Illinois Administrative Code › Title 35 - ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION › Part 728 - LAND DISPOSAL RESTRICTIONS › Subpart E - PROHIBITIONS ON STORAGE › Table F - Alternative Treatment Standards For Hazardous Debris

Current through Register Vol. 48, No. 28, July 12, 2024
a) Hazardous debris must be treated by either
				the standards indicated in this Table F or by the waste-specific treatment
				standards for the waste contaminating the debris. The treatment standards must
				be met for each type of debris contained in a mixture of debris types, unless
				the debris is converted into treatment residue as a result of the treatment
				process. Debris treatment residuals are subject to the waste-specific treatment
				standards for the waste contaminating the debris.
b) Definitions. For the purposes of this
				Table F, the following terms are defined as follows:
"Clean debris surface" means the surface, when
				  viewed without magnification, must be free of all visible contaminated soil and
				  hazardous waste except that residual staining from soil and waste consisting of
				  light shadows, slight streaks, or minor discolorations, and soil and waste in
				  cracks, crevices, and pits may be present provided that such staining and waste
				  and soil in cracks, crevices, and pits must be limited to no more than five
				  percent of each square inch of surface area.
"Contaminant restriction" means that the
				  technology is not BDAT for that contaminant. If debris containing a restricted
				  contaminant is treated by the technology, the contaminant must be subsequently
				  treated by a technology for which it is not restricted in order to be land
				  disposed (and excluded from Subtitle C regulation).
"Dioxin-listed wastes" means wastes having any of
				  USEPA hazardous waste numbers FO20, FO21, FO22, FO23, FO26, or
				  FO27.
c) Notes. In this
				Table F, the following text is to be read in conjunction with the tabulated
				text where the appropriate notations appear:
1 Acids, solvents, and
				  chemical reagents may react with some debris and contaminants to form hazardous
				  compounds. For example, acid washing of cyanide-contaminated debris could
				  result in the formation of hydrogen cyanide. Some acids may also react
				  violently with some debris and contaminants, depending on the concentration of
				  the acid and the type of debris and contaminants. Debris treaters should refer
				  to the safety precautions specified in Material Safety Data Sheets for various
				  acids to avoid applying an incompatible acid to a particular debris/contaminant
				  combination. For example, concentrated sulfuric acid may react violently with
				  certain organic compounds, such as acrylonitrile.
2 If reducing the
				  particle size of debris to meet the treatment standards results in material
				  that no longer meets the 60 mm minimum particle size limit for debris, such
				  material is subject to the waste-specific treatment standards for the waste
				  contaminating the material, unless the debris has been cleaned and separated
				  from contaminated soil and waste prior to size reduction. At a minimum, simple
				  physical or mechanical means must be used to provide such cleaning and
				  separation of nondebris materials to ensure that the debris surface is free of
				  caked soil, waste, or other nondebris material.
3 Thermal desorption is
				  distinguished from thermal destruction in that the primary purpose of thermal
				  desorption is to volatilize contaminants and to remove them from the treatment
				  chamber for subsequent destruction or other treatment.
4 The demonstration of
				  "equivalent technology" pursuant to Section
				  728.142(b)
				  must document that the technology treats contaminants subject to treatment to a
				  level equivalent to that required by the performance and design and operating
				  standards for other technologies in this table such that residual levels of
				  hazardous contaminants will not pose a hazard to human health and the
				  environment absent management controls.
5 Any soil, waste, and
				  other nondebris material that remains on the debris surface (or remains mixed
				  with the debris) after treatment is considered a treatment residual that must
				  be separated from the debris using, at a minimum, simple physical or mechanical
				  means. Examples of simple physical or mechanical means are vibratory or trommel
				  screening or water washing. The debris surface need not be cleaned to a "clean
				  debris surface" as defined in subsection (b) when separating treated debris
				  from residue; rather, the surface must be free of caked soil, waste, or other
				  nondebris material. Treatment residuals are subject to the waste-specific
				  treatment standards for the waste contaminating the debris.
Technology Description
Performance or Design and Operating Standard
Contaminant Restrictions
A. Extraction Technologies:
1. Physical Extraction
a. Abrasive Blasting: Removal of contaminated debris
							 surface layers using water or air pressure to propel a solid media (e.g., steel
							 shot, aluminum oxide grit, plastic beads).
Glass, Metal, Plastic, Rubber: Treatment to a clean
							 debris surface.
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
							 Removal of at least 0.6 cm of the surface layer; treatment to a clean debris
							 surface.
All Debris: None.
b. Scarification, Grinding, and Planing: Process
							 utilizing striking piston heads, saws, or rotating grinding wheels such that
							 contaminated debris surface layers are removed.
Same as above
Same as above
c. Spalling: Drilling or chipping holes at
							 appropriate locations and depth in the contaminated debris surface and applying
							 a tool that exerts a force on the sides of those holes such that the surface
							 layer is removed. The surface layer removed remains hazardous debris subject to
							 the debris treatment standards.
Same as above
Same as above
d. Vibratory Finishing: Process utilizing scrubbing
							 media, flushing fluid, and oscillating energy such that hazardous contaminants
							 or contaminated debris surface layers are
							 removed.1
Same as above
Same as above
e. High Pressure Steam and Water Sprays: Application
							 of water or steam sprays of sufficient temperature, pressure, residence time,
							 agitation, surfactants, and detergents to remove hazardous contaminants from
							 debris surfaces or to remove contaminated debris surface layers
Same as above
Same as above.
2. Chemical Extraction
a. Water Washing and Spraying: Application of water
							 sprays or water baths of sufficient temperature, pressure, residence time,
							 agitation, surfactants, acids, bases, and detergents to remove hazardous
							 contaminants from debris surfaces and surface pores or to remove contaminated
							 debris surface layers.
All Debris: Treatment to a clean debris surface;
							 Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood: Debris must be no more
							 than 1.2 cm (1/2 inch) in one dimension (i.e., thickness
							 limit,2 except that this thickness limit may be
							 waived under an "Equivalent Technology" approval pursuant to Section
							 728.142(b);4
							 debris surfaces must be in contact with water solution for at least 15
							 minutes
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
							 Contaminant must be soluble to at least five percent by weight in water
							 solution or five percent by weight in emulsion; if debris is contaminated with
							 a dioxin-listed waste,3 an "Equivalent Technology"
							 approval pursuant to Section
							 728.142(b)
							 must be obtained.4
b. Liquid Phase Solvent Extraction: Removal of
							 hazardous contaminants from debris surfaces and surface pores by applying a
							 nonaqueous liquid or liquid solution that causes the hazardous contaminants to
							 enter the liquid phase and be flushed away from the debris along with the
							 liquid or liquid solution while using appropriate agitation, temperature, and
							 residence time.1
Same as above
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
							 Same as above, except that contaminant must be soluble to at least five percent
							 by weight in the solvent.
c. Vapor Phase Solvent Extraction: Application of an
							 organic vapor using sufficient agitation, residence time, and temperature to
							 cause hazardous contaminants on contaminated debris surfaces and surface pores
							 to enter the vapor phase and be flushed away with the organic
							 vapor.1
Same as above, except that brick, cloth, concrete,
							 paper, pavement, rock and wood surfaces must be in contact with the organic
							 vapor for at least 60 minutes.
Same as above.
3. Thermal Extraction
a. High Temperature Metals Recovery: Application of
							 sufficient heat, residence time, mixing, fluxing agents, or carbon in a
							 smelting, melting, or refining furnace to separate metals from debris.
For refining furnaces, treated debris must be
							 separated from treatment residuals using simple physical or mechanical
							 means,5 and, prior to further treatment, such
							 residuals must meet the waste-specific treatment standards for organic
							 compounds in the waste contaminating the debris.
Debris contaminated with a dioxin-listed
							 waste:2 Obtain an "Equivalent Technology" approval
							 pursuant to Section
							 728.142(b).4
b. Thermal Desorption: Heating in an enclosed chamber
							 under either oxidizing or nonoxidizing atmospheres at sufficient temperature
							 and residence time to vaporize hazardous contaminants from contaminated
							 surfaces and surface pores and to remove the contaminants from the heating
							 chamber in a gaseous exhaust gas.3
All Debris: Obtain an "Equivalent Technology"
							 approval pursuant to Section
							 728.142(b);4
							 treated debris must be separated from treatment residuals using simple physical
							 or mechanical means,5 and, prior to further
							 treatment, such residue must meet the waste-specific treatment standards for
							 organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris.
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
							 Debris must be no more than 10 cm (4 inches) in one dimension (i.e., thickness
							 limit),2 except that this thickness limit may be
							 waived under the "Equivalent Technology" approval
All Debris: Metals other than mercury.
B. Destruction Technologies
1. Biological Destruction (Biodegradation): Removal
							 of hazardous contaminants from debris surfaces and surface pores in an aqueous
							 solution and biodegradation of organic or nonmetallic inorganic compounds
							 (i.e., inorganics that contain phosphorus, nitrogen, or sulfur) in units
							 operated under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
All Debris: Obtain an "Equivalent Technology"
							 approval pursuant to Section
							 728.142(b);4
							 treated debris must be separated from treatment residuals using simple physical
							 or mechanical means,5 and, prior to further
							 treatment, such residue must meet the waste-specific treatment standards for
							 organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris.
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
							 Debris must be no more than 1.2 cm (1/2 inch) in one dimension (i.e., thickness
							 limit),2 except that this thickness limit may be
							 waived under the "Equivalent Technology" approval
All Debris: Metal contaminants.
2. Chemical Destruction
a. Chemical Oxidation: Chemical or electrolytic
							 oxidation utilizing the following oxidation reagents (or waste reagents) or
							 combination of reagents: (1) hypochlorite (e.g., bleach); (2) chlorine; (3)
							 chlorine dioxide; (4) ozone or UV (ultraviolet light) assisted ozone; (5)
							 peroxides; (6) persulfates; (7) perchlorates; (8) permanganates; or (9) other
							 oxidizing reagents of equivalent destruction
							 efficiency.1 Chemical oxidation specifically
							 includes what is referred to as alkaline chlorination.
All Debris: Obtain an "Equivalent Technology"
							 approval pursuant to 35 Ill. Adm. Code.142(b);4
							 treated debris must be separated from treatment residuals using simple physical
							 or mechanical means,5 and, prior to further
							 treatment, such residue must meet the waste-specific treatment standards for
							 organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris.
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood:
							 Debris must be no more than 1.2 cm (1/2 inch) in one dimension (i.e., thickness
							 limit),2 except that this thickness limit may be
							 waived under the "Equivalent Technology" approval
All Debris: Metal contaminants.
b. Chemical Reduction: Chemical reaction utilizing
							 the following reducing reagents (or waste reagents) or combination of reagents:
							 (1) sulfur dioxide; (2) sodium, potassium, or alkali salts of sulfites,
							 bisulfites, and metabisulfites, and polyethylene glycols (e.g., NaPEG and
							 KPEG); (3) sodium hydrosulfide; (4) ferrous salts; or (5) other reducing
							 reagents of equivalent efficiency.1
Same as above
Same as above.
3. Thermal Destruction: Treatment in an incinerator
							 operating in accordance with Subpart O of 35 Ill. Adm. Code 724 or Subpart O of
							 35 Ill. Adm. Code 725; a boiler or industrial furnace operating in accordance
							 with Subpart H of 35 Ill. Adm. Code 726, or other thermal treatment unit
							 operated in accordance with Subpart X of 35 Ill. Adm. Code 724, or Subpart P of
							 35 Ill. Adm. Code 725, but excluding for purposes of these debris treatment
							 standards Thermal Desorption units.
Treated debris must be separated from treatment
							 residuals using simple physical or mechanical
							 means,5 and, prior to further treatment, such
							 residue must meet the waste-specific treatment standards for organic compounds
							 in the waste contaminating the debris.
Brick, Concrete, Glass, Metal, Pavement, Rock, Metal:
							 Metals other than mercury, except that there are no metal restrictions for
							 vitrification.
Debris contaminated with a dioxin-listed
							 waste.3 Obtain an "Equivalent Technology" approval
							 pursuant to Section
							 728.142(b),4
							 except that this requirement does not apply to vitrification.
C. Immobilization Technologies
1. Macroencapsulation: Application of surface coating
							 materials such as polymeric organics (e.g., resins and plastics) or use of a
							 jacket of inert inorganic materials to substantially reduce surface exposure to
							 potential leaching media.
Encapsulating material must completely encapsulate
							 debris and be resistant to degradation by the debris and its contaminants and
							 materials into which it may come into contact after placement (leachate, other
							 waste, microbes).
None.
2. Microencapsulation: Stabilization of the debris
							 with the following reagents (or waste reagents) such that the leachability of
							 the hazardous contaminants is reduced: (1) Portland cement; or (2) lime/
							 pozzolans (e.g., fly ash and cement kiln dust). Reagents (e.g., iron salts,
							 silicates, and clays) may be added to enhance the set/cure time or compressive
							 strength, or to reduce the leachability of the hazardous
							 constituents.2
Leachability of the hazardous contaminants must be
							 reduced.
None.
3. Sealing: Application of an appropriate material
							 that adheres tightly to the debris surface to avoid exposure of the surface to
							 potential leaching media. When necessary to effectively seal the surface,
							 sealing entails pretreatment of the debris surface to remove foreign matter and
							 to clean and roughen the surface. Sealing materials include epoxy, silicone,
							 and urethane compounds, but paint may not be used as a sealant
Sealing must avoid exposure of the debris surface to
							 potential leaching media and sealant must be resistant to degradation by the
							 debris and its contaminants and materials into which it may come into contact
							 after placement (leachate, other waste, microbes).
None.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from Table 1 to
					 40 CFR
					 268.45
					 (2017).