Citation templates are used to format citations in a consistent way, as an alternative to formatting the citations by hand. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. Because templates can be contentious, editors should not add citation templates, or change an article with a consistent citation format to another, without gaining consensus; see WP:CITECONSENSUS and WP:CITEVAR. The various citation templates below may be freely mixed, since they all produce a similar format.  পাদটীকার ব্যবহার  For a citation to appear in a footnote, it needs to be enclosed in "ref" tags. You can add these by typing  at the front of the citation and  at the end. Alternatively you may notice above the edit box there is a row of "markup" formatting buttons which include a <ref></ref> button to the right—if you highlight your whole citation and then click this markup button, it will automatically enclose your citation in ref tags (i.e. citation).  Note, if this is a new page or if there are not already references previously cited, it is necessary to create a section usually named "Notes" or "References" near the end of the page; see WP:FNNR and MOS:APPENDIX for more information on section names:  or  একাধিক বার একই পাদটীকা ব্যবহার  Optionally, one may add the name attribute by using . Thereafter, the same footnote may be used multiple times by adding . Note that named references begin with <ref instead of the usual .  একই উৎস থেকে একাধিক পাতার ব্যবহার  When an article cites many different pages from the same source, most Wikipedia editors have chosen to use shortened footnotes (see ). An alternative method is to use the template .  Creating links to citations Wikilinks to citation templates can be created using the templates , , , , etc. For example this "" links to a citation template below. This is of particular interest for inline citations using parenthetical referencing or when using shortened footnotes.In contrast to parenthetical referencing or shortened footnotes, citations using the footnote system don't require wikilinks of course, as the inline citations in this method simply appear as numbers within the text, linking to a list of full citations (and notes) at the end of the article (like this). (See the examples below or wikilinks to full references)  Using commas rather than periods  creates a citation in the same format as most of the  templates, except that the periods are replaced with commas and there is no final period. A complete list of templates that are mimicked by  can be found at . The parameters   (available for most templates) can also be used to affect the punctuation.  উদাহরণ  Below are examples of how to use various templates to cite a book, encyclopedia, journal, website, comic strip, video and editorial comics, etc.  For full description of a template and the parameters which can be used with it—click the template name (e.g.  or ) in the "template (required)" column of the table below.  Required field(s) are indicated in bold  Copy and paste the text under "common usage" to use the template.  Following each example is the resulting article text.  For a list of tools that can help create some of the templates below, see: Wikipedia:Citation tools.  Citations are commonly embedded in reference templates. For more information, see: Wikipedia:Footnotes.   source template(required) common usage Example 1article text Example 2article text book title{{cite book  | last =  | first =  | authorlink =  | title =  | publisher =  | series =  | volume =  | edition =  | date =  | location =  | pages =  | language =  | url =  | doi =  | id =  | isbn =  | mr =  | zbl =  | jfm = }}{{cite book  | last = Mumford  | first = David  | authorlink = David Mumford  | title = The Red Book of V...  | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]  | series = Lecture Notes ...  | volume = 1358  | edition = 2nd expanded  | location = Berlin  | date = 1999  | page = 198  | doi = 10.1007/b62130  | isbn = 354063293X  | mr = 1748380  | zbl = 0945.14001 }}{{cite book  | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R.  | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb  | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan  | title = [[Manual of the Planes]]  | location = Berlin  | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]  | year= 2001  | pages = 198–203  | month = September  | isbn = 0-7869-1850-8 }} {{Citation  | last =  | first =  | author-link =  | last2 =  | first2 =  | author2-link =  | title =  | place =  | publisher =  | series =  | volume =  | origyear =  | year =  | month=  | edition =  | chapter =  | chapterurl =  | page =  | pages =  | language =  | url =  | archiveurl =  | archivedate =  | doi =  | id =  | isbn =  | mr =  | zbl =  | jfm = }}{{Citation  | first = David | last = Mu...  | author-link = David Mumfo...  | title = The Red Book of V...  | place = Berlin  | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]  | series = Lecture Notes ...  | volume = 1358  | edition = 2nd expanded  | year = 1999  | page = 198  | doi = 10.1007/b62130  | isbn = 354063293X  | mr = 1748380  | zbl = 0945.14001 }}{{Citation  | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R.  | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff  | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David  | title = [[Manual of the Planes]]  | place = Berlin  | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]  |pages = 198–203  | date = September 2001  | year = 2001  | isbn = 0-7869-1850-8 }} journalpaperthesisdissertation Title{{cite journal  | last =  | first =  | authorlink =  | coauthors =  | title =  | journal =  | volume =  | issue =  | pages =  | publisher =  | location =  | date =  | language =  | url =  | jstor =  | issn =  | doi =  | id =  | mr =  | zbl =  | jfm =  | accessdate = }}{{cite journal  | authorlink = Stephen Brey...  | title = Copyright: A Rejo...  | journal = UCLA Law Review  | volume = 20  | pages = 75–83  | date = October 1972 }}{{cite journal  | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H.  | author1-link = David H. Bailey  | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter  | author2-link = Peter Borwein  | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M.  | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein  | title = The Quest for Pi  | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer  | volume = 19  | issue = 1  | pages = 50–57  | publisher = Springer-Verlag  | location = Berlin  | date = 25 June 1997  | year = 1997  | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/...  | issn =0343-6993  | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340  | mr = 1439159  | zbl = 0878.11002 }} journal (or periodical){{Citation  | last =  | first =  | author-link =  | last2 =  | first2 =  | author2-link =  | title =  | journal =  | volume =  | issue =  | pages =  | date =  | origyear =  | year =  | month =  | language =  | url =  | jstor =  | archiveurl =  | archivedate =  | doi =  | id =  | mr =  | zbl =  | jfm = }}{{Citation  | last = Breyer  | first = Stephen  | author-link = Stephen Bre...  | title = Copyright: A Rejo...  | journal = UCLA Law Review  | volume = 20  | pages = 75–83  | date = October 1972  | year = 1972 }}{{Citation  | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H.  | author1-link = David H. Bailey  | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter  | author2-link = Peter Borwein  | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M.  | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein  | title = The Quest for Pi  | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer  | volume = 19  | issue = 1  | pages = 50–57  | publisher = Springer-Verlag  | location = Berlin  | date = 25 June 1997  | year = 1997  | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/...  | issn =0343-6993  | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340  | mr = 1439159  | zbl = 0878.11002 }} website titleurl{{cite web  | last =  | first =  | authorlink =  | coauthors =  | title =  | work =  | publisher =  | date =  | url =  | format =  | doi =  | accessdate = }}{{cite web  | last = Spiegel  | first = Rachel  | title = Research: Thalido...  | url=http://science-educat...  | accessdate = 30 April 2006 }}  {{cite web | title = | url = | date = | accessdate = }} (Write date as one of the formats shown at MOS:DATE; e.g.  or .){{cite web  | last = Hansen  | first = James E.  | authorlink = James E. Hansen  | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R.  | last3 = Sato | first3 = M.  | last4 = Lo | first4 = K.  | title = GISS Surface Temperature An...  | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for... | date = December 15, 2005  | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis...  | accessdate = September 28, 2006 }} titleurl{{Citation  | last =  | first =  | author-link =  | last2 =  | first2 =  | author2-link =  | title =  | date =  | year =  | url =  | accessdate = }}{{Citation  | last = Spiegel  | first = Rachel  | title = Research: Thalido...  | url=http://science-educat...  | accessdate = 30 April 2006 }}{{Citation  | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E.  | author1-link = James Hansen  | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R.  | last3 = Sato | first3 = M.  | last4 = Lo | first4 = K.  | title = GISS Surface Temperature An...  | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for ... | date = December 15, 2005  | year = 2005  | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis...  | accessdate = September 28, 2006 }}comic Notes on :  This template allows for a cartoonist field to be used instead of the individual fields if there is a sole creator, as in Bone, or an artist field if the penciller and inker is the same person.  The style of this template is based on Allen Ellis' Comic Art in Scholarly Writing: A Citation Guide, 1999.  See the talk page for more details and field explanations.{{cite comic  | writer=  | penciller=  | inker=  | story=  | title=  | volume=  | issue=  | date=  | publisher=  | page=  | panel= }}{{cite comic | writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]] | penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]] | inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]] | story=The Fantastic Four! | title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]] | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=November, 1961 | publisher=[[Marvel Comics]] | page=3 | panel=2 }}comic strip Notes on   The style of this template is based on Allen Ellis' Comic Art in Scholarly Writing: A Citation Guide, 1999.  See the talk page for more details and field explanations.{{comic strip reference  | cartoonist=  | strip=  | paper=  | location=  | date=  | supplement=  | syndicate=  | page= }}{{comic strip reference  | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]]  | strip=[[Steve Canyon]]  | paper=Journal Herald  | location=Dayton, OH  | date=July 15, 1967  | supplement=Color Comics Supplement  | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate  | page=1 }} conferencereportor paper titlebooktitle{{cite conference  | first =  | last =  | authorlink =  | coauthors =  | title =  | booktitle =  | pages =  | publisher =  | date =  | location =  | url =  | doi =  | id =  | accessdate = }}{{cite conference  | first = M.  | last = Turk  | coauthors = Pentland, A.  | title = Face recognition ...  | booktitle = Proc IEEE Con...  | place = Maui, Hawaii  | pages = 586–591  | year = 1991 }}{{cite conference  | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R.  | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G.  | last3 = Bond | first3 = H.  | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M.  | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E.  | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D.  | title = Direct detection of the ...  | booktitle = American Astronomical Society 207th ...  | publisher = AAS  | date = January 9, 2006  | url = http://www.aas.org/ ... 30.htm }} {{Citation  | first =  | last =  | author-link =  | first2 =  | last2 =  | author2-link =  | editor-last =  | editor-first =  | editor2-last =  | editor2-first =  | contribution =  | contribution-url =  | series =  | year =  | pages =  | place =  | publisher =  | url =  | doi =  | id = }}{{Citation  | last1 = Turk | first1 = M.  | last2 = Pet... | first2 = A.  | contribution = Face recog...  | series = Proc IEEE Confere...  | place = Maui, Hawaii  | pages = 586–591  | year = 1991 }}{{Citation  | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R.  | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G.  | last3 = Bond | first3 = H.  | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M.  | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E.  | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D.  | contribution = Direct detection of ...  | series = American Astronomical...  | publisher = AAS  | date = January 9, 2006  | contribution-url = http://...30.htm }} court case (legal decision) {{cite court}}{{cite court  |litigants =  |vol =  |reporter =  |opinion =  |pinpoint =  |court =  |date =  |url= }}{{cite court  |litigants=Roe v. Wade  |vol=410  |reporter=U.S.  |opinion=113  |date=1973  |url=http://www.law.corn... }} encyclopedia,edited collection Titleencyclopedia{{cite encyclopedia  | title =  | encyclopedia =  | volume =  | pages =  | publisher =  | date =  | id =  | accessdate = }}{{cite encyclopedia  | title = Kirkegaard...  | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Pri...  | editor-last = Winkler Pri...  | editor-first = Anthony  | editor-link = Anthony Win...  | volume = 9  | publisher = Elsevier  | year = 1882 }}{{cite encyclopedia  | last = Kramer  | first = Martin  | authorlink = Martin Kramer  | editor-last = Boyd  | editor-first = Kelley  | title = Bernard Lewis  | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Hist...  | volume = 1  | pages = 719–720  | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn  | location = London  | date = 1999  | url = http://www.oocities.com/mart... }} contribution=name of article{{Citation  | last =  | first =  | contribution =  | year =  | title =  | editor-last =  | editor-first =  | volume =  | pages =  | place =  | publisher =  | id = }}{{Citation  | contribution = Kirkegaard...  | title = Grote Winkler Pri...  | editor-last = Winkler Pri...  | editor-first = Anthony  | editor-link = Anthony Win...  | volume = 9  | publisher = Elsevier  | year = 1882 }}{{Citation  | last = Kramer  | first = Martin  | author-link = Martin Kramer  | contribution = Bernard Lewis  | editor-last = Boyd  | editor-first = Kelley  | title = Encyclopedia of Historians ...  | volume = 1  | pages = 719–720  | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn  | place = London  | year = 1999  | contribution-url = http://...is.htm }} episode(television or radio) title{{cite episode | title = | episodelink = | url = | series = | serieslink = | credits = | network = | station = | city = | airdate = | began = | ended = | season = | seriesno = | number = | minutes = | transcript = | transcripturl= }}{{cite episode | title = BBC-TV Presents: ... | episodelink = BBC Snooker World ... | series = Wide World of Snooker | serieslink = Wide World of Snooker ... | credits = Presenters: [[Dennis ... | network = [[BBC]] | station = [[BBC Two]] | city = [[Sheffield]], ... | airdate = 2008-04-27 | minutes = 2:34}}{{cite episode  | title = Duet  | episodelink = Duet (Stargate Atlant...  | series = Stargate Atlantis  | serieslink = Stargate Atlantis  | airdate = August 5, 2005  | season = 2  | number = 4 }}mailing list titleurl{{cite mailing list  | last =  | first =  | authorlink =  | title =  | mailinglist =  | date =  | url =  | accessdate = }}{{cite mailing list  |last=Murdock  |first=Ian  |authorlink=Ian Murdock  |title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9...  |mailinglist=debian-announce  |date=26 October 1995  |url=http://lists.debian.or...  |accessdate=20 April 2007 }}map publishertitleedition{{cite map  |publisher =  |title =  |url =  |edition =  |section =  |accessdate = }}{{cite map  |publisher=Kansas Departmen...  |title=Official State Trans...  |url=http://www.ksdot.org/b...  |edition=2005–2006  |section=F9  |accessdate=March 30, 2007 }}{{cite map  |publisher=Skelly Oil Company  |title=Highway Map of Oklahoma  |cartography=Diversified Map Co  |edition=1966  |section=11C }} news article Title{{cite news  | last =  | first =  | coauthors =  | title =  | newspaper =  | location =  | pages =  | language =  | publisher =  | date =  | url =  | accessdate = }}{{cite news  | last = Finn  | first = Gary  | title = What a growing lad needs is ...  | pages =  | newspaper = The Independent  | location = London  | date = 31 August 1998  | url = http://www.independent.co.uk ... }}{{cite news  | last = Andersen  | first = David  | coauthors = Witter, Lameen  | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO...  | work = Marine Corps News  | date = 17 February 2006  | url = http://www.military.com/Caree...  | accessdate = 6 June 2006 }} newspaper (or magazine, journal, periodical){{Citation  | last =  | first =  | author-link =  | last2 =  | first2 =  | author2-link =  | title =  | newspaper =  | pages =  | year =  | date =  | url =  | archiveurl =  | archivedate =  | accessdate = }}{{Citation  | last = Finn  | first = Gary  | title = What a growing lad needs is ...  | pages =  | newspaper = The Independent  | location = London  | date = 31 August 1998  | url =http://www.independent.co.uk ...  | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation ...  | archivedate = 2010-03-06 }}{{Citation  | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David  | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen  | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO...  | newspaper = Marine Corps News  | date = 17 February 2006  | year = 2006  | url = http://www.military.com/Ca...  | accessdate = 2 June 2006 }} newsgroupposting(DO NOTUSE TOVERIFY) Title{{cite newsgroup  | title =  | author =  | date =  | newsgroup =  | id =  | url =  | accessdate = }}{{cite newsgroup  | author = Gary S. Terhune  | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del...  | date = January 11, 2004  | newsgroup = microsoft.pub...  | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2...  | url = http://groups.googl...  | accessdate = May 16, 2006 }}{{cite newsgroup  | title = How can helping "Kids in Af...  | author = Trodel  | date = June 10, 2006  | newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob...  | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20...  | url = http://groups.google.com/grou...  | accessdate = July 3, 2006 }} patent inventor-last{{Citation  | inventor-last =  | inventor-first =  | inventorlink =  | inventor2-last =  | inventor2-first =  | inventorlink2 =  | publication-date =  | issue-date =  | title =  | country-code =  | description =  | patent-number = }}{{Citation  | inventor1-last = Degermark  | inventor1-first = Mikael  | inventor2-last = Brodnik  | inventor2-first = Andrej  | inventor3-last = Carlsson  | inventor3-first = Svante  | inventor4-last = Pink  | inventor4-first = Stephen  | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams  | issue-date = 2001  | patent-number = 6266706  | country-code = US}} press release Title{{cite press release  | title =  | publisher =  | date =  | url =  | accessdate = }}{{cite press release  | title = Nature compares W...  | publisher = The Wikimedia...  | date = 15 December 2005  | url = http://en.wikipedia...  | accessdate = 3 July 2006 }}{{cite press release  | title = HFPA Announces Timetable fo...  | publisher = [[Hollywood Foreign P...]]  | date = May 25, 2006  | url = http://www.hfpa.org/news/id/32  | accessdate = June 13, 2006 }} video(movie, television production, documentary, etc.) peopletitle{{cite video  | people =  | title =  | medium =  | publisher =  | location =  | date =  | url = }}{{cite video  | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director)  | title = [http://www.imdb...]  | medium = Television production  | publisher = Al-Issawi, Om...  | location = Lebanon  | date = 2001 }}{{cite video  | people = Dick Cavett  | title = The Dick Cavett Show — Rock...  | medium = DVD  | publisher = Shout Factory  | date = 2005 }}video game titledeveloper{{cite video game  | title =  | developer =  | publisher =  | date =  | platform =  | version =  | level =  | language =  | isolang =  | quote = }}{{cite video game  |title=[[Halo 3]]  |developer= [[Bungie]]  |publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]]  |date=September 25, 2007  |platform=[[Xbox 360]]  |version=1.0  |level=The Storm  |language=English  |isolang=  |quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? /...       হার্ভার্ড তথ্যসূত্র এবং সংক্ষিপ্ত পাদটীকা উদাহরণ  These templates automatically create a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. All the following templates are supported:  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  (an up-to-date list is at Template:Citation/core). To use the links, the template must define "Surname" (or "Last") and "Year" and must include    What to type What it makes Article text.{{sfn|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} (Shortened footnote template)  Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1879|p=289}} ==Notes== Article text.[1]  Article text.[2]   ^  ^ {{Harvard citation|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}  {{Harv|Smith|1879|p=289}}  {{Harvtxt|Turner|1851}} asserts that ... (author's name part of text)  {{Harvnb|Smith|1879}} (no brackets)  {{Harv|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}} (multi-author)      asserts that ...    Three Harvcol templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers.   {{Harvcol|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}   {{Harvcol|Smith|1879|p=289}}   {{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999}} asserts that ...   {{Harvcolnb|Smith|1879}}  {{Harvcolnb|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}Harvcol templates       asserts that ...      প্রকারভেদ Wikipedia does not dictate a particular way to insert citations into an article. As a result, there are multiple ways to structure citations in an article; multiple ways to insert individual citations; and multiple ways to link short-form inline citations with the full-form citations in the bibliography, when using a style that calls for short-form citations.  There are three primary ways to format individual citations:  By hand. When using inline citations (see below), these are simply typed directly; however, when using shortened footnotes or parenthetical references, these can be surrounded with  to ensure that the appropriate shortened references are linked to the full references below.  Using the  templates, such as , , , or .  Using the generic  template.  The main differences between the generic  template and the specific  templates are:  The  templates produce citations with individual sections (e.g. title, author, publisher, etc.) separated by periods, with a trailing period, while  separates sections with a comma and has no trailing punctuation. (However, this can be changed using the  and  parameters.)  Not all  templates can easily be replaced by the  template. Generally, any  template of a general nature (e.g. book; web site; journal or newspaper article; article in an edited collection or encyclopedia; etc.) can be replaced, but specialized templates (court cases, comic books, video games, etc.) cannot very easily.  Some of the parameter names differ. For example, citing an article in an edited collection uses the misnamed  template, with  for the article name and  for the collection name; the equivalent parameters in  are named  and , respectively.  When using parenthetical referencing, a Harv templates template that identifies a citation by author and year will automatically link to the appropriate citation elsewhere in the article if created using . If created using , however, a  parameter must be added.  There are also at least three ways to structure citations as a whole in an article:  Inline citations. These simply place the citation inside of a  reference, which inserts a small bracketed, superscripted number. When clicked on, it links to a correspondingly-numbered footnote (more properly an endnote) placed elsewhere in the article. The footnotes themselves are inserted using , which is typically placed by itself in a Notes (or References) section near the end of the article. When there are multiple references to the same citation, typing can be saved by using <ref name="foo">...</ref> the first time, and just <ref name="foo"/> elsewhere. When there are citations that differ only in page number, there are two alternatives: write all the citations out in full, including the page number, or use one citation without page numbers along with the  template to add an inline page number after the small bracketed footnote number.  Shortened footnotes. Instead of the full-form citation appearing in the footnote, a shortened form appears, giving only the author and year (or in some styles, a shortened version of the article or book title), and page number if appropriate. The full citation appears later on, in a bibliography section. This usually follows directly after the footnotes, is titled "References" or "Bibliography", and contains all relevant citations, listed in alphabetical order. This style is especially appropriate when there are large numbers of references overall and frequent cases of multiple references to the same work, especially in the presence of differing page numbers.  Parenthetical references. These are conceptually similar to shortened footnotes, but the shortened reference appears inline in the text, in parentheses, rather than in a footnote.  When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical references, there are multiple ways to link the shortened and full-form references:  Don't link them. This happens by default when the shortened references are typed in by hand.  Insert manual links. These look like e.g. [[#refPereira2006|Pereira 2006, p. 25]]. The anchor #refPereira2006 is attached to the full-form citation by surrounding it with  (if inserted by hand), or adding a  parameter to the citation template.  Insert links using a Harv templates template, e.g. {{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}. This will insert "" into the text and link it to the citation with the corresponding last name and year. As mentioned above, when using a  template, the parameter  must be added, but this is unnecessary for . When using parenthetical references, the plain  template is used, which automatically inserts parentheses. Other variations format the page number or parentheses differently.  Use the  template for the whole of the footnote. The  template creates its own named  tags:  is exactly equivalent to  which is itself equivalent to .  See also WP:Footnotes and WP:Citing sources for general information, and WP:CITEX for specific examples of exactly how to write the code for various combinations of the above styles.  নোট  বিষয়শ্রেণী:গ্রন্হপঞ্জির নথি বিন্যাসসমূহ বিষয়শ্রেণী:উইকিপিডিয়া কীভাবে করবেন  no:Wikipedia:Maler/Referanser og henvisninger