Judgment Case ID: 1270

Judgment:
Appeals Nos. 244 and 245 of 1958. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated February 19	 1953	 of the Madras High Court in Second Appeals Nos. 2120 and 2121 of 1947. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri and M. section K. Iyengar	 for the appellants. K. N. Rajagopala Sastri and M. section K. Sastri	 for respondent No. 1A. section V. Venugopalachari and R. Gopalakrishnan	 for respondent No. 8A in Appeal No. 244 and respondent No. 7A in Appeal No. 245. April 27. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SUBBA RAO	 J. These two appeals are directed against the judgment of the High Court of Madras dated February 19	 1953	 setting aside that of the District Judge	 Tirunelveli	 and restoring that of the Subordinate Judge	 Tuticorin	 in O. section Nos. 45 and 46 511 of 1945 on his file	 and they raise the question of maintainability of a suit in regard to honors and perquisites in the temple of Athinathalwar in Alwar Tirunagari. At Alwar Tirunagari in Tirunelveli District there is a famous temple called Athinathalwar temple. The presiding deity in the temple is Lord Vishnu. Its origin is lost in antiquity. In 'the 10th and 11th centuries Vaishnavite saints	 called Alwars and Acharyas	 who were ardent devotees of Lord Vishnu	 worshiped at the temple and sang in praise of the Lord. As time passed by	 20 smaller temples were erected to commemorate the lives of Alwar8 and Acharya8. Within the compound of the main shrine	 there are three minor shrines of Nachiar	 Nammalwar	 and Garuda; the rest of the smaller shrines are outside the premises of the main temple. Each of the said temples has its own manager	 archakas and separate endowments; but	 presumably because of the fact that the Alwar8 and Acharyas	 whose idols are installed in the smaller temples	 were originally devotees of Sri Athinathalwar	 an interesting and novel practice of mutual and regular exchange of visits between the idols in the smaller shrines and the idol of Athinathalwar has grown over the years. During certain specified occasions in the year	 the idols in the minor temples are brought to the main temple for worship; so too	 on specific occasions the idol of Athinathalwar is also taken to the minor shrines; such visits being reminiscent of the days when the Alwars and Acharya8 worshiped in the temple of Athinathalwar. Sri Ramanujacharya was one of the greatest of the devotees of Lord Vishnu and is well known throughout this vast country as the progenitor of an important school of Indian philosophy. He died in the year 1127 A. D. In the 13th century a shrine was built in his honour and his idol was installed therein. Sri Ramanujacharya is also known as Udayavar or Emberumanar and the shrine built in his dedication is known as Emberumanar temple. The manager and archaka of the said temple is known as Emberumanar 512 Jeer. Emberumanar temple also is outside the precincts of the temple of Athinathalwar. There are also mutual visits between the idol of Emberumanar and the idol of Athinathalwar to each other 's temple. The present Emberumanar Jeer is the plaintiff in the suits out of which the appeals have arisen. There is a mutt called the Vanamamalai Mutt in the said District and the head of the mutt is known as Vanamamalai Jeer. He is a sanyasi held in reverence by Vaishnavites of South India. He is the first defendant. The heads of the Ahobilam Mutt and the Tirukkurungudi Mutt are the second and third defendants respectively. The fourth defendant is the Executive Officer of the temple of Sri Athinathalwar and he was appointed by the Hindu Religious Endowments Board	 Madras. The records disclose that	 at any rate from the middle of the last century	 there have been disputes between the various Jeers and others as regards the order of priority in which certain honours have to be distributed among the said Jeers when they attend the temple of Sri Athinathalwar for worship. In the ghoshties (group of worshipers in front of the deity) both on ordinary and special days the said Jeers are shown honours befitting their rank. The honours consist of distribution of theertham	 thulasi	 satari and viniyogam	 and a few more similar items. Each of the said Jeers is allotted a particular place in the ghoshti and a certain order of precedence is observed inter se between them. This order of precedence in the matter of receiving honours has become an unending source of bickering between the religious heads; with the result	 the Madras Hindu Religious Endow ments Board	 constituted under Act 1 of 1923	 with jurisdiction to administer the endowments in the Madras State	 had to interfere and settle the disputes inter se between the various Jeers. On May 12	 1927	 the said Board fixed the order of precedence for honours between the various Jeers to be observed both on ordinary and special days. By the said order the Board recognized the Emberumanar Jeer 's right 513 to the honours and perquisites in precedence over the other Jeers on all the days other than Vaikasi festival days	 except the 7th day	 and as regards the other days of the festival	 namely	 1st to 6th and 8th to 10th days	 the Board directed that the other Jeers should be shown on the respective days both the ordinary and special honours in precedence over the rest of the Jeers	 including the Emberumanar Jeer. Not satisfied with the said order	 the Emberumanar Jeer filed O. section No. 320 of 1933 in the Court of the District Munsif	 Tirunelveli	 which was later transferred to the Court of the Subordinate Judge	 Tuticorin	 as O. section No. 45 of 1945	 against the other Jeers and the Hindu Religious Endowments Board	 for the declara tion of his right to the first theertham and other per quisites in precedence over all the others in the ghoshties of Sri Athinathalwar temple on the ground that he was entitled to them as the office holder of the	 temple of Emberumanar. Subsequent to the filing of the suit	 the Board	 by its order dated May 15	 1935	 altered the order of precedence giving the Vanamamalai Jeer precedence over the Emberumanar Jeer; and this led to the Emberumanar Jeer filing another suit O. section No. 201 of 1941 in the Court of the District Munsif	 Srivaikuntam	 for a declaration of his right to the first theertham	 etc.	 in precedence over all the others. This suit was later transferred to the Court of the Subordinate Judge	 Tuticorin as O. section No. 46 of 1945	 to be tried along with O. section No. 45 of 1945. To the suits the Emberumanar Jeer	 the Vanamamalai Jeer	 the Ahobilam Jeer and the Tirukkurungudi Jeer	 and the Executive Officer of the Hindu Religious Endowments Board were made parties. These suits have had a chequered career. But we shall briefly refer only to those stages of the long drawn litigation which have some bearing on the questions raised in the present appeals. O. section No. 320 of 1933 was finally numbered as O. section No. 66 of 1936 and was disposed of on March 25	 1941	 by the District Munsif	 Tirunelveli. The learned District Munsif dismissed the suit on the ground that it was not maintainable as the plaintiff had no legal right in respect 514 of which he could seek relief in a civil court. On appeal	 the learned Subordinate Judge	 Tirunelveli	 came to the conclusion that	 as the plaintiff had come to court to establish his right of precedence to receive the theertham	 etc.	 as forming part of the emoluments of his office of aradanaikar in the suit temple	 the suit could not be dismissed on the preliminary ground that it was barked under section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure; on that basis	 he set aside the decree of the District Munsif and remanded the case for trial on other issues arising in the case. Both the parties preferred appeals to the High Court of Madras and they were numbered as C. M. As. Nos. 1 and 155 of 1943; on January 31	1945	 Chandrasekara Aiyar	 J.	 dismissed both the appeals. The learned Judge propounded alternative theories	 and he expressed himself thus: "Of course	 before he (plaintiff) can succeed in the suit	 the plaintiff has to make out that he being the Aradanaikar and trustee of the Emberumanar temple amounts to his holding an office in the suit temple." The learned Judge agreed with the Subordinate Judge that the suit could not be dismissed in limine without deciding the said question of fact. On remand	 the learned Subordinate Judge	 Tuticorin	 to whom the said suit and the connected suit	 being renumbered O. section Nos. 45 and 46 of 1945	 were remanded came to the conclusion that the Emberumanar temple was a sub shrine attached to the main temple of Sri Athina thalwar	 and that the plaintiff	 who was the aradanaikar of the sub shrine	 would be virtually an office holder in the main temple. He further hold that the privilege of first theertham was attached to the said office as part of its remuneration and	 therefore	 the suit was one of civil nature falling under section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure; in that view	 having held on the merits that the plaintiff had established his right of precedence	 he decreed both the suits. As many as six appeals were preferred against the decrees in the two suits by the aggrieved parties to the District Court; and the learned District Judge in a common judgment disposed of them on January 23	 1947. 515 The learned District Judge	 on a review of the evidence in the case	 held that the institutions were not interdependent or intimately connected in such a way that an office holder of the Emberumanar temple was necessarily an office holder of the Athiiiathalwar temple. On that finding	 he held that the plaintiff was not an office holder of the Athinathalwar temple and	 therefore	 he was not entitled to file a suit with regard to his rights of precedence in being given the theertham	 etc. In the result he allowed the appeals and dismissed both the suits with costs throughout. Against the said judgment	 the plaintiff preferred second appeals to the High Court of Judicature at Madras	 being Second Appeals Nos. 2120 and 2121 of 1947. They were heard by Krishnaswami Nayudu	 J.	 who on a reconsideration of the evidence disagreed with the finding arrived at by the learned District Judge and accepted the finding given by the learned Subordinate Judge. Not only the learned Judge accepted the finding of the learned Subordinate Judge that the plaintiff as the aradanaikar or the archaka of the sub shrine was virtually an office holder in the main temple	 he also went further and held that	 as one of the theerthakars	 the plaintiff could be considered to be the holder of the office of arulipad in the main temple. In the result the learned Judge set aside the decree of the District Judge and restored the decrees of the learned Subordinate Judge. As leave to appeal to a division bench was not given by the learned Judge	 the first defendant	 i.e.	 the Vanamamalai Jeer	 in the suits	 by special leave	 has preferred these appeals against the judgment of the High Court. Mr. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri	 learned counsel for the appellant	 raised before us the following points: (1) A suit for a declaration that the plaintiff is entitled to honours in a temple would not lie unless he establishes that he holds an office in the said temple and that the said honours form part of the perquisites attached to the said office	 and that	 as in the present case the plaintiff claimed that he was an aradanaikar and trustee of only the Emberumanar temple and as such entitled to honours in Athinathalwar temple	 516 the suits should have been dismissed in limine on the ground that the plaints did not disclose any claim of civil nature falling under section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure. (2) The Courts were not justified in allowing the plaintiff to make out a now case not disclosed in the plaints	 namely that the Emberumanar temple was a subordinate shrine of the Athi nathalwar temple and	 therefore	 the plaintiff was the office holder of the latter temple; assuming that there was justification for the courts in allowing the plaintiff to develop a new case at a very late stage of the proceedings	 there was a clear finding of the District Court based on the evidence adduced in the case that the Emberumanar temple was not a sub shrine of the Athinathalwar temple	 and the High Court had no jurisdiction to set aside that finding in second appeals. Mr. Rajagopala Sastri	 learned counsel for the respondents	 contended that the plaintiff 's alternative case was not really a new one	 but all the relevant facts in support of that case were disclosed in the plaints	 and that the finding of the District Judge was not a finding of fact but was either a legal inference from proved facts or a mixed question of fact and law. He argued that the contention of learned counsel for the appellant ignores the religious background and ideas of the class of persons with which we are now concerned	 and that	 if the matter is approached from a correct perspective	 as the High Court did	 it would be realized that there was such an association between the two temples as it could be said that one is subordinate to the other leading to the only irresistible inference that the plaintiff	 the office holder of the sub shrine	 could claim honours in the main temple of which the sub shrine is only a part in the larger sense. At the outset it would be convenient and necessary to notice briefly the law pertaining to the maintainability of suits in civil courts in respect of honours in temples. Section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure describes the nature of suits which a court has jurisdiction to entertain. It can entertain every suit of a civil nature excepting suits of which its cognizance is 517 either expressly or impliedly barred. As a corollary to this	 it follows that a court cannot entertain a suit which is not of a civil nature. Prima facie suits raising questions of religious rites and ceremonies only are not maintainable in a civil court	 for they do not deal with legal rights of parties. But the explanation to the section accepting the said undoubted position says that a suit in which the right to property or to an office is contested is a suit of civil nature notwithstanding that such right may depend entirely on the decision of a question as to religious rites or ceremonies. It implies two things	 namely	 (i) a suit for an office is a suit of a civil nature; and (ii) it does not cease to be one even if the said right depends entirely upon a decision of a question as to the religious rites or ceremonies. It implies further that questions as to religious rites or ceremonies cannot independently of such a right form the subject matter of a civil suit. Honours shown or precedence given to religious dignitaries when they attend religious ceremonies in a tem ple cannot be placed on a higher footing than the religious rights or ceremonies	 for they are integral part of the said rites or ceremonies in the sense that the said honours are shown to persons partaking in the ceremonies. Prima facie honours	 such as who is to stand in the ghoshti	 in what place	 who is to get the tulasi	 etc.	 in which order	 and similar others	 cannot be considered to be part of the remuneration or perquisites attached to an office	 for they are only tokens of welcome of an honoured guest within the precincts of a temple. One would have thought that it would even be a sacrilege to claim a right of precedence in the presence of the Almighty God	 for all go before him as humble devotees to earn his blessings and not to assert their self importance or claim their right to preferential treatment. But a century of case law in that part of the country has recognized certain rights of different grades of devotees and they and their innumerable followers began to cherish them or even to fight for them in criminal and civil courts. This Court	 therefore	 does not propose to reconsider the 66 518 question of honours on first principles but only will resurvey the law on the subject with a view to ascertain	 and if possible to clarify	 the legal position. The earliest decision is that in Striman Sadagopa vs Kristna Tatachariyar (1). There	 the plaintiff was the gurukkal of Sri Ahobilam Mutt and he sued the trustees of Sri Devarajaswami temple at Conjeevaram for damages for injuries done to him by withholding from him certain honours and emoluments and also sought to have his right to such honours and emoluments established for the future. Two Schedules were attached to that plaint and they showed inter alia that what was claimed as honours were such as garlands	 cocoanuts	 prasadams and other paraphernalia attending the ceremonial recitation when the gurukkal visited the temple. Scotland	 C.J.	 formulated the legal position thus: ". . . these clearly show that every one of the matters in respect of which the suit is brought is purely a matter of religious and sacred observance in connection with the worship and ceremonials at the pagoda	 and is claimed by the plaintiff as a matter of devotional respect and display due to his priestly rank or as a votive offering made to him whilst passing in procession through the temples	 and when brought to the presence of the principal idol. " Then the learned Chief Justice proceeded to state: "He (the plaintiff) is not officially connected in any way with the management or control of the pagoda	 or its property or funds; and the alleged dues of his office have no doubt been owing to the great reverence at one time entertained for his sacredotal rank in the Hindu religion	 and the importance from a religious point of view of his mere presence at the pagoda." He concluded thus: "Such honours and emoluments cannot in any respect be considered as remuneration for duties or ministrations performed by the plaintiff in the secular affairs or religious services of the pagoda." (1) 	3o6. 519 This decision	 which has stood the test of time	 clearly lays down that a suit to enforce the rights of persons holding offices connected with the management and regulation of temples and for honours and emoluments connected therewith would lie in a civil court; but a suit by a plaintiff	 who does not hold an office in the temple	 claiming honours customarily shown to him as a matter of devotional respect and display due to his rank is not of a civil nature. The principle laid down in this case and restated in subsequent cases has been applied by a division bench of the Madras High Court to a claim for first theertham	 etc.	 in Sri Rungachariar vs Rungasami Buttachar (1). That decision was given in an appeal arising out of a suit for a declaration that the plaintiffs had a hereditary miras right to the offices of Sthalathar	 Kutumba First Theertham	 Muntrapushpam	 Vedaparayanam and Adyapakam from times immemorial in the temple of Sri Parimala Ranga nathaswami at Tiruvilandur	 and	 by virtue of such right	 were entitled to a fourth share of the honours and emoluments due to their offices as detailed in schedule A of the plaint. The learned Judges	 on the evidence	 came to the following conclusion: ". . the plaintiffs as hereditary Sthalathars are bound to perform	 besides the duties of superintendence attached to their office of Sthalathar	 the ceremonial duties of vedaparayanam	 etc.	 and are entitled to receive remuneration for the performance of those duties. Included in this remuneration is the privilege of first theertham ' from which the plaintiffs are called 'theerthakars". Then the learned Judges proceeded to observe: "Taking the findings to be	 as we do	 that the privilege of the first theertham is attached to the hereditary office of the plaintiffs as a part of the remuneration of the office	 the Court must	 to protect the plaintiffs in the enjoyment of the office	 declare what is the honour to which they are entitled. " This decision recognizes that a suit for a declaration of a plaintiff 's right to an office and for the honours	 (1) Mad.291	 208.520 such as first theertham	 etc.	 as part of the remuneration will lie in a civil court. Athan Sadagopachariar Swamigal vs Elayavalli Sri nivasachariar (1) is a decision relating to honours in Athinathalwar temple itself. The plaintiff in that case was a trustee of a temple called Pillalokacharyar 's temple. The principal object of the suit was to prevent the first defendant from claiming to be one of the Adhyapaka Mirasidars in the temple of Nammalwar and Adinathar in Alwar Tirunagari. It was contended that the first defendant was one of the seven Adhyapaka Mirasidars in the temple and his rank in the ghoshti was just above the plaintiffs. Sadasiva Aiyar	 J.	 posed the question raised and gave his answer thereto thus: "The legal question I wish to say something about is whether a suit for the honours mentioned in the second item of the 2nd Schedule to the plaint is maintainable in a Civil Court. It is clear that if those honours are not attached to any office in the temple	 no such suit could lie. The first branch of the question	 therefore	 is a question of fact	 viz.	 whether these honours are attached to the Adhyapaka Miras office in the temple." After considering the evidence and other relevant decisions	 the learned Judge came to the following conclusion: "I see no difficulty whatever in holding on the evidence in this case that the plaintiffs and the 1st defendant and the 5 other Adhyapaka Mirasidars get their rank in the Goshti and their rank in the distributions of prasadams not because those honours are part of the Adhyapaka Miras office to which they are entitled but because of their being Acharya Purushas or of their families having been very respectable religious families for long or because the mere respect due to their offices has been considered as making them fit in a social	 and religious point of view to obtain such honours. " That would be enough to dispose of that appeal	 but the learned Judge proceeded to make certain observations even on the assumption that the said honours (1) 	 299	 300	 301. 521 had been attached to emoluments so far as the 7 Adhyapaka Mirasidars were concerned. The observations of the learned Judge	 though obiter	 deserve to be quoted not only because of his vast experience in matters of Hindu religion but also because of his well known reformative zeal to remove the cobwebs that shroded the Hindu religion by superstitious ignorance and perverted imposition. The learned Judge says: ". . the next question of law is whether such honours to be shown in the presence of God can be legally attached to the office as emoluments	 in other words	 can honours be legally claimed by anybody as receivable by him in a temple? When a trustee chooses to parade the temple elephants and dancing girls before a high official or any other person and gives him prasadams	 etc.	 he does it in order to show 'honours ' to that person and when he does it without prejudice to the conduct of the rituals and ceremonies in the temple	 he always says that the God of the temple Himself condescends to treat the official or other persons as God 's guest and shows him these 'honours '. Such persons to whom respect is shown cannot in my opinion claim such 'honours ' as a legal right	 but as a favour shown by the temple Deity. Such honours in the strict eye of the Shastras cannot be called honours at all but as doles condescendingly given by the temple Deity as a 'favour '. One of the honours	 as is well known	 shown to a	 Hindu in a Vaishnava temple is to place the impression of the feet of the Deity upon the head or shoulders of the devotee. Another is the distribution of the 'leavings ' of the food offered to the Deity to the distinguished devotee. The sandal paste of the feet of the Deity and the leaving of his food and the garland worn by the God are given as marks of pure grace and not as rights and hoilours claimable by the devotee. . This clearly shows that while we ought to humbly accept the Deity 's leavings given through the trustee or an archaka	 a claim for 'honour ' to be shown in the presence of God is a sinful claim and is illegal and unshastraic. I would therefore respectfully confine the decision in Sri Bungachariar vs Bungaswami Buttachar(1) to cases in which the receiving of the first theertham by an office holder has become indissoluble part of the ritual to b e performed by the recipient as an office holder and the extension of the principle should be carefully guarded against. These are weighty observations and if they were appropriate in the year 1913 they should be much more so in the year 1961." We respectfully accept these observations as laying down the correct proposition	 namely	 that a party claiming an honour like first theertham	 etc.	 has to prove not only that he is an office holder of the temple and that he has been receiving the first theertham in the Ghoshti but also that the receipt of the first theertham	 has become an integral part of the ritual to be performed by him as an officeholder; for	 the receipt of the first theertham would be consistent with its being shown as a grace from the Lord and also as its being a part of the remuneration to the office. Another division bench of the Madras High Court in Vathiar Venkatachariar vs P. Ponappa Ayyengar (2) had to consider the question of a claim to a religious honour which consisted of receiving theerthams and prasadams in the temple in certain order of precedence. This case also relates to Athinathalwar temple and to the question of precedence among the theerthakars. The first question raised was whether there was such an office as theertham office in the temple. Krishnan	 J.	 delivering the leading judgment	 in rejecting that there was such an office observed: "It may be mentioned that among the Theer thakars there are some 5 or 7 in number	 who are called Adhyapakamdars	 whose special duty it is to recite these Prabandams and they are remunerated by Inam lands given to them. They are what may be called the official reciters in this temple." Adverting to the question raised	 the learned Judge proceeded to observe: "It is clear that	 to constitute an office one	 if not (1) Mad	 291	 298. (2) 961	 962.the essential	 thing is the existence of a duty or duties attached to the office which the office holder is under a legal obligation to perform and the nonperformance of which may be visited by penalties 	such as a suspension	 dismissal	 etc." Applying the test in the case of Theerthakars and other Adhyapakamdars	 the learned Judge said: "The only difference between the outsiders and the Theerthakars	 as shown by the evidence	 is that the Theerthakars have special places allotted to them in the temple to stand and recite and they are given the honour of Theertham and Prasadam	 before the outsiders get them; and they have what is called an 'Arulapad '	 that is	 their names are called out by the Archaka in a certain order	 when	 if present	 they have to respond by saying 'Nayinde '	 meaning 'I am here '. This does not seem to show that they are anything more than a recognized and privileged class of worshipers who are shown special consideration by having places allotted to them in the temple and by being given the honours before the ordinary worshipers in an order of precedence fixed by the usage of the temple." On a consideration of the evidence in that case	 the learned Judge stated: "On the evidence as set out it must be held that the plaintiffs have not made out the existence of any obligatory duty on the part of the Theerthakars or Of any office called the Theertham office." This judgment	 therefore	 establishes that there is no office called the theertham office in the temple	 as there is no obligatory duty on the part of the said theerthakars in the temple. As the claim to the said honour was not established to have been attached as emoluments to the religious office the suit was dismissed. Sri Emberumanar Jeer Swamigal vs The Board of Commissioners for Hindu Religious Endowments	 Madras (1) is a decision of a single Judge of the Madras High Court in a writ petition filed by Emberumanar Jeer questioning the order of the Religious Endowments Board which is the subject matter of (1) 	 591. 524 the present appeals. That writ petition was dismissed on the ground that the Board 's order related to administrative matter and	 therefore	 a writ of certiorari would not lie to quash the same; but in the course	 of the judgment	 Pandurang Row	 J.	 made certain relevant observations and they are: "What was determined by the Board was the order of distribution of theertham and honours connected with theertham. This matter cannot in my opinion be regarded as a determination of any rights of subjects. The rights of subjects referred to in the rule are rights which can be legally enforced and not mere honours or precedence claimed or recognized as a matter of courtesy or usage. It is not seriously disputed that the right to obtain the theertham or honours in a particular order of precedence is not a civil right which can be enforced or declared in a Civil Court." After citing the observations in Sriman Sadagopa vs Kristna Tatachariyar (1)	 the learned Judge observed: "Indeed the rule that Civil Courts cannot take cognizance of claims to mere honours or privileges of the nature referred to above has been unquestioned for many years and every attempt to evade that rule has met with failure." The observations of the learned Judge are rather wide	 for	 as the earlier decisions show	 though a suit for privileges or honours per se may not lie in a Civil Court	 if they are annexed to an office	 they can be agitated therein. This judgment was taken in appeal to a division bench of the High Court	 consisting of Leach	 C. J.	 and Somayya	 J.	 who confirmed the same. They observed: "It is acknowledged that a question relating to the distribution of theertham or other temple honours cannot be made the subject matter of a suit as it is not a question which affects a legal right." The remarks we made in regard to the observations of Pandurang Row	 J.	 would equally apply to these observations. They do not represent the entire law on the subject	 but only a part of it. (1) 525 It is not necessary to refer to further citations	 for the decisions already cited lay down the relevant principles of law clearly. For convenience of reference we may summarize the law on the subject thus: (1) A suit for a declaration of religious honours and privileges simpliciter will not lie in a civil court. (2) But a suit to establish one 's right to an office in a temple	 and to honours and privileges attached to the said office as its remuneration or perquisites	 is maintainable in a civil court. (3) The essential condition for the existence of an office is that the holder of the alleged office shall be under a legal obligation to discharge the duties attached to the said office and for the non observance of which he may be visited with penalties. (4) So judged	 there cannot be an independent office of theerthakar	 for a theerthakar has no obligatory duties to perform; nor can there be an office of arulipad; the said word only connotes that the names of the theerthakars are called out by the archaka in a certain order. (5) Even if theertham is given or other honours are shown in a particular order to a person holding an office	 it does not necessarily follow that the said honours are part of the remuneration attached to the office; but it is a question of fact to be ascertained on the evidence whether the said honours are attached to the office as part of its per quisites in the sense that they have become an integral part of the ritual to be performed by the recipient as the office holder or are only shown to him as a mark of respect on the occasion of his visit to the temple. Having regard to the said principles	 lot us now look at the contentions raised in this case. The first submission of learned counsel for the appellant is that	 in view of the said principles	 the suit should have been dismissed in limine on the basis of the allegations in the plaint. In paragraph 4 of the plaint in O. section No. 45 of 1945	 the claim of the plaintiff to the office is stated thus: "The plaintiff is the present Emberumanar Jeer and as such the aradhanaikar and trustee of the said 67 526 Emberuraanar temple having been appointed and nominated by his predecessor Sri Sadagopa Ramanuja Jeer who died in 1930. " In paragraph 7 of the plaint	 his claim to the honours is stated thus: "In his capacity as holder of the office of aradhanaikar and trustee of the Emberumanar temple and as emoluments attached to the said office	 the Emberumanar Jeer is by immemorial usage and custom entitled to receive	 in the ghoshties that are formed before all the sannidhies in the Adhinathalwar temple on all occasions of each day on all the days of the year without exception	 the first theertham and other honours described in Schedule 1 below and the perquisites described in Schedule 11 below." In paragraph 9 it is further stated: "In his capacity as holder of the office of Aradhanalkar and trustee of Emberumanar temple and as emoluments attached to the said office the Emberumanar Jeer is entitled to receive on the 7th day of Vaikasi festival in the Athinathalwar temple	 in addition to and along with the honours and perquisites described in Schedules 1 and 11	 certain other honours such as the tying of the silk gear	 etc.	 more particularly described in Schedule III hereto. These are known as special honours while the honours described in Schedules I and II are known as ordinary honours." It is clear from the said allegations that the claim of the plaintiff to the ordinary and special honours in the Athinathalwar temple is based upon his capacity as office holder as Aradhanaikar and trustee of Emberu manar temple. There is no allegation that he is an officeholder in Athinathalwar temple. In the written statements filed by the defendants the claim of the plaintiff to the said honours is denied. In O.S. No. 46 of 1945 also the claim of the plaintiff to the honours is based upon the same allegations that are made in the plaint in O. section No. 45 of 1945. In the written statement filed by the defendants the said claim is denied. Indeed	 the original issues reflected 527 only the allegations found in the pleadings. If the courts had directed their minds to the pleadings	 as they should have done	 instead of traveling beyond them in search of some plausible basis to sustain the plaintiff 's claim the suits would have been dismissed for the simple reason that on the allegations in the plaint the plaintiff was not an office holder in the temple of Athinathalwar and	 therefore	 he ' could not claim the honours shown to him in the said temple as perquisites attached to his office; but unfortunately this was not done	 and we think that it is too late to dismiss the suit on that ground when all the parties adduced voluminous evidence on the alternative ground and took the decision of the courts. We shall	 therefore	 pro ceed to consider the case on the alternative basis on which the claim has been put forward on behalf of the plaintiff in the courts below. To appreciate the said basis	 it is necessary to re capitulate the relevant facts. Originally	 the District Munsif dismissed the suit O. section No. 320 of 1933 (0. section No. 45 of 1945 on the file of the Court of the Subordinate Judge	 Tuticorin) on the ground that the plaintiff has no legal right in respect of which he could seek relief in a civil court. But on appeal the learned Subordinate Judge set aside the decree and remanded the suit for trial. In paragraph 18 of his judgment	 the learned Subordinate Judge stated: "In view of the above authorities I am of opinion that when the present plaintiff has come to Court with a specific case set out in paragraphs 7 and 9 of his plaint that his right of precedence to receive theertham	 thulasi	 satari	 prasadam and other per quisites forms part of the emoluments of his office of aradanaikar in the suit temple	 the suit cannot be dismissed on the preliminary ground that it is barred under Section 9	 Civil Procedure Code. There is an obvious mistake in this statement	 for in the paragraphs mentioned therein it is not alleged that the plaintiff has an office in the Athinathalwar temple." Presumably this mistake lead the learned Judge to come to the conclusion which he did. On appeal	 in the High Court it was pointed out to the court that 528 temple. But Chandrasekara Aiyar	 J.	 for the first time	 allowed the plaintiff to make out a new case. The learned Judge stated the said case in the following words: "One view to take up in this case is what was adopted by the District Munsif	 namely	 that as the plaintiff admittedly holds no office in the Athinathalwar temple he cannot claim these honours. The other view which found favour with the Subordinate Judge is that owing to the alleged associations of the two temples	 their interlinking and their interdependence	 the Aradanaikar and trustee of the Emberumanar temple might claim to be regarded as an office holder in the Athinathalwar temple." The learned Judge did not decide the point	 but he observed: "But the idea of two temples or Mutts	 of equal rank and co ordinate and independent authority or where one is the primary institution and the other its subsidiary or adjunct being linked together for certain purposes of worship and observance of rituals cannot be said to be entirely foreign to Hindu notions." He concluded thus: "Of course	 before he can succeed in the suit	 the plaintiff has to make out that he being the Aradanaikar and trustee of the Emberumanar temple amounts to his holding an office in the suit temple." The question whether the origin of this new case is found in the judgment of the Subordinate Judge or that of Chandrasekara Aiyar	 J.	 need not detain us. This is a new case not disclosed in the plaint; but after remand both the parties directed their attention to this question and adduced all the relevant evidence pertaining thereto. On remand	 the learned Subordinate Judge in an elaborate judgment considered the said aspect of the case. He considered the evidence under three heads	 namely	 (i) historical	 (ii) administrative	 and (iii) financial. On the first head after considering the origin of the two temples	 the learned Judge came to the 529 conclusion that the idea that the Emberumanar temple was historically connected with Athinathalwar temple could not be "poopoohed". Under the administrative head	 he found that till 1926 Emberumanar temple was merely a sub shrine attached to the bigger Athinathalwar temple	 and the trustees of the latter temple were exercising administrative control over it as such. Coming then to the financial side	 he found that there was sufficient evidence to justify the inference that the two were intimately connected even financially. Passing on to the question of ceremonial and religious association between these two temples	 the learned Judge found that there was similarity in the mode of routine and day to day worship in the two temples; but there was no interlinking or interdependence between them in that matter. Then the learned Subordinate Judge pointed out that notwithstanding that there was no interlinking and interdependence in that matter	 they were so intimately associated with each other in other religious rites and ceremonies as to lead to the inference that the Emberumanar temple was after all only a sub shrine attached to the main temple of Athinathalwar. Then he pointed out that the question in the said form was not before Chandrasekara Aiyar	 J.	 but thought that it was open to him to go into the said question. After going into the evidence	 he finally came to the conclusion that apart from historical and secular association	 there had been also ceremonial and religious association between the two temples and	 therefore	 the Emberumanar temple was nothing but a sub shrine attached to the main temple of Athinathalwar. On that finding he further held that the plaintiff who was admittedly the aradhanaikar of the said temple was virtually an office holder in the main temple. In the appeals filed by the various parties against the decrees of the learned Subordinate Judge	 the learned District Judge of Tirunelveli reviewed the evidence once again under the said three heads and came to a contrary conclusion. On the administrative side he found that the Emberumanar temple was not subordinate to the 530 temple of Athinathalwar	 in the sense that the authorities of the latter temple could give orders to the authorities of the Emberumanar temple	 that is	 the former was not subordinate to the latter temple administratively. On the financial side	 he was equally emphatic that the two institutions were not interdependent. On the religious or ritual aspect	 the learned District Judge held that	 as both the institutions were constructed in the same place	 there must have been some connection between the two and in that sense in a general way the Emberumanar temple might be described as a sub shrine. On the said facts	 the learned Judge posed the following question for his consideration: "What is the inference to be derived? On the evidence	 he answered the question thus: "I hold on the evidence that these institutions are not interdependent or intimately connected in such a way that an office holder of Emberumanar temple is necessarily an office holder of the Athi nathalwar temple. I hold therefore that the plaintiff is not an office holder of the Athinathalwar temple and therefore he is not entitled to file a suit with regard to his rights of precedence in being given theertham." This finding is certainly a finding of fact based upon the entire evidence in the case. In the second appeal	 the learned Judge of the High Court	 on a review of the evidence	 disagreed with the learned District Judge and accepted the finding of the learned Subordinate Judge	 and held	 for similar reasons	 that the plaintiff was virtually an office holder in the main temple; he further held that the plaintiff could also be considered to be the holder of the office of arulipad and	 in that capacity also he was entitled to the first theertham and other honours. The first question is one of fact. The learned District Judge	 though he differed from the Subordinate Judge	 held	 on a consideration of the entire evidence that the plaintiff was not an office holder in the Athinathalwar temple. It has now been well settled that the High Court has no jurisdiction to entertain a second appeal on the ground of erroneous finding of 531 fact however gross the error may seem to be. The judgment of the learned Judge does not disclose that there are any permissible grounds for interference with the finding of the District Judge. The second ground of decision of the High Court is based upon a case that was raised for the first time before it. Nowhere in the plaints or before the two subordinate courts the plaintiff attempted to sustain his claim on his being the holder of the office of arulipad. The High Court	 therefore	 was not justified in allowing the plaintiff to set out any such claim for the first time in the second appeal. That apart	 it does not appear that there is an office called arulipad. A division bench of the Madras High Court in Vathiar Venkatachariar vs P. Ponnappa Ayyengar (1) had an occasion to define the word "arulipad". There	 a claim was made to the office of Theerthakar. On the evidence it was held that the plaintiffs had not made out the existence of any obligatory duty on the part of Theerthakar in the temple. In that context Krishnan	 J.	 observed thus: ". . . the Theerthakars have special places allotted to them in the temple	 to stand and recite and they are given the honour of Thertham and Prasadam	 before the outsiders get them; and they have what is called an "Arulipad"	 that is	 their names are called out by the Archaka in a certain order	 when	 if present	 they have to respond by saying 'Nayinde '	 meaning 'I am here '." It is	 therefore	 clear that there is no office designated as " arulipad"	 but that word only describes the duty of the archaka to call their names to ascertain whether the theerthakars are present in the ghoshti. There is no evidence in this case that the plaintiff	 as a theerthakar	 has any obligatory duty in the Athinathalwar temple to perform and	 therefore	 it is not possible to treat him as an office holder in that capacity in the said temple. This leads us to the argument of the counsel for the respondent that	 though it cannot be said that the Emberumanar temple is a part or a subordinate of the Athinathalwar temple in the sense that all the (1) 532 office holders of the former are the office holders of the latter	 there is sufficient ritual connection between the two which in the consciousness of the religious public is treated as sufficiently intimate to make the one subordinate to the other. This intimate religious connection	 the argument proceeds	 flows from the historical	 administrative and financial ties	 however loose they may be	 that have existed for over a century between the said two temples. This argument may have some validity in a theological discussion or an ecclesiastical court	 but cannot obviously be accepted in a civil court. Krishnaswami Nayudu	 J.	 sum marizes the facts in his judgment which	 in his view	 support the conclusion that the Emberumanar Jeer was virtually an office holder in the Athinathalwar temple. As the correctness of the said facts is not questioned before us	 it will be convenient to extract them in the words of the learned Judge: "In all Vaishnavite temples	 the Alwars and the Acharyas take a prominent place in the religious ceremonies and observances of the temple. An attempt was made to show that there has been an interlinking and interdependence of the ritual and ceremonies between these two temples	 but	 as rightly found by the learned Subordinate Judge	 in the matter of routine and day to day worship and rituals such interlinking and interdependence have not been satisfactorily made out. The rituals or the manner of performing divine service are uniform in every Vaishnavite temple. But	 as found by the learned Subordinate Judge	 though a ritual in the main temple is not dependent upon the ritual in the sub shrine	 the Emberumanar deity being an Acharya is intimately associated with the deity in the main temple in all the important festivals	 the most important of which are the Margali and Vaikasi festivals and other religious ceremonies. There are several Mandagapadis for the Athinatha Alwar in the Emberumanar temple. There is Sethu Thirumanjam for the Athinatha Alwar and Embe rumanar deities on three occasions	 two of them in the Emberumanar temple and one in the main 533 temple. Then there is what is called Alwar Sayanam which has to take place on the 10th day of the Margali festival and which is performed in the main temple. There are several other similar religious observances	 where the two deities meet and certain rituals and religious ceremonies are gone through. The daily ritual in a Vaishnavite temple is a routine matter and on occasions	 for instance	 in the months of Margali and Vaikasi and on other festival days	 there is necessity for the Alwars and the Acharyas to meet the main deity and ceremonies suitable to the occasions are performed. It is not possible to imagine a temple where God Vishnu is installed without the presence of the Alwars and Acharyas. Alwars and Acharyas are devotees of God Vishnu who have received divine recognition in their lives and the festivals in relation to them depict incidents of such manifestation of divine grace to his devotees. It may also be mentioned that the installation of each Emberumanar Jeer		 who it may be stated is a Sanyasi	 is in the Athinatha Alwar temple under its Dwajasthamba	 the flag staff	 and the declaration of the status of the succeeding Jeer is made only ill the presence of the deity of the main temple. " We may also add to the said facts that at one time the share of tasdik allowance to the Emberumanar temple was paid through the trustee of Athinathalwar temple and there was also an occasion when a trustee of the Emberumanar temple was dismissed by the trustee of the Athinathalwar temple. On the other hand	 both the temples are under different managements	 they have their separate officeholders	 distinct rituals	 different budgets	 and separate endowments; and in the year 1926 on an application filed by the Emberumanar Jeer	 the Religious Endowments Board declared the temple as an excepted temple indicating thereby that the Emberumanar temple was a separate legal entity and that the said Jeer was its hereditary trustee. only question	 therefore	 is whether the said facts enable a court to 68 534 hold that one temple is subordinate or part of the other temple	 so that the office holders of one temple would become the office holders of the other. The facts clearly establish that in fact and in law the two institutions are different legal entities. In the past	 the trustees of Athinathalwar temple might have disbursed tasdik allowances contributed by the Government to the various temples	 including the Emberumanar temple	 but it is well known that for convenience of administration the services of the trustees of a larger temple were very often utilized by the Government in that regard; it might have been that sometimes the amounts payable to the smaller temples were allowed to lapse	 but there is nothing on the record to show that it was not out of negligence of the trustees of the minor shrines in not making any pressing demands on the trustees of Athinathalwar temple; it might also have been that the trustee of the bigger temple	 in his supervisory capacity	 dismissed once in a way the trustee of a smaller shrine in the locality	 but that could be explained by the paramount position of the trustee of the bigger temple in the locality compared to that of the minor temples. These and such acts may show that the trustee of the Athinathalwar temple had exercised similar supervisory control in the past over the minor temples; but that in itself does not make the trustee of the temple of Emberumanar an office holder in the bigger temple. It is well known that in the past the temples were under the supervision of the Revenue Board and later on under various temple committees. It cannot be suggested that on that account. the trustees of the minor temples were officers in the Revenue Board or the temple committees	 as the case may be. We cannot also appreciate how the mutual visits of the idols to the other 's temple and the honours shown to the idols on such visits could have any bearing on the question to be decided	 though they reflect the intimate relationship that exists between the Lord and his ardent devotee Ramanuja in the public consciousness. But such cordial relationship existing between two independent temples cannot in the eye of law make the 535 one a part of the other. Two independent institutions legally cannot	 except in the manner known to law	 be amalgamated into one institution by developing merely sentimental attachment between them. This argument was rightly rejected by the learned District Judge	 and the High Court went wrong in accepting it. Before we close we must make it clear that by this judgment we have not in any way intended to express our view in the matter of honours that are customarily shown to one or other of the parties in these appeals in the temple of Athinathalwar. In the result we hold	 agreeing with the District Judge	 that the suits were not maintainable in the civil court. The appeals are	 therefore	 allowed with costs throughout. Appeals allowed.

Summary:
The respondent as the aradanaikar and trustee of the Emberumanar temple	 dedicated to Sri Ramanujacharya	 which was one of the group of temples built around the main temple of Athinathalwar in the Tirunelveli District	 brought the two suits	 out of which present appeals arose	 for declaration of his right to the first theertham and other honours and perquisites in precedence over all other worshippers in the temple of Athinathalwar and his case was that he was entitled to them by virtue of his office in the Emberumanar temple. The matters came up to the High Court. There was a remand order and the Subordinate Judge who tried the suits thereafter held that the Emberumanar temple was a sub shrine attached to the main temple and as such the plaintiff was virtually an office holder in the main temple and the precedence claimed by him was attached to that office as part of the remuneration and decreed the suits. On appeal the District judge	 on a review of the entire evidence	 set aside the findings arrived at by the trial court and dismissed the suits as not maintainable. The appeals to the High Court were heard by a single judge who	 on a reconsideration of the evidence	 reversed the findings of the District judge and affirmed those of the Subordinate judge and decreed the suits. It was	 further	 held by the High Court that	 as one of the theerthakars	 the appellant could be considered to be the holder of the office of arulipad in the main temple. Held	 that although it was not permissible under section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure for a civil Court to entertain a suit for a declaration of religious honours and privileges simpliciter	 it could entertain a suit to establish one 's right to an office in a temple and to the honours and privileges attached to such office as its remuneration or perquisites. But the essential condition for the existence of an office was that its holder must be under a legal obligation to discharge the duties attached to it and be liable to penalty on failure to do so. So judged	 there could neither be an independent office of theerthakar	 for he had no obligatory duties to perform	 nor that of an arulipad	 since that word only connoted that the names of theerthakays were called out by the archaka in a particular order. 65 510 The question whether first theertham or any other honours shown to a person were merely as a mark of respect on the occasion of his visit to the temple	 or were part of the remunera tion attached to his office	 must in every case be decided on evidence and in the latter case such honours must be shown to have formed an integral part of the ritual to be performed by the recipient as the holder of the office. Athan Sadagopachariar Swamigal vs Elayavalli Srinivasa chariar	 	 approved. Striman Sadagopa vs Krishna Tatachariyar	 (1863) 1 M.H.C.R. 301	 Sri Rungachariar vs Rungasami Buttachar	 (1909) I.L.R. and Vathiar Venkatachariar vs P. Ponappa Ayyangar	 	 referred to. Sri Emberumanar jeer Swamigal vs The Board of Commissioners for Hindu Religious Endowments	 Madras	 (1936) 71 M.L.J. 588	 considered. Held	 further	 that it was well settled that the High Court bad no jurisdiction to entertain a second appeal on the ground of erroneous finding of fact	 however gross the error might seem to be. In the instant case	 the High Court was clearly in error in reversing the finding of the District judge	 which was one of fact	 that the Emberumanar temple was neither subordinate to	 nore part of the Athinathalwar temple and no office holder of the former could	 therefore	 become an office holder of the latter.