Washington Administrative Code › Title 296 - Labor and Industries, Department of › Chapter 296-806 - Machine safety › Section 296-806-099 - Definitions

Current through Register Vol. 24-14, July 15, 2024
Abrasive wheel.
A grinding tool consisting of
				bonded abrasive grains. This includes diamond and reinforced wheels.
Adjustable barrier guard.
A barrier guard with
				provisions for adjustment to accommodate various jobs or tooling
				set-ups.
Air-lift hammer.
A type of gravity drop hammer in
				which the ram is raised for each stroke by an air cylinder. Because the length
				of stroke can be controlled, ram velocity, and therefore the energy delivered
				to the work piece, can be varied.
Antirepeat.
A device that limits the machine to a
				single stroke if the activating means is held in the operative position.
Arbor.
A rotating shaft used for mounting and
				transmitting torque to a cutting tool.
Authorized person.
Someone the employer has given
				the authority and responsibility to perform a specific assignment.
Awareness barrier.
A barrier device that allows
				more access to the hazard area, but still restricts access enough to warn of an
				approaching hazard.
Barricade.
A barrier such as a guardrail, fence,
				or other framework designed to prevent employee access and exposure to a
				hazard.
Barrier guard.
A barrier that provides a physical
				restriction from a hazard.
Belt conveyors.
An endless belt of any material,
				operating over suitable pulleys to move materials placed on the belt.
Belt pole.
A device used in shifting belts on and
				off fixed pulleys on line or countershaft where there are no loose pulleys.
				Belt poles are sometimes called "belt shippers" or "shipper poles."
Belt shifter.
A device for mechanically shifting
				belts from tight to loose idler pulleys or vice versa, or for shifting belts on
				cones of speed pulleys.
Bench grinder.
A bench mounted off-hand grinding
				machine with either one or two wheels mounted on a horizontal spindle.
Bending.
The application of stress concentrated at
				specific points to permanently turn, press or force from a straight, level or
				flat condition to a curved or angular configuration.
Blade.
A replaceable tool having one or more
				cutting edges for shearing, notching or coping.
Blanking.
To bypass a portion of the sensing field
				of a presence-sensing device. The purpose is to allow objects such as tooling,
				feed stock, and work pieces to pass through the sensing field without sending a
				stop signal to the controlled machine. There are two blanking modes: Fixed and
				floating.
Blind hole.
A hole drilled in an object, such as
				an abrasive wheel, that does not go all the way through the object.
Blotter.
A compressible disc or washer, usually of
				blotting paper, plastic, cardboard, or gasket material, that is used between
				the wheel and the flanges to evenly distribute flange pressure on the
				wheel.
Board hammer.
A type of gravity drop hammer where
				wood boards attached to the ram are raised vertically by action of
				contrarotating rolls, and then released. Energy for forging is obtained by the
				mass and velocity of the freely falling ram and the attached upper die.
Bolster plate.
Plate attached to the press bed
				having holes, T-slots, or other means for attaching the lower die or die
				shoe.
Brake.
Mechanism for stopping or preventing
				motion.
Chain conveyor.
A conveyor in which one or more
				chains (including those with paddles or bars attached to them) move the
				conveyor. Specific examples of chain conveyors include drag, rolling, pusher
				bar, pusher chain and sliding chain conveyors.
Channel blanking.
A feature that allows a safety
				light curtain system to be programmed to ignore objects. Also called "fixed
				blanking."
Chipper.
A machine that cuts material into
				chips.
Chuck.
A revolving clamp-like device used for
				holding and driving the work piece.
Clutch.
A mechanism to couple the flywheel to the
				crankshaft. When engaged, it allows the driving force to be transmitted to the
				press slide.
Comb.
See feather board.
Concurrent.
Occurring at the same time.
Cone pulley.
A pulley having two or more steps in
				a conical shape for driving machinery.
Cone and plug wheels (Types 16, 17, 18, 18R, and
				19).
Abrasive wheels manufactured with blind hole threaded bushings.
				They may be used on all surfaces except the flat mounting surface. Specific
				characteristics of the different cone and plug wheels are:
(a) Type 16 cones have a curved side with a nose radius.
(b) Type 17 cones have straight sides with or without a nose
				radius.
(c) Type 18 and 18R plug wheels are cylindrical in shape with
				either a square or curved grinding end.
(d) Type 19 cone wheels are a combination of cone and plug
				shapes.
Control system.
Sensors, manual input and mode
				selection elements, interlocking and decision-making circuitry, and output
				elements of the press-operating devices and mechanisms.
Coping-notching.
Where the edge or periphery of
				the work piece is sheared.
Counterbalance.
Mechanism used to balance or
				support the weight of the connecting rods, slide, and slide attachments.
Cutting-off wheels.
Abrasive wheels used to cut
				material such as masonry, pipe, etc.
Cutting tool
or
saw blade.
A tool
				used on a metal sawing machine.
Cycle.
The complete movement of the ram from its
				starting position and return to that same starting position.
Dado.
A straight-sided groove, perpendicular to
				the face of the work piece, having a width greater than the thickness of a
				single saw blade.
Device.
A control or attachment that is any of the
				following:
(a) Restrains the operator from inadvertently reaching into the
				hazardous area.
(b) Prevents normal or hazardous operation if any part of an
				individual's body is inadvertently within the hazardous area.
(c) Automatically withdraws the operator's hands, if the
				operator's hands are inadvertently within the hazardous area during the
				hazardous portion of the machine cycle.
(d) Maintains the operator or the operator's hands during the
				hazardous portion of the machine cycle at a safe distance from the hazardous
				area.
Die
or
dies.
Tooling used in a press
				for shearing, punching, forming, drawing, or assembling metal or other
				material.
Die enclosure guard.
Guard attached to the die
				shoe or stripper in a fixed position.
Die setter.
A person who installs or removes dies
				from the press, and makes the necessary adjustments so the tooling functions
				properly and safely.
Die setting.
Process of installing or removing
				dies, and adjusting the dies, other tooling and the safeguarding guards or
				devices.
Die shoe.
Plate or block that a die holder is
				mounted on. It functions primarily as a base for the complete die assembly and,
				if used, is bolted or clamped to the bolster plate or the face of the
				slide.
Die shut height.
Actual or design dimension
				between the mounting surfaces of a die.
Divider.
A machine that mechanically divides the
				dough into pieces of predetermined volume or weight.
Dough sheeter.
See
sheeter.
Dressed.
When material is removed from the cutting
				surfaces of an abrasive wheel to expose new sharp cutting surfaces.
Drilling/boring machine.
A single or multiple
				spindle machine that uses a rotating cylindrical tool such as a drill, a
				counterboring tool, and similar tools to produce a hole, blind hole,
				counterbore, countersink, and similar cavities in work pieces. A work support
				means is provided to feed the tool into the work piece or the work piece into
				the tool.
Dross.
Waste product or impurities formed on the
				surface of molten metal.
Dump bin and blender.
That part of the flour
				handling system where the containers of flour are emptied.
Face of the slide.
Surface of the slide to which
				the punch or upper die is generally attached.
Feather board/comb.
A work-guiding and hold-down
				device consisting of stock with a series of spring-like fingers along the edge,
				set and positioned at an angle to the work piece.
Feeding.
Placing material in or removing it from
				the point of operation.
Fence.
A device used to locate and guide a work
				piece relative to the cutting tool.
Fixed barricade.
A guard attached to a fixed
				surface used to enclose a hazardous area and prevent employees from placing any
				part of their body into the point of operation.
Fixed barrier guard.
A guard attached to the
				frame, bolster, or other surface to enclose all or part of the point of
				operation or other hazard area.
Fixed blade.
A stationary blade having one or more
				cutting edges.
Fixed blanking.
A feature that allows a safety
				light curtain system to be programmed to ignore objects. Also called "channel
				blanking."
Fixture/jig.
A device used to locate, hold, or
				clamp one or more work pieces in a desired position.
Flanges.
Collars, discs, or plates between or
				against which wheels are mounted. There are four types of flanges:
(a) Adaptor.
(b) Sleeve.
(c) Straight relieved.
(d) Straight unrelieved.
Floating blanking (floating window).
A feature
				that allows a safety light curtain system to be programmed to ignore the
				interruption of one or two beams within the light curtain. This allows the
				feeding of an object through the defined area at any point along the length of
				the curtain without causing it to produce a stop signal.
Floorstand grinder.
A floor mounted, off-hand
				grinding machine with one or two wheels mounted on a horizontal spindle. The
				wheels are normally twenty-four inches or thirty inches in diameter and used
				for snagging operations.
Forging.
Metal formed to a desired shape by impact
				or pressure in hammers, forging machines (upsetters), presses, rolls, and
				related forming equipment.
(a) Forging hammers, counterblow equipment, and
				high-energy-rate forging machines impart impact to the work piece, while most
				other types of forging equipment impart squeeze pressure in shaping the
				stock.
(b) Some metals can be forged at room temperature, but the
				majority of metals are made more plastic for forging with heat.
(c) Forged or drop forged parts are much stronger than poured
				or cast parts from foundries.
Forging presses.
A class of forging equipment
				where the shaping of metal between dies is performed by mechanical or hydraulic
				pressure and usually is accomplished with a single workstroke of the press for
				each die station.
Full revolution clutch.
Type of clutch that, when
				engaged, cannot be disengaged until the press has completed a single cycle
				(stroke).
Gage.
See
miter gage.
Gap (throat).
An opening or recess in the frame of
				the machine to permit positioning of material or work pieces.
Gate or movable barrier device.
Safeguarding
				device that encloses the point of operation before press motion can be
				initiated.
Guard.
A barrier that does at least one of the
				following:
(a) Prevents the hands or other body part from reaching
				through, over, under, or around the guard into the hazard area.
(b) Prevents objects or debris from falling onto or being
				ejected towards an employee.
Guard (abrasive wheels).
An enclosure designed to
				restrain the pieces of an abrasive wheel and furnish protection to the operator
				if the wheel is broken during operation.
Guidepost.
The pin attached to the upper or lower
				die shoe. It operates within the bushing on the opposing die shoe to maintain
				the alignment of the upper and lower dies.
Hazard.
A condition that could cause physical harm
				to a person.
Hazard area.
An area or space that poses an
				immediate or impending physical hazard.
Hog.
A machine used for cutting or grinding slabs
				and other coarse residue from the mill.
Horizontal lathe.
A turning machine in which the
				work piece revolves about a horizontal axis. While the work is revolving, it is
				being shaped by cutting tools working either parallel to the axis of the work
				or at an angle to the axis of the work.
Idler (pulley).
A pulley or roller on a shaft that
				presses against or rests on a drive belt to guide it or take up slack.
Inch.
Die setting mode that engages the driving
				clutch so a small portion of one cycle (stroke) occurs, depending upon the
				length of time the operator control is held actuated.
Indirect recirculating ovens.
Ovens that are
				equipped with a gas-tight duct system, a furnace, and a circulating fan.
(a) Combustion gases are circulated through this enclosed
				system and mixed with fresh combustion gases generated by the burner in the
				combustion chamber.
(b) A vent or overflow removes a portion of the gases to make
				room for the fresh gases added by the burner.
(c) No unburned gases or products of combustion enter the
				baking chamber.
Interlocked barrier guard.
Barrier attached to the
				press frame and interlocked with the press control system so the press stroke
				cannot be started normally unless the guard, or its hinged or movable sections,
				enclose the point of operation.
Inverted swing and jump saws.
Saws with a saw
				blade starting position below the table, where the blade must travel through
				the horizontal plane of the tabletop to make the cut on the stock.
Ironworker.
A machine with multiple workstations
				at which various operations may be performed singly or simultaneously,
				including but not limited to:
(a) Punching;
(b) Shearing;
(c) Notching;
(d) Coping; and
(e) Forming.
Jig.
See fixture.
Jog.
Die setting mode where intermittent motion is
				imparted to the slide by momentary operation of the drive motor after the
				flywheel is at rest and the clutch is engaged.
Jointer.
A machine that has a cylindrical cutter
				head with more than one knife or cutting edge. It has an adjustable in-feed
				means of work support, or an adjustable cutter head or knives, as well as a
				fence or other work piece guide.
Jump saw.
A machine that utilizes a means of work
				support and hold down, and has a powered arbor on an arm that pivots about a
				point located behind the saw arbor at approximately the same height. At rest
				position the saw blade is below the work piece. See
inverted swing and
				jump saws.
Kerf.
The slot made by a saw blade as it saws
				through a work piece.
Kickback.
The uncontrolled propulsion or self-feed
				type action of a work piece in the direction of the rotation or travel of the
				working portion of the saw, cutting tool, sanding belt, or sanding head.
Live roller conveyor.
A series of rollers with
				objects moving over them through power to all or some of the rollers. The power
				is usually transmitted by a belt or chain.
Mandrel.
Tooling or a machine component used to
				provide internal support. It can be a spindle or shaft on which a tool is
				mounted, such as a drill bit.
Manlift.
A device consisting of a power-driven
				endless belt moving in one direction only, and provided with steps or platforms
				and handholds attached to it for the transportation of personnel from floor to
				floor.
Manual feeding.
The operator puts material or the
				part being processed into the press for each cycle (stroke).
Maximum exposure angle.
The largest part of a
				wheel that does not need to be covered by a safety guard.
Miter gage.
A device used as a work piece pusher,
				guided by a table groove.
Miter saw.
A cutoff saw with a means of work
				support. It utilizes a powered arbor on an arm that pivots about a point
				located behind the saw arbor at approximately the same height. The saw arbor
				may also slide vertically. In the at-rest position, the saw blade is above the
				maximum capacity work piece.
Mode.
The state or condition of the control system
				that allows specific operations of the machine.
Modified Types 6 and 11 wheels (terrazzo).
Similar
				to Type 6 "straight cup" wheels and Type 11 "flaring cup" wheels except for the
				bottom of the cup. The bottom of the cup is flat in Type 6 and 11 wheels. The
				modified wheels have bottoms that are sloped downwards towards the mounting
				hole. These modified wheels need to be mounted using a special tapered flange
				furnished by the tool manufacturer. These wheels are used in the terrazzo
				trade.
Molding machine.
A machine that uses more than one
				arbor-mounted cylindrical, rotating cutting tool. It also uses power feeding,
				where once a work piece is engaged, it carries the work piece linearly through
				the balance of the intended operations, without further operator action.
				Operations can be performed on all surfaces of a work piece. Work pieces can be
				hopper- or hand-loaded and are fed ribbon-style into the machine.
Mortiser.
A machine designed to produce a square
				or rectangular cavity through use of a moving, forming, or reciprocating tool.
				Means are provided to clamp and support the stock, and either move the stock
				into the tool or the tool into the stock.
Moulder.
A machine in which the dough pieces are
				shaped and formed prior to final proofing.
Mounted wheels.
Bonded abrasive wheels of various
				shapes, usually two inches diameter or smaller, that are secured to plain or
				threaded steel shafts or mandrels.
Movable barrier device.
See
gate or movable
				barrier device.
Nip-point belt and pulley guard.
A guard that
				encloses the pulley and has rounded or rolled edge slots for the belt to pass
				through.
Off-hand grinding.
Grinding of a work piece that
				is held in the operator's hand.
Overland conveyor.
A single or series of belt
				conveyors designed to carry bulk material long distances, usually following the
				general contour of the land.
Part revolution clutch.
Type of clutch that can be
				disengaged before the press slide completes a full stroke.
Pedestal grinder.
An off-hand grinding machine
				similar to a bench grinder mounted on or otherwise attached to a floor-mounted
				pedestal.
Pinch point.
Any point, other than the point of
				operation, where it is possible for a part of the body to be caught between
				moving parts or between a moving part and stationary one.
Planer.
A machine with at least one cylindrical
				cutter head, that includes one or more inserted knife or cutting edge. A planer
				has a cutter head mounted over a means of work support. It also uses either an
				adjustable work support or cutter head to size the stock. The work piece is
				usually power-fed.
Point of operation.
The area on a machine where
				work is actually performed upon the material being processed.
Power-driven hammers.
Types of drop hammers in
				which the ram is raised for each stroke by a double-action steam, air, or
				hydraulic cylinder, and the energy delivered to the work piece is supplied by
				the velocity and weight of the ram and attached upper die driven downward by
				steam, air, or hydraulic pressure. Energy delivered during each stroke may be
				varied.
Power transmission parts.
The mechanical
				components of a piece of equipment that, together with a source of power
				(sometimes referred to as a prime mover), provide the motion to a part of a
				machine or piece of equipment.
Presence-sensing device.
A device that creates a
				sensing field, area, or plane to detect the presence of an individual or
				object.
Presence-sensing device initiation (PSDI).
Operating mode of a mechanical power press where a single cycle (stroke) is
				initiated by a presence-sensing device when it senses that the operator has
				finished feeding or removing parts and all parts of the operator's body are
				withdrawn from the sensing field of the device.
Pull-back device.
A device attached to the
				operator's hands and connected to the upper die or slide of the press that will
				pull the operator's hands out of the point of operation as the dies
				close.
Push block.
A nonmetallic device with one or more
				handles. A push block also has a flat bottom surface with either a heel or
				friction material on it, used as a hold-down and feed device. The purpose of
				this is to provide a safe distance between the hands and the cutting
				tool.
Pusher-bar conveyor.
Two endless chains
				cross-connected at intervals by bars or pushers that propel the load along the
				bed or trough.
Push stick.
A nonmetallic stick shaped device
				designed to provide a safe distance between the hands and the cutting tool. It
				has, as part of its design, a notched end with a heel and toe to hold down and
				feed the work piece past the cutting tool.
Racks.
Carriers of pans, panned dough and bakery
				products. They are usually constructed of metal and mounted on casters or
				provided with trolleys for use on a monorail system.
Reinforced wheels.
Organic bonded abrasive wheels
				which have webbing, fabric or filament to provide resistance to complete
				breaking of the wheel should it become cracked or damaged.
Repeat.
An unintended or unexpected successive
				stroke of the press resulting from a malfunction.
Restraint device.
A device with attachments for
				the operator's hands and wrists that prevent the operator from reaching into
				the hazardous area.
Return-belt idlers.
A roller that supports the
				return run of the conveyor belt.
Ripping.
A sawing operation made through the
				thickness of the work piece with the grain of natural wood, along the long
				dimension of a rectangular work piece, and usually parallel to that edge on
				reconstituted wood products. Two or more pieces result from the
				operation.
Rivet-making machines.
The same as upsetters and
				bolt-headers when producing rivets with stock diameter of one inch or
				more.
Riving knife.
See
spreader.
Safeguarding by distance.
Employees are kept far
				enough from a hazard that they will not contact or be injured by the
				hazard.
Safeguarding by location.
Because of its location,
				no employee can inadvertently come in contact with a hazard during operation,
				maintenance, or servicing.
Safeguarding device.
See
device.
Safety block.
A prop inserted between the upper
				and lower dies or between the bolster plate and the face of the slide to
				prevent the slide from falling of its own weight.
Safety cylinder.
This safety device may be of the
				direct cushion type integral with the main cylinder or it may be of the
				separate cushion type whereby a constant supply of live steam or air is applied
				behind a separate piston adjacent to the main cylinder. A spring, suitably
				constrained, may also be employed.
Safety cylinder head.
An air cushion at the top of
				the hammer, just below the head, to protect the head from damage by the
				piston.
Scale.
Any layer or leaf of metal resembling the
				scale of a fish in size and thinness; such as a scale of iron.
Screw conveyor.
A screw or auger that revolves in
				a suitably shaped trough or casing, used to move material in one specific
				direction.
SFPM.
See
surface feet per
				minute.
Shaper.
A machine that uses one or more vertical
				spindles that are either fixed or able to be tilted, usually with an arbor
				mounted rotating cylindrical cutter, to form decorative or functional forms on
				a manually or power-fed work piece. The work piece is supported on a stationary
				or moving table. A guide, fixture, or template is used to control the
				operation. The spindle can be mounted above or below the work support
				means.
Sheeter.
A machine that forms dough into a sheet
				by compression through one or more sets of driven rolls.
Sifter.
A device that sifts flour. Sifter types
				are brush, oscillating, or vibrating.
Single stroke mechanism.
Used on a full revolution
				clutch to limit the travel of the slide to one complete stroke at each
				engagement of the clutch.
Slat and roller slat conveyor.
A conveyor
				employing one or more endless chains to which nonoverlapping, nonin-terlocking,
				spaced slats are attached.
Slide.
Part of the press that moves back and forth
				in a straight line. Also called a ram, plunger, or platen.
Snagging.
Grinding which removes relatively large
				amounts of material without regard to close tolerances or surface
				finish.
Spreader.
A flat metal device slightly narrower
				than the saw kerf. It is designed to prevent the saw blade kerf in the work
				piece from closing on the sides of the blade during a sawing operation.
Steam hammers.
A type of drop hammer where the ram
				is raised for each stroke by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy
				delivered to the work piece is supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram
				and attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure. Energy delivered
				during each stroke may be varied.
Stripper.
A mechanism or die part for removing
				parts or material from the punch.
Surface feet per minute (SFPM).
A measure of the
				speed of a point on the periphery (outer edge) of an abrasive wheel. It is
				calculated using the formula:
SFPM = .262 x diameter of the wheel (in inches) x RPM
				(revolutions per minute)
Example:
Wheel diameter = 24 inches
Spindle speed = 1000 RPM
SFPM = .262 x 24 x 1000 = 3,144 SFPM
Sweep device.
A single or double arm (rod)
				attached to the upper die or slide of the press that is designed to move the
				operator's hands to a safe position as the dies close. Sweep devices are not
				allowed for point-of-operation safeguarding.
Swing saw/overhead swing cutoff saw.
A machine
				with a means of work support using a powered arbor and circular saw blade that
				pivots about a point located above the saw arbor.
Tenoning machine.
A machine designed to use two or
				more cylindrical cutters, or one or two circular saws, to size or prepare (or
				both) the ends of a work piece. The work piece is supported on a table or
				conveying means. A means for clamping the work piece is provided.
Terrazzo.
A material of stone chips, such as
				marble, set in mortar and polished.
Threaded hole wheels.
Abrasive wheels that have
				one central threaded bushing, securely anchored in place. They are mounted by
				being screwed onto a threaded machine spindle so that the wheel back seats
				firmly against an unrelieved flat back flange.
Tongs.
Metal holder used to handle hot or cold
				forgings.
Tongue guard.
An integral part of a safety guard
				that is located where the upper exposed part of the abrasive wheel meets the
				safety guard. It can be adjusted as necessary to maintain a set distance from
				the constantly decreasing diameter of the wheel.
Tooling.
Elements for guiding or imparting a
				desired configuration to the material.
Top grinding.
Grinding done above the horizontal
				cen-terline of the wheel.
Towed conveyor.
An endless chain supported by
				trolleys from an overhead track or running in a track on the floor with means
				for towing floor-supported trucks, dollies, or carts.
Trimming presses.
A class of auxiliary forging
				equipment that removes flash (metal splash) or excess metal from a forging.
				This trimming operation can also be done cold, as in can coining, a
				product-sizing operation.
Trip (or tripping).
Momentary actuation of the
				activating control to initiate the cycle (stroke).
Trued.
When the cutting surfaces of an abrasive
				wheel have been reshaped to expose new sharp cutting surfaces.
Turnover bar.
A bar used in die setting to
				manually turn the crankshaft of the press.
Two-hand device.
A device that requires the
				concurrent use of both of the operator's hands to both initiate and continue
				the machine cycle during the hazardous portion of the machine cycle.
Two-hand trip device.
A device that requires
				concurrent operation of the trip controls or levers by the operator's hands to
				initiate the machine cycle.
Type A movable gate.
A device that encloses the
				hazardous area when the machine cycles and does not open until the end of the
				cycle.
Type B movable gate.
A device that encloses the
				hazardous area when the machine cycles and opens when hazardous motion of the
				cycle is over. Type B devices are not allowed on full revolution type
				machinery.
Type 1 wheel.
An abrasive wheel shaped like a disc
				with a mounting hole in the middle. Sometimes called a "straight wheel." It has
				diameter (D), thickness (T), and hole size (H) dimensions. Grinding is normally
				done on the periphery (outside curve) of the wheel (T dimension). Can be used
				for grinding, cutting-off, and tuck pointing.
Type 2 wheel.
An abrasive wheel shaped like an
				open-ended, hollow cylinder. Sometimes called a cylinder wheel. It has diameter
				(measured from the outer wall of the cylinder), wheel thickness (height of the
				cylinder), and rim thickness (thickness of the cylinder wall). Grinding is done
				on the end of the cylinder (rim thickness dimension).
Type 6 wheel.
An abrasive wheel shaped like a
				straight-sided cup or bowl with a mounting hole in the bottom of the cup.
				Sometimes called a "cup wheel." It has diameter (D), thickness (T), hole size
				(H), rim thickness (W), and back thickness (E) dimensions. Grinding is normally
				done on the cup rim (W dimension).
Type 11 wheel.
An abrasive wheel shaped like a cup
				or bowl with a mounting hole in the bottom of the cup. The sides of the cup are
				not straight-sided but are angled outward. Sometimes called a "flaring cup
				wheel" since the sides are "flared" out. It has double diameter dimensions (top
				D and bottom J). It also has thickness (T), hole size (H), rim thickness (W)
				and back thickness (E) dimensions. Grinding is normally done on the cup rim (W
				dimension).
Type 16, 17, 18, 18R, and 19 wheels.
See cone and
				plug wheels.
Type 27 wheel.
An abrasive wheel similar to a Type
				1 wheel, but the center of the wheel around the mounting hole is pushed back
				(depressed). Sometimes called a "depressed center" wheel. It has diameter (D),
				thickness (U) and hole size (H) dimensions. The depressed center allows
				grinding on the flat surface of the wheel without interference from the flange
				or mounting hardware.
Type 27A cutting-off wheel.
Similar to a Type 27
				wheel. Specifically designed for use on cutting-off machines.
Type 28 wheel.
An abrasive wheel similar to a Type
				27 wheel, but the face of the wheel is angled upward and away from the mounting
				hole. The face of a Type 27 wheel is flat and perpendicular to the mounting
				hole. A Type 28 wheel is also called a "depressed center" wheel. It has
				diameter (D), thickness (U) and hole size (H) dimensions. The depressed center
				allows grinding without interference from the mounting. A Type 28 wheel has a
				saucer-shaped grinding rim and is designed for corner grinding and side
				grinding.
Type 29 wheel.
An abrasive wheel that has
				reversed, saucer-shaped grinding rims (similar to a partially opened
				umbrella).
Unitized tooling.
A die that has the upper and
				lower members incorporated into a self-contained unit that holds the die
				members in alignment.
Upsetters (or forging machines, or headers).
A
				type of forging equipment, related to the mechanical press, in which the main
				forming energy is applied horizontally to the work piece that is gripped and
				held by prior action of the dies.
Wood products.
Wood products include wood and
				reconstituted wood products that generate chips or dust in the processing of a
				wood piece.