South Carolina Code of Regulations › Chapter 61 - DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL › Subchapter 61-79 - Hazardous Waste Management Regulations › Part 61-79.266 - STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS WASTES AND SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES › Appendix 61-79.266.IX - Methods Manual for Compliance With the BIF Regulations Burning Hazardous Waste in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces › Section 61-79.266.8.0 - PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING DEFAULT VALUES FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES

Current through Register Vol. 48, No. 6, June 28, 2024
During interim status, owners or operators of boilers and
					 industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste must submit documentation to the
					 Department that certifies that emissions of HCl, C12,
					 metals, and particulate matter (PM) are not likely to exceed allowable emission
					 rates. See certification of precompliance under 266.103(b). This documentation
					 also establishes interim status feed rate and operating limits for the
					 facility. For the initial certification, estimates of emissions and system
					 removal efficiencies (SREs) can be made to establish the operating limits.
					 Subsequently, owners or operators must use emissions testing to demonstrate
					 that emissions do not exceed allowable levels, and to establish operating
					 limits. See
					 40 CFR
					 266.103(c). However, initial
					 estimates of emissions for certification of precompliance can be based on
					 estimated or established SREs.
The SRE combines the effect of partitioning of the chorine,
					 metals, or PM and the air pollution control system removal efficiency (APCS RE)
					 for these pollutants. The SRE is defined as:
SRE = (species input-species emitted) / species
					 input
The SRE can be calculated from the partitioning factor (PF)
					 and APCS RE by the following formula:
SRE = 1-[(PF/100) × (1-APCS RE/100)]
where:
PF = percentage of the pollutant partitioned to the
					 combustion gas
Estimates of the PF and/or the APCS RE can be based on
					 either EPA's default values or engineering judgement. EPA's default values for
					 the APCS RE for metals, HCl, Cl2, and PM are described
					 in this section. EPA's default values for partitioning of these pollutants are
					 described in section9.0.
Guidelines for the use of engineering judgement to estimate
					 APCS REs or PFs are described in section9.4.
8.1 APCS RE Default Values for Metals
EPA's default assumptions for APCS RE for metals are shown
					 in Table 8.1-1. The default values in the table are conservative estimates of
					 the removal efficiencies for metals in BIFs, depending on the volatility of the
					 metal and the type of APCS.
The volatility of a metal depends on the temperature, the
					 thermal input, the chlorine content of the waste, and the identity and
					 concentration of the metal. Metals that do not vaporize at combustion zone
					 temperatures are classified as "nonvolatile". Such metals typically enter the
					 APCS in the form of large particles that are removed relatively easily. Metals
					 that vaporize in the combustion zone and condense before entering the APCS are
					 classified as "volatile". Such metals typically enter the APCS in the form of
					 very fine, submicron particles that are rather inefficiently removed in many
					 APCSs. Metals that vaporize in the combustion zone and do not condense before
					 entering the APCS are classified as "very volatile". Such metals enter the APCS
					 in the form of a vapor that is very inefficiently removed in many APCSs.
Typically, BIFs have combustion zone temperatures high
					 enough to vaporize any hazardous metal at concentrations sufficient to exceed
					 risk-based emission limits. For this reason, the default assumption is that
					 there are no nonvolatile metals. Tables 8.1-2 and 8.1-3 are used to determine
					 whether metals are classified as "volatile" or "very volatile" depending on the
					 temperature entering the APCS, the thermal input, and whether the waste is
					 chlorinated or nonchlorinated.
Table 8.1-1.-Air Pollution Control Systems (APCS) and Their
					 Conservatively Estimated Efficiencies for Controlling Toxic Metals (%)
APCS
Metal Volatility
Nonvolatile
Volatile
Very Volatile
WS
40
30
20
VS-20
80
75
20
VS-60
87
75
40
ESP-1
90
75
0
ESP-2
92
80
0
ESP-4
95
80
0
WESP
90
85
40
FF
90
80
0
SD/FF
97
90
0
DS/FF
95
90
0
IWS
90
87
75
WS =
Wet Scrubber including: Sieve Tray Tower, Packed
								  Tower, Bubble Cap Tower
VS-20 =
Venturi Scrubber, ca. 20-30 in W.G.
								  <<SYM>>p
VS-60 =
Venturi Scrubber, ca. >60 in W.G.
								  <<SYM>>p
ESP-1 =
Electrostatic Precipitator; 1 stage
ESP-2 =
Electrostatic Precipitator; 2 stage
ESP-4 =
Electrostatic Precipitator; 4 stage
IWS =
Ionizing Wet Scrubber
DS =
Dry Scrubber
FF =
Fabric Filter (Baghouse)
SD =
Spray Dryer (Wet/Dry Scrubber)
WESP =
Wet Electrostatic Precipitator
Table 8.1-2. Temperature (F) Entering APCS Above Which
					 Metals Are Classified as Very Volatile in Combustion of Nonchlorinated
					 Wastes
Metal
Thermal Input (MMBtu/hr) [FN1]
Name
Symbol
1
10
100
1000
10000
Arsenic
As
320
280
240
200
160
Cadmium
Cd
1040
940
860
780
720
Chromium
Cr
2000
1760
1580
1420
1380
Beryllium
Be
1680
1440
1240
1080
980
Antimony
Sb
680
600
540
480
420
Barium
Ba
2240
1820
1540
1360
1240
Lead
Pb
1280
1180
1080
1000
920
Mercury
Hg
340
300
260
220
180
Silver
Ag
1820
1640
1480
1340
1220
Thallium
Tl
900
800
700
620
540
FOOTNOTE: [FN1] Interpolation of thermal input is
								  not allowed. If a BIF fires between two ranges, the APCS temperature under the
								  higher thermal input must be used.
Example: For a BIF firing 10-100 MMBtu/hr,
								  Mercury is considered very volatile at APCS temperatures above 260 F and
								  volatile at APCS temperatures of 260 F and below.
Table 8.1-3.Temperature (F) Entering APCS Above Which
					 Metals Are Classified as Very Volatile in Combustion of Chlorinated
					 Wastes
Metal
Thermal Input (MMBtu/hr) [FN1]
Name
Symbol
1
10
100
1000
10000
Arsenic
As
320
280
240
200
160
Cadmium
Cd
1040
940
860
780
720
Chromium
Cr
>140
>140
>140
>140
>140
Beryllium
Be
1680
1440
1240
1080
980
Antimony
Sb
680
600
540
480
420
Barium
Ba
2060
1840
1680
1540
1420
Lead
Pb
>140
>140
>140
>140
>140
Mercury
Hg
340
300
260
220
180
Silver
Ag
1080
940
840
740
660
Thallium
Tl
900
800
700
620
540
FOOTNOTE: [FN1] Interpolation of thermal input is
								  not allowed. If a BIF fires between two ranges, the APCS temperature under the
								  higher thermal input must be used.
Example: For a BIF firing 10-100 MMBtu/hr,
								  Mercury is considered very volatile at APCS temperatures above 260 F and
								  volatile at APCS temperatures of 260 F and below.
A waste is considered chlorinated if chlorine is present in
					 concentrations greater than 0.1 percent by weight. In the EPA guidance document
					 "Guidance for Metals and Hydrogen Chloride Controls for Hazardous Waste
					 Incinerators, Volume IV of the Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance
					 Series,"(1) one percent is used for the chlorinated/nonchlorinated cutoff.
					 However, best engineering judgement, based on examination of pilot-scale data
					 reported by Carroll et al. (2) on the effects of waste chlorine content on
					 metals emissions, suggests that the 1 percent cutoff may not be sufficiently
					 conservative.
Tables 8.1-2 and 8.1-3 were compiled based on equilibrium
					 calculations. Metals are classified as very volatile at all temperatures above
					 the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the metal is greater than 10
					 percent of the vapor pressure that results in emissions exceeding the most
					 conservative risk-based emissions limits.
8.2 APCS RE Default Values for HCl and
				  Cl2
Default assumptions for APCS RE for HCl in BIFs are shown
					 in Table 8.2-1. This table is identical to the column for other BIFs except
					 that cement kilns have a minimum HCl removal efficiency of 83 percent. Because
					 of the alkaline nature of the raw materials in cement kilns, most of the
					 chlorine is converted to chloride salts. Thus, the minimum APCS RE for HCl for
					 cement kilns is independent of the APCS train.
Removal efficiency of Cl2 for most
					 types of APCS is generally minimal. Therefore, the default assumption for APCS
					 RE for Cl2 for all APCSs is 0 percent. This is
					 applicable to all BIFs, including cement kilns.
8.3 APCS RE Default Values for Ash
Default assumptions for APCS RE for PM are also shown in
					 Table 8.1-4. These figures are conservative estimates of PM removal
					 efficiencies for different types of APCSs. They are identical to the figures in
					 the Nonvolatile APCS RE column for hazardous metals presented in Table 8.1-1
					 because the same collection mechanisms and collection efficiencies that apply
					 to nonvolatile metals also apply to PM.
Table 8.2-1.-Air Pollution Control Systems (APCS) and Their
					 Conservatively Estimated Efficiencies for Removing Hydrogen Chloride and
					 Particulate Matter (PM) (%)
APCD
HCI
Cement kilns
Other BIFs
PM
WS
97
97
40
VS-20
97
97
80
VS-60
98
88
87
ESP-1
83
0
90
ESP-2
83
0
92
ESP-4
83
0
95
WESP
83
70
90
FF
83
0
90
SD/FF
98
98
97
DS/FF
98
98
95
WS/IWS
99
99
95
IWS
99
99
90
WS= Wet Scrubber including: Sieve Tray Tower,
								  Packed Tower, Bubble Cap Tower
PS= Proprietary Wet Scrubber Design (A number of
								  proprietary wet scrubbers have come on the market in recent years that are
								  highly efficient on both particulates and corrosive gases. Two such units are
								  offered by Calvert Environmental Equipment Co. and by Hydro-Sonic Systems,
								  Inc.).
VS-20= Venturi Scrubber, ca. 20-30 in W.G.
								  <<triangle>>p
VS-60= Venturi Scrubber, ca. >60 in W.G.
								  <<triangle>>p
ESP-1= Electrostatic Precipitator: 1 stage
ESP-2= Electrostatic Precipitator: 2 stage
ESP-4= Electrostatic Precipitator: 4 stage
IWS= Ionizing Wet Scrubber
DS= Dry Scrubber
FF= Fabric Filter (Baghouse)
SD= Spray Dryer (Wet/Dry Scrubber)
8.4
1. U.S.
				  Environmental Protection Agency. "Guidance on Metals and Hydrogen Chloride
				  Controls for Hazardous Waste Incinerators," Office of Solid Waste, Washington,
				  D.C., August 1989.
2. Carroll,
				  G.J., R.C. Thurnau, R.E. Maurnighan, L.R. Waterland, J.W. Lee, and D.J.
				  Fournier. The Partitioning of Metals in Rotary Kiln Incineration. Proceedings
				  of the Third International Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste
				  Management. NTIS Document No. EPA/600/9-89/072, p. 555 (1989).