South Dakota Administrative Rules › Title 44 - Department of Health › Article 44:03 - Radiation safety › Chapter 44:03:01 - Radiation control › Section 44:03:01:01 - Definitions

Current through Register Vol. 51, page 10, July 15, 2024
Terms defined by SDCL
				  34-21-2 have the same meaning when
				  used in this chapter. In addition, the terms used in this chapter mean:
(1) "Air kerma," the kinetic energy released
				per unit mass of air or the measurement of radiation energy (joules/J) absorbed
				per kilogram (kg) of air expressed as J/kg or Gray (Gy);
(2) "Aluminum equivalent," the thickness of
				type 1100 aluminum alloy affording the same attenuation, under specified
				conditions, as the material in question;
(3) "Assembler," any person engaged in the
				business of assembling, replacing, or installing one or more components into an
				X ray system or subsystem. The term includes the owner of an X ray system or
				the owner's employee or agent who assembles components into an X ray system
				that is subsequently used to provide professional or commercial
				services;
(4) "Automatic exposure
				control," a device that automatically controls one or more technique factors in
				order to obtain at a preselected location a required quantity of radiation
				including phototimes and ion chambers;
(5) "C-arm X ray system," X ray system where
				the image receptor and X ray tube housing assembly are connected by a common
				mechanical support system in order to maintain a desired spatial relationship
				and which is designed to allow a change in the projection of the beam through
				the patient without a change in the position of the patient;
(6) "Certified components," components of X
				ray systems that are subject to regulations by the Food and Drug Administration
				under the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990,
				Pub. L. No.
				101-629;
(7) "Computed tomography" or "CT," the
				production of a tomogram by the acquisition and computer processing of X ray
				transmission data;
(8) "Control
				panel," that part of the X ray control upon which are mounted the switches,
				knobs, push buttons, and other hardware necessary for manually setting the
				technique factors;
(9)
				"Competency," the ability to apply related knowledge and skills required to
				successfully perform clinical radiologic procedures;
(10) "Cooling curve," the graphical
				relationship between heat units stored and cooling time;
(11) "CRT," cathode ray tube in which cathode
				rays are used to produce an image on a fluorescent screen;
(12) "Dead-man switch," a switch so
				constructed that a circuit closing contact can be maintained only by continuous
				pressure on the switch by the operator;
(13) "Department," the Department of
				Health;
(14) "Diagnostic source
				assembly," the tube housing assembly with a beam-limiting device
				attached;
(15) "Diagnostic X ray
				system," an X ray system designed for irradiation of any part of the human or
				animal body for the purpose of diagnosis or visualization;
(16) "Diagnostic X ray imaging system," an
				assemblage of components for the generation, emission, and reception of X ray
				and the transformation, storage, and visual display of the resultant X ray
				image;
(17) "Digital radiography,"
				an X ray imaging method or radiography that produces a digital rather than
				analog image, including computed radiography;
(18) "Dose," a quantity of radiation exposure
				to the whole anatomy or any portion of the human or animal body;
(19) "Dose area product," the sum total of
				air kerma over the exposed area of the patient's surface;
(20) "Exposure index," the amount of exposure
				received by an image receptor;
(21)
				"Exposure survey," an evaluation of the radiation hazards incident to the
				production, use, release, disposal, or presence of radiation that may include a
				physical survey of materials and equipment and measurements of levels of
				radiation or concentration of radioactive material present;
(22) "Fluoroscopy imaging assembly," a
				subsystem in which X ray photons produce a visible image. The term includes the
				image intensifier, spot-film spot imaging device, electrical interlocks, if
				any, or structural material providing linkage between the image receptor and
				diagnostic source assembly;
(23)
				"Gonad shield," a protective barrier for the testes or ovaries;
(24) "Gray" or "Gy," the SI unit of absorbed
				dose. One Gy equals an energy absorption of one joule (J) per kilogram (kg) of
				matter in the irradiated object;
(25) "Healing arts," those professional
				disciplines authorized by SDCL chapter 36-2) to use X ray or radioactive
				material in the diagnosis or treatment of human or animal disease;
(26) "Heat unit," a unit of energy equal to
				the product of the peak kilovoltage, milliamps, and seconds, i.e. kVp x mA x
				second;
(27) "Image intensifier," a
				device, installed in its housing, that instantaneously converts an X ray
				pattern into a corresponding light image of higher intensity;
(28) "Image receptor," any device, including
				a fluorescent screen-or, radiographic film, X ray image intensifier tube,
				solid-state detector, or gaseous detector, that transforms incident X ray
				photons either into a visible image or into another form that can be made into
				a visible image by further transformations;
(29) "Inherent filtration," the filtration of
				the useful beam provided by the permanently installed components of the tube
				housing assembly;
(30) "kVp," the
				maximum value in kilovolts of the potential difference of an X ray
				generator;
(31) "Lead equivalent,"
				the thickness of lead affording the same attenuation as the material in
				question;
(32) "Leakage radiation,"
				any radiation coming from within the source housing except for the useful beam
				and radiation produced when the exposure switch or timer is not
				activated;
(33) "Licensed
				practitioner of the healing arts," a person authorized in accordance with SDCL
				chapter 36-2 for the diagnostic or healing treatment of human and animal
				maladies and licensed in South Dakota for the lawful practice of
				medicine;
(34) "Light field," that
				area of the intersection of the light beam from the beam-limiting device and
				one of the set of planes parallel to and including the plane of the image
				receptor, whose perimeter is the locus of points at which the illumination is
				one-fourth of the maximum in the intersection;
(35) "mA," milliampere;
(36) "mAs," milliampere second;
(37) "Patient," an individual or animal
				subjected to healing arts examination, diagnosis, or treatment;
(38) "Peak tube potential," the maximum value
				of the potential difference across the X ray tube during an exposure;
(39) "Personnel monitoring," the use of film
				badges, pocket chambers, or other devices worn or carried on individuals for
				the monitoring of personnel exposures to radiation;
(40) "Positive beam limitation," the
				automatic or semi-automatic adjustment of an X ray beam to the size of the
				selected image receptor, whereby exposures cannot be made without such
				adjustment;
(41) "Protective-
				equipment," an apron, glove, or shield made of radiation absorbing materials
				used to reduce radiation exposure;
(42) "Qualified expert," an individual who
				possess the knowledge, training, and experience to measure ionizing radiation,
				to evaluate safety techniques, and to advise regarding radiation protection
				needs including health physicists;
(43) "Qualified instructor," an individual
				who is certified or registered by the American Registry of Radiologic
				Technologists or who possesses the knowledge, training, and experience in the
				field of radiation to teach fundamentals of radiation safety, equipment
				operation, film processing, digital radiography, emergency procedures,
				personnel dosimetry, anatomy and physiology, and radiographic
				positioning;
(44) "Qualified
				physicist," an individual who is competent to independently provide clinical
				professional services in one or more of the subfields of medical physics,
				including digital medical physics, nuclear medical physics, therapeutic medical
				physics, or medical health physics;
(45) "Rad," the special unit of absorbed
				dose. One rad is equal to an absorbed dose of one hundred erg per gram or 0.01
				joule per kilogram;
(46) "Radiation
				hazard," a condition under which a person might receive radiation in excess of
				the maximum permissible dose;
(47)
				"Rem," the special unit of any of the quantities expressed as dose equivalent.
				The dose equivalent in rem is equal to the absorbed dose in rad;
(48) "Scattered radiation," radiation that,
				during passage through matter, has been deviated in direction;
(49) "Services," may include calibration of
				radiation-producing machines or instruments, radiation protection surveys,
				shielding design, radiological health consultations, and personnel
				dosimetry;
(50) "Shielding," a
				protective barrier used to reduce radiation exposure to the required degree.
				For the purpose of this term, a primary protective barrier is the material,
				excluding filters, placed in the useful beam and a secondary protective barrier
				is the material that attenuates stray radiation;
(51) "SI," the International System of Units,
				or the metric system;
(52)
				"Sievert" or "Sv," the SI unit of measure for equivalent dose (EqD) and
				effective dose (EfD). One Sv is equal to one joule (J) per kilogram
				(kg);
(53) "Source-image receptor
				distance" or "SID," the distance from the source to the center of the input
				surface of the image receptor;
(54)
				"Stray radiation," the sum of leakage and scattered radiation;
(55) "Target," the point at which an X ray is
				produced;
(56) "Technique factors,"
				the following conditions of operation:
(a)
				For capacitor energy storage equipment, peak tube potential in kV and quantity
				of charge in mAs;
(b) For field
				emission equipment rated for pulsed operation, peak tube potential in kV, and
				number of X ray pulses;
(c) For CT
				X ray systems designed for pulsed operation, peak tube potential in kV, scan
				time in seconds, and either tube current in mA, X ray pulse width in seconds,
				and the number of X ray pulses per scan, or the product of tube current, X ray
				pulse width, and the number of X ray pulses in mAs;
(d) For CT X ray systems not designed for
				pulsed operation, peak tube potential in kV, and either tube current in mA and
				scan time in seconds, or the product of tube current and exposure time in mAs
				and the scan time if the scan time and exposure time are equivalent;
				and
(e) For all other equipment,
				peak tube potential in kV, and either tube current in mA and exposure time in
				seconds, or the product of tube current and exposure time in mAs;