Pennsylvania Code › Title 22 - EDUCATION › Part I - State Board of Education › Subpart A - Miscellaneous Provisions › Chapter 4 - ACADEMIC STANDARDS AND ASSESSMENT › ENFORCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION › Appendix B-1 - Pennsylvania Integrated Standards for Science, Environment, Ecology, Technology and Engineering (Grades K-5)[1,2]

Current through Register Vol. 54, No. 28, July 13, 2024
Kindergarten
Earth and Space Sciences
Earth and Human Activity
1. Use a model to represent the relationship between the
						needs of different plants or animals (including humans) and the places they
						live.
2. Ask questions to obtain information about the purpose
						of weather forecasting to prepare for, and respond to, severe weather.
3. Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of
						humans on the land, water, air, and/or other living things in the local
						environment.
Earth's Systems
1. Use and share observations of local weather conditions
						to describe patterns over time.
2. Construct an argument supported by evidence for how
						plants and animals (including humans) can change the environment to meet their
						needs.
Life Science
From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and
						Processes
1. Use observations to describe patterns of what plants
						and animals (including humans) need to survive.
Physical Science
Motion and Stability: Forces and
						Interactions
1. Plan and conduct an investigation to compare the
						effects of different strengths or different directions of pushes and pulls on
						the motion of an object.
2. Analyze data to determine if a design solution works
						as intended to change the speed or direction of an object with a push or a
						pull.
Energy
1. Make observations to determine the effect of sunlight
						on Earth's surface.
2. Use tools and materials to design and build a
						structure that will reduce the warming effect of sunlight on an area.
Grade 1
Earth and Space Sciences
Earth's Place in the Universe
1. Use observations of the sun, moon, and stars to
						describe patterns that can be predicted.
2. Make observations at different times of year to relate
						the amount of daylight to the time of year.
Life Science
From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and
						Processes
1. Use materials to design a solution to a human problem
						by mimicking how plants and/or animals use their external parts to help them
						survive, grow, and meet their needs.
2. Read texts and use media to determine patterns in
						behavior of parents and offspring that help offspring survive.
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of
						Traits
1. Make observations to construct an evidence-based
						account that young plants and animals are like, but not exactly like, their
						parents.
Physical Science
Waves and Their Applications in
						Technologies for Information Transfer
1. Plan and conduct investigations to provide evidence
						that vibrating materials can make sound and that sound can make materials
						vibrate.
2. Make observations to construct an evidence-based
						account that objects can be seen only when illuminated.
3. Plan and conduct an investigation to determine the
						effect of placing objects made with different materials in the path of a beam
						of light.
4. Use tools and materials to design and build a device
						that uses light or sound to solve the problem of communicating over a distance.
Grade 2
Earth and Space Sciences
Earth's Place in the Universe
1. Use information from several sources to provide
						evidence that Earth events can occur quickly or slowly.
Earth's Systems
1. Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent
						wind or water from changing the shape of the land.
2. Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of
						land and bodies of water in an area.
3. Obtain information to identify where water is found on
						Earth and that it can be solid or liquid.
Life Science
Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and
						Dynamics
1. Plan and conduct an investigation to determine if
						plants need sunlight and water to grow.
2. Develop a simple model that mimics the function of an
						animal in dispersing seeds or pollinating plants.
Biological Evolution: Unity and
						Diversity
1. Make observations of plants and animals to compare the
						diversity of life in different habitats.
Matter and its Interactions
1. Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and
						classify different kinds of materials by their observable properties.
2. Analyze data obtained from testing different materials
						to determine which materials have the properties that are best suited for an
						intended purpose.
3. Make observations to construct an evidence-based
						account of how an object made of a small set of pieces can be disassembled and
						made into a new object.
4. Construct an argument with evidence that some changes
						caused by heating or cooling can be reversed and some cannot.
Grade 3
Earth and Space Sciences
Earth's Systems
1. Represent data in tables and graphical displays to
						describe typical weather conditions expected during a particular season.
2. Obtain and combine information to describe climates in
						different regions of the world.
Earth and Human Activity
1. Make a claim supported by evidence about the merit of
						a design solution that reduces the impacts of a weather-related hazard.
Life Science
From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and
						Processes
1. Develop models to describe that organisms have unique
						and diverse life cycles but all have in common birth, growth, reproduction, and
						death.
Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and
						Dynamics
1. Construct an argument that some animals form groups
						that help members survive.
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of
						Traits
1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence that
						plants and animals have traits inherited from parents and that variation of
						these traits exists in a group of similar organisms.
2. Use evidence to support the explanation that traits
						can be influenced by the environment.
Biological Evolution: Unity and
						Diversity
1. Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide
						evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long
						ago.
2. Use evidence to construct an explanation for how the
						variations in characteristics among individuals of the same species may provide
						advantages in surviving, finding mates, and reproducing.
3. Construct an argument with evidence that in a
						particular habitat some organisms can survive well, some survive less well, and
						some cannot survive at all.
4. Make a claim supported by evidence about the merit of
						a solution to a problem caused when the environment changes and the types of
						plants and animals that live there may change.
Physical Science
Motion and Stability: Forces and
						Interactions
1. Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence
						of the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of an
						object.
2. Make and communicate observations and/or measurements
						of an object's motion to provide evidence that a pattern can be used to predict
						future motion.
3. Ask questions to determine cause and effect
						relationships of electric or magnetic interactions between two objects not in
						contact with each other.
4. Define a simple design problem that can be solved by
						applying scientific ideas about magnets.
Grade 4
Earth and Space Sciences
Earth's Place in the Universe
1. Identify evidence from patterns in rock formations and
						fossils in rock layers to support an explanation for changes in a landscape
						over time.
Earth's Systems
1. Make observations and/or measurements to provide
						evidence of the effects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice,
						wind, or vegetation.
2. Analyze and interpret data from maps to describe
						patterns of Earth's features.
Earth and Human Activity
1. Obtain and combine information to describe that energy
						and fuels are derived from natural resources and their uses affect the
						environment.
2. Generate and compare multiple solutions to reduce the
						impacts of natural Earth processes on humans.
Life Science
From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and
						Processes
1. Construct an argument that plants and animals have
						internal and external structures that function to support survival, growth,
						behavior, and reproduction.
2. Use a model to describe that animals receive different
						types of information through their senses, process the information in their
						brain, and respond to the information in different ways.
Physical Science
Waves and Their Applications in
						Technologies for Information Transfer
1. Develop a model of waves to describe patterns in terms
						of amplitude and wavelength and that waves can cause objects to move.
2. Develop a model to describe that light reflecting from
						objects and entering the eye allows objects to be seen.
3. Generate and compare multiple solutions that use
						patterns to transfer information.
Energy
1. Use evidence to construct an explanation relating the
						speed of an object to the energy of that object.
2. Make and communicate observations to provide evidence
						that energy can be transferred from place to place by sound, light, heat, and
						electric currents.
3. Ask questions and predict outcomes about the changes
						in energy that occur when objects collide.
4. Apply scientific ideas to design, test, and refine a
						device that converts energy from one form to another.
Grade 5
Earth and Space Sciences
Earth's Place in the Universe
1. Support an argument that differences in the apparent
						brightness of the sun compared to other stars is due to their relative
						distances from Earth.
2. Represent data in graphical displays to reveal
						patterns of daily changes in length and direction of shadows, day and night,
						and the seasonal appearance of some stars in the night sky.
Earth's Systems
1. Develop a model using an example to describe ways the
						geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and/or atmosphere interact.
2. Describe and graph the amounts and percentages of
						water and fresh water in various reservoirs to provide evidence about the
						distribution of water on Earth.
Earth and Human Activity
1. Obtain and combine information about ways individual
						communities use science ideas to protect the Earth's resources and
						environment.
2. Generate and design possible solutions to a current
						environmental issue, threat, or concern.
Life Science
From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and
						Processes
1. Support an argument that plants get the materials they
						need for growth chiefly from air and water.
Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and
						Dynamics
1. Develop a model to describe the movement of matter
						among plants, animals, decomposers, and the environment.
Physical Science
Matter and Its Interactions
1. Develop a model to describe that matter is made of
						particles too small to be seen.
2. Measure and graph quantities to provide evidence that
						regardless of the type of change that occurs when heating, cooling, or mixing
						substances, the total weight of matter is conserved.
3. Make and communicate observations and measurements to
						identify materials based on their properties.
4. Conduct an investigation to determine whether the
						mixing of two or more substances results in new substances.
5. Interpret and analyze data to make decisions about how
						to utilize materials based on their properties.
Motion and Stability: Forces and
						Interactions
1. Support an argument that the gravitational force
						exerted by Earth on objects is directed down.
Energy
1. Use models to describe that energy in animals' food
						(used for body repair, growth, motion, and to maintain body warmth) was once
						energy from the sun.
Standards by Grade Band
Grades K-2: Environmental Literacy and
						Sustainability
Agricultural and Environmental Systems and
						Resources
1. Examine how people from different cultures and
						communities, including one's own, interact and express their beliefs about
						nature.
2. Categorize ways people harvest, re-distribute, and use
						natural resources.
Environmental Literacy Skills
1. Explain ways that places differ in their physical
						characteristics, their meaning, and their value and/or importance.
2. Plan and carry out an investigation to address an
						issue in their local environment and community.
Grades K-2: Technology and
						Engineering
Applying, Maintaining, and Assessing
						Technological Products and Systems
1. Analyze how things work.
2. Identify and use everyday symbols.
3. Describe qualities of everyday products.
Core Concepts of Technology and
						Engineering
1. Illustrate how systems have parts or components that
						work together to accomplish a goal.
2. Safely use tools to complete tasks.
3. Explain that materials are selected for use because
						they possess desirable properties and characteristics.
4. Develop a plan in order to complete a task.
5. Collaborate effectively as a member of a team.
Design in Technology and Engineering
						Education
1. Apply design concepts, principles, and processes
						through play and exploration.
2. Demonstrate that designs have requirements.
3. Explain that design is a response to wants and
						needs.
4. Discuss that all designs have different
						characteristics that can be described.
5. Illustrate that there are different solutions to a
						design and that none are perfect.
6. Demonstrate essential skills of the engineering design
						process.
7. Apply skills necessary for making a design.
History of Technology
1. Discuss how the way people live and work has changed
						throughout history because of technology.
Impacts of Technology
1. Explain ways that technology helps with everyday
						tasks.
2. Illustrate helpful and harmful effects of
						technology.
3. Compare simple technologies to evaluate their
						impacts.
4. Select ways to reduce, reuse, and recycle resources in
						daily life.
5. Design new technologies that could improve their daily
						lives.
Influence of Society on Technological
						Development
1. Explain the needs and wants of individuals and
						societies.
2. Explore how technologies are developed to meet
						individual and societal needs and wants.
3. Investigate the use of technologies in the home and
						community.
Integration of Knowledge, Technologies, and
						Practices
1. Apply concepts and skills from technology and
						engineering activities that reinforce concepts and skills across multiple
						content areas.
2. Draw connections between technology and human
						experiences.
Nature and Characteristics of Technology
						and Engineering
1. Compare the natural world and human-made world.
2. Explain the tools and techniques that people use to
						help them do things.
3. Demonstrate that creating can be done by
						anyone.
4. Discuss the roles of scientists, engineers,
						technologists and others who work with technology.
Grades 3-5: Environmental Literacy and
						Sustainability
Agricultural and Environmental Systems and
						Resources
1. Analyze how living organisms, including humans, affect
						the environment in which they live, and how their environment affects
						them.
2. Make a claim about the environmental and social
						impacts of design solutions and civic actions, including their own actions.
Environmental Literacy Skills
1. Investigate how perspectives over the use of resources
						and the development of technology have changed over time and resulted in
						conflict over the development of societies and nations.
2. Develop a model to demonstrate how local environmental
						issues are connected to larger local environment and human systems.
Sustainability and Stewardship
1. Critique ways that people depend on and change the
						environment.
2. Examine ways you influence your local environment and
						community by collecting and displaying data.
3. Construct an argument to support whether action is
						needed on a selected environmental issue and propose possible solutions.
Grades 3-5: Technology and
						Engineering
Applying, Maintaining, and Assessing
						Technological Products and Systems
1. Follow directions to complete a technological
						task.
2. Use appropriate symbols, numbers and words to
						communicate key ideas about technological products and systems.
3. Identify why a product or system is not working
						properly.
4. Examine information to assess the trade-offs of using
						a product or system.
Core Concepts of Technology and
						Engineering
1. Describe how a subsystem is a system that operates as
						a part of another larger system.
2. Illustrate how, when parts of a system are missing, it
						may not work as planned.
3. Identify the resources needed to get a technical job
						done, such as people, materials, capital, tools, machines, knowledge, energy,
						and time.
4. Describe the properties of different materials.
5. Demonstrate how tools and machines extend human
						capabilities, such as holding, lifting, carrying, fastening, separating, and
						computing.
6. Describe requirements of designing or making a product
						or system.
7. Create a new product that improves someone's life.
Design in Technology and Engineering
						Education
1. Illustrate that there are multiple approaches to
						design.
2. Demonstrate essential skills of the engineering design
						process.
3. Evaluate designs based on criteria, constraints, and
						standards.
4. Interpret how good design improves the human
						condition.
5. Apply universal principles and elements of
						design.
6. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of existing
						design solutions, including their own solutions.
7. Practice successful design skills.
8. Apply tools, techniques, and materials in a safe
						manner as part of the design process.
History of Technology
1. Create representations of the tools people made, how
						they cultivated to provide food, made clothing, and built shelters to protect
						themselves.
Impacts of Technology
1. Describe the helpful and harmful effects of
						technology.
2. Judge technologies to determine the best one to use to
						complete a given task or meet a need.
3. Classify resources used to create technologies as
						either renewable or nonrenewable.
4. Explain why responsible use of technology requires
						sustainable management of resources.
5. Predict how certain aspects of their daily lives would
						be different without given technologies.
Influence of Society on Technological
						Development
1. Determine factors that influence changes in a
						society's technological systems or infrastructure.
2. Explain how technologies are developed or adapted when
						individual or societal needs and wants change.
Integration of Knowledge, Technologies, and
						Practices
1. Demonstrate how simple technologies are often combined
						to form more complex systems.
2. Explain how various relationships can exist between
						technology and engineering and other content areas.
Nature and Characteristics of Technology
						and Engineering
1. Compare how things found in nature differ from things
						that are human-made, noting differences and similarities in how they are
						produced and used.
2. Describe the unique relationship between science and
						technology, and how the natural world can contribute to the human-made world to
						foster innovation.
3. Differentiate between the role of scientists,
						engineers, technologists, and others in creating and maintaining technological
						systems.
4. Design solutions by safely using tools, materials, and
						skills.
5. Explain how solutions to problems are shaped by
						economic, political, and cultural forces.
Pennsylvania Integrated Standards for Science,
						Environment and Ecology (Grades 6-12)
Standards for Grades 6-83,
						4
Physical Science
Structure and Properties of Matter
1. Develop models to describe the atomic composition of
						simple molecules and extended structures.
2. Gather and make sense of information to describe how
						synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society.
3. Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in
						the particle motion, temperature and state of a pure substance when thermal
						energy is added or removed.
Chemical Reactions
1. Analyze and interpret data on the properties of
						substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical
						reaction has occurred.
2. Develop and use a model to describe how the total
						number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is
						conserved.
3. Undertake a design project to construct, test, and
						modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical
						processes.*
Forces and Interactions
1. Apply Newton's Third Law to design a solution to a
						problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.*
2. Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the
						change in an object's motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and
						the mass of the object.
3. Ask questions about data to determine the factors that
						affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.
4. Construct and present arguments using evidence to
						support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on
						the masses of interacting objects.
5. Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental
						design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on
						each other even though the objects are not in contact.
Energy
1. Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to
						describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass and speed of an
						object.
2. Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement
						of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential
						energy are stored in the system.
3. Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and
						test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy
						transfer.*
4. Plan an investigation to determine the relationships
						among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in
						the average kinetic energy of the particles as measured by the temperature of
						the sample.
5. Construct, use, and present arguments to support the
						claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred
						to or from the object.
Waves and Electromagnetic
						Radiation
1. Use mathematical representations to describe a simple
						model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the
						energy in a wave.
2. Develop and use a model to describe how waves are
						reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.
3. Integrate qualitative scientific and technical
						information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way
						to encode and transmit information than analog signals.
Life Science
Structure, Function, and Information
						Processing
1. Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that
						living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and
						types of cells.
2. Develop and use a model to describe the function of a
						cell as a whole and the ways that parts of cells contribute to the
						function.
3. Use arguments supported by evidence for how the body
						is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells.
4. Gather and synthesize information about how sensory
						receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate
						behavior or storage as memories.
Matter and Energy in Organisms and
						Ecosystems
1. Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence
						for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into
						and out of organisms.
2. Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged
						through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or
						release energy as this matter moves through an organism.
3. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the
						effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in
						an ecosystem.
4. Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and
						flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.
5. Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence
						that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect
						populations.
Interdependent Relationships in
						Ecosystems
1. Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of
						interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems.
2. Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining
						biodiversity and ecosystem services.*
Growth, Development, and Reproduction of
						Organisms
1. Use arguments based on empirical evidence and
						scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal
						behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful
						reproduction of animals and plants, respectively.
2. Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence
						for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of
						organisms.
3. Develop and use a model to describe why structural
						changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may
						result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function
						of the organism.
4. Develop and use a model to describe why asexual
						reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual
						reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.
5. Gather and synthesize information about the
						technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of
						desired traits in organisms.
Natural Selection and Adaptations
1. Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil
						record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life
						forms throughout the history of life on Earth under the assumption that natural
						laws operate today as in the past.
2. Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for
						anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between
						modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.
3. Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns
						of similarities in anatomical structures across multiple species to identify
						relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy.
4. Construct an explanation based on evidence that
						describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some
						individuals' probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific
						environment.
5. Use mathematical representations to support
						explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of
						specific traits in populations over time.
Earth and Space Science
Space Systems
1. Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system
						to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon,
						and seasons.
2. Develop and use a model to describe the role of
						gravity in the motion within galaxies and the solar system.
3. Analyze and interpret data to determine scale
						properties of objects in the solar system.
History of Earth
1. Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence
						from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's
						4.6-billion-year-old history.
2. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how
						geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial
						scales.
3. Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of
						fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide
						evidence of past plate motions.
Earth's Systems
1. Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's
						materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.
2. Develop a model to describe the cycling of water
						through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of
						gravity.
3. Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence
						for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater
						resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes.
Weather and Climate
1. Collect data to provide evidence for how the motion
						and complex interactions of air masses result in changes in weather
						conditions.
2. Develop and use a model to describe how unequal
						heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic
						circulation that determine regional climates.
3. Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that
						have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.
Human Impacts
1. Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to
						forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies
						to mitigate their effects.
2. Apply scientific principles to design a method for
						monitoring and minimizing human impact on the environment.*
3. Construct an argument supported by evidence for how
						increases in human population and per capita consumption of natural resources
						impact Earth's systems.
Engineering, Technology, and Applications of
						Science
Engineering Design (Define Problems,
						Develop Solutions and Improve Designs)
1. Define the criteria and constraints of a design
						problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into
						account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the
						natural environment that may limit possible solutions.
2. Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic
						process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the
						problem.
3. Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and
						differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics
						of each that can be combined into a new solution to better meet the criteria
						for success.
4. Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing
						and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal
						design can be achieved.
Environmental Literacy and
						Sustainability
Agricultural and Environmental Systems and
						Resources
Agricultural Systems
1. Develop a model to describe how agricultural and food
						systems function, including the sustainable use of natural resources and the
						production, processing, and management of food, fiber, and energy.
Environment and Society
1. Analyze and interpret data about how different
						societies (economic and social systems) and cultures use and manage natural
						resources differently.
Watersheds and Wetlands
1. Develop a model to describe how watersheds and
						wetlands function as systems, including the roles and functions they serve.
Environmental Literacy Skills
Investigating Environmental Issues
1. Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple
						sources to investigate how Pennsylvania environmental issues affect
						Pennsylvania's human and natural systems.
Environmental Experiences
1. Collect, analyze, and interpret environmental data to
						describe a local environment.
Evaluating Solutions
1. Obtain and communicate information on how integrated
						pest management could improve indoor and outdoor environments.
Sustainability and Stewardship
Environmental Sustainability
1. Obtain and communicate information to describe how
						best management practices and environmental laws are designed to achieve
						environmental sustainability.
Environmental Stewardship
1. Design a solution to an environmental issue in which
						individuals and societies can engage as stewards of the environment.
Environmental Justice
1. Construct an explanation that describes regional
						environmental conditions and their implications on environmental justice and
						social equity.
Standards for Grades 9-125,
						6
Physical Science
Structure and Properties of Matter
1. Use the periodic table as a model to predict the
						relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the
						outermost energy level of atoms.
2. Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence
						to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength
						of electrical forces between particles.
3. Develop models to illustrate the changes in the
						composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the
						processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.
4. Communicate scientific and technical information about
						why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed
						materials.*
Chemical Reactions
1. Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of
						a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms,
						trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical
						properties.
2. Develop a model to illustrate that the release or
						absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes
						in total bond energy.
3. Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an
						explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration of
						the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.
4. Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a
						change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at
						equilibrium.*
5. Use mathematical representations to support the claim
						that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.
Forces and Interactions
1. Analyze data to support the claim that Newton's second
						law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a
						macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.
2. Use mathematical representations to support the claim
						that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no
						net force on the system.
3. Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design,
						evaluate and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object
						during a collision.*
4. Use mathematical representations of Newton's Law of
						Gravitation and Coulomb's Law to describe and predict the gravitational and
						electrostatic forces between objects.
5. Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence
						that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing
						magnetic field can produce an electric current.
Energy
1. Create a computational model to calculate the change
						in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the
						other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.
2. Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at
						the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy
						associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with
						the relative positions of particles (objects).
3. Design, build and refine a device that works within
						given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of
						energy.*
4. Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence
						that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different
						temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform
						energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of
						thermodynamics).
5. Develop and use a model of two objects interacting
						through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects
						and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.
Waves and Electromagnetic
						Radiation
1. Use mathematical representations to support a claim
						regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves
						traveling in various media.
2. Evaluate questions about the advantages of using
						digital transmission and storage of information.
3. Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind
						the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model
						or a particle model and that for some situations one model is more useful than
						the other.
4. Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in
						published materials of the effects that different frequencies of
						electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.
5. Communicate technical information about how some
						technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions
						with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.*
Life Science
Structure and Function
1. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the
						structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the
						essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.
2. Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical
						organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within
						multicellular organisms.
3. Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence
						that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
Matter and Energy in Organisms and
						Ecosystems
1. Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis
						transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.
2. Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence
						for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with
						other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based
						molecules.
3. Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is
						a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are
						broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of
						energy.
4. Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence
						for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic
						conditions.
5. Use mathematical representations to support claims for
						the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an
						ecosystem.
6. Develop a model to illustrate the role of
						photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the
						biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.
Interdependent Relationships in
						Ecosystems
1. Use mathematical and/or computational representations
						to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems
						at different scales.
2. Use mathematical representations to support and revise
						explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and
						populations in ecosystems of different scales.
3. Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the
						complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and
						types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in
						a new ecosystem.
4. Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing
						the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.*
5. Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior
						on individual and species' chances to survive and reproduce.
6. Create or revise a simulation to test a solution to
						mitigate the adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity.*
Inheritance and Variation of
						Traits
1. Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular
						division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex
						organisms.
2. Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role
						of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits
						passed from parents to offspring.
3. Make and defend a claim based on evidence that
						inheritable genetic variations may result from (1) new genetic combinations
						through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication, and/or (3)
						mutations caused by environmental factors.
4. Apply concepts of statistics and probability to
						explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.
Natural Selection and Evolution
1. Communicate scientific information that common
						ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical
						evidence.
2. Construct an explanation based on evidence that the
						process of evolution primarily results from four factors:
(1) the potential for a species to increase in number,
						(2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation
						and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited resources, and (4) the
						proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce
						in the environment.
3. Apply concepts of statistics and probability to
						support explanations that organisms with an advantageous heritable trait tend
						to increase in proportion to organisms lacking this trait.
4. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how
						natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.
5. Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes
						in environmental conditions may result in (1) increases in the number of
						individuals of some species, (2) the emergence of new species over time, and
						(3) the extinction of other species.
Earth and Space Science
Space Systems
1. Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the
						life span of the sun and the role of nuclear fusion in the sun's core to
						release energy in the form of radiation.
2. Construct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based
						on astronomical evidence of light spectra, the motion of distant galaxies, and
						the composition of matter in the universe.
3. Communicate scientific ideas about the way stars, over
						their life cycle, produce elements.
4. Use mathematical or computational representations to
						predict the motion of orbiting objects in the solar system.
History of Earth
1. Evaluate evidence of the past and current movements of
						continental and oceanic crust and the theory of plate tectonics to explain the
						ages of crustal rocks.
2. Apply scientific reasoning and evidence from ancient
						Earth materials, meteorites, and other planetary surfaces to construct an
						account of Earth's formation and early history.
3. Develop a model to illustrate how Earth's internal and
						surface processes operate at different spatial and temporal scales to form
						continental and ocean-floor features.
Earth's Systems
1. Analyze geoscience data to make the claim that one
						change to Earth's surface can create feedback that causes changes to other
						Earth systems.
2. Develop a model based on evidence of Earth's interior
						to describe the cycling of matter by thermal convection.
3. Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of
						water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes.
4. Develop a quantitative model to describe the cycling
						of carbon among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere.
5. Construct an argument based on evidence about the
						simultaneous coevolution of Earth's systems and life on Earth.
Weather and Climate
1. Use a model to describe how variations in the flow of
						energy into and out of Earth's systems result in changes in climate.
2. Analyze geoscience data and the results from global
						climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the current rate of global
						or regional climate change and associated future impacts to Earth systems.
Human Sustainability
1. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the
						availability of natural resources, occurrence of natural hazards, and changes
						in climate have influenced human activity.
2. Evaluate competing design solutions for developing,
						managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit
						ratios.*
3. Create a computational simulation to illustrate the
						relationships among management of natural resources, the sustainability of
						human populations, and biodiversity.
4. Evaluate or refine a technological solution that
						reduces the impact of human activities on natural systems.*
5. Use a computational representation to illustrate the
						relationships among Earth systems and how those relationships are being
						modified due to human activity.
Engineering, Technology, and Applications of
						Science
Engineering Design (Define Problems,
						Develop Solutions and Improve Designs)
1. Analyze a major global challenge to specify
						qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that
						account for societal needs and wants.
2. Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by
						breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved
						through engineering.
3. Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem
						based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of
						constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics as well as
						possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts.
4. Use a computer simulation to model the impact of
						proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and
						constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.
Environmental Literacy and
						Sustainability
Agricultural and Environmental Systems and
						Resources
Agricultural Systems
1. Analyze and interpret how issues, trends,
						technologies, and policies impact agricultural, food, and environmental systems
						and resources.
Environment and Society
1. Apply research and analytical skills to evaluate the
						conditions and motivations that lead to conflict, cooperation, and change among
						individuals, groups, and nations.
Watersheds and Wetlands
1. Analyze and interpret how issues, trends,
						technologies, and policies impact watersheds and water resources.
Environmental Literacy Skills
Investigating Environmental Issues
1. Apply research and analytical skills to systematically
						investigate environmental issues ranging from local issues to those that are
						regional or global in scope.
Environmental Experiences
1. Plan and conduct an investigation utilizing
						environmental data about a local environmental issue.
Evaluating Solutions
1. Evaluate and communicate the effect of integrated pest
						management practices on indoor and outdoor environments.
Sustainability and Stewardship
Environmental Sustainability
1. Analyze and evaluate how best management practices and
						environmental laws achieve sustainability of natural resources.
Environmental Stewardship
1. Design and evaluate solutions in which individuals and
						societies can promote stewardship in environmental quality and community
						well-being.
Environmental Justice
1. Analyze and interpret data on a regional environmental
						condition and its implications on environmental justice and social equity.
Technology and Engineering Academic
						Standards7
Grades 6-8
Nature and Characteristics of Technology
						and Engineering
1. Consider historical factors that have contributed to
						the development of technologies and human progress.
2. Engage in a research and development process to
						simulate how inventions and innovations have evolved through systematic tests
						and refinements.
3. Differentiate between inputs, processes, outputs, and
						feedback in technological systems.
4. Demonstrate how systems thinking involves considering
						relationships between every part, as well as how the systems interact with the
						environment in which it is used.
5. Create an open-loop system that has no feedback path
						and requires human intervention.
6. Create a closed-loop system that has a feedback path
						and requires no human intervention.
7. Predict outcomes of a future product or system at the
						beginning of the design process.
8. Apply informed problem-solving strategies to the
						improvement of existing devices or processes or the development of new
						approaches.
9. Explain how technology and engineering are closely
						linked to creativity, which can result in both intended and unintended
						innovations.
10. Compare how different technologies involve different
						sets of processes.
Integration of Knowledge, Technologies, and
						Practices
1. Compare, contrast, and identify overlap between the
						contributions of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in the
						development of technological systems.
2. Analyze how different technological systems often
						interact with economic, environmental, and social systems.
3. Adapt and apply an existing product, system, or
						process to solve a problem in a different setting.
4. Demonstrate how knowledge gained from other content
						areas affects the development of technological products and systems.
Applying, Maintaining, Assessing and
						Evaluating Technological Products and Systems
1. Examine the ways that technology can have both
						positive and negative effects at the same time.
2. Analyze how the creation and use of technologies
						consumes renewable, non-renewable, and inexhaustible resources; creates waste;
						and may contribute to environmental challenges.
3. Consider the impacts of a proposed or existing
						technology and devise strategies for reducing, reusing, and recycling waste
						caused by its creation.
4. Analyze examples of technologies that have changed the
						way people think, interact, live, and communicate.
5. Hypothesize what alternative outcomes (individual,
						cultural, and/or environmental) might have resulted had a different
						technological solution been selected.
6. Analyze how an invention or innovation was influenced
						by the context and circumstances in which it is developed.
7. Evaluate trade-offs based on various perspectives as
						part of a decision process that recognizes the need for careful compromises
						among competing factors.
8. Research information from various sources to use and
						maintain technological products or systems.
9. Use tools, materials, and machines to safely diagnose,
						adjust, and repair systems.
10. Use devices to control technological systems.
11. Design methods to gather data about technological
						systems.
12. Interpret the accuracy of information
						collected.
13. Use instruments to gather data on the performance of
						everyday products.
Design Thinking in Technology and
						Engineering Education
1. Apply a technology and engineering design thinking
						process.
2. Develop innovative products and systems that solve
						problems and extend capabilities based on individual or collective needs and
						wants.
3. Illustrate the benefits and opportunities associated
						with different approaches to design.
4. Create solutions to problems by identifying and
						applying human factors in design.
5. Evaluate and assess the strengths and weaknesses of
						various design solutions given established principles and elements of
						design.
6. Refine design solutions to address criteria and
						constraints.
7. Defend decisions related to a design problem.
Grades 9-12
Nature and Characteristics of Technology
						& Engineering
1. Evaluate how technology and engineering have been
						powerful forces in reshaping the social, cultural, political, and economic
						landscapes throughout history.
2. Relate how technological and engineering developments
						have been evolutionary, often the result of a series of refinements to basic
						inventions or technological knowledge.
3. Identify and explain how the evolution of civilization
						has been directly affected by, and has in turn affected, the development and
						use of tools, materials, and processes.
4. Analyze how the Industrial Revolution resulted in the
						development of mass production, sophisticated transportation and communication
						systems, advanced construction practices, and improved education and leisure
						time.
5. Investigate the widespread changes that have resulted
						from the Information Age, which has placed emphasis on the processing and
						exchange of information.
6. Analyze the rate of technological and engineering
						development and predict future diffusion and adoption of new innovations and
						technologies.
7. Demonstrate the use of conceptual, graphical, virtual,
						mathematical, and physical modeling to identify conflicting considerations
						before the entire system is developed and to aid in design decision
						making.
8. Analyze the stability of a technological system and
						how it is influenced by all of the components in the system, especially those
						in the feedback loop.
9. Troubleshoot and improve a flawed system embedded
						within a larger technological, social, or environmental system.
10. Use project management tools, strategies, and
						processes in planning, organizing, and controlling work.
11. Implement quality control as a planned process to
						ensure that a product, service, or system meets established criteria.
Integration of Knowledge, Technologies, and
						Practices
1. Assess how similarities and differences among
						scientific, technological, engineering, and mathematical knowledge and skills
						contributed to the design of a product or system.
2. Develop a plan that incorporates knowledge from
						science, mathematics, and other disciplines to design or improve a
						technological product or system.
3. Analyze how technology transfer occurs when a user
						applies an existing innovation developed for one function for a different
						purpose.
4. Evaluate how technology enhances opportunities for new
						products and services through globalization.
5. Connect technological and engineering progress to the
						advancement of other areas of knowledge and vice versa.
Applying, Maintaining, Assessing, and Evaluating
						Technological Products and Systems
1. Develop a solution to a technological problem that has
						the least negative environmental and social impact.
2. Develop a device or system for the marketplace.
3. Evaluate ways that technology and engineering can
						impact individuals, society, and the environment.
4. Critique whether existing or proposed technologies use
						resources sustainably.
5. Critically assess and evaluate a technology that
						minimizes resource use and resulting waste to achieve a goal.
6. Evaluate a technological innovation that arose from a
						specific society's unique need or want.
7. Evaluate how technology and engineering advancements
						alter human health and capabilities.
8. Evaluate a technological innovation that was met with
						societal resistance impacting its development.
9. Use various approaches to communicate processes and
						procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and
						systems.
10. Synthesize data and analyze trends to make decisions
						about technological products, systems, or processes.
11. Interpret laws, regulations, policies, and other
						factors that impact the development and use of technology.
Design Thinking in Technology and
						Engineering Education
1. Apply a broad range of design skills to a design
						thinking process.
2. Implement and critique principles, elements, and
						factors of design.
3. Evaluate and define the purpose of a design.
4. Conduct research to inform intentional inventions and
						innovations that address specific needs and wants.
5. Analyze and use relevant and appropriate design
						thinking processes to solve technological and engineering problems.
6. Implement the best possible solution to a design using
						an explicit process.
7. Apply principles of human-centered design.
8. Optimize a design by addressing desired qualities
						within criteria and constraints while considering trade-offs.
9. Use a design thinking process to design an appropriate
						technology for use in a different culture.
10. Apply appropriate design thinking processes to
						diagnose, adjust, and repair systems to ensure precise, safe, and proper
						functionality.
11. Recognize and explain how their community and the
						world around them informs technological development and engineering
						design.
12. Safely apply an appropriate range of making skills to
						a design thinking process.
The provisions of this Appendix B-1 added under
						  sections 2603-B and 2304-B of the Public School Code of 1949 (24 P.S. §§
														26-2603-B and 26-2604-B), unless otherwise
						  noted.
This appendix cited in 22 Pa. Code §
													4.24 (relating to high school
						  graduation requirements); 22 Pa. Code §
													4.51 (relating to State assessment
						  system); 22 Pa. Code §
													4.51a (relating to Pennsylvania
						  System of School Assessment); and 22 Pa. Code §
													4.51b (relating to Keystone
						  Exams).