Washington Administrative Code › Title 296 - Labor and Industries, Department of › Chapter 296-54 - Safety standards-Logging operations › Section 296-54-505 - Definitions

Current through Register Vol. 24-14, July 15, 2024
A-frame.
A structure made of two independent
				columns fastened together at the top and separated by a reasonable width at the
				bottom to stabilize the unit from tipping sideways.
An operation.
Any place where logging or log
				related activities are taking place.
Approved.
Approved by the department of labor and
				industries.
Arch.
Any device attached to the back of a vehicle
				and used for raising one end of logs to facilitate movement.
Authorized person.
A person approved or assigned
				by the employer to perform a specific type of duty(s) or to be at a specific
				location at a certain time(s).
Backcut (felling cut).
The cut in a felling
				operation made on the opposite side from the undercut.
Backline.
The portion of the haulback that runs
				between the spar/spar tree and the corner block.
Ballistic nylon.
A nylon fabric of high tensile
				properties designed to provide protection from lacerations.
Barrier.
A fence, wall or railing to prevent
				passage or approach.
Base of tree.
That portion of a natural tree not
				more than three feet above ground level.
Bight of the line.
A hazardous zone created by
				running lines under tension. Any section of a line between the ends.
Binder.
A hinged lever assembly for connecting the
				ends of a wrapper to tighten the wrapper around the load of logs or
				materials.
Boomboat.
Any boat used to push or pull logs,
				booms, bundles, or bags, in booming ground operations.
Boomscooter.
A small boat, usually less than
				fourteen feet in length, equipped with an outboard motor, having directional
				pushing capabilities of 360 degrees.
Brailing.
When tiers of logs, poles, or piles are
				fastened together with a type of dogline and the ends of the side members are
				then fastened together for towing.
Brow log.
A log or a suitable substitute placed
				parallel to any roadway at a landing or dump to protect the carrier and
				facilitate the safe loading or unloading of logs, timber products, or
				materials.
Buck.
Means the process of severing a tree into
				sections (logs or bolts).
Butt.
The bottom of the felled part of a
				tree.
Butt welding.
The practice of welding something
				end to end.
Cable tree thinning.
The selective thinning of a
				timber stand using mobile yarding equipment specifically designed or adapted
				for the purpose. Cable tree thinning includes skyline, slackline, or modified
				slackline, overhead cable systems.
Cable yarding.
The movement of felled trees or
				logs from the area where they are felled to the landing on a system composed of
				a cable suspended from spars and/or towers. The trees or logs may be either
				dragged across the ground on the cable or carried while suspended from the
				cable.
Chain shot.
When the saw chain breaks, when using
				a mechanical timber harvester or processor, fragments or pieces are projected
				with tremendous force, and can travel a distance greater than 250 feet.
Chain shot danger zone or shot cone zone.
The area
				included within 15 degrees on either side of the guide bar and up to a distance
				of at least 250 feet.
Chock.
A block, often wedge shaped, which is used
				to prevent movement; e.g., a log from rolling, a wheel from turning.
Choker.
A length of wire rope with attachments for
				encircling the end of a log to be yarded.
Chunking.
To clear nonusable material from a
				specified area.
Cold deck.
A pile of yarded logs left for future
				removal.
Competent person.
One who is capable of
				identifying hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are
				unsanitary, hazardous or dangerous.
Corner block.
The first block the haulback passes
				through on its way to the tail block.
Crotch line.
Two short lines attached to the same
				ring or shackle, used for loading or unloading.
Cutter.
An employee whose primary job is to fall,
				buck, or limb trees before they are moved to the landing area.
Danger trees.
Any tree of any height, dead or
				alive, that presents a hazard to workers because of rot, root, stem or limb
				damage, lean, or any other observable condition created by natural process or
				man-made activity.
DBH.
Diameter at breast height.
Deadman.
Buried log or other object used as an
				anchor.
Debark.
To remove bark from trees or logs. Debark
				generally denotes mechanical means as opposed to manual peeling.
Deck.
A stack of trees or logs.
Designated person.
An employee who has the
				requisite knowledge, training, and experience to perform specific
				duties.
Directional falling.
A mechanical means to control
				the direction of falling timber.
Domino felling.
The partial cutting of multiple
				trees which are left standing and then pushed over with a pusher tree.
Donkey.
Any machine with a series of drums used to
				yard logs.
Double ended logs.
Two logs end to end on the same
				lay.
Drop zone.
The area where the helicopter delivers
				logs from the logging site.
Droplines.
A short line attached to the carriage
				or carriage block which is used as an extension to the main line.
Drum.
A mechanical device on which line is spooled
				or unspooled.
Dry land storage.
Decks of logs stored for future
				removal or use.
Dutchman.
(a) A block used to change direction of line lead
				(sideblocking).
(b) A method used to pull a tree against its lean by leaving a
				section of the undercut on one corner of the face. The portion left consists of
				a single saw kerf in one side of the face, with the face completely removed on
				the opposite side of the face cut. A single saw kerf must never extend
				completely across the stump.
Experienced person.
A person who has been trained
				and has participated in the subject process for a period of time long enough to
				thoroughly acquaint the person with all facets of the process.
F.O.P.S.
Falling object protective
				structure.
Fair lead.
Sheaves, rolls, or a combination
				thereof arranged to receive a line coming from any direction for proper line
				spooling on to a drum.
Fell (fall).
To cut down trees.
Feller (faller).
An employee who fells
				trees.
Front end loader.
A mobile machine mounted on a
				wheeled or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple, tusk, bucket, or fork-lift
				device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs or
				materials.
Grounded.
The placement of a component of a
				machine on the ground or on a device where it is firmly supported. Grounded may
				also relate to the placement of a tree on the ground or a method to dissipate
				static or electrical charges.
Guarded.
Covered, shielded, fenced, enclosed, or
				otherwise protected by means of suitable enclosures, covers, casings, shields,
				troughs, railings, screens, mats, or platforms, or by location, to prevent
				injury.
Guard rail.
A railing to restrain a person.
Guyline.
A line used to support or stabilize a
				spar, tail/lift tree, intermediate support tree or equipment. A guyline is
				considered a standing line.
Gypsy drum.
A mechanical device wherein the line
				is not attached to the drum and is manually spooled to control the line
				movement on and off the drum.
Haulback.
A line used to pull the buttrigging and
				mainline to the logs to be yarded.
Haulback block.
Any block the haulback line passes
				through including the corner block and tailblock.
Hay rack.
(a) A type of loading boom where two tongs are used and logs
				are suspended.
(b) A transporting vehicle with multiple sets of bunks attached
				to a rigid frame usually used for hauling logs.
Haywire.
See strawline.
Hazardous falling area.
The area within a circle
				centered on the tree being felled and having a radius not less than twice the
				height of that tree.
Head tree.
The tree where yarding and/or loading
				takes place. (See spar)
Heel boom.
A type of loading boom where one tong
				is used and one end of the log is pulled up against the boom.
High lead.
A system of logging wherein the main
				line is threaded through the main line block, which is attached near the top of
				the spar, to obtain a lift of the logs being yarded.
High visibility colors.
White, bright, or
				fluorescent colors that stand out from the surrounding background color so they
				are easily seen.
Hobo log and/or hitchhiker.
A free or unattached
				log that is picked up by a turn and is transported with the turn.
Hooktender.
The worker that supervises the method
				of moving the logs from the woods to the landing.
Hot deck.
A landing where logs are being
				moved.
Hydraulic jack.
A mechanical device, powered by
				internal pressure, used to control the direction in which a tree is to be
				felled.
In the clear.
A position within the work area
				where the probability of hazardous contact with falling trees, moving logs,
				rootwads, chunks, material, rigging and equipment is minimized by distance from
				the hazards and/or use of physical barriers, such as stumps, trees, terrain or
				other objects providing protection.
Examples:
(a) Back behind on the uphill side of the turn and out of reach
				of any upending logs.
(b) Out of the bight.
(c) In the logged off area.
(d) In a position where movement will not be obstructed.
Intermediate support system.
A system for
				supporting a loaded skyline in a support jack by one of the two following
				methods:
(a) Double tree support - The skyline is suspended on a single
				piece of wire rope supported by two trees so that the load is shared between
				the two trees.
(b) Single tree support - The skyline is suspended on a single
				piece of wire rope, single-eyed choker or double-eyed strap supported by a
				single tree. The support tree may be vertical or leaning.
Jackstrawed.
Trees or logs piled in an unorderly
				manner.
Jaggers.
Any projecting broken wire in a strand of
				cable.
Kerf.
The part of timber products taken out by the
				saw teeth.
Knob.
A metal ferrule attached to the end of a
				line.
Landing.
Any place where logs are laid after being
				yarded, awaiting subsequent handling, loading, and hauling.
Landing chute.
The head of the skid trail or road
				where the logs are temporarily placed before handling, loading and
				hauling.
Lay.
(a) The straight-line distance it takes a strand of wire rope
				to make one complete spiral around the core of a rope.
(b) The position of a log in a pile, on a load, or in the fell
				and bucked.
Limbing.
To cut branches off felled or standing
				trees.
Loading boom.
Any structure projecting from a
				pivot point to guide a log when lifted.
Lodged tree (hung tree).
A tree leaning against
				another tree or object which prevents it from falling to the ground.
Log.
A tree segment suitable for subsequent
				processing into lumber, pulpwood, or other wood products, including, but not
				limited to, poles, piling, peeler blocks, sections and/or bolts.
Log bronco.
A sturdily built boat usually from
				twelve to twenty feet in length, used to push logs or bundles of logs in a
				generally forward direction in booming and rafting operations.
Log dump.
A place where logs are removed from
				transporting equipment. It may be either dry land or water, parbuckled over a
				brow log or removed by machine.
Log stacker.
A mobile machine mounted on a wheeled
				or tracked chassis, equipped with a frontally mounted grapple, tusk, or
				forklift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting
				of logs.
Logging machine.
A machine used or intended for
				use to yard, move, or handle logs, trees, chunks, trailers, and related
				materials or equipment.
Note:
A self-loading log truck is only considered a logging
							 machine when in use for loading and unloading.
Note:
A helicopter is not considered a logging
							 machine.
Logging operations.
Operations associated with
				felling and/or moving trees, logs, veneer bolts, poles, pilings, and other
				forest products from the stump to the point of delivery. Such operations are
				such, but not limited to, marking, felling, bucking, limbing, debarking,
				chipping, yarding, loading, unloading, storing, and the transporting of
				machines, equipment and personnel from one site to another.
Long sticks.
An overlength log or tree length that
				creates a hazard by exceeding the safe perimeters of the landing.
Machine.
A piece of stationary or mobile equipment
				having a self-contained power plant, that is operated off-road and used for the
				movement of material. Machines include but are not limited to tractors,
				skidders, front-end loaders, scrapers, graders, bulldozers, rough terrain
				logging shovels, log stackers and mechanical felling devices, such as tree
				shears and feller-bunchers.
Mainline.
The line attached to the buttrigging
				used to pull logs to the landing.
Mainline block.
The block hung in the portable
				spar or tower through which the mainline passes.
Matchcutting.
The felling of trees without using
				an undercut.
Mechanized falling.
Falling of standing timber by
				a self-propelled mobile wheeled or tracked machine equipped with a shear or
				other powered cutting device.
Mechanized feller.
Any such machine as described
				in WAC 296-54-541 and
				296-54-543, and includes
				feller/bunchers and similar machines performing multiple functions.
Mechanized logging machine.
A feller-buncher,
				single-grip harvester, processor, forwarder, clambunk, or log loader.
Mobile log loader.
A self-propelled log loading
				machine mounted on wheels or tracks, incorporating a boom and employed in the
				loading or unloading of logs by means of grapples or tongs.
Mobile yarder.
A logging machine mounted on
				wheels, tracks, or skids, incorporating a vertical or inclined spar, tower, or
				boom, employed in skyline, slackline, high lead or grapple overhead cable
				logging systems.
Molle.
A single strand of wire rope rolled in to a
				circle with six wraps. A molle can be used as a temporary method of connecting
				the eye splices of two lines. A molle is used in most pin shackles in place of
				a cotter key.
Must.
The same as "shall" and is mandatory.
New job site.
A location of operations when the
				loading station and/or the yarder or cutting operations are moved to a new area
				outside of the current sale or contracted unit.
Pass line.
A small line threaded through a block
				at the top of the spar to assist the high climber.
Permissible (as applied to any device, equipment or
				appliance).
Such device, equipment, or appliance has the formal approval
				of the United States Bureau of Mines, American Standards Association, or
				National Board of Fire Underwriters.
Portable spar or tower.
A movable engineered
				structure designed to be used in a manner similar to which a wood spar tree
				would be used.
Qualified person.
A person, who by possession of a
				recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or by extensive
				knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated ability to
				solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the
				project.
Rated capacity.
The maximum load a system,
				vehicle, machine or piece of equipment was designed by the manufacturer to
				handle.
Reach.
A steel tube or wood timber or pole
				connected to the truck and inserted through a tunnel on the trailer. It steers
				the trailer when loaded and pulls the trailer when empty.
Reload.
An area where logs are dumped and reloaded
				or transferred as a unit to another mode of transportation.
Rollway.
Any place where logs are dumped and they
				roll or slide to their resting place.
Root wad.
The ball of a tree root and dirt that is
				pulled from the ground when a tree is uprooted.
R.O.P.S.
Roll over protection structure.
Rub tree.
A tree used to guide a turn around an
				area.
Running line/running rope.
Any moving line
				directly involved with the yarding of logs.
Safety factor.
The ratio of breaking strength to a
				safe working strength or loading.
Safety glass.
A type of glass that will not
				shatter when broken.
Sail block.
A block hung inverted on the sail guy
				to hold the tong block in proper position.
Scaler.
The person who measures the diameter and
				length of the logs, determines specie and grade, and makes deductions for
				footage calculations.
Serviceable condition.
A state or ability of a
				tool, machine, vehicle or other device to operate as it was intended by the
				manufacturer to operate.
Shall.
A requirement that is mandatory.
Shear log.
A log placed in a strategic location to
				divert passage of objects.
Shore skids.
Any group of timbers spaced a short
				distance apart on which logs are rolled.
Should.
Means recommended.
Signal person.
The person designated to give
				signals to the machine operator.
Skidder.
A machine or animal used to move logs or
				trees to a landing.
Skidding.
Movement of logs or trees on the surface
				of the ground to the place where they are to be loaded.
Skidding line.
The main haulage line from a
				carriage to which chokers are attached. Sometimes referred to a
				mainline.
Skyline.
The line suspended between two points on
				which a block or carriage travels.
Slackline.
A form of skyline where the skyline
				cable is spooled on a donkey drum and can be raised or lowered.
Slack puller.
Any weight or mechanical device used
				to increase the movement of a line when its own weight is inadequate.
Slope (grade).
The increase or decrease in
				altitude over a horizontal distance expressed as a percentage. For example,
				change of altitude of 20 feet (6 m) over a horizontal distance of 100 feet (30
				m) is expressed as a 20 percent slope.
Snag.
A dead standing tree or a portion thereof.
				(See Danger tree)
Snorkel.
A loading boom modified to extend its
				limitations for yarding.
Spar/spar tree.
A tree or device (rigged for
				high-lead, skyline or slackline yarding) used to yard logs by any method of
				logging.
Spike.
A long heavy nail similar to a railroad
				spike.
Springboard.
A board with an iron tip used by
				fallers to stand on while working above ground level.
Spring pole.
A tree, segment of a tree, limb, or
				sapling which is under stress or tension due to the pressure or weight of
				another object.
Spurious response attenuation.
A measure of the
				receiver's ability to discriminate between a desired signal to which it is
				resonant and an undesired signal at any other frequency to which it is also
				responsive.
Square lead.
The angle of 90 degrees.
Standing line.
(a) Guyline.
(b) A nonoperating rope with end terminations to support a boom
				or mast.
Stiff boom.
Two or more boom sticks wrapped
				together on which boom persons walk or work.
Strap.
Any short piece of line with an eye or "D"
				in each end.
Strap socket or D.
A socket with a closed loop
				arranged to be attached to the end of a line by the molten zinc, or an
				equivalent method. It is used in place of a spliced eye.
Strawline.
A light cable used in rigging up, or in
				moving other cables or blocks. The smallest line on the yarder. (Mainline -
				Haulback line - Strawline.)
Strip.
A definite location of timber on which one
				or more cutting crews work.
Swamping.
The falling or cutting of brush around
				or along a specified place.
Swede connection.
A line configuration made by
				wrapping two choker lines in the same direction around a tree or log connecting
				the line knobs to opposite line bells.
Swifter.
A piece of equipment used to tie the side
				sticks of a log raft together to keep the raft from spreading.
Swing cut.
An intentional dutchman left on one
				corner of an undercut or a backcut in which the holding wood on one side is cut
				through in conjunction with an intentional dutchman to achieve a desired lay
				for the tree being fell.
Tail block.
A block used to guide the haulback
				line at the back corner of the yarding area.
Tail hold.
An anchor used for making fast any line
				or block.
Tail/lift tree.
The tree at the opposite end from
				the head tree on which the skyline or other type rigging is hung.
Tie back.
To use a twister(s) (or similar
				system/device) that has a breaking strength equal to fifty percent of the
				breaking strength of the mainline or skyline whichever is greater. To secure or
				support one anchor by securing it to a second anchor(s) such as wrapping one
				stump and choking another.
Tie down.
A chain, cable, steel strips or fiber
				webbing and binders attached to a truck, trailer or other conveyance as a means
				to secure loads and to prevent them from shifting or moving when they are being
				transported.
Tight line.
When either the mainline or haulback
				are held and power is exerted on the other or when power is exerted on both at
				the same time.
Tong line block.
The block hung in a boom through
				which the tong line operates.
Tongue.
A device used to pull and/or steer a
				trailer.
Topping.
Cutting off the top section of a standing
				tree.
Tower.
(See portable spar or tower).
Tractor.
A machine of wheel or track design used
				in logging.
Tractor logging.
The use of any wheeled or tracked
				vehicle in the skidding or yarding of logs.
Transfer (as used in loading).
Changing of logs in
				a unit from one mode of transportation to another.
Tree jack.
A grooved saddle of wood or metal
				rollers contained within two steel plates, attached to a tree with a strap,
				used as a guide for skyline, sail guy, or similar static line. It is also
				formed to prevent a sharp bend in the line.
Tree plates.
Steel bars sometimes shaped as
				elongated J's, which are fastened near the top of a tree to hold guylines and
				prevent them from cutting into the tree when tightened. The hooks of the J are
				also used to prevent the mainline block strap from sliding down the
				tree.
Tree pulling.
A method of falling trees in which
				the tree is pulled down with a line.
Tug.
A boat, usually over twenty feet in length,
				used primarily to pull barges, booms of logs, bags of debris, or log
				rafts.
Turn.
Any log or group of logs attached by some
				means to power and moved from a point of rest to a landing.
Twister.
A line (usually small diameter wire rope
				"haywire") that supports a tailhold stump, guyline stump, or tree that does not
				appear to be strong enough. This is done by connecting the tailhold to another
				stump or tree opposite by wrapping the two with a line. This line is then
				tightened by placing a piece of large-diameter limb between the wrappings and
				twisting them together.
Click
				here to view image
Undercut.
A notch cut in a tree to guide the
				direction of the tree fall and to prevent splitting or kickback.
V-lead.
A horizontal angle of less than ninety
				degrees formed by the projected lines of the mainline from the drum of the
				logging machine through the block or fairlead and the yarding log or
				turn.
Vehicle/crew bus.
A car, bus, truck, trailer or
				semi-trailer owned, leased, or rented by the employer that is used for
				transportation of employees or movement of material.
WAC.
Washington Administrative Code.
Waistline.
That portion of the haulback running
				between the corner block and the tail block.
Winching.
The winding of cable or rope onto a
				spool or drum.
Within the stakes.
When one-half the log diameter
				is below the stake top.
Work areas.
Any area frequented by employees in
				the performance of assigned or related duties.
Wrapper.
A cable assembly or chain used to contain
				a load of logs.
Wrapper rack.
Barrier used to protect a person
				while removing binders and wrappers from a loaded logging truck.
Yarder (donkey).
A machine with a series of drums
				used to yard logs.
Yarding.
The movement of logs from the place they
				are felled to a landing.
Statutory Authority:
				  RCW
				  49.17.010, [49.17].040 and[49.17].050 .
				  99-17-117, § 296-54-505, filed 8/18/99, effective 12/1/99. Statutory
				  Authority:
				  RCW
				  49.17.040,[49.17].050 and [49.17].060.
				  96-22-013, § 296-54-505, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97. Statutory
				  Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-54-505, filed
				  11/30/87. Statutory Authority:
				  RCW
				  49.17.040,
				  49.17.050,
				  49.17.240,
				  chapters
				  43.22 and
				  42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15),
				  § 296-54-505, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority:
				  RCW
				  49.17.040,
				  49.17.150 and
				  49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order
				  79-14), § 296-54-505, filed
				  9/21/79.