Oklahoma Administrative Code › Title 210 - State Department of Education › Chapter 15 - Curriculum and Instruction › Subchapter 3 - Oklahoma Academic Standards › Part 5 - LANGUAGE ARTS › Section 210:15-3-25 - Definitions

Current through Vol. 41, No. 20, July 1, 2024
The following words and terms, when used in this Part,
					 shall have the following meaning, unless the context clearly indicates
					 otherwise:
"Abbreviation"
means a shortened or contracted
					 form of a word or phrase, used to represent the whole, as Dr. for Doctor, U.S.
					 for United States, and lb. for pound.
"Academic vocabulary"
means to refer to words
					 associated with content knowledge. Within every discipline there is a specific
					 set of words to represent its concepts and processes.
"Active listening"
means the active pursuit of
					 what another person is saying and feeling, as a way to improve mutual
					 understanding. Active listening involves hearing content, listening for tone,
					 observing body language, paraphrasing, summarizing, questioning, clarifying,
					 and reflecting.
"Affix"
means a morpheme or meaningful part of
					 a word attached before or after a root to modify its meaning. Principal kinds
					 of affixes are prefixes and suffixes. The prefix un- is an affix, which added
					 to balanced, makes unbalanced. The suffixed is an affix which, added to wish,
					 makes wished.
"Alliteration"
means the repetition of the
					 same initial consonant sound of each word in connected text (e.g. Harry the
					 happy hippo hula-hoops with Henrietta).
"Allusion"
means a brief and indirect
					 reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary,
					 or political significance.
"Analogy"
means a comparison of the similar
					 aspects of two different things.
"Annotation"
means a critical or explanatory
					 note or body of notes added to a text.
"Antagonist"
means the adversary of the hero
					 or protagonist of a drama or other literary work.
"Antonyms"
means words which have opposite
					 meanings (e.g. hot and cold).
"Appropriate technology"
means technology that
					 students can use independently or with minimal scaffolding.
"Archetype"
means a symbol, plot pattern,
					 character type, or theme that recurs in many different cultures.
"Argument essay"
means a genre of writing that
					 requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate
					 evidence; and establish and defend a position on the topic in a concise
					 manner.
"Argumentation"
means writing that seeks to
					 influence through appeals that direct readers to specific goals or try to win
					 them to specific beliefs.
"Audience"
means writer's targeted reader or
					 readers.
"Author's craft"
means specific techniques
					 that an author chooses to relay an intended message.
"Automaticity"
means reading without conscious
					 effort or attention to decoding.
"Base"
means a free morpheme to which affixes
					 can be added, usually of Anglo-Saxon origin.
"Blending"
means the task of combining sounds
					 rapidly to accurately represent the word.
"Cause and effect"
means text structure that
					 notes a relationship in which an event or events (the cause) makes(s) another
					 event or action happen (effect).
"Citing sources"
means a quotation of or
					 explicit reference to a source indicating where the paraphrased or quoted
					 materials came. Examples of citation style include MLA (Modern Language
					 Association) and APA (American Psychological Association).
"Claim"
means an assertion of the truth of
					 something.
"Close reading"
means a strategy that requires
					 a student to focus on and arrive at a deep understanding of individual texts by
					 reading and re-reading. Fisher, Frey, and Lapp (2012) describe four reader
					 roles that help the reader uncover meaning in a text:
(A)
Code Breaker
understanding the text at the
					 surface level (i.e. alphabetic, structural).
(B)
Meaning maker
comprehending the text at
					 the level intended by the author.
(C)
Text user
analyzing the factors that
					 influenced the author and the text, including a historical grounding of the
					 context within which it was written.
(D)
Text critic
understanding that the text is
					 not neutral and that existing biases inform calls to action.
"Closed syllable"
means a written syllable
					 containing a single vowel and ending in one or more consonants; the vowel sound
					 is short.
"Coherence"
means continuity of meaning that
					 enables others to make sense of a text.
"Collaborative discussions"
means discussions
					 that provide opportunities for speakers and listeners to use dialogue and
					 interaction to raise issues, explore ideas, make claims, discover differences,
					 and find ways to explore all aspects of ELA. These take many forms like a
					 Socratic seminar, debate, or blog and combine students in small or large
					 discourse communities.
"Compare"
means find similarities between two
					 or more texts or text elements.
"Comparison"
means text structure in which
					 ideas are related to one another on the basis of similarities and differences.
					 The text presents ideas organized to compare, to contrast, or to provide an
					 alternative perspective.
"Compound word"
means a word made by putting
					 two or more words together (e.g. cowboy).
"Comprehension"
means understanding what one
					 is reading, the ultimate goal of all reading activity.
"Conflict"
means struggle or clash between
					 opposing characters, forces, or emotions.
"Connotation"
means a meaning that is implied
					 by a word apart from the thing it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural
					 and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their literal meanings or
					 denotations.
"Consonant blend"
means two or more
					 consecutive consonants that retain their individual sounds (e.g. /bl/ in block;
					 /str/ in string).
"Consonant trigraph"
means a combination of
					 three letters used to represent a single speech sound or phoneme (e.g.
					 /tch/).
"Content-specific"
means vocabulary that
					 includes technical words related to specific academic disciplines. (See also
					 academic and domain-specific vocabulary)
"Context"
means the parts of a written or
					 spoken statement/text that precede or follow a specific word or passage,
					 usually influencing its meaning or effect.
"Context clue"
means the information from the
					 textual setting that helps identify a word or word group.
"Contraction"
means a short way to write two
					 words as one by writing the two words together, leaving out one or more letters
					 and replacing the missing letters with an apostrophe (e.g. cannot =
					 can't).
"Conventional writing"
means expressing
					 thought and ideas with agreed upon symbols, like the alphabet.
"Counterclaim"
means a claim made to rebut a
					 previous claim.
"Declarative sentence"
means the kind of
					 sentence that makes a statement or "declares" something.
"Decode"
means translate a word from print to
					 speech, usually by employing knowledge of sound symbol correspondences; also
					 the act of deciphering a new word by sounding it out.
"Denotation"
means the literal or dictionary
					 meaning of a word.
"Description"
means text structure that
					 presents a topic, along with the attributes, specifics, or setting information
					 that describe that topic.
"Detail"
means piece of information revealed
					 by the author or speaker that supports the attitude or tone in a piece of
					 poetry or prose. In informational text, details provide information to support
					 the author's main point.
"Diction"
means the choice and use of words by
					 a speaker or a writer.
"Digital media"
means media created, viewed,
					 distributed, modified, and preserved on digital devices (e.g. computers,
					 tablets, phones). Digital media include computer programs, digital videos,
					 video games, web pages and websites, social media, databases, audio, and
					 e-books. Digital media are contrasted with print media such as books,
					 newspapers, magazines, pictures, film, and audiotape.
"Domain-specific vocabulary"
means "relatively
					 low-frequency, content-specific words that appear in textbooks and other
					 instructional materials; for example, apex in math, escarpment in geography,
					 and isobar in science" (Blachowicz, C. & Fisher, P., p.1). (See also
					 academic and content-specific vocabulary)
"Edit"
means to review writing to make sure it
					 is free of any grammatical errors or strange phrases that make it difficult for
					 readers to understand the meaning.
"Emergent writing"
"means that children begin
					 to understand that writing is a form of communication and their marks on paper
					 convey a message" (Mayer, 2007, p. 35). Emergent writing progresses along a
					 developmental continuum.
"Ethical and legal guidelines for research"
means guidelines for correctly citing print and digital text when using primary
					 and secondary sources for research. In addition, copying and pasting texts,
					 purchasing essays online, using another author's work, or violating copyright
					 laws are unethical and could result in legal action.
"Exclamatory sentence"
means a type of
					 sentence that expresses strong feelings by making an exclamation.
"Fiction"
means imaginative literary works
					 representing invented rather than actual persons, places, or events.
"Figurative language"
means writing or speech
					 not meant to be taken literally but used to express ideas in vivid or
					 imaginative ways. Figurative language includes simile, metaphor,
					 personification, analogy, hyperbole, and idiom.
"Flashback"
means scene that interrupts the
					 action of a work to show a previous event.
"Fluency"
means ability to read grade-level
					 text accurately, with expression, and with automaticity. The combination of
					 accuracy, automaticity, and prosody allow the reader to build
					 comprehension.
"Foreshadowing"
means use of hints or clues in
					 a Narrative to suggest future action.
"Generalize"
means to make general or broad
					 statements by inferring from text details.
"Genre"
means a category used to classify
					 literary and other words, usually by form, technique, or content. The novel,
					 the short story, and the lyric poems are all examples of literary
					 genres.
"Grammar"
means rules of language.
"Grapheme"
means a letter or letter
					 combination that spells a phoneme; can be one, two, three, or four letters in
					 English (e.g. e, ei, igh, eigh).
"Graphic features"
means pictorial
					 representation of data or ideas using columns, matrices, or other formats.
					 Graphics can be simple or complex, present information in a straightforward way
					 as in a list or pie graph, or embed or nest information within the document's
					 structure. Graphics may be included in texts or be stand-alone
					 documents.
"High frequency Irregular words"
means words
					 in print containing letters that stray from the most common sound pronunciation
					 because they do not follow common phonic patterns (e.g. were, was, laugh,
					 been).
"High frequency words"
means a small group of
					 words (300-500) that account for a large percentage of the words in print and
					 can be regular or irregular words. Often, they are referred to as "sight words"
					 since automatic recognition of these words is required for fluent
					 reading.
"Homographs"
means words that are spelled
					 alike but have different sounds and meanings (e.g. bow used with an arrow vs.
					 bow of a ship).
"Homonyms"
means words that sound the same but
					 have different spellings and meanings (e.g. bear, bare).
"Hyperbole"
means obvious and deliberate
					 exaggeration; an extravagant statement.
"Idiom"
means an expression that does not mean
					 what it literally says (e.g. to have the upper hand has nothing to do with the
					 hands).
"Imagery"
means multiple words or a continuous
					 phrase that a writer uses to represent persons, objects, actions, feelings, or
					 ideas descriptively by appealing to the senses.
"Imperative sentence"
means a sentence that
					 gives a command, makes a request, or expresses a wish.
"Indent"
means to set in or back from the
					 margin, as the first line of a paragraph.
"Independent reading levels"
means the level
					 at which a reader can read text with 95% accuracy (i.e. no more than one error
					 per 20 words read). Independent reading level is relatively easy text for the
					 reader.
"Inference"
means act or process of deriving
					 logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true; the conclusions
					 drawn from this process.
"Inferring"
means making a reasonable
					 assumption about meaning that is not explicitly stated in the text.
"Inflectional endings"
means in English, a
					 suffix that expresses plurality or possession when added to a noun, tense when
					 added to a verb, and comparison when added to an adjective and some adverbs;
					 Added to verbs, nouns, or adjectives do not change the grammatical role or part
					 of speech of the base words (-s, -es, -ing, -ed).
"Informational"
means non-fiction books; also
					 referred to as expository text, that contain facts and information.
"Interactive texts"
means multimodal texts in
					 which readers may determine the order and duration of reading. For example,
					 interactive texts, may include hyperlinks to other pages containing embedded
					 images, videos and audio.
"Interrogative sentence"
means the kind of
					 sentence that asks a question and uses a question mark.
"Irony"
means the use of words to express
					 something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning.
"Legend"
means inscription or title on an
					 object (e.g. a key to symbols used on a map).
"Letter-sound correspondences"
means the
					 matching of an oral sound to its corresponding letter or group of
					 letters.
"Lexile"
means a quantitative measure of text
					 complexity and individual reading level that can be used to predict how well a
					 reader will likely comprehend a text.
"Literal"
means information directly from the
					 text (e.g. on the line).
"Literary nonfiction"
means text that conveys
					 factual information. The text may or may not employ a Narrative structure and
					 characteristics such as dialogue.
"Main idea"
means the central thought or
					 premise of a reading passage.
"Meaning vocabulary"
means application of
					 one's understanding of word meanings to passage comprehension.
"Memoir"
means type of autobiography that
					 usually focuses on a single time period or historical event.
"Metaphor"
means a direct comparison of two
					 unlike things.
"Modified citation style"
means using author,
					 title, and publication date of sources to document research. This special style
					 is used only at the fifth grade level to ease students into more stringent
					 citation styles which are used in later grades.
"Mood"
means atmosphere or predominant emotion
					 in a literary work.
"Morpheme"
means the smallest meaningful unit
					 of the language.
"Morphology"
means the study and description
					 of how words are formed from prefixes, roots, and suffixes (e.g.
					 mis-spell-ing), and how words are related to each other.
"Multimodal"
means multiple + mode. A mode
					 refers to a way of meaning-making or communicating. The New London Group (1996)
					 outlines five modes through which meaning is made: Linguistic, Aural, Visual,
					 Gestural, and Spatial. Any combination of modes makes a multimodal text, and
					 all texts - every piece of communication that a human composes - use more than
					 one mode. Thus, all writing is multimodal. "All Writing is Multimodal," Cheryl
					 Ball and Colin Charlton, in Naming What We Know: Threshold Concepts of Writing
					 Studies, Linda Adler-Kassner & Elizabeth Wardle (Eds.), forthcoming from
					 Utah State University Press.
"Multimodal content"
means content utilizing
					 more than one mode (e.g. still images + words, words + video) to convey a
					 meaning.
"Multimodal literacy"
means "the interplay of
					 meaning-making systems (alphabetic, oral, visual, etc.) that teachers and
					 students should strive to study and produce." NCTE Position Statement on
					 Multimodal Literacies.
"Multisyllabic"
means these are words with
					 more than one syllable. A systematic introduction of prefixes, suffixes, and
					 multisyllabic words should occur throughout a reading program. The average
					 number of syllables in the words students read should increase steadily
					 throughout the grades.
"Narrative writing"
means writing that tells a
					 story. This writing is often anecdotal, experiential, and personal - allowing
					 students to express themselves in creative and, quite often, moving
					 ways.
"Nonfiction"
means text that is factual and
					 may be presented by detailed descriptions or examples; organization follows a
					 logical pattern and may include textual aids.
"Nonverbal cues"
means nonverbal messages that
					 are a key aspect of speaking, for example, intonation, pauses, facial
					 expressions, eye contact, gestures, and body language. Listeners should study
					 these cues to determine a speaker's message, argument, and credibility.
"Nonverbal texts"
means in place of words,
					 nonverbal texts may include images, gestures, and movement.
"Onomatopoeia"
means use of words that mimic
					 the sounds they describe; imitative harmony.
"Onset"
means all of the sounds in a syllable
					 that come before the first vowel.
"Opinion writing"
means writing that clearly
					 states a view or judgment about a topic, supported by examples, and offering
					 reasons for assertions and/or explaining cause and effect.
"Parallel structure"
means repetition of
					 words, phrases, or sentences that have the same grammatical structure or that
					 restate a similar idea.
"Paraphrase"
means to sum something up or
					 clarify a statement by rephrasing it; to say something in other simpler
					 words.
"Personification"
means the bestowing of human
					 qualities on animals, ideas, or things.
"Persuasion"
means form of discourse whose
					 function is to convince an audience or to prove or refute a point of view or an
					 issue.
"Phoneme"
means a speech sound that combines
					 with others in a language system to make words.
"Phonemic awareness"
means the ability to
					 notice, think about, or manipulate the individual phonemes (sounds) in words.
					 It is the ability to understand that sounds in spoken language work together to
					 make words. This term is used to refer to the highest level of phonological
					 awareness: awareness of individual phonemes in words.
"Phonics"
means the study of the relationships
					 between letters and the sounds they represent; also used to describe reading
					 instruction that teaches sound-symbol correspondences. Sound-symbol
					 correspondence are the rules and patterns by which letters and letter
					 combinations represent speech sounds.
"Phonological awareness"
means one's
					 sensitivity to, or explicit awareness of, the phonological structure of words
					 in one's language. This is an "umbrella" term that is used to refer to a
					 student's sensitivity to any aspect of phonological structure in language. It
					 encompasses awareness of individual words in sentences, syllables, an
					 onset-rime segments as well as awareness of individual phonemes.
"Picture walk"
means a strategy for previewing
					 a book prior to reading by looking at the cover and illustrations and asking
					 questions that require students to make predictions about the text.
"Plagiarism"
means using another person or
					 source's words or ideas without giving credit or obtaining permission.
"Plot"
means the sequence of events or actions
					 in a short story, novel, drama, or narrative poem.
"Point of view"
means the way in which an
					 author reveals a viewpoint or perspective. This can be done through characters,
					 ideas, events, and narration.
"Prefix"
means a morpheme that precedes a root
					 and that contributes to or modifies the meaning of a word, as "re" in
					 reprint.
"Pre-reading strategies"
means strategies for
					 preparing students to read a text prior to reading. Examples include: picture
					 walk, brainstorming about the topic/text, advance organizers, activating prior
					 knowledge, vocabulary previews, structural organizers, establishing a purpose
					 for reading, etc.
"Primary source"
means firsthand account of an
					 event or a time period written or created during that time period (examples:
					 Diary of Anne Frank, Dorothea Lange's photographs, newspaper article about
					 Hurricane Katrina).
"Print concepts"
means the ability of a child
					 to know and recognize the ways in which print "works" for the purposes of
					 reading, particularly with regard to books.
"Prior knowledge"
means refers to schema, the
					 knowledge and experience that readers bring to the text.
"Problem/solution"
means text structure in
					 which the main ideas are organized into two parts: a problem and a subsequent
					 solution that responds to the problem, or a question and an answer that
					 responds to the question.
"Protagonist"
means central character of a
					 short story, novel, or Narrative poem. The antagonist is the character who
					 stands directly opposed to the protagonist.
"Purpose"
means the specific reason or reasons
					 for the writing. It conveys what the readers have to gain by reading the
					 selection. Purpose is the objective or the goal that the writer wishes to
					 establish.
"Quote"
means, in research, to directly copy
					 down the words from a source, set off in quotation marks.
"R-controlled vowels"
means the modified sound
					 of a vowel immediately preceding /r/ in the same syllable (e.g. care, never,
					 sir, or).
"Rate"
means the speed at which a person
					 reads.
"Recursive"
means moving back and forth
					 through a text in either reading or writing, as new ideas are developed or
					 problems encountered. In reading a text, recursive processes might include
					 rereading earlier portions in light of later ones, looking ahead to see what
					 topics are addressed or how a Narrative ends, and skimming through text to
					 search for particular ideas or events before continuing a linear reading. In
					 creating a written composition, recursive processes include moving back and
					 forth among the planning, drafting, and revising phases of writing.
"Reenact"
means to act out the events of a
					 text.
"Retell"
means recall the content of what was
					 read or heard.
"Revise"
means the process of rereading a text
					 and making changes (in content, organization, sentence structures, and word
					 choice) to improve it; not to be confused with edit.
"Rhetorical device"
means technique used by
					 writers to persuade an audience (e.g. alliteration, hyperbole, metaphor,
					 etc.).
"Rhyme"
means words that have the same ending
					 sound.
"Rime"
means a vowel plus the consonants that
					 follow in a syllable (e.g. -ame, -ick, - out).
"Root"
means a bound morpheme, usually of
					 Latin origin, that cannot stand alone but is used to form a family of words
					 with related meanings.
"Schema"
means to refer to prior knowledge,
					 the knowledge and experience that readers bring to the text.
"Secondary source"
means an interpretation or
					 analysis of a primary source (examples: book about diaries kept during the
					 Holocaust, book about Great Depression photography, an op-ed about how New
					 Orleans handled the Hurricane Katrina aftermath from a later date).
"Segmenting"
means separating the individual
					 phonemes, or sounds, or a word into discrete units.
"Semantic relationships"
means associations
					 that exist between the meanings of words.
"Semantics"
means the study of meaning in
					 language.
"Sequential structure"
means text structure in
					 which ideas are grouped on the basis of order of time.
"Setting"
means time and place in which events
					 in a short story, novel, drama, or Narrative poem take place.
"Shared reading"
means an interactive reading
					 experience that occurs when students join in or share the reading of a big book
					 or other enlarged text while guided and supported by a teacher or other
					 experienced reader.
"Simile"
means a combination of two things
					 that are unlike, usually using the words like or as.
"Stem"
means the base form of a word; also
					 called the root word.
"Structural analysis"
means a procedure for
					 teaching students to read words formed with prefixes, suffixes, or other
					 meaningful word parts.
"Style"
means writer's characteristic manner
					 of employing language.
"Suffix"
means a derivational morpheme added
					 to the end of root or base that often changes the word's part of speech and
					 that modifies its meaning.
"Summarize"
means reducing large selections of
					 text to their base essentials: the gist, the key ideas, the main points that
					 are worth noting and remembering.
"Supporting details"
means reasons, examples,
					 facts, steps, or other kinds of evidence that back up and explain a main idea.
					 Details make up most of the information in what a person reads, but some
					 details are more important than others.
"Syllable"
means a unit of pronunciation that
					 is organized around a vowel sound; it may or may not have consonants before or
					 after the vowel.
"Symbol"
means object, person, place, or
					 action that has both a meaning in itself and that stands for something larger
					 than itself, such as a quality, attitude, belief, or value.
"Synonyms"
means words which have the same
					 meaning (e.g. example, instance, occurrence).
"Syntax"
means arrangement of words and order
					 of grammatical elements in a sentence.
"Synthesize"
means creating original insights,
					 perspectives, and understanding by reflecting on text(s) and merging elements
					 from text and existing schema.
"Text complexity"
means, based on Fisher and
					 Frey (2013), three inter-related aspects determine text complexity:
(A)
Quantitative evaluation
readability
					 measures and other scores of text complexity.
(B)
Qualitative evaluation
levels of meaning,
					 structure, language features, and knowledge demands.
(C)
Matching readers with texts and tasks
reader variables (such as motivation, knowledge, and experiences) and task
					 variables (such as purpose and the complexity generated by the task assigned
					 and the questions posed).
"Theme"
means central meaning of a literary
					 work. A literary work can have more than one theme. Most themes are not
					 directly stated but rather are implied. A literary theme is not the same as a
					 topic or main idea.
"Thesis statement"
means the guiding, arguable
					 statement or claim an essay attempts to prove through evidence and
					 reasoning.
"Tone"
means writer or speaker's attitude
					 toward a subject, character, or audience conveyed through the author's choice
					 of words and detail. Tone can be serious, humorous, sarcastic, objective,
					 etc.
"Topic"
means the subject of the entire
					 paragraph/text selection; tells what the passage is mainly about.
"Track print"
means look and process all the
					 letters in order from left-to-right.
"Trait"
means distinguishing feature, as of a
					 person's character.
"Verbal cues"
means words and phrases that
					 speakers use to add emphasis, clarify organization, make connections, and
					 create ethos. Listeners should be focusing on these cues as it helps listeners
					 determine a speaker's message, argument, and credibility.
"Vocabulary notebook"
means a teaching
					 strategy used to help students learn new vocabulary.
"Voice"
means distinctive style or manner of
					 expression of an author or of a character.
"Vowel digraph"
means two vowels together that
					 represent one phoneme, or sound (e.g. ea, ai, oa).
"Vowel diphthong"
means a sound made by
					 combining two vowels, specifically when it starts as one vowel sound and
					 proceeds to another, like oy sound in oil.
"Word family"
means group of words that share
					 a rime (a vowel plus the consonants that follow; e.g. -ame, -ick, -out).
"Word study"
means the integration of phonics,
					 spelling, and vocabulary instruction. This approach teaches students how to
					 look closely at words to discover the regularities and conventions of English
					 orthography, or spelling. The purpose is twofold:
(1) develop a general knowledge of English spelling and
					 discover generalizations about spelling, and
(2) increase students' specific knowledge of words and
					 their meanings.
"Word wall"
means a literacy tool used for
					 displaying commonly used vocabulary and/or sight words in large print so that
					 all students can read the words from their desks. The purpose of a word wall is
					 to help students naturally gain familiarity with high frequency words, as well
					 as to gain reinforcement of vocabulary.
"Writing modes"
means major types of writing
					 (Narrative, Opinion, Informational, Argumentation).
"Writing process"
means steps contained in the
					 writing process prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. This
					 process is often recursive.