reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-454. Judgment, when satisfied, to be so noted by creditor

In all cases in which satisfaction of any judgment so docketed is made, which is not required to be certified to the clerk under § 8.01-455, it shall be the duty of the judgment creditor, himself, or by his agent or attorney, to cause such satisfaction by the defendant, and if there is more than one defendant, by which defendant it was satisfied, to be entered within 30 days after the same is made, on such judgment docket. If the judgment has not been docketed, then the entry shall be made on the execution book in the office of the clerk from which the execution issued. For any failure to do so within 90 days, or after 10 days' notice to do so by the judgment debtor or his agent or attorney, the judgment creditor shall be liable to a fine of $100 and shall pay the filing cost of the release. The entry of satisfaction shall be signed by the creditor or his duly authorized attorney or other agent and be attested by the clerk in whose office the judgment is docketed, or when not docketed, by the clerk from whose office the execution issued; however, the cost of the release shall be paid by the judgment debtor. For any money judgment marked as satisfied pursuant to this section, nothing herein shall satisfy an unexecuted order of possession entered pursuant to § 8.01-126.
Code 1950, § 8-382; 1977, c. 617; 1988, c. 420; 2014, c. 274; 2015, cc. 547, 553, 631.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-455. Court, on motion of defendant, etc., may have payment of judgment entered

A. A defendant in any judgment, his heirs or personal representatives, may, on motion, after ten days' notice thereof to the plaintiff in such judgment, or his assignee, or if he be dead, to his personal representative, or if he be a nonresident, to his attorney, if he have one, apply to the court in which the judgment was rendered, to have the same marked satisfied, and upon proof that the judgment has been paid off or discharged, such court shall order such satisfaction to be recorded in the judgment docket book together with a separate instrument or order discharging the judgment and referencing the judgment docket book and page where the original judgment was entered, and a certificate of such order to be made to the clerk of the court in which such judgment is required by § 8.01-446 to be docketed, and the clerk of such court shall immediately, upon the receipt of such certificate, enter the same in the judgment docket book where such judgment is docketed. If the plaintiff be a nonresident and have no attorney of record residing in this Commonwealth, the notice may be published and posted as an order of publication is required to be published and posted under §§ 8.01-316 and 8.01-317. Upon a like motion and similar proceeding, the court may order that a separate instrument or order be recorded to reflect that a judgment has been "discharged in bankruptcy" for any judgment that may be shown to have been so discharged.
B. The cost of such proceedings, including reasonable attorney fees, may be ordered to be paid by the plaintiff.
Code 1950, § 8-383; 1977, c. 617; 2014, c. 330.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-456. Satisfaction of judgment when judgment creditor cannot be located

Whenever a judgment debtor or anyone for him or any party liable on the judgment wishes to pay off and discharge a judgment, of record in any clerk's office in this Commonwealth, when the judgment creditor cannot be located, he may do so by paying into the court having jurisdiction over such judgment an amount sufficient to pay the principal, interest, and all costs due thereupon, together with the cost of entering necessary orders, and other service attendant upon the proceeding herein provided for, and satisfaction upon such judgment. Upon such payment, the court, by an order entered of record shall direct the clerk to deposit the same at interest in any bank which is a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and is designated in such order; to file evidence of such deposit in the office of the clerk in an appropriate file and shall be payable to the court entering the order for the benefit of the judgment creditor; and to enter upon the judgment docket, where the judgment is docketed, the date of such deposit, the date of the entry of the order of the court receiving same, referring to the number and page of the order book in which it is entered.
The judgment creditor or his attorney may have the money, so paid, to which he is entitled, upon application to the court therefor whenever it may appear to the court that it should be paid to him.
From and after the time of such payment, into the court, as aforesaid, the property of the defendant shall be free and clear of any lien created by any such judgment, or any execution issued thereupon.
Code 1950, § 8-384; 1977, c. 617.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-457. Marking satisfied judgments for Commonwealth; payment by third parties releasing recognizances

It shall be the duty of the clerks of the circuit courts of this Commonwealth, upon the payment of any judgment in favor of the Commonwealth by any person or upon the release of any recognizance by court order, to mark the same satisfied upon the judgment lien docket at every place such judgment or recognizance, as the case may be, shall have been recorded upon such lien docket. In marking such recognizance satisfied it shall be the duty of such clerk to refer by marginal reference to the court order, if any, releasing or discharging such recognizance.
Code 1950, § 8-385; 1977, c. 617; 1986, c. 132.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-458. From what time judgment to be a lien on real estate; docketing revived judgment

Every judgment for money rendered in this Commonwealth by any state or federal court or by confession of judgment, as provided by law, shall be a lien on all the real estate of or to which the defendant in the judgment is or becomes possessed or entitled, from the time such judgment is recorded on the judgment lien docket of the clerk's office of the county or city where such land is situated. Any judgment or decree properly docketed under the provisions of this section shall, if the real estate subject to the lien of such judgment has been annexed to or merged with an adjoining city subsequent to such docketing, be deemed to have been docketed in the proper clerk's office of such city.
Code 1950, § 8-386; 1954, c. 333; 1960, c. 466; 1964, c. 309; 1977, c. 617; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 486.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-459. Priority of judgments

Judgments against the same person shall, as among themselves, attach to his real estate, and be payable thereout in the order of the priority of the lien of such judgments, respectively.
Code 1950, § 8-387; 1977, c. 617.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-460. Decree for support and maintenance of spouse or infant children of parties as lien on real estate

A decree, order or judgment for support and maintenance of a spouse or of infant children of the parties payable in future installments or a monetary award for future installments as provided for in § 20-107.3, shall be a lien upon such real estate of the obligor as the court shall, from time to time, designate by order or decree. An order after reasonable notice to the obligor adjudicating that the obligor is delinquent, shall be a lien on the obligor's real estate. Liens under this section shall arise when duly docketed in the manner prescribed for the docketing of other judgments for money; however, no such decree, order or judgment for support and maintenance or for a monetary award in accordance with § 20-107.3 shall be docketed unless so ordered by the court in such decree, order or judgment. On petition by any interested person and after reasonable notice to the obligee, the court in which the obligor was adjudicated delinquent may order the release or other modification of such lien.
The lien may also be released upon agreement of all persons for whom support and maintenance is ordered under the decree, order or judgment, provided all such persons are sui juris. The clerk shall note the release on the record upon receipt of an affidavit from all the obligees stating that (i) all the obligees are sui juris and (ii) they agreed to the release of the lien on specified real property. Any lien created pursuant to this section shall expire upon the support obligation being paid in full by the obligor. The clerk may release such liens upon receipt of an affidavit of all the obligees that such support obligation has been paid in full, or upon an order or decree of a court of competent jurisdiction.
Code 1950, § 8-388; 1977, c. 617; 1979, c. 496; 1985, c. 529; 1989, c. 8.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-461. Abstracts of judgments

An abstract of any judgment shall, upon request to the clerk of the court wherein the judgment is rendered, be granted to any person interested immediately upon its rendition, subject to the future action of the court rendering the same.
Code 1950, § 8-389; 1977, c. 617; 1982, c. 105.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-462. Jurisdiction of equity to enforce lien of judgment; when it may decree sale

Jurisdiction to enforce the lien of a judgment shall be in equity. If it appear to the court that the rents and profits of all real estate subject to the lien will not satisfy the judgment in five years, the court may decree such real estate, or any part thereof, to be sold, and the proceeds applied to the discharge of the judgment.
Code 1950, § 8-391; 1977, c. 617.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-463. Enforcement of lien when judgment does not exceed $25,000

If the amount of the judgment does not exceed $25,000, exclusive of interest and costs, no bill to enforce the lien, pursuant to § 8.01-462, thereof shall be entertained if the real estate is the judgment debtor's primary residence.
Code 1950, § 8-392; 1977, c. 617; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 91, 92.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-464. Order of liability between alienees of different parts of estate

When the real estate liable to the lien of a judgment is more than sufficient to satisfy the same, and it, or any part of it, has been aliened, as among the alienees for value, that which was aliened last, shall, in equity, be first liable, and so on with other successive alienations, until the whole judgment is satisfied. And as among alienees who are volunteers under such judgment debtor, the same rule as to the order of liability shall prevail; but as among alienees for value and volunteers, the lands aliened to the latter shall be subjected before the lands aliened to the former are resorted to; and, in either case, any part of such real estate retained by the debtor shall be first liable to the satisfaction of the judgment. An alienee for value, however, from a volunteer shall occupy the same position that he would have occupied had he purchased from the debtor at the time he purchased from the voluntary donee.
Code 1950, § 8-395; 1977, c. 617.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17 - Judgments and Decrees Generally › § 8.01-465. Chapter embraces recognizances and bonds having force of judgment

The foregoing sections of this chapter, so far as they relate to the docketing of judgments, the entering of satisfaction thereof, and the liens of judgments and enforcement of such liens, shall be construed as embracing recognizances, and bonds having the force of a judgment.
Code 1950, § 8-398; 1977, c. 617.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.1 - Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act › § 8.01-465.1. Application of chapter

As used in this chapter "foreign judgment" means any judgment, decree, or order of a court of the United States or of any other court which is entitled to full faith and credit in this state.
1988, c. 539.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.1 - Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act › § 8.01-465.2. Filing and status of foreign judgments

A copy of any foreign judgment authenticated in accordance with the act of Congress or the statutes of this Commonwealth may be filed in the office of the clerk of any circuit court of any city or county of this Commonwealth upon payment of the fee prescribed in subdivision A 17 of § 17.1-275. The clerk shall treat the foreign judgment in the same manner as a judgment of the circuit court of any city or county of this Commonwealth. A judgment so filed has the same effect and is subject to the same procedures, defenses and proceedings for reopening, vacating, or staying as a judgment of a circuit court of any city or county of this Commonwealth and may be enforced or satisfied in like manner.
1988, c. 539; 1990, c. 738.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.1 - Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act › § 8.01-465.3. Notice of filing

At the time of the filing of the foreign judgment, the judgment creditor or his lawyer shall make and file with the clerk of court an affidavit setting forth the name and last known post office address of the judgment debtor, and the judgment creditor.
Promptly upon the filing of the foreign judgment and the affidavit, the clerk shall mail notice of the filing of the foreign judgment to the judgment debtor at the address given and shall make a note of the mailing in the docket. The notice shall include the name and post office address of the judgment creditor and the judgment creditor's lawyer, if any, in the Commonwealth. In addition, the judgment creditor may mail a notice of the filing of the judgment to the judgment debtor and may file proof of mailing with the clerk. Lack of mailing notice of filing by the clerk shall not affect the enforcement proceedings if proof of mailing by the judgment creditor has been filed.
1988, c. 539.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.1 - Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act › § 8.01-465.4. Stay of enforcement

If the judgment debtor shows the circuit court that an appeal from the foreign judgment is pending or will be taken, or that a stay of execution has been granted, the court shall stay enforcement of the foreign judgment until the appeal is concluded, the time for appeal expires, or the stay of execution expires or is vacated, upon proof that the judgment debtor has furnished the security for the satisfaction of the judgment required by the state in which it was rendered.
If the judgment debtor shows the circuit court any ground upon which enforcement of a judgment of any court of this Commonwealth would be stayed, including the ground that an appeal from the foreign judgment is pending or will be taken, or that the time for taking such an appeal has not expired, the court shall stay enforcement of the foreign judgment for an appropriate period until all available appeals are concluded or the time for taking all appeals has expired, upon requiring the same security for satisfaction of the judgment which is required in this Commonwealth, subject to the provisions of subsections J and K of § 8.01-676.1.
1988, c. 539; 2000, c. 100.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.2 - Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act › § 8.01-465.13:1. Definitions

As used in this chapter:
"Foreign country" means a government other than any of the following: the United States; a state, district, commonwealth, territory, or insular possession of the United States; or a government with regard to which the decision in the Commonwealth as to whether to recognize a judgment of that government's courts is initially subject to determination under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution.
"Foreign-country judgment" means a judgment of a court of a foreign country.
2014, c. 462.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.2 - Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act › § 8.01-465.13:2. Applicability

A. Except as otherwise provided in subsection B, this chapter applies to a foreign-country judgment to the extent that the judgment:
1. Grants or denies recovery of a sum of money; and
2. Under the law of the foreign country where rendered, is final, conclusive, and enforceable.
B. This chapter does not apply to a foreign-country judgment, even if the judgment grants or denies recovery of a sum of money, to the extent that the judgment is:
1. A judgment for taxes;
2. A fine or other penalty; or
3. A judgment for divorce, support, or maintenance, or other judgment rendered in connection with domestic relations.
C. A party seeking recognition of a foreign-country judgment has the burden of establishing that this chapter applies to the foreign-country judgment.
2014, c. 462.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.2 - Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act › § 8.01-465.13:3. Standards for recognition of foreign-country judgment

A. Except as otherwise provided in subsections B and C, a court of the Commonwealth shall recognize a foreign-country judgment to which this chapter applies.
B. A court of the Commonwealth shall not recognize a foreign-country judgment if:
1. The judgment was rendered under a judicial system that does not provide impartial tribunals or procedures compatible with the requirements of due process of law;
2. The foreign court did not have personal jurisdiction over the defendant; or
3. The foreign court did not have jurisdiction over the subject matter.
C. A court of the Commonwealth need not recognize a foreign-country judgment if:
1. The defendant in the proceeding in the foreign court did not receive notice of the proceeding in sufficient time to enable the defendant to defend;
2. The judgment was obtained by fraud that deprived the losing party of an adequate opportunity to present its case;
3. The judgment or the cause of action on which the judgment is based is repugnant to the public policy of the Commonwealth or of the United States;
4. The judgment conflicts with another final and conclusive judgment;
5. The proceeding in the foreign court was contrary to an agreement between the parties under which the dispute in question was to be determined otherwise than by proceedings in that foreign court;
6. In the case of jurisdiction based only on personal service, the foreign court was a seriously inconvenient forum for the trial of the action;
7. The judgment was rendered in circumstances that raise substantial doubt about the integrity of the rendering court with respect to the judgment; or
8. The specific proceeding in the foreign court leading to the judgment was not compatible with the requirements of due process of law.
D. A party resisting recognition of a foreign-country judgment has the burden of establishing that a ground for nonrecognition stated in subsection B or C exists.
2014, c. 462.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.2 - Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act › § 8.01-465.13:4. Personal jurisdiction

A. A foreign-country judgment may not be refused recognition for lack of personal jurisdiction if:
1. The defendant was served with process personally in the foreign country;
2. The defendant voluntarily appeared in the proceeding, other than for the purpose of protecting property seized or threatened with seizure in the proceeding or of contesting the jurisdiction of the court over the defendant;
3. The defendant, before the commencement of the proceeding, had agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the foreign court with respect to the subject matter involved;
4. The defendant was domiciled in the foreign country when the proceeding was instituted or was a corporation or other form of business organization that had its principal place of business in, or was organized under the laws of, the foreign country;
5. The defendant had a business office in the foreign country and the proceeding in the foreign court involved a cause of action arising out of business done by the defendant through that office in the foreign country; or
6. The defendant operated a motor vehicle or airplane in the foreign country and the proceeding involved a cause of action arising out of that operation.
B. The list of bases for personal jurisdiction in subsection A is not exclusive. The courts of the Commonwealth may recognize bases of personal jurisdiction other than those listed in subsection A as sufficient to support a foreign-country judgment.
2014, c. 462.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.2 - Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act › § 8.01-465.13:5. Procedure for recognition of foreign-country judgment

A. If recognition of a foreign-country judgment is sought as an original matter, the issue of recognition shall be raised by filing an action seeking recognition of the foreign-country judgment.
B. If recognition of a foreign-country judgment is sought in a pending action, the issue of recognition may be raised by counterclaim, cross-claim, or affirmative defense.
2014, c. 462.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.2 - Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act › § 8.01-465.13:6. Effect of recognition of foreign-country judgment

If the court in a proceeding under § 8.01-465.13:5 finds that the foreign-country judgment is entitled to recognition under this chapter then, to the extent that the foreign-country judgment grants or denies recovery of a sum of money, the foreign-country judgment is:
1. Conclusive between the parties to the same extent as the judgment of a sister state entitled to full faith and credit in the Commonwealth would be conclusive; and
2. Enforceable in the same manner and to the same extent as a judgment rendered in the Commonwealth.
2014, c. 462.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.2 - Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act › § 8.01-465.13:7. Stay of proceedings pending appeal of foreign-country judgment

If a party establishes that an appeal from a foreign-country judgment is pending or will be taken, the court may stay any proceedings with regard to the foreign-country judgment until the appeal is concluded, the time for appeal expires, or the appellant has had sufficient time to prosecute the appeal and has failed to do so.
2014, c. 462.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.2 - Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act › § 8.01-465.13:8. Statute of limitations

An action to recognize a foreign-country judgment must be commenced within the earlier of the time during which the foreign-country judgment is effective in the foreign country or 15 years from the date that the foreign-country judgment became effective in the foreign country.
2014, c. 462.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.2 - Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act › § 8.01-465.13:9. Uniformity of interpretation

In applying and construing this uniform act, consideration must be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among states that enact it.
2014, c. 462.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.14. Definitions

As used in this chapter:
"Action" means a judicial proceeding or arbitration in which a payment in money may be awarded or enforced with respect to a foreign-money claim.
"Bank-offered spot rate" means the spot rate of exchange at which a bank will sell foreign money at a spot rate.
"Conversion date" means the banking day next preceding the date on which money, in accordance with this chapter, is (i) paid to a claimant in an action or distribution proceeding; (ii) paid to the official designated by law to enforce a judgment or award on behalf of a claimant; or (iii) used to recoup, set off, or counterclaim in different moneys in an action or distribution proceeding.
"Distribution proceeding" means a judicial or nonjudicial proceeding for the distribution of a fund in which one or more foreign-money claims are asserted and includes an accounting, an assignment for the benefit of creditors, a foreclosure, the liquidation or rehabilitation of a corporation or other entity, and the distribution of an estate, trust, or other fund.
"Foreign money" means money other than money of the United States of America.
"Foreign-money claim" means a claim upon an obligation to pay, or a claim for recovery of a loss, expressed in or measured by a foreign money.
"Money" means a medium of exchange for the payment of obligations or a store of value authorized or adopted by a government or by intergovernmental agreement.
"Money of the claim" means the money determined as proper pursuant to § 8.01-465.17.
"Person" means an individual, a corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, joint venture, partnership, association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, or any other legal or commercial entity.
"Rate of exchange" means the rate at which money of one country may be converted into money of another country in a free financial market convenient to or reasonably usable by a person obligated to pay or to state a rate of conversion. If separate rates of exchange apply to different kinds of transactions, the term means the rate applicable to the particular transaction giving rise to the foreign-money claim.
"Spot rate" means the rate of exchange at which foreign money is sold by a bank or other dealer in foreign exchange for immediate or next day availability or for settlement by immediate payment in cash or equivalent, by charge to an account, or by an agreed delayed settlement not exceeding two days.
"State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or a territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.15. Scope

This chapter applies only to a foreign-money claim in an action or distribution proceeding and applies to foreign-money issues even if other law under the conflict-of-laws rules of the Commonwealth applies to other issues in the action or distribution proceeding.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.16. Variation by agreement

The effect of this chapter may be varied by agreement of the parties made before or after commencement of an action or distribution proceeding or the entry of judgment.
Parties to a transaction may agree upon the money to be used in a transaction giving rise to a foreign-money claim and may agree to use different moneys for different aspects of the transaction. Stating the price in a foreign money for one aspect of a transaction does not alone require the use of that money for other aspects of the transaction.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.17. Determining money of the claim

The money in which the parties to a transaction have agreed that payment is to be made is the proper money of the claim for payment. If the parties to a transaction have not otherwise agreed, the proper money of the claim is the money (i) regularly used between the parties as a matter of usage or course of dealing; (ii) used at the time of a transaction in international trade, by trade usage or common practice, for valuing or settling transactions in the particular commodity or service involved; or (iii) in which the loss was ultimately felt or will be incurred by the party claimant.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.18. Determining amount of the money of certain contract claims

A. If an amount contracted to be paid in a foreign money is measured by a specified amount of a different money, the amount to be paid is determined on the conversion date.
B. If an amount contracted to be paid in a foreign money is to be measured by a different money at the rate of exchange prevailing on a date before default, that rate of exchange applies only to payments made within a reasonable time after default, not exceeding thirty days. Thereafter, conversion is made at the bank-offered spot rate on the conversion date.
C. A monetary claim is neither usurious nor unconscionable because the agreement on which it is based provides that the amount of the debtor's obligation to be paid in the debtor's money, when received by the creditor, must equal a special amount of the foreign money of the country of the creditor. If, because of unexcused delay in payment of a judgment or award, the amount received by the creditor does not equal the amount of the foreign money specified in the agreement, the court or arbitrator shall amend the judgment or award accordingly.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.19. Asserting and defending foreign-money claim

A person may assert a claim in a specified foreign money. If a foreign-money claim is not asserted, the claimant makes the claim in United States dollars.
An opposing party may allege and shall prove that all or part of a claim is in a different money than that asserted by the claimant. A person may assert a defense, setoff, recoupment, or counterclaim in any money without regard to the money of other claims.
The determination of the proper money of the claim is a question of law.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.20. Judgments and awards on foreign-money claims; times of money conversion; form of judgment

A. A judgment or award on a foreign-money claim must be stated in an amount of the money of the claim. However, assessed costs must be entered in United States dollars. A judgment in substantially the following form complies with this subsection: [IT IS ADJUDGED AND ORDERED, that Defendant (insert name) pay to Plaintiff (insert name) the sum of (insert amount in the foreign money) plus interest on that sum at the rate of (insert rate -- see § 8.01-465.22) percent a year or, at the option of the judgment debtor, the number of United States dollars which will purchase the (insert name of foreign money) with interest due, at a bank-offered spot rate at or near the close of business on the banking day next before the day of payment, together with assessed costs of (insert amount) United States dollars.]
B. A judgment or award on a foreign-money claim is payable in that foreign money or, at the option of the debtor, in the amount of United States dollars which will purchase that foreign money on the conversion date at a bank-offered spot rate.
Each payment in United States dollars must be accepted and credited on a judgment or award on a foreign-money claim in the amount of the foreign money that could be purchased by the dollars at a bank-offered spot rate of exchange at or near the close of business on the conversion date for that payment.
C. A judgment or award made in an action or distribution proceeding on both a defense, setoff, recoupment, or counterclaim and the adverse party's claim, must be netted by converting the money of the smaller into the money of the larger, and by subtracting the smaller from the larger, and shall specify the rates of exchange used.
D. If a contract claim is of the type covered by § 8.01-465.18 A or B, the judgment or award must be entered for the amount of money stated to measure the obligation to be paid in the money specified for payment or, at the option of the debtor, the number of United States dollars which will purchase the computed amount of the money of payment on the conversion date at a bank-offered spot rate.
E. A judgment shall be docketed and indexed in foreign money in the same manner, and has the same effect as a lien, as other judgments. It may be discharged by payment.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.21. Conversions of foreign money in distribution proceeding

The rate of exchange prevailing at or near the close of business on the day the distribution proceeding is initiated governs all exchanges of foreign money in a distribution proceeding. A foreign-money claimant in a distribution proceeding shall assert its claim in the named foreign money and show the amount of United States dollars resulting from a conversion as of the date the proceeding was initiated.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.22. Prejudgment and judgment interest

With respect to a foreign-money claim, recovery of prejudgment or preaward interest and the rate of interest to be applied in the action or distribution proceeding are matters of the substantive law governing the right to recovery under the conflict-of-laws rules of the Commonwealth.
However, the court or arbitrator shall increase or decrease the amount of prejudgment or preaward interest otherwise payable in a judgment or award in foreign money to the extent required by the law of the Commonwealth.
A judgment or award on a foreign-money claim bears interest at the rate applicable to judgments of the Commonwealth.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.23. Enforcement of foreign judgments

If an action is brought to enforce a judgment of another jurisdiction expressed in a foreign money and the judgment is enforceable in the Commonwealth, the enforcing judgment must be entered as provided in § 8.01-465.20, whether or not the foreign judgment confers an option to pay in an equivalent amount of United States dollars.
A foreign judgment may be filed in accordance with Chapter 17.1 (§ 8.01-465.1 et seq.) or Chapter 17.2 (§ 8.01-465.13:1 et seq.).
A satisfaction or partial payment made upon the foreign judgment, on proof thereof, must be credited against the amount of foreign money specified in the judgment, notwithstanding the entry of judgment in the Commonwealth.
A judgment entered on a foreign-money claim only in United States dollars in another state shall be enforced in United States dollars only.
1991, c. 24; 2014, c. 462.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.24. Determining United States dollar value of foreign-money claims for limited purposes

For the limited purpose of facilitating the enforcement of provisional remedies in an action, (i) the value in United States dollars of assets to be seized or restrained pursuant to a writ of attachment, garnishment, execution, or other legal process, (ii) the amount of United States dollars at issue for assessing costs, or (iii) the amount of United States dollars involved for a surety bond or other court-required undertaking shall be ascertained by a party seeking the process, costs, bond or other undertaking as follows:
1. The amount of the foreign money claimed shall be computed from a bank-offered spot rate prevailing at or near the close of business on the banking day next preceding the filing of (i) a request or application for the issuance of process or for the determination of costs, or (ii) an application for a bond or other court-required undertaking.
2. An affidavit or certificate executed in good faith by the party's counsel or a bank officer shall be filed with each request or application, stating the market quotation used and how it was obtained, and setting forth the calculation. Affected court officials incur no liability, after a filing of the affidavit or certificate, for acting as if the judgment were in the amount of United States dollars stated in the affidavit or certificate.
Computations under this section are for the limited purposes of the section and do not affect computation of the United States dollar equivalent of the money of the judgment for the purpose of payment.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 17.3 - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › § 8.01-465.25. Effect of substitution of currency by issuing authority

If, after an obligation is expressed or a loss is incurred in a foreign money, the country issuing or adopting that money substitutes a new money in place of that money, the obligation or the loss is treated as if expressed or incurred in the new money at the rate of conversion the issuing country establishes for the payment of like obligations or losses denominated in the former money. If such substitution occurs after a judgment or award is entered on a foreign-money claim, the court or arbitrator shall amend the judgment or award by a like conversion of the former money.
1991, c. 24.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 18 - Executions and Other Means of Recovery › § 8.01-466. Clerk to issue fieri facias on judgment for money

On a judgment for money, it shall be the duty of the clerk of the court in which such judgment was rendered, upon request of the judgment creditor, his assignee or his attorney, to issue a writ of fieri facias at the expiration of twenty-one days from the date of the entry of the judgment and place the same in the hands of a proper person to be executed and take his receipt therefor. The writ shall be issued together with the form for requesting a hearing on a claim of exemption from levy as provided in § 8.01-546.1. For good cause the court may order an execution to issue on judgments and decrees at an earlier period.
Code 1950, § 8-399; 1954, c. 620; 1976, c. 354; 1977, c. 617; 1986, c. 341; 1996, cc. 501, 608.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 18 - Executions and Other Means of Recovery › § 8.01-467. What writs may not issue

No writ of levari facias, writ of extendi facias, writ of elegit, writ of capias ad satisfaciendum, or writ of distringas shall be issued hereafter.
Code 1950, § 8-400; 1977, c. 617; 1984, c. 94.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 18 - Executions and Other Means of Recovery › § 8.01-470. Writs on judgments for specific property

On a judgment for the recovery of specific property, a writ of possession for personal property or a writ of eviction for real property may issue for the specific property pursuant to an order of possession entered by a court of competent jurisdiction, which shall conform to the judgment as to the description of the property and the estate, title, and interest recovered, and there may also be issued a writ of fieri facias for the damages or profits and costs. In cases of unlawful entry and detainer and of ejectment, the officer to whom a writ of eviction has been delivered to be executed shall, at least 72 hours before execution, serve notice of intent to execute, including the date and time of execution, as well as the rights afforded to tenants in §§ 55.1-1255 and 55.1-1416, together with a copy of the writ attached, on the defendant in person or, if the party to be served is not found at the specific property for which a writ of eviction has been issued, then service shall be effected by posting a copy of such process at the front door or at such other door as appears to be the main entrance of such property. The execution of the writ of eviction by the sheriff should occur within 15 calendar days from the date the writ of eviction is received by the sheriff, or as soon as practicable thereafter, but in no event later than 30 days from the date the writ of eviction is issued. An order of possession shall remain valid for 180 days from the date granted by the court. If a plaintiff cancels a writ of eviction, such plaintiff may request other writs of eviction during such 180-day period. In cases of unlawful entry and detainer and of ejectment, whenever the officer to whom a writ of eviction has been delivered to be executed finds the premises locked, he may, after declaring at the door the cause of his coming and demanding to have the door opened, employ reasonable and necessary force to break and enter the door and put the plaintiff in possession. The execution of the writ of eviction shall be effective against the tenants named in the writ of eviction and their authorized occupants, guests or invitees, and any trespassers in the premises. And an officer having a writ of possession for specific personal property, if he finds locked or fastened the building or place wherein he has reasonable cause to believe the property specified in the writ is located, may in the daytime, after notice to the defendant, his agent or bailee, break and enter such building or place for the purpose of executing such writ.
Code 1950, § 8-402; 1977, c. 617; 1991, c. 503; 2000, c. 640; 2001, c. 222; 2003, c. 259; 2007, c. 128; 2019, cc. 180, 700.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 18 - Executions and Other Means of Recovery › § 8.01-471. Time period for issuing writs of eviction in unlawful entry and detainer; when returnable

Writs of eviction, in case of unlawful entry and detainer, shall be issued within 180 days from the date of judgment for possession and shall be made returnable within 30 days from the date of issuing the writ, and any executed writ shall be returned to the issuing clerk by the sheriff executing such writ. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a writ of eviction not executed within 30 days from the date of issuance shall be vacated as a matter of law without further order of the court that entered the order of possession, and no further action shall be taken by the clerk. No writ shall issue, however, in cases under the Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (§ 55.1-1200 et seq.) if, following the entry of judgment for possession, the landlord has entered into a new written rental agreement with the tenant, as described in § 55.1-1250. A writ of eviction may be requested by the plaintiff or the plaintiff's attorney or agent.
The Office of the Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia shall annually report on or before September 1 to the Chairmen of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, the Senate Committee on General Laws and Technology, the House Committee for Courts of Justice, the House Committee on General Laws, and the Virginia Housing Commission on the number of executed writs returned pursuant to this section. The first report shall be made by September 1, 2024, and shall include writs executed between July 1, 2023, and June 30, 2024.
Code 1950, § 8-403; 1977, c. 617; 1999, c. 683; 2003, c. 427; 2006, c. 667; 2013, c. 63; 2019, cc. 180, 700; 2023, cc. 442, 443.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 18 - Executions and Other Means of Recovery › § 8.01-472. Writs on judgments for personal property

When the judgment is for personal property, the plaintiff may, at his option, have a fieri facias for the alternative value, instead of a writ of possession, and the damages and costs.
Code 1950, § 8-404; 1977, c. 617.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 18 - Executions and Other Means of Recovery › § 8.01-473. Judgment for benefit of other person than plaintiff; remedies of such person

When an execution issues on a judgment, for the benefit, in whole or in part, of any person other than the plaintiff, if the fact appears by the record, the clerk shall, in the execution, or by an endorsement thereon, state the extent of the interest therein of such person; and such person, either in his own name or that of the plaintiff, may, as a party injured, prosecute a suit or motion against the officer.
Code 1950, § 8-405; 1977, c. 617.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 18 - Executions and Other Means of Recovery › § 8.01-474. What writ of fieri facias to command

By a writ of fieri facias, the officer shall be commanded to make the money therein mentioned out of the goods and chattels of the person against whom the judgment is.
Code 1950, § 8-406; 1977, c. 617.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 18 - Executions and Other Means of Recovery › § 8.01-475. Subsequent executions

Subject to the limitations prescribed by Chapter 17 (§ 8.01-426 et seq.) of this title, a party obtaining an execution may sue out other executions at his own costs, though the return day of a former execution has not arrived; and may sue out other executions at the defendant's costs, when on a former execution there is a return by which it appears that the writ has not been executed, or that it or any part of the amount thereof is not levied, or that property levied on has been discharged by legal process which does not prevent a new execution on the judgment. In no case shall there be more than one satisfaction for the same money or thing.
And the fact that a judgment creditor may have availed himself of the benefit of any other remedies under this chapter, shall not prevent him from issuing, from time to time, without impairing his lien under it, other executions upon his judgment until the same is satisfied.
Code 1950, § 8-407; 1977, c. 617.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 18 - Executions and Other Means of Recovery › § 8.01-476. New execution after loss of property sold under indemnifying bond

When property sold under an execution, or its value, is recovered from an obligor on an indemnifying bond given before such sale, or from a purchaser having a right of action on such bond, the person having such execution, or his personal representative, may, by motion, after reasonable notice to the person, or the personal representative of the person, against whom the execution was, obtain a new execution against him, without credit for the amount for which the property was sold under the former execution. Such motion shall be made within the period of time prescribed by § 8.01-255.2.
Code 1950, § 8-408; 1977, c. 617.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure › Chapter 18 - Executions and Other Means of Recovery › § 8.01-477. When executions may be quashed; how proceedings thereon stayed

A motion to quash an execution may, after reasonable notice to the adverse party, be heard and decided by the court which issued the execution. Such court, on the application of the plaintiff in the motion, may make an order staying the proceedings on the execution until the motion be heard and determined, the order not to be effectual until bond be given in such penalty and with such condition, and either with or without surety, as the court may prescribe. The clerk from whose office the execution issued, shall take the bond and make as many copies of the order as may be necessary and endorse thereon that the bond required has been given; and a copy shall be served on the plaintiff in the execution and on the officer in whose hands the execution is placed.
Code 1950, § 8-410; 1977, c. 617.