Usage  In the body of the article:  {{ | last name(s) of author(s) | year | p=page number or pp=page range or loc=other location }}  In the references section (or in an earlier footnote):  {{cite book or cite journal, etc | ref=harv | ... other appropriate parameters ... }} or  {{citation | ... other appropriate parameters ... }} ( is not required when using )  Parameters  Up to four authors can be given as parameters. (If there are more than 4 authors only the first 4 should be listed. See #Large numbers of authors, below.) The last parameter is the year of publication.  (All these examples have links which operate. Click on highlighted text.)  The optional parameters ,  and  can be used to indicate the location in the source. All of the Harvard citation templates use the same parameters to indicate page numbers or other locations in the text.  The optional parameter  is used to specify the reference value that links the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary and it is more common to use  or  in the reference section. If you specify  no hyperlink is created. Note that, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to to simply not use the template. (Not available in  and similar templates.)  Reference section  The links in the Harvard citation templates can find anchors in ,  and similar templates. To make the anchor, parameter  must be set. This is not necessary for , but is normally necessary for the others.  Author-date citation templates There are several templates used to create in-text citations; they differ in the use and placement of parenthesis, in the separator before the page or location and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present:  + In-text templates Templates  Aliases  Example                             ()   (and many other forms).   Article text.     Article text.     Article text.    Full citations can be created manually or by templates:   templates    All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of  and ; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions.  Applications Harvard citation:  See also:   Template  creates a parenthetical reference with a link to the full citation in the references section at the bottom of the article.  Shortened footnote:  or  See also:   Template  inside a  span can be used to create a  that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template  has the same effect and it also combines identical footnotes automatically.  In text attribution:  See also   Template  can be used to link an in-text attribution to the full citation at the bottom of the page.  Bundled citation:  or  See also:  Template  can be used to bundle citations.  also produces bundled citations.  Note that  is inappropriate for bundled citations; use  or .  More exotic Harvard citations  or   More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the  template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom [[#{{harvid|parameters}}|link name]].  Some articles use this idiom [[#CITEREFid | link name ]]. See notes on implementation details below.  Variations  Using colon format: , ,   Templates , ,  use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.   Parenthesis around the year:    Template  puts parenthesis around the year. Compare the two examples.   Additional comments or quotes:    Paramater  can be used to add quotes or additional comments. Note that this effect can also be achieved using . The postscript is only effective the first time  is used for a particular author, year and location.   No closing period:    Using  in  removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with Citation style 2, as produced by , which does not use a trailing period (full stop) in notes. The postscript is only effective the first time  is used for a particular author, year and location.  Adding a URL for the page or location If a specific link to the page or section is available, a URL can be added to the location or page number.  Possible issues Wikilink to citation does not work If nothing happens when you click on the highlighted wikilink from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:  The correct citation does not appear at the bottom of the article. Solution: Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with .  The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and  The Harvard citation uses a template (such as  or ):  The citation uses a template from the list at Citation Style 1:  The name is spelled differently here than the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct spelling.  The year is different here than the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct year.  The citation template requires  (not needed for , but is needed for most other Citation Style 1 templates). Solution: Add .  The template has a  field and no  field, but the format of the  field is unusual. Solution: Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add  to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.)  The citation does not have an author's last name. Solution: check that  is set correctly (see below).  The citation uses a Citation Style Vancouver template. Solution: check that  is set correctly (see below).  The citation uses a template that does not support  (See User:Gadget850/Citation templates— anchors). Solution: An anchor can be created using {{wikicite|id={{harvid|args}}|reference={{citation}}}}.  The citation does not use a template:  It has no wikicode to create an anchor. Solution: If  citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the citation with the appropriate  template and set the  appropriately. Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add  templates and  templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use  to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates.  Uses a  span to create an anchor. Solution: remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed as with the previous.  Uses . Solution: Check that  matches.  If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as [[#Reference-Smith2006|Smith (2006)]]  The citation uses a citation template which supports  (See User:Gadget850/Citation templates— anchors). Solution: Check that  is set to a matching id.  Otherwise, check that the reference has {{wikicite|ref=id|reference=citation}} with a matching id.  Templates that have broken wikilinks using these templates are added to the category .  More than one work in a year For authors who have published more than one work in the same year, the standard way to differentiate such works is to put a lowercase letter after the year (e.g. place  and  in the citation templates and use  and in the article body).  Large numbers of authors Only the first four authors are required by the template. Listing more is not supported. It also possible to use the  in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.  No author name in citation template Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author-date citations to works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are:  For a newspaper or periodical you may use the name of the paper and the date.  For a publication by an institution, use either:  The initials of the institution  The name of the institution  Alternatively, some style guides recommend using the title of the article.  Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon." An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using  in the citation template can handle these cases.  Citation has  and no  Either the  or  of a citation template can be matched – the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both  and  parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. If only the year is known the  field must be used in the citation for the link to work correctly (i.e.  may not work correctly). These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.  Citation template does not support  The  family of templates use parameter  to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.  Citation format does not support anchors:  In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the  parameter (such as ) or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use  to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad links. It is always possible to simply remove  or .  It is also possible to use  to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with HTML 5.  Recommended style The recommended Harvard referencing style potentially uses all four templates. Each automatically generates a hypertext link based on the name(s) and date. Here is an example  In short:  For a single work with no author in the text (the most common case), use .  For a single work with the author named in the text, use .  For multiple works at the same point, use explicit parentheses and  separated by semicolons.  For anything more complicated use .  Implementation notes These templates use two elements: a wikilink in the body of the article, and an anchor in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor.  Citation template anchor  The most common citation templates are  or . If  is set, then  creates an anchor  followed by the concatenation of the following parameters:  last or last1 or surname or surname1 or author or author1 or authors,  last2 or surname2 or author2,  last3 or surname3 or author3,  last4 or surname4 or author4,  editor-last or editor-surname or editor1-last or editor1-surname or editor or editors,  editor2-last or editor2-surname,  editor3-last or editor3-surname,  editor4-last or editor4-surname,  year. Template  sets  as the default.  This covers the most common templates. Information about all the templates is available at User:Gadget850/Citation templates— anchors.  Please note that the above list does not include the coauthor parameter, which is ignored in generating the citation's CITEREF anchor. It is recommended that, when used with the harv family templates, citation templates always use the numbered last parameters instead of coauthor so that a more accurate CITEREF anchor may be generated. If coauthor is used, it will not be possible to generate a Harvard citation that displays the authors' names correctly and that generates a link to the correct CITEREF anchor.  Use of the date parameter in place of the year parameter in citation templates is preferred when full dates are known. The date parameter should not be used to simply encode a year, as this can fail to generate a viable  link.  Harvard citation wikilink The Harvard citation templates create a wikilink to the anchor. For example  produces the link  and  produces the anchor .  Using CITEREF directly A few articles create a custom ID using , either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. ) or as a value for  in the citation template.  Examples:       Where cite_name is a name such as the publisher.  's ref name Template  creates a named footnote, so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with  followed by a concatenation of the arguments to . E.g.: this template call  should have exactly the same functionality as  which, in turn, has the same functionality as   The call to  has been subst'ed for quicker load times.  Notes  বিষয়শ্রেণী:টেমপ্লেট নথি বিষয়শ্রেণী:নথিপত্র সহায়তা টেমপ্লেট