reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 137 - Ownership Generally (§§ 1111 — 1117) › § 1115 - Rights owner of parcel of ground

The owner of a parcel of ground is the owner of its surface and of everything under it, and he can construct thereon any works or make any plantations and excavations which he may deem proper, without detriment to the servitudes legally established thereon.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 284.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 137 - Ownership Generally (§§ 1111 — 1117) › § 1116 - Hidden treasures

Hidden treasures belong to the owner of the land on which they are found.
Nevertheless, when the discovery is made by chance on property belonging to another, or to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or of the United States, one-half thereof shall be allowed to the finder.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 285; Const., art. IX, § 4, eff. July 25, 1952.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 137 - Ownership Generally (§§ 1111 — 1117) › § 1117 - Treasure defined

By treasure is understood, for legal effects, any hidden or unknown deposit of money, jewelry, or other precious objects, the lawful ownership of which is not proven.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 286.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter I - Generally (§ 1131) › § 1131 - Right of accession inherent in ownership

The ownership of property, whether movable or immovable, carries with it the right, by accession, to everything which is produced thereby, or which is united thereto or incorporated therewith, either naturally or artificially.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 287.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter II - Right of Accession with Respect to What is Produced by Property (§§ 1141 — 1146) › § 1141 - Products of property

To the owner belong:
1. The natural fruits.
2. The cultivated fruits.
3. The civil fruits.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 288.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter II - Right of Accession with Respect to What is Produced by Property (§§ 1141 — 1146) › § 1142 - Natural, cultivated, and civil fruits defined

Natural fruits are the spontaneous productions of the soil, and the broods and other products of animals.
Cultivated fruits are those produced by lands of any kind through cultivation or labor.
Civil fruits are the rents of buildings, the price paid for the lease of lands, and the amount of perpetual, life or other similar incomes.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 289.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter II - Right of Accession with Respect to What is Produced by Property (§§ 1141 — 1146) › § 1143 - Expense of production, etc

The receiver of fruits is obliged to pay the expenses incurred by a third person in their production, gathering and preservation.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 290.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter II - Right of Accession with Respect to What is Produced by Property (§§ 1141 — 1146) › § 1144 - What considered natural or cultivated fruits

Only such as are manifest or born are considered as natural or cultivated fruits. With respect to animals, it is sufficient if they are in the mother’s womb, although unborn.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 291.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter II - Right of Accession with Respect to What is Produced by Property (§§ 1141 — 1146) › § 1145 - Fruits do not belong to simple possessor

The fruits of a thing do not belong to the simple possessor and shall be returned together with the thing to the owner thereof who claims the same, unless the possessor held it bona fide.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 292.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter II - Right of Accession with Respect to What is Produced by Property (§§ 1141 — 1146) › § 1146 - Bona fide possessor defined

He is bona fide possessor who possesses as owner by virtue of a title sufficient in its terms and conditions to transfer the ownership, and the defects of which he is ignorant of. Bona fide possession ceases from the moment the possessor becomes acquainted with the defects of the title, or through a suit instituted by the owner of the thing to recover the same.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 293.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1161 - Buildings and plantings on another’s land

Whatever is built, planted or sown on another’s land, and the improvements or repairs made thereon, belong to the owner thereof, subject to what is prescribed in the following sections.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 294.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1162 - Works and plantings presumed made by owner

All works, sown lands and plantings are presumed to have been made by the owner, and at his expense, unless the contrary be proven.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 295.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1163 - Constructions with another’s material

The owner of the land who shall make thereon, by himself or through another person, plantings, constructions or works, with material belonging to another person, is bound to pay their value; and if he has acted in bad faith, he shall also be obliged to pay an indemnity for damages and injuries caused thereby. The owner of the materials shall have the right to remove them only in case he can do so without injury to the work constructed, or when by so doing the plantings, constructions or works are not destroyed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 296.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1164 - Rights of owner of land built upon in good faith

The owner of the land sown or planted upon in good faith shall have the right to appropriate as his own the sowing or planting, by previously paying the compensation specified in §§ 1468 and 1469 of this title, or to compel the person who planted to pay the price of the land, and the person who sowed, the corresponding rent.
The owner of the land which has been built upon in good faith shall have the right to appropriate as his own the work, by previously paying to the owner of the work the cost of the materials and labor, or the cost of reproducing the work at the time the owner of the land exercises his right, deducting depreciation, whichever is greater, or to compel the person who constructed to pay the value of the land.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 297; June 16, 1964, No. 56, p. 156.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1165 - Bad faith of builder

He who builds, plants, or sows in bad faith on another’s land, loses what he has built, planted or sown, without having any right to indemnity.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 298.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1166 - Bad faith of builder—Demolition of work and restoration to former condition

The owner of the land on which any one has built, planted or sown in bad faith, may exact the demolition of the work or the removal of the planting or sowing and the replacing of everthing in its former condition, at the expense of the person who built, planted or sowed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 299.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1167 - Bad faith of both parties

When there has existed bad faith, not only on the part of the person who built, sowed or planted on another’s land, but also on the part of the owner of such land, the rights of both shall be the same as though both had acted in good faith.
Bad faith on the part of the owner is understood to exist whenever the act has been executed in his presence and with his knowledge and forbearance, and without opposition on his part.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 300.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1168 - Materials belonging to third person

If the materials, plants, or seed belong to a third person who has not acted in bad faith, the owner of the land shall be liable, subsidiarily, for their value, and only in the event that the person who made use of them has no property with which to pay.
This provision shall not be applied if the owner make use of the right granted him by § 1166 of this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 301.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1169 - Augmentation of river banks

The augmentation which the banks of a river gradually receive from the effects of the current of waters belongs to the owners of the tenements adjacent to such banks.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 302.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1170 - Land adjacent to ponds and lakes

The owners of tenements adjacent to ponds or lakes do not acquire the land left dry by the natural decrease of the waters nor lose that inundated thereby in unusual floods.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 303.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1171 - Transfer of land by current

When the current of a river, rivulet or torrent cuts off from a tenement on its bank a known portion of land and transfers it to another tenement, the owner of the tenement to which the portion cut off belongs retains the ownership of such portion.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 304.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1172 - Trees carried away by current

Trees uprooted and carried away by the current of waters belong to the owner of the land upon which they are carried, if the former owners do not claim them within a month. If such owners claim them, they shall pay the expenses caused by the collecting and securing of the same in a safe place.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 305.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1173 - River leaving channel

If a river or stream, whether navigable or not, opens itself a new bed by leaving its former channel, the owners of the soil newly occupied shall take, by way of indemnification, the former bed of the river, everyone in proportion to the quantity of land he has lost.
The said owners shall have the right to their former property if the river or stream returns to its former channel.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 306.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1174 - New bed of navigable river

When a new bed is opened through a private tenement by a navigable river, which changes its course through natural causes, the said bed shall become part of the public domain. The owner of the tenement shall recover the same, in the event of the waters leaving it again dry, whether by natural means or through labor lawfully authorized for this purpose.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 307.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1175 - Islands formed through descending alluviums

Islands which, through successive accumulations of descending alluviums, are slowly formed in rivers, belong to the owners of the banks or shores nearest to each of them, or to those of both shores if the island is in the middle of the river, and they shall then be divided longitudinally in halves. If a single island thus formed be more distant from one bank than from the other, then the owner of the nearest bank shall be the sole owner thereof.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 308.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter III - Right of Accession With Respect to Immovables (§§ 1161 — 1176) › § 1176 - Current of river dividing into branches

When the current of a river divides itself into branches, leaving a tenement or a part thereof isolated, the owner of such tenement retains his ownership. He also retains it, if a piece of land becomes separated by the current.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 309.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter IV - Right of Accession With Respect to Movables (§§ 1191 — 1199) › § 1191 - Union of movable things belonging to different owners

When two movable things, belonging to different owners, are united in such a way that they come to form a unit, without bad faith on the part of either owner, the owner of the principal thing acquires the accessory thing by indemnifying the former owner thereof for its value.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 310.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter IV - Right of Accession With Respect to Movables (§§ 1191 — 1199) › § 1192 - Principal thing defined

The principal thing of two united things shall be considered to be the one to which another has been united for ornament, or for the use or completion thereof.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 311.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter IV - Right of Accession With Respect to Movables (§§ 1191 — 1199) › § 1193 - Determination by value or volume; paintings, etc

When it is not possible, according to the rule given in the preceding section, to determine which of the two united things is the principal one, the thing of the greater value shall be considered as such, and between two things of equal value, that having the greater volume.
In paintings and sculptures, in writings, printed matter, engravings and lithographs, the board, metal, stone, canvas, paper or parchment, shall be considered as accessory things.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 312.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter IV - Right of Accession With Respect to Movables (§§ 1191 — 1199) › § 1194 - Separation of united things

When things united can be separated without injury, their respective owners may demand their separation.
Nevertheless, when a thing united for the use, embellishment or completion of another is much more precious than the principal thing, the owner of the first may demand their separation, though the thing in which it is united may suffer some damage.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 313.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter IV - Right of Accession With Respect to Movables (§§ 1191 — 1199) › § 1195 - Union in bad faith

When the owner of the accessory thing has made the union in bad faith, he shall lose the thing united and shall be obliged to indemnify the owner of the principal thing for the damages he may have sustained.
When the person acting in bad faith is the owner of the principal thing, the owner of the accessory thing shall have the right to choose between being paid by the first for the value of the thing, or to have the thing belonging to him separated, though it may be necessary for such purpose to destroy the principal thing, and, in both cases, an indemnity for damages and injury may be recovered.
If either of the owners had made the union in the presence and with the knowledge and forbearance of the other, and without opposition from him, their respective rights shall be determined in the manner provided for cases in which they acted in good faith.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 314.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter IV - Right of Accession With Respect to Movables (§§ 1191 — 1199) › § 1196 - Form of indemnity

Whenever the owner of any material employed without his consent has a right to an indemnity, he may exact that such indemnity consist in the delivery of a thing equal in kind and value and in all respects to the one employed, or else in the value of such thing, according to expert appraisement.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 315.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter IV - Right of Accession With Respect to Movables (§§ 1191 — 1199) › § 1197 - Mixture of things by will of owners or by chance

When, by the will of their owners, two things of the same or different kinds are mixed, or when the mixture is made by chance, and, in this last case, are not separable without injury, each owner shall acquire a right proportional to the part belonging to him with respect to the value of the things mixed or confounded.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 316.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter IV - Right of Accession With Respect to Movables (§§ 1191 — 1199) › § 1198 - Mixture in good faith; in bad faith

When, by the will of only one of the owners, but in good faith, two things of equal or different kinds are mixed or confounded, the rights of the owners shall be determined by the provisions of the preceding section.
When the person making the mixture or confusion acted in bad faith, he shall lose the thing thus mixed or confounded belonging to him, besides being obliged to indemnify the owner of the thing with which he made the mixture for the damage caused thereby.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 317.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 139 - The Right of Accession (§§ 1131 — 1199) › Subchapter IV - Right of Accession With Respect to Movables (§§ 1191 — 1199) › § 1199 - Employment of another’s materials

He who has employed, in good faith, material belonging in whole or in part to another person for making a thing of a new kind, shall become the owner thereof, indemnifying the owner of the material for the value of the same.
When the said material is more precious than the work on which it was used or superior in value, the owner thereof may, at his option, become owner of the new thing by paying the price of the said work or claim an indemnity for the said material.
When, in the making of the new thing, there has existed bad faith, the owner of the materials has the right, either to keep the work without paying anything to the person making it; or claim from him an indemnity for the value of the material and the damages he may have suffered.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 318.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 141 - Fixing of Boundaries and Placing of Landmarks (§§ 1211 — 1213) › § 1211 - Right to demand fixing of boundaries

Every owner has the right to demand the fixing of the boundaries of his property, giving notice thereof to the owners of adjoining tenements.
The same privilege belongs to those having real rights.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 319.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 141 - Fixing of Boundaries and Placing of Landmarks (§§ 1211 — 1213) › § 1212 - Method for fixing boundaries

The fixing of boundaries shall be in accordance with the titles of each owner, and, in default of sufficient titles, from what may appear from the possession held by the contiguous owners.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 320.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 141 - Fixing of Boundaries and Placing of Landmarks (§§ 1211 — 1213) › § 1213 - Cases in which titles do not specify boundaries

When the titles do not specify the boundary or area belonging to each owner and the question cannot be determined by possession or by other means of proof, the part of the land remaining in excess after the fixing of the boundaries shall belong to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 321; Const., art. IX, § 4, eff. July 25, 1952.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 143 - Right to Enclose Agricultural Lands (§ 1231) › § 1231 - Right to enclose agricultural lands

Every owner may enclose or fence his tenements by means of walls, ditches, live or dead hedges, or in any other manner without injury to the servitudes existing thereon.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 322.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 145 - Unstable Buildings and Trees About to Fall (§§ 1241 — 1243) › § 1241 - Demolition of building, etc

When a building, wall, column or any other construction is in danger of falling, the owner shall be obliged to demolish it, or to do whatever is necessary to prevent its falling.
Should the owner of the unstable thing fail to do so, it may be ordered demolished at his expense by the authorities.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 323.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 145 - Unstable Buildings and Trees About to Fall (§§ 1241 — 1243) › § 1242 - Removal of tree

When any large tree threatens to fall in such a way as to cause damage to another person’s tenement or to persons passing over a public or private road, the owner of the tree is obliged to pull it down and remove it; and should he fail to do so, it shall be done at his expense by order of the authorities.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 324.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II - Ownership (§§ 1111 — 1243) › Chapter 145 - Unstable Buildings and Trees About to Fall (§§ 1241 — 1243) › § 1243 - Liability if building or tree falls

In the cases referred to in the two preceding sections, should the tree or building fall, the owner shall be liable for the damages caused, except in cases of vis major.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 325.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter I - General Provisions (§§ 1251 — 1251c) › § 1251 - Legislative purpose; scope

The purpose of this chapter is to recognize that the sale and promotion of timeshare plans and vacation clubs is an emerging, dynamic segment of the international tourism industry; that this segment of the tourism industry continues to grow, both in volume of sales and in complexity and variety of product structure; and that a uniform and consistent method of regulation is necessary in order to safeguard Puerto Rico’s tourism industry, Puerto Rico’s consumers and Puerto Rico’s economic wellbeing. In order to protect the quality of the Puerto Rico’s timeshare plans and vacation clubs and the consumers who purchase them, it is necessary to give statutory recognition to timeshare plans and vacation clubs in Puerto Rico; to establish procedures for the creation, sale, exchange, promotion, and operation of timeshare plans and vacation clubs; and to require every timeshare plan and vacation club offered for sale in Puerto Rico or created and existing with respect to accommodations and facilities that are located in Puerto Rico to be subjected to the provisions of this chapter.
All timeshare plans or vacation clubs exclusively offered for sale outside Puerto Rico and containing accommodations or facilities located in Puerto Rico, which have first filed for record in the Registry of Property the public instrument dedicating the property in which the accommodations and facilities are located to the timeshare or vacation club regime and filed with the Company the public offering statement pursuant to § 1255 of this title, and paid the corresponding filing fees under this chapter, and which are offered for sale in other jurisdictions that regulate the offering of timeshares or vacation clubs rights, shall not be subject to the other provisions of this Act to the extent that such activity is regulated in the other jurisdiction, but only after the Company has received satisfactory evidence that the timeshare plan or vacation club has complied with the requirements of the other jurisdiction. The Company shall also have the discretion to require all or a portion of the disclosures required by § 1252a of this title to be made in connection with the offerings made in the other jurisdiction.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 1-102; Jan. 5, 1999, No. 3, § 22.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter I - General Provisions (§§ 1251 — 1251c) › § 1251a - Formal requirements; nature of timeshare and vacation club right

The timeshare or vacation club regime must be established by public instrument and recorded in the Registry of Property in accordance with the provisions of §§ 1262—1268e of this title and §§ 2001 et seq. of Title 30, known as the “Mortgage and Property Registry Act”.
The timeshare or vacation club regime may be structured in such manner, at the option of the declarer, that the timeshares or vacation club rights will be either:
(a) A contractual right to use and occupy the accommodation or accommodations which are the object thereof, or
(b) a special type of property right with respect to a particular accommodation, coupled with the right to use and occupy the same and/or other accommodations which are the object thereof, which will be governed by the provisions of this chapter and in a suppletory manner, by the provisions of §§ 1271—1285 of this title relating to common ownership of property, except that:
(1) The timeshare regime’s or vacation club’s regulation of the use and enjoyment of the timeshare or vacation club accommodations and facilities shall be binding on all initial and subsequent timeshare or vacation club right owners and owners of accommodations and may only be amended as provided in this chapter;
(2) the provisions of § 1279 of this title relating to the division of the thing held in common and the provisions of § 1283 of this title relating to the forced sale of the thing held in common shall not be applicable to timeshare or vacation club property, and
(3) there shall be no right of redemption upon the sale or other alienation of a timeshare or vacation club right, except as otherwise set forth in the deed of dedication referred to in § 1264 of this title. Only protected accommodations may be the object of timeshares or vacation club rights, although accommodations which are not protected accommodations may be made available for supplemental use.
In addition to the timeshares and vacation club rights mentioned before, the timeshare or vacation club regime may also include, within the timeshare plan or vacation club, the possibility, subject to the provisions of this chapter, of the contractual grant of the right to use or conveyance or alienation of the special property right with respect to:
(1) Individual accommodations as a unit and,
(2) individual commercial units, provided, with respect to the latter, the operation thereof is restricted to the offering of products or services reasonably of interest to the occupants of the other accommodations in the property.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 1-103; July 5, 1996, No. 66, § 2; Jan. 5, 1999, No. 3, § 23.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter I - General Provisions (§§ 1251 — 1251c) › § 1251c - General exemptions

This chapter shall not apply to any offer or disposition of a timeshare or vacation club right or accommodation not made or consummated with the intent or for the purpose of evading the provisions of this chapter which constitutes:
(1) An offer or disposition other than in the ordinary course of business by any holder of a purchase money lien or refinancing lien including any assignee thereof, who acquires a timeshare or vacation club right or an accommodation as a result of the corresponding owner’s default with respect to his purchase money financing or refinancing obligations, whether such timeshare or vacation club right or accommodation is acquired by foreclosure, the acceptance of a deed in lieu thereof, or other legal means;
(2) a gratuitous disposition;
(3) a disposition by devise, descent, or distribution or a disposition to an intervivos trust;
(4) the offer, sale, or disposition of a membership in an exchange program or an exchange company’s operation of its exchange program, except to the extent that such exchange program constitutes a vacation club, or as otherwise provided in §§ 1258–1258d of this title;
(5) an offer or disposition of a timeshare or vacation club right or accommodation by an owner other than a developer, unless such owner makes such offer and disposition in the ordinary course of its business or through the use of an intermediary other than a licensed real estate broker or salesperson, or
(6) the disposition of timeshares or vacation club rights in a timeshare plan or vacation club comprising twenty (20) or fewer timeshares or vacation club rights unless the developer offers or intends to offer additional timeshares or vacation club rights in the same timeshare plan or vacation club. This right of exemption may only be exercised provided the developer notifies the Company indicating an intention to exercise this right and setting forth the facts upon which the exemption is based.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 1-105.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter II - Timeshare and Vacation Club Permit and Licensing Requirements for Sales of Accommodations, Timeshares and Vacation Club Rights (§§ 1252 — 1252j) › § 1252 - Timeshare or vacation club—Permit

It shall be unlawful for any developer or seller to offer or dispose of any accommodation, timeshare or vacation club right to a prospective purchaser in Puerto Rico or to offer or to dispose of any accommodation, timeshare or vacation club right in any timeshare or vacation club property located in Puerto Rico to a prospective purchaser located in any other jurisdiction unless a timeshare permit or vacation club permit, as applicable, has been issued by the Company to such person prior to such offer or disposition and remains in effect.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 2-101.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter II - Timeshare and Vacation Club Permit and Licensing Requirements for Sales of Accommodations, Timeshares and Vacation Club Rights (§§ 1252 — 1252j) › § 1252c - Timeshare or vacation club—Contents

The timeshare or vacation club permit shall be prepared by the Company. It shall be in the form and contain such information and disclosures that the Company may, in its discretion, determine to include. The Company may require that the developer prepare and submit to the Company a proposed form of permit.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 2-104.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter II - Timeshare and Vacation Club Permit and Licensing Requirements for Sales of Accommodations, Timeshares and Vacation Club Rights (§§ 1252 — 1252j) › § 1252d - Filing fee

The fee for filing and application for a timeshare or a vacation club permit shall be five hundred dollars ($500.00) plus three dollars ($3.00) for each seven (7) days (or portions thereof) of annual use available to be offered to prospective purchasers of timeshares or vacation club rights in Puerto Rico. The Company shall, by regulation, establish filing fees that are lower than the ones stated above if it determines that its costs and expenses incurred in reviewing applications justify such lower fees; and may, by regulation, establish fees that are higher than the ones established above, if it determines that its costs and expenses incurred in reviewing applications justify such higher fees.
The Company may conduct an inspection of the timeshare or vacation club property or properties and may engage an independent consultant to review the budget for the timeshare plan or vacation club.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 2-105; Jan. 5, 1999, No. 3, § 26.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter II - Timeshare and Vacation Club Permit and Licensing Requirements for Sales of Accommodations, Timeshares and Vacation Club Rights (§§ 1252 — 1252j) › § 1252e - Use of permit

A copy of the timeshare or vacation club permit, as applicable, shall be given to each purchaser prior to the execution of a purchase contract. A receipt for the timeshare permit in the form the Company may prescribe by regulation, shall be obtained from the purchaser. A copy of the applicable permit, and a statement advising that a copy of the permit may be obtained from the developer at any time, shall be posted in a conspicuous place in any office where dispositions or offers are regularly made. The developer shall retain each receipt for a permit for a period of twenty-four (24) months from the date of receipt. A developer may make copies of a permit issued and retained on file by the Company.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 2-106.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter II - Timeshare and Vacation Club Permit and Licensing Requirements for Sales of Accommodations, Timeshares and Vacation Club Rights (§§ 1252 — 1252j) › § 1252h - Right to hearing

Any developer whose application for a timeshare or vacation club right has been denied may, within thirty (30) days after receipt of the order of denial, file a written request with the Company for a hearing on such denial. If a request is filed, a hearing shall be held in accordance with the laws applicable to administrative adjudications.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 2-109.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter II - Timeshare and Vacation Club Permit and Licensing Requirements for Sales of Accommodations, Timeshares and Vacation Club Rights (§§ 1252 — 1252j) › § 1252i - Sales and leasing intermediaries

It shall be unlawful for any person who is not a licensed real estate broker or salesperson under §§ 3025 et seq. of Title 20, known as the “Act to Regulate the Real Estate Business and the Profession of Real Estate Broker, Salesperson or Companies in Puerto Rico”, or any successor statute thereto, to sell or lease, or offer to sell or lease, an accommodation, timeshare or vacation club right in Puerto Rico, unless such person is the developer, an entity related with the developer, or an employee or an independent contractor of any of the aforegoing in the project to which such accommodation, timeshare or vacation club right pertains. The developer’s exemption under this section shall extend to the initial and any subsequent sale of the accommodation, timeshare or vacation club right, as well as to any lease of a sold or unsold accommodation, timeshare or vacation club right in Puerto Rico.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 2-110; Jan. 5, 1999, No. 3, § 27.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter II - Timeshare and Vacation Club Permit and Licensing Requirements for Sales of Accommodations, Timeshares and Vacation Club Rights (§§ 1252 — 1252j) › § 1252j - Additional fees

The Company may, by regulation, establish such additional fees that the Company may deem reasonably necessary in connection with the administration of this chapter.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 2-111.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 2 - Property Ownership and Its Modifications (§§ 1021 — 1875) › PART II-A - Timeshare (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Chapter 147 - Puerto Rico Timeshare and Vacation Club Act (§§ 1251 — 1269d) › Subchapter III - Cancellation; Deposit Escrow Requirements (§§ 1253 — 1253a) › § 1253 - Cancellation rights of purchasers

(1) A purchaser shall have the right to cancel his purchase contract until midnight of the seventh calendar day following the date upon which the purchaser executed such purchase contract or received the timeshare or vacation club permit, whichever occurs later. Purchaser shall also have the right to cancel his purchase contract after the rescission period has expired if the developer has not completed the accommodations which are the object of the purchase contract or of the timeshare or vacation club right which is the object thereof within the term set forth in § 1254b of this title. The following notice of the purchaser’s right of cancellation shall be set forth in conspicuous type in the immediate proximity of the place for the purchaser’s signature in the purchase contract:
YOU MAY CANCEL THIS PURCHASE CONTRACT AND RECEIVE A REFUND OF ANY MONIES PAID TO THE SELLER, LESS THE VALUE OF ANY BENEFITS RECEIVED PURSUANT TO THIS PURCHASE CONTRACT, WITHIN SEVEN DAYS FOLLOWING THE DATE UPON WHICH YOU EXECUTED THIS PURCHASE CONTRACT OR RECEIVED THE TIMESHARE [OR VACATION CLUB] PERMIT, WHICHEVER OCCURRED LATER. SHOULD YOU DECIDE TO CANCEL THIS CONTRACT FOR ANY REASON, YOU MUST PROVIDE WRITTEN NOTICE OF YOUR DECISION TO [NAME OF SELLER] AT [SELLER’S ADDRESS] BY FIRST CLASS MAIL POSTMARKED PRIOR TO MIDNIGHT OF THE SEVEN (7TH) CALENDAR DAY AFTER YOU SIGNED THIS PURCHASE CONTRACT OR RECEIVED THE TIMESHARE [OR VACATION CLUB] PERMIT, WHICHEVER OCCURRED LATER.
The purchaser’s right of cancellation, as provided in this subsection shall not be subject to waiver by the purchaser, and any provision of the purchase contract or any other timeshare or vacation club document purporting to constitute such a waiver shall he deemed null and void.
Any notice of cancellation given by mail, postage prepaid, shall be effective on the date postmarked. Any written notice of cancellation delivered other than by mail shall be effective at the time of its delivery at the place of business of the seller designated in the form of notice of cancellation.
(2) It shall be a violation of this chapter for a developer to misrepresent in any manner a purchaser’s right to cancel his purchase contract or to fail or refuse to refund any and all payments made by the purchaser of a timeshare or vacation club right or accommodation and return any negotiable instruments (other than checks) executed by the purchaser as partial consideration for his purchase, less the value of any benefits received by the purchaser pursuant to his purchase contract, within ten (10) days following the developer’s receipt of the purchaser’s written notice of cancellation.
History —Dec. 26, 1995, No. 252, § 3-101.