reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments › Sections › § 8.3A-602. Payment

(a) Subject to subsection (b), an instrument is paid to the extent payment is made (i) by or on behalf of a party obliged to pay the instrument, and (ii) to a person entitled to enforce the instrument. To the extent of the payment, the obligation of the party obliged to pay the instrument is discharged even though payment is made with knowledge of a claim to the instrument under § 8.3A-306 by another person.
(b) The obligation of a party to pay the instrument is not discharged under subsection (a) if:
(1) a claim to the instrument under § 8.3A-306 is enforceable against the party receiving payment and (i) payment is made with knowledge by the payor that payment is prohibited by injunction or similar process of a court of competent jurisdiction, or (ii) in the case of an instrument other than a cashier's check, teller's check, or certified check, the party making payment accepted, from the person having a claim to the instrument, indemnity against loss resulting from refusal to pay the person entitled to enforce the instrument; or
(2) the person making payment knows that the instrument is a stolen instrument and pays a person it knows is in wrongful possession of the instrument.
(c) Within 90 days following payment in full of the obligation represented by an instrument, the holder of the instrument shall return it to the maker or his agent, unless it no longer is in existence. If the instrument no longer is in existence, upon request from the maker or his agent, the holder shall give written confirmation that the instrument no longer is in existence and the obligation has been paid in full, within 90 days of such request. In such event the holder shall be deemed to have satisfied its obligation under this subsection.
Code 1950, §§ 6-403, 6-472, 6-473, 6-524 through 6-530; 1964, c. 219, § 8.3-603; 1992, c. 693; 2003, c. 342.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments › Sections › § 8.3A-603. Tender of payment

(a) If tender of payment of an obligation to pay an instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument, the effect of tender is governed by principles of law applicable to tender of payment under a simple contract.
(b) If tender of payment of an obligation to pay an instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument and the tender is refused, there is discharge, to the extent of the amount of the tender, of the obligation of an endorser or accommodation party having a right of recourse with respect to the obligation to which the tender relates.
(c) If tender of payment of an amount due on an instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument, the obligation of the obligor to pay interest after the due date on the amount tendered is discharged. If presentment is required with respect to an instrument and the obligor is able and ready to pay on the due date at every place of payment stated in the instrument, the obligor is deemed to have made tender of payment on the due date to the person entitled to enforce the instrument.
Code 1950, §§ 6-423, 6-473; 1964, c. 219, § 8.3-604; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments › Sections › § 8.3A-604. Discharge by cancellation or renunciation

(a) A person entitled to enforce an instrument, with or without consideration, may discharge the obligation of a party to pay the instrument (i) by an intentional voluntary act, such as surrender of the instrument to the party, destruction, mutilation, or cancellation of the instrument, cancellation or striking out of the party's signature, or the addition of words to the instrument indicating discharge, or (ii) by agreeing not to sue or otherwise renouncing rights against the party by a signed writing.
(b) Cancellation or striking out of an endorsement pursuant to subsection (a) does not affect the status and rights of a party derived from the endorsement.
Code 1950, §§ 6-400, 6-472, 6-475, 6-476; 1964, c. 219, § 8.3-605; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-102. Applicability

(a) To the extent that items within this title are also within the scope of Titles 8.3A and 8.8A, they are subject to those titles. If there is conflict this title governs Title 8.3A but Title 8.8A governs this title.
(b) The liability of a bank for action or nonaction with respect to an item handled by it for purposes of presentment, payment or collection is governed by the law of the place where the bank is located. In the case of action or nonaction by or at a branch or separate office of a bank, its liability is governed by the law of the place where the branch or separate office is located.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-103. Variation by agreement; measure of damages; action constituting ordinary care

(a) The effect of the provisions of this title may be varied by agreement but the parties to the agreement cannot disclaim a bank's responsibility for its lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care or limit the measure of damages for the lack or failure. However, the parties may determine by agreement the standards by which the bank's responsibility is to be measured if those standards are not manifestly unreasonable.
(b) Federal reserve regulations and operating circulars, clearing house rules, and the like have the effect of agreements under subsection (a), whether or not specifically assented to by all parties interested in items handled.
(c) Action or nonaction approved by this title or pursuant to federal reserve regulations or operating circulars is the exercise of ordinary care and, in the absence of special instructions, action or nonaction consistent with clearing-house rules and the like or with a general banking usage not disapproved by this title, prima facie the exercise of ordinary care.
(d) The specification or approval of certain procedures by this title is not disapproval of other procedures that may be reasonable under the circumstances.
(e) The measure of damages for failure to exercise ordinary care in handling an item is the amount of the item reduced by an amount that could not have been realized by the exercise of ordinary care. If there is also bad faith it includes any other damages the party suffered as a proximate consequence.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-105. "Bank"; "depositary bank"; "intermediary bank"; "collecting bank"; "payor bank"; "presenting bank."

In this title:
(1) "Bank" means a person engaged in the business of banking, including a savings institution, credit union or trust company;
(2) "Depositary bank" means the first bank to take an item even though it is also the payor bank, unless the item is presented for immediate payment over the counter;
(3) "Payor bank" means a bank that is the drawee of a draft;
(4) "Intermediary bank" means a bank to which an item is transferred in the course of collection except the depositary or payor bank;
(5) "Collecting bank" means a bank handling an item for collection except the payor bank;
(6) "Presenting bank" means a bank presenting an item except a payor bank.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693; 2010, c. 794.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-105.1. Payable through or payable at bank; collecting bank

(a) If an item states that it is "payable through" a bank identified in the item, (i) the item designates the bank as a collecting bank and does not by itself authorize the bank to pay the item, and (ii) the item may be presented for payment only by or through the bank.
(b) If an item states that it is "payable at" a bank identified in the item, (i) the item designates that bank as a collecting bank and does not by itself authorize the bank to pay the item, and (ii) the item may be presented for payment only by or through the bank.
(c) If a draft names a nonbank drawee and it is unclear whether a bank named in the draft is a co-drawee or a collecting bank, the bank is a collecting bank.
Code 1950, § 6-440; 1964, c. 219; §§ 8.3-120, 8.3-121; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-106. Separate office of a bank

A branch or separate office of a bank is a separate bank for the purpose of computing the time within which and determining the place at or to which action may be taken or notices or orders must be given under this title and under Title 8.3A.
1964, c. 219; 1987, c. 180; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-107. Time of receipt of items

(a) For the purpose of allowing time to process items, prove balances and make the necessary entries on its books to determine its position for the day, a bank may fix an afternoon hour of 2 p.m. or later as a cutoff hour for the handling of money and items and the making of entries on its books.
(b) An item or deposit of money received on any day after a cutoff hour so fixed or after the close of the banking day may be treated as being received at the opening of the next banking day.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-108. Delays

(a) Unless otherwise instructed, a collecting bank in a good faith effort to secure payment of a specific item drawn on a payor other than a bank, and with or without the approval of any person involved, may, waive, modify or extend time limits imposed or permitted by this title for a period not exceeding two additional banking days without discharge of drawers or endorsers or liability to its transferor or any prior party.
(b) Delay by a collecting bank or payor bank beyond time limits prescribed or permitted by this title or by instructions is excused if (i) the delay is caused by interruption of communication or computer facilities, suspension of payments by another bank, war, emergency conditions, failure of equipment or other circumstances beyond the control of the bank and (ii) the bank exercises such diligence as the circumstances require.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-110. Electronic presentment

(a) "Agreement for electronic presentment" means an agreement, clearing-house rule, or Federal Reserve regulation or operating circular, providing that presentment of an item may be made by transmission of an image of an item or information describing the item ("presentment notice") rather than delivery of the item itself. The agreement may provide for procedures governing retention, presentment, payment, dishonor, and other matters concerning items subject to the agreement.
(b) Presentment of an item pursuant to an agreement for presentment is made when the presentment notice is received.
(c) If presentment is made by presentment notice, a reference to "item" or "check" in this title means the presentment notice unless the context otherwise indicates.
1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-201. Status of collecting bank as agent and provisional status of credits; applicability of title; item endorsed "pay any bank."

(a) Unless a contrary intent clearly appears and before the time that a settlement given by a collecting bank for an item is or becomes final, the bank, with respect to the item, is an agent or subagent of the owner of the item and any settlement given for the item is provisional. This provision applies regardless of the form of endorsement or lack of endorsement and even though credit given for the item is subject to immediate withdrawal as of right or is in fact withdrawn; but the continuance of ownership of an item by its owner and any rights of the owner to proceeds of the item are subject to rights of a collecting bank such as those resulting from outstanding advances on the item and rights of recoupment or setoff. If an item is handled by banks for purposes of presentment, payment, collection or return, the relevant provisions of this title apply even though action of the parties clearly establishes that a particular bank has purchased the item and is the owner of it.
(b) After an item has been endorsed with the words "pay any bank" or the like, only a bank may acquire the rights of a holder until the item has been:
(1) returned to the customer initiating collection; or
(2) specially endorsed by a bank to a person who is not a bank.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-202. Responsibility for collection or return; when action timely

(a) A collecting bank must exercise ordinary care in:
(1) presenting an item or sending it for presentment;
(2) sending notice of dishonor or nonpayment or returning an item other than a documentary draft to the bank's transferor after learning that the item has not been paid or accepted, as the case may be;
(3) settling for an item when the bank receives final settlement; and
(4) notifying its transferor of any loss or delay in transit within a reasonable time after discovery thereof.
(b) A collecting bank exercises ordinary care under subsection (a) by taking proper action before its midnight deadline following receipt of an item, notice, or settlement. Taking proper action within a reasonably longer time may constitute the exercise of ordinary care, but the bank has the burden of establishing timeliness.
(c) Subject to subsection (a) (1), a bank is not liable for the insolvency, neglect, misconduct, mistake or default of another bank or person or for loss or destruction of an item in the possession of others or in transit.
Code 1950, § 6-63; 1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-203. Effect of instructions

Subject to Title 8.3A concerning conversion of instruments (§ 8.3A-420) and restrictive endorsements (§ 8.3A-206), only a collecting bank's transferor can give instructions that affect the bank or constitute notice to it, and a collecting bank is not liable to prior parties for any action taken pursuant to the instructions or in accordance with any agreement with its transferor.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-204. Methods of sending and presenting; sending directly to payor bank

(a) A collecting bank shall send items by a reasonably prompt method, taking into consideration relevant instructions, the nature of the item, the number of those items on hand, the cost of collection involved and the method generally used by it or others to present those items.
(b) A collecting bank may send:
(1) an item directly to the payor bank;
(2) an item to a nonbank payor if authorized by its transferor; and
(3) an item other than documentary drafts to a nonbank payor, if authorized by federal reserve regulation or operating circular, clearing-house rule, or the like.
(c) Presentment may be made by a presenting bank at a place where the payor bank or other payor has requested that presentment be made.
Code 1950, § 6-63; 1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-205.1. Depositary bank holder of unendorsed item

If a customer delivers an item to a depositary bank for collection:
(1) the depositary bank becomes a holder of the item at the time it receives the item for collection if the customer at the time of the delivery was a holder of the item, whether or not the customer endorses the item, and, if the bank satisfies the other requirements of § 8.3A-302, it is a holder in due course; and
(2) the depositary bank warrants to collecting banks, the payor bank or other payor, and the drawer that the amount of the item was paid to the customer or deposited to the customer's account.
1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-207.1. Transfer warranties

(a) A customer or collecting bank that transfers an item and receives a settlement or other consideration warrants to the transferee and to any subsequent collecting bank that:
(1) the warrantor is a person entitled to enforce the item;
(2) all signatures on the item are authentic and authorized;
(3) the item has not been altered;
(4) the item is not subject to a defense or claim in recoupment (§ 8.3A-305 (a) ) of any party that can be asserted against the warrantor; and
(5) the warrantor has no knowledge of any insolvency proceeding commenced with respect to the maker or acceptor or, in the case of an unaccepted draft, the drawer.
(b) If an item is dishonored, a customer or collecting bank transferring the item and receiving settlement or other consideration is obliged to pay the amount due on the item (i) according to the terms of the item at the time it was transferred, or (ii) if the transfer was of an incomplete item, according to its terms when completed as stated in §§ 8.3A-115 and 8.3A-407. The obligation of a transferor is owed to the transferee and to any subsequent collecting bank that takes the item in good faith. A transferor cannot disclaim its obligation under this subsection by an endorsement stating that it is made "without recourse" or otherwise disclaiming liability.
(c) A person to whom the warranties under subsection (a) are made and who took the item in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, but not more than the amount of the item plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.
(d) The warranties stated in subsection (a) cannot be disclaimed with respect to checks. Unless notice of a claim for breach of warranty is given to the warrantor within thirty days after the claimant has reason to know of the breach and the identity of the warrantor, the warrantor is discharged to the extent of any loss caused by the delay in giving notice of the claim.
(e) A cause of action for breach of warranty under this section accrues when the claimant has reason to know of the breach.
1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-207.3. Encoding and retention warranties

(a) A person who encodes information on or with respect to an item after issue warrants to any subsequent collecting bank and to the payor bank or other payor that the information is correctly encoded. If the customer of a depositary bank encodes, that bank also makes the warranty.
(b) A person who undertakes to retain an item pursuant to an agreement for electric presentment warrants to any subsequent collecting bank and to the payor bank or other payor that retention and presentment of the item comply with the agreement. If a customer of a depositary bank undertakes to retain an item, that bank also makes this warranty.
(c) A person to whom warranties are made under this section and who took the item in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.
1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-208. Security interest of collecting bank in items, accompanying documents and proceeds

(a) A collecting bank has a security interest in an item and any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either:
(1) in case of an item deposited in an account to the extent to which credit given for the item has been withdrawn or applied;
(2) in case of an item for which it has given credit available for withdrawal as of right, to the extent of the credit given, whether or not the credit is drawn upon or there is a right of charge-back; or
(3) if it makes an advance on or against the item.
(b) If credit given for several items received at one time or pursuant to a single agreement is withdrawn or applied in part, the security interest remains upon all the items, any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either. For the purpose of this section, credits first given are first withdrawn.
(c) Receipt by a collecting bank of a final settlement for an item is a realization on its security interest in the item, accompanying documents and proceeds. So long as the bank does not receive final settlement for the item or give up possession of the item or possession or control of accompanying documents for purposes other than collection, the security interest continues to that extent and is subject to Title 8.9A but:
(1) no security agreement is necessary to make the security interest enforceable (subdivision (b) (3) (A) of § 8.9A-203); and
(2) no filing is required to perfect the security interest; and
(3) the security interest has priority over conflicting perfected security interests in the item, accompanying documents or proceeds.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693; 2000, c. 1007; 2004, c. 200.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-209. When bank gives value for purposes of holder in due course

For purposes of determining its status as a holder in due course, a bank has given value to the extent it has a security interest in an item, if the bank otherwise complies with the requirements of § 8.3A-302 on what constitutes a holder in due course.
Code 1950, §§ 6-378, 6-379; 1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-210. Presentment by notice of item not payable by, through or at a bank; liability of drawer or endorser

(a) Unless otherwise instructed, a collecting bank may present an item not payable by, through or at a bank by sending to the party to accept or pay a written notice that the bank holds the item for acceptance or payment. The notice must be sent in time to be received on or before the day when presentment is due and the bank must meet any requirement of the party to accept or pay under § 8.3A-501 by the close of the bank's next banking day after it knows of the requirement.
(b) If presentment is made by notice and payment, acceptance or request for compliance with a requirement under § 8.3A-501 is not received by the close of business on the day after maturity or in the case of demand items by the close of business on the third banking day after notice was sent, the presenting bank may treat the item as dishonored and charge any drawer or endorser by sending it notice of the facts.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-211.1. Medium and time of settlement by bank

(a) With respect to settlement by a bank, the medium and time of settlement may be prescribed by Federal Reserve regulations or circulars, clearing-house rules, and the like, or agreement. In the absence of such prescription:
(1) the medium of settlement is cash or credit to an account in a Federal Reserve bank of or specified by the person to receive settlement; and
(2) the time of settlement, is:
(i) with respect to tender of settlement by cash, a cashier's check, or teller's check, when the cash or check is sent or delivered;
(ii) with respect to tender of settlement by credit in an account in a Federal Reserve Bank, when the credit is made;
(iii) with respect to tender of settlement by a credit or debit to an account in a bank, when the credit or debit is made or, in the case of tender of settlement by authority to charge an account, when the authority is sent or delivered; or
(iv) with respect to tender of settlement by a funds transfer, when payment is made pursuant to § 8.4A-406 (a) to the person receiving settlement.
(b) If the tender of settlement is not by a medium authorized by subsection (a) or the time of settlement is not fixed by subsection (a), no settlement occurs until the tender of settlement is accepted by the person receiving settlement.
(c) If settlement for an item is made by cashier's check or teller's check and the person receiving settlement, before its midnight deadline:
(1) presents or forwards the check for collection, settlement is final when the check is finally paid; or
(2) fails to present or forward the check for collection, settlement is final at the midnight deadline of the person receiving settlement.
(d) If settlement for an item is made by giving authority to charge the account of the bank giving settlement in the bank receiving settlement, settlement is final when the charge is made by the bank receiving settlement if there are funds available in the account for the amount of the item.
1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-212. Right of charge-back or refund; liability of collecting banks; return of item

(a) If a collecting bank has made provisional settlement with its customer for an item and fails by reason of dishonor, suspension of payments by a bank or otherwise to receive a settlement for the item which is or becomes final, the bank may revoke the settlement given by it, charge-back the amount of any credit given for the item to its customer's account or obtain refund from its customer, whether or not it is able to return the item, if by its midnight deadline or within a longer reasonable time after it learns the facts it returns the item or sends notification of the facts. If the return or notice is delayed beyond the bank's midnight deadline or a longer reasonable time after it learns the facts, the bank may revoke the settlement, charge-back the credit or obtain a refund from its customer, but it is liable for any loss resulting from the delay. These rights to revoke, charge-back and obtain refund terminate if and when a settlement for the item received by the bank is or becomes final.
(b) A collecting bank returns an item when it is sent or delivered to the bank's customer or transferor or pursuant to its instructions.
(c) A depositary bank that is also the payor may charge-back the amount of an item to its customer's account or obtain refund in accordance with the section governing return of an item received by a payor bank for credit on its books (§ 8.4-301).
(d) The right to charge-back is not affected by:
(1) previous use of a credit given for the item; or
(2) failure by any bank to exercise ordinary care with respect to the item but any bank so failing remains liable.
(e) A failure to charge-back or claim refund does not affect other rights of the bank against the customer or any other party.
(f) If credit is given in dollars as the equivalent of the value of an item payable in a foreign money the dollar amount of any charge-back or refund shall be calculated on the basis of the bank-offered spot rate for the foreign money prevailing on the day when the person entitled to the charge-back or refund learns that it will not receive payment in ordinary course.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-213. Final payment of item by payor bank; when provisional debits and credits become final; when certain credits become available for withdrawal

(a) An item is finally paid by a payor bank when the bank has first done any of the following:
(1) paid the item in cash;
(2) settled for the item without having a right to revoke the settlement under statute, clearing-house rule, or agreement; or
(3) made a provisional settlement for the item and failed to revoke the settlement in the time and manner permitted by statute, clearing-house rule or agreement.
(b) If provisional settlement for an item does not become final, the item is not finally paid.
(c) If provisional settlement for an item between the presenting and payor banks is made through a clearing house or by debits or credits in an account between them, then to the extent that provisional debits or credits for the item are entered in accounts between the presenting and payor banks or between the presenting and successive prior collecting banks seriatim, they become final upon final payment of the item by the payor bank.
(d) If a collecting bank receives a settlement for an item which is or becomes final the bank is accountable to its customer for the amount of the item and any provisional credit given for the item in an account with its customer becomes final.
(e) Subject to (i) applicable law stating a time for availability of funds and (ii) any right of the bank to apply the credit to an obligation of the customer, credit given by a bank for an item in a customer's account becomes available for withdrawal as of right:
(1) if the bank has received a provisional settlement for the item, when the settlement becomes final and the bank has had a reasonable time to receive return of the item and the item has not been received within that time;
(2) if the bank is both the depositary bank and the payor bank, and the item is finally paid, at the opening of the bank's second banking day following receipt of the item.
(f) Subject to applicable law stating a time for availability of funds and any right of a bank to apply a deposit to an obligation of the depositor, a deposit of money becomes available for withdrawal as of right at the opening of the bank's next banking day after receipt of the deposit.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-214. Insolvency and preference

(a) If an item is in or comes into the possession of a payor or collecting bank that suspends payment and the item has not been finally paid, the item must be returned by the receiver, trustee, or agent in charge of the closed bank to the presenting bank or the closed bank's customer.
(b) If a payor bank finally pays an item and suspends payments without making a settlement for the item with its customer or the presenting bank which settlement is or becomes final, the owner of the item has a preferred claim against the payor bank.
(c) If a payor bank gives or a collecting bank gives or receives a provisional settlement for an item and thereafter suspends payments, the suspension does not prevent or interfere with the settlement's becoming final if the finality occurs automatically upon the lapse of certain time or the happening of certain events.
(d) If a collecting bank receives from subsequent parties settlement for an item which settlement is or becomes final and the bank suspends payments without making a settlement for the item with its customer which settlement is or becomes final, the owner of the item has a preferred claim against the collecting bank.
Code 1950, § 6-63; 1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-301. Deferred posting; recovery of payment by return of items; time of dishonor; return of items by payor bank

(a) If a payor bank settles for a demand item other than a documentary draft presented otherwise than for immediate payment over the counter before midnight of the banking day of receipt the payor bank may revoke the settlement and recover the settlement if, before it has made final payment and before its midnight deadline, it
(1) returns the item; or
(2) sends written notice of dishonor or nonpayment if the item is unavailable for return.
(b) If a demand item is received by a payor bank for credit on its books, it may return the item or send notice of dishonor and may revoke any credit given or recover the amount thereof withdrawn by its customer, if it acts within the time limit and in the manner specified in subsection (a).
(c) Unless previous notice of dishonor has been sent, an item is dishonored at the time when for purposes of dishonor it is returned or notice sent in accordance with this section.
(d) An item is returned:
(1) as to an item presented through a clearing house, when it is delivered to the presenting or last collecting bank or to the clearing house or is sent or delivered in accordance with clearing-house rules; or
(2) in all other cases, when it is sent or delivered to the bank's customer or transferor or pursuant to his instructions.
Code 1950, §§ 6-543.1 to 6-543.3, pp. 60, 61; 1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-302. Payor bank's responsibility for late return of item

(a) If an item is presented and received by a payor bank, the bank is accountable for the amount to:
(1) a demand item, other than a documentary draft, whether properly payable or not if the bank, in any case where it is not also the depositary bank, retains the item beyond midnight of the banking day of receipt without settling for it or, regardless of whether it is also the depositary bank, does not pay or return the item or send notice of dishonor until after its midnight deadline; or
(2) any other properly payable item unless, within the time allowed for acceptance or payment of that item, the bank either accepts or pays the item or returns it and accompanying documents.
(b) The liability of a payor bank to pay an item pursuant to subsection (a) is subject to defenses based on breach of a presentment warranty (§ 8.4-207.2) or proof that the person seeking enforcement of the liability presented or transferred the item for the purpose of defrauding the payor bank.
Code 1950, §§ 6-543.1 to 6-543.3, pp. 60, 61; 1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-303. When items subject to notice, stop-payment order, legal process or setoff; order in which items may be charged or certified

(a) Any knowledge, notice or stop-payment order received by, legal process served upon, or setoff exercised by a payor bank, comes too late to terminate, suspend or modify the bank's right or duty to pay an item or to charge its customer's account for the item if the knowledge, notice, stop-payment order or legal process is received or served and a reasonable time for the bank to act thereon expires or the setoff is exercised after the earliest of the following:
(1) the bank accepts or certifies the item;
(2) the bank pays the item in cash;
(3) the bank settles for the item without having a right to revoke the settlement under statute, clearing-house rule or agreement;
(4) the bank becomes accountable for the amount of the item under § 8.4-302 dealing with the payor bank's responsibility for late return of items; or
(5) with respect to checks, a cut-off hour no earlier than one hour after the opening of the next banking day after the banking day on which the bank received the check and no later than the close of that next banking day or, if no cut-off hour is fixed, the close of the next business day after the banking day on which the bank received the check.
(b) Subject to subsection (a) items may be accepted, paid, certified or charged to the indicated account of its customer in any order convenient to the bank.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-401. When bank may charge customer's account

(a) A bank may charge against the account of a customer an item that is properly payable from that account even though the charge creates an overdraft. An item is properly payable if it is authorized by the customer and is in accordance with any agreement between the customer and the bank.
(b) A customer is not liable for the amount of an overdraft if the customer neither signed the item nor benefited from the proceeds of the item.
(c) A bank may charge against the account of a customer a check that is otherwise properly payable from the account, even though payment was made before the date of the check, unless the customer has given notice to the bank of the postdating describing the check with reasonable certainty. The notice is effective for the period stated in § 8.4-403 (b) for stop-payment orders, and must be received at such time and in such manner as to afford the bank a reasonable opportunity to act on it before the bank takes any action with respect to the check described in § 8.4-303. If a bank charges against the account of a customer a check before the date stated in the notice of postdating, the bank is liable for damages for the loss resulting from its act. The loss may include damages for dishonor of subsequent items under § 8.4-402.
(d) A bank that in good faith makes payment to a holder may charge the indicated account of its customer according to:
(1) the original terms of the altered item; or
(2) the terms of the completed item, even though the bank knows the item has been completed unless the bank has notice that the completion was improper.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-402. Bank's liability to customer for wrongful dishonor; time of determining insufficiency of account

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this title, a payor bank wrongfully dishonors an item if it dishonors an item that is properly payable, but a bank may dishonor an item that would create an overdraft unless it has agreed to pay the overdraft.
(b) A payor bank is liable to its customer for damages proximately caused by the wrongful dishonor of an item. Liability is limited to actual damages proved and may include damages for an arrest or prosecution of the customer or other consequential damages. Whether any consequential damages are proximately caused by the wrongful dishonor is a question of fact to be determined in each case.
(c) A payor bank's determination of the customer's account balance on which a decision to dishonor for insufficiency of available funds is based may be made at any time between the time the item is received by the payor bank and the time that the payor bank returns the item or gives notice in lieu of return, and no more than one determination need be made. If, at the election of the payor bank, a subsequent balance determination is made for the purpose of reevaluating the bank's decision to dishonor the item, the account balance at the time is determinative of whether a dishonor for insufficiency of available funds is wrongful.
Code 1950, § 6-71; 1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-403. Customer's right to stop payment; burden of proof of loss

(a) A customer or any person authorized to draw on the account if there is more than one person may stop payment of any item drawn on the customer's account or close the account by an order to the bank describing the item or account with reasonable certainty received at a time and in a manner that affords the bank a reasonable opportunity to act on it before any action by the bank with respect to the item described in § 8.4-303. If the signature of more than one person is required to draw on an account, any of these persons may stop payment or close the account.
(b) A stop-payment order is effective for six months, but it lapses after fourteen calendar days if the original order was oral and was not confirmed in writing within that period. A stop-payment order may be renewed for additional six-month periods by a writing given to the bank within a period during which the stop-payment order is effective.
(c) The burden of establishing the fact and amount of loss resulting from the payment of an item contrary to a stop-payment order or order to close an account is on the customer. The loss from payment of an item contrary to a stop-payment order may include damages for dishonor of subsequent items under § 8.4-402.
Code 1950, § 6-73; 1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-404. Bank not obligated to pay check more than six months old

A bank is under no obligation to a customer having a checking account to pay a check, other than a certified check, which is presented more than six months after its date, but it may charge its customer's account for a payment made thereafter in good faith.
Code 1950, § 6-72; 1964, c. 219.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-405. Death or incompetence of customer

(a) A payor or collecting bank's authority to accept, pay or collect an item or to account for proceeds of its collection if otherwise effective is not rendered ineffective by the incapacity of a customer of either bank existing at the time the item is issued or its collection is undertaken if the bank does not know of an adjudication of incapacity. Neither death nor incapacity of a customer revokes the authority to accept, pay, collect or account until the bank knows of the fact of death or of an adjudication of incapacity and has reasonable opportunity to act on it.
(b) Even with knowledge a bank may for ten days after the date of death pay or certify checks drawn on or before that date unless ordered to stop payment by a person claiming an interest in the account.
Code 1950, § 6-540; 1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693; 1997, c. 801.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-407. Payor bank's right to subrogation on improper payment

If a payor bank has paid an item over the order of the drawer or maker to stop payment, or after an account has been closed or otherwise under circumstances giving a basis for objection by the drawer or maker, to prevent unjust enrichment and only to the extent necessary to prevent loss to the bank by reason of its payment of the item, the payor bank is subrogated to the rights:
(1) of any holder in due course on the item against the drawer or maker;
(2) of the payee or any other holder of the item against the drawer or maker either on the item or under the transaction out of which the item arose; and
(3) of the drawer or maker against the payee or any other holder of the item with respect to the transaction out of which the item arose.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-501. Handling of documentary drafts; duty to send for presentment and to notify customer of dishonor

A bank that takes a documentary draft for collection shall present or send the draft and accompanying documents for presentment and upon learning that the draft has not been paid or accepted in due course shall seasonably notify its customer of the fact even though it may have discounted or bought the draft or extended credit available for withdrawal as of right.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-502. Presentment of "on arrival" drafts

If a draft or the relevant instructions require presentment "on arrival," "when goods arrive" or the like, the collecting bank need not present until in its judgment a reasonable time for arrival of the goods has expired. Refusal to pay or accept because the goods have not arrived is not dishonor; the bank must notify its transferor of the refusal but need not present the draft again until it is instructed to do so or learns of the arrival of the goods.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-503. Responsibility of presenting bank for documents and goods; report of reasons for dishonor; referee in case of need

Unless otherwise instructed and except as provided in Title 8.5A, a bank presenting a documentary draft:
(1) must deliver the documents to the drawee on acceptance of the draft if it is payable more than three days after presentment; otherwise, only on payment; and
(2) upon dishonor, either in the case of presentment for acceptance or presentment for payment, may seek and follow instructions from any referee in case of need designated in the draft or if the presenting bank does not choose to utilize the referee's services, it must use diligence and good faith to ascertain the reason for dishonor, must notify its transferor of the dishonor and of the results of its effort to ascertain the reasons therefor and must request instructions.
However, the presenting bank is under no obligation with respect to goods represented by the documents except to follow any reasonable instructions seasonably received; it has a right to reimbursement for any expense incurred in following instructions and to prepayment of or indemnity for those expenses.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4 - Commercial Code - Bank Deposits and Collections › Sections › § 8.4-504. Privilege of presenting bank to deal with goods; security interest for expenses

(a) A presenting bank that, following the dishonor of a documentary draft, has seasonably requested instructions but does not receive them within a reasonable time may store, sell, or otherwise deal with the goods in any reasonable manner.
(b) For its reasonable expenses incurred by action under subsection (a), the presenting bank has a lien upon the goods or their proceeds, which may be foreclosed in the same manner as an unpaid seller's lien.
1964, c. 219; 1992, c. 693.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4A - Commercial Code - Funds Transfers › Sections › § 8.4A-103. Definitions: "Payment order"; "Beneficiary"; "Beneficiary's bank"; "Receiving bank"; "Sender."

(a) In this title:
(1) "Payment order" means an instruction of a sender to a receiving bank, transmitted orally, electronically, or in writing, to pay, or to cause another bank to pay, a fixed or determinable amount of money to a beneficiary if: (i) the instruction does not state a condition to payment to the beneficiary other than time of payment, (ii) the receiving bank is to be reimbursed by debiting an account of, or otherwise receiving payment from, the sender, and (iii) the instruction is transmitted by the sender directly to the receiving bank or to an agent, funds-transfer system, or communication system for transmittal to the receiving bank.
(2) "Beneficiary" means the person to be paid by the beneficiary's bank.
(3) "Beneficiary's bank" means the bank identified in a payment order in which an account of the beneficiary is to be credited pursuant to the order or which otherwise is to make payment to the beneficiary if the order does not provide for payment to an account.
(4) "Receiving bank" means the bank to which the sender's instruction is addressed.
(5) "Sender" means the person giving the instruction to the receiving bank.
(b) If an instruction complying with subdivision (a) (1) of this section is to make more than one payment to a beneficiary, the instruction is a separate payment order with respect to each payment.
(c) A payment order is issued when it is sent to the receiving bank.
1990, c. 9.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.4A - Commercial Code - Funds Transfers › Sections › § 8.4A-104. Definitions: "Funds transfer"; "Intermediary bank"; "Originator"; "Originator's bank."

In this title:
(a) "Funds transfer" means the series of transactions, beginning with the originator's payment order, made for the purpose of making payment to the beneficiary of the order. The term includes any payment order issued by the originator's bank or an intermediary bank intended to carry out the originator's payment order. A funds transfer is completed by acceptance by the beneficiary's bank of a payment order for the benefit of the beneficiary of the originator's payment order.
(b) "Intermediary bank" means a receiving bank other than the originator's bank or the beneficiary's bank.
(c) "Originator" means the sender of the first payment order in a funds transfer.
(d) "Originator's bank" means (i) the receiving bank to which the payment order of the originator is issued if the originator is not a bank, or (ii) the originator if the originator is a bank.
1990, c. 9.