Louisiana Administrative Code › Title 28 - EDUCATION › Part LIII - Bulletin 102-Louisiana Physical Education Content Standards › Subpart 3 - Cluster Levels › Chapter 11 - Glossary › Section LIII-1101 - Definitions

Current through Register Vol. 50, No. 6, June 20, 2024
Aerobic Activity-
any sustained exercise
					 that stimulates and strengthens the heart and lungs, thereby improving the
					 bodys use of oxygen. Examples of aerobic exercise include jogging, rowing,
					 swimming, or cycling.
Aerobic Capacity-
the maximum rate at
					 which the body or an individual muscle can take up and use oxygen from the air;
					 also known as maximal oxygen consumption (uptake) or VO2 max.
Affective-
traits and feelings associated
					 with social, personal, and emotional development.
Agility-
the ability to change direction
					 quickly while the body is in motion.
Anaerobic Activity-
any short-duration
					 exercise that is powered primarily by metabolic pathways that do not use
					 oxygen. Examples of anaerobic exercise include sprinting and weight
					 lifting.
Body Composition-
the proportion of
					 fat-free mass (e.g., muscle, bone, organs, and tissues) to fat mass in the
					 body
Body Mass Index (BMI)-
formula used to
					 assess body fat based on a ratio between height and weight.
Cardiovascular Endurances-
a component of
					 health-related fitness that describes the ability of the heart, blood vessels,
					 and respiratory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to the muscles during
					 exercise.
Circuit Training-
training that involves
					 several different exercises or activities. This type of training allows
					 variation in the intensity or type of activity from station to station.
Closed Skills-
motor skills that are
					 performed in an environment that is stable and predictable.
Competency-
the development of sufficient
					 skill and knowledge to enjoy participation in the activity at a recreational
					 level. For example, a person is considered competent in performing psycho-
					 motor skills when he/she can perform the task consistently with good
					 technique.
Complex Movement Sequences-
movements that
					 require a combination of motor skills.
Components of Health-Related Fitness-
spects of physical fitness that help one stay healthy Examples include:
1.
body composition-
all of the tissues
					 that together make up the body: bone, muscle, skin, fat, and body
					 organs;
2.
cardiovascular endurance-
the ability
					 of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to use and send fuel and oxygen to the
					 bodys tissues during long periods of moderate-to-vigorous activity;
3.
flexibility-
the ability to move the
					 joints through a full range of motion;
4.
muscular skeletal endurance and
					 strength-
the ability of the muscles to perform physical tasks over a
					 period of time without becoming fatigued, and the amount of force a muscle can
					 exert.
Components of Skill-Related
					 Fitness-aspects
of physical fitness that help one perform well in
					 sports and other activities that require certain physical skills. Examples
					 include:
1.
agility-the
ability to change body
					 position quickly and to control ones physical movements;
2.
balance-the
ability to keep an upright
					 posture while stationary or moving;
3.
coordination-the
ability to use senses
					 together with body parts, or to use two or more body parts together;
4.
power-the
ability to use strength
					 quickly;
5.
reaction time-the
ability to react or
					 respond quickly to what one hears, sees, or feels;
6.
speed-the
ability to perform a movement
					 or cover a distance in a short period of time.
Cool-Down-
a period of light activity
					 following exercise that allows the body to return to near resting.
Cooperative-
working or acting together
					 for a common purpose.
Coordination-the
ability to use different
					 parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently.
Defenses-
a means or method of defending
					 or protecting.
Developmentally Appropriate Activities-
activities that are appropriately based on a students developmental level, age,
					 ability level, interests, and previous experience and knowledge.
Directions-refers
to movement concepts of
					 forward, backward, sideways, right, left, up, down, clockwise and counter
					 clockwise.
Effort-
defines how the body moves and
					 consists of three components:
time
(faster or slower),
force
(harder or softer),
and flow
(bound or
					 free).
Emerging Pattern-
the beginning stage of
					 acquiring motor skills and knowledge.
Exercise-physical
activity that is
					 planned, structured, and repetitive, and results in the improvement or
					 maintenance of personal fitness.
FITT-
frequency, intensity, time, and
					 type. Four key ways that activity can be manipulated to create a desired health
					 related fitness outcome.
Field/Striking Games-games-
in which one
					 team occupies positions throughout the space (field) and the other team tries
					 to score by batting or striking an object into open space, with enough time for
					 the hitter to run between bases (or wickets).
Fine Motor Skills-
small muscle group
					 movements used for accuracy.
Fitness Plan-
a plan developed after a
					 self-assessment of the health related components of fitness. The plan should
					 include the principles of overload, progression, specificity, regularity, and
					 individuality along with the FITT guidelines.
Fleeing-
traveling quickly away from a
					 pursuing person or object.
Flexibility-
the ability to move the
					 joints through the full range of motion.
Flow-
ndicates a constant movement rate
					 (slow, medium or fast).
Force-
the effort or tension generated
					 through muscle contraction during a push or pull action.
Formative
Assessment-an initial or
					 intermediate evaluation that occurs throughout an instructional process in the
					 forms of teacher observation, peer observation, rating, checklists, and so
					 forth, and involves both the teacher and the student in reflection and review
					 of progress. The evaluation is used to improve learning and performance and to
					 provide feedback and enables a student to target weaknesses.
Fundamental Motor Skill-
foundation
					 movements that are precursor patterns to the more specialized, complex skills
					 (body management skills, locomotor skills, and manipulative skills) that are
					 used in play, games, sports, dance, gymnastics, outdoor education, and physical
					 recreation.
GLE-
grade level expectation.
Games-
1.
invasion games-games
in which teams
					 score by moving an object into another teams territory and either shooting into
					 a fixed target (a goal or basket) or moving the object across an open-ended
					 target (a line);
2.
net/wall games-team
or players score by
					 hitting a ball into open court space with accuracy so the opponent cannot
					 return it back before bouncing once (i.e. volleyball or badminton) or twice
					 (i.e. tennis or racquetball;
3.
striking/fielding games-games
in which
					 players on the batting team must strike an object with accuracy to elude
					 players on the fielding teach (i.e. baseball, cricket), which provides the
					 hitter time to run between safe destinations (i.e. bases or wickets);
4.
target games-games
in which players
					 score by throwing or striking an object to a target, which can be opposed (i.e.
					 shuffleboard) or unopposed (i.e. golf).
General Space-the
area outside of an
					 individuals personal space and within the boundaries of movement, such as in a
					 classroom, field, or gym.
HFZ-
healthy fitness zone.
Health-Enhancing Physical Activity-
activity that, when added to baseline activity, produces health benefits. Brisk
					 walking, jumping rope, dancing, tennis, soccer, lifting weights, climbing on
					 playground equipment at recess, and doing yoga are all examples of
					 health-enhancing physical activity.
Health Related Fitness-level
of
					 physiological functioning in:
1. cardiovascular endurance;
2. strength;
3. muscular endurance;
4. flexibility; and
5. body composition.
Heart Rate-
the number of heartbeats
					 occurring within a specified length of time
Implement-
device used in the performance
					 of a manipulative task.
Indicators of Health-
physical, mental,
					 emotional, and social functioning.
Individuality-
the training principle that
					 takes into account that each person begins at a different level of fitness,
					 each person has personal goals and objectives for physical activity and
					 fitness, and each person has different genetic potential for change.
Individual-Performance Activities-
activities that do not involve teamwork.
Intrinsic Motivationa-
a desire to seek
					 out new things and new challenges that is driven by personal interest or
					 enjoyment in the task and does not rely on external pressures or a desire for
					 reward.
Isokinetic-
relating to muscular action
					 with a constant rate of movement.
Isometric Exercise-
an action in which a
					 muscle generates tension without changing length.
Isotonic Contraction-
an action in which
					 tension remains constant, despite a change in muscle length.
Leading Pass-
throw in which a
					 manipulative is thrown ahead of the intended receiver so that the receiver can
					 catch the manipulative while in motion.
Lead-Up Activity/Game-
an activity or
					 modified game developed to limit the number of skills needed for successful
					 participation.
Level-
refers to the movement concepts of
					 high, medium, and low.
Lifestyle Activities-physical
activities
					 that a person carries out in the course of daily life and that can contribute
					 to sizeable energy expenditure.
Lifetime Activity-
an activity that is
					 suitable for participation across the lifespan.
LocomotorSkill/Movements-
basic movements
					 performed while moving the body from place to place.
MVPA-
moderate to vigorous physical
					 activity
Manipulative-
an object designed to be
					 moved by hand as a means of developing motor skills.
Manipulative Movements-basic
motor skills
					 involving handling an object. Examples include throwing, catching, kicking,
					 rolling, dribbling, trapping, striking, and volleying.
Manipulative Skill-
movement done to or
					 with objects with hands, or involving the feet, hands, or other parts of the
					 body.
Mastery-
showing great skill or
					 knowledge.
Mature Form-
performance of critical
					 elements of a skill in a smooth and continuous motion.
Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)-
the fastest rate
					 at which a heart will beat in one minute.
Modified Games-games
in which the rules
					 have been modified to emphasize use of specific skills, maximize physical
					 activity and /or practice opportunities.
Motor Skill Combinations-
actions
					 involving two or more different motor skills, including gross motor skills and
					 fine motor skills:
1.
continuous skills-actions
repeated one
					 after another such as basketball dribble, and do not have a clearly defined
					 beginning and end;
2.
discrete skills-actions
unconnected to
					 other skills such as the volleyball pass, and have a clear beginning and
					 end.
Movement Challenge-
a movement task that
					 involves problem solving.
Movement Concepts-knowledge
and
					 understanding of movement such as body awareness (what the body can do), space
					 awareness (where does the body move), qualities of movement (how does the body
					 move), and relationships (with whom and with what does the body move).
Muscular Endurance-
the ability of the
					 muscles to perform physical tasks over a period of time without becoming
					 fatigued.
Muscular Strength-
the maximal force that
					 one can exert when contracting muscles.
Musculoskeletal Fitness-
combination of
					 muscular strength, muscular endurance, and power.
MyPlate-
food guidance system that
					 translates nutritional recommendations into the types and amounts of food to
					 eat each day; a widely recognized nutrition education tool. See
					 ChooseMyPlate.gov.
Non-Locomotor Skill-
movement of the body
					 around an axis or joint (e.g., bend, stretch, twist, and reach).
Norm-Referenced Standards-
making an
					 evaluative decision based on how a performance compares with that of others,
					 typically of the same gender, age, or class.
Offenses
means or methods of attacking or
					 attempting to score.
Open Skill-
motor skills that are
					 performed in a changing environment.
Open Space-
a space where there are no
					 defenders/opponents.
Overloading-increasing
the work done by
					 muscles to above normal levels, but below the loads that would cause injury or
					 distress, to improve fitness.
PA CER-
progressive aerobic cardiovascular
					 endurance run. A test for cardiorespiratory fitness.
Pacing-
an established rate of
					 locomotion.
Pathways-
refers to movement patterns of
					 curved, zigzag, or straight locomotion.
Personal Space-
the area immediately
					 surrounding a person.
Physical Activity
(
PA
)-bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical
					 fitness and overall health and wellness.
Physical Education-an
education course
					 that helps students develop the knowledge, fitness levels, motor skills, and
					 personal/social skills to obtain the ultimate goal of a lifetime of physical
					 activity and health.
Physical Fitness-
the ability to carry out
					 daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample
					 energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and respond to emergencies.
Physical Literacy-
disposition acquired by
					 individuals encompassing the motivation, confidence, physical competence,
					 knowledge, and understanding that establishes purposeful physical pursuits as
					 an integral part of a lifestyle.
Power-
the ability to move body parts
					 swiftly while at the same time applying the maximum force on muscles.
Proficiency-
the ability of the individual
					 to demonstrate the criteria of a given task has been met.
Progression-
the process of increasing the
					 intensity, duration, frequency, or amount of activity or exercise as the body
					 adapts to a given activity pattern.
Protocols
system of rules or directions
					 that explain the correct conduct and the procedures to be followed in formal
					 situations.
Range of Motion (ROM)-
varying degrees of
					 motion around a joint.
Reaction Time-the
ability to react or
					 respond quickly to what one hears, sees, or feels.
Recess-
a temporary break from structured
					 learning where children can choose to be physically active or engage in social
					 interactions.
Recovery Time-
time or rest between
					 exercises.
Regularity-
principle that states physical
					 activity must be performed on a regular basis to be effective and that long
					 periods of inactivity can lead to loss of the benefits achieved during the
					 training period.
Repetition-
the number of times that an
					 exercise is performed during one set.
Respiratory System-
relating to breathing.
					 System in the body that takes in and distributes oxygen.
Rhythmic Skills-
movement that aligns to a
					 steady pulse or musical beat. Examples include creative movement to music,
					 multicultural dance, and jump rope.
SMART Goals-
criteria for setting useful
					 objectives. SMART goals are:
1. specific;
2. measurable;
3. attainable/achievable;
4. realistic/relevant; and
5. timely/time bound/timeline.
Scoring Rubric-
descriptive scoring
					 schemes developed by educators to guide the analysis of student work (i.e. the
					 products or processes of student efforts).
Self-Assessment-
1. the student assesses personal progress as opposed to
					 being assessed by the teacher or by other students. Self-assessments
					 include:
a. rating scales for levels of performance;
b. participation;
c. recording performance scores (e.g., distance, accuracy);
					 and
d. summary report after a series of assessment tasks (e.g.,
					 dribbling, throwing for accuracy and distance, jump shooting, physical fitness
					 profiles), and questionnaire of likes and dislikes in activities;
2. self-assessment is a part of logs, journals, and
					 portfolios as students evaluate personal performance or progress toward
					 goals.
Self-Space-the
space that ones body or
					 body parts can reach without traveling away from a starting location.
Set-
usually 8-12 repetitions of a given
					 exercise.
Situational Context Clues-
awareness of
					 surroundings. For example, awareness of being followed by someone.
Skill Themes-
way of teaching children how
					 to participate effectively in various activities by focusing on the development
					 of the necessary skills. Skill themes include locomotor skills,
					 non-manipulative skills, and manipulative skills.
Skill-Related Fitness-
those components of
					 physical fitness that relate to an enhanced performance in sports: agility,
					 balance, coordination, power, speed, and reaction time.
Skills Performance-
Demonstrating ability
					 to do a specific task well; improves with practice.
Small-Sided Games-
games consisting of 3-6
					 people per team. This allows more practice time and more physical movement for
					 each student compared to the full version of the game. Examples include 2v2
					 basketball, 3v3 volleyball, and 6v6 lacrosse.
Spatial Awareness-
the relation of objects
					 in relation to ones own body.
Specificity-
the training principle that
					 states, improvement in personal fitness will occur in the particular muscles
					 that are overloaded during physical activity or exercise. For example: working
					 on a certain component of fitness, such as flexibility exercises, directly
					 improves flexibility
Speed-
the ability to perform a movement
					 or cover a distance in a short period of time.
Sportsmanship-
fairness, conduct, and
					 attitude befitting participants in sports, especially fair play, courtesy,
					 respect for one's opponent, and graciousness in winning or losing.
Static Balance-
state of equilibrium,
					 without movement or the ability to retain ones center of mass above ones base
					 of support in a stationary position.
Strategy-
a careful plan or method for
					 achieving a particular goal, usually over a period of time.
Stretch-
1. dynamic stretching-a form of stretching beneficial in
					 sports using momentum from form, and the momentum from static-active stretching
					 strength, in an effort to propel the muscle into an extended range of motion
					 not exceeding ones static-passive stretching ability;
2. static stretch-a slow sustained stretch of a muscle for
					 10-30 seconds. This static stretch should be performed after warming up the
					 body.
Strike-
to come into contact with an
					 object via hand or handled implement. To perform various striking skills. For
					 example, to place ball away from opponent in a racket sport, to place an
					 overhead volleyball serve, or to punt a football.
Student Project-
students engage in
					 building a scenario, determining goals, planning a program of participation to
					 achieve outcomes, and implementing the plan to the completion of the goals.
					 Student projects provide for a range of strategies and results including the
					 following: the application of the processes of data collection, goal setting,
					 planning, analysis, decision making, problem solving; development and
					 application of skill, and knowledge to real-life situations to solve problems
					 or create "new" interventions to reach personal goals and may include:
1. multiple objectives or outcomes;
2. combine multiple assessment options (e.g., logs,
					 journals, and reports);
3. student autonomy in choosing procedures and reaching
					 conclusions;
4. solo or multiple students;
5. multiple resources;
6. changes in status, behaviors or conditions;
7. authenticity;
8. performance products;
9. flexibility of time (complexity of task determines
					 time); and/or
10. integration of multiple content areas, concepts and
					 applications.
Summative Assessment-
a final evaluation
					 that typically come at the end of key stages, units or the year in the use of
					 standardized tests or evaluation instruments, and provides a summary of student
					 learning or attainment at a particular point in time. The tool is used to make
					 judgments about student performance, and also provides quality assurance to
					 courses.
Tactics-
the art or skill of employing
					 available means to accomplish an end.
Tagger-
a person who safely and
					 appropriately touches a person or object.
Tagging-
traveling quickly toward a person
					 or object for a safe touch.
Target Games-
games in which players score
					 by throwing or striking an object to a target.
Target Heart Rate (THR)-
also known as
					 training heart rate, THR is the range of heart rate desired during aerobic
					 exercise to enable the heart and lungs to receive the most benefit from the
					 workout. Calculation of THR is based primarily on age; however, physical
					 condition, sex, and previous training also are used in the calculation. The THR
					 can be calculated as percent intensity
Target Heart Rate Zone-
the range of
					 above-normal activity that optimizes an increase in fitness usually between
					 60-80 percent of maximum heart rate.
Teamwork-
a cooperative effort by the
					 members of a group or team to achieve a common goal.
Training Principle-
1. overload;
2. specificity;
3. progression;
4. reversibility; and
5. diminishing return.
Trajectory-
the path followed by an object
					 moving through space.
Transition-
an act or process of passing
					 from one state, stage, or place to another
Vigorous Activity-
activity full of
					 physical or mental strength or active force carried out forcefully and
					 energetically
Volley-
a shot or kick made by hitting an
					 object before the object touches the ground.
Warm-up-
a variety of low intensity
					 activities designed to prepare the body for more vigorous activities.
Weight-Bearing Exercise-
any activity done
					 while on ones feet and legs, and that works the muscles and bones against
					 gravity
Weight Transfer-
movement of body weight
					 from one body part to another
Wellness-
an overall state of being in
					 good health-physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and social
					 health.
AUTHORITY NOTE:
					 Promulgated in accordance with
					 R.S.
					 17:24.4, et
					 seq.