Hawaii Administrative Rules › Title 11 - DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH › Subtitle 1 - GENERAL DEPARTMENTAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 20 - RULES RELATING TO PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS › Appendix I

Current through June, 2024
Table C - List of Small Systems Conpliance Technologies
				  for Radionuclides And Limitations to Use
Unit technologies
Limitations (see footnotes)
Operator skill level
							 required1
Raw water quality range and
							 considerations1
1.
Ion exchange (IE)
(a)
Intermediate
All ground waters
2.
Point of Use (POU)2
							 (IE)
(b)
Basic
All ground waters
3.
Reverse osmosis (RO)
(c)
Advanced
Surface waters usually require prefiltration
4.
POU2 (RO)
(b)
Basic
Surface waters usually require prefiltration
5.
Lime softening
(d)
Advanced
All waters
6.
Green sand filtration
(e)
Basic
7.
Co-precipitation with Barium sulfate
(f)
Intermediate to Advanced
Ground water with suitable water quality
8.
Electroidalysis/electrodialysis reversal
Basic to intermediate
All ground waters
9.
Pre-formed hydrous Manganese oxide filtration
(g)
Intermediate
All ground waters
10.
Activated alumina
(a), (h)
Advanced
All ground waters, competing anion concentrations may
							 affect regeneration frequency
11.
Enhanced coagulation/filtration
(i)
Advanced
Can treat a wide range of water qualities
1. National Research Council (NRC), Safe Water from Every
				  Tap: Improving Water Service to Small Communities. National Academy Press,
				  Washington, D.C. 1997
2. A POU, or "point-of-use" technology is a treatment device
				  installed at a single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in
				  drinking water at that one tap.
POU devices are typically installed at the kitchen tap. See
				  the April 21, 2000 NODA for more details.
Limitations Footnotes: Technologies for Radionuclides
a The regeneration solution contains high concentrations of
				  the contaminantions. Disposal options should be carefully considered before
				  choosing this technology.
b When POU devices are used for compliance, programs for
				  long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring must be provided by water
				  utility to ensure proper performance.
c Reject water disposal options should be carefully
				  considered before choosing the technology. See other RO limitations described
				  in the SWTR Compliance Technologies Table.
d The combination of variable source water quality and the
				  complexity of the water chemistry involved may make this technology too complex
				  for small surface water systems.
e Removal efficiencies can vary depending on water
				  quality.
f The technology may be very limited in application to small
				  systems. Since the process requires static mixing, detention basins, and
				  filtration, it is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate
				  levels that already have a suitable filtration treatment train in place.
g This technology is most applicable to small systems that
				  already have filtration in place.
h Handling of chemicals required during regeneration and pH
				  adjustment may be too difficult for small systems without an adequately trained
				  operator.
i Assumes modification to a coagulation/filtration process
				  already in place.