California Code of Regulations › Title 22 - Social Security › Division 4 - Environmental Health › Chapter 15 - Domestic Water Quality and Monitoring Regulations › Article 12 - Best Available Technologies (BAT) › Section 64447.3 - Best Available Technologies (BATs) - Radionuclides

Current through Register 2024 Notice Reg. No. 28, July 12, 2024
The technologies listed in tables 64447.3-A, B and C are
					 the best available technology, treatment technologies, or other means available
					 for achieving compliance with the MCLs for radionuclides in tables 64442 and
					 64443.
Table 64447.3-A
Best Available Technologies (BATs)
					 Radionuclides
Radionuclide
Best
							 Available Technology
Combined radium-226 and radium-228
Ion
							 exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening
Uranium
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime
							 softening, coagulation/filtration
Gross alpha particle activity
Reverse
							 osmosis
Beta particle and photon radioactivity
Ion
							 exchange, reverse osmosis
Table 64447.3-B
Best Available Technologies (BATs) and Limitations
					 for Small Water Systems Radionuclides
Unit
							 Technologies
Limitations (see
							 footnotes)
Operator Skill Level
							 Required
Raw Water Quality Range
							 and Considerations
1. Ion
							 exchange
(a)
Intermediate
All ground waters;
							 competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency
2. Point of use, ion
							 exchange
(b)
Basic
All ground waters;
							 competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency
3. Reverse
							 osmosis
(c)
Advanced
Surface waters usually
							 require pre-filtration
4. Point of use, reverse
							 osmosis
(b)
Basic
Surface waters usually
							 require pre-filtration
5. Lime
							 softening
(d)
Advanced
All waters
6. Green sand
							 filtration
(e)
Basic
All ground waters;
							 competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency
7. Co-precipitation with barium
							 sulfate
(f)
Intermediate to advanced
Ground
							 waters with suitable quality
8. Electrodialysis/electrodialysis
							 reversal
(g)
Basic to intermediate
All ground
							 waters
9. Pre-formed hydrous manganese oxide
							 filtration
(h)
Intermediate
All ground
							 waters
10. Activated alumina
(a),
							 (i)
Advanced
All ground waters; competing anion
							 concentrations may affect regeneration frequency
11. Enhanced
							 coagulation/filtration
(j)
Advanced
Can treat
							 a wide range of water qualities
Limitation Footnotes:
a The regeneration solution
					 contains high concentrations of the contaminant ions, which could result in
					 disposal issues.
b When point of use devices are
					 used for compliance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and
					 monitoring shall be provided by systems to ensure proper performance.
c Reject water disposal may be
					 an issue.
d The combination of variable
					 source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may
					 make this technology too complex for small systems.
e Removal efficiencies can vary
					 depending on water quality.
f Since the process requires
					 static mixing, detention basins, and filtration, this technology is most
					 applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate levels that already have a
					 suitable filtration treatment train in place.
g Applies to ionized
					 radionuclides only.
h This technology is most
					 applicable to small systems with filtration already in place.
i Chemical handling during
					 regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems without
					 an operator trained in these procedures.
j This would involve
					 modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place.
Table 64447.3-C
Best Available Technologies (BATs) for Small Water
					 Systems by System Size Radionuclides
Compliance Technologies for
							 System Size Categories Based On Population Served
25-500
501-3,300
3,301-10,000
Unit
							 Technologies
Contaminant
(Numbers Correspond to Table
							 64447.3-B)
Combined radium-226 and radium-228
1, 2, 3,
							 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
1, 2, 3,
							 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Gross alpha particle activity
3, 4
3,
							 4
3, 4
Beta particle activity and photon
							 radioactivity
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2,
							 3, 4
Uranium
1, 2, 4, 10, 11
1, 2, 3, 4,
							 5, 10, 11
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11
1. New
					 section filed 5-12-2006; operative 6-11-2006 (Register 2006, No.
					 19).
Note: Authority cited: Section
						116370,
						Health and Safety Code. Reference: Section
						116350,
						Health and Safety Code.