reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 385 - Mortgage (§§ 5041 — 5048) › § 5047 - Application of mortgage law

The form, extension, and effects of the mortgage, as well as all that relating to its creation, modification, and extinction, and all that which may not have been included in §§ 5041-5047 of this title, shall be subject to the provisions of the Mortgage Law which continues in force.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1779.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 385 - Mortgage (§§ 5041 — 5048) › § 5048 - Agreement in favor of mortgagee void

Any agreement authorizing the mortgagee to adjudicate to himself the property of the mortgagor because of failure to observe a contract secured by mortgage, is hereby declared null and void.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1780.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 387 - Antichresis (§§ 5061 — 5066) › § 5061 - Antichresis defined

By antichresis a creditor acquires a right to receive the fruits of real property of his debtor, with the obligation to apply them to the payment of interest, if due, and afterwards to the principal of his credit.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1781.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 387 - Antichresis (§§ 5061 — 5066) › § 5062 - Liability of creditor for taxes, charges, and expenses

A creditor is obliged to pay the taxes and charges which burden the estate, unless there is an agreement to the contrary.
He shall also be obliged to pay the expenses necessary for its preservation and repair.
From the fruits there shall be deducted the sums which he may employ for both purposes.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1782.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 387 - Antichresis (§§ 5061 — 5066) › § 5063 - Enjoyment of real property by debtor

The debtor cannot recover the enjoyment of the real property without previously paying in full what he owes to his creditor.
But the latter, in order to free himself from the obligations imposed on him by § 5062 of this title, may always compel the debtor to reenter upon the enjoyment of the estate, unless there be an agreement to the contrary.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1783.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 387 - Antichresis (§§ 5061 — 5066) › § 5064 - Ownership not acquired by creditor

The creditor does not acquire the ownership of the real property by nonpayment of the debt within the term agreed upon.
Any stipulation to the contrary shall be void. But in this case the creditor may demand, in the manner prescribed in the Law of Civil Procedure, the payment of the debt or the sale of the realty.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1784.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 387 - Antichresis (§§ 5061 — 5066) › § 5065 - Interest be set off against fruits

The contracting parties may stipulate that the interest of the debt be set off against the fruits of the estate given in antichresis.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1785.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 387 - Antichresis (§§ 5061 — 5066) › § 5066 - Provisions applicable

The last paragraph of § 5001, the second paragraph of § 5024, and §§ 5004 and 5005 of this title are applicable to this contract.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1786.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter A - General Provisions (§ 5091) › § 5091 - Quasi contracts defined

Quasi contracts are licit and purely voluntary acts by which the author thereof becomes obligated with regard to a third person, and, sometimes, by which there results a reciprocal obligation between the parties concerned.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1787.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter I - Management of Another’s Business (§§ 5101 — 5107) › § 5101 - Duration of obligation of person voluntarily taking charge without authority

A person who voluntarily takes charge of the agency or administration of the business of another, without authorization, is obliged to continue managing the same until the end of the business and its incidents, or to notify the interested person in order that the latter may come to substitute him in his management, should he be in a condition to do so for himself.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1788.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter I - Management of Another’s Business (§§ 5101 — 5107) › § 5102 - Diligence of officious manager; indemnity

An officious manager must fulfill his charge with all the diligence of a good father of a family and indemnify for injuries which, through his fault or negligence, may be caused to the owner of the property or business he may be managing.
Nevertheless, the courts may reduce the amount of the indemnity, according to the circumstances of the case.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1789.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter I - Management of Another’s Business (§§ 5101 — 5107) › § 5103 - Delegation of duties; two or more managers

If the manager should delegate all or some of the duties of his charge to another person, he shall answer for the acts of the delegate, without prejudice to the direct obligation of the latter to the owner of the business.
The liability of the managers, should there be two (2) or more, shall be joint.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1790.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter I - Management of Another’s Business (§§ 5101 — 5107) › § 5104 - Liability for fortuitous events

The manager of a business shall be liable for a fortuitous event, should he undertake risky transactions, which the owner was not in the habit of undertaking, or should he have relegated the interest of the latter in favor of his own business.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1791.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter I - Management of Another’s Business (§§ 5101 — 5107) › § 5105 - Ratification of management

The ratification of the management by the owner of the business produces the effects of an express authorization.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1792.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter I - Management of Another’s Business (§§ 5101 — 5107) › § 5106 - Liability of owner accepting advantages of administration

The owner of property or a business who avails himself of the advantages of the administration of another, even when he has not expressly ratified it, shall be liable for the obligations contracted for his benefit, and he shall indemnify the administrator for the necessary and useful expenses which he may have incurred and for the losses he may have suffered in the discharge of his duties.
The same obligation shall pertain to said owner when the object of said administration should have been to avoid any imminent or manifest damage, even when no profit results therefrom.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1793.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter I - Management of Another’s Business (§§ 5101 — 5107) › § 5107 - Right of stranger supplying support; funeral expenses

When, without knowledge of the person who is bound to give support, a stranger supplies it, the latter shall have the right to demand the same from the former, unless it appears that he gave it out of charity, and without the intention of recovering it.
The funeral expenses, in proportion to the status of the person and to the customs of the locality, must be paid by those who during life would have had the obligation to support him, even though the deceased should have left no property.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1794.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter II - Collection of What is Not Due (§§ 5121 — 5127) › § 5121 - Restitution of thing improperly received

If a thing is received when there was no right to claim it and which, through an error, has been unduly delivered, there arises an obligation to restore the same.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1795.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter II - Collection of What is Not Due (§§ 5121 — 5127) › § 5122 - Liability of person accepting payment in bad faith

A person who accepts a payment not due, should he have acted in bad faith, must pay the legal interest when money is involved, or for the fruits collected or which ought to have been collected, if the thing received should produce them.
He shall furthermore be liable for the impairments the thing may have suffered on account of any cause whatsoever and for the damages caused to the person who delivered it, until he recovers it. He shall not be liable for fortuitous events, when they may have affected the things in the same manner should they have been in the possession of the person who delivered them.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1796.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter II - Collection of What is Not Due (§§ 5121 — 5127) › § 5123 - Liability of person acting in good faith

A person, who in good faith should have accepted a payment of a certain and specified thing not due, shall only be liable for the impairment or loss of the latter and its accessories, insofar as he may have enriched himself by it. Should he have alienated it he shall return the price or assign the action to recover it.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1797.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter II - Collection of What is Not Due (§§ 5121 — 5127) › § 5124 - Payment for improvements and expenses

With regard to the payment for improvements and expenses, made by the person who unduly received the thing, the provisions of §§ 1421-1481 of this title shall be observed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1798.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter II - Collection of What is Not Due (§§ 5121 — 5127) › § 5125 - Exemption from obligation of restitution

The person shall be exempted from the obligation of restitution, who, believing in good faith that the payment was made on the account of a legitimate and existing credit, should destroy the title or should allow the action to prescribe, or should abandon the pledges or cancel the guaranties of his right. A person who has unduly made a payment may only address himself to the true debtor or to the sureties with regard to whom the action may still be in force.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1799.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter II - Collection of What is Not Due (§§ 5121 — 5127) › § 5126 - Burden of proof of payment and of error

The proof of payment is incumbent upon the person who claims to have made the same. He shall also be obliged to prove the error under which he made it, unless the defendant denies having received the thing claimed from him. In such case, if the plaintiff should have proven the delivery, he shall be released from any further proof. This does not limit the right of the defendant to justify that what he is supposed to have received was due him.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1800.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 391 - Quasi Contracts (§§ 5091 — 5127) › Subchapter II - Collection of What is Not Due (§§ 5121 — 5127) › § 5127 - Presumption of error in payment

It is presumed that there was an error in the payment when a thing which was never owed or which was already paid for has been delivered, but the person from whom the return is asked may prove that the delivery was made through liberality or for any other sufficient cause.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1801.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 393 - Obligations Which Arise Due to Fault or Negligence (§§ 5141 — 5150) › § 5141 - Obligation when damage caused by fault or negligence

A person who by an act or omission causes damage to another through fault or negligence shall be obliged to repair the damage so done. Concurrent imprudence of the party aggrieved does not exempt from liability, but entails a reduction of the indemnity.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1802; June 9, 1956, No. 28, p. 86.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 393 - Obligations Which Arise Due to Fault or Negligence (§§ 5141 — 5150) › § 5142 - Liability for damages caused by minor, incapacitated person, employee, agent, pupil, or apprentice; liability of Commonwealth

The obligation imposed by § 5141 of this title is demandable, not only for personal acts and omissions, but also for those of the persons for whom they should be responsible.
The father, and, in the event of his death or incapacitation, the mother, is liable for the damage caused by the minor children living with them.
Guardians are liable for the damages caused by minors or incapacitated persons who are under their authority and live with them.
Owners or directors of an establishment or enterprise are likewise liable for any damages caused by their employees in the service of the branches in which the latter are employed or on account of their duties.
The Commonwealth is liable in this sense under the same circumstances and conditions as those under which a private citizen would be liable.
Finally, masters or directors of arts and trades are liable for the damages caused by their pupils or apprentices while they are under their custody.
The liability referred to in this section shall cease when the liable persons mentioned therein prove that they employed all the diligence of a good father of a family to preclude the damage.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1803; May 12, 1943, No. 120, p. 372, § 1; June 29, 1955, No. 104, p. 550, § 10.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 393 - Obligations Which Arise Due to Fault or Negligence (§§ 5141 — 5150) › § 5143 - Recovery of amount paid for damage caused by employee

A person who pays for the damage caused by his employees may recover from the latter what he may have paid.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1804.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 393 - Obligations Which Arise Due to Fault or Negligence (§§ 5141 — 5150) › § 5144 - Damages caused by animals

The possessor of an animal, or the one who uses the same, is liable for the damages it may cause, even when said animal should escape from him or stray.
This liability shall cease only in case the damage should arise from force majeure or from the fault of the person who may have suffered it.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1805.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 393 - Obligations Which Arise Due to Fault or Negligence (§§ 5141 — 5150) › § 5145 - Damages caused by game

The owner of a game preserve shall be liable for the damage caused by the game to the neighboring estates, should he not have done what may have been necessary to avoid the increase of the same or should he have hindered the efforts of the owners of said estates to hunt.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1806.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 393 - Obligations Which Arise Due to Fault or Negligence (§§ 5141 — 5150) › § 5146 - Collapse of building

The owner of a building is liable for the damages which may result from the collapse of the whole or a part thereof, if it should occur through the absence of the necessary repairs.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1807.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 393 - Obligations Which Arise Due to Fault or Negligence (§§ 5141 — 5150) › § 5147 - Other liabilities of owners

The owners shall also be liable for the damages caused:
(1) By the explosion of machines which may not have been cared for with due diligence, and for kindling of explosive substances, which may not have been placed in a safe and proper place.
(2) By excessive smoke, which may be noxious to persons or properties.
(3) By the fall of trees, located in places of transit, when not caused by force majeure.
(4) By the emanations of sewers or deposits of infectious matters, when constructed without precautions proper for the place where they are located.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1808.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 393 - Obligations Which Arise Due to Fault or Negligence (§§ 5141 — 5150) › § 5148 - Defects in construction

Should the damages referred to in §§ 5146 and 5147 of this title arise from defects in construction, the third person who suffers it may only claim damages of the architect, or, in a proper case, of the constructor, within the legal period.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1809.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 393 - Obligations Which Arise Due to Fault or Negligence (§§ 5141 — 5150) › § 5149 - Things thrown or falling from houses

The head of a family who dwells in a house, or in a part of the same, is liable for the damages caused by the things which may be thrown or which may fall therefrom.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1810.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVI - Obligations Contracted Without Agreement (§§ 5091 — 5150) › Chapter 393 - Obligations Which Arise Due to Fault or Negligence (§§ 5141 — 5150) › § 5150 - Suits for damages by children against parents; prohibition

No child shall file civil suit against his/her parents for damages and losses when the family unit, the institution of patria potestas, and the relationship between parents and children are affected. Provided, That said prohibition shall not be absolute and that the suit for damages may be exercised when there is no family unit to protect nor any relationship between the parents and their children to preserve.
History —Civil Code, added as § 180A on Sept. 6, 1996, No. 193, § 1.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 397 - General Provisions (§§ 5171 — 5180) › § 5171 - Liability of debtor for his obligations

A debtor is liable for the fulfilment of his obligations with all his present and future property.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1811.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 397 - General Provisions (§§ 5171 — 5180) › § 5172 - Request for reduction and extension of time

A debtor may judicially ask from his creditors a reduction in the amount and an extension of time in the payment of his debts, or either of the two (2) things, but the exercise of this right shall not produce judicial effects, except in the cases and in the manner prescribed in the law of Civil Procedure.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1812.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 397 - General Provisions (§§ 5171 — 5180) › § 5173 - Bankruptcy petition

A debtor, whose liabilities are greater than his assets, and who may have failed to meet his current obligations, must file a petition in bankruptcy (concurso) in a competent court, as soon as he is aware of being in such condition.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1813.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 397 - General Provisions (§§ 5171 — 5180) › § 5174 - Effect of declaration in bankruptcy; discharge

A declaration in bankruptcy disqualifies the bankrupt (concursado) to administer his property and any other, which by law pertains to him.
He shall be reinstated in his rights, upon the termination of the bankruptcy, if no cause preventing it should appear from the qualification of bankruptcy.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1814.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 397 - General Provisions (§§ 5171 — 5180) › § 5175 - Immature debts become due

By the declaration in bankruptcy, all the immature debts of the bankrupt become due.
Should they be paid before the time fixed in the obligation, they shall suffer the discount in proportion to the amount of the legal interest on the money.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1815.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 397 - General Provisions (§§ 5171 — 5180) › § 5176 - Debts cease to bear interest

From the date of the declaration in bankruptcy, all the debts of the bankrupt shall cease to bear interest, with the exception of mortgage and pledge credits to the amount of their respective guaranties.
If, after the principal of the debts has been paid, a balance should remain, interest shall be paid, reduced to the legal rate, unless that stipulated is less.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1816.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 397 - General Provisions (§§ 5171 — 5180) › § 5177 - Binding character of settlements with creditors

Settlements, which the debtor and his creditors may judicially agree to, with the formalities of law with regard to the reduction of the amount and extension of time, or in bankruptcy, shall be binding on all the concurrent parties and on those who, having been cited and notified in due form, should not have protested in time. The creditors who, having the right to abstain, should have duly made use of such right, are expected. The creditors included in §§ 5192, 5193, and 5194 of this title have the right to abstain.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1817.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 397 - General Provisions (§§ 5171 — 5180) › § 5178 - Decision of majority binds all creditors

If the settlement for reduction of amount and extension of time is agreed to with creditors of the same class, the legal decision of the majority shall be binding on all, without prejudice to the respective preference of the credits.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1818.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 397 - General Provisions (§§ 5171 — 5180) › § 5179 - Effect of compliance or noncompliance with settlement

If the debtor should comply with the settlement, his obligations shall be extinguished in the terms stipulated in the same; but, should he fail to comply with the whole or a part of said settlement, the rights of the creditors shall revive for the sums of their original credits which they may not have received, and any of them may demand a declaration in or continuance of bankruptcy.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1819.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 397 - General Provisions (§§ 5171 — 5180) › § 5180 - Rights of creditors after termination of bankruptcy

Should there be no express stipulation to the contrary between the debtor and the creditors, the latter shall preserve their rights, after the termination of the bankruptcy, to collect from the property which the debtor may subsequently acquire that part of their credits not received.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1820.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 399 - Classification of Credits (§§ 5191 — 5195) › § 5191 - How credits classified

Credits shall be classified for their graduation and payment in the order and manner specified in this chapter.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1821.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 399 - Classification of Credits (§§ 5191 — 5195) › § 5192 - Credits preferred—As to specified personal property of debtor

With regard to specified personal property of the debtor, the following are preferred:
(1) Credits for the construction, repair, preservation, or for the amount of the sale of personal property which may be in the possession of the debtor to the extent of the value of the same.
(2) Those secured by a pledge which may be in the possession of the creditor, with regard to the thing pledged and to the extent of its value.
(3) Those guaranteed by a security of goods or securities constituted in a public or commercial establishment with regard to the security and for the value of the same.
(4) Credits for transportation, with regard to the goods transported, for the amount of said transportation, expenses and rates of carriage and preservation, until the time of the delivery and for a period of thirty (30) days afterwards.
(5) Expenses of boarding with regard to the personal property of the debtor remaining in inns.
(6) Credits for seeds and expenses of cultivation and harvesting, advanced to the debtor, with regard to the fruits of the crops to which they were applied.
(7) Credits for rents and leases for one (1) year with regard to the personal property of the lessee existing on the estate leased and on the fruits thereof.
If the personal property, with regard to which the preference is allowed, has been surreptitiously removed, the creditor may claim it from the person who has the same, within the term of thirty (30) days counted from the time it was so removed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1822.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 399 - Classification of Credits (§§ 5191 — 5195) › § 5193 - Credits preferred—As to certain real property rights on realty

With respect to certain real property and rights on the realty of the debtor, the following shall have preference:
(1) Credits in favor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Municipal Revenue Collection Center, or the corresponding municipality on the taxpayer’s assets for the amount of the last five (5) annual assessments and the current unpaid taxes encumbering them.
(2) Credits for advances for agricultural purposes, as to the crops on the property for which such advances are made.
(3) Credits of insurers, with regard to the property insured, for the insurance premiums for two (2) years, and should the insurance be mutual, for the last two (2) dividends declared.
(4) Mortgage and agricultural credits (refaccionarios) entered and recorded in the registry of property, with regard to the property mortgaged, or which had been the object of the agricultural loan (refacción).
(5) Credits, of which a cautionary notice has been made in the registry of property by virtue of a judicial mandate, by reason of attachments, sequestrations, or execution of judgments, with regard to the property entered therein and only with regard to subsequent credits.
(6) Agricultural loans not entered or recorded with regard to the real estate to which the agricultural loan (refacción) relates, and only with regard to other credits from that mentioned in the four (4) preceding subsections.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1823; July 23, 1974, No. 125, Part 1, p. 564, § 5; Aug. 30, 1991, No. 83, § 7.06; Sept. 19, 1996, No. 241, § 15.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 399 - Classification of Credits (§§ 5191 — 5195) › § 5194 - Credits preferred—As to all other personal and real property

With respect to all other personal and real property of the debtor, the following shall have preference:
(1) Credits in favor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Municipal Revenue Collection Center, or the corresponding municipality, for the taxes of the last five (5) delinquent annual assessments and the current unpaid assessment which is not included in subsection (1) of § 5193 of this title.
(2) Credits for advances for agricultural purposes, as to the crops on the property for which such advances are made.
(3) Those due:
(a) For judicial expenses and those of administration of bankruptcy for the common interest of the creditors, made with the proper authorization or approval.
(b) For the funeral expenses of the debtor, according to the customs of the place, and also those of his wife and of his children, under their parental authority, should they have no property of their own.
(c) For expenses of the last illness of said persons, incurred during the last year, counted up to the day of their death.
(d) For daily wages and salaries of employees and domestic servants for the last year.
(e) For advances made to the debtor for himself and his family constituted under his authority, in provisions, clothing, or shoes, for the same period of time.
(f) For income for support during proceedings in bankruptcy, unless they are based on mere beneficence.
(4) Indebtedness which without a special privilege appear:
(a) In a public instrument.
(b) In a final judgment, should they have been the object of litigation.
These credits shall have preference among themselves according to the priority of dates of the instruments and of the judgments.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1824; July 23, 1974, No. 125, Part 1, p. 564, § 6; Sept. 19, 1996, No. 241, § 16.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 399 - Classification of Credits (§§ 5191 — 5195) › § 5195 - Credits having no preference

Credits of any other kind or for any other consideration not included in the preceding sections, shall have no preference.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1825.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 401 - Priority of Payments of Credits (§§ 5211 — 5214) › § 5211 - Effect of preferred credits as to certain personal property; priority

Credits which enjoy preference with regard to certain personal property exclude all the others to the extent of the value of the personal property to which the preference refers.
When two (2) or more creditors claim preference with regard to certain personal property, the following rules shall be observed as to priority of payment:
(1) Credits secured by a pledge exclude all others to the extent of the value of the thing given in pledge.
(2) In case there is a security, should the latter be legally constituted in favor of more than one creditor, the priority between them shall be determined by the order of the dates of the execution of the guaranty.
(3) Credits for advances for seeds, expenses of cultivation, and harvesting, shall be preferred over those for rents and leases, with regard to the fruits of the crop for which they were incurred.
(4) In all other cases the value of the personal property shall be distributed pro rata among the credits which enjoy special preference with regard to the same property.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1826.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 401 - Priority of Payments of Credits (§§ 5211 — 5214) › § 5212 - Effect of preferred credits as to certain real property or rights; priority

Credits which enjoy preference with regard to certain real property or property rights exclude all others from their amounts to the extent of the value of the real estate or property rights to which the preference refers.
If two (2) or more credits affecting certain real property or property rights should concur, the following rules shall be observed with regard to their priority:
(1) Those mentioned in subsections (1) and (2) of § 5193 of this title shall be preferred, according to their order, to those included in the other subsections of the same section.
(2) Mortgages and agricultural credits entered or recorded, mentioned in subsection (4) of said § 5193 of this title, and those included in subsection (5) of the same, shall enjoy priority among themselves according to the priority of the respective entries or record in the registry of property.
(3) Agricultural credits not recorded or entered in the registry, referred to in subsection (6) of § 5193 of this title, shall enjoy preference among themselves in the inverse order of their priority.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1827.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 401 - Priority of Payments of Credits (§§ 5211 — 5214) › § 5213 - Disposition of residue of debtor’s estate

The residue of the estate of a debtor, after the credits which enjoy preference with regard to certain property, personal or real, have been paid, shall become part of the free property which he may possess for the payment of the other credits.
Those which enjoy preference with regard to certain property, personal or real, and which should not have been totally paid with the amount of such property, shall be paid with regard to the deficit in the order and place pertaining thereto, according to their respective characters.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1828.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVII - Concurrence and Preference of Credits (§§ 5171 — 5214) › Chapter 401 - Priority of Payments of Credits (§§ 5211 — 5214) › § 5214 - Order of payment of credits having no preference, etc

Credits which have no preference with regard to certain property, and those which have preference for the amount not collected, or when the right of preference should have prescribed, shall be paid according to the following rules:
(1) In the order established in § 5194 of this title.
(2) Those preferred by dates, according to their order, and those which have a common date, pro rata.
(3) Common credits, referred to in § 5195 of this title, without consideration of their dates.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1829.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 405 - General Provisions (§§ 5241 — 5250) › § 5241 - Acquisition of ownership and rights; extinction of rights and actions

Ownership and other property rights are acquired by prescription in the manner and under the conditions specified by law.
Rights and actions, of any kind whatsoever, also are extinguished by prescription in the same manner.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1830.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 405 - General Provisions (§§ 5241 — 5250) › § 5242 - Who may acquire property or rights by prescription

Persons qualified to acquire property or rights by other legal means may also acquire the same by prescription.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1831.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 405 - General Provisions (§§ 5241 — 5250) › § 5243 - Extinction of rights and actions by prescription

Rights and actions shall extinguish by prescription to the prejudice of all kinds of persons, including judicial persons, in the terms prescribed by law.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1832.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 405 - General Provisions (§§ 5241 — 5250) › § 5244 - Prescription by coproprietor or owner in common

Prescription acquired by a coproprietor or owner in common benefits all the others.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1833.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 405 - General Provisions (§§ 5241 — 5250) › § 5245 - Effects of prescription upon inheritance

Prescription produces its judicial effects in favor and against the inheritance, before the latter has been accepted, and during the time granted to make an inventory and for deliberation.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1834.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 405 - General Provisions (§§ 5241 — 5250) › § 5246 - Renunciation of prescription

Persons with the capacity to alienate may renounce the prescription acquired, but not the right to prescription in the future.
Prescription shall be understood as renounced in an implied manner when the renunciation arises from facts which lead to the supposition that the right acquired has been abandoned.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1835.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 405 - General Provisions (§§ 5241 — 5250) › § 5247 - Things capable of prescription

All things which are the object of commerce are capable of prescription.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1836.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 405 - General Provisions (§§ 5241 — 5250) › § 5248 - Creditors and other interested persons may benefit

Creditors and any other person interested in validating a prescription may benefit thereby, notwithstanding the express or implied renunciation of the debtor or owner.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1837.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 405 - General Provisions (§§ 5241 — 5250) › § 5249 - Application of other provisions

The provisions of this part shall be understood without prejudice to what may be established in this title or in special laws with regard to specified cases of prescription.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1838.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 405 - General Provisions (§§ 5241 — 5250) › § 5250 - Prescription beginning prior to code

Prescriptions which began to run before the publication of this Code shall be governed by the prior laws; but if, after this Code became operative, all the time required in the same for prescription has elapsed, it shall be effectual, even if according to said prior laws a longer period of time may be required.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1839.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 407 - Prescription of Ownership and Other Property Rights (§§ 5261 — 5281) › § 5261 - Possession in good faith and under proper title required

For ordinary prescription of ownership and other property rights, it is necessary to possess things in good faith and under a proper title, during the time specified by law.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1840.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 407 - Prescription of Ownership and Other Property Rights (§§ 5261 — 5281) › § 5262 - Character of possession

Possession must be in the capacity of an owner, public, peaceful, and uninterrupted.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1841.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 407 - Prescription of Ownership and Other Property Rights (§§ 5261 — 5281) › § 5263 - Acts of possessory character by license or tolerance

Acts of a possessory character, performed by virtue of a license, or by mere tolerance on the part of the owner, are of no effect for establishing possession.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1842.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 407 - Prescription of Ownership and Other Property Rights (§§ 5261 — 5281) › § 5264 - Interruption of possession naturally or civilly

For the effects of prescription, possession is interrupted either naturally or civilly.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1843.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 407 - Prescription of Ownership and Other Property Rights (§§ 5261 — 5281) › § 5265 - Natural interruption

Possession is interrupted naturally, when, for any cause whatsoever, it ceases for more than one year.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1844.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XVIII - Prescription (§§ 5241 — 5305) › Chapter 407 - Prescription of Ownership and Other Property Rights (§§ 5261 — 5281) › § 5266 - Civil interruption

Civil interruption is caused by a judicial citation of the possessor, even should it be by order of a court or of a judge without jurisdiction.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1845.