Virginia Administrative Code › Title 12 - HEALTH › Agency 5 - DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH › Chapter 590 - WATERWORKS REGULATIONS › Section 12VAC5-590-546 - Regulated contaminants for the consumer confidence reports and public notification

Current through Register Vol. 40, No. 24, July 15, 2024
A.
				Public notices and CCRs shall contain the appropriate mandatory language and
				information listed, as required by
				12VAC5-590-540 and
				12VAC5-590-545.
B. Information on regulated contaminants is
				presented in Table 546.1.
TABLE 546.1 Content Requirements of Consumer
							 Confidence Reports and Public Notices
CONTAMINANT (UNITS)
TRADITIONAL PMCL IN mg/l
TO CONVERT FOR CCR, MULTIPLY BY
PMCL IN CCR UNITS
MCLG
MAJOR SOURCES IN DRINKING WATER
HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE
Microbiological Contaminants
(1) Total Coliform Bacteria
TT
n/a
Naturally present in the environment
Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in
							 the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially-harmful,
							 waterborne pathogens may be present or that a potential pathway exists through
							 which contamination may enter the waterworks.
(2) E. coli
PMCL: In compliance unless (i) the waterworks has an
							 E. coli-positive repeat sample following a total coliform-positive routine
							 sample; (ii) the waterworks has a total coliform-positive repeat sample
							 following an E. coli-positive routine sample; (iii) the waterworks owner fails
							 to collect all required repeat samples following an E. coli positive routine
							 sample; or (iv) the waterworks owner fails to test for E. coli when any repeat
							 sample tests positive for total coliform.
0
Human and animal fecal waste
E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that
							 the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Human pathogens in
							 these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea,
							 headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a greater health risk for infants,
							 young children, the elderly, and people with severely-compromised immune
							 systems.
(3) E. coli
TT
n/a
Human and animal fecal waste
E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that
							 the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Human pathogens in
							 these wastes can cause short-term health effects, such as diarrhea, cramps,
							 nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a greater health risk for
							 infants, young children, the elderly, and people with severely compromised
							 immune system.
(4) Source water fecal indicator (E.
							 coli)
TT
TT
0 for E. coli
Fecal indicators are microbes whose presence
							 indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes.
							 Microbes in these wastes can cause short term health effects, such as diarrhea,
							 cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health
							 risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely
							 compromised immune system.
(5) Groundwater rule TT violations other than source
							 water fecal indicator E. coli abovea
TT
TT
Inadequately treated or inadequately protected water
							 may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms can cause symptoms such
							 as diarrhea, nausea, cramps, and associated headaches.
(6)Turbidity
TT
TT
n/a
Soil runoff
Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity
							 can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth.
							 Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These
							 organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such
							 as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.
(7) Giardia lamblia, viruses, Hetrotropic plate
							 count, Legionella, Cryptosporidiuma
TTc
n/a
0
n/a
Inadequately treated water may contain
							 disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and
							 parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and
							 associated headaches.
Radioactive Contaminants
(8) Beta/photon emitters (mrem/yr)
4 mrem/yr
4
0
Decay of natural and man-made
							 deposits
Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit forms
							 of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water
							 containing beta and photon emitters in excess of the PMCL over many years may
							 have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(9) Alpha emitters (pCi/L)
15 pCi/L
15
0
Erosion of natural deposits
Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form
							 of radiation known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing
							 alpha emitters in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk
							 of getting cancer.
(10) Combined radium (pCi/L)
5 pCi/L
5
0
Erosion of natural deposits
Some people who drink water containing radium-226 or
							 radium-228 in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of
							 getting cancer.
(11) Uranium (ppb)
30 pCi/L
30
0
Erosion of natural deposits
Some people who drink water containing uranium in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer
							 and kidney toxicity.
Inorganic Contaminants
(12) Antimony (ppb)
0.006
1000
6
6
Discharge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants;
							 ceramics; electronics; solder
Some people who drink water containing antimony well
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience increases in blood
							 cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar.
(13) Arsenic (ppb)
0.010
1000
10.
0
Erosion of natural deposits; Runoff from orchards;
							 Runoff from glass and electronics production wastes
Some people who drink water containing arsenic in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience skin damage or problems
							 with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting
							 cancer.
(14) Asbestos (MFL)
7 MFL
7
7
Decay of asbestos cement water mains; Erosion of
							 natural deposits
Some people who drink water containing asbestos in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing
							 benign intestinal polyps.
(15) Barium (ppm)
2
2
2
Discharge of drilling wastes; Discharge from metal
							 refineries; Erosion of natural deposits
Some people who drink water containing barium in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience an increase in their blood
							 pressure.
(16) Beryllium (ppb)
0.004
1000
4
4
Discharge from metal refineries and coal-burning
							 factories; Discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense
							 industries
Some people who drink water containing beryllium well
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could develop intestinal
							 lesions.
(17) Cadmium (ppb)
0.005
1000
5
5
Corrosion of galvanized pipes; Erosion of natural
							 deposits; Discharge from metal refineries; Runoff from waste batteries and
							 paints
Some people who drink water containing cadmium in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience kidney damage.
(18) Chromium (ppb)
0.1
1000
100
100
Discharge from steel and pulp mills; Erosion of
							 natural deposits
Some people who drink water containing chromium well
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience allergic
							 dermatitis.
(19) Copper (ppm)
AL=1.3
AL=1.3
1.3
Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of
							 natural deposits
Copper is an essential nutrient, but some people who
							 drink water containing copper in excess of the AL over a relatively short
							 amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who
							 drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years
							 could suffer liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson's Disease should
							 consult their personal doctor.
(20) Cyanide (ppb)
0.2
1000
200
200
Discharge from steel or metal factories; Discharge
							 from plastic and fertilizer factories
Some people who drink water containing cyanide well
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience nerve damage or problems
							 with their thyroid.
(21) Fluoride (ppm)
4
4
4
Erosion of natural deposits; Water additive that
							 promotes strong teeth; Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing fluoride in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could get bone disease, including pain and
							 tenderness of the bones. Fluoride in drinking water at half the PMCL or more
							 may cause mottling of children's teeth, usually in children less than nine
							 years old. Mottling, also known as dental fluorosis, may include brown staining
							 or pitting of the teeth, and occurs only in developing teeth before they erupt
							 from the gums.
(22) Lead (ppb)
AL=0.015
1000
AL=15
0
Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of
							 natural deposits
Infants and children who drink water containing lead
							 in excess of the AL could experience delays in their physical or mental
							 development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning
							 abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney
							 problems or high blood pressure.
(23) Mercury [inorganic] (ppb)
0.002
1000
2
2
Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from
							 refineries and factories; Runoff from landfills; Runoff from
							 cropland
Some people who drink water containing inorganic
							 mercury well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience kidney
							 damage.
(24) Nitrate (ppm)
10
10
10
Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic
							 tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits
Infants younger than the age of six months who drink
							 water containing nitrate in excess of the PMCL could become seriously ill and,
							 if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby
							 syndrome.
(25) Nitrite (ppm)
1
1
1
Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic
							 tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits
Infants younger than the age of six months who drink
							 water containing nitrite in excess of the PMCL could become seriously ill and,
							 if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby
							 syndrome.
(26) Total Nitrate and Nitrite
10
n/a
10
n/a
Infants younger than the age of six months who drink
							 water containing nitrate and nitrite in excess of the PMCL could become
							 seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath
							 and blue baby syndrome.
(27) Selenium (ppb)
0.05
1000
50
50
Discharge from petroleum and metal refineries;
							 Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from mines
Selenium is an essential nutrient. However, some
							 people who drink water containing selenium in excess of the PMCL over many
							 years could experience hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes,
							 or problems with their circulation.
(28) Thallium (ppb)
0.002
1000
2
0.5
Leaching from ore-processing sites; Discharge from
							 electronics, glass, and drug factories
Some people who drink water containing thallium in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their
							 blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver.
Synthetic Organic Chemicals including Pesticides and
							 Herbicides
(29) 2,4-D (ppb)
0.07
1000
70
70
Runoff from herbicides used on row
							 crops
Some people who drink water containing the weed
							 killer 2,4-D well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience
							 problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands.
(30) 2,4,5-TP [Silvex] (ppb)
0.05
1000
50
50
Residue of banned herbicide
Some people who drink water containing silvex in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience liver problems.
(31) Acrylamide
TT
TT
0
Added to water during sewage or wastewater
							 treatment
Some people who drink water containing high levels of
							 acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous
							 system or blood and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(32) Alachlor (ppb)
0.002
1000
2
0
Runoff from herbicide used on row
							 crops
Some people who drink water containing alachlor in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver,
							 kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia and may have an increased risk of
							 getting cancer.
(33) Atrazine (ppb)
0.003
1000
3
3
Runoff from herbicide used on row
							 crops
Some people who drink water containing atrazine well
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their
							 cardiovascular system or reproductive difficulties.
(34) Benzo(a)pyrene [PAH]
0.0002
1,000,000
200
0
Leaching from linings of water storage tanks and
							 distribution lines
Some people who drink water containing benzo(a)pyrene
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience reproductive
							 difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(35) Carbofuran (ppb)
0.04
1000
40
40
Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice and
							 alfalfa
Some people who drink water containing carbofuran in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their blood,
							 or nervous or reproductive systems.
(36) Chlordane (ppb)
0.002
1000
2
0
Residue of banned termiticide
Some people who drink water containing chlordane in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver
							 or nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting
							 cancer.
(37) Dalapon (ppb)
0.2
1000
200
200
Runoff from herbicide used on rights of
							 way
Some people who drink water containing dalapon well
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience minor kidney
							 changes.
(38) Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (ppb)
0.4
1000
400
400
Discharge from chemical factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 di(2-ethyhexyl)adipate well in excess of the PMCL over many years could
							 experience toxic effects, such as weight loss, liver enlargement or possible
							 reproductive difficulties.
(39) Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ppb)
0.006
1000
6
0
Discharge from rubber and chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in excess of the PMCL over many years may have
							 problems with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may
							 have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(40) Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) (ppt)
0.0002
1,000,000
200
0
Runoff or leaching from soil fumigant used on
							 soybeans, cotton, pineapples, and orchards
Some people who drink water containing DBCP well in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience reproductive problems and
							 may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(41) Dinoseb (ppb)
0.007
1000
7
7
Runoff from herbicide used on soybeans and
							 vegetables
Some people who drink water containing dinoseb well
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience reproductive
							 difficulties.
(42) Diquat (ppb)
0.02
1000
20
20
Runoff from herbicide use
Some people who drink water containing diquat in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could get cataracts.
(43) Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD] (ppq)
0.00000003
1,000,000,000
30
0
Emissions from waste incineration and other
							 combustion; Discharge from chemical factories
Some people who drink water containing dioxin in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties
							 and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(44) Endothall (ppb)
0.1
1000
100
100
Runoff from herbicide use
Some people who drink water containing endothall in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach
							 or intestines.
(45) Endrin (ppb)
0.002
1000
2
2
Runoff of banned insecticide
Some people who drink water containing endrin in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience liver problems.
(46) Epichlorohydrin
TT
TT
0
Discharge from industrial chemical factories; An
							 impurity of some water treatment chemicals
Some people who drink water containing high levels of
							 epichlorohydrin over a long period of time could experience stomach problems
							 and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(47) Ethylene dibromide (ppt)
0.00005
1,000,000
50
0
Discharge from petroleum refineries
Some people who drink water containing ethylene
							 dibromide in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with
							 their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys, and may have an
							 increased risk of getting cancer.
(48) Glyphosate (ppb)
0.7
1000
700
700
Runoff from herbicide use
Some people who drink water containing glyphosate in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys
							 or reproductive difficulties.
(49) Heptachlor (ppt)
0.0004
1,000,000
400
0
Residue of banned pesticide
Some people who drink water containing heptachlor in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have
							 an increased risk of getting cancer.
(50) Heptachlor epoxide (ppt)
0.0002
1,000,000
200
0
Breakdown of heptachlor
Some people who drink water containing heptachlor
							 epoxide in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience liver damage and
							 may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(51) Hexachlorobenzene (ppb)
0.001
1000
1
0
Discharge from metal refineries and agricultural
							 chemical factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 hexachlorobenzene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience
							 problems with their liver or kidneys or adverse reproductive effects and may
							 have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(52) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (ppb)
0.05
1000
50
50
Discharge from chemical factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 hexachlorocyclopentadiene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could
							 experience problems with their stomach or kidneys.
(53) Lindane (ppt)
0.0002
1,000,000
200
200
Runoff or leaching from insecticide used on cattle,
							 lumber, gardens
Some people who drink water containing lindane in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys
							 or liver.
(54) Methoxychlor (ppb)
0.04
1000
40
40
Runoff or leaching from insecticide used on fruits,
							 vegetables, alfalfa, livestock
Some people who drink water containing methoxychlor
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience reproductive
							 difficulties.
(55) Oxamyl [Vydate] (ppb)
0.2
1000
200
200
Runoff or leaching from insecticide used on apples,
							 potatoes, and tomatoes
Some people who drink water containing oxamyl in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience slight nervous system
							 effects.
(56) PCBs [Polychlorinated biphenyls]
							 (ppt)
0.0005
1,000,000
500
0
Runoff from landfills; Discharge of waste
							 chemicals
Some people who drink water containing PCBs in excess
							 of the PMCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems
							 with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system
							 difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(57) Pentachlorophenol (ppb)
0.001
1000
1
0
Discharge from wood preserving
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 pentachlorophenol in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience
							 problems with their liver or kidneys and may have an increased risk of getting
							 cancer.
(58) Picloram (ppb)
0.5
1000
500
500
Herbicide runoff
Some people who drink water containing picloram in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their
							 liver.
(59) Simazine (ppb)
0.004
1000
4
4
Herbicide runoff
Some people who drink water containing simazine in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their
							 blood.
(60) Toxaphene (ppb)
0.003
1000
3
0
Runoff or leaching from insecticide used on cotton
							 and cattle
Some people who drink water containing toxaphene in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their
							 thyroid, kidneys, or liver and may have an increased risk of getting
							 cancer.
Volatile Organic Chemicals
(61) Benzene (ppb)
0.005
1000
5
0
Discharge from factories; Leaching from gas storage
							 tanks and landfills
Some people who drink water containing benzene in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in
							 blood platelets and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(62) Carbon tetrachloride (ppb)
0.005
1000
5
0
Discharge from chemical plants and other industrial
							 activities
Some people who drink water containing carbon
							 tetrachloride in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems
							 with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(63) Chlorobenzene (ppb)
0.1
1000
100
100
Discharge from chemical and agricultural chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing chlorobenzene
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their
							 liver or kidneys.
(64) o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb)
0.6
1000
600
600
Discharge from industrial chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 o-dichlorobenzene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience
							 problems with their liver, kidneys, or spleen or changes in their
							 blood.
(65) p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb)
0.075
1000
75
75
Discharge from industrial chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 p-dichlorobenzene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience
							 anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems.
(66) 1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb)
0.005
1000
5
0
Discharge from industrial chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 1,2-dichloroethane in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased
							 risk of getting cancer.
(67) 1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb)
0.007
1000
7
7
Discharge from industrial chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 1,1-dichloroethylene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience
							 problems with their liver.
(68) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb)
0.07
1000
70
70
Discharge from industrial chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience
							 problems with their liver.
(69) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb)
0.1
1000
100
100
Discharge from industrial chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 trans-1,2-dichloroethylene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could
							 experience problems with their liver.
(70) Dichloromethane (ppb)
0.005
1000
5
0
Discharge from pharmaceutical and chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 dichloromethane in excess of the PMCL over many years could have liver problems
							 and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(71) 1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb)
0.005
1000
5
0
Discharge from industrial chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 1,2-dichloropropane in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased
							 risk of getting cancer.
(72) Ethylbenzene (ppb)
0.7
1000
700
700
Discharge from petroleum refineries
Some people who drink water containing ethylbenzene
							 well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their
							 liver or kidneys.
(73) Styrene (ppb)
0.1
1000
100
100
Discharge from rubber and plastic factories; Leaching
							 from landfills
Some people who drink water containing styrene well
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their
							 liver, kidneys, or circulatory system.
(74) Tetrachloroethylene (ppb)
0.005
1000
5
0
Discharge from factories and dry
							 cleaners
Some people who drink water containing
							 tetrachloroethylene in excess of the PMCL over many years could have problems
							 with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(75) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (ppb)
0.07
1000
70
70
Discharge from textile-finishing
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could
							 experience changes in their adrenal glands.
(76) 1,1,1,-Trichloroethane (ppb)
0.2
1000
200
200
Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 1,1,1-trichloroethane in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience
							 problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system.
(77) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb)
0.005
1000
5
3
Discharge from industrial chemical
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 1,1,2-trichloroethane well in excess of the PMCL over many years could have
							 problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems.
(78) Trichloroethylene (ppb)
0.005
1000
5
0
Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing
							 trichloroethylene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience
							 problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting
							 cancer.
(79) Toluene (ppm)
1
1
1
Discharge from petroleum factories
Some people who drink water containing toluene well
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years could have problems with their nervous
							 system, kidneys, or liver.
(80) Vinyl Chloride (ppb)
0.002
1000
2
0
Leaching from PVC piping; Discharge from plastic
							 factories
Some people who drink water containing vinyl chloride
							 in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting
							 cancer.
(81) Xylenes (ppm)
10
10
10
Discharge from petroleum factories; Discharge from
							 chemical factories
Some people who drink water containing xylenes in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous
							 system.
Disinfection Byproducts, Precursors, and
							 Residuals
(82) TTHM [total trihalomethanes]
							 (ppb)
0.080
1000
80
n/a
Byproduct of drinking water
							 disinfection
Some people who drink water containing
							 trihalomethanes (THMs) in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience
							 problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous systems, and may have an
							 increased risk of getting cancer.
(83) Haloacetic acids (HAA) (ppb)
0.060
1000
60
n/a
Byproduct of drinking water
							 disinfection
Some people who drink water containing haloacetic
							 acids in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of
							 getting cancer.
(84) Bromate (ppb)
0.010
1000
10
0
Byproduct of drinking water
							 disinfection
Some people who drink water containing bromate in
							 excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting
							 cancer.
(85) Chloramines (ppm)
MRDL=4.0
MRDL=4.0
MRDLG=4
Water additive used to control
							 microbes
Some people who use water containing chloramines well
							 in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and
							 nose. Some people who drink water containing chloramines well in excess of the
							 MRDL could experience stomach discomfort or anemia.
(86) Chlorine (ppm)
MRDL=4.0
MRDL=4.0
MRDLG=4
Water additive used to control
							 microbes
Some people who use water containing chlorine well in
							 excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose.
							 Some people who drink water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL
							 could experience stomach discomfort.
(87) Chlorine dioxide
							 (ppb)b
MRDL=0.8
1000
MRDL=800
MRDLG=800
Water additive used to control
							 microbes
Some infants and young children who drink water
							 containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL could experience nervous
							 system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who
							 drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may
							 experience anemia.
(88) Chlorine dioxide, where any two consecutive
							 daily samples collected at the entrance to the distribution system are above
							 the MRDL.a
MRDL=0.8
MRDLG=0.8
The chlorine dioxide violations reported today are
							 the result of exceedances at the treatment facility only, not within the
							 distribution system that delivers water to consumers. Continued compliance with
							 chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system minimizes the potential
							 risk of these violations to consumers.
(89) Chlorine dioxide, where one or more distribution
							 system samples are above the MRDL.a
MRDL=0.8
MRDLG=0.8
The chlorine dioxide violations reported today
							 include exceedances of EPA standard within the distribution system that
							 delivers water to consumers. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within
							 the distribution system may harm human health based on short-term exposures.
							 Certain groups, including fetuses, infants, and young children, may be
							 especially susceptible to nervous system effects from excessive chlorine
							 dioxide exposure.
(90) Chlorite (ppm)
1.0
1.0
0.8
Byproduct of drinking water
							 disinfection
Some infants and young children who drink water
							 containing chlorite in excess of the PMCL could experience nervous system
							 effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water
							 containing chlorite in excess of the PMCL. Some people may experience
							 anemia.
(91) Total organic carbon (ppm)
TT
TT
n/a
Naturally present in the environment
Total organic carbon (TOC) has no health effects.
							 However, total organic carbon provides a medium for the formation of
							 disinfection byproducts. These byproducts include trihalomethanes (THMs) and
							 haloacetic acids (HAAs). Drinking water containing these byproducts in excess
							 of the PMCL may lead to adverse health effects, liver or kidney problems or
							 nervous systems effects and may lead to an increased risk of getting
							 cancer.
aThis information is for
							 public notification purposes only.
bThis information is for
							 the CCR purposes only.
cViolations of the
							 treatment technique requirements for filtration and disinfection that involve
							 turbidity exceedances may use the health effects language for turbidity
							 instead.
Statutory Authority: §§
											32.1-12
					 and
					 32.1-170 of the Code
					 of Virginia.