reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter III - Effects of Division (§§ 2901 — 2905) › § 2904 - Proportional obligation; insolvency of coheir

The mutual obligation of the coheirs to surrender is in proportion to their respective hereditary shares; but if any of them should be insolvent the other coheirs shall be liable for his part, in the same proportion deducting the part pertaining to the one to be indemnified.
Those paying for the insolvent shall preserve their action against him until the time when his fortune may improve.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1024.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter III - Effects of Division (§§ 2901 — 2905) › § 2905 - Liability for insolvency of debtor; unrecoverable credits

If a credit should be awarded as recoverable, the coheirs shall not be liable for the subsequent insolvency of the debtor to the estate, and shall be liable only for his insolvency at the time the division is made.
No one shall be liable for the credits qualified as unrecoverable; but should they be collected, in whole or in part, the amount collected shall be distributed in the proper proportion among the heirs.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1025.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter IV - Rescission of Division (§§ 2911 — 2919) › § 2911 - Causes for rescission

Divisions may be rescinded for the same causes as obligations.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1026.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter IV - Rescission of Division (§§ 2911 — 2919) › § 2912 - By reason of lesion

They may also be rescinded by reason of lesion exceeding the fourth part, taking into consideration the value of the things at the time they were awarded.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1027.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter IV - Rescission of Division (§§ 2911 — 2919) › § 2913 - Injury to legal portion of heirs by force of law

The division made by the testator cannot be impugned by reason of lesion excepting in the cases in which it may injure the legal portion of the heirs by force of law, or when it may appear, or it may be reasonably presumed, that the will of the testator was otherwise.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1028.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter IV - Rescission of Division (§§ 2911 — 2919) › § 2914 - Prescription of action

A rescissory action by reason of lesion shall prescribe after four years, counting from the time the division was made.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1029.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter IV - Rescission of Division (§§ 2911 — 2919) › § 2915 - Choice between indemnity and new division

A defendant heir may choose between indemnifying for the damage or consent to a new division.
The indemnity may be paid in cash or in the same thing which suffered the damage.
If a new division is made it shall not include those who may not have been prejudiced, nor those who did not receive more than was proper.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1030.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter IV - Rescission of Division (§§ 2911 — 2919) › § 2916 - Alienation of property preventing rescissory action

An heir who may have alienated the whole or a considerable part of the real property awarded to him cannot institute the rescissory action by reason of lesion.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1031.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter IV - Rescission of Division (§§ 2911 — 2919) › § 2917 - Omissions of objects or securities

The omission of one or more objects or securities of the inheritance does not give rise to the rescission of the division by reason of lesion, but only to complete or increase the estate with the objects or securities omitted.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1032.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter IV - Rescission of Division (§§ 2911 — 2919) › § 2918 - Division made with preterition of heir

A division, made with preterition of any of the heirs, shall not be rescinded unless it be proven that there was bad faith or deceit on the part of the other persons interested; but the latter shall be obliged to pay to the omitted person the proportionate share belonging to him.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1033.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter IV - Rescission of Division (§§ 2911 — 2919) › § 2919 - Division with person not an heir

A division made with a person who was believed to be an heir without being so shall be void.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1034.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter V - Payment of Hereditary Debts (§§ 2931 — 2936) › § 2931 - Opposition to division until credits paid or secured

Creditors, recognized as such, may oppose the division of the inheritance until they are paid or the amount of their credits is secured.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1035.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter V - Payment of Hereditary Debts (§§ 2931 — 2936) › § 2932 - Participation in division by creditors of coheirs

Creditors of one or more of the coheirs may take part, at their own expense, in the division in order to prevent it being made in fraud or to the prejudice of their rights.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1036.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter V - Payment of Hereditary Debts (§§ 2931 — 2936) › § 2933 - Demand for payment of debts after division

After the division has been made, the creditors may demand the payment of their debts in full of any of the heirs who may not have accepted the inheritance under the benefit of inventory, or up to the amount of their hereditary share in case they have accepted it under such benefit.
In either case the defendant shall have a right to notify and summon his coheirs, unless, by disposition of the testator or by reason of the division, he alone should be bound to pay the debt.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1037.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter V - Payment of Hereditary Debts (§§ 2931 — 2936) › § 2934 - Right of heir paying more than his share

The coheir who shall have paid more than pertains to his share in the inheritance may demand his proportionate part of the others.
The same course shall be pursued if, by reason of the debt being secured by mortgage or consisting in a specified object, he should have paid it in full. The person to whom it has been awarded may, in such case, demand of his coheirs the proportional part only, even though the creditor should have transferred to him his actions and subrogated him in his place.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1038.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter V - Payment of Hereditary Debts (§§ 2931 — 2936) › § 2935 - Extinction of charge on estates of inheritance

Should any of the estates of the inheritance be charged with a perpetual income or real property charge, it shall not be extinguished, even when redeemable, unless a majority of the coheirs agree thereto.
Should this not be agreed to or should the charge not be redeemable, its value or principal shall be deducted from that of the estate, and the latter shall pass with the charge to the person to whom it may be allotted or awarded.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1039.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 3 - Different Ways of Acquiring Ownership (§§ 1931 — 2936) › PART IV - Successions (§§ 2081 — 2936) › Chapter 229 - Collation and Division (§§ 2841 — 2936) › Subchapter V - Payment of Hereditary Debts (§§ 2931 — 2936) › § 2936 - Rights of coheirs who are creditors

The coheir, who at the same time should be a creditor of the deceased, may demand of the others the payment of his credits, deducting his proportional part as such heir, and without prejudice to the provisions of subchapter V, chapter 227, of this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1040.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 241 - General Provisions (§§ 2991 — 2996) › § 2991 - Obligation consists of what

Every obligation consists in giving, doing, or not doing something.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1041.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 241 - General Provisions (§§ 2991 — 2996) › § 2992 - How created

Obligations are created by law, by contracts, by quasi contracts, and by illicit acts and omissions or by those in which any kind of fault or negligence occurs.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1042.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 241 - General Provisions (§§ 2991 — 2996) › § 2993 - Obligations arising from law not presumed; demandable obligations

Obligations arising from law are not presumed. Those expressly determined in this Code or in special laws are the only demandable ones, and they shall be governed by the provisions of the laws which may have established them and by those of this subtitle in regard to what has not been prescribed by said laws.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1043.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 241 - General Provisions (§§ 2991 — 2996) › § 2994 - Arising from contracts

Obligations arising from contracts have legal force between the contracting parties, and must be fulfilled in accordance with their stipulations.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1044.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 241 - General Provisions (§§ 2991 — 2996) › § 2995 - Civil obligations arising from crimes or misdemeanors

Civil obligations, arising from crimes or misdemeanors, shall be governed by the provisions of this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1045.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 241 - General Provisions (§§ 2991 — 2996) › § 2996 - Obligations arising from fault or negligence

Those arising from acts or omissions, in which faults or negligence, not punished by law, occur, shall be subject to the provisions of chapter 393 of this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1046.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3011 - Preservation of thing due

A person obliged to give something is also bound to preserve it with the diligence pertaining to a good father of a family.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1047.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3012 - Rights of creditor to fruits

A creditor has a right to the fruits of a thing from the time the obligation to deliver it arises. However, he shall not acquire a property right thereto until it has been delivered to him.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1048.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3013 - Delivery of specified or generic things; liability pending delivery

Should the thing delivered be a specified one the creditor, independently of the right granted him by § 3018 of this title, may compel the debtor to make the delivery.
Should the thing be undetermined or generic he may ask that the obligation be fulfilled at the expense of the debtor.
Should the person obligated be in default, or be bound to deliver the same thing to two (2) or more different persons, he shall be liable therefor with regard to unforeseen events until the delivery is made.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1049.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3014 - Accessories of thing

The obligation to give a specified thing includes that of delivering all of its accessories even though they may not have been mentioned.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1050.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3015 - Performance at expense of person obligated; badly done thing ordered undone

If the person obliged to do something should not do it, it shall be ordered to be done at his expense.
This shall also be done should he act in contravention of the tenor of the obligation. Whatever has been badly done may also be ordered to be undone.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1051.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3016 - Obligation not to do something

The provisions of the second paragraph of § 3015 of this title shall also be observed when the obligation consists in not doing and the debtor should do what he has been forbidden.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1052.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3017 - Default; demand of creditor

Persons obliged to deliver or to do something are in default from the moment when the creditor demands the fulfilment of their obligation, judicially or extrajudicially.
However, the demand of the creditor, in order that default may exist, shall not be necessary:
(1) If the obligation or law declares it expressly.
(2) If by reason of its nature and circumstances it may appear that the fixing of the period within which the thing was to be delivered or the service rendered was a determinate cause to constitute the obligation.
In mutual obligations none of the persons bound shall incur default if the other does not fulfill or does not submit to properly fulfill what is incumbent upon him. From the time one of the persons obligated fulfills his obligation the default begins for the other party.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1053.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3018 - Fraud, negligence, or delay in fulfilling obligation

Those who in fulfilling their obligations are guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay, and those who in any manner whatsoever act in contravention of the stipulations of the same, shall be subject to indemnify for the losses and damages caused thereby.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1054.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3019 - Liability arising from fraud

Liability arising from fraud is demandable in all obligations. The renunciation of the action to enforce it is void.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1055.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3020 - Liability arising from negligence

Liability arising from negligence is also demandable in the fulfilment of all kinds of obligations; but it may be mitigated by the court according to the case.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1056.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3021 - What constitutes fault or negligence

The fault or negligence of the debtor consists of the omission of the steps which may be required by the character of the obligation and which may pertain to the circumstances of the persons, time, and place.
Should the obligation not state what conduct is to be observed in its fulfilment, that observed by a good father of a family shall be required.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1057.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3022 - Unforeseen or inevitable events

No one shall be liable for events which could not be foreseen, or which having been foreseen were inevitable, with the exception of the cases expressly mentioned in the law or those in which the obligation so declares.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1058.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3023 - Indemnity for losses and damages

Indemnity for losses and damages includes not only the amount of the loss which may have been suffered, but also that of the profit which the creditor may have failed to realize, reserving the provisions contained in the following sections.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1059.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3024 - Losses and damages for which debtor liable

The losses and damages for which a debtor in good faith is liable, are those foreseen or which may have been foreseen, at the time of constituting the obligation, and which may be a necessary consequence of its nonfulfillment.
In case of fraud, the debtor shall be liable for all those which clearly may originate from the nonfulfillment of the obligation.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1060.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3025 - Interest as indemnity for nonpayment of money

Should the obligation consist in the payment of a sum of money, and the debtor should be in default, the indemnity for losses and damages, should there not be a stipulation to the contrary, shall consist in the payment of the interest agreed upon, and should there be no agreement, in that of the legal interest.
Until another rate is fixed by the Government, interest at the rate of six percent (6%) per annum shall be considered as legal.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1061.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3026 - Legal interest on interest due; commercial transactions

Interest due shall earn legal interest from the time it is judicially demanded, even if the obligations should have been silent on this point.
In commercial transactions the provisions of the Code of Commerce, Title 10, Subtitle 2, shall be observed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1062.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3027 - Receipt extinguishes obligation

A receipt from the creditor for the principal, without any stipulation regarding interest, extinguishes the obligation of the debtor with regard thereto.
The receipt for the last instalment of a debt, when the creditor has made no reservation, shall also extinguish the obligation with regard to the previous instalments.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1063.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3028 - Rights of creditors attaching property

Creditors, after having attached the property of which the debtor may be in possession, in order to collect all that is due them, may exercise all the rights and actions of the latter for the same purpose, excepting those inherent in his person; they may also impugn the acts which the debtor may have performed in fraud of their right.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1064.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 243 - Nature and Effects of Obligations (§§ 3011 — 3029) › § 3029 - Transmission of rights

All the rights acquired by virtue of an obligation are transmissible, subject to law, should there be no stipulation to the contrary.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1065.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3041 - When obligations demandable

Every obligation, the fulfillment of which should not depend upon a future or uncertain event or upon a past event, unknown to the parties in interest, shall be immediately demandable.
Every obligation, containing a condition subsequent, shall also be demandable without prejudice to the effect of the performance.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1066.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3042 - Rights in conditional obligations

In conditional obligations, the acquisition of rights, as well as the extinction or loss of those already acquired, shall depend upon the event constituting the condition.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1067.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3043 - Validity and effect of conditional obligation

If the fulfillment of the condition should depend upon the exclusive will of the debtor, the conditional obligation shall be void. If it should depend upon chance or upon the will of a third person, the obligation shall produce all its effects in accordance with the provisions of this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1068.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3044 - Impossible, immoral, and illegal conditions

Impossible conditions, those contrary to morality, and those forbidden by law, shall annul the obligation depending upon them.
The condition of not doing a thing which is impossible is considered as not imposed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1069.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3045 - Condition that event happen within fixed period

The condition that a certain event shall happen within a fixed period, shall extinguish the obligation from the time the period lapses or when there is no doubt that the event will not take place.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1070.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3046 - Condition that event shall not happen

The condition that a certain event shall not occur within a fixed period shall render the obligation binding from the time the period fixed elapses, or when it becomes evident that such event cannot occur.
Should there not be a fixed period, the condition shall be considered as fulfilled within the time which would probably have been fixed, in view of the nature of the obligation.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1071.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3047 - When condition considered fulfilled

The condition shall be considered as fulfilled when the obligated party should voluntarily prevent its fulfilment.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1072.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3048 - Retroactive effect of fulfillment of condition

The effects of a conditional obligation to give after the condition has been fulfilled shall retroact to the day on which it was constituted. Nevertheless, if the obligation should impose mutual prestations on the parties concerned, the fruits and interest for the time during which the condition has been pending shall be understood as compensating each other. Should the obligation be unilateral, the debtor shall become the owner of the fruits and interest collected, unless by reason of the nature and circumstances of the obligation it must be inferred that the will of the person constituting it was otherwise.
In the obligations of doing or of not doing, the courts shall determine in each case the retroactive effect of the condition fulfilled.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1073.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3049 - Actions before fulfillment of conditions

The creditor may, before fulfilling the conditions, enforce the actions which may be proper for the preservation of his right.
The debtor may recover what he may have paid during the same period.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1074.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3050 - Rules if conditions established to suspend efficiency of obligation to give

Should the conditions be established for the purpose of suspending the efficiency of the obligation to give, the following rules shall be observed in case the thing should improve, or be lost or impaired while the condition is pending:
(1) If the thing was lost without fault of the debtor, the obligation shall be extinguished.
(2) If the thing was lost by the fault of the debtor, he is obliged to make good the losses and damages.
It is understood the thing is lost when it perishes, becomes unsaleable, or disappears in such a manner that its existence is unknown, or it is not possible to recover it.
(3) If the thing deteriorates without fault of the debtor, the deterioration shall be borne by the creditor.
(4) If the thing should deteriorate by the fault of the debtor, the creditor may choose between the rescission of the obligation and its fulfilment, with indemnity for damages in both cases.
(5) If the thing should improve by its nature or by time, the improvements accrue to the benefit of the creditor.
(6) If it should improve at the expense of the debtor, the latter shall have no more rights than those granted a usufructuary.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1075.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3051 - Conditions to rescind obligation to give; obligations of doing or not doing

If the object of the conditions should be to rescind the obligation to give, after they are performed, the parties in interest shall mutually return all they may have received.
In cases of loss, deterioration or improvement of the thing, the provisions relating to debtors, contained in § 3050 of this title, shall be applied to the person obliged to make restitution.
With regard to the obligations of doing or not doing, the provisions of the second paragraph of § 3048 of this title shall be observed insofar as the effects of the rescission are concerned.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1076.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter I - Pure and Conditional Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3052) › § 3052 - Right to rescind mutual obligations

The right to rescind the obligations is considered as implied in mutual ones, in case one of the obligated persons does not comply with what is incumbent upon him.
The person prejudiced may choose between exacting the fulfilment of the obligation or its rescission, with indemnity for damages and payment of interest in either case. He may also demand the rescission, even after having requested its fulfilment, should the latter appear impossible.
The court shall order the rescission demanded, unless there are sufficient causes authorizing it to fix a period.
This is understood without prejudice to the rights of third acquirers, in accordance with §§ 3496 and 3499 of this title, and with the provisions of the Mortgage Law and of the Property Registry, §§ 2001 et seq. of Title 30.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1077.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter II - Obligations With Definite Periods (§§ 3061 — 3066) › § 3061 - Fulfillment fixed for day certain

Obligations, the fulfillment of which has been fixed for a day certain, shall only be demandable when the proper day arrives.
A day certain is understood to be one which must necessarily arrive, even though its date be unknown.
If the uncertainty should consist in the arrival or nonarrival of the day, the obligation is conditional and shall be governed by the rules of §§ 3041-3052 of this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1078.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter II - Obligations With Definite Periods (§§ 3061 — 3066) › § 3062 - Advance payments

In obligations with definite periods, what has been paid in advance cannot be recovered.
If the person who paid was not aware when he did so of the existence of the period, he shall have a right to claim from the creditor the interest or fruits which the latter may have received from the thing.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1079.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter II - Obligations With Definite Periods (§§ 3061 — 3066) › § 3063 - Benefit of period fixed in obligations

Whenever a period should be fixed in obligations, it is presumed as established for the benefit of the creditor as well as of the debtor, unless from their tenor or from other circumstances it should appear that it was established for the benefit of one or the other.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1080.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter II - Obligations With Definite Periods (§§ 3061 — 3066) › § 3064 - Duration of period fixed by courts

Should the obligation not fix a period, but it can be inferred from its nature and circumstances that there was an intention to grant it to the debtor, the courts shall fix the duration of the same.
The court shall also fix the duration of the period when it may have been left to the will of the debtor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1081.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter II - Obligations With Definite Periods (§§ 3061 — 3066) › § 3065 - Loss of benefit of period by debtor

The debtor shall lose all right to profit by the period:
(1) If after contracting the obligation it should appear that he is insolvent, unless he gives security for the debt.
(2) If he does not give to the creditor the guaranties stipulated.
(3) If by his own acts he should have reduced said guaranties after giving them, and if they disappear through a fortuitous event, unless they are immediately substituted by new ones equally safe.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1082.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter II - Obligations With Definite Periods (§§ 3061 — 3066) › § 3066 - Computation of days

If the period of the obligation be fixed by days, to be counted from a specified one, such day shall be excluded from the computation, which must begin on the following one.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1083.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter III - Alternative Obligations (§§ 3081 — 3086) › § 3081 - Full compliance with one alternative required

A person who is alternatively obliged to make different prestations must fully comply with one of them.
A creditor cannot be compelled to receive a part of one and a part of another.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1084.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter III - Alternative Obligations (§§ 3081 — 3086) › § 3082 - When option pertains to debtor; impossible or illicit prestations

The option pertains to the debtor unless it has been expressly granted the creditor.
A debtor shall not have the right to choose prestations which are impossible, illicit, or which could not have been the object of the obligation.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1085.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter III - Alternative Obligations (§§ 3081 — 3086) › § 3083 - When election effective

The election shall be effective only from the time it was made known.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1086.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter III - Alternative Obligations (§§ 3081 — 3086) › § 3084 - Loss of option

A debtor shall lose the right of option when, of the prestations which he is alternatively obliged to make, only one is feasible.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1087.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter III - Alternative Obligations (§§ 3081 — 3086) › § 3085 - Indemnity when all alternatives become impossible

A creditor shall have the right to indemnity for losses and damages when, by the fault of the debtor, all the things which were alternatively the objects of the obligations should have disappeared, or it should have become impossible to fulfill the latter.
The indemnity shall be fixed, taking as a basis the value of the last thing which may have disappeared or of the last service which has become impossible.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1088.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter III - Alternative Obligations (§§ 3081 — 3086) › § 3086 - Rules governing liability of debtor

When an option has been expressly granted the creditor the obligation shall cease to be alternative from the day on which notice of said option may have been given to the debtor.
Until then the liability of the debtor shall be governed by the following rules:
(1) If any of the things should have been lost by a fortuitous event, he shall perform by delivering the one which the creditor may select from among those remaining, or the one remaining if only one should exist.
(2) If the loss of any of the things should have been caused by the fault of the debtor the creditor may claim any of those remaining or the value of the one which has disappeared by the fault of the debtor.
(3) If all the things should have been lost by the fault of the debtor the creditor shall have a right to select the value of any one of them.
The same rules shall be applied to the obligations of doing or not doing, in case that any or all of the prestations should be impossible.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1089.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter IV - Several and Joint Obligations (§§ 3101 — 3112) › § 3101 - Concurrence of two (2) or more creditors or debtors; joint obligation

The concurrence of two (2) or more creditors, or of two (2) or more debtors in a single obligation, does not imply that each one of the former has a right to ask, nor that each one of the latter is bound to comply in full with the things which are the object of the same. This shall only take place when the obligation determines it expressly, being constituted as a joint obligation.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1090.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter IV - Several and Joint Obligations (§§ 3101 — 3112) › § 3102 - Division of credit or debt

If from the context of the obligations referred to in section 3101 of this title any other thing does not appear the credit or the debt shall be presumed as divided in as many equal parts as there are creditors or debtors, being considered as credits or debts, each one different from the other.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1091.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter IV - Several and Joint Obligations (§§ 3101 — 3112) › § 3103 - Effect of indivisibility

If the division should be impossible, the right of the creditors shall only be prejudiced by the collective acts of the same, and the debt shall only be recoverable by proceedings against all of the debtors. If any of the latter should be insolvent, the rest shall not be obliged to pay his share.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1092.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter IV - Several and Joint Obligations (§§ 3101 — 3112) › § 3104 - When solidarity may exist

Solidarity may exist, even though the creditors and debtors are not bound in the same manner, and for the same periods and under the same conditions.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1093.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter IV - Several and Joint Obligations (§§ 3101 — 3112) › § 3105 - Acts of joint creditors; action against joint debtors

Each of the joint creditors may do whatever may be profitable to the others, but not what may be prejudicial.
The actions instituted against any one of the joint debtors shall prejudice all of them.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1094.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter IV - Several and Joint Obligations (§§ 3101 — 3112) › § 3106 - Payment to any one of joint creditors

A debtor may pay the debt to any one of the joint creditors; but should it [he] have been sued by any one of them, he must make the payment to the latter.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1095.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter IV - Several and Joint Obligations (§§ 3101 — 3112) › § 3107 - Novation, compensation, confusion, or remission of debt

Novation, compensation, confusion, or remission of the debt, made by any of the joint creditors, or with any of the debtors of the same class, extinguishes the obligation without prejudice to the provisions of § 3110 of this title.
A creditor who may have executed any of these acts, as well as the person who collects the debt, shall be liable to the others for the part pertaining to them in the obligation.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1096.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 245 - Different Kinds of Obligations (§§ 3041 — 3134) › Subchapter IV - Several and Joint Obligations (§§ 3101 — 3112) › § 3108 - Actions against joint debtors

A creditor may sue any of the joint debtors or all of them simultaneously. The actions instituted against one shall not be an obstacle for those that may be brought subsequently against the others, as long as it does not appear that the debt has been collected in full.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1097.