New York Codes, Rules and Regulations › Title 10 - DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH › Chapter I - State Sanitary Code › Part 16 - Ionizing Radiation › General Provisions › Section 16.2 - Definitions

Current through Register Vol. 46, No. 28, July 10, 2024
(a) As used in
				  these regulations, these terms have the definitions set forth below:
(1) A1 means the
				  maximum activity of special form radioactive material permitted in a Type A
				  package. A2 means the maximum activity of radioactive
				  material, other than special form radioactive material, permitted in a Type A
				  package. These values are either listed or may be derived in accordance with
				  the procedure prescribed in Appendix 16-B, Table 1 of this Part.
(2)
Absorbed dose
means the
				  energy imparted by ionixing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material. The
				  units of absorbed dose are the gray (Gy) and the rad.
(3)
Accelerator-produced
				  material
means any material made radioactive by a particle
				  accelerator.
(4)
Activity
means the rate of disintegration or transformation or
				  decay of radioactive material. The units of activity are the becquerel (Bq) and
				  the curie (Ci).
(5)
Adult
means an individual 18 years, or more, or age.
(6)
Agreement state
means
				  any state with which the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission or the
				  United States Atomic Energy Commission has entered into an effective agreement
				  under section 274b of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (73 Stat.
				  689).
(7)
Airborne
				  radioactive material
means any radioactive material dispersed in the
				  air in the form of dusts, fumes, particulates, mists, vapors, or
				  gases.
(8)
Airborne
				  radioactivity area
means a room, enclosure, or area in which airborne
				  radioactive materials exist in concentrations:
(i) in excess of the derived air
				  concentrations (DACs) specified in Appendix 16-C, Table 1, Column 3,
infra;
or
(ii) to
				  such a degree that an individual present in the area without respiratory
				  protective equipment could exceed, during the hours an individual is present in
				  a week, an intake of 0.6 percent of the annual limit on intake (ALI) or 12
				  DAC-hours.
(9)
Aluminum equivalent
means the thickness of aluminum affording
				  the same attenuation, under specified conditions, as the material in
				  question.
(10)
Annual limit
				  on intake
(ALI) means the derived limit for the amount of radioactive
				  material taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a
				  year. ALI is the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year by
				  the reference man that would result in a committed effective dose equivalent of
				  0.05 Sv (5 rem) or a committed dose equivalent of 0.5 Sv (50 rem) to any
				  individual organ or tissue. ALI values for intake by ingestion and by
				  inhalation of selected radionuclides are given in Appendix 16-C, Table 1,
				  Columns 1 and 2,
infra.
(11)
As low as is reasonably
				  achievable
(ALARA) means making every reasonable effort to maintain
				  exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits in these regulations as is
				  practical, consistent with the purpose for which the licensed or registered
				  activity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the
				  economics of improvements in relation to state of technology, the economic of
				  improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other
				  societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of
				  nuclear energy and licensed or registered sources of radiation in the public
				  interest.
(12)
Background
				  radiation
means radiation from cosmic sources; naturally occurring
				  radioactive materials, including radon, except as a decay product of source or
				  special nuclear material, and including global fallout as it exists in the
				  environment from the testing of nuclear explosive devices.
Background
				  radiation
does not include sources of radiation from radioactive
				  materials regulated by the department.
(13)
Becquerel
(Bq) means
				  the SI unit of activity. One becquerel is equal to one disintegration or
				  transformation per second (s-1).
(14)
Bioassay
means the
				  determination of kinds, quantities or concentrations, and, in some cases, the
				  locations of radioactive material in the human body, whether by direct
				  measurement, in vivo counting, or by analysis and evaluation of materials
				  excreted or removed from the human body. For purposes of these regulations,
				  "radiobioassay" is an equivalent term.
(15)
Byproduct material shall
				  include:
(i) any radioactive
				  material, except special nuclear material, yielded in or made radioactive by
				  exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or utilizing
				  special nuclear material;
(ii) the
				  tailings or wastes produced by the extraction or concentration of uranium or
				  thorium from ore processed primarily for its source material content, including
				  discrete surface wastes resulting from uranium or thorium solution extraction
				  processes; however, ore bodies depleted by these solution extraction operations
				  do not constitute "byproduct material" within this definition;
(iii) any discrete source of radium-226 that
				  is produced, extracted, or converted after extraction for use for a commercial,
				  medical, or research activity;
(iv)
				  any material that has been made radioactive by use of a particle accelerator
				  and is produced, extracted, or converted after extraction for use for a
				  commercial, medical, or research activity;
(v) any discrete source of naturally
				  occurring radioactive material, other than source material, that is extracted
				  or converted after extraction for use in a commercial medical or research
				  activity that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, in consultation with the
				  Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Secretary of Energy,
				  the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the head of any other appropriate
				  Federal agency, determines would pose a threat similar to the threat posed by a
				  discrete source of radium-226 to the public health and safety or the common
				  defense and security.
(16)
Calendar quarter
means
				  not less than 12 consecutive weeks nor more than 14 consecutive weeks. The
				  fibst calendar quarter of each year shall begin in January and subsequent
				  calendar quarters shall be so arranged such that no day is included in more
				  than one calendar quarter and no day in any one year is omitted from inclusion
				  within a calendar quarter. No licensee or registrant shall change the method
				  used to determine calendar quarters for purposes of these regulations except at
				  the beginning of a calendar year.
(17)
Calibration
means the
				  determination of:
(i) the response or reading
				  of an instrument relative to a series of known radiation values over the range
				  of the instrument; or
(ii) the
				  strength of a source of radiation relative to a standard.
(18)
Certified radiation equipment
				  safety officer
means an individual who holds an unexpired certificate
				  as a radiation equipment safety officer issued by the department.
(i) The requirements for certification as a
				  radiation equipment safety officer are as follows:
(a) at least 18 years of age at the time of
				  application; and
(b) good moral
				  character; and
(c) graduation from
				  a regionally accredited college or university, or one recognized by New York
				  State, with a bachelor's degree in physical or natural science, mathematics or
				  engineering; or four years of satisfying full-time paid experience in radiation
				  protection or control; or an equivalent combination of the education and
				  experience specified in this clause; and
(d) successful completion, after meeting the
				  requirements of clauses (
a
), (
b
), and
				  (
c
) of this subparagraph, of an examination prescribed by the
				  department: and
(e) at least three
				  years of satisfactory full-time paid experience in radiation protection or
				  control including at least one year of experience dealing with radiation
				  equipment, with the provision that up to two years of graduate training in
				  physical or natural science, mathematics or engineering, may be substituted on
				  a year for year basis for the required experience except for the one year of
				  experience in radiation protection or control dealing with radiation
				  equipment.
(ii) The
				  department may accept in lieu of the requirements of clauses
				  (i)(
c
) and (
d
) of this paragraph a
				  certificate in radiation protection or control issued by the American Board of
				  Health Physics, the American Board of Radiology or the American Board of
				  Medical Physics.
(iii) A person
				  meeting all requirements of subparagraph (i) of this paragraph except the
				  experience or experience substitute requirement of clause (i)
				  (
e
) of this paragraph may be certified as a radiation
				  equipment safety officer with the restriction that he/she perform surveys only
				  under the supervision of a certified radiation equipment safety officer who
				  meets the requirements of said clause (
e
).
(iv) A certification as a radiation equipment
				  safety officer shall be issued by the department for a period not to exceed two
				  years. Eligibility for renewal of a certificate shall be based on a work record
				  as a certified radiation equipment safety officer that is in conformance with
				  the regulations of the department. The certificate may be revoked for cause by
				  the department on due notice.
(19)
CFR
means Code of
				  Federal Regulations.
(20)
Class
means a classification scheme for inhaled material
				  according to its rate of clearance from the pulmonary region of the lung.
				  Materials are classified as D, W, or Y. which applies to a range of clearance
				  half-times: for Class D, Days, of less than 10 days, for Class W, Weeks, from
				  10 to 100 days, and for Class Y, Years, of greater than 100 days. For purposes
				  of these regulations, "lung class" and "inhalation class" are equivalent
				  terms.
(21)
Collective
				  dose
means the sum of the individual doses received in a given period
				  of time by a specified population from exposure to a specified source of
				  radiation.
(22)
Collimator
means a device or mechanism by which the X-ray or
				  gamma-ray beam is restricted in size.
(23)
Commissioner
means the
				  Commissioner of Health of the State of New York.
(24)
Committed dose
				  equivalent
(HT,50) means the dose equivalent to
				  organs or tissues of reference (T) that will be received from an intake of
				  radioactive material by an individual during the 50-year period following the
				  intake.
(25)
Committed
				  effective dose equivalent
(H E,50) is the sum of
				  the products of the weighing factors applicable to each of the body organs or
				  tissues that are irradiated and the committed dose equivalent to each of these
				  organs or tissues (HE, = £ WT
				  HT,50).
(26)
Cone
means a device used to indicate beam direction and to
				  establish a minimum source-surface distance. It may or may not incorporate a
				  collimator.
(27)
Controlled
				  area
means any area the access to which is controlled for the purpose
				  of protecting individuals from exposure to radiation and radioactive material,
				  but shall not mean any area used as residential quarters. "Controlled area" as
				  used in this Part is synonymous to "restricted area".
(28)
Curie
means a unit of
				  activity. One curie (Ci) is that quantity of radioactive material which decays
				  at the rate of 3.7 * 1010; transformations per
				  second (tps).
(29)
Declared
				  pregnant woman
means a woman who has voluntarily informed her
				  employer, in writing, of her pregnancy.
(30)
Deep dose equivalent
(Hd), which applies to external whole body exposure,
				  means the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of one centimeter (1000
				  mg/cm2).
(31)
Department
means the
				  New York State Department of Health and shall include its duly authorized
				  representatives.
(32)
Depleted uranium
means the source material uranium in which
				  the isotope uranium-235 is less than 0.711 weight percent of the total uranium
				  present.
(33)
Derived air
				  concentration
(DAC) means the concentration of a given radionuclide in
				  air which, if breathed by the reference man for a working year of 2,000 hours
				  under conditions of light work, results in an intake of one ALI. For purposes
				  of these regulations, the condition of light work is an inhalation rate of 1.2
				  cubic meters of air per hour for 2,000 hours in a year. DAC values are given in
				  Appendix 16-C, Table 1, Column 3,
infra.
(34)
Derived air
				  concentration-hour
(DAC-hour) means the product of the concentration
				  of radioactive material in air, expressed as a fraction or multiple of the
				  derived air concentration for each radionuclide, and the time of exposure to
				  that radionuclide, in hours. A licensee or registrant may use 2,000 DAC-hours
				  to represent one ALI, equivalent to a committed effective dose equivalent of
				  0.05 Sv (5 rem).
(35)
Diagnostic type protective tube housing
means X-ray tube
				  housing so constructed that the leakage radiation at a distance of one meter
				  from the source does not exceed 100 milliroentgens in one hour when the tube is
				  operated at its maximum continuous rated current for the maximum rated tube
				  potential.
(36)
Diaphragm
means a device or mechanism by which the X-ray or
				  gamma-ray beam is restricted in size.
(37)
Dose
is a generic term
				  that means absorbed dose, dose equivalent, effective dose equivalent, committed
				  dose equivalent, committed effective dose equivalent, or total effective dose
				  equivalent. For purposes of these regulations, "radiation dose" is an
				  equivalent term.
(38)
Dose
				  equivalent
(H T) means the product of the
				  absorbed dose in tissue, quality factor, and all other necessary modifying
				  factors at the location of interest. The units of dose equivalent are the
				  sievert (Sv) and rem.
(39)
Dose limits
means the permissible upper bounds of radiation
				  doses established in accordance with these regulations. For purposes of these
				  regulations, "limits" is an equivalent term.
(40)
Dosimetry processor
means a person that processes and evaluates individual monitoring devices in
				  order to determine the radiation dose delivered to the monitoring
				  devices.
(41)
Effective
				  dose equivalent
(HE) means the sum of the
				  products of the dose equivalent to each organ or tissue
				  (HT) and the weighting factor (W
				  T) applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that
				  are irradiated (HE = £ WT
				  HT).
(42)
Embryo/fetus
means the developing human organism from
				  conception until the time of birth.
(43)
Entrance or access
				  point
means any opening through which an individual or extremity of an
				  individual could gain access to radiation areas or to licensed or registered
				  radioactive materials. This includes entry or exit portals of sufficient size
				  to permit human entry, irrespective of their intended use.
(44)
Explosive material
means any chemical compound, mixture, or device which produces a substantial
				  instantaneous release of gas and heat spontaneously or by contact with sparks
				  or flame.
(45)
Exposure
means either:
(i)
				  being exposed to ionizing radiation or to radioactive material; or
(ii) the quotient of dQ by dm where"dQ" is
				  the absolute value of the total charge of the ions of one sign produced in air
				  when all the electrons (negatrons and positrons) liberated by photons in a
				  volume element of air having mass "dm" are completely stopped in air. The
				  special unit of exposure is the roentgen (R). One roentgen is equal to 2.58 *
				  104 coulomb per kilogram of air.
(46)
Exposure
				  rate
means the exposure per unit of time, such as roentgen per minute
				  and milliroentgen per hour.
(47)
External dose
means that portion of the dose equivalent
				  received from any source of radiation outside the body.
(48)
Extremity
means hand,
				  elbow, arm below the elbow, foot, knee, and leg below the knee.
(49)
Eye dose equivalent
means the external dose equivalent to the lens of the eye at a tissue depth of
				  0.3 centimeter (300 mg/cm2).
(50)
Former U.S. Atomic Energy
				  Commission (AEC)
or
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
				  licensed facilities
means nuclear reactors, nuclear fuel reprocessing
				  plants, uranium enrichment plants, or critical mass experimental facilities
				  where AEC or NRC licenses have been terminated.
(51)
Gray
(Gy) means the SI
				  unit of absorbed dose. One gray is equal to an absorbed dose of one
				  joule/kilogram. One gray is equal to 100 rad.
(52)
Half value layer
(HVL)
				  means the thickness of a specified substance which, when introduced into the
				  path of a given beam of radiation, reduces the exposure rate by
				  one-half.
(53)
Health
				  officer having jurisdiction
means the commissioner or his/her
				  designee, or the chief executive officer of the appropriate county or
				  part-county health department or the New York City Department of Health, or the
				  director of a state, regional, area or district office of public
				  health.
(54)
High radiation
				  area
means any area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation
				  levels could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of
				  one mSv (0.1 rem) in one hour at 30 centimeters from any source or radiation or
				  from any surface that the radiation penetrates. For purposes of these
				  regulations, rooms or areas in which diagnostic X-ray systems are used for
				  healing arts purposes are not considered high radiation areas.
(55)
Human use
means the
				  internal or external administration of radiation of radioactive material to
				  human beings.
(56)
Image
				  receptor
shall mean any device, such as fluoroscopic input phosphor or
				  radiographic film which transforms incident X-ray photons either into a visible
				  image or into another form which can be made into a visible image by further
				  transformation.
(57)
Individual
shall mean any human being.
(58)
Individual monitoring
means the assessment of:
(i) dose equivalent
(a) by the use of individual monitoring
				  devices; or
(b) by the use of
				  survey data; or
(ii)
				  committed effective dose equivalent
(a) by
				  bioassay; or
(b) by determination
				  of the time-weighted air concentrations to which an individual has been
				  exposed, that is, DAC-hours.
(59)
Individual monitoring
				  devices
means devices designed to be worn by a single individual for
				  the assessment of dose equivalent. For purposes of these regulations,
				  individual monitoring equipment and personnel monitoring equipment are
				  equivalent terms. Examples of individual monitoring devices are film badges,
				  thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), pocket dosimeters, and personal air
				  sampling devices.
(60)
Inherent filtration
means the filtration permanently in the
				  useful beam; it includes the window of the X-ray tube and any permanent tube or
				  source enclosure.
(61)
Inspection
means an official examination or observation
				  including, but not limited to, reviews of records, tests, surveys, and
				  monitoring to determine compliance with rules, regulations, orders,
				  requirements, and conditions of the department.
(62)
Interlock
means a
				  device arranged or connected such that the occurrence of an event or condition
				  is required before a second event or condition can occur or continue to
				  occur.
(63)
Internal
				  dose
means that portion of the dose equivalent received from
				  radioactive material taken into the body.
(64)
Kilovolt
(kV) means a
				  unit of electrical potential equal to 1000 volts.
Kilovolt
				  peak
(kVp) means the crest value in kilovolts of the potential
				  difference of a pulsating generator. When only one-half of the wave is used,
				  the value refers to the useful half of the wave.
(65)
Lead equivalent
means
				  the thickness of lead affording the same attenuation, under specified
				  conditions, as the material in question.
(66)
Leakage radiation
means
				  all radiation coming from within the source or tube housing except the useful
				  beam.
(67)
License
means a radioactive material license issued by the department in accordance
				  with the regulations adopted by the department. There are two types of
				  licenses: general and specific. A
general license
means a
				  license issued pursuant to the terms and conditions of Appendix 16-A, Table 6,
infra.
General licenses are effective without the filing of an
				  application with or the issuance of a licensing document by the department. A
specific license
shall mean a license evidenced by a licensing
				  document issued by the department to a licensee. A specific license also means
				  a similar license issued by the State Department or Labor, the New York City
				  Department of Health, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission or any
				  agreement state. Unless otherwise specified, the type of license referred to in
				  this Part will be a specific license.
(68)
Licensed material
means
				  radioactive material received, possessed, used, transferred or disposed of
				  under a general or specific license issued by the department.
(69)
Licensee
means any
				  person who is licensed by the department in accordance with these regulations
				  or one who possesses any radioactive material which is subject to the licensure
				  requirements of this Part.
(70)
Lost or missing licensed material
means licensed material
				  whose location is unknown. This definition includes licensed material that has
				  been shipped but has not reached its planned destination and whose location
				  cannot be readily traced in the transportation system.
(71)
Member of the public
means any individual, except an individual who is performing assigned duties
				  for the licensee or registrant involving exposure to sources of
				  radiation.
(72)
Minor
means an individual less than 18 years of age.
(73)
Monitoring
means the
				  measurement or radiation, radioactive material concentrations, surface area
				  activities or quantities of radioactive material and the use of the results of
				  these measurements to evaluate potential exposures and doses. For purposes of
				  these regulations, radiation monitoring and radiation protection monitoring are
				  equivalent terms.
(74)
NARM
means any naturally occurring or accelerator-produced
				  radioactive material. It does not include byproduct, source, or special nuclear
				  material.
(75)
Natural
				  radioactivity
means radioactivity of naturally occurring
				  nuclides.
(76)
Nuclear
				  Regulatory Commission
(NRC) means the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
				  Commission or its duly authorized representatives.
(77)
Nonstochastic effect
means a health effect, the severity of which varies with the dose and for which
				  a threshold is believed to exist. Radiation-induced cataract formation is an
				  example of a nonstochastic effect. For purposes of these regulations, a
deterministic effect
is an equivalent term.
(78)
Occupational dose
means
				  the dose received by an individual in the course of employment in which the
				  individual's assigned duties involve exposure to sources of radiation, whether
				  in the possession or the licensee, registrant, or other person. Occupational
				  dose does not include doses received: from background radiation, as a patient
				  from medical practices, from voluntary participation in medical research
				  programs, or as a member of the public.
(79)
Operator
means any
				  person conducting the business or activities carried on within the radiation
				  installation or having by law the administrative control of a radiation source
				  whether as owner, lessee, contractor, or otherwise.
(80)
Package
means the
				  packaging, together with its radioactive contents as presented for
				  transport.
(81)
Particle
				  accelerator
means any machine capable of accelerating electrons,
				  protons, deuterons, or other charged particles in a vacuum and of discharging
				  the resultant particulate or other radiation into a medium as energies usually
				  in excess of 1 MeV.
(82)
Person
means any individual, corporation, partnership, firm,
				  association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, agency,
				  political subdivision of this State, any other state or political subdivision
				  or agency thereof, and any legal successor, representative, agent, or agency of
				  the foregoing, but shall not include Federal government agencies.
(83)
Personnel monitoring
				  equipment
(See individual monitoring devices).
(84)
Professional practice
means the practice of medicine, dentistry, podiatry, osteopathy or
				  chiropractic.
(85)
Professional practitioner
means any person licensed or
				  otherwise authorized under the State Education Law to practice a proressional
				  practice.
(86)
Protective
				  apron
means an apron made of radiation attenuating material(s), used
				  to reduce exposure to radiation.
(87)
Protective barrier
means a barrier of radiation absorbing material(s) used to attenuate the useful
				  beam and/or stray radiation to the degree required to assure compliance with
				  sections 16.6 and
				  16.7  of this Part.
(88)
Protective glove
means
				  a glove made of radiation absorbing material(s) used to reduce radiation
				  exposure.
(89)
Public
				  dose
means the dose received by a member of the public from exposure
				  to sources of radiation. It does not include occupational dose, dose received
				  from background radiation, dose received as a patient from medical practices.
				  or dose from voluntary participation in medical research programs.
(90) [
Reserved
]
(91)
Qualified expert
means
				  an individual having the knowledge and training to measure ionizing radiation,
				  to evaluate safety techniques, and to advise regarding radiation protection
				  needs, for example, individuals certified in the appropriate field by the
				  American Board of Radiology or the American Board of Health Physics, or those
				  having equivalent training and experience. With reference to the calibration of
				  radiation therapy equipment, an individual having, in addition to the above
				  qualifications, training and experience in the clinical applications of
				  radiation physics to radiation therapy, for example, individuals certified in
				  Therapeutic Radiological Physics or X-Ray and Radium Physics by the American
				  Board of Radiology, or those having equivalent training and
				  experience.
(92)
Quality
				  factor
(Q) means the modifying factor, that is used to derive dose
				  equivalent from absorbed dose.
(i) As used in
				  these regulations, the quality factors for converting absorbed dose to dose
				  equivalent are shown in Table I.
Table I
Quality Factors and Absorbed Dose
					 Equivalents
Type of radiation
Quality factor (Q)
Absorbed dose equal to a unit dose equivalent
								a
X, gamma, or beta radiation and high-speed
								electrons
1
1
Alpha particles, multiple-charged particles, fission
								fragments and heavy particles of unknown charge
20
0.05
Neutrons or unknown energy
10
0.1
High-energy protons
10
0.1
a Absorbed dose in rad equal to
					 1 rem or the absorbed dose in gray equal to1 Sv.
(ii) If it is more convenient to measure the
				  neutron fluence rate than to determine the neutron dose equivalent rate in
				  sievert per hour or rem per hour, as provided in Table I, 0.01 Sv (1 rem) of
				  neutron radiation of unknown energies may, for purposes of these regulations,
				  be assumed to result from a total fluence or 25 million neutrons per square
				  centimeter incident upon the body. If sufficient information exists to estimate
				  the approximate energy distribution or the neutrons, the licensee or registrant
				  may use the fluence rate per unit dose equivalent or the appropriate Q value
				  from Table II to convert a measured tissue dose in gray or rad to dose
				  equivalent in sievert or rem.
Table II
Mean Quality Factors, Q, and Fluence per Unit Dose
					 Equivalent for Monoenergetic Neutrons
Neutron energy (MeV)
Quality factor
								a
Fluence per unit dose equivalent
								b
Fluence per unit dose equivalent
								b
(thermal) 2.5 × 108
2
980 × 106
980 × 108
1 × 107
2
980 × 106
980 × 108
1 × 106
2
810 × 106
810 × 108
1 × 105
2
810 × 106
810 × 108
1 × 104
2
840 × 106
840 × 108
1 × 103
2
980 × 106
980 × 108
1 × 102
2.5
1010 × 106
1010 × 108
1 × 101
7.5
170 × 106
170 × 108
5 × 101
11
39 × 106
39 × 108
1
11
27 × 106
27 × 188
2.5
9
29 × 106
29 × 108
5
8
23 × 106
23 × 108
7
7
24 × 106
24 × 108
10
6.5
24 × 106
24 × 108
14
7.5
17 × 106
17 × 108
20
8
16 × 106
16 × 108
40
7
14 × 106
14 × 108
60
5.5
16 × 106
16 × 108
1 × 102
4
20 × 106
20 × 108
2 × 102
3.5
19 × 106
19 × 108
3 × 102
3.5
16 × 106
16 × 108
4 × 102
3.5
14 × 106
14 × 108
a Value of quality factor (Q) at
					 the point where the dose equivalent is maximum in a 30-cm diameter cylinder
					 tissue-equivalent phantom.
b Monoenergetic neutrons
					 incident normally on a 30-cm diameter cylinder tissue-equivalent
					 phantom.
(93)
Quarter
(See Calendar quarter).
(94)
Rad
means the special
				  unit of absorbed dose. One rad is equal to an absorbed dose of 100 erg/gram or
				  0.01 jouie/kilogram (0.01 gray). One millirad equals 0.001 rad.
(95)
Radiation
means alpha
				  particles, beta particles, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons,
				  high-speed protons, and other particles capable of producing ions. For purposes
				  of these regulations, ionizing radiation is an equivalent term. Radiation, as
				  used in these regulations, does not include non-ionizing radiation, such as
				  radiowaves or microwaves, visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light.
(96)
Radiation area
means
				  any area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in
				  an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess or 0.05 mSv (0.005 rem) in
				  1 hour at 30 centimeters from the source of radiation or from any surface that
				  the radiation penetrates.
(97)
Radiation equipment
means any equipment or device which can
				  emit radiation by virtue of the application thereto of high voltage.
(98)
Radiation installation
means place, facility or mobile unit where radiation equipment, in operable
				  condition or intended to be used, is located or used, or where radioactive
				  material is transferred, received, possessed or used including generally a
				  hospital; medical, dental, chiropractic, osteopathic, podiatric, or
				  veterinarian institution, clinic or office; educational institution;
				  commercial, private or research laboratory performing diagnostic procedures or
				  handling equipment or material for medical use; or any trucking, storage,
				  messenger or delivery service establishment. Radiation installation shall
				  include, whether or not it is specifically stated above, any place, facility or
				  mobile unit where radiation is applied intentionally to a human. The limits of
				  the radiation installation area shall be as designated by the
				  operator.
(99)
Radiation
				  safety officer
shall mean an individual who, under the authorization
				  of the operator or a radiation installation, administers a radiation protection
				  program in accordance with section
				  16.5  of this Part and who is
				  qualified by training and experience in radiological health to evaluate the
				  radiation hazards of such installation and administer such radiation protection
				  program.
(i) For human use radiation equipment
				  installations, the radiation safety officer (RSO) shall be:
(a) a professional practitioner as defined in
				  paragraph (85) of this subdivision, practicing within his/her professional
				  practice as defined in paragraph (84) of this subdivision; or
(b) a physicist certified by the American
				  Board of Health Physics or the American Board of Radiology in a branch of
				  physics related to the type of use of radiation sources in the installation,
				  or, an individual with equivalent training and experience.
(ii) For non-human use radiation equipment
				  installations, the radiation safety officer shall be:
(a) a veterinarian for veterinary
				  installations; or
(b) a physicist
				  certified by the American Board or Health Physics, the American Board of
				  Radiology, or, an individual with equivalent training and experience;
				  or
(c) a researcher determined by
				  the institution as qualified by training and experience for installations using
				  only X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis equipment.
(iii) For licensed radioactive
				  materials installations, the radiation safety officer shall be:
(a) an authorized user named on the
				  radioactive materials license issued by this department; or
(b) a physicist certified by the American
				  Board of Health Physics or the American Board of Radiology in a branch of
				  physics related to the type of use of radioactive material in the installation,
				  or, an individual with equivaient training and experience.
(100)
Radiation
				  source
means any radioactive material or any radiation
				  equipment.
(101)
Radioactive material
means any solid, liquid, or gas which
				  emits radiation spontaneously.
(102)
Radioactivity
means
				  the transformation of unstable atomic nuclei by the emission of
				  radiation.
(103)
Radiobioassay
(See Bioassay).
(104)
Reference man
means a
				  hypothetical aggregation of human physical and physiological characteristics
				  determined by international consensus. These characteristics may be used by
				  researchers and public health workers to standardize results of experiments and
				  to relate biological insult to a common base.
(105)
Registrant
means any
				  person who is registered with the department or is legally obligated to
				  register with the department pursuant to these regulations.
(106)
Registration
means
				  registration with the department in accordance with these
				  regulations.
(107)
Rem
means the special unit of any of the quantities expressed
				  as dose equivaient. The dose equivalent in rem is equal to the absorbed dose in
				  rad multiplied by the quality factor (one rem = 0.01 sievert).
(108)
Research and
				  development
means:
(i) theoretical
				  analysis, exploration, or experimentation; or
(ii) the extension of investigative findings
				  and theories of a scientific or technical nature into practical application for
				  experimental and demonstration purposes, including the experimental production
				  and testing of models, devices, equipment, materials, and processes. Research
				  and development does not include the internal or external administration of
				  radiation or radioactive material to human beings.
(109)
Respiratory protective
				  equipment
means an apparatus, such as a respirator, used to reduce an
				  individual's intake of airborne radioactive material.
(110)
Restricted area
means
				  any area, access to which is limited by the licensee or registrant for the
				  purpose of protecting individuals against undue risks from exposure to sources
				  of radiation. A restricted area does not include areas used as residential
				  quarters, but separate rooms in a residential building may be set apart as a
				  restricted area.
(111)
Roentgen
means the special unit or exposure. One roentgen (R)
				  equals 2.58 * 104 coulombs/kilogram of air (See
				  Exposure).
(112)
Sanitary
				  sewerage
means a system of public sewers for carrying off waste and
				  refuse, but excluding sewage treatment facilities, septic tanks, and leach
				  fields owned or operated by the licensee or registrant.
(113)
Scattered radiation
means radiation whose direction has been altered during passage through matter.
				  (It may have been modified also by a decrease in energy.)
(114)
Sealed source
means
				  radioactive material that is permanently bonded or fixed in a capsule or matrix
				  designed to prevent release and dispersal of the radioactive material under the
				  most severe conditions which are likely to be encountered in normal use and
				  handling.
(115)
Shallow
				  dose equivalent
(H5), which applies to the
				  external exposure of the skin or an extremity, means the dose equivalent at a
				  tissue depth of 0.007 centimeter (7 mg/cm 2)
				  averaged over an area of one square centimeter.
(116)
Shutter
means:
(i) in beam therapy equipment, an adjustable
				  device, generally of lead, fixed to the X- or gamma-ray source housing to
				  intercept or collimate the useful beam; or
(ii) in diagnostic equipment, an adjustable
				  device used to collimate the useful beam.
(117)
SI
means an
				  abbreviation of the International System of Units.
(118)
Sievert
means the SI
				  unit of any of the quantities expressed as dose equivalent. The dose equivalent
				  in sievert is equal to the absorbed dose in gray multiplied by the quality
				  factor (one Sv = 100 rem).
(119)
Site boundary
means that line beyond which the land or
				  property is not owned, leased, or otherwise controlled by the licensee or
				  registrant.
(120)
Source
				  material
means:
(i) uranium or
				  thorium, or any combination thereof, in any physical or chemical form;
				  or
(ii) ores that contain by weight
				  one-twentieth of one percent (0.05 percent) or more of uranium, thorium, or any
				  combination of uranium and thorium. Source material does not include special
				  nuclear material.
(121)
Source of radiation
means any radioactive material or any
				  device or equipment emitting, or capable of producing, radiation.
(122)
Source-skin distance
				  (source-surface distance)
means the distance measured along the
				  central ray from the center of the front surface of the source (X-ray focal
				  spot or sealed radioactive source) to the surface of the irradiated
				  object.
(123)
Special form
				  radioactive material
means radioactive material which satisfies the
				  following conditions:
(i) it is either a
				  single solid piece or is contained in a sealed capsule that can be opened only
				  by destroying the capsule;
(ii) the
				  piece or capsule has at least one dimension not less than five millimeters
				  (0.197 inch); and
(iii) it
				  satisfies the additional requirements specified in section
				  71.4, special form radioactive
				  material, of  10 CFR
				  71  (see section
				  16.200  of this Part).
(124)
Special nuclear
				  material
means:
(i) plutonium,
				  uranium-233, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any
				  other material that the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, pursuant to the
				  provisions of section 51 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended,
				  determines to be special nuclear material, but does not include source
				  material; or
(ii) any material
				  artificially enriched by any of the foregoing but does not include source
				  material.
(125)
Special nuclear material in quantities not sufficient to form a
				  critical mass
means uranium enriched in the isotope U-235 in
				  quantities not exceeding 350 grams of contained U-235; uranium-233 in
				  quantities not exceeding 200 grams; plutonium in quantities not exceeding 200
				  grams; or any combination or them in accordance with the following formula: For
				  each kind of special nuclear material, determine the ratio between the quantity
				  of that special nuclear material and the quantity specified above for the same
				  kind of special nuclear material. The sum of such ratios for all of the kinds
				  of special nuclear material in combination shall not exceed one. For example,
				  the following quantities in combination would not exceed the limitation and are
				  within the formula:
175 (grams contained
					 U-235)/350+ 50 (grams
					 U-233)/200+ 50 (grams
					 Pu)/200 = 1
(126)
State
means the State
				  of New York, unless the context of this Part clearly indicates that a different
				  meaning is intended.
(127)
Stochastic effect
means a health effect that occurs randomly
				  and for which the probability of the effect occurring, rather than its
				  severity, is assumed to be a function of dose without threshold. Hereditary
				  effects and cancer incidence are examples of stochastic effects. For purposes
				  of these regulations, probabilistic effect is an equivalent term.
(128)
Stray radiation
means
				  the sum of leakage and scattered radiation.
(129)
Supervision
as used in
				  radioactive materials licenses means the training of persons in the use of
				  radioactive materials in other than medical procedures. Such training must
				  include at least 30 hours of instruction in the principles and practices of
				  radiation protection, radioactivity measurement standardization and monitoring
				  techniques and instruments, mathematics and calculations basic to the use and
				  measurement of radioactivity, and biological effects of radiation.
(130)
Survey
means an
				  evaluation of the radiological conditions and potential hazards incident to the
				  production, use, transfer, release, disposal, or presence of sources of
				  radiation. When appropriate, such evaluation includes, but is not limited to,
				  tests, physical examinations, and measurements of levels of radiation or
				  concentrations of radioactive material present.
(131)
Therapeutic type protective
				  tube housing
means:
(i) for X-ray
				  therapy equipment not capable of operating at 500 kVp or above, an X-ray tube
				  housing so constructed that the leakage radiation at a distance of one meter
				  from the source does not exceed one roentgen in an hour when the tube is
				  operated at its maximum rated continuous current for the maximum rated tube
				  potential; or
(ii) for X-ray
				  therapy equipment capable of operation at 500 kVp or above, an X-ray tube
				  housing so constructed that leakage radiation at a distance of one meter from
				  the source does not exceed 0.1 percent of the useful beam dose rate at one
				  meter from the source for any of its operating conditions.
(132)
These regulations
mean
				  all parts of Part 16 of the State Sanitary Code.
(133)
Total effective dose
				  equivalent
(TEDE) means the sum of the deep dose equivalent for
				  external exposures and the committed effective dose equivalent for internal
				  exposures.
(134)
				  [
Reserved
]
(135)
U.S. Department of Energy
means the Department of Energy
				  established by Public Law
				  95-91, August 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 565,
				  42 U.S.C.
				  7101
et seq.,
to the extent
				  that the department exercises functions formerly vested in the U.S. Atomic
				  Energy Commission, its chairman, members, officers and components and
				  transferred to the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration and to
				  the administrator thereof pursuant to sections 104(b), (c) and (d) of the
				  Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-438, October 11,
				  1974, 88 Stat. 1233 at 1237, 42 U.S.C. 5814, effective January
				  19, 1975) and transferred to the Secretary of Energy pursuant to section 301(a)
				  of the Department of Energy Organization Act (Public Law 95-91, August 4, 1977,
				  91 Stat. 565 at 577-578, 42
				  U.S.C. 7151, effective October 1,
				  1977.)
(136)
Unrefined and
				  unprocessed ore
means ore in its natural form prior to any processing,
				  such as grinding, roasting, beneficiating, or refining.
(137)
Use
as used in
				  radioactive materials licenses means to employ or apply radioactive materials
				  for the licensed purpose. It shall include instruction of, and responsibility
				  for, technical and support staff members. It does not include training others
				  in the techniques of use of radioactive materials for the purpose of qualifying
				  for licensure. In licenses authorizing human use of radioactive materials
use
will also include:
(i)
				  ordering or directing the administration of radiation of radioactive materials
				  to humans, including the method or route of administration;
(ii) actual use of, or direction of
				  technologists or other paramedical personnel in the use of, radioactive
				  material;
(iii) interpretation of
				  results of diagnostic procedures; and
(iv) regular view or the progress of patients
				  receiving therapy and modification of the originally prescribed dose as
				  warranted by the patient's reaction to radiation therapy.
(138)
Useful beam
means the
				  radiation which passes through the source or tube-housing port and the aperture
				  of the collimating device when the exposure switch or timer is
				  activated.
(139)
Very high
				  radiation area
means an area, accessible to individuals, in which
				  radiation levels could result in an individual receiving an absorbed dose in
				  excess of five Gy (500 rad) in one hour at one meter from a source of radiation
				  or from any surface that the radiation
				  penetrates.3
(140)
Waste handling
				  licensees
mean persons licensed to receive and store radioactive
				  wastes prior to disposal and/or persons licensed to dispose of radioactive
				  wastes.
(141)
Week
means seven consecutive days starting on Sunday.
(142)
Weighting factor
WT for an organ or tissue (T) means the proportion or
				  the risk of stochastic effects resulting from irradiation or that organ or
				  tissue to the total risk or stochastic effects when the whole body is
				  irradiated uniformly. For calculating the effective dose equivalent, the values
				  of WT are:
Organ Dose Weighting Factors
Organ or
								  tissue
WT
Gonads
0.25
Breast
0.15
Red Bone Marrow
0.12
Lung
0.12
Thyroid
0.03
Bone Surfaces
0.03
Remainder
0.30 a
Whole Body
1.00 b
a 0.30 results from 0.06 for
					 each of five "remainder" organs, excluding the skin and the lens of the eye,
					 that receive the highest doses.
b For purposes of weighting the
					 external whole body dose, for adding it to the internal dose, a single
					 weighting factor, W T = 1.0, has been specified. The use
					 of other weighting factors for external exposure will be approved on a
					 case-by-case basis until such time as specific guidance is issued.
(143)
Whole body
means, for purposes of external exposure, head, trunk (including male gonads),
				  arms above the elbow, or legs above the knee.
(144)
Worker
means an
				  individual engaged in work under a license or registration issued by the
				  department and controlled by a licensee or registrant, but does not include the
				  licensee or registrant.
(145)
Working level
(WL) means any combination of short-lived radon
				  daughters in 1 liter of air that will result in the ultimate emission of 1.3 *
				  105 MeV of potential alpha particle energy. The
				  short-lived radon daughters, are - for radon-222: polonium-218, lead-214,
				  bismuth-214, and polonium-214; and for radon-220: polonium-216, lead-212,
				  bismuth-212, and polonium-212.
(146)
Working level month
(WLM) means an exposure to one working level for 170 hours -2,000 working hours
				  per year divided by 12 months per year is approximately equal to 170 hours per
				  month.
(147)
Year
means the period of time beginning in January used to determine compliance with
				  the provisions of these regulations. The licensee or registrant may change the
				  starting date of the year used to determine compliance by the licensee or
				  registrant provided that the change is made at the beginning of the year and
				  that no day is omitted or duplicated in consecutive years.
Footnotes
3 At very high doses received at high dose rates, units of
					 absorbed dose, gray and rad, are appropriate, rather than units of dose
					 equivalent, sievert and rem.