Ohio Administrative Code › Title 4123:1 - Division of Safety and Hygiene › Chapter 4123:1-5 - Workshops and Factories › Section 4123:1-5-01 - Scope and definitions

Current through all regulations passed and filed through July 1, 2024
(A) Scope.
The purpose of this chapter of the Administrative Code is to
				provide reasonable safety for life, limb, and health of employees. In cases of
				practical difficulty or unnecessary hardship, the Ohio bureau of workers'
				compensation may grant exceptions from the literal 
									specifications of the rules of this chapter to permit
				the use of other devices or methods when, in the opinion of the bureau, the
				equivalent protection is thereby secured.
The specific 
									provisions of this chapter
				
									pertain to the employer for the protection of
				such employer's employees and no others and apply to all workshops and
				factories subject to the Workers' Compensation Act (sections
				4123.01 to
				4123.99 of the Revised Code).
				Specific 
									provisions of other chapters of the
				Administrative Code adopted by the Ohio bureau of workers' compensation
				 apply to the particular industry
				covered by any such other chapter, and, to the extent of conflict between this
				chapter and such other chapter, the latter 
									will govern,
				but in all other respects this chapter 
									is deemed to apply and the other to
				be a supplement of this chapter.
Installations or constructions built or contracted for prior to
				the effective date (shown at the end of each rule) of any
				
									specification are deemed to comply with the
				provisions of these 
									rules if such installations or constructions
				comply either with the provisions of 
									the current rules or with
				the provisions of any applicable 
									rule which was in effect at
				the time contracted for or built.
(B) Definitions.
(1) "Access board (hot board)": a platform
			 designed to be fastened to a pole or structure and having dielectric properties
			 equal to dry wood.
(2) "Adjustable
			 barrier guard": a barrier 
									that is adjustable for each
			 job setup or die setup.
(3) "Aerial
			 device": any vehicle-mounted telescoping or articulating device which is used
			 to position personnel at job sites.
(4) "Air contaminants": concentrations of
			 dust, mist, fume, gas or vapor, or any combination thereof when suspended in
			 the atmosphere.
(5) "Air-lift
			 hammer": (see "gravity hammers").
(6) "Angle of repose": the greatest angle
			 above the horizontal plane at which unexcavated material will lie without
			 sliding.
(7) "Anti-repeat": the
			 part of the clutch/brake control system designed to limit a mechanical power
			 press to a single stroke if the tripping means is held on the operating
			 position. Anti-repeat requires release of all tripping mechanisms before
			 another stroke can be initiated. Anti-repeat is also called "single stroke
			 reset" or "reset circuit."
(8)
			 "Approved": sanctioned, endorsed, accredited, certified, or accepted as
			 satisfactory by a duly constituted and nationally recognized authority or
			 agency.
(9) "Approved storage
			 facility (magazine)": a facility for the storage of explosive materials covered
			 by a license or permit issued under authority of the appropriate governmental
			 agencies.
(10) "Bearer": a
			 horizontal member of a scaffold upon which the platform rests and which may be
			 supported by ledgers.
(11) "Blast
			 area": the area in which explosives loading and blasting operations are being
			 conducted.
(12) "Blaster": a person
			 qualified to be in charge of and responsible for the loading and firing of a
			 blast.
(13) "Blasting agent": any
			 material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer intended for blasting,
			 not otherwise classified as an explosive, and in which none of the ingredients
			 are classified as an explosive, provided that the finished product, as mixed
			 and packaged for use or shipment, cannot be detonated by means of a no. 8 test
			 blasting cap when unconfined.
(14)
			 "Blasting cap": (see "detonator").
(15) "Board-type drop hammer": (see "gravity
			 hammers").
(16) "Boatswain's
			 chair": a seat supported by slings attached to a suspended rope, designed to
			 accommodate one employee in a sitting position.
(17) "Bolster plate": the plate attached to
			 the top of the bed of a power press having drilled holes or T-slots for
			 attaching the lower die or die shoe.
(18) "Brace":
(a) Scaffold
A tie that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with
				respect to another member.
(b) Trench
The horizontal members of the shoring system with ends bearing
				against the uprights or stringers.
(19) "Brake (mechanical power press)": the
			 mechanism used to stop and hold the crankshaft, either directly or through a
			 gear train, when the clutch is disengaged.
(20) "Brake monitor": a sensor designed,
			 constructed, and arranged to monitor the effectiveness of a mechanical power
			 press braking system.
(21)
			 "Bulldozers": stationary power-driven machines used chiefly for bending
			 operations. They have a movable head operated by links attached to the main
			 drive gears and moving in a horizontal plane.
(22) "Circuit" a conductor or system of
			 conductors through which an electric current flows or may flow.
(23) "Cleats": ladder crosspieces of
			 rectangular cross-sections placed on edge on which an employee may step in
			 ascending or descending.
(24)
			 "Climbers": lineman's tools used on the legs and feet to enable the lineman to
			 climb wooden poles.
(25) "Clutch":
			 the coupling mechanism used on a mechanical power press to couple the flywheel
			 to the crankshaft, either directly or through a gear train.
(26) "Collector" (see "separator").
(27) "Conductor": metallic material suitable
			 for carrying an electric current.
(28) "Confined space":
			 
									meets all of the following three criteria:
(a) Is large enough and so configured that an
			 employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work;
(b) Has limited or restricted means for entry
			 or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults and
			 pits are spaces that may have limited means of entry.); and
(c) Is not designed for continuous employee
			 occupancy.
(29) "Contact
			 distance (electrical)": that distance within which contact in doing the work or
			 contact in the event of reaching, slipping, or falling may possibly
			 occur.
(30) "Control system":
			 sensors, manual input, and mode selection elements, interlocking and
			 decision-making circuitry, and output elements to a mechanical power press
			 operating mechanism.
(31)
			 "Counterbalance": the mechanism that is used to balance or support the weight
			 of the connecting rods, slide, and slide attachments on a power
			 press.
(32) "Coupler": a device for
			 locking together the component parts of a tubular metal scaffold.
(33) "Cutting-off wheels": organically bonded
			 wheels designed for use with power-driven equipment for a multitude of
			 operations variously known as cutting, cutting-off, grooving, slotting, coping,
			 jointing, etc.
(34) "Danger zone":
			 the point of operation where a known hazard exists.
(35) "Deenergized": free from any electrical
			 connection to a source of potential different from that of the earth.
(36) "Designated employee": an employee
			 selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being
			 qualified to perform specific duties.
(37) "Detonating cord": a flexible cord
			 containing a center core of high explosives and used to initiate other
			 explosives.
(38) "Detonator": any
			 device containing a detonating charge that is used for initiating detonation in
			 an explosive; the term includes, but is not limited to, electric blasting caps
			 of instantaneous and delay types, blasting caps for use with safety fuse,
			 detonating cord delay connectors, and non-electric instantaneous and delay
			 blasting caps.
(39) "Dielectric": a
			 nonconductor of electric current which will not absorb moisture, such as
			 fiberglass, or equivalent.
(40)
			 "Die setting": the process of placing or removing dies in or from a power
			 press, and the process of adjusting the dies, other tooling, and safeguarding
			 means to cause them to function properly and safely.
(41) "Die shoe": a plate or block upon which
			 a die holder is mounted. A die shoe functions primarily as a base for the
			 complete die assembly, and, when used, is bolted or clamped to the bolster
			 plate or the face of the slide.
(42) "Dockboard (bridge plate)": a movable
			 plate (usually metal) for bridging the gap between motor vehicle or freight car
			 and a dock or loading platform.
(43) "Energized": anything connected to an
			 electrical source having a greater potential than that of the earth.
(44) "Excavation": any man made cavity or
			 depression in the earth's surface, including its sides, walls, or faces, formed
			 by earth removal and producing unsupported earth conditions by reason of the
			 excavation. If installed forms or similar structures reduce the depth-to-width
			 relationship, an excavation may become a trench.
(45) "Exhaust system": includes suction
			 systems, hoods, ducts, fans, separators, receptacles, and other parts necessary
			 for the proper installation and operation thereof.
(46) "Explosive": any chemical compound or
			 mixture that is intended for the purpose of producing an explosion.
(47) "Exposed to contact": the location of
			 the material or object which, during the course of operation, is accessible to
			 an employee in performance of the employee's regular or assigned
			 duty.
(48) "Face of slide": the
			 bottom surface of the slide to which the punch or upper die of a power press is
			 generally attached.
(49) "Factor of
			 safety": the ratio between the ultimate breaking stress and the working stress
			 of the material, structure, or device. For example, the term "factor of safety
			 of four" means that the material, structure, or device
			 
									is
			 constructed of such strength that the maximum load will be one-fourth the
			 designed ultimate breaking load. Where other factors of safety appear, they
			 
									will
			 apply in the same manner. The standard of "The American Society for Testing and
			 Materials (ASTM)" 
									will be used in determining the strength of
			 material except as otherwise provided herein.
(50) "Feed rolls": in-running rolls which
			 perform no other function than to feed material to the point of
			 operation.
(51) "Feeding": the
			 process of placing or removing material within or from the point of operation.
			 This may be done automatically, semi-automatically, or manually.
(52) "Fire-resistance rating": the measured
			 time in hours or fractions thereof that the material or construction will
			 withstand fire exposure, as determined by fire tests conducted in conformity
			 with recognized standards.
(53)
			 "Fire-resistive construction": a method of construction which prevents or
			 retards the passage of hot gases or flames as defined by the fire-resistance
			 rating.
(54) "Flanges": collars,
			 discs, or plates between which grinding wheels are mounted and are referred to
			 as adaptor, sleeve, or back-up type.
(55) "Floor hole": A gap or open space in a
			 floor, roof, horizontal walking-working surface, or similar surface that is two
			 inches or more in its least dimension.
(56) "Floor opening": an opening measuring
			 twelve inches or more in its least dimension, in any floor, platform, pavement,
			 or yard, through which a person may fall; such as a hatchway, stair or ladder
			 opening, pit or large manhole.
(57)
			 "Foot control (part revolution clutch press)": the foot-operated control
			 mechanism designed to be used with a clutch or clutch/brake control
			 system.
(58) "Foot pedal (full
			 revolution clutch press)": the foot-operated lever designed to operate the
			 mechanical linkage that trips a full revolution clutch.
(59) "Forging": the product of work on metal
			 formed to a desired shape by impact or pressure in hammers, forging machines
			 (upsetters), presses, rolls, and related forming equipment.
(60) "Forging presses": a class of forging
			 equipment wherein the shaping of metal between dies is performed by mechanical
			 or hydraulic pressure.
(61) "Full
			 revolution clutch (mechanical power press)": a type of clutch that, when
			 tripped, cannot be disengaged until the crankshaft has completed a full
			 revolution and the press slide a full stroke.
(62) "Fumes": small solid particles formed by
			 the condensation of vapors of solid materials.
(63) "Gas": a formless fluid which tends to
			 occupy an entire space uniformly at ordinary temperatures and
			 pressures.
(64) "Gate" or "movable
			 barrier device": a movable barrier arranged to enclose the point of operation
			 before a power stroke can be started.
(65) "Grab bars": individual handholds placed
			 adjacent to or as an extension above ladders for the purpose of providing
			 access beyond the limits of the ladder.
(66) "Gravity hammers": A class of forging
			 hammer wherein energy for forging is obtained by the mass and velocity of a
			 freely falling ram and the attached upper die. Examples: board-type drop
			 hammers and air-lift hammers.
(67)
			 "Ground":
(a) "Ground connection": the
			 equipment used in establishing a path between an electric circuit or equipment
			 and earth. A ground connection consists of a ground conductor, a ground
			 electrode, and the earth which surrounds the electrode.
(b) "Grounded": connected to earth by a
			 ground connection.
(c) "Grounded
			 effectively": connected to earth through a ground connection or connections of
			 sufficiently low impedance and having sufficient current carrying capacity to
			 prevent the building up of voltages which may result in undue hazard to
			 connected equipment or to employees.
(68) "Grounding conductor": a conductor which
			 is used to connect the equipment or the wiring system with a grounding
			 electrode or electrodes.
(69)
			 "Guard": the covering, fencing, railing, or enclosure which shields an object
			 from accidental contact. (See also "safety guard.")
(70) "Guarded": means that the object is
			 covered, fenced, railed, enclosed, or otherwise shielded from accidental
			 contact.
(71) "Guide post": the pin
			 attached to the upper or lower die shoe, operating within the bushing on the
			 opposing die shoe, to maintain the alignment of the upper and lower dies of a
			 power press.
(72) "Handhold
			 (handgrip)": a device attached to a man lift which can be grasped by the
			 passenger to provide a means of maintaining balance.
(a) "Closed type": a cup-shaped device into
			 which the passenger may place his fingers, open at the top in the direction of
			 travel of the step for which it is to be used, and closed at the
			 bottom.
(b) "Open type": one which
			 has a handgrip surface fully exposed and capable of being encircled by the
			 passenger's fingers.
(73)
			 "Handrail": a a lengthwise member mounted directly on the wall, floor or
			 partition by means of brackets that will furnish an adequate handhold for
			 anyone grasping it to avoid falling.
(74) "Hazardous concentrations (as applied to
			 air contaminants)": concentrations of air contaminants which are in excess of
			 established occupational exposure limits.
(75) "Head protection devices":
(a) "Bump cap or hat": a thin-shelled plastic
			 headgear worn to provide protection to the head from bumps or lacerations but
			 does not meet the 
										specifications for protective helmets.
(b) "Crown straps": that part of the
			 suspension which passes over the head.
(c) "Hair enclosure": a hat or cap (other
			 than a protective helmet or bump cap) or a hairnet specifically designed to
			 protect the wearer from entanglement in moving parts of machines, equipment, or
			 from exposure to sparks, hot metal, or ignition.
(d) "Protective helmet": a rigid headgear
			 also known as a safety or hard hat, or as a safety or hard cap, that is worn to
			 provide protection for the head, or portions thereof, against impact, flying
			 articles, or electric shock, or any combination thereof, and which is held in
			 place by a suitable suspension.
(e)
			 "Suspension": the internal cradle of a protective helmet or bump cap which
			 holds it in place on the head and is made up of the headband and crown
			 straps.
(76) "Hood": that
			 part of an exhaust system into which the contaminated air or dust, fumes, mist,
			 vapor, or gas first enters.
(77)
			 "Hot line (live line) tools": those tools which are especially designed for
			 work on energized high voltage conductors and equipment.
(78) "Inch": an intermittent motion imparted
			 to the slide (on mechanical power presses using part revolution clutches) by
			 momentary operation of the inch operating means.
(79) "Kickouts": accidental release or
			 failure of a shore or brace used in trenching.
(80) "Ladder":
(a) "Extension ladder": a portable ladder,
			 adjustable in length. It consists of two or more sections traveling in guides
			 or brackets so arranged as to permit length adjustment. Its size is designated
			 by the sum length of the sections measured along the side rails.
(b) "Extension trestle ladder": a
			 self-supporting portable ladder, adjustable in length, consisting of a trestle
			 ladder base and a vertically adjustable single ladder, with an effective means
			 for locking the ladders together. The size is designated by the length of the
			 trestle ladder base.
(c) "Fixed
			 ladder": a ladder permanently attached to a structure, building, or equipment.
(i) "Ladder cage": an enclosure which
			 encircles the climbing space of the ladder and is securely fastened to the side
			 rails of the ladder or to the structure.
(ii) "Ladder well": a permanent complete
			 enclosure around a fixed ladder, which is securely fastened to the walls of the
			 well.
(d)
			 "Individual-rung ladder": a fixed ladder, each rung of which is individually
			 attached to a structure, building, equipment, or manhole.
(e) "Platform stepladder": a modification of
			 a portable stepladder with a working platform provided near the top.
(f) "Rail ladder": a fixed ladder consisting
			 of side rails joined at regular intervals by rungs or cleats and fastened in
			 full length or in sections to a building, structure, or equipment.
(g) "Sectional ladder": a portable ladder,
			 nonadjustable in length, consisting of two or more sections so constructed that
			 the sections may be combined to function as a single ladder. Its size is
			 designated by the overall length of the assembled sections.
(h) "Side-rolling ladder": a semifixed
			 ladder, nonadjustable in length, supported by attachments to a guide rail,
			 which is generally fastened to shelving, the plane of the ladder being also its
			 plane of motion.
(i) "Side-step
			 ladder": one from which an employee getting off at the top
			 
										steps sideways in order to reach the
			 landing.
(j) "Single ladder": a
			 portable, nonadjustable ladder consisting of only one section.
(k) "Stepladder": a self-supporting portable
			 ladder, nonadjustable in length, having flat steps or treads and a hinged back.
			 Its size is designated by the overall length of the ladder measured along the
			 front edge of the side.
(l)
			 "Through ladder": one from which an employee getting off at the top
			 
										steps through the rails in order to reach the
			 landing.
(m) "Trestle ladder": a
			 self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of two
			 sections hinged at the top to form equal angles with the base. The size is
			 designated by the length of the side rails measured along the front
			 edge.
(81) "Lanyard": a
			 flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap, which generally has a connector at
			 each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a deceleration device,
			 lifeline, or anchorage.
(82)
			 "Leading wire": an insulated wire used between the electric power source and
			 the electric blasting cap circuit.
(83) "Ledger (stringer)": a horizontal
			 scaffold member which extends from post to post and which supports the putlogs
			 or bearer forming a tie between the posts.
(84) "Lifeline": a component consisting of a
			 flexible line for connection to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically
			 (vertical lifeline), or for connection to anchorages at both ends to stretch
			 horizontally (horizontal lifeline) and which serves as a means for connecting
			 other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.
(85) "Limit switch": a device on a manlift
			 for the purpose of cutting off the power to the motor and applying the brake to
			 stop the carrier in the event that a loaded step passes the terminal
			 landing.
(86) "Magazine": (see
			 "approved storage facility").
(87)
			 "Manlift": a device consisting of a power-driven endless belt with steps or
			 platforms and handholds attached to it for the transportation of personnel from
			 floor to floor.
(88) "Mist": small
			 droplets of materials that are ordinarily liquid at normal temperature and
			 pressure.
(89) "Nominal": in name
			 or form, but not in fact; for example, a piece of lumber described as four
			 inches by four inches but which, in fact, meets a standard which is
			 less.
(90) "Non-current carrying":
			 not intended to be energized.
(91)
			 "Off-hand grinding": the grinding of any material or part which is held in the
			 operator's hand.
(92) "Operator":
			 any employee assigned or authorized to work at the specific
			 equipment.
(93) "Part revolution
			 clutch": a type of clutch that can be disengaged at any point before the
			 crankshaft has completed a full revolution and the press slide a full
			 stroke.
(94) "Pinch, nip, or shear
			 point": the point or points at which it is possible to be caught between the
			 moving parts of a machine, or between the moving and stationary parts of a
			 machine, or between the material and the moving part or parts of a
			 machine.
(95) "Pitch": the included
			 angle between the horizontal and the ladder measured from the opposite side of
			 the ladder from the climbing side.
(96) "Platform": a working space for
			 employees elevated above the surrounding floor or ground.
(97) "Point of operation": the area where
			 material is actually positioned and work is being performed during any
			 process.
(98) "Polishing wheels":
			 wheels designed for use with power-driven equipment to apply a luster or polish
			 to materials.
(99) "Portable
			 explosive-actuated fastening tool": a tool which depends upon an explosive
			 charge to propel or discharge a stud, pin, or fastener, for the purpose of
			 impinging it upon, affixing it to, or penetrating another object or material.
(a) "High-velocity tool": a tool or machine
			 which, when used with a load, propels or discharges a stud, pin, or fastener at
			 velocities in excess of three hundred feet per second.
(b) "Low-velocity tool": a tool or machine
			 which, when used with a load, propels or discharges a stud, pin, or fastener at
			 velocities not in excess of three hundred feet per second.
(100) "Power shears": power-driven machines
			 used for cutting bars, slabs, sheets, or other material.
(101) "Presence sensing device": a device
			 that creates a sensing field or area and deactivates the clutch control and
			 activates the brake of a power press when any part of the operator's body or a
			 hand tool is within such field or area.
(102) "Press": a powered machine that shears,
			 punches, forms, or assembles metal or other material by means of cutting,
			 shaping, or by combination dies attached to slides. A press consists of a
			 stationary bed or anvil, and a slide (or slides) having a controlled
			 reciprocating motion toward and away from the bed surface, the slide being
			 guided in a definite path by the frame of the press.
(103) "Primed cartridge": a cartridge of
			 explosives to which a detonator has been attached as a means of
			 firing.
(104) "Protective shield or
			 guard": a device, attached to the muzzle end of a portable explosive-actuated
			 fastening tool, which is designed to confine flying particles.
(105) "Pull-out device": a mechanism attached
			 to the operator's hands and connected to the upper die or slide of a power
			 press, that is designed, when properly adjusted, to withdraw the operator's
			 hands as the dies close when the operator's hands are inadvertently within the
			 point of operation.
(106)
			 "Railing": a vertical barrier erected above exposed edges of a floor opening,
			 wall opening, ramp, platform, or runway to prevent falls of
			 employees.
(107) "Rated load (roof
			 car suspended platforms)": the combined weight of employees, tools, equipment,
			 and other material which the working platform is designed to lift.
(108) "Rated speed": the speed for which a
			 tool or piece of equipment is designed.
(109) "Repeat": an unintended or unexpected
			 successive stroke of a power press resulting from a malfunction.
(110) "Respiratory devices":
(a) "Air-purifying respirator": a respirator
			 with an air-purifying filter, cartridge, or canister that removes specific air
			 contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying element. These
			 include:
(i) "Mechanical-filter respirator": a
			 respirator which provides respiratory protection against particulate matter,
			 such as nonvolatile dust, mists, or metal fumes.
(ii) "Chemical-cartridge respirator": a
			 respirator equipped with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or combination of
			 these items, which removes specific contaminants from the air passing through
			 the air-purifying element.
(b) "Supplied-air respirator": an
			 atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the source of breathing air is not
			 designed to be carried by the user.
(c) "Self-contained breathing apparatus": an
			 atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the source of breathing air is
			 designed to be carried by the user.
(111) "Roof car": (see
			 "scaffolds").
(112) "Roof car
			 suspended platform": (see "scaffolds").
(113) "Roof-powered platform": (see
			 "scaffolds").
(114) "Runway": a
			 passageway for employees elevated above the surrounding floor or ground
			 level.
(115) "Safety belt" or "
			 body belt": a strap with means both for securing it around the waist and for
			 attaching it to a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device.
(116) "Safety block": a prop that, when
			 inserted between the upper and lower dies of a power press or between the
			 bolster plate and the face of the slide, prevents the slide from falling of its
			 own dead weight.
(117) "Safety
			 guard (grinding wheel)": a device designed to restrain the pieces of a grinding
			 wheel in the event the wheel is broken in operation.
(118) "Safety harness" or "body harness": a
			 design of straps which may be secured about the employee in a manner that will
			 distribute the fall arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist,
			 chest and shoulders with means for attaching it to other components of a
			 personal fall arrest system.
(119)
			 "Scaffold":
(a) "Mobile scaffold": a powered
			 or unpowered, portable, caster or wheel-mounted supported scaffold.
(b) "Mobile work platform": generally a fixed
			 work level, one frame high, on casters or wheels, with bracing diagonally from
			 platform to vertical frame.
(c)
			 "Roof car": a structure for the suspension of a working platform, providing for
			 its horizontal movement to working positions.
(d) "Roof car suspended platform": equipment
			 to provide access to the exterior of a building consisting of a suspended
			 power-operated working platform, a roof car, and the operating and control
			 devices.
(e) "Roof-powered
			 platform": the working platform of a roof car suspended platform having the
			 raising and lowering mechanism located on a roof car.
(f) "Self-powered platform": a working
			 platform, of a roof car suspended platform, having the raising and lowering
			 mechanism located on the working platform.
(g) "Swinging scaffold": a power- or manually
			 operated platform suspended by two or more lines and independent of the
			 building except for attachment at the roof or parapet.
(h) "Tube and coupler scaffold": an assembly
			 consisting of tubing which serves as posts, bearers, braces, ties, and runners,
			 a base supporting the posts, and special couplers which serve to connect the
			 uprights and to join the various members.
(i) "Tubular welded frame scaffold": a
			 sectional panel, or frame metal scaffold substantially built up of
			 prefabricated welded sections which consist of posts and horizontal bearer with
			 intermediate members. Panels or frames shall be braced with diagonal or cross
			 braces.
(j) "Two-point suspension
			 scaffolds": a scaffold suspended from overhead supports, the platform of which
			 is supported by stirrups or hangers at two points to permit raising or
			 lowering.
(120) "Securely
			 fastened": the object or thing referred to 
									is substantially fixed in
			 place.
(121) "Self-powered
			 platform": (see "scaffold").
(122)
			 "Separator (collector)": that part of an exhaust system, the purpose of which
			 is to separate material from the air which conveys it.
(123) "Shaft": an excavation made from the
			 surface of the ground the longer axis of which forms an angle with the vertical
			 of no more than forty-five degrees.
(124) "Shall": to be construed as
			 mandatory.
(125) "Sheet pile": a
			 pile, or sheeting, that may form one of a continuous interlocking line, or a
			 row of timber, concrete, or steel piles, driven in close contact to provide a
			 tight wall to resist the lateral pressure of water, adjacent earth, or other
			 materials.
(126) "Sides," "walls,"
			 or "faces": the vertical or inclined earth surfaces formed as a result of
			 trenching or excavation work.
(127)
			 "Single-stroke mechanism (mechanical power press)": an arrangement used on a
			 full revolution clutch to limit the travel of the slide to one complete stroke
			 at each engagement of the clutch.
(128) "Slide": the main reciprocating member
			 of a power press. A slide is also called a ram, plunger, or platen.
(129) "Sling": an assembly which connects the
			 load to the material handling equipment.
(130) "Split-rail switch": an electric limit
			 switch operated mechanically by the rollers of manlift steps. It consists of an
			 additional hinged or "split" rail, mounted on the regular guide rail, over
			 which the step rollers pass. It is springloaded in the "split" position. If the
			 step supports no load, the rollers will "bump" over the switch; if a loaded
			 step should pass over the section, the split rail will be forced straight,
			 tripping the switch and opening the electrical circuit.
(131) "Standard guard railing": a substantial
			 barrier, constructed in accordance with paragraph (E) of rule
			 4123:1-5-02 of the
			 Administrative Code.
(a) "Top rail": the top
			 lateral member of a standard guard railing.
(b) "Intermediate rail": the lateral member
			 or members of a standard guard railing, installed at intervals of no more than
			 twenty-one inches.
(132)
			 "Steam hammers": a type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stroke
			 by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy delivered to the workpiece is
			 supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and attached upper die driven
			 downward by steam pressure. Energy delivered during each stroke may be
			 varied.
(133) "Stop control": an
			 operator control on a mechanical power press designed to immediately deactivate
			 the clutch control and activate the brake to stop slide motion.
(134) "Stripper": a mechanism or die part on
			 a power press for removing the parts or material from the punch.
(135) "Stud, pin, or fastener (as used in
			 portable fastening tools)": a fastening device specifically designed and
			 manufactured for use in portable explosive-actuated fastening tools.
(136) "Substantial (referring to material
			 things)": constructed of such strength, or of such materials, and of such
			 workmanship that the object will withstand the wear, usage, or shock for which
			 it is designed.
(137) "Sweep
			 device": a single or double arm (rod) attached to the upper die or slide of the
			 press and designed to move the operator's hands to a safe position as the dies
			 close, if the operator's hands are inadvertently within the point of operation.
			 The sweep device may not be used for point of operation safeguarding.
(138) "Swinging scaffold": (see
			 "scaffold").
(139) "Toeboard": a
			 vertical barrier erected along exposed edges of a floor opening, platform,
			 runway, ramp, or scaffold to prevent falls of material.
(140) "Travel" (manlifts): the distance
			 between the centers of the top and bottom pulleys.
(141) "Traveling cable": a cable made up of
			 electrical or communication conductors or both, and providing electrical
			 connection between the working platform and the roof car or other fixed
			 point.
(142) "Trench (when used as
			 a noun)": a narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground. In general,
			 the depth is greater than the width, but the width of a trench at the bottom is
			 no greater than fifteen feet.
(143)
			 "Trench boxes (safety cages, trench shields)": a shoring system composed of
			 steel plates and bracing, welded or bolted together, which can be moved along
			 as work progresses and protects employees from movement of earth and
			 caveins.
(144) "Trench jack": a
			 screw or hydraulic-type jack used as cross bracing in a trench shoring
			 system.
(145) "Turnover bar": a bar
			 used in die setting to turn manually the crankshaft of a mechanical power
			 press.
(146) "Two-point suspension
			 scaffold": (see "scaffold").
(147)
			 "Unitized tooling": a type of die in which the upper and lower members are
			 incorporated into a self-contained unit so arranged as to hold the die members
			 in alignment.
(148) "Uprights": the
			 vertical members of a shoring system.
(149) "Upsetting machines (forging machines,
			 headers)": a type of forging equipment in which the main forming energy is
			 applied horizontally to the workpiece which is gripped and held by prior action
			 of the dies.
(150) "Ventilation":
(a) "Dilution ventilation": ventilation
			 provided to reduce the concentration of air contaminants in the atmosphere of
			 all or part of the place of employment.
(b) "General ventilation": ventilation of the
			 general atmosphere in the place of employment.
(c) "Local exhaust ventilation": that type of
			 ventilation in which suction is applied at the point of generation or escape of
			 air contaminants.
(151)
			 "Wales (stringers)": the horizontal members of a shoring system with sides
			 bearing against the uprights or earth.
(152) "Wall and chute openings": openings in
			 any wall or partition from which there is a drop of more than four feet and
			 which are thirty inches or more in height and eighteen inches or more in width
			 through which an individual may inadvertently fall. Windows
			 
									will
			 not be considered wall openings except when located at the foot of any flight
			 of stairs or at any platform on stairs. Where windows or openings are filled in
			 with glass block, metal frame with sash bars, or wire mesh types, they
			 
									will
			 not be considered wall openings.
(153) "Wall hole": an opening less than
			 thirty inches but more than one inch high, of unrestricted width, in a wall or
			 partition, such as a ventilation hole or drainage scupper.