local p = {}  p.upper = function(frame) 	local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") 	return string.upper(s) end  p.lower = function(frame) 	local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") 	return string.lower(s) end  p.sentence = function (frame ) 	frame.args[1] = string.lower(frame.args[1]) 	return p.ucfirst(frame) end  p.ucfirst = function (frame ) 	local s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) 	local s1 = "" 	-- if it's a list chop off and (store as s1) everything up to the first  	local lipos = string.find(s, "" ) 	if lipos then 		s1 = string.sub(s, 1, lipos + 3) 		s = string.sub(s, lipos + 4) 	end 	-- s1 is either "" or the first part of the list markup, so we can continue 	-- and prepend s1 to the returned string 	local letterpos 	if string.find(s, "^%[%]+|[^%+%]%]") then 		-- this is a piped wikilink, so we capitalise the text, not the pipe 		local _ 		_, letterpos = string.find(s, "|%A*%a") -- find the first letter after the pipe 	else 		letterpos = string.find(s, '%a') 	end 	if letterpos then 		local first = string.sub(s, 1, letterpos - 1) 		local letter = string.sub(s, letterpos, letterpos) 		local rest = string.sub(s, letterpos + 1) 		return s1 .. first .. string.upper(letter) .. rest 	else 		return s1 .. s 	end end  p.title = function (frame ) 	-- http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/capitalization/rules-for-capitalization-in-titles.html 	-- recommended by The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual: 	-- "Capitalize all words in titles of publications and documents, 	-- except a, an, the, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up, and, as, but, or, and nor." 	local alwayslower = {['a'] = 1, ['an'] = 1, ['the'] = 1, 		['and'] = 1, ['but'] = 1, ['or'] = 1, ['for'] = 1, 		['nor'] = 1, ['on'] = 1, ['in'] = 1, ['at'] = 1, ['to'] = 1, 		['from'] = 1, ['by'] = 1, ['of'] = 1, ['up'] = 1 } 	local res = 	local s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) 	local words = mw.text.split( s, " ") 	for i, s in ipairs(words) do 		s = string.lower( s ) 		if( i > 1 and alwayslower[s] == 1) then 			-- leave in lowercase 		else 			s = mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(s) 		end 		words[i] = s 	end 	return table.concat(words, " ") end  -- stripZeros finds the first number and strips leading zeros (apart from units) -- e.g "0940" -> "940"; "Year: 0023" -> "Year: 23"; "00.12" -> "0.12" p.stripZeros = function(frame) 	local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") 	local n = tonumber( string.match( s, "%d+" ) ) or "" 	s = string.gsub( s, "%d+", n, 1 ) 	return s end  -- nowiki ensures that a string of text is treated by the MediaWiki software as just a string -- it takes an unnamed parameter and trims whitespace, then removes any wikicode p.nowiki = function(frame) 	local str = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") 	return mw.text.nowiki(str) end  -- posnq (position, no quotes) returns the numerical start position of the first occurrence -- of one piece of text ("match") inside another ("str"). -- It returns nil if no match is found, or if either parameter is blank. -- It takes the text to be searched in as the first unnamed parameter, which is trimmed. -- It takes the text to match as the second unnamed parameter, which is trimmed and -- any double quotes " are stripped out. p.posnq = function(frame) 	local str = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") 	local match = mw.text.trim(frame.args[2] or ""):gsub('"', ) 	if  str == "" or match == "" then return nil end 	-- just take the start position 	local pos = str:find(match, 1, true) 	return pos end  -- split splits text at boundaries specified by separator -- and returns the chunk for the index idx (starting at 1) -- #invoke:String2 |split |text |separator |index |true/false -- #invoke:String2 |split |txt=text |sep=separator |idx=index |plain=true/false -- if plain is false/no/0 then separator is treated as a Lua pattern - defaults to plain=true p.split = function(frame) 	local args = frame.args 	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end 	local txt = args[1] or args.txt or "" 	if txt == "" then return nil end 	local sep = (args[2] or args.sep or ""):gsub('"', '') 	local idx = tonumber(args[3] or args.idx) or 1 	local plain = (args[4] or args.plain or "true"):sub(1,1) 	plain = (plain ~= "f" and plain ~= "n" and plain ~= "0") 	local splittbl = mw.text.split( txt, sep, plain ) 	if idx < 0 then idx = #splittbl + idx + 1 end 	return splittbl[idx] end  -- val2percent scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each number it finds into a percentage and returns the resultant string. p.val2percent = function(frame) 	local args = frame.args 	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end 	local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "") 	if txt == "" then return nil end 	local function v2p (x) 		x = (tonumber(x) or 0) * 100 		if x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end 		return x .. "%" 	end 	txt = txt:gsub("%d[%d%.]*", v2p) -- store just the string 	return txt end  return p