Alabama Administrative Code › Title 420 - ALABAMA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH › Chapter 420-3-16 - PRODUCTION, PROCESSING, HANDLING OR DISTRIBUTION OF MILK, MILK PRODUCTS AND FROZEN DESSERTS › APPENDICES › Appendix D - STANDARDS FOR WATER SOURCES

Current through Register Vol. 42, No. 9, June 28, 2024
The
Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance, Revision
				  2015 (PMO)
, formal FDA interpretations of the
PMO
,
				  and other written USPHS/FDA opinions shall be used in evaluating the
				  acceptability of individual water supplies and water system construction
				  requirements at dairy farms, milk plants, and single-service container
				  manufacturing facilities.
The applicable Government Water Control Authority
				  requirements, which are less stringent than the
PMO
, shall be
				  superseded by the
PMO.
The applicable Alabama Water Control
				  Authority (AWCA) requirements which are more strict than the
PMO
, shall not be considered in determining the acceptability
				  of water supplies during ratings, check ratings, single-service listing
				  evaluations, and audits. For example, the
PMO
requires a
				  satisfactory farm water sample every three (3) years. If state law required
				  such samples to be taken annually, a Sanitation Rating Officer (SRO) conducting
				  a sanitation rating, which includes that farm, will give that farm full credit
				  for water sample frequency, if the
PMO
three (3) year
				  requirement is met, even though the state required annual frequency is not
				  met.
Supplies other than individual water supplies, which have
				  been approved as safe by the AWCA, shall be considered to be acceptable sources
				  as provided in
				  420-3-16-.08 for Grade "A"
				  inspections, as well as for all other IMS purposes without further inspection
				  of the spring, well, or reservoir treatment facility(ies), testing records,
				  etc.
I.
LOCATION OF WATER SOURCES DISTANCE FROM SOURCES OF
				  CONTAMINATION
All ground water sources should be located a safe distance
				  from sources of contamination. In cases where sources are severely limited;
				  however, a ground water aquifer that might become contaminated may be
				  considered for a water supply, if treatment is provided. After a decision has
				  been made to locate a water source in an area, it is necessary to determine the
				  distance the source should be placed from the origin of contamination and the
				  direction of water movement. A determination of a safe distance is based on
				  specific local factors described in the following section on sanitary
				  survey.
Because many factors affect the determination of "safe"
				  distances between ground water supplies and sources of pollution, it is
				  impractical to set fixed distances. Where insufficient information is available
				  to determine the "safe" distance, the distance should be the maximum that
				  economics, land ownership, geology, and topography will permit. It should be
				  noted that the direction of ground water flow does not always follow the slope
				  of the land surface. A person with sufficient training and experience to
				  evaluate all of the factors involved should inspect each installation.
Since the safety of a ground water source depends primarily
				  on considerations of good well construction and geology, these factors should
				  be the guides in determining safe distances for different situations. The
				  following criteria apply only to properly constructed wells, as described in
				  this appendix. There is no safe distance for a poorly constructed well.
When a properly constructed well penetrates an unconsolidated
				  formation, with good filtering properties, and when the aquifer itself is
				  separated from sources of contamination by similar materials, research and
				  experience have demonstrated that fifteen 15 meters (fifty [50] feet) is an
				  adequate distance separating the two. Lesser distances should be accepted only
				  after a comprehensive sanitary survey conducted by qualified applicable AWCA
				  Officials has determined such lesser distances are both necessary and
				  safe.
If it is proposed to install a properly constructed well in
				  formations of unknown character, the state or U.S. Geological Survey and the
				  state or local health agency should be consulted.
When wells must be constructed in consolidated formations,
				  extra care should always be taken in the location of the well and in setting
				  "safe" distances, since pollutants have been known to travel great distances in
				  such formations. The owner should request assistance from the applicable state
				  or local health agency.
The following table is offered as a guide in determining
				  acceptable distances of a well from sources of contamination:
TABLE 10
DISTANCE OF A WELL FROM SOURCES OF
								CONTAMINATION
Formation
Minimum acceptable distance of a well from
								sources of contamination
Favorable (Unconsolidated)
15 meters (50 feet) - Lesser distances only on
								applicable government agency approval following a comprehensive sanitary survey
								of the proposed site and immediate surroundings.
Unknown
15 meters (50 feet) - Only after a comprehensive
								geological survey of the site and its surroundings has established, to the
								satisfaction of the applicable government agency that favorable formations do
								exist.
Poor (Consolidated)
Safe distances can be established only following
								both the comprehensive geological and
comprehensive sanitary surveys. These surveys also
								permit determining the direction in which a well may be located with respect to
								sources of contamination. In no case should the acceptable distance be less
								than 15 meters (50 feet).
EVALUATING CONTAMINATION THREATS TO WELLS
Conditions unfavorable to the control of contamination and
				  that may require specifying greater distances between a well and sources of
				  contamination are:
1.
Nature of the Contaminant
: Human and animal
				  excreta and toxic chemical wastes are serious health hazards. Salts,
				  detergents, and other substances that dissolve in water can mix with ground
				  water and travel with it. They are not ordinarily removed by natural
				  filtration.
2.
Deeper Disposal
: Cesspools, dry wells,
				  disposal, and waste injection wells and deep leaching pits that reach aquifers
				  or reduce the amount of filtering earth materials between the wastes and the
				  aquifer increase the danger of contamination.
3.
Limited Filtration
: When earth materials
				  surrounding the well and overlying the aquifer are too coarse to provide
				  effective filtration, as in limestone, coarse gravel, etc., or when they form a
				  layer too thin, the risk of contamination is increased.
4.
The Aquifer
: When the materials of the
				  aquifer itself are too coarse to provide good filtration, as in limestone,
				  fractured rock, etc., contaminants entering the aquifer through outcrops or
				  excavations may travel great distances. It is especially important in such
				  cases to know the direction of ground water flow and whether there are outcrops
				  of the formation, or excavations reaching it, "upstream" and close enough to be
				  a threat.
5.
Volume of Waste Discharged
: Since greater
				  volumes of wastes discharged and reaching an aquifer can significantly change
				  the slope of the water table and the direction of ground water flow, it is
				  obvious that heavier discharges can increase the threat of
				  contamination.
6.
Contact Surface
: When pits and channels are
				  designed and constructed to increase the rate of absorption, as in septic tank
				  leaching systems, cesspools, and leaching pits, more separation from the water
				  source will be needed than when tight sewer lines or waste pipes are
				  used.
7.
Concentration of Contamination Sources
: The
				  existence of more than one source of contamination, contributing to the general
				  area, increases the total pollution load and, consequently, the danger of
				  contamination.
SANITARY SURVEY
The importance of a sanitary survey of water sources cannot
				  be overemphasized. With a new supply, the sanitary survey should be made in
				  conjunction with the collection of initial engineering data, covering the
				  development of a given source and its capacity to meet existing and future
				  needs. The sanitary survey should include the detection of all health hazards
				  and the assessment of their present and future importance.
Persons trained and competent in public health engineering
				  and the epidemiology of waterborne diseases should conduct the sanitary survey.
				  In the case of an existing supply, the sanitary survey should be made at a
				  frequency compatible with the control of the health hazards and the maintenance
				  of a good sanitary quality. The information furnished by the sanitary survey is
				  essential to complete the interpretation of bacteriological and frequently the
				  chemical data. This information should always accompany the laboratory
				  findings. The following outline covers the essential factors that should be
				  investigated or considered in a sanitary survey. Not all of the Items are
				  pertinent to any one (1) supply and, in some cases; items not in the list would
				  be important additions to the survey list.
Ground Water Supplies
1. Character of local geology and slope of ground
				  surface.
2. Nature of soil and underlying porous strata; whether clay,
				  sand, gravel, rock (especially porous limestone); coarseness of sand or gravel;
				  thickness of water-bearing stratum; and depth to water table and location; and
				  log and construction details of local wells in use and abandoned.
3. Slope of water table, preferably determined from
				  observational wells or as indicated, presumptively, but not certainly, by the
				  slope of ground surface.
4. Extent of drainage area likely to contribute water to the
				  supply.
5. Nature, distance, and direction of local sources of
				  pollution.
6. Possibility of surface-drainage water entering the supply
				  and of wells becoming flooded and methods of protection.
7. Methods used for protecting the supply against pollution
				  by means of sewage treatment, waste disposal, and the like.
8. Well Construction
(a) Total depth of well.
(b) Casing: Diameter, wall thickness, material, and lengths
				  from surface.
(c) Screen or Perforations: Diameter, material, construction,
				  locations, and lengths.
(d) Formation Seal: Material, cement, sand, bentonite, etc.;
				  depth intervals; annular thickness; and method of placement.
9. Protection of Well at Top: Presence of sanitary well seal,
				  casing height above ground floor or flood level, protection of well vent, and
				  protection of well from erosion and animals.
10. Pump-house Construction: Floors, drains, etc., capacity
				  of pumps, and draw-down when pumps are in operation.
11. Availability of an Unsafe Supply: Usable in place of
				  normal supply, hence involving danger to the public health.
12. Disinfection Equipment: Supervision, test kits, or other
				  types of laboratory control.
Surface Water Supplies
1. Nature of Surface Geology: Character of soils and
				  rocks.
2. Character of Vegetation: Forests, cultivated, and
				  irrigated land, including salinity, effect on irrigation water, etc.
3. Population and sewered population per square mile of
				  catchment area.
4. Methods of sewage disposal, whether by diversion from
				  watershed or by treatment.
5. Character and efficiency of sewage-treatment works on
				  watershed.
6. Proximity of sources of fecal pollution to intake of water
				  supply.
7. Proximity, sources, and character of industrial wastes,
				  oil field brines, acid mine waters, etc.
8. Adequacy of supply as to quantity.
9. For Lake or Reservoir Supplies: Wind direction and
				  velocity data, drift of pollution, sunshine data, and algae.
10. Character and Quality of Raw Water: Coliform organisms
				  (Most Probable Number [MPN]), algae, turbidity, color, and objectionable
				  mineral constituents.
11. Nominal period of detention in reservoirs or storage
				  basin.
12. Probable minimum time required for water to flow from
				  sources of pollution to reservoir and through reservoir intake.
13. Shape of reservoir, with reference to possible currents
				  of water, induced by wind or reservoir discharge, from inlet to water supply
				  intake.
14. Protective measures in connection with the use of
				  watershed to control fishing, boating, landing of airplanes, swimming, wading,
				  ice cutting, and permitting animals on marginal shore areas and in or upon the
				  water, etc.
15. Efficiency and constancy of policing.
16. Treatment of Water: Kind and adequacy of equipment,
				  duplication of parts, effectiveness of treatment, adequacy of supervision and
				  testing, contact period after disinfection, and free chlorine residuals
				  carried.
17. Pumping Facilities: Pump-house, pump capacity, standby
				  units, and storage facilities.
II.
CONSTRUCTION SANITARY CONSTRUCTION OF
				  WELLS
The penetration of a water-bearing formation by a well
				  provides a direct route for possible contamination of the ground water.
				  Although there are different types of wells and well construction, there are
				  basic sanitary aspects that shall be considered and followed:
1. The annular space outside the casing shall be filled with
				  a watertight cement grout or puddled clay from a point just below the frost
				  line or deepest level of excavation near the well to as deep as necessary to
				  prevent entry of contaminated water.
2. For artesian aquifers, the casing shall be sealed into the
				  overlying impermeable formations so as to retain the artesian pressure.
3. When a water-bearing formation containing water of poor
				  quality is penetrated, the formation shall be sealed off to prevent the
				  infiltration of water into the well and aquifer.
4. A sanitary well seal, with an approved vent, shall be
				  installed at the top of the well casing to prevent the entrance of contaminated
				  water or other objectionable material.
Well Casing or Lining
- All that part of the
				  suction pipe or drop pipe of any well within three (3) meters (ten [10] feet)
				  of and below the ground surface shall be surrounded by a watertight casing pipe
				  extending above the ground, platform, or floor surface, as the case may be, and
				  covered at the top as herein provided. The casing of every well shall terminate
				  above the ground level; the annular space outside the casing shall be filled
				  with a watertight cement grout or clay, with similar sealing properties, from
				  the surface to a minimum of three ( 3) meters (ten [10] feet) below the ground
				  surface. A dug well, in lieu of a casing pipe, may be provided with a
				  substantial watertight lining of concrete, vitrified tile with outer concrete
				  lining, or other suitable material. Such lining shall extend at least three (3)
				  meters (ten [10] feet) below the surface and shall extend up to the well
				  platform or pump room floor with a watertight connection. In such case, the
				  platform or floor shall have a suitable sleeve pipe, surrounding the suction
				  pipe or drop pipe, and projecting above as herein provided for a casing
				  pipe.
Well Covers and Seals
: Every well shall be
				  provided with an overlapping, tight-fitting cover at the top of the casing or
				  pipe sleeve to prevent contaminated water or other material from entering the
				  well.
The sanitary well seal, in a well exposed to possible
				  flooding, shall be either watertight or elevated at least .6 meters (2 feet)
				  above the highest known flood level. When it is expected that a well seal may
				  become flooded, it shall be watertight and equipped with a vent line, whose
				  opening to the atmosphere, is at least .6 meters (2 feet) above the highest
				  known flood level.
The seal in a well not exposed to possible flooding shall be
				  either watertight, with an approved vent line, or self-draining, with an
				  overlapping and downward flange. If the seal is of the self-draining,
				  non-watertight type, all openings in the cover should be either watertight or
				  flanged upward and provided with overlapping, downward flanged covers.
Some pump and power units have closed bases that effectively
				  seal the upper terminal of the well casing. When the unit is the open type, or
				  when it is located at the side, as with some jet and suction pump type
				  installations, it is especially important that a sanitary well seal be used.
				  There are several acceptable designs consisting of an expandable neoprene
				  gasket, compressed between two (2) steel plates. They are easily installed and
				  removed for well servicing. Pump and water well suppliers normally stock
				  sanitary well seals.
If the pump is not installed immediately after well drilling
				  and placement of the casing, the top of the casing should be closed with a
				  metal cap screwed or tack welded into place, or covered with a sanitary well
				  seal. For large diameter wells, such as dug wells, it would be difficult to
				  provide a sanitary well seal, consequently, a reinforced concrete slab
				  overlapping the casing and sealed to it with a flexible seal and/or rubber
				  gasket should be installed. The annular space outside the casing should first
				  be filed with suitable grouting or sealing materials, i.e., cement, clay, or
				  fine sand.
A well slab alone is not an effective sanitary defense, since
				  it can be undermined by burrowing animals and insects, cracked from settlement
				  or frost heave or broken by vehicles and vibrating machinery. The cement grout
				  formation seal is far more effective. It is recognized however, that there are
				  situations that call for a concrete slab or floor around the well casing to
				  facilitate cleaning and improve appearance. When such a floor is necessary, it
				  shall be placed only after the formation seal and the pitless installation have
				  been inspected.
Well covers and pump platforms shall be elevated above the
				  adjacent finished ground level. Pump room floors shall be constructed of
				  reinforced, watertight concrete and carefully leveled or sloped away from the
				  well, so that surface and wastewater cannot stand near the well. The minimum
				  thickness of such a slab or floor shall be 10 centimeters (4 inches). Concrete
				  slabs or floors shall be poured separately from the cement formation seal and
				  when the threat of freezing exists, insulated from it and the well casing by a
				  plastic or mastic coating or sleeve to prevent bonding of the concrete to
				  either.
All water wells shall be readily accessible at the top for
				  inspection, servicing, and testing. This requires that any structure over the
				  well be easily removable to provide full, unobstructed access for well
				  servicing equipment. The so-called "buried seal," with the well cover buried
				  under several meters (yards) of earth, is unacceptable because:
1. It discourages periodic inspection and preventive
				  maintenance.
2. It makes severe contamination during pump servicing and
				  well-repair more likely.
3. Any well servicing is more expensive.
4. Excavation to expose the top of the well increases the
				  risk of damage to the well, the cover, the vent, and the electrical
				  connections.
Well Pits and Drainage
- Because of the
				  pollution hazards involved, the well head, well casing, pump, pumping
				  machinery, valve connected with the suction pump, or exposed suction pipe shall
				  not be permitted in any pit, room, or space extending below ground level, or in
				  any room or space above the ground, which is walled-in or otherwise enclosed,
				  so that it does not have free drainage by gravity to the surface of the ground.
				  Provided, that a dug well properly constructed, lined, and covered, as herein
				  prescribed, shall not be construed to be a pit. Provided further, that pumping
				  equipment and appurtenances may be located in a residential basement, which is
				  not subject to flooding. And provided further, that in the case of existing
				  water supplies which otherwise comply with the applicable requirements of this
				  appendix, pit installations may be accepted, under the following conditions,
				  when permitted by the AWCA:
1. Pits shall be of watertight construction, with walls
				  extending at least 15 centimeters (6 inches) above the established ground
				  surface at all points.
2. Pits shall be provided with a watertight, concrete floor,
				  sloping to a drain which discharges to the ground surface at a lower elevation
				  than the pit, and preferably at least 9 meters (30 feet) from it; or if this
				  should be impossible, to a watertight, concrete sump, in the pit, equipped with
				  a sump-pump discharging to the ground surface, preferably at least nine 9
				  meters (30 feet) from the pit.
3. Pits shall be provided with a concrete base for pumps or
				  pumping machinery, so that such units shall be located at least thirty 30
				  centimeters (12 inches) above the floor of the pit.
4. Pits shall be provided with a watertight housing or cover
				  in all cases.
5. If inspection should reveal that these conditions are not
				  being properly maintained, the supply shall be disapproved.
Note
: The
PMO
permits the
				  acceptance of pit installations on existing water supplies but prohibits the
				  installation of well pits on new water supplies. For well pits, "existing water
				  supplies," are those which were in use by a producer at the time they applied
				  for a Grade "A" permit. Therefore, pit installations which meet the above
				  criteria would be acceptable. Change in construction and extensive alterations
				  of an existing water supply that does not affect the physical structure of the
				  well pit does not require elimination of the well pit.
Manholes
: Manholes may be provided on dug wells,
				  reservoirs, tanks, and other similar features of water supplies. A manhole, if
				  installed, shall be provided with a curb, the top of which extends at least 10
				  centimeters (4 inches) above the slab and shall be equipped, where necessary
				  for physical protection, with a locked or bolted overlapping watertight cover.
				  The sides of which extend downward at least 5 centimeters (2 inches). The
				  covers shall be kept closed at all times, except when it may be necessary to
				  open the manhole.
Vent Opening
- Any reservoir, well, tank or
				  other structure containing water for the dairy water supply may be provided
				  with vents, overflows, or water-level control gauges which shall be so
				  constructed as to prevent the entrance of birds, insects, dust, rodents or
				  contaminating material of any kind. Openings on vents shall be not less than 46
				  centimeters (18 inches) above the floor of a pump room, or above the roof or
				  cover of a reservoir. Vent openings on other structures shall be at least 46
				  centimeters (18 inches) above the surface on which the vents are located. Vent
				  openings shall be turned down and screened with corrosion-resistant screen of
				  not less than 16 x 20 mesh. Overflow outlets shall discharge above and not less
				  than 15 centimeters (6 inches) from a roof, roof drain, floor, and floor drain
				  or over an open water-supplied fixture. The overflow outlet shall be covered by
				  a corrosion-resistant screen of not less than 16 x 20 mesh and by (0.6
				  centimeters) (0.25 of an inch) hardware cloth, or shall terminate in a
				  horizontal angle seat check-valve.
DEVELOPMENT OF SPRINGS
There are two (2) general requirements necessary in the
				  development of a spring used as a source of domestic water:
1. Selection of a spring with adequate capacity to provide
				  the required quantity and quality of water for its intended use throughout the
				  year.
2. Protection of the sanitary quality of the spring. The
				  measures taken to develop a spring shall be tailored to its geological
				  conditions and sources.
The features of a spring encasement are the following:
1. An open-bottom, watertight basin intercepting the source
				  which extends to bedrock or a system of collection pipes and a storage
				  tank.
2. A cover that prevents the entrance of surface drainage or
				  debris into the storage tank.
3. Provisions for the cleanout and emptying of the tank
				  contents.
4. Provision for overflow.
5. A connection to the distribution system or auxiliary
				  supply (refer to Figure 17).
A tank is usually constructed in place with reinforced
				  concrete of such dimensions as to enclose or intercept as much of the spring as
				  possible. When a spring is located on a hillside, the downhill wall and sides
				  are extended to bedrock or to a depth that will ensure maintenance of an
				  adequate water level in the tank. Supplementary cutoff walls of concrete or
				  impermeable clay extending laterally from the tank may be used to assist in
				  controlling the water table in the locality of the tank. The lower portion of
				  the uphill wall of the tank can be constructed of stone, brick, or other
				  material so placed that water may move freely into the tank from the formation.
				  Backfill of graded gravel and sand will aid in restricting movement of fine
				  material from the formation toward the tank. The tank cover shall be cast in
				  place to ensure a good fit. Forms should be designed to allow for shrinkage of
				  concrete and expansion of form lumber. The cover shall extend down over the top
				  edge of the tank at least 5 centimeters (2 inches). The tank cover shall be
				  heavy enough so that it cannot be dislodged by children and shall be equipped
				  for locking.
A drainpipe with an exterior valve shall be placed close to
				  the wall of the tank, near the bottom. The pipe shall extend horizontally so as
				  to clear the normal ground level at the point of discharge by at least (15)
				  centimeters (6) inches. The discharge end of the pipe shall be screened to
				  prevent the entrance of rodents and insects.
The overflow is usually placed slightly below the maximum
				  water-level elevation and screened. A drain apron of rock shall be provided to
				  prevent soil erosion at the point of overflow discharge. The supply outlet from
				  the developed spring shall be located at least 15 centimeters (6 inches) above
				  the drain outlet and properly screened. Care shall be taken in casting pipes
				  into the walls of the tank to ensure a good bond with the concrete and freedom
				  from honeycombs around the pipes.
SANITARY PROTECTION OF SPRINGS
Springs usually become contaminated when barnyards, sewers,
				  septic tanks, cesspools, or other sources of pollution are located on higher
				  adjacent land. In limestone formations however, contaminated material
				  frequently enters the water-bearing channels through sinkholes or other large
				  openings and may be carried along with ground water for long distances.
				  Similarly, if material from such sources of contamination finds access to the
				  tubular channels in glacial drift, this water may retain its contamination for
				  long periods of time and for long distances.
The following precautionary measures will help to ensure
				  developed spring water of consistently high quality:
1. Provide for the removal of surface drainage from the site.
				  A surface drainage ditch shall be located uphill from the source so as to
				  intercept surface-water runoff and carry it away from the source. Location of
				  the ditch and the points at which the water should be discharged are a matter
				  of judgment. Criteria used should include the topography, the subsurface
				  geology, land ownership, and land use.
2. Construct a fence to prevent entry of livestock. Its
				  location should be guided by the considerations mentioned in Item 1. The fence
				  shall exclude livestock from the surface-water drainage system at all points
				  uphill from the source.
3. Provide for access to the tank for maintenance, but
				  prevent removal of the cover by a suitable locking device.
4. Monitor the quality of the spring water with periodic
				  checks for contamination. A marked increase in turbidity or flow after a
				  rainstorm is a good indication that surface runoff is reaching the
				  spring.
SURFACE WATER
The selection and use of surface water sources for individual
				  water supply systems require consideration of additional factors not usually
				  associated with ground water sources. When small streams, open ponds, lakes, or
				  open reservoirs must be used as sources of a water supply, the danger of
				  contamination and the consequent spread of enteric diseases such as typhoid
				  fever and dysentery are increased. As a rule, surface water shall be used only
				  when ground water sources are not available or are inadequate. Clear water is
				  not always safe, and the old saying that running water "purifies itself," to
				  drinking water quality within a stated distance is false.
The physical and bacteriological contamination of surface
				  water makes it necessary to regard such sources of supply as unsafe for
				  domestic use unless reliable treatment, including filtration and disinfection,
				  is provided.
The treatment of surface water to ensure a constant, safe
				  supply requires diligent attention to operation and maintenance by the owner of
				  the system.
When ground water sources are limited, consideration shall be
				  given to their development for domestic purposes only. Surface water sources
				  can then provide water needed for stock and poultry watering, gardening,
				  fire-fighting, and similar purposes. Treatment of surface water used for
				  livestock is not generally considered essential. There is however, a trend to
				  provide stock and poultry drinking water that is free from bacterial
				  contamination and certain chemical elements.
Where the final resort must be made to surface water for all
				  uses, a wide variety of sources, including farm ponds, lakes, streams, and the
				  roof runoff of buildings may be considered. These sources are regarded, without
				  exception, to be contaminated and their use cannot be condoned unless an
				  individually tailored treatment process can be used which will make them safe
				  and satisfactory. Such treatment may include aeration and the use of suitable
				  filtration or precipitation devices to remove suspended matter, in addition to
				  routine full-time disinfection. The milk producer and/or milk plant operator
				  who is considering surface sources of water for milking, milkhouse, milk plant,
				  receiving station, and/or transfer station operations shall receive the advance
				  approval of the Health Officer and shall comply with all applicable
				  requirements of the applicable state water control authority on the
				  construction, protection, and treatment of the chosen supply.
Note
: The EPA publishes a document entitled
Manual of Individual Water Supply Systems
that is an excellent
				  source of detailed information on the development, construction, and operation
				  of individual water systems and also contains a suggested well-drilling
				  code.
III. DISINFECTION OF WATER SOURCES
All newly constructed or newly repaired wells shall be
				  disinfected to counteract contamination introduced during construction or
				  repair. Every well shall be disinfected immediately after construction or
				  repair and flushed prior to bacteriological testing.
An effective and economical method of disinfecting wells and
				  appurtenances is the use of calcium hypochlorite, containing approximately 70
				  percent available chlorine. This chemical can be purchased in granular form at
				  hardware stores, swimming pool equipment supply outlets, or chemical supply
				  houses.
When used in the disinfection of wells, calcium hypochlorite
				  should be added in sufficient amounts to provide a dosage of approximately
				  fifty (50) mg. available chlorine per liter (50mg/L) in the well water. This
				  concentration is roughly equivalent to a mixture of 1 gram (0.03 ounce) of dry
				  chemical per 13.5 liters (3.56 gallons) of water to be disinfected. A stock
				  solution of disinfectant may be prepared by mixing 30 grams (1 ounce) of
				  high-test hypochlorite with 1.9 liters (2 quarts) of water. Mixing is
				  facilitated if a small amount of the water is first added to the granular
				  calcium hypochlorite and stirred to a smooth watery paste free of lumps. The
				  stock solution should be stirred thoroughly for 10 to 15 minutes. The inert
				  ingredients should then be allowed to settle. The liquid containing the
				  chlorine should be used and the inert material discarded. Each 1.9 liters (2
				  quarts) of stock solution will provide a concentration of approximately 50 mg/L
				  when added to 378 liters (100 gallons) of water. The solution should be
				  prepared in a clean utensil. The use of metal containers should be avoided, as
				  they are corroded by strong chlorine solutions. Crockery, glass or rubber lined
				  containers are recommended. Where small quantities of disinfectant are required
				  and a scale is not available, the material can be measured with a spoon. A
				  heaping tablespoonful of granular calcium hypochlorite weighs approximately 14
				  grams (1/2 ounce).
When calcium hypochlorite is not available, other sources of
				  available chlorine such as sodium hypochlorite 12 to 15 percent of volume can
				  be used. Sodium hypochlorite, which is also commonly available as liquid
				  household bleach, with 5.25 percent available chlorine, can be diluted with 2
				  parts of water to produce the stock solution. One point nine (1.9) liters (2
				  quarts) of this solution can be used for disinfecting 378 liters (100 gallons)
				  of water. Stock solutions of chlorine in any form will deteriorate rapidly
				  unless properly stored. Dark glass or plastic bottles with airtight caps are
				  recommended. Bottles containing solution should be kept in a cool place and
				  protected from direct sunlight. If proper storage facilities are not available,
				  the solution should always be prepared fresh immediately before use.
Complete information concerning the test for residual
				  chlorine is included in the latest edition of
Standard Methods for the
				  Examination of Water and Wastewater (SMEWW)
, published by the American
				  Public Health Association.
DUG WELLS
After the casing or lining has been completed, follow the
				  procedure outlined below:
1. Remove all equipment and materials that will not form a
				  permanent part of the completed structure.
2. Using a stiff broom or brush, wash the interior walls of
				  the casing or lining with a strong solution (100 mg/L) of chlorine to ensure
				  thorough cleaning and sanitizing.
3. Place the cover over the well and pour the required amount
				  of chlorine solution into the well through the manhole or pipe opening just
				  before inserting the pump cylinder and drop-pipe assembly. The chlorine
				  solution should be distributed over as much of the surface of the water as
				  possible to obtain proper diffusion of the chemical through the water hose or
				  pipeline, as the line is being alternately raised and lowered. This method
				  should be followed whenever possible.
4. Wash the exterior surface of the pump cylinder and drop
				  pipe with the chlorine solution as the assembly is being lowered into the
				  well.
5. After the pump has been set in position, pump water from
				  the well and through the entire water distribution system to the milkhouse
				  until a strong odor of chlorine is noted.
6. Allow the chlorine solution to remain in the well for at
				  least twenty-four (24) hours.
7. After twenty-four (24) hours or more have lapsed, flush
				  the well to remove all traces of chlorine.
DRILLED, DRIVEN, AND BORED WELLS
After the casing or lining has been completed, follow the
				  procedure outlined below:
1. Remove all equipment and materials that will not form a
				  permanent part of the completed structure.
2. When the well is being tested for yield, the test pump
				  should be operated until the well water is clear and as free from turbidity as
				  possible.
3. After the testing equipment has been removed, slowly pour
				  the required amount of chlorine solution into the well just before installing
				  the permanent pumping equipment. Diffusion of the chemical with the well water
				  may be facilitated as previously described.
4. Wash the exterior surface of the pump cylinder and drop
				  pipe with chlorine solution as the assembly is being lowered into the
				  well.
5. After the pump has been set in position, operate the pump
				  until the water discharged through the entire distribution system to waste has
				  a distinct odor of chlorine. Repeat this procedure a few times, at one (1) hour
				  intervals, to ensure complete circulation of the chlorine solution through the
				  column of water in the well and the pumping equipment.
6. Allow the chlorine solution to remain in the well for at
				  least twenty-four (24) hours.
7. After twenty-four (24) hours or more have elapsed, flush
				  the well to remove all traces of chlorine. The pump should be operated until
				  water discharged to waste is free from the chlorine odor.
In the case of deep wells having a high water level, it may
				  be necessary to resort to special methods of introducing the disinfecting agent
				  into the well so as to ensure proper diffusion of chlorine throughout the
				  well.
The following method is suggested:
Place the granulated calcium hypochlorite in a short section
				  of pipe capped at both ends. A number of small holes should be drilled through
				  each cap or into the sides of the pipe. One (1) of the caps should be fitted
				  with an eye to facilitate attachment of a suitable cable. The disinfecting
				  agent is distributed when the pipe section is lowered and raised throughout the
				  depth of the water.
WATER-BEARING STRATA
Sometimes a well is encountered that does not respond to the
				  usual methods of disinfection. A well like this has usually been contaminated
				  by water that entered under sufficient head to displace water into the
				  water-bearing formation. The displaced water carries contamination with it. The
				  contamination that has been carried into the water-bearing formation can be
				  eliminated or reduced by forcing chlorine into the formation. Chlorine may be
				  introduced in a number of ways, depending on the construction of the well. In
				  some wells, it is advisable to chlorinate the water and then add a considerable
				  volume of a chlorine solution in order to force the treated water into the
				  formation. When this procedure is followed, all chlorinated water should have a
				  chlorine strength of approximately 50 mg/L. In other wells, such as the drilled
				  well cased with standard weight casing pipe, it is entirely practicable to
				  chlorinate the water, cap the well, and apply a head of air. When air is
				  alternately applied and released, a vigorous surging effect is obtained and
				  chlorinated water is forced into the water bearing formation. In this
				  procedure, the chlorine strength of the treated water in the well will be
				  reduced by dilution as it mixes with the water in the water-bearing formation.
				  Therefore, it is advisable to double or triple the quantity of chlorine
				  compound to be used so as to have a chlorine strength of one (100) to one
				  hundred, (150 mg/L) in the well as the surging process is started. After
				  treating a well in this manner, it is necessary to flush it to remove the
				  excess chlorine.
DISINFECTION OF SPRINGS
Springs and encasements should be disinfected by a procedure
				  similar to that used for dug well. If the water pressure is not sufficient to
				  raise the water to the top of the encasement, it may be possible to shut off
				  the flow and thus keep the disinfectant in the encasement for twenty-four (24)
				  hours. If the flow cannot be shut off entirely, arrangements should be made to
				  supply disinfectant continuously for as long a period as practicable.
DISINFECTION OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
				  SYSTEMS
These instructions cover the disinfection of water
				  distribution systems and attendant standpipes or tanks. It is always necessary
				  to disinfect a water system before placing it in use under the following
				  conditions:
1. Disinfection of a system that has been in service with raw
				  or polluted water preparatory to transferring the service to treated
				  water.
2. Disinfection of a new system upon completion and
				  preparatory to placing in operation with treated water or water of satisfactory
				  quality.
3. Disinfection of a system after completion of maintenance
				  and repair operations.
The entire system, including tank or standpipe, should be
				  thoroughly flushed with water to remove any sediment that may have collected
				  during operation with raw water. Following flushing, the system should be
				  filled with a disinfecting solution of calcium hypochlorite and treated water.
				  This solution is prepared by adding 550 grams (1.2 pounds) of high-test (70
				  percent) calcium hypochlorite to each 3,785 liters (1,000 gallons) of water. A
				  mixture of this kind provides a solution having not less than (100 mg/L) of
				  available chlorine.
The disinfectant should be retained in the system, tank, or
				  standpipe, if included, for not less than twenty-four (24) hours, then examined
				  for residual chlorine and drained out. If no residual chlorine is found
				  present, the process should be repeated. The system is next flushed with
				  treated water and put into operation.
IV.
CONTINUOUS WATER DISINFECTION
CHEMICAL DISINFECTION OF WATER
Water supplies which are otherwise deemed satisfactory, but
				  which prove unable to meet the bacteriological standards prescribed herein,
				  shall be subjected to continuous disinfection. The individual character of the
				  supply shall be investigated and a treatment program developed, which shall
				  produce a safe supply as determined by bacteriological testing.
For numerous reasons, including economy, effectiveness,
				  stability, ease of use, and availability, chlorine is by far the most popular
				  chemical agent employed for the disinfection of water supplies. This does not
				  preclude the use of other chemicals or procedures demonstrated to be safe and
				  effective. The amount necessary to provide adequate protection varies with the
				  supply and the amount of organic and other oxidizable material that it
				  contains. Proper disinfection can only be assured when a residual concentration
				  of chlorine remains, for bactericidal activity, after the demands of these
				  other substances are met. In general, these factors exert the most important
				  influences on the bactericidal efficiency of chlorine:
1. Free chlorine residual; the higher the residual, the more
				  effective the disinfection and the faster the disinfection rate.
2. Contact time between the organism and the disinfectant;
				  the longer the time, the more effective the disinfection.
3. Temperature of the water in which contact is made, the
				  lower the temperature, the less effective the disinfection.
4. The pH of the water in which contact is made; the higher
				  the pH, the less effective disinfection.
For example, when a high pH and low temperature combination
				  is encountered in a water, either the concentration of chlorine or the contact
				  time shall be increased. Likewise, chlorine residual will need to be increased
				  if sufficient contact time is not available in the distribution system before
				  the water reaches the first user.
SUPERCHLORINATION - DECHLORINATION
Superchlorination
- The technique of
				  superchlorination involves the use of an excessive amount of chlorine to
				  destroy quickly the harmful organisms that may be present in the water. If an
				  excessive amount of chlorine is used, free chlorine residual will be present.
				  When the quantity of chlorine is increased, disinfection is faster and the
				  amount of contact time required ensuring safe water is decreased.
De-chlorination
- The de-chlorination process
				  may be described as the partial or complete reduction of any chlorine present
				  in the water. When de-chlorination is provided in conjunction with proper
				  superchlorination, the water will be both properly disinfected and acceptable
				  to the consumer for domestic or culinary uses.
De-chlorination can be accomplished in individual water
				  systems by the use of activated carbon de-chlorinating filters. Chemical
				  de-chlorination by reducing agents such as sulphur dioxide or sodium
				  thiosulfate can be used for batch de-chlorination. Sodium thiosulfate is also
				  used to de-chlorinate water samples prior to submission for bacteriological
				  examination.
DISINFECTION EQUIPMENT
Hypochlorinators are the most commonly employed equipment for
				  the chemical elimination of bacteriological contamination. They operate by
				  pumping or injecting a chlorine solution into the water. When properly
				  maintained, hypo-chlorinators provide a reliable method for applying chlorine
				  to disinfect water.
Types of hypo-chlorinators include positive displacement
				  feeders, aspirator feeders, suction feeders, and tablet hypo-chlorinators. This
				  equipment can be readily adapted to meet the needs of other systems of
				  treatment, which require the regulated discharge of a solution into the
				  supply.
Positive Displacement Feeders
- A common type of
				  positive displacement hypo-chlorinator is one (1) that uses a piston or
				  diaphragm pump to inject the solution. This type of equipment, which is
				  adjustable during operation, can be designed to give reliable and accurate feed
				  rates. When electricity is available, the stopping and starting of the
				  hypo-chlorinator can be synchronized with the pumping unit. A hypo-chlorinator
				  of this kind can be used with any water system. However, it is especially
				  desirable in systems where water pressure is low and fluctuating.
Aspirator Feeders
- The aspirator feeder
				  operates on a simple hydraulic principle that employs the use of the vacuum
				  created when water flows either through a venturi tube or perpendicular to a
				  nozzle. The vacuum created draws the chlorine solution from a container into
				  the chlorinator unit where it is mixed with water passing through the unit and
				  the solution is then injected into the water system. In most cases, the water
				  inlet line to the chlorinator is connected to receive water from the discharge
				  side of the water pump, with the chlorine solution being injected back into the
				  suction side of the same pump. The chlorinator operates only when the pump is
				  operating. Solution flow rate is regulated by means of a control valve;
				  pressure variations are known to cause changes in the feed rate.
Suction Feeders
- One (1) type of suction feeder
				  consists of a single line that runs from the chlorine solution container
				  through the chlorinator unit and connects to the suction side of the pump. The
				  chlorine solution is pulled from the container by suction created by the
				  operating water pump.
Another type of suction feeder operates on the siphon
				  principle with the chlorine solution being introduced directly into the well.
				  This type also consists of a single line, but the line terminates in the well
				  below the water surface instead of the influent side of the water pump. When
				  the pump is operating, the chlorinator is activated so that a valve is opened
				  and the chlorine solution is passed into the well.
Tablet Chlorinator
: These hypo-chlorinators
				  inject water into a bed of concentrated calcium hypochlorite tablets. The
				  result is metered into the pump suction line.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT DISINFECTION OF WATER
The use of ultraviolet light (UV) to disinfect drinking water
				  has been demonstrated to be an effective process that can inactivate microbes
				  generally targeted by standard chemical disinfectants as well as pathogens that
				  are resistant to other treatments such as
Cryptosporidium
.
				  However, in the design of a water treatment system with UV light, the dairy
				  farm, milk plant, receiving station, or transfer station permit holder must
				  exercise care to ensure that all other requirements of these rules relating to
				  source, protection from contamination, and chemical and physical
				  characteristics are met. UV disinfection does not change the chemical or
				  physical characteristics of the water such as reducing or removing turbidity,
				  mineral levels, or arsenic, etc., so additional treatment, if otherwise
				  dictated, may still be required. Nor does UV treatment provide residual
				  disinfection. Some supplies may require routine chemical disinfection,
				  including the maintenance of a residual disinfectant throughout the
				  distribution system, and there may continue to be a need for the periodic
				  flushing and disinfection of the water distribution system.
In addition, materials present in water can give rise to
				  significant transmission difficulties so that it may be necessary to pre-treat
				  some supplies to remove excessive turbidity and color.
Color, turbidity, and organic impurities can interfere with
				  the transmission of UV energy and may decrease the disinfection efficiency
				  below levels required to ensure the destruction of pathogenic organisms. In
				  general, color and turbidity measurements do not provide an accurate measure of
				  their impact on UV disinfection efficacy. Percent UV Transmissivity (% UVT)
				  multiplied by time measures disinfection efficiency.
As a result, an in-line UVT analyzer is needed to assure that
				  the proper dose is provided on a continuing basis, and it may be necessary to
				  pre-treat the water supply to assure consistent water quality.
The use of UV to meet the bacteriological requirements of the
PMO
is acceptable provided the equipment used meets the
				  criteria described herein. Water systems that are within the scope of the
U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act
as amended and 40 CFR Part 141,
				  or state programs that have adopted these requirements, shall be regulated
				  under this act and these regulations. Individual water systems that are not
				  regulated under this act and regulations may be continuously disinfected using
				  UV light based technologies provided the following criteria are met.
Criteria for the Acceptability of a UV Disinfection
				  Unit
1. When used to disinfect water to potable drinking
water standards, UV light shall be applied so that the entire
				  volume of water receives at least the following dose: UV at 2,537 Angstrom (254
				  nanometers) at 186,000 microwatt-seconds per square centimeter or equivalent to
				  achieve an EPA log virus reduction equivalent dose.
2. A flow or time delay mechanism shall be provided so that
				  all water moving past the flow stop or divert valve receives the minimum dose
				  required above.
3. The unit shall be designed to permit the frequent cleaning
				  of the system without disassembly of the unit and shall be cleaned often enough
				  to ensure that the system will provide the required dose at all times.
4. An accurately calibrated UV intensity sensor, properly
				  filtered to restrict its sensitivity to the 2,500-2,800 Angstrom (250-280
				  nanometers) germicidal spectrum, shall measure the UV energy from the lamps.
				  There shall be one (1) sensor for each UV lamp.
5. A flow-diversion valve or automatic shut-off valve shall
				  be installed which will permit flow into the potable water lines only when at
				  least the minimum required UV dosage is applied. When power is not being
				  supplied to the unit, the valve shall be in a closed (fail-safe) position which
				  shall prevent the flow of water into the potable water lines.
6. An automatic flow control valve, accurate within the
				  expected pressure range, shall be installed to restrict flow to the maximum
				  design flow of the treatment unit so that the entire volume of water receives
				  the minimum dose required above.
7. The materials of construction shall not impart toxic
				  materials into the water either as a result of the presence of toxic
				  constituents in the materials of construction or as a result of physical or
				  chemical changes resulting from exposure to UV energy.
Criteria for the Acceptability of a UV Disinfection
				  Unit For Farm Water Supplies with a Flow Rate Less than Twenty (20) Gallons Per
				  Minute
1. When used to disinfect water to potable drinking water
				  standards, UV light shall be applied so that the entire volume of water
				  receives at least a minimum reduction equivalent does of UV at 2,537 Angstrom
				  (254 nanometers) of 40,000 microwatt-seconds per square centimeter.
2. A flow or time delay mechanism shall be provided so that
				  all water moving past the flow stop or divert valve receives the minimum dose
				  required above.
3. The unit shall be designed to permit the frequent cleaning
				  of the system without disassembly of the unit and shall be cleaned often enough
				  to ensure that the system will provide the required dose at all times.
4. An accurately calibrated UV intensity sensor, properly
				  filtered to restrict its sensitivity to the 2,500-2,800 Angstrom (250-280
				  nanometers) germicidal spectrum, shall measure the UV energy from the lamps.
				  There shall be one (1) sensor for each UV lamp.
5. A flow-diversion valve or automatic shut-off valve shall
				  be installed which shall permit flow into the potable water lines only when at
				  least the minimum required UV dosage is applied. When power is not being
				  supplied to the unit, the valve shall be in a closed (fail-safe) position which
				  shall prevent the flow of water into the potable water lines.
6. An automatic flow control valve, accurate within the
				  expected pressure range, shall be installed to restrict flow to the maximum
				  design flow of the treatment unit so that the entire volume of water receives
				  the minimum dose required above.
7. The materials of construction shall not impart toxic
				  materials into the water either as a result of the presence of toxic
				  constituents in the materials of construction or as a result of physical or
				  chemical changes resulting from exposure to UV energy.
Note
: Existing water supplies which otherwise
				  comply with the applicable requirements of this appendix may continue to use UV
				  disinfection systems that were accepted under M-a-18 (Use of Ultraviolet
				  Process for Disinfection of Water). Replacement systems shall comply with these
				  rules.
V.
WATER RECLAIMED FROM MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS AND FROM
				  HEAT EXCHANGERS OR COMPRESSORS IN MILK PLANTS
Water reclaimed from Grade "A" milk and milk products may be
				  reused in a milk plant. Water reclaimed from non-Grade "A" milk and milk
				  products may also be reused in a milk plant provided that the design and
				  operation of the equipment used to reclaim water meets the requirements of
				  these rules. Water utilized for heat exchanger purposes in plate or other type
				  heat exchangers or compressors, except those utilizing gaskets to separate oil
				  and water, in Grade "A" milk plants may be reclaimed for milk plant operations.
				  The three (3) general categories for reclaimed water use are:
CATEGORY I. USED FOR POTABLE WATER
				  PURPOSES
Reclaimed water to be used for potable water purposes,
				  including the production of culinary steam, shall meet the following
				  requirements and shall be documented:
1. Water shall comply with the Bacteriological Standards of
				  Appendix G, and, in addition, shall not exceed a total plate count of 500 per
				  milliliter (500/mL).
2. Samples shall be collected daily for two (2) weeks
				  following initial approval of the installation and semi-annually thereafter.
				  Provided, that daily tests shall be conducted for one (1) week following any
				  repairs or alteration to the system.
3. For water reclaimed from milk and milk products, a
				  standard turbidity of less than five (5) units; or an electrical conductivity
				  (EC) maintained in correlation with an organic content of less than twelve (12)
				  mg/L, as measured by the chemical oxygen demand or permanganate-consumed
				  test.
4. For water reclaimed from milk and milk product, automatic
				  fail-safe monitoring devices located at any point in the reclaimed water line
				  prior to the storage vessel shall be used to monitor and automatically divert
				  to the sewer any water that exceeds the standard.
5. The water shall be of satisfactory organoleptic quality
				  and shall have no off-flavors, odors, or slime formations.
6. The water shall be sampled and tested organoleptically at
				  weekly intervals.
7. Approved chemicals such as chlorine with a suitable
				  detention period, or UV disinfection that complies with the criteria in
				  Appendix D may be used to suppress the development of bacterial growth and
				  prevent the development of tastes and odors.
8. When chemicals are added, they shall be added by an
				  automatic proportioning device prior to the water entering the storage vessel
				  to assure satisfactory quality water in the storage vessel at all times.
9. When chemicals are added, a daily testing program for such
				  added chemicals shall be in effect and such chemicals shall not add substances
				  that will prove deleterious to the use of the water or contribute to product
				  contamination.
10. The storage vessel(s) and/or any balance tank(s) shall be
				  properly constructed of such material that it will not contaminate the water
				  and can be satisfactorily cleaned.
11. The distribution system within a milk plant for such
				  reclaimed water shall be a separate system with no cross-connections to a
				  municipal or private water system.
12, All physical, chemical, and microbiological tests shall
				  be conducted in accordance with the latest edition of
SMEWW
.
13. If water reclaimed from milk and milk products is used
				  for heat exchange in a raw milk heat exchanger, the reclaimed water shall be
				  protected in the following manner:
(a) Heat exchangers of this type shall be so designed,
				  installed, and operated that the heat transfer-medium side of the heat
				  exchanger, in the raw milk or milk product section, will automatically be under
				  greater pressure than the raw milk or milk product side at all times.
(b) The reclaimed water between its outlet from the heat
				  exchanger and the nearest point downstream open to the atmosphere shall rise to
				  a vertical elevation of at least 30.5 centimeters (12 inches) above any raw
				  milk or milk product in the system and shall be open to the atmosphere at this
				  or a higher elevation.
(c) The heat-transfer water circuit shall be full of water at
				  the beginning of the run and loss of water from the circuit shall be
				  automatically and immediately replenished whenever raw milk or milk product is
				  present in the heat exchanger.
(d) The heat exchanger shall be designed and installed so
				  that all raw milk or milk product shall drain freely back to the upstream
				  supply tank when the raw milk or milk product pumps are shut down and when the
				  raw milk or milk product line is disconnected from the heat exchanger
				  outlet.
(e) Any pump located between the raw milk or milk product
				  inlet to the heat exchanger and the balance tank shall be designed and
				  installed to operate only when water is flowing through the heat-transfer
				  section of the heat exchanger and when the pressure of the heat-transfer water
				  is higher than the pressure of the raw milk or milk product. This may be
				  accomplished by wiring the booster pump so that it shall only operate
				  if:
(1) The heat-transfer water pump is in operation.
(2) The heat-transfer water pressure exceeds, by at least 6.9
				  kPa (1 psi), the raw milk or milk product pressure in the regenerator. A
				  differential pressure controller shall be installed at the raw milk or milk
				  product inlet and the heat-transfer water outlet of the heat exchanger. The raw
				  milk or milk product booster pump shall be wired so that it cannot operate
				  unless the differential pressure is met. The accuracy of the required
				  differential pressure controller shall be checked by the Health Officer on
				  installation, quarterly thereafter, and following repair or replacement.
(f) Provisions shall be made for cleaning the reclaimed water
				  side of the raw milk heat exchanger and associated piping from the evaporator
				  and/or membrane processes to the reclaimed water storage vessel.
(g) The reclaimed water side of the raw milk heat exchanger
				  and associated piping shall be cleaned at the same required frequency as the
				  equipment generating the reclaimed water.
Note
: Water reclaimed from raw milk membrane
				  processes shall not be used for Category I purposes unless it has been
				  heat-treated at times and temperatures which meet at least the minimum times
				  and temperatures provided for in the definition of pasteurization of these
				  rules or undergone an equivalent process found to be acceptable to FDA and the
				  Health Officer.
CATEGORY II. USED FOR LIMITED PURPOSES
Reclaimed water may be used for the following limited
				  purposes including:
1. Production of culinary steam.
2. Pre-rinsing of the product surfaces where pre-rinses will
				  not be used in milk or milk products.
3. Cleaning solution make-up water.
4. Non-recirculated heat exchange media used against
				  unpasteurized milk or milk products or acid whey provided it complies with Item
				  1. as cited below.
5. Non-recirculated heat exchange media used against
				  pasteurized milk and milk products with the plate or double/triple tube type
				  heat exchanger designed and operated in accordance with Item 15p.(B)10.
				  Provided that for these uses, Items 3-11 of Category I are satisfied and shall
				  be documented. Or, in the case of reclaimed water from heat exchangers or
				  compressors, Items 5-11 are satisfied and shall be documented.
1. There is no carry-over of water from one (1) day to the
				  next, and any water collected is used promptly; or
(a) The temperature of all water in the storage and
				  distribution system is maintained either at 7°C (45°F) or below, or at
				  63°C (145°F) or higher by automatic means; or
(b) The water is treated with a suitable, approved chemical
				  to suppress bacterial propagation by means of an automatic proportioning
				  device, or UV disinfection that complies with the criteria in Appendix D, prior
				  to the water entering the storage tank; or
(c) The water shall comply with the Bacteriological Standards
				  of Appendix G and, in addition, shall not exceed a total plate count of 500 per
				  milliliter (500/mL). Samples shall be collected daily for two (2) weeks
				  following initial approval of the installation and semi-annually thereafter.
				  Provided, that daily tests shall be conducted for one (1) week following any
				  repairs or alteration to the system. All physical, chemical, and
				  microbiological tests shall be conducted in accordance with the latest edition
				  of
SMEWW
; and that,
2. Distribution lines and hose stations are clearly
				  identified as "limited use reclaimed water."
3. Water handling practices and guidelines are clearly
				  described and prominently displayed at appropriate locations within the milk
				  plant.
3. These water lines are not permanently connected to product
				  vessels without a break to the atmosphere and sufficient automatic controls to
				  prevent the inadvertent addition of this water to product streams.
CATEGORY III. USE OF RECLAIMED WATER NOT MEETING THE
				  REQUIREMENTS OF THIS SECTION
Reclaimed water not meeting the requirements of this section
				  may be used as feed-water for boilers, not used for generating culinary steam,
				  or in a thick, double walled, enclosed heat exchanger.
VI.
WATER RECLAIMED FROM HEAT EXCHANGER PROCESSES OR
				  COMPRESSORS ON GRADE "A" DAIRY FARMS
Potable water utilized for heat exchange purposes in plate or
				  other type heat exchangers or compressors on Grade "A" dairy farms may be
				  salvaged for the milking operation if the following criteria are met:
1. The water shall be stored in a storage vessel properly
				  constructed of such material that it will not contaminate the water and be
				  designed to protect the water supply from possible contamination.
2. The storage vessel shall be equipped with a drain and
				  access point to allow for cleaning.
3. No cross-connection shall exist between this supply and
				  any unsafe or questionable water supply or any other source of
				  pollution.
4. There are no submerged inlets through which this supply
				  may be contaminated.
5. The water shall be of satisfactory organoleptic quality
				  and shall have no off-flavors or odors.
6. The water shall comply with the Bacteriological Standards
				  of Appendix G.
7. Samples shall be collected and analyzed prior to initial
				  approval and semi-annually thereafter.
8. Approved chemicals such as chlorine with a suitable
				  retention period, or UV disinfection that complies with the criteria in
				  Appendix D, may be used to suppress the development of bacterial growth and
				  prevent the development of tastes and odors.
9. When chemicals are added, a monitoring program for such
				  added chemicals shall be in effect and such chemicals shall not add substances
				  that will prove deleterious to the use of the water or contribute to product
				  contamination.
10. If the water is to be used for the sanitizing of teats or
				  equipment, backflush systems, approved sanitizers such as iodine, may be added
				  by an automatic proportioning device located downstream from the storage vessel
				  but prior to its end-use application.
Note
: Water from the current milking obtained
				  directly from the discharge of a raw milk heat exchanger may be utilized for
				  the one (1) time pre-rinsing of dairy equipment or for non- potable uses. This
				  heat exchange water may be used if:
The water is used for the one (1) time pre-rinsing of milking
				  equipment, including milk lines, milking claw assembly, milk receiver, etc.,
				  and discharged to waste.
The water is collected directly from the plate heat exchanger
				  into the wash vat or utensil sink.
The water piping system shall meet the requirements of Item
				  8r of these rules.
VII
I.
TOWER WATER DIAGRAMS
Click to view
				  image
Figure 8. Tower Water Cooling Supplied Directly from a
				  Tower Water Distribution Line Without a Balance Tank
Click to view
				  image
Figure 9. Tower Water Cooling Using a Balance Tank
				  Overflow Higher than the Heat Exchanger with Local Tower Water Supply
				  Pump
Click to view
				  image
Figure 10. Tower Water Cooling Using a Balance Tank
				  Overflow Higher than the Heat Exchanger with a Bypass Line and a Local Tower
				  Water Return Pump
Click to view
				  image
Figure 11. Tower Water Cooling Using a Balance Tank
				  Lower than the Heat Exchanger with a Local Tower Water Supply
				  Pump
Click to view
				  image
Figure 12. Tower Water Cooling Using a Balance Tank
				  Lower than the Heat Exchanger with a Bypass Line and a Local Tower Water Return
				  Pump
VIII
I.
DRAWINGS OF CONSTRUCTION DETAILS FOR WATER
				  SOURCES
Note:
The following Figures 13-30 are taken from
The Manual of Individual Water Supply Systems,
EPA publication
				  number EPA-430-9-73-003.
Click to view
				  image
Figure 13. Bored Well with Driven Well
				  Point
Click to view
				  image
Figure 14. Drilled Well with Submersible
				  Pump
Click to view
				  image
Figure 15. Dug Well with Two-Pipe Jet Pump
				  Installation
Click to view
				  image
Figure 16. Pumphouse
Click to view
				  image
Figure 17. Spring Protection
Click to view
				  image
Figure 18. Pond
Click to view
				  image
Figure 19. Schematic Diagram of a Pond Water Treatment
				  System
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				  image
F iFigure 20. Cistern
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				  image
Figure 21. Typical Concrete Reservoir
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				  image
Figure 22. Pit-less Adapter with Submersible Pump
				  Installation for Basement Storage
Click to view
				  image
Figure 23. Clamp-on Pitless Adapter with Concentric
				  External Piping for "Shallow Well" Pump Installation
Click to view
				  image
Figure 24. Pitless Unit with Concentric External Piping
				  for Jet Pump Installation
Click to view
				  image
Figure 25. Weld-on Pitless Adapter with Concentric
				  External Piping for "Shallow Well" Pump Installation
Click to view
				  image
Figure 26. Well Seal for Jet Pump
				  Installation
Click to view
				  image
Figure 27. Well Seal for Submersible Pump
				  Installation
Click to view
				  image
Figure 28. Typical Valve and Box, Manhole Covers, and
				  Piping Installation
Click to view
				  image
Figure 29. Suction Feeder
Click to view
				  image
Figure 30. Positive Displacement
				  Chlorinator
Author:
G. M. Gallaspy, Jr.
Statutory Authority:
Code of Ala. 1975,
					 §§
											22-2-2,
					 22-20-7.