be asked	 therefore	 are whether the Tribunal has jurisdiction under Inam Act to decide for itself finally; whether the institution or the Inamdar or the tenant is entitled to ryotwari patta under sections 3	4 and 7 and whether the Tribunal is of a limited jurisdiction and its decision on the issue of patta is a collateral fact. The consideration as to exclusion of the jurisdiction of Civil Court is no longer res integra. This Court in bead roll of decisions considered this question in diverse situations. In Kamala Mills Ltd. vs State of Bombay; 	 the questions arose were whether an assessment made in violation of the Bombay Sales Tax Act could claim the status of an assessment made under that Act	 and whether the nature of the transactions was a decision of collateral fact. A Bench of seven Judges of this Court held that if it appears that a statute creates a special right or liability and provides for the determination of the right or liability to be dealt with by tribunals specially constituted in that 555 behalf would be considered whether all questions of said right and liability shall be determined by the tribunals so constituted and it becomes pertinent to enquire whether remedies normally associated with actions in Civil Courts are prescribed by the said statute or not. It was held that the Court was satisfied that the Act provided all the remedies associated with actions in Civil Courts and the remedy for refund of the tax illegally collected was provided and it was not collateral. Section 20 prohibits such a claim being made before an ordinary Civil Court and held that the civil suit was not maintainable. The leading decision of the Privy Council in Secretary of State vs Mask & C0. 	 [1940] L.R. 67I.A.222; Raleigh Investment Co. Ltd. vs Governor General in Council	 L.R. 74 I.A. 50 and the ratio in Firm and Illuri Subbayya Cheety & Sons vs State of Andhra Pradesh	 ; were approved. In Desika Charyulu vs State of A.P. 	 AIR 1964 SC 807 a Constitution Bench was to consider whether the jurisdiction of the Settlement Officer and the Tribunal created under the Estates Abolition Act to determine whether Shotrium Village was an inam estate was exclusive and the Civil Court 's jurisdiction to try the dispute was barred. Despite the fact that no express exclusion of the Civil Court 's jurisdiction was made under the Act it was held that very provision setting up an hierarchy of judicial tribunals for the determination of the questions on which the applicability of the Act depends was sufficient in most cases to infer that the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts to try the same was barred. Accordingly it was held that the jurisdiction of the Settlement Officer and the Tribunal by necessary implication was exclusive and that the Civil Courts are barred from trying or retrying the question once over. The decisions of the Settlement Officer and of the Tribunal were held final and conclusive. In Dhulabhai & Ors. vs State of M.p. & Anr. ; another Constitution Bench reviewed the entire case law on the question of maintainability of civil suit and laid down seven propositions. Propositions 1 and 2 are relevant	 which read thus: "(1) Where the statute gives a finality to the orders of the special tribunals the Civil Court 's jurisdiction must he held to be excluded if there is adequate remedy to do what the Civil Courts normally do in a suit. Such provision	 however	 does not exclude those cases where the provisions of the particular Act have not been complied with or the statutory tribunal has not acted in conformity with the fundamental principles of judicial procedure. 556 (2) Where there is an express bar of the jurisdiction of the Court	 an examination of the scheme of the particular Act to find the adequacy or the sufficiency of the remedies provided may be relevant but is not decisive to sustain the jurisdiction of the civil court. Where there is no express exclusion the examination of the remedies and the scheme of the particular act to find out the intendment becomes necessary and the result of the inquiry may be decisive. In the latter case it is necessary to see if the statute creates a special right or a liability and provides for the determination of the right or liability and further lays down that all questions about the said right and liability shall be determined by the tribunals so constituted	 and whether remedies normally associated with actions in Civil Courts are prescribed by the said statute or not. " It was held therein that the civil suit was not maintainable to call in question of assessment made under the Madhya Bharat Sales Tax Act. In hatti vs Sunder Singh	 [1971]2 SCR 163 the tenant had a declaratory relief before the authorities under Delhi land Reforms Act that he was Bhoomidar. When it was challenged in the civil suit as not being binding	 this Court held that the civil suit was not maintainable. In Muddada Chayana vs Karam Narayana and Anr. ; 	 under section 56(1) (c) of the Estates Abolition Act	 the dispute whether who the lawful ryot in respect of any holding is	 shall be decided by the Settlement Officer. Whether it is liable to be questioned in the Civil Court. Chinnappa Reddy	 J.	 who had intimate knowledge as an Advocate and the Judge on the subject reviewed the law and held that the Act is a self contained code in which provision was also made for the adjudication of various types of disputes arising	 after an estate was notified	 by specially constituted tribunals. On the general principles it was held that the special tribunals constituted by the Act must necessarily be held to have exclusive jurisdiction to decide dispute entrusted by the statute to them for their adjudication. Dealing with the object of the Act it was held at p. 207 C D that the Act intended to protect ryots and not to leave them in wilderness. When the Act provides machinery in section 56(1)(c) to discover who the lawful ryot of a holding was	 it was not for the Court to denude the Act of all meaning and by confining the provision to the bounds of sections 55 and 56(1)(a) and (b) on the ground of contextual interpretation. Interpretation of a statute	 contextual or otherwise must further and 557 not frustrate the object of the statute. It was held that the civil suit was not maintainable and approved the Full Bench judgment of 5 judges of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh in T. Munuswami Naidu vs R. Venkata Reddy.	 AIR 1978 A.P. 200. The same view was reiterated in O. Chenchulakshmamma & Anr. D. Subramanya Reddy; 	 and held that the order of the Addl. Settlement Officer was final in so far as the dispute between the rival claimants to the ryotwari patta was concerned and not liable to be questioned in any court of law. In A. Bodayya & Anr. L. Ramaswamy (dead) by Lrs. [1984] (Suppl). SCC 391 while reiterating the ratio in both the judgments	 Desai	 J. Speaking for a Bench of 3 Judges held that under Estate Abolition Act	 who the lawful ryot was decided. Self same question directly and substantially raised in the suit cannot be decided by the Civil Court as it had no jurisdiction to decide and deal with the same but Settlement Officer had the exclusive jurisdiction to decide and deal with it. In Doe vs Bridges	 at p. 859 the oft quoted dictum of Lord Tenerden	 C.J. reads that: "where an act creates an obligation and enforces the performance in a specified manner	 we take it to be a general rule that performance cannot be enforced in any other manner." In Premier Automobiles Ltd. vs Kamlakur Shantaram Wadke and Ors.	 ; a Bench of three Judges after reviewing the case law held that if a dispute was not industrial dispute	 not does it relate to enforcement of any right under the Industrial Dispute Act	 the remedy lies only in the civil court. If the dispute arises out of the right or liability under the general common law and not under the Act	 the jurisdiction of the civil court is always alternative	 leaving it to the election of the suitor to choose his remedy for the relief which is competent to be granted in a particular remedy. If the dispute relates to the enforcement of a right or obligation of the Act	the only remedy available to the suitor is to get an application adjudicated under the Act. In that view	 it was held that the civil suit was not maintainable. In State of Tamil Nadu vs Ramalinga Samigal Madam	 ; strongly relied on by Shri Kanta Rao	 the question therein was whether the jurisdiction of the civil court was ousted to redetermine the nature of the land rendered by the settlement officer under section II of the Estate Abolition Act	 Tulzapurkar	 J. speaking for the Division Bench proceeded on three fundamental postulates namely that the decision of the Settlement authorities under section 11 of the Act was for (I) 558 revenue purposes '	 that is to say for fastening the liability on him to pay the assessment and other dues and to facilitate the recovery of such revenue from him by the Government; and therefore, any decision impliedly rendered on the aspect of nature and character of the land on that occasion will have to be regarded as incidental to and merely for the purpose of passing the order of granting or refusing to grant the patta and for no other purpose. (II) only revision against the order and not an appeal; and (III) that by Madras Amendment	 section 64 c was deleted. It was unfortunate that it was not brought to the notice of the court that the purpose of Estate Abolition Act was not solely for the purpose of collecting the revenue to the State. The Act had its birth from a long drawn struggle carried on by the ryots in Madras Presidency for permanent ryotwari settlement of tenures and grant of permanent occupancy rights and the Indian National Congress espoused their rights and passed resolution at Arvadi Session to make a legislation in that regard. The recovery of revenue was only secondary. In Syamala Rao vs Sri Radhakanthaswami Varu a division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court to which one of us (K.R.S.	J) was a member considered the historical background	 the purpose of the Act and the scheme envisaged therein in extenso and held that the preamble of the Estate Abolition Act was to repeal the permanent settlements	 the acquisition of the rights of the land holders in the Estates and introduction of the ryotwari settlement therein; under section 1(4) by issuance of the notification the prexisting rights shall cease and determined; shall vest in the State free from all encumbrances and declared that all rights and interests created in particular over the State 'shall cease and determine as against the Government ' protected only dispossession of a person in possession of the ryoti land who was considered prima facie entitled to a ryotwari patta. Section 11 envisaged to enquire into "the nature of the land" and whether "ryotwari land immediately before the notified dates" to be properly included or ought to have been properly included in the holding of the ryot". The enquiry under the Act was entrusted to the Revenue Authorities who have intimate knowledge of the nature of the lands and the entries in the revenue records of the holders	 etc. Act created hierarchy of the tribunals	 namely Asstt. Settlement Officer; Settlement Officer; Director of Settlements and Board of Revenue; provided revisional powers to those authorities and ultimately the order is subject to the decision of the High Court under article 226. In that view it was held that by necessary implication the jurisdiction of the civil court was ousted	 the decision of settlement authorities under section 11 was made final and no civil suit was maintainable. The legislature having made the Act to render economic justice to the ryots and 559 excluded the dispute between land holders and the ryots covered under sections 12 to 15 and the ryots inter se under section 56(1)(c)	 from the jurisdiction of the Civil Court	 it would not be the legislative intention to expose the ryots to costly unequal civil litigation with the state of the dispute under section 11. It is not necessary in this case to broach further but suffice to state that unfortunately this historical perspective and the real purpose and proper scope and operation of Estate Abolition Act was not focussed to the notice of this court. In Jyotish Thakur & Ors. vs Tarakant. Jha & Ors. 	[1963] Suppl. 1 SCR 13 section 27 of regulation III of 1872 provides that in respect of transfer of ryoti interest in contravention of the regulation revenue courts shall not take cognizance of such a transfer. It was contended that by necessary implication the civil suit was not maintainable. In that context this Court held that provisions therein were not intended to be exhaustive to bar the relief in Civil Court. In Sri Athmanathawami Devasthanam vs K. Gopalaswami Aiyangar	 ; the question was whether the civil suit to recover damages and for ejectment of the ryoti lands belonging to the temple was barred. The findings were that the lands were ryoti lands and that the tenant acquired the occupancy rights	 but the lease was granted in excess of 5 years. It was contended that it was a transfer without permission of the Endowment department. While upholding that the lands were ryoti lands and the tenant acquired occupancy rights	 this Court disagreeing with the High Court	 held that there was no transfer and that the tenant is liable to pay the arrears of rent and the suit was maintainable. In Sri Vedagiri Lakshmi Narasimha Swami Temple vs Induru Pattabhirami Reddy	 ; the contention raised was that section 93 of the Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act	 1951 was a bar to maintain suit for rendition of accounts and recovery thereof against the ex trustees. This Court repelled the contention and held that the suit for rendition of accounts was not expressly or by necessary implication barred the jurisdiction of the civil court under section 93. In Shree Raja Kandregula Srinivasa Jagannadha Rao Panthulu Bahadur Garu vs State of Andhra Pradesh; 	 it was conceded that the question whether Kalipathnam village is an Inam estate was to be adjudicated before the tribunals appointed under the Rent Reduction Act. It was contended that the tribunals have no jurisdiction to decide the validity of the notification reducing the rent by operation of section 8(1) thereof. It was held that there was no statutory prohibition to determine the nature of the land contemplated by the Rent Reduction Act. Accordingly the suit was held to be maintainable. In Dr. Rajendra Prakash Sharma vs Gyan Chandra & Ors.	[1980] 3 SCR 207 it was found that under s	 7 of the 	 no proceedings were taken to 560 declare the suit house as on evacuee property. No notification under sub section (3) of 7 was published in the gazette. Under those circumstances it was held that section 46 did not bar the civil suit. In Anne Besant National Girls High School vs Dy. Director of Public Instruction & Ors. this Court held that the Civil Court has jurisdiction to examine whether action or decision of an administrative authority was ultra vires the relevant rules of Grant in Aid Code and Rule 9 (vii) was held to be ultra vires. Accordingly the suit was held to be maintainable. In Raja Ram Kumar Bhargava(dead) by Lrs. vs Union of India	 [1988] 2 SCR 352 two questions were raised	 firstly the validity of the assessment and secondly recovery of the tax paid under Excess Profit Tax Act	 1940. On the first question it was held that the suit was not maintainable. On the second question	 without going into the technicalities of the maintainability of the suit	 this Court granted the relief. In Pabbojan Tea Co.	 etc. vs The dy. Commissioner Lakhimpur	 etc.[1968] 1 SCR 260 the questions were whether the workmen were ordinary unskilled labour or skilled labour; whether the jurisdiction of the authorities under section 20 of the is exclusive and whether the jurisdiction of the Civil Court was barred. This court held that the authorities did not hold any inquiry nor received any evidence for determining that issue. No proper hearing was given to the parties to tender evidence. Section 20 is not a complete Code as there was no provision for appeal or revision against the orders passed under s.20(3). There was no further scrutiny by any higher authority against the imposition of penalty. The Act in terms does not bar the employers from instituting a suit. In those circumstances	 it was held that the legislature did not intend to exclude the jurisdiction of the civil court. The ratio in K. Chintamani Dora & Ors. vs G. Annamnaidu & ors. ; also does not assist Gram Panchayat for the reason that the decree therein originally granted became final. Subsequently it was sought to be reopened in a later suit. Under those circumstances the civil suit was held to be maintainable notwithstanding the provisions contained under the Estate Abolition Act. Thus we have no hesitation to hold that the ratio in all these case are clearly distinguishable and render little assistance to the Gram Panchayat. The scope	 ambit and operation of the Inams Act was considered by P. Jaganmohan Reddy	J. (as he than was) in D.V. Raju vs B.G. Rao & Anr. and held that the paramount object of the legislature was to protect the tenant in occupation and is sought to be achieved by making effective orders of eviction made by the Civil Court either in execution or otherwise. It further prohibits the institution of any suit or proceeding in a Civil 561 Court under section 14 to set aside or modify any decision of the Tehsildar	 Collector or Revenue Court except where such decision has been obtained by misrepresentation	 fraud or collusion. Section 15 enjoins that the provisions of the Act and orders made thereunder shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force or any instrument having effect by virtue of absolute jurisdiction on the Tehsilder	 Revenue Court or the Collector	 as the case may be	 notwithstanding any provision of law or any suit or decree of a Civil Court or for that matter even where evictions have taken place in pursuance of such decrees	 the evicted tenants can be restored to occupation provided the requirements for the protection of the possession of the tenants are satisfied. In that case the occupant in possession laid proceeding before the Tehsildar for injunction restraining the writ petitioner from ejecting him from the lands. The Tehsildar in exercise of the power under Rule 16 of the Rules granted injuction pending consideration of his right to Ryotwari patta. The order of injunction was challenged firstly on the ground of ultra vires of Rule 16 and secondly on the ground of jurisdiction. While upholding the order on both the grounds the learned Judge held that Tehsildar	 Revenue Court and the Collector have exclusive jurisdiction and the civil suit is barred. We respectfully approve it as correct law. The Inams Act did not intend to leave the decisions of the revenue courts under section 3 read with section 7 to retry the issue once over in the Civil Court. Undoubtedly the decision of the division Bench in P. Pedagovindayy vs Subba Rao	 is in favour of the contention that the civil suit is maintainable. It is not good law. Thus the glimpse of the object of the Inames Act	 scheme	 scope and operation thereof clearly manifest that Inames Act is a self contained code	 expressly provided rights and liabilities	 prescribed procedure; remedies of appeal and revision	 excluded the jurisdiction of the civil court	 notwithstanding anything contained in any law	 given primacy of Inams Act though inconsistent with any law or instrument having force of law. The jurisdictional findings are an integral scheme to grant or refuse ryotwari patta under section 3	 read with s.7 and not collateral findings. It was subject to appeal and revision and certiorari under article 226. The decision of the Revenue Tribunal	 are final and conclusive between the parties or persons claiming right	 title or interest through them. The trick of pleadings and the camouflage of the reliefs are not decisive but the substance or the effect on the order of the tribunal under the Inams Act are decisive. The civil suit except on grounds of fraud	 misrepresentation or collusion of the parties is not maintainable. The necessary conclusion would be that the civil suit 562 is not maintainable when the decree directly nullifies the ryotwari patta granted under section 3 of the Inams Act. Under the Gram Panchayat Act the statutory interposition of vesting the tank and the appurtenant land in the Gram Panchayat made it to retain possession	 control and supervision over it	 though the Gram Panchayat unlawfully took possession. The need to grant decree for possession in favour of the Gram Panchayat is thus redundant. The suit of the descendants normally to be decreed on the finding that ryotwari patta under section 3 of the Inams Act was granted in their favour and that they were unlawfully dispossessed. Since the grant of ryotwari patta	 though in the name of individuals	 was to maintain the public tank which stood vested under section 85 of the Act in the Gram Panchayat	 the descendants are divested of the right and interest acquired therein. Thus the suit of the descendants also is liable to be dismissed. Accordingly	 the decrees of dismissal of both the suits are upheld and the appeals dismissed. But in the circumstances	 parties are directed to bear their own costs. V.P.R. Appeals dismissed.

Summary:
Civil Appeal Nos. 931 of 1977 and 200 of 1978 relate to the same dispute though arose from	 two suits and separate judgements. Civil Appeal No. 931 of 1977 arose out of the suit for possession by the Gram Panchayat against the descendants of the grantee of inam. The suit was dismissed by the Trial Court and was confirmed by the High Court and the High Court granted leave under Art.133. Civil Appeal No. 200 of 1978 arose out of the suit for possession and mesne profits which was laid by the descendants of the grantee of inam. The pleadings are the same in both cases. A Zamindar granted 100 acres of land inam to dig	 preserve 532 and maintain a tank in favour of the predecessors of the respondents of C.A. No. 931/77. In 1700 A.D.i.e. 	 1190 Fasli	 the tank was dug by the villagers and ever since	 the villagers were using the tank for their drinking purpose and perfected their right by prescription. In course of time the tank was silted up and fresh water existed only in and around 30 acres. The grantee 's descendants respondents did not make any repairs	 Grass and trees had been grown in the rest of the area and was being enjoyed. Under section 3 of the A.P.Inams ( Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act	 ( Act XXXVII of 1956) Ryotwari Patta was granted to the respondents in individuals capacity and on appeal the Revenue Divisional Officer confirmed the same and it became final	 as it was not challenged any further. On 7.7.1965	 the Gram panchayat the appellant in C.A. No. 931/77 took unilateral possession of the tank and ever since 	 it was exercising possession	 supervision and control over it. After the expiry of three year from the date of dispossession	 the respoondents filed a suit for possession based on title. Earlier thereto the appellant Gram Panchayat had filed a suit for possession. The Trial Court found that the tank was a 'public trust '	 the appellants would be hereditary trustees and could be removed only by taking action under section 77 of the A.P. Hindu Charitable and Religious Institutions and Endowments Act	 1966 and that the respondents had acquired title by adverse possession. Accordingly the suit for possession was decreed relegating the filing of separate application for mesne profit. On appeal	 the High Court reversed the decree and held that the tank was a public tank	 and the tank and the lands stood vested in the Gram Panchyat under A.P. Gram Panchayat Act	1964. Since	 the Gram Panchayat was in possession from July 7	 1966	 though dispossessed the respondents forcibly and as the suit was not under section 6 of the 	 but one based on title	 it called for interference and dismissed the suit. This court granted leave to appeal under article 136. 533 The respondents in C.A. No. 931/77 (the appellants in C.A. No. 200/78) contended that in view of the entries of the Inam Fair Register	 the tank was a public trust and not a public tank; they could not be dispossessed until recourse made under section 77 of the A.P. Charitable and Religious Institutions and Endowments Act; that under the Gram Panchayat Act	 the lands did not vest in the gram Panchayat; and that since the grant of ryotwari patta under the Inams Act had become final	 section 14	 thereof barred the jurisdiction of the Civil Court to entertain the suit. The appellant Gram Panchayat in C.A. No. 931/77 (the respondents in C.A. No. 200/78) contended that the tank and the appurtenant land was correctly held as public tank by the High Court that by operation of sections 85 and 64 of the Gram Panchayat Act	 the land and the tank stood vested in the Panchayat	 that the entries in the Inam Fair Register established that the grant of land was for preservation	 maintenance and repairs of the tank and therefore	 the grant should be in favour of the institution	 i. e.	 the tank and the respondents thereby did not acquire any title	 that ryotwari patta was only for the purpose of land revenue; that the Gram Panchayat acquired absolute right	 title and interest in the land; and the suit was not a bar in the facts of the case. Dismissing both appeals	 this Court HELD: 1.01. Any property or income	 which belongs to or has been administered for the benefit of the villagers in common or the holders in any of the village land generally or of land of a particular description or of lands under particular source of irrigation shall vest in Gram Panchayat and be administered by it for the benefit of the villagers or holders. The lands or income used for communal purpose shall either belong to the Gram Panchayat or has been administered by the Gram Panchayat. It is not the case of the Gram Panchayat nor any finding recorded by the courts below to that effect. section 64 is not attracted though the villagers acquired prescriptive right to use the water from the tank for their use and of their cattle. [554D F] 1.02. All public water courses	 springs	 reservoirs	 tanks	 cisterns	 etc. and other water works either existing on the date of the Act or made thereafter by the Gram Panchayat	 or otherwise including those used by the public ripened into prescriptive right for the use and benefit of the public and also adjacent or any appurtenant land not being private property shall vest in the Gram Panchayat under section 85(1) and be subject to its control. [554F G] 534 2.01. The word`vesting ' in section 85 would signify that the water courses and tanks	 lands etc. used by the public to such an extent as to give a prescripvtive right to their use	 are vested in the Gram Panchayat	 and placed them under the control and supervision of the Gram Panchayat. It confers no absolute or full title. It was open to the Government	 even after vesting	 to place restriction upon the Gram Panchayat in the matter of enjoyment and use of such tanks	 and appurtenant lands etc. The assumption of management by the Government would be subject to the prescriptive right of the villagers	 if any. The vesting of the tanks etc. in the Gram Panchayat was with absolute rights and the village community rights would over ride against rights of the Government. [546C F] 2.02. The tank is a public tank and not a public trust and that under section 85(1) and section 64	 the vesting of the tanks	 the appurtenant land and the common land is only for the purpose of possession	 supervision	 control and use thereof for the villagers for common use subject to the over riding title by the Government and its assumption of management should be in terms of sub section (3) of section 85 of the Act and subject to the prescriptive right in the water	 water spread tank for common use. [547A B] Gram Panchayat	 Mandapaka & Ors. V. Distt. Collecctor	 Eluru & Ors. 	 approved. Anna Narasimha Rao & Ors. vs Kurra Venkata Narasayya & Ors.	 	 OVER RULED. 3.01. Under A.P. Land Encroachment Act	 1905; Talengana Area Land Revenue Act	 relevant Abolition Acts like A.P. Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act	 1948	 Inams Abolition Act etc. give absolute rights or vesting in the State over the forest land	 tanks	 rivers	 mines	 poramboke	 land	 etc. free from all encumbrances and the preexisting rights in the other land stood abolished and will be subject to the grant of Ryotwari Patta etc. [546F H] 3.02 Grant of Ryotwari patta is not a title but a right coupled with possession to remain in occupation and enjoyment	 subject to payment of the land revenue to the State. [546H] 3.03. The entries in the Inam Fair Register are great acts of the State and coupled with the entries in the survey and settlement record 535 furnishes unimpeachable evidence. On construction of these documents	 it would clearly emerge that the original grant was made for the preservation and maintenance of the tank and tax free Inam land was granted for that purpose	 though it was in the name of the individual grantee. The grant was for the preservation and maintenance of the tank. [548C D] 3.04. The grant was for the institution. Under section 3 of the Inams Act	 the enquiry should be	 whether (1) a particular land is Inam land; (2) Inam land in a Ryotwari	 Zamindar or Inam Village; and (3) is held by any institution. In view of the finding that the grant was for the preservation and maintenance of tank	 the Inam land in an inam village was held by the institution	 namely	 the tank. Ryotwari patta shall	 therefore	 be in favour of the institution. Undoubtedly the ryotwari patta was granted in favour of the descendants. [548D F] 3.05. The pattas were obtained in the individuals name	 the trustees of an institution cannot derive personal advantage from the administration of the trust property. The grant of patta was for the maintenance of the trust. [548G] 3.06. The descendants	 though enjoyed the income from the properties	 did not effect the repairs and neglected the maintenance and upkeep of the tank. They rendered the tank disused and abandoned. By operation of section 85 of the Act the lands and tank stood vested in the Gram Panchayat for control	 management and supervision. [550E F] 3.07. A hereditary trustee is entitled to be the Chairman of a Board of Trustees	 if any	 constituted under the Endowment Act or else be in exclusive possession and management of the public trust registered thereunder until he is removed as per the procedure provided therein. Since the tank always remained a public tank and not being a public trust	 the Endowment Act does not apply. Therefore	 the question of initiating action under section 77 of the Endowment Act for removal of the descendants as trustees does not arise. [550F G] Arunachalam Chetty vs Venkatachalpathi Garu Swamigal	 AIR 1919 P.C. 62 at P. 65; Syed Md. Mazaffaral Musavi vs Bibi Jabeda & Ors.	 AIR 1930 Pc 1031; Bhojraj vs Sita Ram & Ors	 AIR 1936 P.C. 60; M. Srinivasacharyulu & Ors. V. Dinawahi Pratyanga Rao & Ors.	 ; Ravipati Kotayya & Anr. vs Ramaswamy Subbaraydu & Ors.	 	 referred to. 536 K.V. Krishna Rao vs Sub Colletor	 Ongole	 ; 	 followed. Nori Venkatarama Dikshitulu & Ors. vs Ravi Venkatappayya & Ors.	 	 approved. Krishan Nair Boppudu Punniah & Ors. vs Sri Lakshmi Narasimhaswamy Varu	 ; Bhupathiraju Venkatapathiraju & Ors. V. The President Taluq Board	 Narsapur & Ors.; [1913] 19 1.C. 727 (Mad.) (D.B.)	 distinguished. Tagore Law Lecture	 ``Hindu Religious Endowments and Institutions at p. 6	 distinguished. In the laws made to restructure the social order creating rights in favour of the citizens and conferring power and jurisdiction on the hierarchy of Tribunals or the authorities constituted thereunder and giving finality to their orders or decisions and divested the jurisdiction of the established civil courts expressly or by necessary implication Departure in the allocation of the judicial functions would not be viewed with disfavor for creating the new forums and entrusting the duties under the statutes to implement socio economic and fiscal laws. Courts have to consider	 when questioned	 why the legislature made the departure. The reason is obvious. The tradition bound civil courts gripped with rules of pleading and strict rules of evidence and tardy trial	 four tier appeals	 endless revisions and reviews under C.P.C. are not suited to the needed expeditious dispensation. The adjudicatory system provided in the new forums is cheap and rapid	. The procedure before the Tribunal is simple and not hide bound by the intricate procedure of pleadings	 trial	 admissibility of the evidence and proof of facts according to law. Therefore	 there is abundant flexibility in the discharge of the functions with greater expedition and inexpensiveness. {552D H] 4.02. In order to find out the purpose in creating the Tribunals under the statues and the meaning of particular provisions in social legislation	 the Court would adopt the purposive approach to ascertain the socials ends envisaged in the Act	 to consider scheme of the Act as an integrated whole and practical means by which it was sought to be effectuated to achieve them. Meticulous lexographic analysis of words and phrases and sentences should be subordinate to this purposive approach. The dynamics of the interpretative functioning of the Court is to reflect the contemporary needs and the prevailing values consistent with the constitutional and legislative declaration of the policy envisa 537 ged in the statute under consideration. [552H 553B] 4.03. The law should	 therefore	 respond to the clarion call of social imperatives evolve in that process functional approach as means to subserve ``social promises ' ' set out in the Preamble	 Directive Principles and the Fundamental Rights of the Constitution. [553d] 4.04. Section 9 of the Civil Procedure Code	 1908 provides that whenever a question arises before the Civil Court whether its jurisdiction is excluded expressly or by necessary implication	 the court naturally feels inclined to consider whether remedy afforded by an alternative provision prescribed by special statute is sufficient or adequate. In cases where exclusion of the civil court 's jurisdiction is expressly provided for	 the consideration as to the scheme of the statue in question and the adequacy of sufficiency of the remedy provided for by it may be relevant	 but cannot be decisive. Where exclusion is pleaded as a matter of necessary implication such consideration would be very important and inconceivable circumstances might become even decisive. [553G 554B] 4.05. The jurisdiction of a Tribunal created under statute may depend upon the fulfilment of some condition precedent or upon existence of some particular fact. Such a fact is collateral to the actual matter which the Tribunal has to try and the determination whether it existed or not is logically temporary prior to the determination of the actual question which the Tribunal has to consider. At the inception of an enquiry by a Tribunal of limited jurisdiction	 when a challenge is made to its jurisdiction	 the Tribunal has to consider as the collateral fact whether it would act or not and for that purpose to arrive at some decision as to whether it has jurisdiction or not. There may be Tribunal which by virtue of the law constituting it has the power to determine finally	 even the preliminary facts on which the further exercise of its jurisdiction depends; but subject to that	 the Tribunal cannot by a wrong decision with regard to collateral fact	 give itself a jurisdiction which it would not otherwise have except such tribunals of limited jurisdiction when the statue not only empowers to enquire into jurisdictional facts but also the rights and controversy finally it is entitled to enter on the enquiry and reach a decision rightly or wrongly. If it has jurisdiction to do right	 it has jurisdiction to do wrong. It may be irregular or illegal which could be corrected in appeal or revision subject to that the order would become final. [554B F] 4.06. The Inams Act did not intend to leave the decisions of the revenue courts under section 3 read with section 7 to retry the issue once over in the civil court. [561D E] 538 4.07. The glimpse of the object of the Inams Act	 scheme	 scope and operation thereof clearly manifest that Inams Act is a self contained code	 expressly provided rights and liabilities; prescribed procedure; remedies; of appeal and revision	 excluded the jurisdiction of the civil court	 notwithstanding anything contained in any law	 given primacy of Inams Act though inconsistent with any law or instrument having force of law. The jurisdictional findings are an integral scheme to grant or refuse ryotwari pattta under section 3	 read with section 7 and not collateral findings. It was subject to appeal and revision and certiorari under Art 226. The decision of the Revenue Tribunal	 are final and conclusive between the parties or persons claiming right	 title or interest through them. The trick of pleadings and the camouflage of the reliefs are not decisive but the substance or the effect on the order of the tribunal under the Inams Act are decisive. The civil suit except on grounds of fraud	 misrepresentation or collusion of the parties is not maintainable. The necessary conclusion would be that the civil suit is not maintainable when the decree directly nullifies the ryotwari patta granted under section 3 of the Inams Act. [561E 562A] Deena vs Union of India	 [1984] ISCR	 referred to. Kamala Mills Ltd. vs State of Bombay	 ; ; Secretary of State vs Mask & Co.	 [1940] L.R. 67 I.A. 222; Raleigh Investment Co. Ltd. V. Governor General in Council	 L.R. 74 I.A. 50; Firm and Illuri Subbayya Chetty & Sons vs State of Andhra Pradesh; 	 ; Deesika Charyulu vs State of A.p.	 AIR 1964 SC 807; Dhulabhai & Ors vs State of M.P. & Anr.	 ; ; Hati vs Sunder Singh	 ; ; Muddada Chayana vs Karam Narayana and Anr. ; 	 ; T. Munuswami Naidu vs R. Venkata Reddy	 AIR 1978 A.P. 200; O. Chenchulakshmamma & Anr. vs D. Subramanya Reddy; 	 ; A. Bodayya & Anr. V. L. Ramaswamy(dead) by Lrs.	 ; Doe vs Bridges	 at p. 359; Premier Automobiles Ltd. vs Kamlakar Shantaram Wadke and Ors.	 ; ; State of Tamil Nadu vs Ramalinga Samigal Madam	 ; ; Syamala Rao vs Sri Radhakanthaswami Varu	 ; Jyotish Tahakur & Ors. vs Tarakant Jha & Ors.	 [1963] Suppl. 1 SCR 13; Sri Athmanathaswami Devasthanam vs K. Gopalaswami Aiyangar	 {1964] 3 SCR 763; Sri VEdagiri Lakshmi Narasimha Swami Temple vs Induru Pattabhirami Reddy	 ; ; Shree Raja Kandragula Srinivasa Jagannadha Rao Panthulu Bahadur Garu vs State of Andhra Pradesh	 ; ; Dr. Rajendra Prakash Sharma vs Gyan Chandra & Ors.	 ; ; Anne Basant National Girls High School vs Dy. 539 Director of Public Instruction & Ors.	 ; Raja Ram Kumar Bhargava (dead) by Lrs. vs Union of India	 [1988] 2 SCR 352; Pabbojan Tea Co.	 Ltd.	 etc. vs the Dy. Commissioner	 Lakhimpur	 etc. ; 	 and K. Chintamani Dora & Ors. vs G. Annamnaidu & Ors.	 ; 	 distinguished. D.V. Raju vs B.G. Rao & Anr.	 	 approved. P.pedagovindayy vs Subba Rao	 	 over ruled. The word `vest ' clothes varied colours from the context and situation in which the word came to be used in a statue of rule. [545B C] 5.02. The word [vest ']	 means	 to give an immediate	 fixed right of present or future enjoyment	 to accrue to	 to be fixed	 to take effect	 to clothe with possession	 to deliver full possession of land or of an estate	 to give seisin to enfeoff. [545C D] 5.03. The word	 `vest '	 in the absence of a context	 is usually taken to mean	 `vest ' in interest rather than vest in possesion '.[545E F] 5.04. `Vest '. ``generally means to give the property in ' '. [545E F] 5.05. The word	 `vested ' was defined	 `as to the interest acquired by public bodies	 created for a particular purpose	 in works	 such as embankments	 whcih are `vested ' in them by statute. ' {545D E] 5.06. ``Vesting ' ' in the legal sense means	 to settle	 secure	 or put in fixed right of possession; to endow	 to descend	 devolve or to take effect	 as a right '. [545C] Chamber 's Mid Century Dictionary at P. 1230; Blacks Law Dictionary	 5th Edition at P. 1401; Stroud 's Judicial Dictionary	 4th Edition Vol	 5 at P. 2938	 Item 12	 at P 2940	 Item 4 at P. 2939; Port of London Authority vs Canvey Island Commissioners	 {1932] 1 Ch. 446; Fruit and Vegetable Merchants Union vs Delhi Improvement Trust	 ; 	 referred to. Under the Gram Panchayat Act the statutory interposition of vesting the tank and the appurtenant land in the Gram Panchayat made it to retain possession	 control and supervision over it	 though the Gram Panchayat unlawfully took possession. The need to grant decree for possession in favour of the Gram Panchayat is thus redundant. The suit 540 of the descendants normally to be decreed on the finding that ryotwari patta under section 3 of the Inams Act was granted in their favour and that they were unlawfully dispossessed. Since the grant of ryotwari patta	 though in the name of individuals	 was to maintain the public tank whcih stood vested under section 85 of the Act in the Gram panchayat	 the descendants are divested of the right and interest acquired therein. Thus the suit of the descendants also is liable to be dismissed. [562A C]