Michigan Administrative Code › Department - Licensing and Regulatory Affairs › Public Service Commission › Rules and Regulations Governing Animal Contact Current Mitigation › Section R. 460.2701 - Definitions

Current through Vol. 24-12, July 15, 2024
Rule 1.
(1) As used
				in these rules:
(a) "Alternating current"
				(AC) means a current that flows in and through a conductive material, first in
				one direction and then in the opposite direction on a regular time
				interval.
(b) "Ampere" means a
				measure of the rate of flow of electric current through a conductive material.
				A milliamp (the unit of measure commonly used for stray voltage measurements)
				is 1/1,000 (0.001) of an ampere.
(c) "Animal" means vertebrates including, but
				not limited to, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, swine, poultry and
				horses.
(d) "Animal contact
				current" (AcC) means an AC electrical current that is measured, calculated, and
				may potentially flow through an animal due to an electrical contact voltage
				between 2 points simultaneously in contact with the animal at locations
				normally accessible by the animal.
(e) "Animal contact voltage" (AcV), commonly
				referred to as stray voltage, means the measured difference in an AC electrical
				potential when measured with a shunt resistor between 2 points that an animal
				can simultaneously contact in locations normally accessible by the
				animal.
(f) "Commission" means the
				Michigan public service commission.
(g) "Communication service provider" means a
				supplier of telecommunication or other electronic media services.
(h) "Cycle" means 1 complete positive and 1
				complete negative alternation of current or voltage.
(i) "Direct current" (DC) means a current
				that flows in only 1 direction, in and through a conductive material.
(j) "Harmonics" means a repeating sine wave
				that fits within the main sine wave. The main sine wave is 60 cycles per second
				(60 Hz) and is called the fundamental frequency. Harmonic currents, which are
				multiples of the fundamental current, result in sine wave distortion. This
				distortion may be caused by electronic components in equipment, such as
				variable speed motor drives and computers.
(k) "Neutral-to-earth voltage" (NEV) means an
				AC electrical potential difference between a utility grounded neutral or
				complainant grounded neutral and the earth.
(l) "Ohm" means a measure of electrical
				resistance of a conductive material that limits the flow of electric
				current.
(m) "Ohm's Law" means the
				mathematical relationship between volts, amperes, and ohms. If any 2 of these
				quantities are known, then the third can be calculated. A formula for this
				relationship is:
Volts (pressure)
------------------------- = Amperes (current flow)
Ohms (resistance)
(n) "Preventive action level" means a steady
				state animal contact current that meets or exceeds 2 milliamperes RMS using a
				nominal 500 ohms resistor at 60 Hz from all sources, including off-premises and
				on-premises sources.
(o) "Root mean
				square" (RMS) means a measure of the effective energy value of a wave or cycle.
				For regularly-shaped sine waves, the RMS value is 0.707 multiplied by the peak
				value of the sine wave.
(p) "Shunt
				resistor" means an electrical component resistor with a nominal resistance
				value of 500 ohms (which simulates the electrical resistance of an animal)
				placed in a circuit to measure animal contact voltage (AcV) and placed across
				the input terminals of the voltage measurement device. Animal contact current
				(AcC) is calculated by dividing the measured shunted voltage at an animal
				contact location by the value of the shunt resistor.
(q) "Sine wave" means a smooth curve starting
				at zero and building up to a maximum before decreasing back to zero. The curve
				continues below the zero line, building to a negative maximum, returning to
				zero to complete 1 cycle. The smooth curve repeats. The voltage and current in
				an AC electrical circuit trace out the shape of a sine wave repeating 60 times
				each second, or 60 Hz.
(r) "60
				hertz" or "60 Hz" means alternating current (AC) electricity that completes 60
				cycles per second. The frequency is the number of cycles per second expressed
				as hertz (Hz). The utility industry in North America generates and distributes
				power at 60 Hz, or 60 cycles per second.
(s) "Steady state" means a 1 minute average
				of RMS voltage or amperage values.
(t) "Stray voltage," also referred to as AcV,
				means the measured difference in an AC electrical potential when measured with
				a shunt resistor between 2 points that an animal can simultaneously contact in
				locations normally accessible by the animal through step or touch both inside
				and outside of farm buildings.
(u)
				"Transient" means a rapid change in current that produces a deviation from a
				normal sine wave. It normally lasts for only a fraction of a cycle. If
				repeating, it usually does so for only a few cycles. It is generally caused by
				on- or off-site electrical circuit failures, switches opening and closing, and
				motors starting and stopping.
(v)
				"Utility" means an electric company, whether private, corporate, cooperative or
				municipal, that provides electricity to a consumer.
(w) "Volt" means a measure of electric
				pressure or energy level (voltage) between 2 points that can push electrons
				through a conductive material.
"Electrical Tech Note - 231"; Agriculture Engineering
				  Department, Michigan State University; Figure 7, Page 6
Typical Harmonic Waveform
"The Handbook for Electric Metering -- ninth edition", Edison
				  Electric Institute, EEI Publication No. - 06-92-01, Figure 4-10 Page 62