Michigan Administrative Code › Department - Environmental Quality › Drinking Water And Municipal Assistance Division › Supplying Water to the Public › Part 3 - VARIANCES, EXEMPTIONS, AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES › Section R. 325.10308b - Best available technology

Current through Vol. 24-12, July 15, 2024
Rule 308b.
(1) The
				  department identifies the following as the best technology, treatment
				  technique, or other means generally available for achieving compliance with the
				  MCL:
(a) For organic contaminants in
				  R 325.10604b, R325.10604d, and R
				  325.10604g the best available technologies, treatment techniques, or other
				  means available for achieving compliance with the MCLs are granular activated
				  carbon (GAC), packed tower aeration (PTA), or oxidation (OX), as listed in
				  table 1 of this rule.
Table 1 Best available technologies for organic
					 contaminants
Contaminant
GAC
PTA
OX
Alachlor
x
Aldicarb
x
Aldicarb sulfone
x
Aldicarb sulfoxide
x
Atrazine
x
Benzene
x
x
Benzo(a)pyrene
x
Carbofuran
x
Carbon tetrachloride
x
x
Chlordane
x
Dalapon
x
2,4 D
x
Di (2 ethylhexyl)adipate
x
x
Di (2 ethylhexyl)phthalate
x
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)
x
x
o Dichlorobenzene
x
x
para Dichlorobenzene
x
x
1,2 Dichloroethane
x
x
1,1 Dichloroethylene
x
x
cis 1,2 Dichloroethylene
x
x
trans 1,2 Dichloroethylene
x
x
Dichloromethane
x
1,2 Dichloropropane
x
x
Dinoseb
x
Diquat
x
Endothall
x
Endrin
x
Ethylbenzene
x
x
Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)
x
x
Glyphosate
x
Heptachlor
x
Heptachlor epoxide
x
Hexachlorobenzene
x
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
x
x
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid
								  (HFPO-DA)
x1
Lindane
x
Methoxychlor
x
Monochlorobenzene
x
x
Oxamyl (Vydate)
x
Pentachlorophenol
x
Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS)
x1
Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)
x1
Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)
x1
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)
x1
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)
x1
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
x1
Picloram
x
Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCB)
x
Simazine
x
Styrene
x
x
2,3,7,8 TCDD (Dioxin)
x
Tetrachloroethylene
x
x
Toluene
x
x
Toxaphene
x
2,4,5 TP (Silvex)
x
1,2,4 Trichlorobenzene
x
x
1,1,1 Trichloroethane
x
x
1,1,2 Trichloroethane
x
x
Trichloroethylene
x
x
Vinyl chloride
x
Xylene
x
x
1Best available technology is
					 GAC or an equally efficient technology.
(b) For inorganic contaminants in
				  R
				  325.10604c, the best available technologies, treatment
				  techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the MCLs are
				  listed in table 2 of this rule. The affordable technology, treatment technique,
				  or other means available to supplies serving 10,000 or fewer people for
				  achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for arsenic are listed
				  in table 3 of this rule.
Table 2 Best available technologies for inorganic
					 contaminants
Chemical name
Best available technologies
Antimony
2,7
Arsenic4
1,2,
								  5,6,7,9,115
Asbestos
2,3,8
Barium
5,6,7,9
Beryllium
1,2,5,6,7
Cadmium
2,5,6,7
Chromium
2,5,62,7
Cyanide
5,7,10
Mercury
21,4,61,7
								  
								  1
Nickel
5,6,7
Nitrate
5,7,9
Nitrite
5,7
Selenium
1,23,6,7,9
Thallium
1,5
1Best available technology only
					 if influent Hg concentrations are 10 µg/l or less.
2Best available technology for
					 chromium III only.
3Best available technology for
					 selenium IV only.
4BATs for Arsenic V.
					 Pre-oxidation may be required to convert Arsenic III to Arsenic V.
5To obtain high removals, iron
					 to arsenic ratio must be at least 20:1.
Key to best available technologies in table:
1 = activated alumina
2 = coagulation/filtration (not BAT for supplies with fewer
					 than 500 service connections)
3 = direct and diatomite filtration
4 = granular activated carbon
5 = ion exchange
6 = lime softening (not BAT for supplies than 500 service
					 connections)
7 = reverse osmosis
8 = corrosion control
9 = electrodialysis
10 = alkaline chlorination (pH greater than or equal to
					 8.5)
11 = oxidation/filtration
Table 3 Small supplies compliance technologies (SSCTs) for
					 arsenic1
Small supply compliance technology
Affordable for listed small supply
								  categories.2
Activated alumina (centralized)
All size categories.
Activated alumina
								  (point-of-use)3
All size categories.
Coagulation/filtration
501-3,300, 3,301-10,000.
Coagulation-assisted microfiltration
501-3,300, 3,301-10,000.
Small supply compliance technology
Affordable for listed small supply
								  categories.2
Electrodialysis reversal
501-3,300, 3,301-10,000.
Enhanced coagulation/filtration
All size categories.
Enhanced lime softening (pH more than
								  10.5)
All size categories.
Ion exchange
All size categories.
Lime softening
501-3,300, 3,301-10,000.
Oxidation/filtration4
All size categories.
Reverse osmosis (centralized)
501-3,300, 3,301-10,000.
Reverse osmosis
								  (point-of-use)3
All size categories.
1 SSCTs for Arsenic V.
					 Pre-oxidation may be required to convert Arsenic III to Arsenic V.
2Three categories of small
					 supplies are:
(i) those serving 25 or
				  more, but fewer than 501,
(ii) those
				  serving more than 500, but fewer than 3,301, and
(iii) those serving more than 3,300, but
				  fewer than 10,001.
3POU must not be used to obtain
					 a variance.
4To obtain high removals, iron
					 to arsenic ratio must be at least 20:1.
(c) For radionuclide contaminants in
				  R
				  325.10603, the best available technologies, treatment
				  techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the MCLs are
				  listed in table 4 for all size supplies. The affordable technology, treatment
				  technique, or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum
				  contaminant level are listed in table 5 for supplies serving 10,000 or fewer
				  people as categorized in table 6.
Table 4 Best available technologies for radionuclide
					 contaminants
Contaminant
Best available technologies.
Combined radium 226 and radium 228
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime
								  softening.
Uranium
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening,
								  coagulation/filtration.
Gross alpha particle activity (excluding radon
								  and uranium)
Reverse osmosis.
Beta particle and proton radioactivity
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis.
Table 5 List of small supplies compliance technologies for
					 radionuclides and limitations to use
Unit Technologies
Limitations (see footnotes)
Operator skill level required *
Raw water quality range and
								  considerations.
1. Ion exchange
(a)
Intermediate
All ground waters.
2. Reverse osmosis (RO)
(b)
Advanced
Surface waters usually require
								  pre-filtration.
3. Lime softening
(c)
Advanced
All waters.
4. Green sand filtration
(d)
Basic
5. Co-precipitation and Barium sulfate
(e)
Intermediate to Advanced
Ground waters with suitable water quality.
6. Electrodialysis/ electrodialysis
								  reversal
Not applicable
Basic to intermediate
All ground waters.
7. Pre-formed hydrous Manganese oxide
								  filtration.
(f)
Intermediate
All ground waters.
8. Activated alumina
(a), (g)
Advanced
All ground waters; competing anion concentrations
								  may affect regeneration frequency.
9. Enhanced coagulation/ filtration
(h)
Advanced
Can treat a wide range of water qualities.
* An operator with a basic skill level has minimal
					 experience in the water treatment field and can perform the necessary system
					 operation and monitoring if provided with proper instruction. The operator is
					 capable of reading and following explicit directions. An operator with an
					 intermediate skill level understands the principles of water treatment and has
					 a knowledge of the regulatory framework. The operator is capable of making
					 system changes in response to source water fluctuations. An operator with an
					 advanced skill level possesses a thorough understanding of the principles of
					 system operation. The operator is knowledgeable in water treatment and
					 regulatory requirements. The operator may, however, have advanced knowledge of
					 only the particular treatment technology. The operator seeks information,
					 remains informed, and reliably interprets and responds to water fluctuations
					 and system intricacies.
Limitations Footnotes: Technologies for
					 Radionuclides:
a. The regeneration solution contains high concentrations
					 of the contaminant ions. Disposal options must be carefully considered before
					 choosing this technology.
b. Reject water disposal options must be carefully
					 considered before choosing this technology.
c. The combination of variable source water quality and the
					 complexity of the water chemistry involved may make this technology too complex
					 for small surface water systems.
d. Removal efficiencies may vary depending on water
					 quality.
e. This technology may be very limited in application to
					 small systems. Since the process requires static mixing, detention basins, and
					 filtration, it is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate
					 levels that already have a suitable filtration treatment train in place.
f. This technology is most applicable to small systems that
					 already have filtration in place.
g. Handling of chemicals required during regeneration and
					 pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems without an adequately
					 trained operator.
h. Assumes modification to a coagulation/filtration process
					 already in place.
Table 6 Compliance technologies by supply size category for
					 radionuclide Requirements
Contaminant
Compliance technologies* for supply size
								  categories (population served)
25-500
501-3,300
3,301 - 10,000
1. Combined radium 226 and radium 228
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
2. Gross alpha particle activity
2
2
2
3. Beta particle activity and photon
								  activity
1, 2
1, 2
1, 2
4. Uranium
1, 8, 9
1, 2, 3, 8, 9
1, 2, 3, 8, 9
* Numbers correspond to those technologies listed in Table
					 5 of this rule.