California Code of Regulations › Title 8 - Industrial Relations › Division 1 - Department of Industrial Relations › Chapter 4 - Division of Industrial Safety › Subchapter 4 - Construction Safety Orders › Article 6 - Excavations › Appendix C - Timber Shoring for Trenches

Current through Register 2024 Notice Reg. No. 28, July 12, 2024
(a) Scope. This appendix contains information that can be
						used when timber shoring is provided as a method of protection from cave-ins in
						trenches that do not exceed 20 feet in depth. This appendix must be used when
						design of timber shoring protective systems is to be performed in accordance
						with Section
						1541.1(c)(1).
						Other timber shoring configurations; other systems of support such as hydraulic
						and pneumatic systems; and other protective systems such as sloping, benching,
						shielding, and freezing systems must be designed in accordance with the
						requirements set forth in Section
						1541.1(b) and
						1541.1(c).
(b) Soil Classification. In order to use the data
						presented in this appendix, the soil type or types in which the excavation is
						made must first be determined using the soil classification method set forth in
						Article 6.
(c) Presentation of Information.
Information is presented in several forms as
						follows:
(1) Information is presented in tabular form in Tables
						C-1.1, C-1.2 and C-1.3, and Tables C-2.1, C-2.2 and C-2.3 following Section (g)
						of Appendix C. Each table presents the minimum sizes of timber members to use
						in a shoring system, and each table contains data only for the particular soil
						type in which the excavation or portion of the excavation is made. The data are
						arranged to allow the user the flexibility to select from among several
						acceptable configurations of members based on varying the horizontal spacing of
						the crossbraces. Stable rock is exempt from shoring requirements and therefore,
						no data are presented for this condition.
(2) Information concerning the basis of the tabular data
						and the limitations of the data is presented in Section (d) of this appendix,
						and on the tables themselves.
(3) Information explaining the use of the tabular data is
						presented in Section (e) of this appendix.
(4) Information illustrating the use of the tabular data
						is presented in Section (f) of this appendix.
(5) Miscellaneous notations regarding Tables C-1.1
						through C-1.3 and Tables C-2.1 through C-2.3 are presented in Section (g) of
						this appendix.
(d) Basis and limitations of the data.
(1) Dimensions of timber members.
(A) The sizes of the timber members listed in Tables
						C-1.1 through C-1.3 are taken from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
						report, "Recommended Technical Provisions for Construction Practice in Shoring
						and Sloping of Trenches and Excavations." In addition, where NBS did not
						recommend specific sizes of members, member sizes are based on an analysis of
						the sizes required for use by existing codes and on empirical practice.
(B) The required dimensions of the members listed in
						Tables C-1.1 through C-1.3 refer to actual dimensions and not nominal
						dimensions of the timber. Employers wanting to use nominal size shoring are
						directed to Tables C-2.1 through C-2.3, or have this choice under Section
						1541.1(c)(3).
(2) Limitation of application.
(A) It is not intended that the timber shoring
						specification apply to every situation that may be experienced in the field.
						These data were developed to apply to the situations that are most commonly
						experienced in current trenching practice. Shoring systems for use in
						situations that are not covered by the data in this appendix must be designed
						as specified in Section
						1541.1(c).
(B) When any of the following conditions are present, the
						members specified in the tables are not considered adequate. Either an
						alternate timber shoring system must be designed or another type of protective
						system designed in accordance with Section
						1541.1.
1. When loads imposed by structures or by stored material
						adjacent to the trench weigh in excess of the load imposed by a two-foot soil
						surcharge. The term "adjacent" as used here means the area within a horizontal
						distance from the edge of the trench equal to the depth of the trench.
2. When vertical loads imposed on crossbraces exceed a
						240-pound gravity load distributed on a one-foot section of the center of the
						crossbrace.
3. When surcharge loads are present from equipment
						weighing in excess of 20,000 pounds.
4. When only the lower portion of a trench is shored and
						the remaining portion of the trench is sloped or benched unless: The sloped
						portion is sloped at an angle less steep than three horizontal to one vertical;
						or the members are selected from the tables for use at a depth which is
						determined from the top of the overall trench, and not from the toe of the
						sloped portion.
(e) Use of Tables. The members of the shoring system that
						are to be selected using this information are the crossbraces, the uprights,
						and the wales, where wales are required. Minimum sizes of members are specified
						for use in different types of soil. There are six tables of information, two
						for each soil type. The soil type must first be determined in accordance with
						the soil classification system described in Appendix A. Using the appropriate
						table, the selection of the size and spacing of the members is then made. The
						selection is based on the depth and width of the trench where the members are
						to be installed and, in most instances, the selection is also based on the
						horizontal spacing of the crossbraces. Instances where a choice of horizontal
						spacing of crossbracing is available, the horizontal spacing of the crossbraces
						must be chosen by the user before the size of any member can be determined.
						When the soil type, the width and depth of the trench, and the horizontal
						spacing of the crossbraces, the size and vertical spacing of the crossbraces
						are known, the size and vertical spacing of the crossbraces, the size and
						vertical spacing of the wales, and the size and horizontal spacing of the
						uprights can be read from the appropriate table.
(f) Examples to Illustrate the Use of Tables C-1.1
						through C-1.3.
(1) Example 1.
A trench dug in Type A soil is 13 feet deep and five feet
						wide. From Table C-1.1, four acceptable arrangements of timber can be
						used.
Arrangement #1
Space 4X4 crossbraces at six feet horizontally and four
						feet vertically. Wales are not required.
Space 3X8 uprights at six feet horizontally. This
						arrangement is commonly called "skip shoring."
Arrangement #2
Space 4X6 crossbraces at eight feet horizontally and four
						feet vertically.
Space 8X8 wales at four feet vertically.
Space 2X6 uprights at four feet horizontally.
Arrangement #3
Space 6X6 crossbraces at 10 feet horizontally and four
						feet vertically.
Space 8X10 wales at four feet vertically.
Space 2X6 uprights at five feet horizontally.
Arrangement #4
Space 6X6 crossbraces at 12 feet horizontally and four
						feet vertically.
Space 10X10 wales at four feet vertically.
Space 3X8 uprights at six feet horizontally.
(2) Example 2.
A trench dug in Type B soil is 13 feet deep and five feet
						wide. From Table C-1.2 three acceptable arrangements of members are
						listed.
Arrangement #1
Space 6X6 crossbraces at six feet horizontally and five
						feet vertically.
Space 8X8 wales at five feet vertically.
Space 2X6 uprights at two feet horizontally.
Arrangement #2
Space 6X8 crossbraces at eight feet horizontally and five
						feet vertically.
Space 10X10 wales at five feet vertically.
Space 2X6 uprights at two feet horizontally.
Arrangement #3
Space 8X8 crossbraces at 10 feet horizontally and five
						feet vertically.
Space 10X12 wales at five feet vertically.
Space 2X6 uprights at two feet vertically.
(3) Example 3.
A trench dug in Type C soil is 13 feet deep and five feet
						wide.
From Table C-1.3 two acceptable arrangements of members
						can be used.
Arrangement #1
Space 8X8 crossbraces at six feet horizontally and five
						feet vertically.
Space 10X12 wales at five feet vertically.
Position 2X6 uprights as closely together as
						possible.
If water must be retained use special tongue and groove
						uprights to form tight sheeting.
Arrangement #2
Space 8X10 crossbraces at eight feet horizontally and
						five feet vertically.
Space 12X12 wales at five feet vertically.
Position 2X6 uprights in a close sheeting configuration
						unless water pressure must be resisted. Tight sheeting must be used where water
						must be retained.
(4) Example 4.
A trench dug in Type C soil is 20 feet deep and 11 feet
						wide. The size and spacing of members for the section of trench that is over 15
						feet in depth is determined using Table C-1.3. Only one arrangement of members
						is provided.
Space 8X10 crossbraces at six feet horizontally and five
						feet vertically.
Space 12X12 wales at five feet vertically.
Use 3X6 tightsheeting.
Use of Tables C-2.1 through C-2.3 would follow the same
						procedures.
(g) Notes for all Tables.
1. Members sizes at spacings other than indicated are to
						be determined as specified in Section
						1541.1(c), "Design
						of Protective Systems."
2. When conditions are saturated or submerged use Tight
						Sheeting. Tight Sheeting refers to the use of specially-edged timber planks
						(e.g., tongue and groove) at least three inches thick, steel sheet piling, or
						similar construction that when driven or placed in position provide a tight
						wall to resist the lateral pressure of water and to prevent the loss of
						backfill material. Close Sheeting refers to the placement of planks
						side-by-side allowing as little space as possible between them.
3. All spacing indicated is measured center to
						center.
4. Wales to be installed with greater dimension
						horizontal.
5. If the vertical distance from the center of the lowest
						crossbrace to the bottom of the trench exceeds two and one-half feet, uprights
						shall be firmly embedded or a mudsill shall be used. Where uprights are
						embedded, the vertical distance from the center of the lowest crossbrace to the
						bottom of the trench shall not exceed 36 inches. When mudsills are used, the
						vertical distance shall not exceed 42 inches. Mudsills are wales that are
						installed at the toe of the trench side.
6. Trench jacks may be used in lieu of or in combination
						with timber crossbraces.
7. Placement of crossbraces. When the vertical spacing of
						crossbraces is four feet, place the top crossbrace no more than two feet below
						the top of the trench. When the vertical spacing of crossbraces is five feet,
						place the top crossbrace no more than 2.5 feet below the top of the
						trench.
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