Indiana Administrative Code › Title 327 - WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DIVISION › Article 8 - PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY › Rule 2 - Drinking Water Standards › Section 2-10.3 - Best available technologies, small systems compliance technologies (SSCTs), and compliance technologies by system size category for radionuclides

Current through July 10, 2024
Authority: IC 13-13-5-1; IC 13-14-8-7; IC 13-18-3-1; IC
				  13-18-3-2; IC 13-18-6
Affected: IC 13-14-9
Sec. 10.3.
(a)
				Pursuant to Section 1412 of the Act, BATs for achieving compliance with
				sections 9 through 10 of this rule for radionuclides are identified in the
				following table:
Table 10.3(a)
BAT for Combined Radium-226 and Radium-228, Uranium, Gross
				  Alpha Particle Activity, and Beta Particle and Photon
Radioactivity
Contaminant
BAT
Combined radium-226 and radium-228
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening
Uranium
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening,
						  coagulation/filtration
Gross alpha particle activity (excluding radon and
						  uranium) Beta particle and photon radioactivity
Reverse osmosis Ion exchange, reverse osmosis
(b)
				The following table lists the small systems compliance technologies (SSCTs) for
				radionuclides and limitations of use:
Table 10.3(b)
List of Small Systems Compliance
						  Technologies for Radionuclides and Limitations to Use
Unit Technologies
Limitations (see footnotes)
Operator Skill Level
						  Required1
Raw Water Quality Range and
						  Considerations1
1. Ion exchange (IE)
(a)
Intermediate
All ground waters.
2. Point of use (POU2) IE
(b)
Basic
All ground waters.
3. Reverse osmosis (RO)
(c)
Advanced
Surface waters usually require
						  prefiltration. Surface waters usually require prefiltration.
4. POU2 RO
(b)
Basic
5. Lime softening
(d)
Advanced
All waters.
6. Green sand filtration
(e)
Basic
----------
7. Coprecipitation with barium sulfate
(f)
Intermediate to Advanced
Ground waters with suitable water quality.
8. Electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal.
----
Basic to Intermediate
All ground waters.
9. Preformed hydrous manganese oxide filtration
(g)
Intermediate
All ground waters.
10. Activated alumina
(a), (h)
Advanced
All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may
						  affect regeneration frequency.
11. Enhanced coagulation/filtration
(i)
Advanced
Can treat a wide range of water qualities.
1 National Research Council (NRC).
				  Safe Water from Every Tap: Improving Water Service to Small Communities.
				  National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1997.
2 A POU, or "point-of-use"
				  technology is a treatment device installed at a single tap used for the purpose
				  of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one (1) tap. POU devices are
				  typically installed at the kitchen tap. See the April 21, 2000, Federal
				  Register, concerning Notice of Data Availability (NODA) for more details.
Limitations Footnotes: Technologies for Radionuclides:
aThe regeneration solution contains
				  high concentrations of the contaminant ions. Disposal options should be
				  carefully considered before choosing this technology.
bWhen POU devices are used for
				  compliance, programs for long term operation, maintenance, and monitoring must
				  be provided by water utility to ensure proper performance.
cReject water disposal options should
				  be carefully considered before choosing this technology. See other RO
				  limitations described in, "Small System Compliance Technology List for the
				  Surface Water Treatment Rule", 1997, EPA 815-R-97-002, Washington, D.C.
dThe combination of variable source
				  water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may make this
				  technology too complex for small surface water systems.
eRemoval efficiencies can vary
				  depending on water quality.
fThis technology may be very limited
				  in application to small systems. Since the process requires static mixing,
				  detention basins, and filtration, it is most applicable to systems with
				  sufficiently high sulfate levels that already have a suitable filtration
				  treatment train in place.
gThis technology is most applicable to
				  small systems that already have filtration in place.
hHandling of chemicals required during
				  regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems without
				  an adequately trained operator.
iAssumes modification to a
				  coagulation/filtration process already in place.
(c) The following table lists the compliance
				technologies by system size category for radionuclide national primary drinking
				water regulations (NPDWRs):
Table 10.3(c)
Compliance Technologies by System Size Category for
				  Radionuclide NPDWRs
Contaminant
Compliance
						  technologies1 for system size categories (population
						  served)
25-500
501-3,300
3,300-10,000
1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
2. Gross alpha particle activity
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3. Beta particle activity and photon activity
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
4. Uranium
1, 2, 4, 10, 11
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11
1 Numbers correspond to those
				  technologies found listed in the table in subsection (b).