California Code of Regulations › Title 22 - Social Security › Division 4.5 - Environmental Health Standards for the Management of Hazardous Waste › Chapter 18 - Land Disposal Restrictions › Article 4 - Treatment Standards › Table 1 - Alternative Treatment Standards for Hazardous Debris

Current through Register 2024 Notice Reg. No. 28, July 12, 2024
Technology
							 description
Performance and/or design and
							 operating standard
Contaminant
							 restrictions2
A. Extraction Technologies
1. Physical Extraction
a.
Abrasive Blasting:
Removal of
							 contaminated debris surface layers using water and/or air pressure to propel a
							 solid media (e.g., steel shot, aluminum oxide grit, plastic
							 beads).
Glass, Metal Plastic, Rubber:
Treatment to a
							 clean debris surface.3
Brick, Cloth,
							 Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
Removal of at least 0.6 cm of
							 the surface layer; treatment to a clean debris
							 surface.3
All Debris:
None.
b.
Scarification, Grinding, and
							 Planing:
Process utilizing striking piston heads, saws, or rotating
							 grinding wheels such that contaminated debris surface layers are
							 removed.
Same as above.
Same as above.
c.
Spalling:
Drilling or chipping
							 holes at appropriate locations and depth in the contaminated debris surface and
							 applying a tool which exerts a force on the sides of those holes such that the
							 surface layer is removed. The surface layer removed remains hazardous debris
							 subject to the debris treatment standards.
Same as above.
Same
							 as above.
d.
Vibratory Finishing:
Process
							 utilizing scrubbing media, flushing fluid, and oscillating energy such that
							 hazardous contaminants or contaminated debris surface layers are
							 removed.4
Same as above.
Same as
							 above.
e.
High Pressure Steam and Water
							 Sprays:
Application of water or steam sprays of sufficient
							 temperature, pressure, residence time, agitation, surfactants, and detergents
							 to remove hazardous contaminants from debris surfaces or to remove contaminated
							 debris surface layers.
Same as above.
Same as above
2. Chemical Extraction
a.
Water Washing and Spraying
:
							 Application of water sprays or water baths of sufficient temperature, pressure,
							 residence time, agitation, surfactants, acids, bases and detergents to remove
							 hazardous contaminants from debris surfaces and surface pores or to remove
							 contaminated debris surface layers.
All Debris:
Treatment to a clean debris surface;3
Brick,
							 Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
Debris shall be no more
							 than 1.2 cm ( ½ inch) in one dimension (i.e., thickness
							 limit,5 except that this thickness limit may be
							 waived under an "Equivalent Technology" approval under section
							 66268.42(b);8
							 debris surfaces shall be in contact with water solution for at least 15
							 minutes.
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock,
							 Wood:
Contaminant shall be soluble to at least 5% by weight in water
							 solution or 5% by weight in emulsion; if debris is contaminated with a
							 dioxin-listed waste,6 and "Equivalent Technology"
							 approval under section
							 66268.42(b) shall
							 be obtained.8
b.
Liquid Phase Solvent Extraction:
Removal of hazardous contaminants from debris surfaces and surface pores by
							 applying a nonaqueous liquid or liquid solution which causes the hazardous
							 contaminants to enter the liquid phase and be flushed away from the debris
							 along with the liquid or liquid solution while using appropriate agitation,
							 temperature, and residence time.4
Same as
							 above.
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock,
							 Wood:
Same as above, except that contaminant shall be soluble to at
							 least 5% by weight in the solvent.
c.
Vapor Phase Solvent Extraction:
Application of an organic vapor using sufficient agitation, residence time, and
							 temperature to cause hazardous contaminants on contaminated debris surfaces and
							 surface pores to enter the vapor phase and be flushed away with the organic
							 vapor.4
Same as above, except that brick,
							 cloth, concrete, paper, pavement, rock and wood surfaces shall be in contact
							 with the organic vapor for at least 60 minutes.
Same as above.
3. Thermal Extraction
a.
High Temperature Metals Recovery:
Application of sufficient heat, residence time, mixing, fluxing agents, and/or
							 carbon in a smelting, melting, or refining furnace to a separate metals from
							 debris.
For refining furnaces, treated debris shall be separated from
							 treatment residuals using simple physical or mechanical
							 means,9 and, prior to further treatment, such
							 residuals shall meet the waste-specific treatment standards for organic
							 compounds in the waste contaminating the debris.
Debris
							 contaminated with a dioxin-listed waste:
5
							 Obtain an "Equivalent Technology" approval under section
							 66268.42(b).8
b.
Thermal Desorption:
Heating in an
							 enclosed chamber under either oxidizing or nonoxidizing atmospheres at
							 sufficient temperature and residence time to vaporize hazardous contaminants
							 from contaminated surfaces and the surface pores and to remove the contaminants
							 from the heating chamber in a gaseous exhaust
							 gas.7
All Debris:
Obtain an
							 "Equivalent Technology" approval under section
							 66268.42(b);8
							 treated debris shall be separated from treatment residuals using simple
							 physical or mechanical means,9 and, prior to further
							 treatment, such residues shall meet the waste-specific treatment standards for
							 organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris.
Brick, Cloth,
							 Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
Debris shall be no more than 10
							 cm (4 inches) in one dimension (i.e., thickness
							 limit),5 except that this thickness limit may be
							 waived under the "Equivalent Technology" approval.
All
							 Debris:
Metals other than mercury.
B. Destruction Technologies
1.
Biological Destruction
							 (Biodegradation):
Removal of hazardous contaminants from debris
							 surfaces and surface pores in an aqueous solution and biodegration of organic
							 or nonmetallic inorganic compounds (i.e., inorganics that contain phosphorus,
							 nitrogen, or sulfur) in units operated under either aerobic or anaerobic
							 conditions.
All Debris:
Obtain an "Equivalent
							 Technology" approval under section
							 66268.42(b);8
							 treated debris shall be separated from treatment residuals using simple
							 physical or mechanical means,9 and, prior to further
							 treatment, such residues shall meet the waste-specific treatment standards for
							 organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris.
Brick, Cloth,
							 Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
Debris shall be no more than
							 1.2 cm ( ½ inch) in one dimension (i.e., thickness
							 limit),5 except that this thickness limit may be
							 waived under the "Equivalent Technology" approval.
All
							 Debris:
Metal contaminants.
2. Chemical Destruction
a.
Chemical Oxidation:
Chemical or
							 electrolytic oxidation utilizing the following oxidation reagents (or waste
							 reagents) or combination of reagents-- (1) hypochlorite (e.g., bleach); (2)
							 chlorine; (3) Chlorine dioxide; (4) ozone or UV (ultraviolet light) assisted
							 ozone; (5) peroxides; (6) persulfates; (7) perchlorates; (8) permanganates;
							 and/or (9) other oxidizing reagents of equivalent destruction
							 efficiency.4 Chemical oxidation specifically
							 includes what is referred to as alkaline chlorination.
All
							 Debris:
Obtain an "Equivalent Technology" approval under section
							 66268.42(b);8
							 treated debris shall be separated from treatment residuals using simple
							 physical or mechanical means,9 and, prior to further
							 treatment, such residues shall meet the waste-specific treatment standards for
							 organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris.
Brick, Cloth,
							 Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
Debris shall be no more than
							 1.2 cm ( ½ inch) in one dimension (i.e., thickness
							 limit),5 except that this thickness limit may be
							 waived under the "Equivalent Technology" approval.
All
							 Debris:
Metal contaminants.
b. Chemical Reduction: Chemical reaction utilizing
							 the following reducing reagents (or waste reagents) or combination of reagents:
							 (1) sulfur dioxide; (2) sodium, potassium, or alkali slats of sulfites,
							 bisulfites, and metabisulfites, and polyethylene glycols (e.g., NaPEG and
							 KPEG); (3) sodium hydrosulfide; (4) ferrous salts; and/or (5) other reducing
							 reagents of equivalent efficiency.4
Same as
							 above.
Same as above.
3.
Thermal Destruction:
operating in
							 accordance with CCR, Title 22, Chapter 14 , article 15, or Chapter 15, article
							 15, of this division; a boiler or industrial furnace operating in accordance
							 with 40 CFR Part 266 , Subpart H, or other thermal treatment unit operated in
							 accordance with 40 CFR Part 264 , Subpart X or 40 CFR Part 265 , Subpart P, but
							 excluding for purposes of these debris treatment standards Thermal Desorption
							 units.
Treatment in an incinerator Treated debris shall be separated
							 from treatment residuals using simple physical or mechanical
							 means,9 and, prior to further treatment, such
							 residue shall meet the waste-specific treatment standard for organic compounds
							 in the waste contaminating the debris.
Brick, Concrete, Glass,
							 Metal, Pavement, Rock, Metal:
Metals other than mercury, except that
							 there are no metal restrictions for vitrification.
Debris contaminated
							 with a dioxin-listed waste:6
Obtain an
							 "Equivalent Technology" approval under section
							 66268.42(b),8
							 except that this requirement does not apply to vitrification.
C. Immobilization Technologies
1.
Macroencapsulation:
Application
							 of surface coating materials such as polymeric organics (e.g., resins and
							 plastics) or use of a jacket of inert inorganic materials to substantially
							 reduce surface exposure to potential leaching media.
Encapsulating
							 material shall completely encapsulate debris and be resistant to degradation by
							 the debris and its contaminants and materials into which it may come into
							 contact after placement (leachate, other waste, microbes).
None.
2.
Microencapsulation:
Stabilization
							 of the debris with the following reagents (or waste reagents) such that the
							 leachability of the hazardous contaminants is reduced: (1) Portland cement; or
							 (2) lime/pozzolans (e.g., fly ash and cement kiln dust). Reagents (e.g., iron
							 salts, silicates, and clays) may be added to enhance the set/cure time and/or
							 compressive strength, or to reduce the leachability of the hazardous
							 constituents.5
Leachability of the hazardous
							 contaminants shall be reduced.
None.
3.
Sealing:
Application of an
							 appropriate material which adheres tightly to the to avoid exposure of the
							 surface to potential leaching media. When necessary to effectively seal the
							 surface, sealing entails pretreatment of the debris surface to remove foreign
							 matter and to clean and roughen the surface. Sealing materials include epoxy,
							 silicone, and urethane compounds, but paint may not be used as a
							 sealant.
Sealing shall avoid exposure of the debris surface debris
							 surface to potential leaching media and sealant shall be resistant to
							 degradation by the debris and its contaminants and materials into which it may
							 come into contact after placement (leachate, other waste,
							 microbes).
None.
1 Hazardous
							 debris shall be treated by either these standards or the waste-specific
							 treatment standards for the waste contaminating the debris. The treatment
							 standard shall be met for each type of debris contained in a mixture of debris
							 types, unless the debris is converted into treatment residue as a result of the
							 treatment process. Debris treatment residuals are subject to the waste-specific
							 treatment standard for the waste contaminating the debris.
2 Contaminant
							 restriction means that the technology is not BDAT for that contaminant. If
							 debris containing a restricted contaminant is treated by the technology, the
							 contaminant shall be subsequently treated by a technology for which it is not
							 restricted in order to be land disposed (and excluded from the requirements of
							 this division).
3 "Clean
							 debris surface" means the surface, when viewed without magnification, shall be
							 free of all visible contaminated soil and hazardous waste except that residual
							 staining from soil and waste consisting of light shadows, slight streaks, or
							 minor discolorations, and soil and waste in cracks, crevices, and pits may be
							 present provided that such staining and waste and soil in cracks, crevices, and
							 pits shall be limited to no more than 5% of each square inch of surface
							 area.
4 Acids,
							 solvents, and chemical reagents may react with some debris and contaminants to
							 form hazardous compounds. For example, acid washing of cyanide-contaminated
							 debris could result in the formation of hydrogen cyanide. Some acids may also
							 react violently with some debris and contaminants, depending on the
							 concentration of the acid and the type of debris and contaminants. Debris
							 treaters should refer to the safety precautions specified in Material Safety
							 Data Sheets for various acids to avoid applying an incompatible acid to a
							 particular debris/contaminant combination. For example, concentrated sulfuric
							 acid may react violently with certain organic compounds, such as
							 acrylonitrile.
5 If reducing
							 the particle size of debris to meet the treatment standards results in material
							 that no longer meets the 60 mm minimum particle size limit for debris, such
							 material is subject to the waste-specific treatment standards for the waste
							 contaminating the material, unless the debris has been cleaned and separated
							 from contaminated soil and waste prior to size reduction. At a minimum, simple
							 physical or mechanical means shall be used to provide such cleaning and
							 separation of nondebris materials to ensure that the debris surface is free of
							 caked soil, waste or other nondebris material.
6
							 Dioxin-listed wastes are EPA Hazardous Waste numbers F020, F021, F022, F023,
							 F026, and F027.
7 Thermal
							 desorption is distinguished from Thermal Destruction in that the primary
							 purpose of Thermal Desorption is to volatilize contaminants and to remove them
							 from the treatment chamber for subsequent destruction or other treatment.
8 The
							 demonstration "Equivalent Technology" under section
							 66268.42(b) shall
							 document that the technology treats contaminants subject to treatment to a
							 level equivalent to that required by the performance and design and operating
							 standard for other technologies in this table such that residual levels of
							 hazardous contaminants will not pose a hazard to human health and the
							 environment absent management controls.
9 Any soil,
							 waste, and other nondebris material that remains on the debris surface (or
							 remains mixed with the debris) after treatment is considered a treatment
							 residual that shall be separated from the debris using, at a minimum, simple
							 physical or mechanical means. Examples of simple physical or mechanical means
							 are vibratory or trommel screening or water washing. The debris surface need
							 not be cleaned to a "clean debris surface" as defined in note 3 when separating
							 treated debris from residue; rather, the surface shall be free of caked soil,
							 waste, or other nondebris material. Treatment residuals are subject to the
							 waste-specific treatment standards for the waste contaminating the debris.