reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 175 - Usufruct (§§ 1501 — 1580) › Subchapter IV - Manner in Which Usufructs Extinguished (§§ 1571 — 1580) › § 1572 - Partial loss

If the thing given in usufruct be lost only in part, the said right shall continue with regard to the remainder.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 442.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 175 - Usufruct (§§ 1501 — 1580) › Subchapter IV - Manner in Which Usufructs Extinguished (§§ 1571 — 1580) › § 1573 - Usufruct in favor of town or corporation

The usufruct cannot be established in favor of a town, corporation or association for more than thirty years. If it has been established and before the said period the town becomes deserted or the corporation or association is dissolved, the usufruct shall be extinguished by reason thereof.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 443.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 175 - Usufruct (§§ 1501 — 1580) › Subchapter IV - Manner in Which Usufructs Extinguished (§§ 1571 — 1580) › § 1574 - Usufruct granted until third person attains certain age

Usufruct granted for the time that may transpire before a third person attains a certain age, shall continue during the number of years specified, even though the said third person dies before the time expires, unless the said usufruct has been expressly established only because of the existence of the said person.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 444.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 175 - Usufruct (§§ 1501 — 1580) › Subchapter IV - Manner in Which Usufructs Extinguished (§§ 1571 — 1580) › § 1575 - Destruction of building

If a usufruct shall be established on a tenement of which a building forms a part, and the latter shall, by any means, be destroyed, the usufructuary shall have the right to enjoy the land and materials.
This shall also be the case if the usufruct is established only upon a building and the same be destroyed. But, in such a case, if the owner wishes to construct another building, he shall have the right to occupy the land and to make use of the materials, and shall be obliged to pay the usufructuary, during the continuance of the usufruct, the interest upon the sums equivalent to the value of the land and the materials.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 445.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 175 - Usufruct (§§ 1501 — 1580) › Subchapter IV - Manner in Which Usufructs Extinguished (§§ 1571 — 1580) › § 1576 - Right to insurance

If the usufructuary shares with the owner the insurance of the tenement given in usufruct, the usufructuary shall, in case of loss, continue in the enjoyment of the new building, if the same be constructed, or shall receive the interest on the amount of the insurance, if the owner does not wish to rebuild.
If the owner shall have refused to contribute to the insurance of the tenement, and the usufructuary insures it alone, the latter shall acquire the right to receive, in case of loss, the full amount of the insurance, but with the obligation to invest it in rebuilding the tenement.
If the usufructuary shall have refused to contribute to the insurance and the owner alone pays the same, the latter shall receive, in case of loss, the full amount of the insurance, but the usufructuary shall always have the rights granted to him in the preceding section.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 446.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 175 - Usufruct (§§ 1501 — 1580) › Subchapter IV - Manner in Which Usufructs Extinguished (§§ 1571 — 1580) › § 1577 - Expropriation

If the thing in usufruct shall be expropriated for reasons of public utility, the owner shall be obliged, either to replace it with another thing of the same value, and having similar conditions, or to pay the usufructuary the legal interest on the amount of the indemnity during all the time the usufruct continues. If the owner chooses the latter course, he shall give security for the interest.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 447.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 175 - Usufruct (§§ 1501 — 1580) › Subchapter IV - Manner in Which Usufructs Extinguished (§§ 1571 — 1580) › § 1578 - Not extinguished by misuse

Usufruct is not extinguished by misuse of the thing in usufruct; but if the abuse causes considerable injury to the owner, the latter may demand that the thing be delivered to him, binding himself to pay annually to the usufructuary the net proceeds of the same, after deducting the expenses and the compensation that may be assigned to him for its administration.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 448.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 175 - Usufruct (§§ 1501 — 1580) › Subchapter IV - Manner in Which Usufructs Extinguished (§§ 1571 — 1580) › § 1579 - Usufruct in favor of several persons

Usufruct established in favor of several persons living at the time of its establishment, shall not be extinguished until the death of the last survivor of them.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 449.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 175 - Usufruct (§§ 1501 — 1580) › Subchapter IV - Manner in Which Usufructs Extinguished (§§ 1571 — 1580) › § 1580 - Delivery to owner

Upon the termination of the usufruct, the thing in usufruct shall be delivered to the owner, unless the right of retention appertaining to the usufructuary or to his heirs, for such expenses which they should recover, be enforced. After the delivery is made, the bond or the mortgage shall be cancelled.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 450.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1591 - Use defined

Use is the right granted to a person to make gratuitous use of a thing belonging to another, or to receive a part of the fruits of the same, insofar as they be sufficient for the wants of the said person and his family.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 451.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1592 - Right of habitation defined

The right of habitation is the right to gratuitously occupy a house belonging to another person.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 452.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1593 - Establishment of rights of use and habitation

The rights of use and habitation are established in the same manner as usufruct.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 453.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1594 - Distinction between use and usufruct

The usufruct of any property is distinguished from the use of the same in that the enjoyment of the thing by the usufructuary is not confined to what is necessary for the maintenance of himself and his family, but he may receive all the fruits and dispose of them as he pleases.
The person who has the use of an estate has only the right to receive the fruits necessary for his own maintenance and that of his family.
The person having the use may also receive the fruits necessary for the maintenance of his wife and children, even though he contract marriage after the use has been granted him.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 454.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1595 - Rights and obligations of persons having rights of use or habitation

The rights and obligations of a person having the use of a thing and of the one who has the right of habitation shall be governed by the deed constituting such rights, and in default of them, by the following provisions.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 455.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1596 - Lease or transfer forbidden

The rights of use and habitation cannot be leased nor transferred by any title whatever to another person.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 456.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1597 - Use of cattle

The person having the use of cattle, may make use of the young, milk and wool thereof, insofar as may be sufficient for the consumption of himself and his family, as well as of the dung required for manuring the land he may cultivate.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 457.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1598 - Payment of expenses

If the person who has the use of a thing belonging to another person consume all the fruits thereof, or if the person having the right of habitation shall occupy the entire building, he shall be under obligation to pay all expenses of cultivation, the ordinary repairs for the preservation of the property, and taxes, in the same manner as the usufructuary.
If he receives only a part of the fruits or occupies only a part of the building, he shall not contribute anything, provided that a part of the fruits and profits sufficient to cover the expenses and charges remain to the owner. If the said part be insufficient, the amount lacking shall be supplied by the party having the use or habitation.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 458.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1599 - Right of use during life of beneficiary

The right of use may be granted during the life of the person to whom it is granted, in case the deed constituting it has not fixed the time of its duration.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 459.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1600 - Marriage as affecting right of habitation

He who has the right of habitation of a house may reside therein with his family, although he may not have been married at the time this right was granted to him.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 460.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1601 - Right to entertain guests and boarders

Even when the right of habitation only grants to a party having the use thereof the right to occupy the house, insofar as may be necessary for himself and his family, he may, nevertheless, use the same to receive therein, or in the part granted to him, such friends, guests or boarders as may live with him.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 461.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1602 - Care and attention required

The person granted the use or the right of habitation is obliged to make use of the thing of which he has the use or habitation, with the care and attention of a good father of a family, and to return it to the owner at the end of the period of such use or habitation, in the same condition in which he received it, and he shall be responsible for whatever damages it may have received by reason of neglect or fraud on his part.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 462.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1603 - Provisions governing usufruct applicable

The provisions established for usufruct are applicable to the rights of use and habitation, insofar as they are not opposed to the provisions of this chapter.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 463.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VI - Usufruct, Use, and Occupancy (§§ 1501 — 1604) › Chapter 177 - Use and Habitation (§§ 1591 — 1604) › § 1604 - Extinction of rights

The rights of use and habitation are extinguished for the same causes as usufruct and also by reason of serious abuse of the thing or the dwelling.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 464.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter I - Kinds of Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1638) › § 1631 - Servitude defined; dominant and servient tenements

A servitude is a charge imposed upon an immovable for the benefit of another tenement belonging to a different owner.
The immovable in favor of which the servitude is established is called the dominant tenement; the one subject thereto is called the servient tenement.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 465.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter I - Kinds of Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1638) › § 1632 - Servitudes for benefit of persons or community

Servitudes may also be established for the benefit of one or more persons or of a community to whom the encumbered tenement does not belong.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 466.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter I - Kinds of Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1638) › § 1633 - Classes of servitudes—Personal; real or predial

All servitudes which affect lands may be divided into two classes, personal and real.
Personal servitudes are those which are inseparably attached to the person in whose benefit they have been established, and which terminate with his life. Such servitudes are of three kinds: usufruct, use and habitation.
Real servitudes, also called predial servitudes, are those enjoyed by the owner of a tenement and established on another tenement in benefit of the former.
Predial servitudes are so called because, being established for the benefit of an estate, the obligations constituting it are due to the estate, and not to the person who may be the owner thereof.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 467.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter I - Kinds of Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1638) › § 1634 - Kinds of servitudes—Continuous; discontinuous; apparent; not apparent

Servitudes may be continuous or discontinuous, apparent or not apparent.
Continuous servitudes are those the use of which is or may be uninterrupted, without the intervention of any human act.
Discontinuous servitudes are those used at long or short intervals, and which depend upon human acts.
Apparent servitudes are those which are indicated and which are continually in sight by external signs, which reveal the use and benefit of the same.
Servitudes may be continuous or discontinuous, apparent or not of their existence.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 468.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter I - Kinds of Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1638) › § 1635 - Kinds of servitudes—Positive; negative

Servitudes are also positive or negative.
A positive servitude is one which imposes upon the owner of the servient tenement the obligation of allowing something to be done or of doing it himself, and a negative servitude is one which prohibits the owner of the servient tenement doing something which would be licit for him to do if the servitude did not exist.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 469.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter I - Kinds of Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1638) › § 1636 - Inseparable from tenement

Servitudes are inseparable from the tenement to which they actively or passively belong.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 470.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter I - Kinds of Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1638) › § 1637 - Servitudes indivisible

Servitudes are indivisible. When the servient tenement is divided among two or more persons the servitude is not modified and each of them shall be subject to the servitude in the part corresponding to him.
If the dominant tenement is the one divided among two or more persons, each part-holder may use the servitude in its entirety, and shall not change the place of its use nor encumber it in any other way.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 471.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter I - Kinds of Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1638) › § 1638 - Legal and voluntary servitudes

Servitudes are established either by law or by the will of the owners. The former are called legal servitudes and the latter voluntary servitudes.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 472.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter II - Manner of Acquiring Servitudes (§§ 1651 — 1656) › § 1651 - Acquisition by title or prescription

Continuous and apparent servitudes are acquired either by virtue of a title or by prescription after twenty years.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 473.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter II - Manner of Acquiring Servitudes (§§ 1651 — 1656) › § 1652 - Computation of time for prescription

In order to acquire by prescription the servitudes referred to in the preceding section, the time of possession shall be counted, in positive servitudes, from the day on which the owner of the dominant tenement or the person who has made use of the servitude shall have begun to exert it over the servient tenement; and in negative servitudes, from the day on which the owner of the dominant tenement shall have, by a formal act, prohibited the owner of the servient tenement to execute the act which would be legal without the servitude.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 474.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter II - Manner of Acquiring Servitudes (§§ 1651 — 1656) › § 1653 - Servitudes acquired only by title

Continuous and not apparent servitudes and discontinuous servitudes, either apparent or not apparent, can only be acquired by virtue of a title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 475.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter II - Manner of Acquiring Servitudes (§§ 1651 — 1656) › § 1654 - Remedy for want of title

The want of a title establishing servitudes which cannot be acquired by prescription can only be remedied by deed of acknowledgment, executed by the owner of the servient tenement or by final judgment.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 476.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter II - Manner of Acquiring Servitudes (§§ 1651 — 1656) › § 1655 - Sign of servitude established by owner of both tenements

The existence of any apparent sign of servitude between two tenements established by the owner of both of them, shall be considered, if one of them be alienated, as a title, in order that the servitudes may continue actively and passively, unless, at the time of the division of the ownership of both tenements, the contrary be expressed in the deed of conveyance of either of them, or if the said sign is removed before the execution of such instrument.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 477.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter II - Manner of Acquiring Servitudes (§§ 1651 — 1656) › § 1656 - Rights of use inherent in servitude

Whenever a servitude is established, all the rights necessary for its use are considered as granted.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 478.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter III - Rights and Obligations of Owners of Dominant and Servient Tenements (§§ 1671 — 1673) › § 1671 - Works for use and preservation of servitude

The owner of the dominant tenement may make, at his own expense, on the servient tenement, all works necessary for the use and preservation of the servitude, but without altering it or rendering it more onerous.
He shall select therefor the most convenient time and manner in order to cause the least possible inconvenience to the owner of the servient tenement.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 479.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter III - Rights and Obligations of Owners of Dominant and Servient Tenements (§§ 1671 — 1673) › § 1672 - Works for use and preservation of servitude—Expenses

If there be several dominant tenements, the owners of all of them shall be obliged to contribute to the expenses referred to in the preceding section, in proportion to the benefits each may obtain from the work. The one who does not wish to contribute may exempt himself by renouncing the servitude for the benefit of the others.
If the owner of the servient tenement shall, in any manner whatsoever, make use of the servitude, he shall be obliged to contribute to the expenses in the proportion already stated, unless there be an agreement to the contrary.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 480.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter III - Rights and Obligations of Owners of Dominant and Servient Tenements (§§ 1671 — 1673) › § 1673 - Impairment of use of servitude

The owner of the servient tenement cannot impair, in any manner whatsoever, the use of an established servitude.
Nevertheless, if by reason of the place originally assigned or of the manner established for the use of the servitude, it shall become too inconvenient to the owner of the servient tenement or prevent him from undertaking works, repairs, or important improvements, it may be changed at his expense, provided he offers another place or manner equally convenient, and no detriment is thereby caused to the owner of the dominant tenement or to those who have a right to the use of the servitude.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 481.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter IV - Extinguishment of Servitudes (§§ 1681 — 1683) › § 1681 - Manner of extinguishment

Servitudes are extinguished:
(1) By merger in the same person of the ownership of the servient and dominant tenements.
(2) By nonuse for twenty years.
In discontinuous servitudes, this period shall begin to be reckoned from the day on which they have ceased to be used; and with regard to continuous servitudes, from the day on which an act in contravention thereof may have taken place.
(3) When the tenements become in such condition that the servitude cannot be made use of; but the same shall revive if subsequently the condition of the tenements permits it to be used, unless when the use becomes possible, sufficient time for prescription has elapsed, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding number.
(4) When the day matures, or when the condition is fulfilled, if the servitudes be temporary or conditional.
(5) By the renunciation of the owner of the dominant tenement.
(6) By the redemption agreed upon between the owners of the dominant and servient tenements.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 482.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter IV - Extinguishment of Servitudes (§§ 1681 — 1683) › § 1682 - Prescription of form of use

The form in which the servitude is to be used may be prescribed like the servitude itself, and in the same manner.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 483.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 181 - Servitudes Generally (§§ 1631 — 1683) › Subchapter IV - Extinguishment of Servitudes (§§ 1681 — 1683) › § 1683 - Prescription prevented by use of one of several owners

If the dominant tenement belongs to several persons in common, the use of the servitude made by one of them prevents prescription with regard to the others.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 484.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter I - General Provisions (§§ 1701 — 1703) › § 1701 - Object of legal servitudes

The object of servitudes imposed by law is either public utility, or private interest.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 485.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter I - General Provisions (§§ 1701 — 1703) › § 1702 - Law governing servitudes for public utility

All that concerns servitudes established for public or common utility, shall be governed by the special laws and regulations relating thereto, and in the absence of such, by the provisions of this part.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 486.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter I - General Provisions (§§ 1701 — 1703) › § 1703 - Law governing servitudes for private interest

The servitudes established by law for the interest of private persons or from motives of private utility, shall be governed by the provisions of this part, without prejudice to the provisions of general or local laws, regulations and ordinances with regard to city or rural police.
These servitudes may be modified by agreement among the persons interested if the law does not prohibit it, and if it be not prejudicial to a third person.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 487.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1711 - Waters which naturally descend from higher tenements

Lower tenements are obliged to receive the waters which naturally and without the intervention of man descend from higher tenements, as well as the stone or earth which they carry with them.
Neither may the owner of the lower tenement construct works preventing the servitudes nor the owner of the higher tenement works aggravating the same.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 488.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1712 - Banks of rivers

The banks of rivers, even when they are of private ownership, are subject in their entire length and in their margins, within a zone of three meters, to the servitude of public use for the general interest of navigation, floatage, fishing and salvage.
The tenements adjoining the banks of navigable or floatable rivers are furthermore subject to the servitude of a towpath for the exclusive service of river navigation and floatage.
If it be necessary for such purpose to make use of lands of private ownership, the proper indemnity shall first be paid.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 489.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1713 - Abutment of dams

If for the diversion or taking of waters from a river or brook, or for the use of other continuous or discontinuous streams it be necessary to construct a dam, and the person who is to construct the same is not the owner of the banks or land upon which he may have to support it, he may establish the servitude for the abutment of the dam by previously paying a proper indemnity.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 490.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1714 - Drawing of water and drinking troughs for animals

Forced servitudes for drawing water and for drinking troughs for watering animals, may be imposed only for a cause of public utility in favor of a town or village, after payment of the proper indemnity.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 491.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1715 - Drawing of water and drinking troughs for animals—Right-of-way to persons and animals

The servitudes for drawing water and for watering animals carry with them the obligation of servient tenements of giving the right-of-way to persons and animals to the point where such servitudes may be utilized, and the indemnity shall include this service.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 492.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1716 - Passage of water through intermediate tenements

Whoever wishes to make use of water of which he can dispose upon a tenement belonging to him, has the right to cause it to pass through the intermediate tenements, with the obligation of indemnifying their owners, as well as those of the lower tenements upon which the water may filter or descend.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 493.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1717 - Passage of water through intermediate tenements—Proof and indemnity required

A person desiring to make use of the right granted in the preceding section is obliged:
(1) To prove that he can dispose of the water, and that it is sufficient for the use to which it be destined.
(2) To show that the right-of-way he requests is that which is most convenient and least onerous to a third person.
(3) To indemnify the owner of the servient tenement in the manner prescribed by the laws and regulations.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 494.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1718 - Servitude of aqueduct—Property not subject to

The servitude of an aqueduct for an object of private interest cannot be imposed on buildings nor their yards or dependencies, nor on gardens or orchards already in existence.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 495.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1719 - Servitude of aqueduct—Fencing or building on servient tenement

The servitude of an aqueduct does not prevent the owner of the servient tenement from closing and fencing it, nor from building over the aqueduct, in such manner that the latter suffers no damage nor renders impossible necessary repairs and cleanings.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 496.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1720 - Servitude of aqueduct—Considered as continuous and apparent

The servitude of an aqueduct shall, for its legal effects, be considered as continuous and apparent, although the passage of the water be not continuous or even if its use depend on the requirements of the dominant tenement, or on the successive order established therefor by days or hours.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 497.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1721 - Stop locks or sluice gates

A party who for the purpose of irrigating or improving his tenement, as to construct a stop lock or sluice gate in the sluiceway through which the water is to be received, may demand that the owners of the margins allow their construction, after paying all losses and damages, including those caused by the new servitude to the said owner and to the other irrigator.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 498.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter II - Servitudes Relating to Waters (§§ 1711 — 1722) › § 1722 - Application of law of waters

The establishment, extent, form and conditions of the servitudes of waters to which this subchapter refers, shall be governed by the special law relating thereto insofar as is not provided for in this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 499.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter III - Servitudes of Right of Way (§§ 1731 — 1737) › § 1731 - Right of way to reach public highways

The owner of a tenement or property surrounded by others belonging to several owners, and having no exit to the public highways, has the right to demand the right of way through the neighboring tenements on paying the proper indemnity.
If this servitude be established in such a manner that its use may be continuous for all the requirements of the dominant tenement establishing a permanent passage, the indemnity shall include the value of the land occupied and the amount of damage caused to the servient tenement.
When it is limited to the passage required for the cultivation of the tenement surrounded by others, and for the transportation of its crops through the servient tenement without a permanent passage, the indemnity shall consist in the payment of the damage caused by the said encumbrance.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 500.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter III - Servitudes of Right of Way (§§ 1731 — 1737) › § 1732 - Location

The servitude of the right-of-way shall be at the point least prejudicial to the servient tenement, and, insofar as is consistent with this rule, where the distance from the dominant tenement to the public road may be the shortest.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 501.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter III - Servitudes of Right of Way (§§ 1731 — 1737) › § 1733 - Width of servitude

The width of the servitude of the right-of-way shall be sufficient for the necessities of the dominant tenement.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 502.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter III - Servitudes of Right of Way (§§ 1731 — 1737) › § 1734 - When granted without indemnity

When a tenement, acquired by sale, exchange or division, shall be surrounded by other tenements of the vendor, exchanger or part-owner, the latter shall be obliged to grant the right-of-way without indemnity, unless there is an agreement to the contrary.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 503.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter III - Servitudes of Right of Way (§§ 1731 — 1737) › § 1735 - Extinction of servitude

If the right-of-way granted to an enclosed tenement ceases to be necessary because the owner thereof has joined it to another abutting on the public road, the owner of the servient tenement may demand the extinction of the servitude, returning what he may have received by way of indemnity.
The same shall be understood in case a new road is opened giving access to the enclosed tenement.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 504.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter III - Servitudes of Right of Way (§§ 1731 — 1737) › § 1736 - Transportation of materials; scaffolding for building

If it be indispensable for the construction or repair of a building to carry the materials through another’s tenement, or to raise thereon scaffolding or other objects necessary for the work, the owner of the said tenement is obliged to consent thereto, receiving an indemnity equivalent to the damage caused him.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 505.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter III - Servitudes of Right of Way (§§ 1731 — 1737) › § 1737 - Passage of stock and watering troughs

Existing servitudes of the right-of-way for the passage of stock, and those for watering troughs, shall be governed by the ordinances and regulations relating thereto, and, in the absence thereof, by the uses and customs of the place.
When it may be necessary to establish a forced servitude of the right-of-way or for a drinking trough for cattle, the provisions of this subchapter and of §§ 1714 and 1715 of this title shall be observed. In this case the width shall not exceed ten meters.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 506.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter IV - Servitude of Party Walls and Fences (§§ 1751 — 1759) › § 1751 - Law governing

The servitude of party walls and fences shall be governed by the provisions of this part, and by the local ordinances and customs insofar as they do not conflict with the same, in the absence of provisions governing such servitude.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 507.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter IV - Servitude of Party Walls and Fences (§§ 1751 — 1759) › § 1752 - Presumption of servitude of party walls and fences

The servitude of party walls and fences is presumed, unless there is a title or exterior sign or proof to the contrary:
(1) In dividing walls of adjoining buildings, up to the point of common elevation.
(2) In dividing walls of gardens or yards, situated in a town or in rural districts.
(3) In fences, enclosures, and live hedges dividing rural tenements.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 508.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART VII - Servitudes (§§ 1631 — 1831) › Chapter 183 - Legal Servitudes (§§ 1701 — 1805) › Subchapter IV - Servitude of Party Walls and Fences (§§ 1751 — 1759) › § 1753 - Exterior signs contrary to servitude

It is understood that there are exterior signs, contrary to the servitude of party walls and fences:
(1) When in dividing walls of buildings there are windows or openings.
(2) When the dividing wall is, on one side, straight and vertical in all its facement and has similar conditions in the upper part of the other side, but in the lower part thereof slants or projects.
(3) When the entire wall is built on the land of one of the tenements, and not on the dividing line of the two contiguous tenements.
(4) When it bears the burden of the binding beams, floors, and roof frame of one of the houses and not of the adjoining one.
(5) When the dividing walls, between yards, gardens and estates are so constructed that the coping sheds the waters toward one of the tenements.
(6) When the dividing wall, being constructed of stone and cement, has stones called stepping stones which at certain intervals project from the surface on one side only and not on the other.
(7) When rural tenements adjoining others enclosed by fences or live hedges are themselves not closed.
In all these cases the ownership of the walls, enclosures, or hedges shall be understood as vested exclusively in the owner of the property or tenement who has in his favor the presumption based on any one of the said signs.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 509.