2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 632 - Insurance contracts in specific lines. › 632.43 - Standard nonforfeiture law for life insurance.

632.43
Standard nonforfeiture law for life insurance.
(1)
On and after January 1, 1948, no policy of life insurance, except as stated in sub. (8), shall be issued or delivered in this state unless it shall contain in substance the following provisions, or corresponding provisions which in the opinion of the commissioner are at least as favorable to the defaulting or surrendering policyholder as the minimum requirements under this section and are substantially in compliance with sub. (7m):
(a)
In the event of default in any premium payment, the company will grant, upon proper request not later than 60 days after the due date of the premium in default, a paid-up nonforfeiture benefit on a plan stipulated in the policy, effective as of the due date, of an amount specified in this section or an actuarially equivalent paid-up nonforfeiture benefit which provides a greater amount or longer period of death benefits or a greater amount or earlier payment of endowment benefits.
(b)
Upon surrender of the policy within 60 days after the due date of any premium payment in default after premiums have been paid for at least 3 full years in the case of ordinary insurance or 5 full years in the case of industrial insurance, the company will pay, in lieu of any paid-up nonforfeiture benefit, a cash surrender value of such amount as may be hereinafter specified.
(c)
A specified paid-up nonforfeiture benefit shall become effective as specified in the policy unless the person entitled to make such election elects another available option not later than 60 days after the due date of the premium in default.
(d)
If the policy shall have become paid up by completion of all premium payments or if it is continued under any paid-up nonforfeiture benefit which became effective on or after the third policy anniversary in the case of ordinary insurance or the fifth policy anniversary in the case of industrial insurance, the company will pay, upon surrender of the policy within 30 days after any policy anniversary, a cash surrender value of such amount as may be hereinafter specified.
(e)
For policies which cause on a basis guaranteed in the policy unscheduled changes in benefits or premiums, or which provide an option for changes in benefits or premiums other than a change to a new policy, a statement of the mortality table, interest rate, and method used in calculating cash surrender values and the paid-up nonforfeiture benefits available under the policy. For other policies, a statement of the mortality table and interest rate used in calculating the cash surrender values and the paid-up nonforfeiture benefits available under the policy and a table showing any cash surrender value or paid-up nonforfeiture benefit available under the policy on each policy anniversary during the shorter of the first 20 policy years or the term of the policy assuming that there are no dividends or paid-up additions credited to the policy and that there is no indebtedness to the company on the policy.
(f)
A statement that the cash surrender values and the paid-up nonforfeiture benefits available under the policy are not less than the minimum values and benefits required by or pursuant to the insurance law of the state in which the policy is delivered; an explanation of the manner in which the cash surrender values and the paid-up nonforfeiture benefits are altered by the existence of any paid-up additions credited to the policy or any indebtedness to the company on the policy; if a detailed statement of the method of computation of the values and benefits shown in the policy is not stated therein, a statement that such method of computation has been filed with the insurance supervisory official of the state in which the policy is delivered; and a statement of the method to be used in calculating the cash surrender value and paid-up nonforfeiture benefit available under the policy on any policy anniversary beyond the last anniversary for which such values and benefits are consecutively shown in the policy.
(g)
The company shall reserve the right to defer the payment of any cash surrender value for a period of 6 months after demand therefor with surrender of the policy.
(h)
Any of the foregoing provisions or portions thereof not applicable by reason of the plan of insurance may, to the extent inapplicable, be omitted from the policy.
(2)
(a)
Any cash surrender value under the policy on default of a premium payment due on any policy anniversary shall be not less than any excess of the then present value of any existing paid-up additions and future guaranteed benefits which would have been provided by the policy, if there had been no default, over the sum of the present value of the adjusted premiums under subs. (4) to (6m) corresponding to premiums which would have fallen due on and after the anniversary and the amount of any indebtedness to the company on the policy.
(b)
For a policy issued on or after the operative date of sub. (6m) providing by rider or supplemental provision supplemental life insurance or annuity benefits at the option of the insured on payment of an additional premium, any cash surrender value under the policy on default of a premium payment due on a policy anniversary shall be not less than the sum of the following:
1.
The cash surrender value under par. (a) for the policy without the rider or supplemental provision.
2.
The cash surrender value under par. (a) for a policy providing only the benefits of the rider or supplemental provision.
(c)
For a family policy issued on or after the operative date of sub. (6m) providing term insurance on the life of the spouse of the primary insured expiring before the spouse attains the age of 71, any cash surrender value under the policy on default of a premium payment due on a policy anniversary shall be not less than the sum of the following:
1.
The cash surrender value under par. (a) for the policy without the term insurance on the life of the spouse.
2.
The cash surrender value under par. (a) for a policy providing only the benefits of the term insurance on the life of the spouse.
(d)
Any cash surrender value available within 30 days after any policy anniversary under any policy paid-up by completion of all premium payments or any policy continued under any paid-up nonforfeiture benefit shall be not less than the then present value of any existing paid-up additions and future guaranteed benefits provided by the policy decreased by any indebtedness to the company on the policy.
(3)
Any paid-up nonforfeiture benefit available under the policy in the event of default in a premium payment due on any policy anniversary shall be such that its present value as of such anniversary shall be at least equal to the cash surrender value then provided for by the policy or, if none is provided for, that cash surrender value which would have been required by this section in the absence of the condition that premiums shall have been paid for at least a specified period.
(4)
(a)
Except as provided in sub. (5) (b), the adjusted premiums for any policy shall be calculated on an annual basis and shall be such uniform percentage of the respective premiums specified in the policy for each policy year, excluding any extra premiums charged because of impairments or special hazards, that the present value, at the date of issue of the policy, of all adjusted premiums shall be equal to the sum of all of the following:
1.
The then present value of the future guaranteed benefits provided for by the policy.
2.
Two percent of the amount of insurance, if the insurance is uniform in amount, or of the equivalent uniform amount, as defined in sub. (5), if the amount of insurance varies with duration of the policy.
3.
Forty percent of the adjusted premium for the first policy year.
4.
Twenty-five percent of either the adjusted premium for the first policy year or the adjusted premium for a whole life policy of the same uniform or equivalent uniform amount with uniform premiums for the whole of life issued at the same age for the same amount of insurance, whichever is less.
(b)
In applying the percentages specified in par. (a) 3. and 4., no adjusted premium shall be considered to exceed 4 percent of the amount of insurance or uniform amount equivalent thereto. The date of issue of a policy for the purpose of this subsection and sub. (5) shall be the date as of which the rated age of the insured is determined.
(5)
(a)
In the case of a policy providing an amount of insurance varying with duration of the policy, the equivalent uniform amount thereof for the purpose of sub. (4) and this subsection shall be deemed to be the uniform amount of insurance provided by an otherwise similar policy, containing the same endowment benefits, if any, issued at the same age and for the same term, the amount of which does not vary with duration and the benefits under which have the same present value at the date of issue as the benefits under the policy; provided, that in the case of a policy providing a varying amount of insurance issued on the life of a child under age 10, the equivalent uniform amount may be computed as though the amount of insurance provided by the policy prior to the attainment of age 10 were the amount provided by such policy at age 10.
(b)
The adjusted premiums for any policy providing term insurance benefits by rider or supplemental policy provision shall be equal to: A) the adjusted premiums for an otherwise similar policy issued at the same age without such term insurance benefits, increased, during the period for which premiums for such term insurance benefits are payable, by B) the adjusted premiums for such term insurance, the foregoing items A) and B) being calculated separately and as specified in par. (a) and sub. (4) except that, for the purposes of sub. (4) (a) 2., 3. and 4., the amount of insurance or equivalent uniform amount of insurance used in the calculation of the adjusted premiums referred to in B) shall be equal to the excess of the corresponding amount determined for the entire policy over the amount used in the calculation of the adjusted premiums in A).
(6)
(a)
Except as otherwise provided in par. (b) or (c), all adjusted premiums and present values referred to in this section shall for all policies of ordinary insurance be calculated on the basis of the commissioners 1941 standard ordinary mortality table, except that for any category of ordinary insurance issued on female risks adjusted premiums and present values may be calculated according to an age not more than 3 years younger than the actual age of the insured, and such calculations for all policies of industrial insurance shall be made on the basis of the 1941 standard industrial mortality table. All calculations shall be made on the basis of the rate of interest, not exceeding 3.5 percent per year, specified in the policy for calculating cash surrender values and paid-up nonforfeiture benefits; provided, that in calculating the present value of any paid-up term insurance with accompanying pure endowment, if any, offered as a nonforfeiture benefit, the rates of mortality assumed may not be more than 130 percent of the rates of mortality according to such applicable table. For insurance issued on a substandard basis, the calculation of any such adjusted premiums and present values may be based on such other table of mortality as may be specified by the company and approved by the commissioner.
(b)
In the case of ordinary policies issued on or after the operative date of this paragraph, all adjusted premiums and present values referred to in this section shall be calculated on the basis of the commissioners 1958 standard ordinary mortality table and the rate of interest, not exceeding 3.5 percent per year, specified in the policy for calculating cash surrender values and paid-up nonforfeiture benefits, provided that for any category of ordinary insurance issued on female risks adjusted premiums and present values may be calculated according to an age not more than 6 years younger than the actual age of the insured. In calculating the present value of any paid-up term insurance with accompanying pure endowment, if any, offered as a nonforfeiture benefit, the rates of mortality assumed may be not more than those shown in the commissioners 1958 extended term insurance table. For insurance issued on a substandard basis, the calculation of any such adjusted premiums and present values may be based on such other table of mortality as may be specified by the company and approved by the commissioner. After June 14, 1959, any company may file with the commissioner a written notice of its election to comply with the provisions of this paragraph after a specified date before January 1, 1966. After the filing of such notice, then upon such specified date, which shall be the operative date of this paragraph for such company, this paragraph shall become operative with respect to the ordinary policies thereafter issued by such company. If a company makes no such election, the operative date of this paragraph for such company shall be January 1, 1966.
(c)
In the case of industrial policies issued on or after the operative date of this paragraph as defined herein, all adjusted premiums and present values referred to in this section shall be calculated on the basis of the commissioners 1961 standard industrial mortality table and the rate of interest, not exceeding 3.5 percent per year, specified in the policy for calculating cash surrender values and paid-up nonforfeiture benefits; provided, that in calculating the present value of any paid-up term insurance with accompanying pure endowment, if any, offered as a nonforfeiture benefit, the rates of mortality assumed may be not more than those shown in the commissioners 1961 industrial extended term insurance table, and for insurance issued on a substandard basis, the calculations of any such adjusted premiums and present values may be based on such other table of mortality as is specified by the company and approved by the commissioner. After May 19, 1963, any company may file with the commissioner a written notice of its election to comply with this paragraph after a specified date before January 1, 1968. After the filing of such notice, then upon such specified date, which shall be the operative date of this paragraph for such company, this paragraph shall become operative with respect to the industrial policies thereafter issued by such company. If a company makes no such election, the operative date of this paragraph for such company shall be January 1, 1968.
(d)
A rate of interest not exceeding 5.5 percent per year may be used for ordinary policies or industrial policies, or both, issued on or after June 19, 1974, in lieu of the rate referred to in pars. (b) and (c).
(6m)
(a)
In this subsection:
1.
“Additional expense allowance" means the sum of the following:
a.
One percent of any positive excess of the average amount of insurance at the beginning of each of the first 10 policy years after an unscheduled change in benefits or premiums, over the average amount of insurance before the change at the beginning of each of the first 10 policy years after the next most recent change or date of issue, if there was no previous change.
b.
One-hundred twenty-five percent of any positive increase in the nonforfeiture net level premium.
2.
“Date of issue" means the date as of which the rated age of the insured is determined.
3.
“Nonforfeiture interest rate" means either of the following:
a.
For all policies other than those described in subd. 3. b., 125 percent of the applicable calendar year valuation interest rate under s. 623.06 rounded to the nearest 0.25 percent, but in no case less than 4 percent.
b.
For policies issued on or after the operative date of the valuation manual, the rate per annum provided in the valuation manual.
4.
“Nonforfeiture net level premium" means the present value at the date of issue of the guaranteed benefits provided by a policy divided by the present value at the date of issue of an annuity of one per year payable on the date of issue and each policy anniversary on which a premium is due.
4m.
“Operative date of the valuation manual" has the meaning given in s. 623.06 (1) (f).
5.
“Premiums" do not include amounts payable as extra premiums to cover impairments or special hazards or a uniform annual contract charge or policy fee specified in the policy in the method to be used in calculating cash surrender values and paid-up nonforfeiture benefits.
(b)
Except as provided under par. (d), adjusted premiums shall be calculated on an annual basis and shall be such a uniform percentage of the future premiums specified in the policy for each policy year that the present value at the date of issue of the adjusted premiums is equal to the sum of the following:
1.
The present value at the date of issue of the future guaranteed benefits provided by the policy.
2.
One percent of any uniform amount of insurance or one percent of the average amount of insurance at the beginning of each of the first 10 policy years.
3.
One-hundred twenty-five percent of the nonforfeiture net level premium. For purposes of this subdivision, the nonforfeiture net level premium shall not exceed 4 percent of any uniform amount of insurance or 4 percent of the average amount of insurance at the beginning of each of the first 10 policy years.
(c)
For policies which cause on a basis guaranteed in the policy unscheduled changes in benefits or premiums or which provide an option for changes in benefits or premiums other than a change to a new policy:
1.
The adjusted premiums and present values shall at the date of issue be calculated on the assumption that future benefits and premiums do not change and at the time of the change the future adjusted premiums, nonforfeiture net level premiums and present value shall be recalculated on the assumption that future benefits and premiums do not undergo further change.
2.
Except as provided under par. (d), the recalculated future adjusted premiums for the policy shall be such a uniform percentage of the future premiums specified in the policy for each policy year that the present value at the time of the change of the adjusted premiums is equal to the excess of the sum of the present value at the time of the change of the future guaranteed benefits provided by the policy and any additional expense allowance over any cash surrender value at the time of the change or present value at the time of the change of any paid-up nonforfeiture benefit.
3.
The recalculated nonforfeiture net level premium is equal to the sum of the nonforfeiture net level premium applicable before the change multiplied by the present value of an annuity of one per year payable on each anniversary of the policy on or after the date of the change on which a premium would have fallen due had the change not occurred, and the present value at the time of the change of the increase in future guaranteed benefits provided by the policy, divided by the present value at the time of the change of an annuity of one per year payable on each anniversary of the policy on or after the date of change on which a premium falls due.
(d)
For a policy issued on a substandard basis which provides reduced graded amounts of insurance so that, in each policy year, the policy has the same tabular mortality cost as an otherwise similar policy issued on the standard basis which provides higher uniform amounts of insurance, adjusted premiums and present values for the substandard policy may be calculated as if it were issued to provide the higher uniform amounts of insurance on the standard basis.
(e)
All adjusted premiums and present values under this section shall be calculated on the following bases:
1.
For ordinary insurance policies, the commissioners 1980 standard ordinary mortality table or, at the election of the company for any one or more specified plans of life insurance, the commissioners 1980 standard ordinary mortality table with 10-year select mortality factors.
2.
For industrial insurance policies, the commissioners 1961 standard industrial mortality table.
3.
For policies issued in a calendar year, a rate of interest not exceeding the nonforfeiture interest rate for policies issued in that calendar year, except that:
a.
At the option of the company, calculations for all policies issued in a calendar year may be made on the basis of a rate of interest not exceeding the nonforfeiture interest rate for policies issued in the immediately preceding calendar year.
b.
Under any paid-up nonforfeiture benefit or any paid-up dividend addition, any cash surrender value available shall be calculated on the basis of the mortality table and rate of interest used in determining the amount of the paid-up nonforfeiture benefit or paid-up dividend additions.
c.
A company may calculate the amount of any guaranteed paid-up nonforfeiture benefit or any paid-up addition on the basis of an interest rate no lower than that specified in the policy for calculating cash surrender values.
d.
In calculating the present value of any paid-up term insurance with any accompanying pure endowment offered as a nonforfeiture benefit, the rates of mortality assumed may be not more than those in the commissioners 1980 extended term insurance table for policies of ordinary insurance and not more than those in the commissioners 1961 industrial extended term insurance table for policies of industrial insurance.
e.
For insurance issued on a substandard basis, the calculation of adjusted premiums and present values may be based on appropriate modifications of those tables.
f.
For policies issued before the operative date of the valuation manual, any ordinary mortality tables adopted after 1980 by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, that are approved by rule adopted by the commissioner for use in determining the minimum nonforfeiture standard, may be substituted for the commissioners 1980 standard ordinary mortality table with or without 10-year select mortality factors or for the commissioners 1980 extended term insurance table. For policies issued on or after the operative date of the valuation manual, the valuation manual provides the commissioners standard mortality table for use in determining the minimum nonforfeiture standard that may be substituted for the commissioners 1980 standard ordinary mortality table with or without 10-year select mortality factors or for the commissioners 1980 extended term insurance table. If the commissioner approves, by rule, any ordinary mortality table adopted by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners for use in determining the minimum nonforfeiture standard for policies issued on or after the operative date of the valuation manual, then that minimum nonforfeiture standard supersedes the minimum nonforfeiture standard provided by the valuation manual.
g.
For policies issued before the operative date of the valuation manual, any industrial mortality tables adopted after 1980 by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, that are approved by rule adopted by the commissioner for use in determining the minimum nonforfeiture standard, may be substituted for the commissioners 1961 standard industrial mortality table or the commissioners 1961 industrial extended term insurance table. For policies issued on or after the operative date of the valuation manual, the valuation manual provides the commissioners standard mortality table for use in determining the minimum nonforfeiture standard that may be substituted for the commissioners 1961 standard industrial mortality table or for the commissioners 1961 industrial extended term insurance table. If the commissioner approves, by rule, any industrial mortality table adopted by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners for use in determining the minimum nonforfeiture standard for policies issued on or after the operative date of the valuation manual, then that minimum nonforfeiture standard supersedes the minimum nonforfeiture standard provided by the valuation manual.
(f)
Any refiling of nonforfeiture values or their methods of computation for any previously approved policy form which involves only a change in the interest rate or mortality table used to compute nonforfeiture values does not require refiling of any other provisions of that policy form.
(g)
This subsection applies to all policies issued on or after the operative date under par. (h) and subs. (4) to (6) do not apply to policies issued on or after the operative date under par. (h).
(h)
After May 1, 1982, any company may file with the commissioner a written notice of its election to comply with this subsection after a specified date before January 1, 1989, which shall be the operative date of this subsection for the company. If a company makes no election, the operative date of this subsection for the company is January 1, 1989.
(6t)
(a)
In this subsection, “plan" means a plan of life insurance:
1.
Providing for premiums based on recent estimates of future experience available on or near a premium due date; or
2.
For which the minimum nonforfeiture values cannot be determined under this section.
(b)
No plan may be issued in this state unless the commissioner determines that:
1.
The benefits and pattern of premiums do not mislead prospective policyholders or insureds; and
2.
The benefits are substantially as favorable to policyholders and insureds as the minimum benefits required under this section.
(c)
The commissioner shall by rule adopt a method consistent with the principles of this section for determining the minimum cash surrender values and paid-up nonforfeiture benefits provided by a plan.
(7)
Any cash surrender value and any paid-up nonforfeiture benefit, available under the policy in the event of default in a premium payment due at any time other than on the policy anniversary, shall be calculated with allowance for the lapse of time and the payment of fractional premiums beyond the last preceding policy anniversary. All values under subs. (2) to (6m) may be calculated upon the assumption that any death benefit is payable at the end of the policy year of death. The net value of any paid-up additions, other than paid-up term additions, shall be not less than the amounts used to provide the additions. Notwithstanding sub. (2), additional benefits payable in the event of death or dismemberment by accident or accidental means, in the event of total and permanent disability, as reversionary annuity or deferred reversionary annuity benefits, as term insurance benefits provided by a rider or supplemental policy provision to which, if issued as a separate policy, this section would not apply, as term insurance on the life of a child or on the lives of children provided in a policy on the life of a parent of the child, if the term insurance expires before the child's age is 26, is uniform in amount after the child's age is one, and has not become paid up by reason of the death of a parent of the child, and as other policy benefits additional to life insurance and endowment benefits, and premiums for all of these additional benefits, shall be disregarded in ascertaining cash surrender values and nonforfeiture benefits required by this section, and none of these additional benefits may be required to be included in any paid-up nonforfeiture benefits.
(7m)
(a)
This subsection applies to all policies issued on or after January 1, 1984. Any cash surrender value available under the policy in the event of default in a premium payment due on any policy anniversary shall be in an amount which does not differ by more than 0.2 percent of any uniform amount of insurance or 0.2 percent of the average amount of insurance at the beginning of each of the first 10 policy years, from the sum of the following:
1.
The greater of zero and the basic cash value under par. (b) on the policy anniversary.
2.
The present value of any existing paid-up additions less the amount of any indebtedness to the company under the policy.
(b)
The basic cash value is the present value of the future guaranteed benefits which would have been provided for by the policy, excluding any existing paid-up additions and before deduction of any indebtedness to the company, if there had been no default, less the present value on the policy anniversary of the nonforfeiture factors under par. (c) corresponding to premiums which would have fallen due on and after the policy anniversary. The effects on the basic cash value of supplemental life insurance or annuity benefits or of family coverage under subs. (2) or (4) to (6) shall be the same as the effects under subs. (2) or (4) to (6) on the cash surrender values under those subsections.
(c)
The nonforfeiture factor for each policy year is an amount equal to a percentage of the adjusted premium under subs. (4) to (6m) for the policy year. Except as provided under par. (d), the percentage:
1.
Must be the same for each policy year between the 2nd policy anniversary and the later of the 5th policy anniversary and the first policy anniversary at which there is available a cash surrender value, before including any paid-up additions and before deducting any indebtedness, of at least 0.2 percent of any uniform amount of insurance or 0.2 percent of the average amount of insurance at the beginning of each of the first 10 policy years; and
2.
Must apply to at least 5 consecutive policy years after the latest of the policy anniversaries under subd. 1.
(d)
No basic cash value may be less than the value which would be obtained if the adjusted premiums for the policy under sub. (6m) were substituted for the nonforfeiture factors in the calculation of the basic cash value.
(e)
All adjusted premiums and present values under this subsection shall be calculated on the mortality and interest bases applicable to the policy under this section. The cash surrender values under this subsection include any endowment benefits provided by the policy.
(f)
Any cash surrender value available other than in the event of default in a premium payment due on a policy anniversary, and the amount of any paid-up nonforfeiture benefit available in the event of default in a premium payment shall be determined by methods consistent with the methods under subs. (1) to (3), (6m) and (7). The amounts of any cash surrender values and of any paid-up nonforfeiture benefits granted in connection with additional benefits the same or similar to those under sub. (7) shall conform to the principles of this subsection.
(8)
(a)
This section does not apply to any:
1.
Reinsurance.
2.
Group insurance.
3.
Pure endowment contract.
4.
Annuity or reversionary annuity contract.
5.
Term policy of uniform amount which provides no guaranteed nonforfeiture or endowment benefits of 20 years or less expiring before age 71, for which uniform premiums are payable during the entire term of the policy.
6.
Term policy of decreasing amount, which provides no guaranteed nonforfeiture or endowment benefits, on which each adjusted premium, calculated under subs. (4) to (6m) is less than the adjusted premium calculated under subs. (4) to (6m) on a term policy of uniform amount providing no guaranteed nonforfeiture or endowment benefits, issued at the same age and for the same initial amount of insurance and for a term of 20 years or less expiring before age 71, for which uniform premiums are payable during the entire term of the policy.
7.
Policy providing no guaranteed nonforfeiture or endowment benefits, for which any cash surrender value or present value of any paid-up nonforfeiture benefit, at the beginning of any policy year, calculated under subs. (2) to (6m), does not exceed 2.5 percent of the amount of insurance at the beginning of the same policy year.
8.
Policy delivered outside this state through an agent or other representative of the company issuing the policy.
(b)
For purposes of this subsection, the age at expiry for a joint term life insurance policy is the age at expiry of the oldest life.
(9)
After May 22, 1943, any company may file with the commissioner a written notice of its intention to comply with the provisions hereof after a specified date before January 1, 1948. After the filing of such notice, then upon such specified date, this section shall become fully effective with respect to policies thereafter issued by such company and all previously existing provisions of law inconsistent with this section shall become inapplicable to such policies. Except as herein provided, this section shall become effective January 1, 1948, and shall from and after said date supersede all provisions of law inconsistent or in conflict therewith.
History:  1973 c. 303; 1977 c. 153 s. 1; 1977 c. 339 s. 15; Stats. 1977 s. 632.43; 1979 c. 110 s. 60 (13); 1981 c. 307; 1983 a. 189, 538; 1995 a. 225; 2009 a. 177; 2015 a. 90.