The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used. As with other citation templates, this template can be used either in a footnote (between  tags) or in a section that lists sources. This template uses the same Lua code as citation style 1 (CS1) templates with parameters to change the displayed format to citation style 2 (CS2).  If the correct parameters are used, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as  and , with one important exception: By default, this Citation template uses commas in places where the Cite templates use periods (full stops) by default; either type of template can use periods (full stops) or commas by using an optional parameter.  Regardless of which citation templates are used or even if none are used at all, all citations should have the same format throughout an article in the saved, rendered text.  Notes:   All parameter names must be lowercase.   Invisible unicode space characters (see list) will return an error message. Non-intentional invisible characters should be removed; intentional ones should be replaced with their corresponding HTML entity (e.g. &ZeroWidthSpace;).  Simple citations This section covers the most commonly used parameters. You can copy the horizontal form or vertical form below and then add in extra parameters from the full list. Spacing and ordering of the parameters within the template is irrelevant and does not affect the final, rendered text.  {{Citation |last= |first= |year= |title= |publisher= |publication-place= |page= |url= |access-date=}}   {{Citation | last        = | first       = | year        = | title       = | publisher   = | publication-place = | page        = | url         = | access-date = }}  last: The author's surname or last name. Don't use with the author parameter.  first: The author's first or given name(s).  year: Year of authorship or publication. Mandatory for use with links from :Template:Harvard citation, unless  specifies both month and year.  title: Title of the work. Mandatory for web references.  publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press. Not normally included where the publication is a periodical which has its own Wikipedia article (e.g. Newsweek, Billboard).  publication-place (or place or location): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. Omit when the publication is a periodical whose name specifies the location (e.g. The New York Times, The Times of India)  page: For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages.  url: A url of an online location where the item can be found. If the url includes double quotes, these must be encoded as "%22".  access-date: Date when the url was accessed.  Example     Full citation parameters  These can be used for all types of publication. All are optional and indentation is used simply to group related items — these may be mutually exclusive where indicated. Some hyphenated names can also be placed without hyphens.   {{Citation | author  = | last    = | first   = | author2 = | last2   = | first2  = | author-link  = | author2-link = | author-separator = | author-name-separator = | author-mask = | editor        = | editor-last   = | editor-first  = | editor2       = | editor2-last  = | editor2-first = | editor-link   = | editor2-link  = | translator-last   = | translator-first  = | translator-link   =  | translator2-last  = | translator2-first = | translator2-link  = | others   = | publication-date = | date     = | year     = | orig-date = | title    = | chapter  = | chapter-url  = | chapter-format  = | contribution = | contribution-url = | type    = | journal = | periodical = | newspaper  = | magazine   = | encyclopedia = | work = | edition = | series  = | volume  = | issue   = | publisher = | publication-place = | place    = | language = | page  = | pages = | no-pp  = | at   = | id   = | isbn = | issn = | oclc = | pmid = | pmc  = | bibcode = | doi = | doi-inactive-date= | zbl = | url = | access-date  = | format       = | archive-url  = | archive-date = | url-status   = | quote      = | separator  = | postscript = | ref = }}  Parameters Syntax  COinS  What's new  Deprecated  Description Authors  Editors  Title  Date  Work  Publisher  Edition, series, volume  In-source locations  URL  Chapter URL  Anchor  Identifiers  Quote  Laysummary  Display options  Subscription or registration required  Examples Books  Three authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name. {{Citation | last1  = Lincoln | first1 = A. | last2  = Washington | first2 = G. | last3  = Adams | first3 = J. | name-list-style = amp | title     = All the Presidents' Names | publisher = The Pentagon | place     = Home Base, New York | volume  = XII | edition = 2nd | year    = 2007 }}   Web  Web page {{Citation | url   = http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/ | title = NPS Focus | work  = National Register of Historic Places | publisher  = [[National Park Service]] | access-date = November 30, 2010 | ref = none }}  Archived page {{Citation | url = http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html | title = Earth's Atmosphere | access-date = October 25, 2007 | publisher  = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] | year   = 1995 | author = NASA | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/http:// liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html | archive-date = October 13, 2007 }}   Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals  Journal article {{Citation | last  = Hill | first = Marvin S. | title = Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties | journal = BYU Studies | volume  = 12 | issue   = 2 | year    = 1976 | pages   = 1–8 | url     = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf }}  Journal article with multiple authors and identifier {{Citation | last1  = Mandelkern | first1 = M | last2  = Elias | first2 = J | last3  = Eden | first3 = D | last4  = Crothers | first4 = D | display-authors = 2 | title   = The dimensions of DNA in solution | journal = J Mol Biol | volume  = 152 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–161 | year  = 1981 | pmid  = 7338906 | doi   = 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1 }}  Newspaper article {{Citation | last  = Smith | first = Joseph III | author-link = Joseph Smith III | title = Last Testimony of Sister Emma | newspaper = The Saints' Herald | location = Plano, IL | volume = 26 | issue  = 19 | date   = October 1, 1879 | page   = 289 | url    = http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/ IL/sain1872.htm#100179 }}   Conference papers and public lectures  Conference paper {{Citation | last   = Sullivan | first  = D.B. | contribution = Time and frequency measurement  at NIST: The first 100 years | year   = 2001 | title  = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp. | publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology | contribution-url = http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf }}  Lecture {{Citation | last   = Habicht | first  = Christian | contribution = Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers | year   = 1988 | title  = David Magie Lecture, Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World | publisher = Princeton University | page=14  }}  Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles Manuscript published in an edited compilation{{Citation | last  = Bidamon | first = Emma Smith | author-link = Emma Hale Smith | chapter = Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim | date = March 27, 1876 | editor-last  = Vogel | editor-first = Dan | title  = Early Mormon Documents | volume = 1 | publisher = Signature Books | publication-date = 1996 | isbn = 1-56085-072-8 }}  Work with an editor but no author {{Citation | editor-last  = Vogel | editor-first = Dan | title  = Early Mormon Documents | volume = 1 | publisher = Signature Books | date = 1996 | isbn = 1-56085-072-8 }}  Encyclopedia article by a named author {{Citation | last  = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link  = Martin Kramer | year=1999 | title = Bernard Lewis | editor-last  = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages  = 719–720 | location = London | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm }}  Encyclopedia article with no named author {{Citation | title = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | year = 1999 | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | location = London | url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm }}   Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article  Manuscript edited and published in a journal {{Citation | last = Knight | first = Joseph, Sr. | year = 1833 | editor-last = Jessee | editor-first = Dean | title = Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History | journal = BYU Studies | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | publication-date = 1976 | page = 35 | url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf }}  Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor. {{Citation | last = Klingensmith | first = Philip | type = Affidavit | date = September 5, 1872 | place = Lincoln County, Nevada | title = Mountain Meadows Massacre | editor-last = Toohy | editor-first = Dennis J. | journal = Corinne Daily Reporter | publication-date = September 24, 1872 | publication-place = Corinne, Utah | volume = 5 | issue = 252 | page = 1 | url = http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359 }}   Press release  Press release with quotation {{Citation | url = https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html | title = Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day | publisher = Apple Inc | access-date = April 10, 2010 | quote = in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3 | ref = none}}   Anchored citations  This template can generate a citation that can be combined with shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing. It does this by creating an HTML anchor containing an ID. The special parameter  generates an anchor ID suitable for Harvard referencing templates such as  as specified in the next section; an anchor ID is generated by default.   To disable anchor generation, specify . You can also specify the ID directly, using the  parameter. For example, suppose an article's References section contains the markup:  {{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |date=1930 |ref=CivDis}} which generates the citation:   Then, the markup "([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])" generates a parenthetical reference "(Freud 1930)" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).  Anchors for Harvard referencing templates IDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as  are computed from the last names of the authors (or editors, if no authors are given) and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup "{{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}" generates the Harvard reference "", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:  {{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R. H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |date=1851 |oclc=59510372}}   In this example the  template defines, and the  template uses, the HTML ID "CITEREFWrightEvans1851", composed by concatenating the string "CITEREF" with the last names of the authors and the year. The  template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, {{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}} generates "".  Related methods which leave only a number in the text are to use the  template enclosed in the <ref></ref> html code, or to use the  template alone. The example above would be <ref>{{harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</ref> or {{sfn|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}} both of which generate a footnote, such as 17.   The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead.  Last names are used, as specified by the parameters  (or ), , , and , and similarly for  etc. and for  etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in "{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=The Ego and the Id |date=1923}}" no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference "{{harv|Freud|1923}}". To make these  and  invocations compatible, either replace "" with " ", or add "" to the  invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, "") to both the  and the  invocations.  Similarly, the year is used, as specified by . If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from  (or, if no date is given, from ) by applying the MediaWiki § Time function. This heuristic works with most common date formats (American, International and ISO 8601 standard format YYYY-MM-DD as listed in WP:MOS), but may not work as expected with other formats, so when in doubt it may be safer to use .  IDs must be unique Names, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with -compatible IDs:      If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID "CITEREFMontesHalterman2008". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, e.g. "" and "", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.  It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the W3C Markup Validation Service; see External links.  Dates  Tools See Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citation templates and tools for a list of tools that can help create a reference in the "citation" format.  TemplateData   See also   Wikipedia:Citation templates  Wikipedia:Inline citation  Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing  For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods § Footnotes   Notes