California Code of Regulations › Title 8 - Industrial Relations › Division 1 - Department of Industrial Relations › Chapter 4 - Division of Industrial Safety › Subchapter 4 - Construction Safety Orders › Article 2 - Definitions › Section 1504 - Definitions

Current through Register 2024 Notice Reg. No. 28, July 12, 2024
(a) The following
					 definitions shall apply in the application of these Orders.
Access. A means of reaching a workspace or a work
						area.
Accessible. Within reach from a workspace or work
						area.
Adequate Ventilation. Ventilation which, under normal
						operating conditions, is sufficient to keep the concentration of a hazardous
						gas, vapor, mist, fume or dust below the amount which will produce harmful
						effects or below 20 percent of the lower explosive limit, whichever is
						lower.
Anchorage. A secure point of attachment for lifelines,
						lanyards or deceleration devices.
Approved. See section
						1505.
Body Belt. A simple or compound strap with means for
						securing it about the waist and for securing a lanyard to it.
Body Harness. Straps which may be secured about the
						employee in a manner that will distribute the fall arrest forces over at least
						the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders with means for attaching it to
						other components of a personal fall arrest system.
Buckle. Any device for holding the body belt or body
						harness closed around the employee's body.
Bulldozer. A tractor having a blade in front for moving
						earth or other materials.
Bull Float. A tool used to spread out and smooth a
						concrete surface.
Carryall. A self-loading and unloading vehicle pulled by
						a tractor or powered attachment, and used for movement and placing of earth or
						other materials.
Certified Safety Professional or CSP. A safety
						professional who has met education and experience standards, has demonstrated
						by examination the knowledge that applies to professional safety practice,
						continues to meet recertification requirements established by the Board of
						Certified Safety Professionals (BCSP), and is authorized by BCSP to use the
						Certified Safety Professional designation.
Closed Container. A container as herein defined, so
						sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapor will
						escape from it at ordinary temperatures.
Combustible Liquid. A liquid having a flash point greater
						than 199.4°F (93°C) (formerly designated Class IIIB Combustible
						liquids).
Competent Person. One who is capable of identifying
						existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions
						which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has
						authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
Connector. A device which is used to couple (connect)
						parts of the personal fall arrest system and positioning device systems
						together. It may be an independent component of the system, such as a
						carabiner, or it may be an integral component of part of the system (such as a
						buckle or deering sewn into a body belt or body harness, or a snap-hook spliced
						or sewn to a lanyard or self-retracting lanyard).
Contaminant. A harmful, irritating or nuisance material
						that is foreign to the environment.
NOTE: For definition of "harmful exposure" refer to
						section 5140 of General Industry Safety
						Orders.
Controlled Access Zone (CAZ). An area in which certain
						work may take place without the use of guardrails, personal fall arrest
						systems, or safety nets and access to the zone is controlled. Coon. To straddle
						and move horizontally on a beam while walking on the bottom flanges.
Crawling Board (Chicken Ladder). A plank with cleats
						spaced and secured at equal intervals and used by workers on roofs as a means
						of access.
Dangerous Equipment. Equipment (such as pickling or
						galvanizing tanks, degreasing units, machinery, electrical equipment, and other
						construction related equipment such as hoppers and conveyors) which, as a
						result of form or function, may be hazardous to employees who fall onto or into
						such equipment.
Deceleration Device. Any mechanism, such as a rope grab,
						rip-stitch lanyard, specially-woven lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyards,
						automatic self-retracting lifelines/lanyards, etc., which serves to dissipate a
						substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest, or otherwise limit the
						energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest.
Deceleration Distance. The additional vertical distance a
						falling employee travels, excluding lifeline elongation and free fall distance,
						before stopping, from the point at which the deceleration device begins to
						operate. It is measured as the distance between the location of an employee's
						body belt or body harness attachment point at the moment of activation (at the
						onset of fall arrest forces) of the deceleration device during a fall, and the
						location of that attachment point after the employee comes to a full
						stop.
Dedicated Pile Driver. A machine that is designed to
						function exclusively as a pile driver. These machines typically have the
						ability to both hoist the material that will be pile-driven and to pile-drive
						that material.
Defect. Any characteristic or condition which tends to
						weaken or reduce the strength or the safety of the tool, machine, object, or
						structure of which it is a part.
Division. The current Division of Occupational Safety and
						Health or any of its predecessors including the former Division of Industrial
						Safety or the Division of Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
						Reference to the former Division of Industrial Safety or Division of
						Occupational Safety and Health Administration in these Orders is meant to refer
						to their successor, the Division of Occupational Safety and Health, or any
						subsequent successor agency.
Drop Line (Safety Line). A vertical line from a fixed
						anchorage, independent of the work surface, to which the lanyard is
						affixed.
Elevator, Construction. Any means used to hoist persons
						or material of any kind on a building under course of construction, when
						operated within guides, by any power other than muscular power.
Emergency Medical Services.
(A) Appropriately Trained Person. A physician
					 or registered nurse currently licensed in California or a person possessing a
					 current certificate (training within the past three years or as specifically
					 stated on the certificate) from the American National Red Cross or equivalent
					 training that can be likewise verified. Acceptable Red Cross certificates are
					 those from the Standard First-Aid Multimedia, Standard First Aid and Personal
					 Safety, or Advanced First Aid and Emergency Care courses.
NOTE: Equivalent training includes, but is not limited
						to, training which is equivalent to that provided by the American National Red
						Cross, or training required for certification as mobile intensive care
						paramedics as provided under chapter 2.5, article 3, sections
						1480
						through
						1484.4
						of the California Health and Safety Code; and, courses that are given by
						nationally recognized voluntary health organizations, official agencies, such
						as Mine Safety and Health Administration, or accredited teaching
						institutions.
(B) Emergency
					 Medical Services. The communications, transportation and medical and related
					 services, such as first aid, rendered in response to the individual need for
					 immediate medical care in order to reduce or prevent suffering and disability
					 and reduce the incidence of death.
(C) First Aid. The recognition of, and prompt
					 care for injury or sudden illness prior to the availability of medical care by
					 licensed health-care personnel.
Employer.
(A)
					 The State and every State agency.
(B) Each county, city, district, and all
					 public and quasi-public corporations and public agencies therein.
(C) Every person including any public service
					 corporation which has any natural person in service.
(D) The legal representative of any deceased
					 employer.
Excavation, Trenches, Earthwork.
(A) Bank. A mass of soil rising above a
					 digging level.
(B) Exploration
					 Shaft. A shaft created and used for the purpose of obtaining subsurface
					 data.
(C) Geotechnical Specialist
					 (GTS). A person registered by the State as a Certified Engineering Geologist,
					 or a Registered Civil Engineer trained in soil mechanics, or an engineering
					 geologist or civil engineer with a minimum of 3 years applicable experience
					 working under the direct supervision of either a Certified Engineering
					 Geologist or Registered Civil Engineer.
(D) Hard Compact (as it applies to section
					 1542). All earth material not
					 classified as running soil.
(E)
					 Lagging. Boards which are joined, side-by-side, lining an excavation.
(F) Running Soil (as it applies to section
					 1542). Earth material where the
					 angle of repose is approximately zero, as in the case of soil in a nearly
					 liquid state, or dry, unpacked sand which flows freely under slight pressure.
					 Running material also includes loose or disturbed earth that can only be
					 contained with solid sheeting.
(G)
					 Shaft. An excavation under the earth's surface in which the depth, is much
					 greater than its cross-sectional dimensions such as those formed to serve as
					 wells, cesspools, certain foundation footings, and under streets, railroads,
					 buildings, etc.
Exhaust Retrofit. An emission control device installed on
						a vehicle after the vehicle's manufacture, including, but not limited to,
						modified or added sections of exhaust pipe that connects the emission control
						device to the engine.
Exit. Exit is a continuous and unobstructed means of
						egress to a public way, and shall include intervening doors, doorways,
						corridors, exterior exit balconies, ramps, stairways, smoke-proof enclosures,
						horizontal exits, exit passageways, exit courts, and yards.
Failure. Load refusal, breakage, or separation of
						component parts. Load refusal is the point where the ultimate strength is
						exceeded.
Falsework and Shoring for Concrete Construction.
						Temporary formwork and vertical shoring, etc., to support concrete and placing
						operations for supported slabs of concrete structures.
Fire Area. An area of a building separated from the
						remainder of the building by construction having a fire resistance of at least
						1 hour and having all communicating openings properly protected by an assembly
						having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour.
Fire Extinguishers, Portable.
(A) Portable fire extinguishers are
					 classified for use on certain classes of fires and rated for relative
					 extinguishing effectiveness at a temperature of plus 70 degrees Fahrenheit by
					 nationally recognized testing laboratories. This is based upon the
					 classification of fires and the fire-extinguishment potentials as determined by
					 fire tests.
(B) The classification
					 and rating system described in this standard is that used by Underwriters'
					 Laboratories, Inc., and Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada and is based on
					 extinguishing pre-planned fires of determined size and description as follows:
1. Class A Rating. Wood and
					 excelsior.
2. Class B Rating.
					 Two-inch depth n-heptane fires in square pans.
3. Class C Rating. No fire test. Agent must
					 be a nonconductor of electricity.
4. Class D Rating. Special tests on specific
					 combustible metal fires.
Fires.
(A) Class
					 A. Fires in ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber,
					 and many plastics.
(B) Class B.
					 Fires in flammable liquids, gases, and greases.
(C) Class C. Fires which involve energized
					 electrical equipment where the electrical nonconductivity of the extinguishing
					 media is of importance. (When electrical equipment is de-energized,
					 extinguishers for Class A or B fires may be used safely.)
(D) Class D. Fires in combustible metals,
					 such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium.
Flammable Liquid. Any liquid having a vapor pressure not
						exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (absolute) at 100 °F (37.8 °C) and
						having a flashpoint at or below 199.4 °F (93 °C). Flammable liquids are
						divided into four categories as follows:
(A) Category 1 shall include liquids having
					 flashpoints below 73.4 °F (23 °C) and having a boiling point at or
					 below 95 °F (35 °C).
(B)
					 Category 2 shall include liquids having flashpoints below 73.4 °F (23
					 °C) and having a boiling point above 95 °F (35 °C).
(C) Category 3 shall include liquids having
					 flashpoints at or above 73.4 °F (23 °C) and at or below 140 °F (60
					 °C).
(D) Category 4 shall
					 include liquids having flashpoints above 140 °F (60 °C) and at or below
					 199.4 °F (93 °C).
Flash point of the liquid. The temperature at which it
						gives off vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the
						surface of the liquid or within the vessel used as determined by appropriate
						test procedure and apparatus as specified below.
(A) The flashpoint of liquids having a
					 viscosity less than 45 Saybolt Universal Second(s) at 100 °F (37.8 °C)
					 and a flashpoint below 175 °F (79.4 °C) shall be determined in
					 accordance with the Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup
					 Tester, ASTM D-56-05, which is incorporated herein by reference, or an
					 equivalent method as defined by Section
					 5194 Appendix B.
(B) The flashpoints of liquids having a
					 viscosity of 45 Saybolt Universal Second(s) or more at 175 °F (79.4 °C)
					 or higher shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Test Methods for
					 Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester, ASTM D-93-08, which is
					 incorporated herein by reference, or an equivalent method as defined by Section
					 5194 Appendix B.
Floor Area. The area included within the surrounding
						exterior walls of a building or portion thereof, exclusive of vent shafts and
						courts. The floor area of a building, or portion thereof, not provided with
						surrounding exterior walls shall be the usable area under the horizontal
						projection of the roof or floor above.
Free Fall. The act of falling before a personal fall
						arrest system begins to apply force to arrest the fall.
Free Fall Distance. The vertical displacement of the fall
						arrest attachment point on the employee's body belt or body harness between
						onset of the fall and just before the system begins to apply force to arrest
						the fall. This distance excludes deceleration distance, and lifeline/lanyard
						elongation, but includes any deceleration device slide distance or
						self-retracting lifeline/lanyard extension before they operate and fall arrest
						forces occur.
Grade (Adjacent Ground Elevation). The lowest point of
						elevation of the finished surface of the ground, paving or sidewalk, within the
						area between the building and the property line, or when the property line is
						more than 5 feet from the building, between the building and a line 5 feet from
						the building.
Guardrail. (See Railing)
Guy. A line that steadies a mast or structure by pulling
						against an off-center load.
Handrail. A rail used to provide employees with a
						handhold for support. Haulage Vehicle, as used in these Orders. A
						self-propelled vehicle including its trailer, used to transport materials on
						construction projects. The term "haulage vehicle" includes trucks, truck and
						trailer combinations, and all other similar equipment used for haulage.
Hazardous Substance. One which by reason of being
						explosive, flammable, extremely flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing,
						irritant, or otherwise harmful is likely to cause injury.
Helicopter. A rotary wing aircraft which depends
						principally for its support and motion in the air upon the lift generated by
						one or more power-driven rotors, rotating on substantially vertical axes. It
						can hover, fly backward and sideways, in addition to forward flight. (The
						following definitions (A) through (K) apply to helicopter operations
						only.):
(A) Automatic Release Device. A
					 mechanism for releasing the load without deliberate action by the pilot or
					 crewmen.
(B) Dangerous Materials.
					 Explosives, flammables, oxidizing materials, corrosive liquids, compressed
					 gases, poisons, radioactive materials, or a combination of other materials
					 which could produce dangerous material.
(C) Dust Control. The control of dust by use
					 of water or other materials.
(D)
					 Emergency. Human lifesaving or protective operation.
(E) External Load (Helicopter). A cargo which
					 is not contained wholly within the fuselage of the aircraft.
(F) Ground Crew (Helicopter). Those employees
					 not on board the helicopter who are directly involved with helicopter
					 operations.
(G) Heliport. An area
					 used for regular helicopter landings and takeoffs.
(H) Line Stringing Operation (Helicopter).
					 The placing of any line (power, communication, or other line, including the
					 pulling line) between two or more points by pulling it with an airborne
					 helicopter. This does not include towers, poles, or coiled lines transported as
					 a unit.
(I) Passenger (Helicopter).
					 A person to be transported who is not a member of the helicopter
					 crew.
(J) Practicable. Means
					 capable of being accomplished by reasonably available and workable
					 means.
(K) Sling Load (Helicopter).
					 An external load carried below or partly below the level of the landing gear.
					 Hole. Any opening in a floor or platform, which is smaller than an
					 opening.
Jacking Operation. The task of lifting a slab (or group
						of slabs) vertically from one location to another (e.g., from the casting
						location to a temporary (parked) location, or from a temporary location to
						another temporary location, or to its final location in the structure), during
						the construction of a building/structure where the lift-slab process is being
						used.
Jobsite vehicle. A vehicle which is operated on a jobsite
						exclusively and is excluded from the provisions of applicable traffic and
						vehicular codes, and haulage and earthmoving vehicles regulated by the
						provisions of Article 10 of these Orders.
Ladders.
(A)
					 Ladder. A device other than a ramp or stairway, designed for use in ascending
					 or descending at an angle with the horizontal. A ladder is intended to be
					 stationary while in service and consists of two side pieces called siderails,
					 joined at short intervals by crosspieces called steps, rungs or
					 cleats.
(B) Ladder, Double Cleat. A
					 ladder that is similar to a single cleat ladder, but is wider, with an
					 additional center rail which will allow for two-way traffic for workers in
					 ascending and descending.
(C)
					 Ladder, Extension. A ladder consisting of two or more sections, with guides or
					 brackets so arranged that the ladder may be adjusted to different lengths by
					 sliding and locking the movable section or sections.
(D) Ladder, Extension Trestle. A ladder
					 consisting of an "A" or trestle ladder with an additional single ladder, which
					 is supported in a vertical position by the "A" ladder.
(E) Ladder, Fixed. A ladder permanently
					 fastened to a structure.
(F)
					 Ladder, Jacob's ladder. A ladder having rigid rungs suspended between two
					 vertical chain or wire rope stringers, instead of the rigid side rails used on
					 fixed or portable ladders.
(G)
					 Ladder, Job-built. A ladder that is fabricated by employees, typically at the
					 construction site, and is not commercially manufactured.
(H) Ladder, Portable. A ladder, not
					 permanently fixed in place, which may be used at various locations.
(I) Ladder, Single-rail. A portable ladder
					 with rungs, cleats, or steps mounted on a single rail instead of the normal two
					 rails used on most other ladders.
(J) Ladder, Steps. Either rungs, treads, or
					 cleats.
(K) Ladder, Stepladder. A
					 ladder having treads and so constructed as to be self-supporting.
(L) Ladder, Step stool. A self-supporting,
					 collapsible, portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, 32 inches or less in
					 overall size, with flat steps and without a pail shelf, designed to be climbed
					 on the ladder top cap as well as all steps. The rails may continue above the
					 top cap.
(M) Ladder, Trestle or
					 "A." A ladder consisting of two special, single ladders hinged together at the
					 top to form equal angles with the surface on which they stand.
Lanyard. A flexible line to secure a wearer of a safety
						belt or harness to a drop line, lifeline, or fixed anchorage.
Leading Edge. The edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for
						a floor or other walking/working surface (such as the deck) which changes
						location as additional floor, roof, decking, or formwork sections are placed,
						formed, or constructed. A leading edge is considered to be an "unprotected side
						and edge" during periods when it is not actively and continuously under
						construction.
Lifeline. A horizontal line (i.e. catenary line) between
						two fixed anchorages, independent of the work surface, to which the lanyard is
						secured either by tying off or by means of a suitable sliding connection. For
						the purposes of these orders, lifelines may be vertical as well as horizontal
						(i.e. when used with a body harness).
Lift-Slab. An operation whereby a concrete slab is lifted
						into an elevated position by means of jacks located above the slab on columns
						or other supporting members.
Limited Access Zone. An area alongside a masonry wall
						which is under construction and which is clearly demarcated to limit access by
						employees.
Linemen's Body Belt. A leather or web (cotton or nylon)
						belt designed specifically for employees working on poles. It consists of a
						waist belt, generally cushioned, with a front buckle, two D rings for attaching
						safety straps and a multiple-looped strap for holding, rings, snaphooks,
						holsters and other tool holding devices.
Liquid. As applied to flammable and combustible liquids
						means any material which has a fluidity greater than that of 300 penetration
						asphalt when tested in accordance with ASTM Test for Penetration for Bituminous
						Materials, D-5-7.1.
Loading Device. A mobile mechanical-powered machine of
						the skip loader type used for picking up materials and loading or dumping them
						into haulage vehicles, bins, or hoppers, excluding boom-type excavators and
						endless belt or chain conveyors.
Lower Levels. Those areas or surfaces to which an
						employee can fall. Such areas or surfaces include, but are not limited to,
						ground levels, floors, platforms, ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks,
						material, water, equipment, structures, or portions thereof.
Lumber.
(A)
					 Douglas Fir or Equivalent. "Selected lumber" or other suitable material of
					 proper size, having strength at least equal to the specified Douglas fir
					 members.
(B) "Selected Lumber."
					 Douglas fir that has been graded under standards as high as those followed by
					 the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau or by the Western Wood Products
					 Association as suitable for a bending stress of 1,500 psi.
(C) "Structural Plank."
1. Douglas fir graded for scaffold plank use
					 and which has an allowable bending stress of at least 2,200 pounds per square
					 inch (psi). Select structural scaffold plank, as described in Paragraph 171-b
					 of the January 1, 2000 Standard Grading Rules No. 17, published by the West
					 Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau and Scaffold No. 2 as described in Paragraph
					 58.12 of the 1998 Edition of the Western Lumber Grading Rules published by the
					 Western Wood Products Association, satisfy this definition.
2. Southern Pine graded for scaffold plank
					 use that meets the Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine, effective July 1,
					 2002, Section
					 501 for Dense Industrial 72
					 Scaffold Plank and Section
					 502 for Dense Industrial 65
					 Scaffold Plank.
3. Other solid sawn
					 wood planking graded as a scaffold plank that meets the scaffold plank grading
					 rules of an agency approved by the American Lumber Standards Committee for the
					 species of wood used.
(D)
					 Size. Unless otherwise stated, the lumber sizes referred to in these Orders
					 mean nominal sizes and thus include both the rough and dressed members of those
					 nominal sizes.
Mast Tower. A single vertical member on which a
						cantilevered platform, suitable for carrying material, may be moved up and
						down.
Material Hoist. A hoist for raising and lowering
						materials only, with the hoisting of persons being prohibited.
(A) Cage. The load-carrying unit, consisting
					 of a platform and enclosure, and including a top as well as walls.
(B) Cantilevered Hoist Tower. A hoist tower
					 in which the platform, cage, or bucket travels on guide rails that are
					 generally an integral part of the vertical tower member(s) and in a vertical
					 plane, outboard from the tower member.
(C) Equivalent. An alternate design, feature,
					 device, or protective action which provides an equal degree of
					 safety.
(D) Hoistway. A shaft way
					 for the travel of one or more platforms, cages, or buckets. It includes the pit
					 and terminates at the underside of the beam at the top of the tower or
					 structure.
(E) Inside Hoists.
					 Hoistways contained entirely within the building being served, which sometimes
					 use the building structure itself for the support of the top beams, guide
					 rails, and appurtenant parts necessary for the proper functioning of the
					 platform.
(F) Load. The total
					 superimposed weight on the hoist platform or bucket.
(G) Platform. The load-carrying unit,
					 including the frame, which directly supports the load.
(H) Rated Load. The maximum load for which
					 the material hoist is designed and built by the manufacturer and which is shown
					 on the equipment nameplate(s).
(I)
					 Rated Speed. The speed at which the platform, cage, or bucket is designed to
					 operate in the up direction with a rated load in or on the load-carrying
					 unit.
(J) Rope. Refers to wire rope
					 only.
(K) Tower. The primary
					 structure which forms the hoistway for the travel of the platform, cage, or
					 bucket, and which provides the support for the top beams, guide rails, and
					 other appurtenant parts necessary for the operation of such units.
Mechanical Equipment. All motor or human propelled
						wheeled equipment used for roofing work, except wheelbarrows and
						mopcarts.
Midrail. A rail approximately midway between the top rail
						and platform, that is secured to the uprights erected along the exposed sides
						and ends of platforms.
Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL). A
						laboratory which has been recognized by the Department of Labor, Occupational
						Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as meeting the requirements of
						29 CFR
						1910.7.
O.D. O.D. means optical density and refers to the light
						refractive characteristics of a lens.
Opening. An opening in any floor or platform, 12 inches
						or more in the least horizontal dimension. It includes: stairway floor
						openings, ladderway floor openings, hatchways and chute floor openings.
Personal Fall Arrest System. A system used to arrest an
						employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage,
						connectors, a body belt or body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration
						device, lifeline, or suitable combinations of these. As of January 1, 1998, the
						use of a body belt for fall arrest is prohibited.
Personal Fall Restraint System. A system used to prevent
						an employee from falling. It consists of anchorages, connectors, body
						belt/harness. It may include, lanyards, lifelines, and rope grabs designed for
						that purpose.
Personal Fall Protection System. A personal fall
						protection system includes personal fall arrest systems, positioning device
						systems, fall restraint systems, safety nets and guardrails.
Personal Protective Equipment. Protection where modified
						by the words head, eye, body, hand, and foot, as required by the Orders in
						Subchapter 4, means the safeguarding obtained by means of safety devices and
						safeguards of the proper type for the exposure, and of such design, strength,
						and quality as to eliminate, preclude, or mitigate the hazard.
NOTE: See "approved."
Personnel Hoist. A mechanism for use in connection with
						the construction, alteration, maintenance, or demolition of a building
						structure, or other work. It is used for hoisting and lowering workers or
						materials, or both, is equipped with a car that moves on guide members during
						its vertical movement, and includes its hoistway.
(A) Buffer. A device used on construction
					 elevators designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal
					 limit of travel by storing or by absorbing and dissipating the kinetic energy
					 of the car or counterweight.
1. Buffer,
					 Hydraulic. A buffer using fluid as a medium which absorbs and dissipates the
					 kinetic energy of the descending car or counterweight.
2. Buffer Stroke, Hydraulic. The
					 fluid-displacing movement of the buffer plunger or piston, excluding the travel
					 of the buffer-plunger accelerating device.
3. Spring Buffer. A buffer which stores in a
					 spring the kinetic energy of the descending car or counterweight.
4. Spring-Buffer Load Rating. The load
					 required to compress the spring an amount equal to its stroke.
5. Spring-Buffer Stroke. The distance the
					 contact end of the spring can move under a compressive load until all coils are
					 essentially in contact.
(B) Car (Cage).
1. Hoist Car. The load-carrying unit
					 including its platform, car frame, enclosure, and car door or gate.
2. Car Door or Gate Electric Contact. An
					 electrical device, the function of which is to prevent operation of the driving
					 machine by the normal operating device unless the car door or gate is in the
					 closed position.
3. Car Enclosure.
					 The top and the walls of the car resting on, and attached to, the car
					 platform.
4. Car Frame (Sling). The
					 supporting frame to which the car platform, upper and lower sets of guide
					 shoes, car safety, and the hoisting ropes or hoisting rope sheaves or other
					 lifting mechanism are attached.
5.
					 Car Platform. The structure which forms the floor of the car and which directly
					 supports the load.
(C)
					 Clearance.
1. Bottom Car Clearance. The clear
					 vertical distance from the pit floor (ground or foundation) to the lowest
					 structural or mechanical part, equipment, or device installed beneath the car
					 platform, except guide shoes or rollers, safety-jaw assemblies, and platform
					 aprons or guards, when the car rests on its fully compressed buffers.
2. Top Car Clearance. The shortest vertical
					 distance between the top of the car crosshead, or between the top of the car
					 where no crosshead is provided, and the nearest part of the overhead structure,
					 or any other obstruction, when the car floor is level with the top terminal
					 landing.
3. Top Counterweight
					 Clearance. The shortest vertical distance between any part of the counterweight
					 structure and the nearest part of the overhead structure, or any other
					 obstruction, when the car floor is level with the bottom terminal
					 landing.
(D) Door or
					 Gate.
1. Car or Hoistway Door Gate. The
					 sliding portion of the car or the hinged or sliding portion in the hoistway
					 enclosure which closes the opening, giving access to the car or to the
					 landing.
2. Biparting Door. A
					 vertically or horizontally sliding door consisting of two or more sections so
					 arranged that the sections or groups of sections open away from each other and
					 so interconnected that all sections operate simultaneously.
3. Manually Operated Door or Gate. A door or
					 gate which is opened and closed by hand.
(E) Emergency Stop Switch. A device located
					 in the car which, when manually operated, causes the power to be removed from
					 the driving-machine motor, thereby causing the brake to be applied.
(F) Guide Members. Fixed vertical steel
					 sections designed to prevent lateral movement of the car. Guide members may be
					 standard elevator T-rails or other suitable sections.
(G) Guide Shoes or Rollers. Devices attached
					 to the car frame or counterweight which cause the car to be guided by the guide
					 members.
(H) Hoistway. A temporary
					 shaftway; the space traveled by the car.
1.
					 Hoistway Enclosure. The structure which isolates the hoistway from all other
					 parts of the building and on which the hoistway doors or gates, and door or
					 gate assemblies, are installed.
2.
					 Hoistway-Door or Gate Interlock. A device having the following two related and
					 interdependent functions which are:
a.
					 Preventing the operation of the driving machine by the normal operating device
					 unless the hoistway door or gate is locked in the closed position
					 and,
b. Preventing the opening of
					 the hoistway door or gate from the landing side unless the car is within the
					 landing zone and is either stopped or being stopped.
3. Car Door or Gate Separate Mechanical Lock.
					 A mechanical device, the function of which is to lock a car door or gate in the
					 closed position as the car leaves the receiving landing and to prevent the door
					 or gate from being opened unless the car is within the landing zone.
4. Hoistway Unit System. A series of
					 hoistway-door or gate interlocks, the function of which is to prevent operation
					 of the driving machine by the normal operating device unless all hoistway doors
					 or gates are in the closed position and locked.
(I) Landing.
1. Hoist Landing. That portion of a floor,
					 balcony, or platform used to receive and discharge passengers or
					 material.
2. Electric Driving
					 Machine. A machine whose energy is applied by an electric motor.
3. Geared-Drive Machine. A direct-drive
					 machine in which the energy is transmitted from the motor to the driving
					 sheave, drum, or shaft through gearing.
4. Gearless Traction Machine. A traction
					 machine without intermediate gearing, which has the traction sheave and the
					 brake drum mounted directly on the motor shaft.
5. Rack and Pinion Machine. A machine in
					 which the motion of a car is obtained by a power-driven rotating pinion, or
					 pinions, mounted on the car, traveling on a stationary rack mounted on the
					 supporting mast (tower).
6.
					 Traction Machine. A machine in which the motion of a car is obtained through
					 friction between the suspension ropes and a traction sheave.
7. Winding-Drum Machine. A geared-drive
					 machine in which the hoisting ropes are fastened to, and wind on, a
					 drum.
8. Worm-Geared Machine. A
					 direct-drive machine in which the energy from the motor is transmitted to the
					 driving sheave or drum through worm gearing.
(K) Mast (Tower). A vertical structure which
					 supports and guides the cart (and the counterweight and overhead when used)
					 outside of the mast structure.
(L)
					 Operating Device. The car switch, push button, lever, or other manual device
					 used to actuate the control.
(M)
					 Operation. The method of actuating the control.
1. Car-Switch Operation. An operation wherein
					 the movement and direction of travel of the car are directly and solely under
					 the control of the operator by means of a manually operated car switch in the
					 car.
(N) Overhead
					 Structure (Cathead). All of the structural members or platforms supporting the
					 hoist machinery, sheaves, or equipment at the top of the hoistway.
(O) Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere. An
					 atmosphere containing oxygen at a concentration of less than 19.5 percent by
					 volume.
(P) Pit. That portion of a
					 hoistway extending from the threshold level of the lowest landing door to the
					 floor (ground or foundation) at the bottom of the hoistway.
(Q) Rated Load. The load for which the hoist
					 is designed and installed to lift at the rated speed.
(R) Rated Speed. The speed in the up
					 direction, with rated load in the car, at which a hoist is designed to
					 operate.
(S) Rope. Hoist wire
					 ropes, governor wire ropes, and compensating wire ropes.
(T) Runby.
1. Bottom Hoist-Car Runby. The distance
					 between the car-buffer striker plate and the striking surface of the car buffer
					 when the car floor is level with the bottom terminal landing.
2. Bottom Hoist-Counterweight Runby. The
					 distance between the counterweight-buffer striker plate and the striking
					 surface of the counterweight buffer when the car floor is level with the top
					 terminal landing.
(U)
					 Safety, Car or Counterweight. A mechanical device attached to the car frame or
					 to an auxiliary frame, or to the counterweight frame, to stop and hold the car
					 or counterweight in case of predetermined over-speed or free fall, or if the
					 hoisting ropes slacken.
(V)
					 Slack-Rope Switch. A device which automatically causes the power to be removed
					 from the hoist driving-machine motor and applies the brake when the hoisting
					 ropes of a winding-drum machine become slack.
(W) Stopping Device.
1. Terminal Speed-Limiting Device. A device
					 which automatically reduces the speed as a car approaches a terminal landing,
					 independently of the functioning of the operating device and the
					 normal-terminal stopping device, if these devices fail to slow down the car as
					 intended.
2. Final-Terminal
					 Stopping Device. A device which automatically causes the power to be removed
					 from a hoist driving-machine motor and applies the brake independent of the
					 functioning of the normal-terminal stopping device, the operating device, or an
					 emergency terminal stopping device, after the car has passed terminal
					 landings.
3. Normal-Terminal
					 Stopping Device. A device or devices to slow down and stop a hoist car
					 automatically at or near a terminal landing, independently of the functioning
					 of the operating device.
(X) Tower. A vertical structure which
					 supports and guides the car (and the counterweight and overhead when used)
					 within the tower structure.
(Y)
					 Travel (Rise). The vertical distance between the bottom terminal landing and
					 the top terminal landing of a hoist.
Platform. An elevated working area or surface used for
						supporting workers, materials and equipment.
Powder-Actual Tools.
(A) Cased Power Load. A power load with the
					 propellant contained in a closed case.
(B) Caseless Power Load. A power load with
					 the propellant in solid form not requiring containment.
(C) To Chamber. To fit the chamber exactly
					 without force.
(D) Fasteners. Any
					 pins (unthreaded heads) or studs (threaded heads) driven by powder-actuated
					 tools.
(E) Fixture. A special
					 shield which provides equivalent protection where the standard shield cannot be
					 used.
(F) Head. That portion of a
					 fastener which extends above the work surface after being properly
					 driven.
(G) High-Velocity Tool. A
					 tool whose velocity has been measured 10 times while utilizing the combination
					 of:
(1) The lightest commercially available
					 fastener designed for the tool.
(2)
					 The strongest commercially available power load that will properly chamber in
					 the tool that will produce an average velocity from the 10 tests in excess of
					 492 feet per second (150m/s).
(H) Medium-Velocity Tool. A tool whose test
					 velocity has been measured 10 times while utilizing the highest velocity
					 combination of:
(1) The lightest commercially
					 available fastener designed for the tool.
(2) The strongest commercially available
					 power load that will properly chamber in the tool.
(3) The piston designed for that tool and
					 appropriate for that fastener that will produce an average test velocity from
					 10 tests in excess of 328 feet per second (100m/s) but not in excess of 492
					 feet per second (150m/s) with no single test having a velocity of 525 feet per
					 second (160m/s).
(I)
					 Low-Velocity Tool. A tool whose test velocity has been measured 10 times while
					 utilizing the highest velocity combination of:
(1) The lightest commercially available
					 fastener designed for the specific tool.
(2) The strongest commercially available
					 power load that will properly chamber in the tool.
(3) The piston designed for that tool and
					 appropriate for that fastener that will produce an average test velocity from
					 the 10 tests not in excess of 328 feet per second (100m/s) with no single test
					 having a velocity of over 354 feet per second (108m/s).
(J) Misfire. A condition in which the power
					 load fails to ignite after the tool has been operated.
(K) Pole Tool Assembly. An attachment to a
					 powder-actuated tool to facilitate remote operation.
(L) Powder-Actuated Fastening System. A
					 fastening system using a powder-actuated tool, a power load and a
					 fastener.
(M) Powder-Actuated Tool,
					 also known as Tool. A tool that utilizes the expanding gases from a power load
					 to drive a fastener.
(N) Power
					 Load. The energy source used in powder-actuated tools.
(O) Shield. A device, attached to the muzzle
					 end of a tool, which is designed to confine flying particles.
(P) Spalled Area. A damaged and nonuniform
					 concrete or masonry surface, such as one damaged by a blow or a previously
					 unsuccessful fastening.
(Q) Valid
					 Operator's Card. A card issued by a qualified and authorized instructor which
					 certifies the holder of the card has been trained in the proper operation of
					 and is currently authorized to use the tool or tools specified on such
					 card.
Precast Concrete. Concrete members (such as walls,
						panels, slabs, columns, and beams) which have been formed, cast, and cured
						prior to final placement in a structure.
Positioning Device System. A body belt or body harness
						system rigged to allow an employee to be supported on an elevated surface, such
						as a wall, and work with both hands free while leaning.
Qualified Person, Attendant or Operator. A person
						designated by the employer who by reason of training, experience or instruction
						has demonstrated the ability to safely perform all assigned duties and, when
						required, is properly licensed in accordance with federal, state, or local laws
						and regulations.
Radiant Energy. Energy that travels outward in all
						directions from its source.
Railing. A barrier consisting of a top rail and a midrail
						secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of
						platforms.
Ramp. A surfaced sloping passageway connecting two
						different levels.
Readily Available. Means in a location with no obstacles
						to prevent immediate acquisition for use.
Reeving. A rope system in which the rope travels around
						drums and sheaves.
Reshoring. The construction operation in which shoring
						equipment (also called reshores or reshoring equipment) is placed, as the
						original forms and shores are removed, in order to support partially cured
						concrete and construction loads.
Roofing (or Bearer) Bracket. A bracket used in slope roof
						construction, having provisions for fastening over the ridge and secured to
						some suitable object.
Rope. Refers to wire rope unless otherwise
						specified.
Rope Grab. A deceleration device which travels on a
						lifeline and automatically, by friction, engages the lifeline and locks so as
						to arrest the fall of an employee. A rope grab usually employs the principle of
						inertial locking, cam/level locking, or both.
ROPS. ROPS means roll-over protective structure.
Runway. An elevated passageway.
S.A.E. S.A.E. means Society of Automotive
						Engineers.
Safety Belt or Harness. A device specifically for the
						purpose of securing, suspending, or retrieving a worker in or from a hazardous
						work area.
Safety Factor. Ratio of the ultimate breaking strength of
						a member or piece of material or equipment to the actual working stress or safe
						load when in use.
Safety Line. One that is provided to protect a worker
						from falls caused by failure of scaffolds, working platforms, or loss of
						balance, and shall extend to within 4 feet of ground or other stable
						surface.
Safety-Monitoring System. A safety system in which a
						competent person is responsible for recognizing and warning employees of fall
						hazards.
Self-Retracting Lifeline/Lanyard. A deceleration device
						containing a drum-wound line which can be slowly extracted from, or retracted
						onto, the drum under slight tension during normal employee movement, and which,
						after onset of a fall, automatically locks the drum and arrests the
						fall.
Safety Strap. A web strap designed specifically for use
						in conjunction with a linemen's belt as an aid in climbing poles and to secure
						the employee to the pole in a manner that permits work with both hands.
Scaffolds and Staging.
(A) Scaffold. Any temporary, elevated
					 structure used for the support of a platform.
NOTE: The term "scaffold" is used with inclusion of the
						platform and all supporting members when reference is made to loading
						factors.
(B) Scaffold,
					 Engineered. Scaffold designed by a Civil Engineer currently registered in the
					 State of California and experienced in scaffold design.
(C) Scaffold, Light-Duty. A scaffold designed
					 and constructed to carry a working load of 25 pounds per square foot of
					 scaffold platform, including weight of materials and workers on the platform.
NOTE: Load requirements for light-duty interior scaffolds
						are contained in Section
						1640(c)(1).
(D) Scaffold, Medium-Duty. A scaffold
					 designed and constructed to carry a working load of 50 pounds per square foot
					 of scaffold platform, including weight of materials and workers on the
					 platform.
(E) Scaffold, Heavy-Duty.
					 A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load of 75 pounds per
					 square foot of scaffold platform, including weight of materials and workers on
					 the platform.
(F) Scaffold,
					 Special-Duty. A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load that
					 exceeds 75 pounds per square foot of scaffold platform, including weight of
					 materials and workers on the platform.
(G) Ledger. The horizontal member of a
					 scaffold that runs at right angles to the wall and directly supports the
					 planking of the platform.
(H)
					 Ribbon. The horizontal member in a scaffold which runs from upright to upright
					 parallel to the building and is normally placed directly under the
					 ledger.
(I) Uprights. The vertical
					 members of a pole scaffold, such as posts, poles, or columns.
(J) Scaffold, Outrigger. A scaffold not
					 suspended by ropes, that is supported by outrigger beams cantilevered out from
					 the structure to which they are anchored.
(K) Scaffold, Suspended. A scaffold suspended
					 from above by ropes or cables and rigged with pulley blocks, winches, or
					 equivalent, so that the scaffold elevation is easily adjustable.
(L) Scaffold, Suspended, Power-Driven. Any
					 suspended scaffold equipped with 1 or more power units for raising or lowering
					 that are a part of and travel with the scaffold.
(M) Thrust-Out. The beam extending out from a
					 structure to support a suspended scaffold.
(N) Stud Jack. A scaffold device of metal
					 with saw-like teeth that grip the stud when the load is applied, and having a
					 cantilevered ledger for the support of a working platform.
(O) Catenary or Stretch Cables. Cables for
					 the support of staging, that are secured at each end and extend in a nearly
					 horizontal plane. The staging is placed on and supported by these
					 cables.
(P) Boatswain's Chair. A
					 seat which may be raised or lowered by means of attached rigging which suspends
					 it and the seated worker from above.
(Q) Working Load. Load imposed by workers,
					 materials and equipment.
(R) Brace.
					 A tie that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect to
					 another.
(S) Coupler. A device for
					 locking together the component parts of a tubular metal scaffold. (The material
					 used for the couplers shall be of a structural type, such as drop-forged steel,
					 malleable iron, or structural grade aluminum.)
(T) Maximum Rated Load. The total of all
					 loads including the working load, the weight of the scaffold, and such other
					 loads that may be reasonably anticipated.
(U) Scaffold, Bricklayer's Square. A scaffold
					 composed of framed wood squares which support a platform.
(V) Scaffold, Carpenter's Bracket. A scaffold
					 consisting of wood or metal brackets that support a platform.
(W) Scaffold, Float. A scaffold hung from
					 overhead supports by means of ropes and usually consisting of a ¾ -inch
					 plywood platform supported by 2 securely fastened bearers.
(X) Scaffold, Horse. A scaffold composed of
					 horses supporting a work platform.
(Y) Scaffold, Interior Hung. A scaffold
					 suspended from the ceiling or roof structure.
(Z) Scaffold, Ladder Jack. A light trade
					 scaffold supported by brackets attached to ladders.
(AA) Scaffold, Manually Propelled Mobile.
					 (See Rolling Scaffold.)
(BB)
					 Scaffold, Needle Beam. (See Outrigger Scaffold.)
(CC) Scaffold, Pole. A scaffold built of one
					 or two rows of vertical members, horizontal ledgers, platform planks, ribbons
					 and braces.
(DD) Scaffold, Rolling.
					 A portable rolling scaffold supported by caster wheels.
(EE) Scaffold, Tube and Coupler. An assembly
					 consisting of tubing which serves as posts, ledgers, ribbons, ties and braces,
					 a base supporting the posts, and special couplers which serve to connect the
					 uprights and to join the various members.
(FF) Scaffold, Tubular Welded Frame. A
					 sectional panel or frame metal scaffold substantially built-up of
					 prefabricated, welded sections which consist of posts and horizontal ledgers
					 with intermediate members.
(GG)
					 Scaffold, Window Jack. A scaffold, the platform of which is supported by a
					 bracket or jack which projects through a window opening.
(HH) Scaffold, Wooden Pole. A scaffold built
					 of one or two rows of vertical members (uprights), horizontal ledgers, platform
					 planks, ribbons and braces. A single pole scaffold consists of one row of
					 uprights and a double pole scaffold consists of two rows of uprights.
Shall. Mandatory.
Sheet Pile. A pile, or sheeting, that may form one of a
						continuous interlocking line, or a row of timber, concrete, or steel piles,
						driven in close contact to provide a tight wall to resist the lateral pressure
						of water, adjacent earth, or other materials.
Shore. A supporting member that resists a compressive
						force imposed by a load.
Should. Recommended.
Side Pull or Side Loading. A load applied at any angle to
						the vertical plane of the boom.
Single-User Toilet Facility. A toilet facility with a
						locking mechanism, controlled by the user, with one toilet, or one toilet and
						one urinal.
Skip. A container with sides in which materials are
						hoisted.
Snaphook. A connector comprised of a hook-shaped member
						with a normally closed keeper, or similar arrangement, which may be opened to
						permit the hook to receive an object and, when released, automatically closes
						to retain the object.
Stairs, Stairways. A series of steps and landings having
						2 or more risers leading from one level or floor to another.
Standard. Standard as referred to ladders, ROPS,
						railings, etc., means as described elsewhere in the Orders, ultimately based
						upon standards established by ANSI, SAE, engineers competent in specialized
						fields, equipment manufacturers and other duly recognized authorities.
Standing Rope (Guy). A supporting rope which maintains a
						constant distance between the points of attachment to the two components
						connected by the rope.
Story. That portion of a building included between the
						upper surface of any floor and the upper surface of the floor next above,
						except that the topmost story shall be that portion of a building included
						between the upper surface of the topmost floor and the ceiling or roof above.
						If the finished floor level directly above a basement, cellar or unused
						underfloor space is more than 6 feet above grade as defined herein for more
						than 50 percent of the total perimeter or is more than 12 feet above grade as
						defined herein at any point, such basement, cellar or unused underfloor space
						shall be considered as a story.
Structural Competence. The ability of the machine and its
						components to withstand the stresses imposed by applied loads.
Structure. That which is built or constructed, an edifice
						or building of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed
						of parts joined together in some definite manner.
Toeboard. A barrier secured along the sides and ends of a
						platform at the platform level used to guard against the falling of
						material.
Trench Jack. Screw, pneumatic or hydraulic type jacks
						used as cross bracing in a trench shoring system.
Trench Shield. A shoring system composed of plates and
						bracing, welded or bolted together, which can safely support the walls of a
						trench from the ground level to the trench bottom and which can be moved along
						as work progresses.
Unprotected Sides and Edges. Any side or edge (except at
						entrances to points of access) of a walking/working surface, e.g., floor, roof,
						ramp, or runway where there is no wall or standard guardrail or protection
						provided.
Vertical Slip Forms. Forms which are jacked vertically
						during placement of concrete.
Wall opening. A gap or void 30 inches or more high and 18
						inches or more wide, in a wall or partition, through which employees can fall
						to a lower level.