require ('strict'); local p = {}  p.trim = function(frame) 	return mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") end  p.sentence = function (frame) 	--  is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not. 	frame.args[1] = frame:callParserFunction('lc', frame.args[1]) 	return p.ucfirst(frame) end  p.ucfirst = function (frame ) 	local s = frame.args[1]; 	if not s or  == s or s:match ('^%s+$') then								-- when 
 is nil, empty, or only whitespace 		return s;																-- abandon because nothing to do 	end  	s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) 	local s1 = ""  	local prefix_patterns_t = {													-- sequence of prefix patterns 		'^\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-%a+%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127',						-- stripmarker 		'^([%*;:#]+)',															-- various list markup 		'^(\'\'\'*)',															-- bold / italic markup 		'^(%b<>)',																-- html-like tags because some templates render these 		'^(&%a+;)',																-- html character entities because some templates render these 		'^(&#%d+;)',															-- html numeric (decimal) entities because some templates render these 		'^(&#x%x+;)',															-- html numeric (hexadecimal) entities because some templates render these 		'^(%s+)',																-- any whitespace characters 		'^([%(%)%-%+%?%.%%!~!@%$%^&_={}/`,‘’„“”ʻ|\"\'\\]+)',					-- miscellaneous punctuation 		} 	 	local prefixes_t = {};														-- list, bold/italic, and html-like markup, & whitespace saved here  	local function prefix_strip (s)												-- local function to strip prefixes from 
 		for _, pattern in ipairs (prefix_patterns_t) do							-- spin through <prefix_patterns_t>  			if s:match (pattern) then											-- when there is a match 				local prefix = s:match (pattern);								-- get a copy of the matched prefix 				table.insert (prefixes_t, prefix);								-- save it 				s = s:sub (prefix:len() + 1);									-- remove the prefix from 
 				return s, true;													-- return 
 without prefix and flag; force restart at top of sequence because misc punct removal can break stripmarker 			end 		end 		return s;																-- no prefix found; return 
 with nil flag 	end  	local prefix_removed;														-- flag; boolean true as long as prefix_strip() finds and removes a prefix 	 	repeat																		-- one by one remove list, bold/italic, html-like markup, whitespace, etc from start of 
 		s, prefix_removed = prefix_strip (s); 	until (not prefix_removed);													-- until <prefix_removed> is nil  	s1 = table.concat (prefixes_t);												-- recreate the prefix string for later reattachment  	local first_text = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%^%+%]%]');					-- extract wikilink at start of string if present; TODO: this can be string.match()?  	local upcased; 	if first_text then 		if first_text:match ('^%[%]+|[^%+%]%]') then						-- if <first_text> is a piped link 			upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%]+|%W*(%w)');				-- get first letter character 			upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased);								-- upcase first letter character 			s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%]+|%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased);		-- replace 		else																	-- here when <first_text> is a wikilink but not a piped link 			upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[%W*%w');						-- get '[[' and first letter 			upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased);								-- upcase first letter character 			s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%[%[%W*%w', upcased);						-- replace; no capture needed here 		end  	elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s+[^%+%]') then									-- if 
 is a ext link of some sort; must have label text 		upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%S+%s+%W*(%w)');						-- get first letter character 		upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased);									-- upcase first letter character 		s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%S+%s+%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased);			-- replace 	 	elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s*%]') then											-- if 
 is a ext link without label text; nothing to do 		return s1 .. s;															-- reattach prefix string (if present) and done  	else																		-- 
 is not a wikilink or ext link; assume plain text 		upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%W*%w');								-- get the first letter character 		upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased);									-- upcase first letter character 		s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%W*%w', upcased);								-- replace; no capture needed here 	end  	return s1 .. s;																-- reattach prefix string (if present) and done end  p.title = function (frame ) 	-- http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/capitalization/rules-for-capitalization-in-titles.html 	-- recommended by The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual: 	-- "Capitalize all words in titles of publications and documents, 	-- except a, an, the, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up, and, as, but, or, and nor." 	local alwayslower = {['a'] = 1, ['an'] = 1, ['the'] = 1, 		['and'] = 1, ['but'] = 1, ['or'] = 1, ['for'] = 1, 		['nor'] = 1, ['on'] = 1, ['in'] = 1, ['at'] = 1, ['to'] = 1, 		['from'] = 1, ['by'] = 1, ['of'] = 1, ['up'] = 1 } 	local res = 	local s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) 	local words = mw.text.split( s, " ") 	for i, s in ipairs(words) do 		--  is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not. 		s = frame:callParserFunction('lc', s) 		if i == 1 or alwayslower[s] ~= 1 then 			s = mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(s) 		end 		words[i] = s 	end 	return table.concat(words, " ") end  -- findlast finds the last item in a list -- the first unnamed parameter is the list -- the second, optional unnamed parameter is the list separator (default = comma space) -- returns the whole list if separator not found p.findlast = function(frame) 	local s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) 	local sep = frame.args[2] or "" 	if sep == "" then sep = ", " end 	local pattern = ".*" .. sep .. "(.*)" 	local a, b, last = s:find(pattern) 	if a then 		return last 	else 		return s 	end end  -- stripZeros finds the first number and strips leading zeros (apart from units) -- e.g "0940" -> "940"; "Year: 0023" -> "Year: 23"; "00.12" -> "0.12" p.stripZeros = function(frame) 	local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") 	local n = tonumber( string.match( s, "%d+" ) ) or "" 	s = string.gsub( s, "%d+", n, 1 ) 	return s end  -- nowiki ensures that a string of text is treated by the MediaWiki software as just a string -- it takes an unnamed parameter and trims whitespace, then removes any wikicode p.nowiki = function(frame) 	local str = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") 	return mw.text.nowiki(str) end  -- split splits text at boundaries specified by separator -- and returns the chunk for the index idx (starting at 1) -- #invoke:String2 |split |text |separator |index |true/false -- #invoke:String2 |split |txt=text |sep=separator |idx=index |plain=true/false -- if plain is false/no/0 then separator is treated as a Lua pattern - defaults to plain=true p.split = function(frame) 	local args = frame.args 	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end 	local txt = args[1] or args.txt or "" 	if txt == "" then return nil end 	local sep = (args[2] or args.sep or ""):gsub('"', ) 	local idx = tonumber(args[3] or args.idx) or 1 	local plain = (args[4] or args.plain or "true"):sub(1,1) 	plain = (plain ~= "f" and plain ~= "n" and plain ~= "0") 	local splittbl = mw.text.split( txt, sep, plain ) 	if idx < 0 then idx = #splittbl + idx + 1 end 	return splittbl[idx] end  -- val2percent scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each number it finds into a percentage and returns the resultant string. p.val2percent = function(frame) 	local args = frame.args 	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end 	local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "") 	if txt == "" then return nil end 	local function v2p (x) 		x = (tonumber(x) or 0) * 100 		if x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end 		return x .. "%" 	end 	txt = txt:gsub("%d[%d%.]*", v2p) -- store just the string 	return txt end  -- one2a scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each occurrence of 'one ' into either 'a ' or 'an ' and returns the resultant string. p.one2a = function(frame) 	local args = frame.args 	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end 	local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "") 	if txt == "" then return nil end 	txt = txt:gsub(" one ", " a "):gsub("^one", "a"):gsub("One ", "A "):gsub("a ([aeiou])", "an %1"):gsub("A ([aeiou])", "An %1") 	return txt end  -- findpagetext returns the position of a piece of text in a page -- First positional parameter or |text is the search text -- Optional parameter |title is the page title, defaults to current page -- Optional parameter |plain is either true for plain search (default) or false for Lua pattern search -- Optional parameter |nomatch is the return value when no match is found; default is nil p._findpagetext = function(args) 	-- process parameters 	local nomatch = args.nomatch or "" 	if nomatch == "" then nomatch = nil end 	-- 	local text = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.text or "") 	if text == "" then return nil end 	-- 	local title = args.title or "" 	local titleobj 	if title == "" then 		titleobj = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() 	else 		titleobj = mw.title.new(title) 	end 	-- 	local plain = args.plain or "" 	if plain:sub(1, 1) == "f" then plain = false else plain = true end 	-- get the page content and look for 'text' - return position or nomatch 	local content = titleobj and titleobj:getContent() 	return content and mw.ustring.find(content, text, 1, plain) or nomatch end p.findpagetext = function(frame) 	local args = frame.args 	local pargs = frame:getParent().args 	for k, v in pairs(pargs) do 		args[k] = v 	end 	if not (args[1] or args.text) then return nil end 	-- just the first value 	return (p._findpagetext(args)) end  -- returns the decoded url. Inverse of parser function  -- Type is: -- QUERY decodes + to space (default) -- PATH does no extra decoding -- WIKI decodes _ to space p._urldecode = function(url, type) 	url = url or "" 	type = (type == "PATH" or type == "WIKI") and type 	return mw.uri.decode( url, type ) end --  p.urldecode = function(frame) 	return mw.uri.decode( frame.args.url, frame.args.type ) end  -- what follows was merged from Module:StringFunc  -- helper functions p._GetParameters = require('Module:GetParameters')  -- Argument list helper function, as per Module:String p._getParameters = p._GetParameters.getParameters  -- Escape Pattern helper function so that all characters are treated as plain text, as per Module:String function p._escapePattern( pattern_str ) 	return mw.ustring.gsub( pattern_str, "([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%)", "%%%1" ) end  -- Helper Function to interpret boolean strings, as per Module:String p._getBoolean = p._GetParameters.getBoolean  --[[ Strip  This function Strips characters from string  Usage:  Parameters 	source: The string to strip 	chars:  The pattern or list of characters to strip from string, replaced with  	plain:  A flag indicating that the chars should be understood as plain text. defaults to true.  Leading and trailing whitespace is also automatically stripped from the string. ]] function p.strip( frame ) 	local new_args = p._getParameters( frame.args,  {'source', 'chars', 'plain'} ) 	local source_str = new_args['source'] or 	local chars = new_args['chars'] or  or 'characters' 	source_str = mw.text.trim(source_str) 	if source_str ==  or chars ==  then 		return source_str 	end 	local l_plain = p._getBoolean( new_args['plain'] or true ) 	if l_plain then 		chars = p._escapePattern( chars ) 	end 	local result 	result = mw.ustring.gsub(source_str, "["..chars.."]", ) 	return result end  --[[ Match any Returns the index of the first given pattern to match the input. Patterns must be consecutively numbered. Returns the empty string if nothing matches for use in   Usage: 	 returns '2'.  Parameters: 	source: the string to search 	plain:  A flag indicating that the patterns should be understood as plain text. defaults to true. 	1, 2, 3, ...: the patterns to search for ]] function p.matchAny(frame) 	local source_str = frame.args['source'] or error('The source parameter is mandatory.') 	local l_plain = p._getBoolean( frame.args['plain'] or true ) 	for i = 1, math.huge do 		local pattern = frame.args[i] 		if not pattern then return  end 		if mw.ustring.find(source_str, pattern, 1, l_plain) then 			return tostring(i) 		end 	end end  --[[--------------------------< H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >--------------------------------------------------  Converts a hyphen to a dash under certain conditions.  The hyphen must separate like items; unlike items are returned unmodified.  These forms are modified: 	letter - letter (A - B) 	digit - digit (4-5) 	digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5) 	letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and 		digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5) 	digitletter - digitletter (5a - 5d) (an optional separator between letter and 		digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d)  any other forms are returned unmodified.  str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list  ]] function p.hyphen_to_dash( str, spacing ) 	if (str == nil or str == ) then 		return str 	end  	local accept  	str = mw.text.decode(str, true )											-- replace html entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split  	local out = {} 	local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*')								-- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any  	for _, item in ipairs (list) do												-- for each item in the list 		item = mw.text.trim(item)												-- trim whitespace 		item, accept = item:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') 		if accept == 0 and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[%-–—]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then	-- if a hyphenated range or has endash or emdash separators 			if item:match ('^%a+[%.%-]?%d+%s*%-%s*%a+[%.%-]?%d+$') or			-- letterdigit hyphen letterdigit (optional separator between letter and digit) 				item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]?%a+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]?%a+$') or			-- digitletter hyphen digitletter (optional separator between digit and letter) 				item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') or			-- digit separator digit hyphen digit separator digit 				item:match ('^%d+%s*%-%s*%d+$') or								-- digit hyphen digit 				item:match ('^%a+%s*%-%s*%a+$') then							-- letter hyphen letter 					item = item:gsub ('(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)%s*%-%s*(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)', '%1–%2')	-- replace hyphen, remove extraneous space characters 			else 				item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[–—]%s*', '–')				-- for endash or emdash separated ranges, replace em with en, remove extraneous whitespace 			end 		end 		table.insert (out, item)												-- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table 	end  	local temp_str = table.concat (out, ',' .. spacing)							-- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string 	temp_str, accept = temp_str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1')					-- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out 	if accept ~= 0 then 		temp_str = str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1')							-- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value 	end 	return temp_str end  function p.hyphen2dash( frame ) 	local str = frame.args[1] or  	local spacing = frame.args[2] or ' ' -- space is part of the standard separator for normal spacing (but in conjunction with templates r/rp/ran we may need a narrower spacing  	return p.hyphen_to_dash(str, spacing) end  -- Similar to Module:String#endswith function p.startswith(frame) 	return (frame.args[1]:sub(1, frame.args[2]:len()) == frame.args[2]) and 'yes' or '' end  return p