reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.305 - Open price term.

402.305
Open price term.
(1)
The parties if they so intend can conclude a contract for sale even though the price is not settled. In such a case the price is a reasonable price at the time for delivery if:
(a)
Nothing is said as to price; or
(b)
The price is left to be agreed by the parties and they fail to agree; or
(c)
The price is to be fixed in terms of some agreed market or other standard as set or recorded by a 3rd person or agency and it is not so set or recorded.
(2)
A price to be fixed by the seller or by the buyer means a price for that party to fix in good faith.
(3)
When a price left to be fixed otherwise than by agreement of the parties fails to be fixed through fault of one party the other party may at his or her option treat the contract as canceled or fix a reasonable price.
(4)
Where, however, the parties intend not to be bound unless the price is fixed or agreed and it is not fixed or agreed there is no contract. In such a case the buyer must return any goods already received or if unable so to do must pay their reasonable value at the time of delivery and the seller must return any portion of the price paid on account.
History:  1991 a. 316; 1997 a. 35; 2005 a. 253.
An implied contract by a dairy plant to pay the competitive price to milk producers does not permit the plant to pay a lower price since the mere absence of misrepresentation or deceit does not establish good faith; an open price contract still requires fair dealing. Columbus Milk Producers' Cooperative v. Department of Agriculture, 48 Wis. 2d 451, 180 N.W.2d 617 (1970).
Under this section, which allows parties to a contract for the sale of goods to conclude the contract agreeing to settle the price at a subsequent date, the contract price is a reasonable price at the time of delivery if the parties are unable to agree. Schmieder v. Standard Oil Co. of Indiana, 69 Wis. 2d 419, 230 N.W.2d 732 (1975).
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.306 - Output, requirements and exclusive dealings.

402.306
Output, requirements and exclusive dealings.
(1)
A term which measures the quantity by the output of the seller or the requirements of the buyer means such actual output or requirements as may occur in good faith, except that no quantity unreasonably disproportionate to any stated estimate or in the absence of a stated estimate to any normal or otherwise comparable prior output or requirements may be tendered or demanded.
(2)
A lawful agreement by either the seller or the buyer for exclusive dealing in the kind of goods concerned imposes unless otherwise agreed an obligation by the seller to use best efforts to supply the goods and by the buyer to use best efforts to promote their sale.
A “pay as used" proposal to purchase inventory was analogous to a “requirements contract." Lambert Corp. v. Evans, 575 F.2d 132 (1978).
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.307 - Delivery in single lot or several lots.

402.307
Delivery in single lot or several lots.
Unless otherwise agreed all goods called for by a contract for sale must be tendered in a single delivery and payment is due only on such tender but where the circumstances give either party the right to make or demand delivery in lots the price if it can be apportioned may be demanded for each lot.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.308 - Absence of specified place for delivery.

402.308
Absence of specified place for delivery.
Unless otherwise agreed:
(1)
The place for delivery of goods is the seller's place of business or if the seller has none the seller's residence; but
(2)
In a contract for sale of identified goods which to the knowledge of the parties at the time of contracting are in some other place, that place is the place for their delivery; and
(3)
Documents of title may be delivered through customary banking channels.
History:  1991 a. 316.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.309 - Absence of specific time provisions; notice of termination.

402.309
Absence of specific time provisions; notice of termination.
(1)
The time for shipment or delivery or any other action under a contract if not provided in this chapter or agreed upon shall be a reasonable time.
(2)
Where the contract provides for successive performances but is indefinite in duration it is valid for a reasonable time but unless otherwise agreed may be terminated at any time by either party.
(3)
Termination of a contract by one party except on the happening of an agreed event requires that reasonable notification be received by the other party and an agreement dispensing with notification is invalid if its operation would be unconscionable.
In this case, although the parties' agreements showed that the defendant did not promise to meet a strict deadline, that didn't mean that the defendant's delays could not qualify as a material breach. Under sub. (1), even when no time for performance is identified in a sales agreement, a party must complete performance in a reasonable time. Oregon Potato Co. v. Kerry Inc., 575 F. Supp. 3d 1064 (2021).
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.310 - Open time for payment or running of credit; authority to ship under reservation.

402.310
Open time for payment or running of credit; authority to ship under reservation.
Unless otherwise agreed:
(1)
Payment is due at the time and place at which the buyer is to receive the goods even though the place of shipment is the place of delivery; and
(2)
If the seller is authorized to send the goods the seller may ship them under reservation, and may tender the documents of title, but the buyer may inspect the goods after their arrival before payment is due unless such inspection is inconsistent with the terms of the contract (s. 402.513); and
(3)
If delivery is authorized and made by way of documents of title otherwise than by sub. (2) then payment is due regardless of where the goods are to be received at the time and place at which the buyer is to receive the documents; or at the time the buyer is to receive delivery of the electronic documents and at the seller's place of business or, if none, the seller's residence; and
(4)
Where the seller is required or authorized to ship the goods on credit the credit period runs from the time of shipment but postdating the invoice or delaying its dispatch will correspondingly delay the starting of the credit period.
History:  1991 a. 316; 2009 a. 322.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.311 - Options and cooperation respecting performance.

402.311
Options and cooperation respecting performance.
(1)
An agreement for sale which is otherwise sufficiently definite (s. 402.204 (3)) to be a contract is not made invalid by the fact that it leaves particulars of performance to be specified by one of the parties. Any such specification must be made in good faith and within limits set by commercial reasonableness.
(2)
Unless otherwise agreed specifications relating to assortment of the goods are at the buyer's option and except as otherwise provided in s. 402.319 (1) (c) and (3) specifications or arrangements relating to shipment are at the seller's option.
(3)
Where such specification would materially affect the other party's performance but is not seasonably made or where one party's cooperation is necessary to the agreed performance of the other but is not seasonably forthcoming, the other party in addition to all other remedies:
(a)
Is excused for any resulting delay in his or her own performance; and
(b)
May also either proceed to perform in any reasonable manner or after the time for a material part of his or her own performance treat the failure to specify or to cooperate as a breach by failure to deliver or accept the goods.
History:  1991 a. 316.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.312 - Warranty of title and against infringements; buyer's obligation against infringement.

402.312
Warranty of title and against infringements; buyer's obligation against infringement.
(1)
Subject to sub. (2) there is in a contract for sale a warranty by the seller that:
(a)
The title conveyed shall be good, and its transfer rightful; and
(b)
The goods shall be delivered free from any security interest or other lien or encumbrance of which the buyer at the time of contracting has no knowledge.
(2)
A warranty under sub. (1) will be excluded or modified only by specific language or by circumstances which give the buyer reason to know that the person selling does not claim title in himself or herself or that the person selling is purporting to sell only such right or title as the person selling or a 3rd person may have.
(3)
Unless otherwise agreed a seller who is a merchant regularly dealing in goods of the kind warrants that the goods shall be delivered free of the rightful claim of any 3rd person by way of infringement or the like but a buyer who furnishes specifications to the seller must hold the seller harmless against any such claim which arises out of compliance with the specifications.
History:  1971 c. 40; 1991 a. 316; 2005 a. 253.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.313 - Express warranties by affirmation, promise, description, sample.

402.313
Express warranties by affirmation, promise, description, sample.
(1)
Express warranties by the seller are created as follows:
(a)
Any affirmation of fact or promise made by the seller to the buyer which relates to the goods and becomes part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the affirmation or promise.
(b)
Any description of the goods which is made part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the description.
(c)
Any sample or model which is made part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the whole of the goods shall conform to the sample or model.
(2)
It is not necessary to the creation of an express warranty that the seller use formal words such as “warrant" or “guarantee" or that the seller have a specific intention to make a warranty, but an affirmation merely of the value of the goods or a statement purporting to be merely the seller's opinion or commendation of the goods does not create a warranty.
History:  1991 a. 316.
Discussing express warranties. Ewers v. Eisenzopf, 88 Wis. 2d 482, 276 N.W.2d 802 (1979).
Strict Liability of the Bailor, Lessor and Licensor. Wiseman. 57 MLR 111 (1973).
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.314 - Implied warranty: merchantability; usage of trade.

402.314
Implied warranty: merchantability; usage of trade.
(1)
Unless excluded or modified (s. 402.316), a warranty that the goods shall be merchantable is implied in a contract for their sale if the seller is a merchant with respect to goods of that kind. Under this section the serving for value of food or drink to be consumed either on the premises or elsewhere is a sale.
(2)
Goods to be merchantable must be at least such as:
(a)
Pass without objection in the trade under the contract description; and
(b)
In the case of fungible goods, are of fair average quality within the description; and
(c)
Are fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used; and
(d)
Run, within the variations permitted by the agreement, of even kind, quality and quantity within each unit and among all units involved; and
(e)
Are adequately contained, packaged, and labeled as the agreement may require; and
(f)
Conform to the promises or affirmations of fact made on the container or label if any.
(3)
Unless excluded or modified (s. 402.316) other implied warranties may arise from course of dealing or usage of trade.
An unincorporated organization of band mothers who sold food at a fund-raising luncheon were not merchants as contemplated by sub. (1). Samson v. Riesing, 62 Wis. 2d 698, 215 N.W.2d 662 (1974).
Evidence that the goods break or physically deteriorate after delivery may be relevant to whether the goods were fit at the time of delivery for the ordinary purpose for which they are used, but consideration of that evidence for that purpose does not impose an express warranty for future performance. City of Stoughton v. Thomasson Lumber Co., 2004 WI App 6, 269 Wis. 2d 339, 675 N.W.2d 487, 02-2192.
A party may sue for breach of implied warranties under the Uniform Commercial Code although it does not take possession of the goods if it is the party who contracts to buy the goods. Estate of Kriefall v. Sizzler USA Franchise, Inc., 2011 WI App 101, 335 Wis. 2d 151, 801 N.W.2d 781, 09-1212.
When circumstances rendered a breach of good faith and of a fiduciary obligation chargeable to the buyer, the buyer was barred from asserting causes based on a breach of the warranty of merchantability, or on the seller's claimed fault, to recover from the seller that portion of the claim disallowed, with the buyer's consent, by the shipper. Greisler Brothers, Inc. v. Packerland Packing Co., 392 F. Supp. 206 (1975).
The Implied Warranty of Merchantability and the Remote Manufacturer. Anzivino. 101 MLR 505 (2017).
Status of Products Liability in Wisconsin. Coyne. WBB Aug. 1970.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.315 - Implied warranty: fitness for particular purpose.

402.315
Implied warranty: fitness for particular purpose.
Where the seller at the time of contracting has reason to know any particular purpose for which the goods are required and that the buyer is relying on the seller's skill or judgment to select or furnish suitable goods, there is unless excluded or modified under s. 402.316 an implied warranty that the goods shall be fit for such purpose.
A party may sue for breach of implied warranties under the Uniform Commercial Code although it does not take possession of the goods if it is the party who contracts to buy the goods. Estate of Kriefall v. Sizzler USA Franchise, Inc., 2011 WI App 101, 335 Wis. 2d 151, 801 N.W.2d 781, 09-1212.
When expansion joints corroded soon after installation in a steam system, but the defendant manufacturer was unaware of the corrosive agent in the steam, this section did not allow recovery. Wisconsin Electric Power Co. v. Zallea Brothers, Inc., 606 F.2d 697 (1979).
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.316 - Exclusion or modification of warranties.

402.316
Exclusion or modification of warranties.
(1)
Words or conduct relevant to the creation of an express warranty and words or conduct tending to negate or limit warranty shall be construed wherever reasonable as consistent with each other; but subject to s. 402.202 on parol or extrinsic evidence, negation or limitation is inoperative to the extent that such construction is unreasonable.
(2)
Subject to sub. (3), to exclude or modify the implied warranty of merchantability or any part of it the language must mention merchantability and in case of a writing must be conspicuous, and to exclude or modify any implied warranty of fitness the exclusion must be by a writing and conspicuous. Language to exclude all implied warranties of fitness is sufficient if it states, for example, that “There are no warranties which extend beyond the description on the face hereof."
(3)
Notwithstanding sub. (2), all of the following apply:
(a)
Unless the circumstances indicate otherwise, all implied warranties are excluded by expressions like “as is", “with all faults" or other language which in common understanding calls the buyer's attention to the exclusion of warranties and makes plain that there is no implied warranty.
(b)
When the buyer before entering into the contract has examined the goods or the sample or model as fully as the buyer desired or has refused to examine the goods there is no implied warranty with regard to defects which an examination ought in the circumstances to have revealed to the buyer.
(c)
Except as provided in s. 95.195, there is no implied warranty that cattle, hogs, sheep or horses are free from sickness or disease at the time a sale is consummated if all state and federal regulations pertaining to animal health are complied with by the seller, unless the seller knows at the time a sale is consummated that the cattle, hogs, sheep or horses were sick or diseased.
(d)
An implied warranty can be excluded or modified by course of dealing or course of performance or usage of trade.
(4)
Remedies for breach of warranty can be limited in accordance with ss. 402.718 and 402.719 on liquidation or limitation of damages and on contractual modification of remedy.
History:  1981 c. 128; 1989 a. 277.
A disclaimer of implied warranties under sub. (2) made after sale would be ineffective. Taterka v. Ford Motor Co., 86 Wis. 2d 140, 271 N.W.2d 653 (1978).
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.317 - Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied.

402.317
Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied.
Warranties whether express or implied shall be construed as consistent with each other and as cumulative, but if such construction is unreasonable the intention of the parties shall determine which warranty is dominant. In ascertaining that intention the following rules apply:
(1)
Exact or technical specifications displace an inconsistent sample or model or general language of description.
(2)
A sample from an existing bulk displaces inconsistent general language of description.
(3)
Express warranties displace inconsistent implied warranties other than an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.318 - Third-party beneficiaries of warranties, express or implied.

402.318
Third-party beneficiaries of warranties, express or implied.
A seller's warranty whether express or implied extends to any natural person who is in the family or household of the seller's buyer or who is a guest in that buyer's home if it is reasonable to expect that such person may use, consume or be affected by the goods and who is injured in person by breach of the warranty. A seller may not exclude or limit the operation of this section.
History:  1991 a. 316; 2007 a. 97.
Privity of contract is required in implied warranty cases, and the availability of punitive damages depends on the facts proved rather than the formal theory of recovery alleged. Drake v. Wham-O Manufacturing Co., 373 F. Supp. 608 (1974).
The Implied Warranty of Merchantability and the Remote Manufacturer. Anzivino. 101 MLR 505 (2017).
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.319 - F.O.B. and F.A.S. terms.

402.319
F.O.B. and F.A.S. terms.
(1)
Unless otherwise agreed the term F.O.B. (which means “free on board") at a named place, even though used only in connection with the stated price, is a delivery term under which:
(a)
When the term is F.O.B. the place of shipment, the seller must at that place ship the goods in the manner provided in s. 402.504 and bear the expense and risk of putting them into the possession of the carrier; or
(b)
When the term is F.O.B. the place of destination, the seller must at the seller's expense and risk transport the goods to that place and there tender delivery of them in the manner provided in s. 402.503;
(c)
When under either par. (a) or (b) the term is also F.O.B. vessel, car or other vehicle, the seller must in addition at the seller's expense and risk load the goods on board. If the term is F.O.B. vessel the buyer must name the vessel and in an appropriate case the seller must comply with s. 402.323 on the form of bill of lading.
(2)
Unless otherwise agreed the term F.A.S. vessel (which means “free alongside") at a named port, even though used only in connection with the stated price, is a delivery term under which the seller must:
(a)
At the seller's expense and risk deliver the goods alongside the vessel in the manner usual in that port or on a dock designated and provided by the buyer; and
(b)
Obtain and tender a receipt for the goods in exchange for which the carrier is under a duty to issue a bill of lading.
(3)
Unless otherwise agreed in any case falling within sub. (1) (a) or (c) or (2) the buyer must seasonably give any needed instructions for making delivery, including when the term is F.A.S. or F.O.B. the loading berth of the vessel and in an appropriate case its name and sailing date. The seller may treat the failure of needed instructions as a failure of cooperation under s. 402.311. The seller may also at the seller's option move the goods in any reasonable manner preparatory to delivery or shipment.
(4)
Under the term F.O.B. vessel or F.A.S. unless otherwise agreed the buyer must make payment against tender of the required documents and the seller may not tender nor the buyer demand delivery of the goods in substitution for the documents.
History:  1991 a. 316.
When a contract specified “free alongside” (FAS) terms, the buyer's confirmation form containing inconsistent terms did not relieve the buyer of liability for goods properly delivered FAS. Melrose International Trading Co. of Canada v. Patrick Cudahy Inc., 482 F. Supp. 1369 (1980).
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.320 - C.I.F. and C.& F. terms.

402.320
C.I.F. and C.& F. terms.
(1)
The term C.I.F. means that the price includes in a lump sum the cost of the goods and the insurance and freight to the named destination. The term C.& F. or C.F. means that the price so includes cost and freight to the named destination.
(2)
Unless otherwise agreed and even though used only in connection with the stated price and destination, the term C.I.F. destination or its equivalent requires the seller at the seller's expense and risk to:
(a)
Put the goods into the possession of a carrier at the port for shipment and obtain a negotiable bill or bills of lading covering the entire transportation to the named destination; and
(b)
Load the goods and obtain a receipt from the carrier (which may be contained in the bill of lading) showing that the freight has been paid or provided for; and
(c)
Obtain a policy or certificate of insurance, including any war risk insurance, of a kind and on terms then current at the port of shipment in the usual amount, in the currency of the contract, shown to cover the same goods covered by the bill of lading and providing for payment of loss to the order of the buyer or for the account of whom it may concern; but the seller may add to the price the amount of the premium for any such war risk insurance; and
(d)
Prepare an invoice of the goods and procure any other documents required to effect shipment or to comply with the contract; and
(e)
Forward and tender with commercial promptness all the documents in due form and with any endorsement necessary to perfect the buyer's rights.
(3)
Unless otherwise agreed the term C.& F. or its equivalent has the same effect and imposes upon the seller the same obligations and risks as a C.I.F. term except the obligation as to insurance.
(4)
Under the term C.I.F. or C.& F. unless otherwise agreed the buyer must make payment against tender of the required documents and the seller may not tender nor the buyer demand delivery of the goods in substitution for the documents.
History:  1991 a. 316.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.321 - C.I.F. or C.& F.: “net landed weights"; “payment on arrival"; warranty of condition on arrival.

402.321
C.I.F. or C.& F.: “net landed weights"; “payment on arrival"; warranty of condition on arrival.
Under a contract containing a term C.I.F. or C.& F.:
(1)
Where the price is based on or is to be adjusted according to “net landed weights", “delivered weights", “out turn" quantity or quality or the like, unless otherwise agreed the seller must reasonably estimate the price. The payment due on tender of the documents called for by the contract is the amount so estimated, but after final adjustment of the price a settlement must be made with commercial promptness.
(2)
An agreement described in sub. (1) or any warranty of quality or condition of the goods on arrival places upon the seller the risk of ordinary deterioration, shrinkage and the like in transportation but has no effect on the place or time of identification to the contract for sale or delivery or on the passing of the risk of loss.
(3)
Unless otherwise agreed where the contract provides for payment on or after arrival of the goods the seller must before payment allow such preliminary inspection as is feasible; but if the goods are lost delivery of the documents and payment are due when the goods should have arrived.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.322 - Delivery “ex-ship".

402.322
Delivery “ex-ship".
(1)
Unless otherwise agreed a term for delivery of goods “ex-ship" (which means from the carrying vessel) or in equivalent language is not restricted to a particular ship and requires delivery from a ship which has reached a place at the named port of destination where goods of the kind are usually discharged.
(2)
Under such a term unless otherwise agreed:
(a)
The seller must discharge all liens arising out of the carriage and furnish the buyer with a direction which puts the carrier under a duty to deliver the goods; and
(b)
The risk of loss does not pass to the buyer until the goods leave the ship's tackle or are otherwise properly unloaded.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.323 - Form of bill of lading required in overseas shipment; “overseas".

402.323
Form of bill of lading required in overseas shipment; “overseas".
(1)
Where the contract contemplates overseas shipment and contains a term C.I.F. or C.& F. or F.O.B. vessel, the seller unless otherwise agreed must obtain a negotiable bill of lading stating that the goods have been loaded on board or, in the case of a term C.I.F. or C.& F., received for shipment.
(2)
Where in a case within sub. (1) a tangible bill of lading has been issued in a set of parts, unless otherwise agreed if the documents are not to be sent from abroad the buyer may demand tender of the full set; otherwise only one part of the bill of lading need be tendered. Even if the agreement expressly requires a full set:
(a)
Due tender of a single part is acceptable within the provisions of s. 402.508 (1) on cure of improper delivery; and
(b)
Even though the full set is demanded, if the documents are sent from abroad the person tendering an incomplete set may nevertheless require payment upon furnishing an indemnity which the buyer in good faith deems adequate.
(3)
A shipment by water or by air or a contract contemplating such shipment is “overseas" insofar as by usage of trade or agreement it is subject to the commercial, financing or shipping practices characteristic of international deep water commerce.
History:  2009 a. 322.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.324 - “ No arrival, no sale" term.

402.324
“ No arrival, no sale" term.
Under a term “no arrival, no sale" or terms of like meaning, unless otherwise agreed:
(1)
The seller must properly ship conforming goods and if they arrive by any means the seller must tender them on arrival but the seller assumes no obligation that the goods will arrive unless the seller has caused the nonarrival; and
(2)
Where without fault of the seller the goods are in part lost or have so deteriorated as no longer to conform to the contract or arrive after the contract time, the buyer may proceed as if there had been casualty to identified goods (s. 402.613).
History:  1991 a. 316.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.325 - “ Letter of credit" term; “confirmed credit".

402.325
“ Letter of credit" term; “confirmed credit".
(1)
Failure of the buyer seasonably to furnish an agreed letter of credit is a breach of the contract for sale.
(2)
The delivery to seller of a proper letter of credit suspends the buyer's obligation to pay. If the letter of credit is dishonored, the seller may on seasonable notification to the buyer require payment directly from the buyer.
(3)
Unless otherwise agreed the term “letter of credit" or “banker's credit" in a contract for sale means an irrevocable credit issued by a financing agency of good repute and, where the shipment is overseas, of good international repute. The term “confirmed credit" means that the credit must also carry the direct obligation of such an agency which does business in the seller's financial market.
History:  1991 a. 316.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.326 - Sale on approval and sale or return; rights of creditors.

402.326
Sale on approval and sale or return; rights of creditors.
(1)
Unless otherwise agreed, if delivered goods may be returned by the buyer even though they conform to the contract, the transaction is:
(a)
A “sale on approval" if the goods are delivered primarily for use; and
(b)
A “sale or return" if the goods are delivered primarily for resale.
(2)
Goods held on approval are not subject to the claims of the buyer's creditors until acceptance; goods held on sale or return are subject to such claims while in the buyer's possession.
(4)
Any “or return" term of a contract for sale is to be treated as a separate contract for sale within s. 402.201 and as contradicting the sale aspect of the contract within s. 402.202 on parol or extrinsic evidence.
(5)
If a person delivers or consigns for sale goods that the person used, or bought for use, for personal, family or household purposes, these goods do not become the property of the deliveree or consignee unless the deliveree or consignee purchases and fully pays for the goods. This subsection does not prevent the deliveree or consignee from acting as the deliverer's or consignor's agent to transfer title to these goods to a buyer who pays the full purchase price. Any payment received by the deliveree or consignee from a buyer of these goods, less any amount that the deliverer or consignor expressly agreed could be deducted from the payment for commissions, fees or expenses, is the property of the deliveror or consignor and is not subject to the claims of the deliveree's or consignee's creditors.
History:  1991 a. 316; 1997 a. 279; 2001 a. 10.
Enumerating and discussing factors relevant to determining whether goods are delivered “for sale." Armor All Products v. Amoco Oil Co., 194 Wis. 2d 35, 533 N.W.2d 720 (1995).
Whether a transaction is a “sale on approval" must be determined by an objective examination of the transaction documents and the parties' performance, rather than examination of the parties' subjective intent. Houghton Wood Products, Inc. v. Badger Wood Products, Inc., 196 Wis. 2d 457, 538 N.W.2d 621 (Ct. App. 1995), 95-0004.
When a good is used in the manufacturing process where it undergoes transformation and is subsequently resold, it is not delivered for “use" under sub. (1). Houghton Wood Products, Inc. v. Badger Wood Products, Inc., 196 Wis. 2d 457, 538 N.W.2d 621 (Ct. App. 1995), 95-0004.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.327 - Special incidents of sale on approval and sale or return.

402.327
Special incidents of sale on approval and sale or return.
(1)
Under a sale on approval unless otherwise agreed:
(a)
Although the goods are identified to the contract the risk of loss and the title do not pass to the buyer until acceptance; and
(b)
Use of the goods consistent with the purpose of trial is not acceptance but failure seasonably to notify the seller of election to return the goods is acceptance, and if the goods conform to the contract acceptance of any part is acceptance of the whole; and
(c)
After due notification of election to return, the return is at the seller's risk and expense but a merchant buyer must follow any reasonable instructions.
(2)
Under a sale or return unless otherwise agreed:
(a)
The option to return extends to the whole or any commercial unit of the goods while in substantially their original condition, but must be exercised seasonably; and
(b)
The return is at the buyer's risk and expense.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.328 - Sale by auction.

402.328
Sale by auction.
(1)
In a sale by auction if goods are put up in lots each lot is the subject of a separate sale.
(2)
A sale by auction is complete when the auctioneer so announces by the fall of the hammer or in other customary manner. Where a bid is made while the hammer is falling in acceptance of a prior bid the auctioneer may in the auctioneer's discretion reopen the bidding or declare the goods sold under the bid on which the hammer was falling.
(3)
Such a sale is with reserve unless the goods are in explicit terms put up without reserve. In an auction with reserve the auctioneer may withdraw the goods at any time until the auctioneer announces completion of the sale. In an auction without reserve, after the auctioneer calls for bids on an article or lot, that article or lot cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is made within a reasonable time. In either case a bidder may retract a bid until the auctioneer's announcement of completion of the sale, but a bidder's retraction does not revive any previous bid.
(4)
If the auctioneer knowingly receives a bid on the seller's behalf or the seller makes or procures such a bid, and notice has not been given that liberty for such bidding is reserved, the buyer may at the buyer's option avoid the sale or take the goods at the price of the last good faith bid prior to the completion of the sale. This subsection shall not apply to any bid at a forced sale.
History:  1991 a. 316.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.401 - Passing of title; reservation for security; limited application of this section.

402.401
Passing of title; reservation for security; limited application of this section.
Each provision of this chapter with regard to the rights, obligations, and remedies of the seller, the buyer, purchasers, or other 3rd parties applies irrespective of title to the goods except where the provision refers to such title. Insofar as situations are not covered by the other provisions of this chapter and matters concerning title become material the following rules apply:
(1)
Title to goods cannot pass under a contract for sale prior to their identification to the contract (s. 402.501), and unless otherwise explicitly agreed the buyer acquires by their identification a special property as limited by chs. 401 to 411. Any retention or reservation by the seller of the title (property) in goods shipped or delivered to the buyer is limited in effect to a reservation of a security interest. Subject to these provisions and to ch. 409, title to goods passes from the seller to the buyer in any manner and on any conditions explicitly agreed on by the parties.
(2)
Unless otherwise explicitly agreed title passes to the buyer at the time and place at which the seller completes the seller's performance with reference to the physical delivery of the goods, despite any reservation of a security interest and even though a document of title is to be delivered at a different time or place; and in particular and despite any reservation of a security interest by the bill of lading:
(a)
If the contract requires or authorizes the seller to send the goods to the buyer but does not require the seller to deliver them at destination, title passes to the buyer at the time and place of shipment; but
(b)
If the contract requires delivery at destination, title passes on tender there.
(3)
Unless otherwise explicitly agreed where delivery is to be made without moving the goods:
(a)
If the seller is to deliver a tangible document of title, title passes at the time when and the place where the seller delivers such documents and, if the seller is to deliver an electronic document of title, title passes when the seller delivers the document; or
(b)
If the goods are at the time of contracting already identified and no documents of title are to be delivered, title passes at the time and place of contracting.
(4)
A rejection or other refusal by the buyer to receive or retain the goods, whether or not justified, or a justified revocation of acceptance revests title to the goods in the seller. Such revesting occurs by operation of law and is not a “sale".
History:  1979 c. 89; 1991 a. 148, 304, 315, 316; 2005 a. 253; 2009 a. 322.
Title to a vehicle passes to the buyer when the seller completes performance of the contract with reference to the transfer of physical possession, despite the seller's retention of the certificate of title. National Exchange Bank of Fond du Lac v. Mann, 81 Wis. 2d 352, 260 N.W.2d 716 (1978).
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.402 - Rights of seller's creditors against sold goods.

402.402
Rights of seller's creditors against sold goods.
(1)
Except as provided in subs. (2) and (3), rights of unsecured creditors of the seller with respect to goods which have been identified to a contract for sale are subject to the buyer's rights to recover the goods under ss. 402.502 and 402.716.
(2)
A creditor of the seller may treat a sale or an identification of goods to a contract for sale as void, if as against the creditor a retention of possession by the seller is fraudulent under any rule of law of the state where the goods are situated, except that retention of possession in good faith and current course of trade by a merchant-seller for a commercially reasonable time after a sale or identification is not fraudulent.
(3)
Nothing in this chapter shall be deemed to impair the rights of creditors of the seller:
(a)
Under the provisions of ch. 409; or
(b)
Where identification to the contract or delivery is made not in current course of trade but in satisfaction of or as security for a preexisting claim for money, security or the like and is made under circumstances which under any rule of law of the state where the goods are situated would apart from this chapter constitute the transaction a fraudulent transfer or voidable preference.
History:  1991 a. 316.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.403 - Power to transfer; good faith purchase of goods; “entrusting".

402.403
Power to transfer; good faith purchase of goods; “entrusting".
(1)
A purchaser of goods acquires all title which the purchaser's transferor had or had power to transfer except that a purchaser of a limited interest acquires rights only to the extent of the interest purchased. A person with voidable title has power to transfer a good title to a good faith purchaser for value. When goods have been delivered under a transaction of purchase the purchaser has such power even though:
(a)
The transferor was deceived as to the identity of the purchaser; or
(b)
The delivery was in exchange for a check which is later dishonored; or
(c)
It was agreed that the transaction was to be a “cash sale"; or
(d)
The delivery was procured through fraud punishable as larcenous under the criminal law.
(2)
Any entrusting of possession of goods to a merchant who deals in goods of that kind gives the merchant power to transfer all rights of the entruster to a buyer in ordinary course of business.
(3)
“Entrusting" includes any delivery and any acquiescence in retention of possession regardless of any condition expressed between the parties to the delivery or acquiescence and regardless of whether the procurement of the entrusting or the possessor's disposition of the goods have been such as to be larcenous under the criminal law.
(4)
The rights of other purchasers of goods and of lien creditors are governed by chs. 407 and 409.
History:  1991 a. 316; 2009 a. 110.
A person with a voidable title in property, having the power to pass title to a good faith purchaser under this section, may transfer a security interest in that property. National Pawn Brokers Unlimited v. Osterman, Inc., 176 Wis. 2d 418, 500 N.W.2d 407 (Ct. App. 1993).
Discussing “voidable titles" under sub. (1) (a). Met-Al, Inc. v. Hansen Storage Co., 844 F. Supp. 485 (1994).
Buyer in Ordinary Course of Business Under Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (and Related Matters). Skilton. 1974 WLR 1.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.501 - Insurable interest in goods; manner of identification of goods.

402.501
Insurable interest in goods; manner of identification of goods.
(1)
The buyer obtains a special property and an insurable interest in goods by identification of existing goods as goods to which the contract refers even though the goods so identified are nonconforming and the buyer has an option to return or reject them. Such identification can be made at any time and in any manner explicitly agreed to by the parties. In the absence of explicit agreement identification occurs:
(a)
When the contract is made if it is for the sale of goods already existing and identified;
(b)
If the contract is for the sale of future goods other than those described in par. (c), when goods are shipped, marked or otherwise designated by the seller as goods to which the contract refers;
(c)
When the crops are planted or otherwise become growing crops or the young are conceived if the contract is for the sale of unborn young to be born within 12 months after contracting or for the sale of crops to be harvested within 12 months or the next normal harvest season after contracting whichever is longer.
(2)
The seller retains an insurable interest in goods so long as title to or any security interest in the goods remains in the seller and where the identification is by the seller alone the seller may until default or insolvency or notification to the buyer that the identification is final substitute other goods for those identified.
(3)
Nothing in this section impairs any insurable interest recognized under any other statute or rule of law.
History:  1991 a. 316.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.502 - Buyer's right to goods on seller's repudiation, failure to deliver, or insolvency.

402.502
Buyer's right to goods on seller's repudiation, failure to deliver, or insolvency.
(1)
Subject to subs. (2) and (3) and even though the goods have not been shipped a buyer who has paid a part or all of the price of goods in which the buyer has a special property under s. 402.501 may on making and keeping good a tender of any unpaid portion of their price recover them from the seller if:
(a)
In the case of goods bought for personal, family, or household purposes, the seller repudiates or fails to deliver as required by the contract; or
(b)
In all cases, the seller becomes insolvent within 10 days after receipt of the first installment on their price.
(2)
The buyer's right to recover the goods under sub. (1) (a) vests upon acquisition of a special property, even if the seller had not then repudiated or failed to deliver.
(3)
If the identification creating the buyer's special property has been made by the buyer, the buyer acquires the right to recover the goods only if they conform to the contract for sale.
History:  1991 a. 316; 2001 a. 10.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.503 - Manner of seller's tender of delivery.

402.503
Manner of seller's tender of delivery.
(1)
Tender of delivery requires that the seller put and hold conforming goods at the buyer's disposition and give the buyer any notification reasonably necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery. The manner, time and place for tender are determined by the agreement and this chapter, and in particular:
(a)
Tender must be at a reasonable hour, and if it is of goods they must be kept available for the period reasonably necessary to enable the buyer to take possession; but
(b)
Unless otherwise agreed the buyer must furnish facilities reasonably suited to the receipt of the goods.
(2)
Where the case is within s. 402.504 respecting shipment tender requires that the seller comply with its provisions.
(3)
Where the seller is required to deliver at a particular destination tender requires that the seller comply with sub. (1) and also in any appropriate case tender documents as described in subs. (4) and (5).
(4)
Where goods are in the possession of a bailee and are to be delivered without being moved:
(a)
Tender requires that the seller either tender a negotiable document of title covering such goods or procure acknowledgment by the bailee of the buyer's right to possession of the goods; but
(b)
Tender to the buyer of a nonnegotiable document of title or of a record directing the bailee to deliver is sufficient tender unless the buyer seasonably objects, and except as otherwise provided in ch. 409 receipt by the bailee of notification of the buyer's rights fixes those rights as against the bailee and all 3rd persons; but risk of loss of the goods and of any failure by the bailee to honor the nonnegotiable document of title or to obey the direction remains on the seller until the buyer has had a reasonable time to present the document or direction, and a refusal by the bailee to honor the document or to obey the direction defeats the tender.
(5)
Where the contract requires the seller to deliver documents:
(a)
The seller must tender all such documents in correct form, except as provided in s. 402.323 (2) with respect to bills of lading in a set; and
(b)
Tender through customary banking channels is sufficient and dishonor of a draft accompanying or associated with the documents constitutes nonacceptance or rejection.
History:  1991 a. 316; 2005 a. 253; 2009 a. 322.
2023 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations › Chapter 402 - Uniform commercial code — sales. › 402.504 - Shipment by seller.

402.504
Shipment by seller.
(1)
Where the seller is required or authorized to send the goods to the buyer and the contract does not require the seller to deliver them at a particular destination, then unless otherwise agreed the seller must:
(a)
Put the goods in the possession of such a carrier and make such a contract for their transportation as may be reasonable having regard to the nature of the goods and other circumstances of the case; and
(b)
Obtain and promptly deliver or tender in due form any document necessary to enable the buyer to obtain possession of the goods or otherwise required by the agreement or by usage of trade; and
(c)
Promptly notify the buyer of the shipment.
(2)
Failure to notify the buyer under sub. (1) (c) or to make a proper contract under sub. (1) (a) is a ground for rejection only if material delay or loss ensues.
History:  1991 a. 316.