reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter I - Public and Private Instruments (§§ 3271 — 3285) › § 3277 - Public instruments—Weight of entry in public registry

The entry in any public registry of an instrument which may have disappeared shall be weighed according to the rules established in the last two (2) paragraphs of § 3276 of this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1176.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter I - Public and Private Instruments (§§ 3271 — 3285) › § 3278 - Public instruments—Defective instrument considered private instrument

An instrument which is defective by reason of the incompetency of the notary or by reason of any other fault in its form shall be considered as a private instrument when signed by the parties who executed the same.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1177.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter I - Public and Private Instruments (§§ 3271 — 3285) › § 3279 - Public instruments—Instrument acknowledging agreement or contract

An instrument acknowledging an agreement or contract proves nothing against the instrument containing the same if by excess or omission they disagree therewith, unless the novation of the former is expressly proven.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1178.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter I - Public and Private Instruments (§§ 3271 — 3285) › § 3280 - Private instruments—Force of private instrument legally acknowledged

A private instrument legally acknowledged shall have, with regard to those who signed it and their legal representatives, the same force as a public instrument.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1179.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter I - Public and Private Instruments (§§ 3271 — 3285) › § 3281 - Private instruments—Admission or denial of signature

A person against whom a written obligation, which appears signed by him, is set up in court is obliged to declare whether the signature is his or not.
The heirs or the legal representatives of the person obligated may limit themselves to state if they know whether the signature to the obligation is or is not that of their principal.
A refusal, without sufficient cause, to make the statement mentioned in the preceding paragraphs may be construed by the courts as an admission of the authenticity of the instrument.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1180.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter I - Public and Private Instruments (§§ 3271 — 3285) › § 3282 - Private instruments—Date of private instrument

The date of a private instrument shall be considered, with regard to third persons, only from the date on which it may have been filed or entered in a public registry, from the death of any of those who signed it, or from the date on which it may have been delivered to a public official by virtue of his office.
The same provisions shall apply with respect to the principal in regard to contracts made by his agent, in the cases to which the last respective paragraphs of §§ 3453 and 4487 of this title refer, with the exceptions therein made.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1181.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter I - Public and Private Instruments (§§ 3271 — 3285) › § 3283 - Private instruments—Force of entries, registries, and private papers

Entries, registries, and private papers shall be evidence against the person who has written them only in all that may appear clearly stated; but a person who wishes to make use thereof is bound to accept them also in the part prejudicial to him.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1182.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter I - Public and Private Instruments (§§ 3271 — 3285) › § 3284 - Private instruments—Notes on instruments written or signed by creditor

A note written or signed by a creditor at the end, in the margin, or on the back of an instrument held by him constitutes evidence in all that may be favorable to the debtor.
The same shall be understood of a note written or signed by the creditor, on the back, in the margin, or at the foot of the duplicate of an instrument or receipt which the debtor may hold.
In either case the debtor who wishes to avail himself of what may be favorable to him shall have to abide by what is prejudicial.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1183.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter I - Public and Private Instruments (§§ 3271 — 3285) › § 3285 - Private instruments—Effect of private instruments changing agreements in public instruments

Private instruments executed for the purpose of changing the agreements made in a public instrument shall produce no effect against a third person.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1184.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter II - Confession (§§ 3291 — 3299) › § 3291 - How confession made

Confession may be made either judicially or extrajudicially.
In either case it shall be an indispensable condition for the validity of the confession that it should relate to personal acts of the confessor and that he should have legal capacity to make it.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1185.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter II - Confession (§§ 3291 — 3299) › § 3292 - Confession evidence against author

Confession is evidence against the author.
Exception is made of the case in which compliance with the laws may be evaded by the same.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1186.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter II - Confession (§§ 3291 — 3299) › § 3293 - Partial use of confession

The confession cannot be partially used against him who makes it unless it should refer to different facts, or when a part of the confession is proven by other means, or when, in any particular, it should be contrary to nature or law.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1187.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter II - Confession (§§ 3291 — 3299) › § 3294 - When confession loses effectiveness

Confession loses its effectiveness only when it is proven that on making it an error of fact was committed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1188.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter II - Confession (§§ 3291 — 3299) › § 3295 - Judicial confession

A judicial confession must be made under oath before a judge of competent jurisdiction, and when he who may be benefited by it has actual representation in the proceedings.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1189.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter II - Confession (§§ 3291 — 3299) › § 3296 - Judicial confession under decisory oath

When a judicial confession under decisory oath is requested, the party from whom it is demanded may ask that the oath be referred to the adverse party, and should the latter refuse to take it, it shall be considered that the person has confessed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1190.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter II - Confession (§§ 3291 — 3299) › § 3297 - When decisory oath not demandable

A decisory oath cannot be demanded on incriminating facts nor on questions with regard to which the parties cannot compromise.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1191.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter II - Confession (§§ 3291 — 3299) › § 3298 - Weight of confession under decisory oath

A confession made under decisory oath, whether deferred or referred, constitutes a proof only in favor or against the parties who submitted to it and their heirs or legal representatives.
No proof with regard to the falsity of said oath shall be admitted.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1192.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter II - Confession (§§ 3291 — 3299) › § 3299 - Extrajudicial confession

Extrajudicial confession is considered as an act subject to the judgment of the courts, according to the rules established on evidence.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1193.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter III - Personal Inspection by the Judge (§§ 3311 — 3312) › § 3311 - Effectiveness of personal inspection

Evidence by personal inspection by the court or judge shall only be effective insofar as it clearly permits the court to judge, by the external appearance of the thing inspected, of the fact which he desires to ascertain.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1194.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter III - Personal Inspection by the Judge (§§ 3311 — 3312) › § 3312 - Weight in decision of another judge

The inspection made by a court or judge, may be weighed in the sentence rendered by another judge, provided the former has set forth with perfect clearness in the proceedings the details and circumstances to the thing inspected.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1195.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter IV - Expert Evidence (§§ 3321 — 3322) › § 3321 - Use of expert evidence

This kind of evidence may only be made use of when, in order to weigh the facts, scientific, artistic, or practical knowledge is necessary or advisable.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1196.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter IV - Expert Evidence (§§ 3321 — 3322) › § 3322 - Value and form

The value of this evidence and the form in which it is to be given are the subjects of the provisions of the Law of Civil Procedure.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1197.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter V - Evidence of Witnesses (§§ 3331 — 3334) › § 3331 - Admissibility of evidence of witnesses

Evidence of witnesses shall be admissible, in all cases in which it should not have been expressly forbidden.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1198.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter V - Evidence of Witnesses (§§ 3331 — 3334) › § 3332 - Qualifications of witnesses

All persons, of either sex, who are not disqualified by natural incapacity or by the provisions of law, may be witnesses.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1199.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter V - Evidence of Witnesses (§§ 3331 — 3334) › § 3333 - Natural incapacity

The following are disqualified by natural incapacity:
(1) Lunatics or insane persons.
(2) The blind and deaf, in those things a knowledge of which depends upon sight and hearing.
(3) Minors under ten (10) years of age, who appear to be unable to receive exact impressions of facts on which they are examined, or to give an exact account of such facts.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1200.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter V - Evidence of Witnesses (§§ 3331 — 3334) › § 3334 - Probative force of depositions of witnesses

The force of proof of depositions of witnesses shall be weighed by the courts in accordance with the provisions of the Law of Civil Procedure, taking care to avoid that, by the simple coincidence of some depositions, unless their truthfulness be evident, the affairs may be finally decided in which instruments, private documents, or any basis of written evidence are usually made use of.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1201.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter VI - Presumptions (§§ 3341 — 3344) › § 3341 - Admissibility of presumptions

Presumptions are not admissible, except when the fact from which they are to be deduced is fully proven.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1202.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter VI - Presumptions (§§ 3341 — 3344) › § 3342 - Effect of presumptions established by law

Presumptions established by law exempt those favored thereby from producing any further proof.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1203.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter VI - Presumptions (§§ 3341 — 3344) › § 3343 - Destruction of presumptions; res judicata

Presumptions established by law may be destroyed by proof to the contrary, except in the cases in which it is expressly prohibited.
Only a judgment obtained in a suit for revision shall be effective against the presumption of the truth of the res adjudicata.
In order that the presumption of the res adjudicata may be valid in another suit, it is necessary that, between the case decided by the sentence and that in which the same is invoked, there be the most perfect identity between the things, causes, and persons of the litigants, and their capacity as such.
In questions relating to the civil status of persons, and in those regarding the validity or nullity of testamentary provisions, the presumption of the res adjudicata shall be valid against third persons, even if they should not have litigated.
It is understood that there is identity of persons whenever the litigants of the second suit are legal representatives of those who litigated in the preceding suit, or when they are jointly bound with them or by the relations established by the indivisibility of prestations among those having a right to demand them, or the obligation to satisfy the same.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1204.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART I - Obligations (§§ 2991 — 3344) › Chapter 249 - Proof of Obligations (§§ 3261 — 3344) › Subchapter VI - Presumptions (§§ 3341 — 3344) › § 3344 - Presumptions not established by law

In order that presumptions not established by law may be admitted as means of evidence, it is indispensable that between the fact demonstrated and the one it is desired to deduce there should exist a precise and direct connection according to the rules of human judgment.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1205.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 253 - General Provisions (§§ 3371 — 3377) › § 3371 - When contract exists

A contract exists from the moment one or more persons consent to bind himself or themselves, with regard to another or others, to give something or to render some service.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1206.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 253 - General Provisions (§§ 3371 — 3377) › § 3372 - Permissible clauses and conditions

The contracting parties may make the agreement and establish the clauses and conditions which they may deem advisable, provided they are not in contravention of law, morals, or public order.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1207.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 253 - General Provisions (§§ 3371 — 3377) › § 3373 - Validity and fulfilment

The validity and fulfilment of contracts cannot be left to the will of one of the contracting parties.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1208.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 253 - General Provisions (§§ 3371 — 3377) › § 3374 - Contracts valid as to parties and heirs; stipulation in favor of third person

Contracts shall only be valid between the parties who execute them and their heirs, except, with regard to the latter, the case in which the rights and obligations arising from the contract are not transmissible, either by their nature, or by agreement, or by provision of law.
Should the contract contain any stipulation in favor of a third person, he may demand its fulfilment, provided he has given notice of his acceptance to the person bound before it may have been revoked.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1209.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 253 - General Provisions (§§ 3371 — 3377) › § 3375 - How contracts perfected

Contracts are perfected by mere consent, and from that time they are binding, not only with regard to the fulfilment of what has been expressly stipulated, but also with regard to all the consequences which, according to their character, are in accordance with good faith, use, and law.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1210.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 253 - General Provisions (§§ 3371 — 3377) › § 3376 - Contract in name of another

No one can contract in the name of another without being authorized by him or without having his legal representation according to law.
A contract executed in the name of another by one who has neither his authorization nor legal representation shall be void, unless it should be ratified by the person in whose name it was executed before being revoked by the other contracting party.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1211.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 253 - General Provisions (§§ 3371 — 3377) › § 3377 - Oaths not admissible

Oaths shall not be admitted in contracts. If admitted, they shall be considered as not given.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1212.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter Preliminary - General Provisions (§ 3391) › § 3391 - Requisites of contracts

There is no contract unless the following requisites exist:
(1) The consent of the contracting parties.
(2) A definite object which may be the subject of the contract.
(3) The cause for the obligation which may be established.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1213.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter I - Consent (§§ 3401 — 3409) › § 3401 - How consent shown; acceptance by letter

Consent is shown by the concurrence of the offer and acceptance of the thing and the cause which are to constitute the contract.
An acceptance made by letter does not bind the person making the offer, but from the time it came to his knowledge. The contract in such case is presumed as executed at the place where the offer was made.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1214.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter I - Consent (§§ 3401 — 3409) › § 3402 - Who cannot give consent

The following persons cannot give consent:
(1) Minors who are not emancipated. However, minors between 18 and 21 years of age who are engaged in commerce or industry may carry out all civil acts for its administration, without requiring the consent of their parents.
(2) Lunatics or the insane, and the deaf and dumb who do not know how to write.
(3) [Repealed. Act June 2, 1976, No. 119, p. 348, eff. June 2, 1976.]
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1215; June 2, 1976, No. 119, p. 348; Aug. 12, 2000, No. 175, § 1.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter I - Consent (§§ 3401 — 3409) › § 3403 - Modification of incapacity

The incapacity, mentioned in § 3402 of this title, is subject to the modifications which are determined by law and is understood without prejudice to the special disqualifications established by the same.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1216.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter I - Consent (§§ 3401 — 3409) › § 3404 - When consent void

Consent given by error, under violence, by intimidation, or deceit shall be void.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1217.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter I - Consent (§§ 3401 — 3409) › § 3405 - Error invalidating consent

In order that the error may invalidate the consent, it must refer to the substance of the thing, which may be the object of the contract, or to those conditions of the same, which should have been principally the cause of its execution.
An error with regard to the person shall invalidate a contract only when the consideration of the person should have been the principal cause of the same.
A mere error of account shall only give rise to its correction.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1218.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter I - Consent (§§ 3401 — 3409) › § 3406 - Violence and intimidation

Violence exists when, in order to exact the consent, irresistible force is used.
Intimidation exists when one of the contracting parties is inspired with a reasonable and well-grounded fear of suffering an imminent and serious injury to his person or property, or to the person or property of the spouse, descendants, or ascendants.
In order to classify the intimidation, the age, sex, and status of the person must be considered.
Fear of displeasing the persons to whom obedience and respect are due shall not annul the contract.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1219.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter I - Consent (§§ 3401 — 3409) › § 3407 - Violence or intimidation by third person

Violence or intimidation shall annul the obligation, even if it should have been employed by a third person who did not take part in the contract.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1220.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter I - Consent (§§ 3401 — 3409) › § 3408 - Deceit

There is deceit when by words or insidious machinations on the part of one of the contracting parties the other is induced to execute a contract which without them he would not have made.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1221.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter I - Consent (§§ 3401 — 3409) › § 3409 - Effect of serious or incidental deceit

In order that deceit may give rise to the nullity of a contract, it must be serious, and must not have been employed by both of the contracting parties.
Incidental deceit renders the party who employed it liable to indemnify for losses and damages only.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1222.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter II - Objects of Contracts (§§ 3421 — 3423) › § 3421 - What may be objects of contracts

All things, even future ones, which are not out of the commerce of man, may be objects of contracts.
Nevertheless, no contract may be executed with regard to future inheritances, except those the object of which is to make a division inter vivos of the estate, according to § 2875 of this title.
All services not contrary to law or to good morals may also be the object of a contract.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1223.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter II - Objects of Contracts (§§ 3421 — 3423) › § 3422 - Impossible things or services

Things or services which are impossible cannot be the object of a contract.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1224.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter II - Objects of Contracts (§§ 3421 — 3423) › § 3423 - Object must be determined thing

The object of every contract must be a thing determined with regard to its kind. The indetermination of the amount shall not be an obstacle to the existence of the contract, provided it may be possible to determine it without necessity of a new agreement between the contracting parties.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1225.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter III - Consideration of Contracts (§§ 3431 — 3434) › § 3431 - Sufficiency of consideration

In contracts, involving a valuable consideration, the prestation or promise of a thing or services by the other party is understood as a consideration for each contracting party; in remuneratory contracts, the service or benefits remunerated, and in those of pure beneficence, the mere liberality of the benefactor.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1226.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter III - Consideration of Contracts (§§ 3431 — 3434) › § 3432 - Contracts without consideration; illicit consideration

Contracts without consideration or with an illicit one have no effect whatsoever. A consideration is illicit when it is contrary to law and good morals.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1227.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter III - Consideration of Contracts (§§ 3431 — 3434) › § 3433 - Statement of false consideration

The statement of a false consideration in contracts shall render them void, unless it be proven that they were based on another real and licit one.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1228.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 255 - Requisites for Validity of Contracts (§§ 3391 — 3434) › Subchapter III - Consideration of Contracts (§§ 3431 — 3434) › § 3434 - Presumption as to consideration

Even though the consideration should not be expressed in the contract, it is presumed that it exists and that it is licit, unless the debtor proves the contrary.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1229.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 257 - Effectiveness of Contracts (§§ 3451 — 3453) › § 3451 - When contracts binding

Contracts shall be binding, whatever may be the form in which they may have been executed, provided the essential conditions required for their validity exist.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1230.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 257 - Effectiveness of Contracts (§§ 3451 — 3453) › § 3452 - Compelling execution of instrument

Should the law require the execution of an instrument or other special formality in order to make the obligations of a contract binding, the contracting parties may compel each other to comply with said formalities from the moment in which consent and the other requirements, necessary for their validity, have taken place.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1231.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 257 - Effectiveness of Contracts (§§ 3451 — 3453) › § 3453 - Contracts which must appear in public instrument; contracts which must be in writing

The following must appear in a public instrument:
(1) Acts and contracts the object of which is the creation, conveyance, modification, or extinction of rights on real property.
(2) Leases of the same property for six (6) or more years, provided they are to the prejudice of third persons.
(3) Contracts to govern property belonging to the conjugal partnership, and the creation and increase of dowries, whenever it is intended to enforce them against third persons.
(4) The assignment, repudiation, and renunciation of hereditary rights or of those of the conjugal partnership.
(5) The general power of attorney to institute lawsuits and the special powers of attorney to be presented in suits; the power of attorney to administer property and any other power of attorney, the object of which is an act drafted or which is to be drafted in a public instrument, or which may prejudice a third person.
(6) The assignment of actions or rights arising from an act contained in a public instrument.
All other contracts, in which the amount of the consideration of one or both of the two contracting parties exceeds three hundred (300) dollars, must be reduced to writing even though it be a private contract.
In all cases, contracts made through agents shall be made by means of authentic documents, the district judges and justices of the peace being hereby empowered in the absence of a notary, to certify to the authenticity of said contracts, in the manner determined by §§ 887 et seq. of Title 4.
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, commercial contracts made by means of correspondence and all those in which the formality of the authentic document may cause prejudicial delay to the nature and rapidity of mercantile traffic, shall be valid.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1232;.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 259 - Interpretation of Contracts (§§ 3471 — 3479) › § 3471 - Literal sense to be observed; when intention prevails

If the terms of a contract are clear and leave no doubt as to the intentions of the contracting parties, the literal sense of its stipulations shall be observed.
If the words should appear contrary to the evident intention of the contracting parties, the intention shall prevail.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1233.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 259 - Interpretation of Contracts (§§ 3471 — 3479) › § 3472 - Determination of intention

In order to judge as to the intention of the contracting parties, attention must principally be paid to their acts, contemporaneous and subsequent to the contract.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1234.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 259 - Interpretation of Contracts (§§ 3471 — 3479) › § 3473 - Construction of terms of contract

However general the terms of the contract may be, there should not be understood as included therein things and cases different from those with regard to which the persons interested intended to contract.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1235.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 259 - Interpretation of Contracts (§§ 3471 — 3479) › § 3474 - Stipulation with different meanings

If any stipulation of a contract should admit of different meanings, it should be understood in the sense most suitable to give it effect.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1236.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 259 - Interpretation of Contracts (§§ 3471 — 3479) › § 3475 - Stipulations interpreted in relation to one another

The stipulations of a contract should be interpreted in relation to one another, giving to those that are doubtful the meaning which may appear from the consideration of all of them together.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1237.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 259 - Interpretation of Contracts (§§ 3471 — 3479) › § 3476 - Words with different meanings

Words which may have different meanings shall be understood in that which may be most in accordance with the nature and object of the contract.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1238.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 259 - Interpretation of Contracts (§§ 3471 — 3479) › § 3477 - Uses or customs of country

The uses or customs of the country shall be taken into consideration in interpreting ambiguity in contracts, supplying in the same the omission of stipulations which are usually included.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1239.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 259 - Interpretation of Contracts (§§ 3471 — 3479) › § 3478 - Interpretation against party causing obscurity

The interpretation of obscure stipulations of a contract must not favor the party occasioning the obscurity.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1240.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 259 - Interpretation of Contracts (§§ 3471 — 3479) › § 3479 - Decision as to doubts; when doubts void contract

When it should be absolutely impossible to decide the doubts by the rules established in the preceding sections, if they deal with incidental circumstances of the contract, and said contract involves a good consideration, they shall be decided in favor of the smallest transmission of rights and interest. Should the contract involve a valuable consideration, the doubt shall be decided in favor of the greatest reciprocity of interests.
Should the doubts, the decision of which is referred to in this section, involve the principal object of the contract so that the intention or will of the contracting parties cannot be ascertained, the contract shall be void.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1241.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 261 - Rescission of Contracts (§§ 3491 — 3500) › § 3491 - When contracts can be rescinded

Contracts validly executed may be rescinded in the cases established by law.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1242.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 261 - Rescission of Contracts (§§ 3491 — 3500) › § 3492 - Contracts subject to rescission

The following may be rescinded:
(1) The contracts which may be executed by guardians without the authorization of the competent part of the Court of First Instance, provided the persons they represent have suffered lesion of more than one-fourth (¼) part of the value of the things which may have been the object thereof.
(2) Those executed in representation of absentees, provided the latter have suffered the lesion referred to in the preceding number.
(3) Those executed in fraud of creditors, when the latter cannot recover, in any other manner, what is due them.
(4) Contracts relating to things in litigation should they have been executed by the defendant without the knowledge and approval of the parties in litigation or of the competent judicial authority.
(5) Any other contracts specially determined by law.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1243;.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 261 - Rescission of Contracts (§§ 3491 — 3500) › § 3493 - Payments by insolvent debtor

Payments made, while in a state of insolvency, by a debtor on account of obligations, which at the time of making, the debtor could not be compelled to fulfill may also be rescinded.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1244.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 261 - Rescission of Contracts (§§ 3491 — 3500) › § 3494 - Rescission of contracts for lesion

No contract shall be rescinded for lesion, excepting the cases mentioned in subsections (1) and (2) of § 3492 of this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1245.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 261 - Rescission of Contracts (§§ 3491 — 3500) › § 3495 - Action for rescission

The action for rescission is a subsidiary one; it may be enforced only when the person injured has no other legal remedy to obtain reparation for the injury.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1246.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 261 - Rescission of Contracts (§§ 3491 — 3500) › § 3496 - Return of objects of contract; possession by third persons; indemnity

Rescission obliges the return of the things which were the objects of the contract, with their fruits and the price with interest; therefore it can only be carried into effect when the person who may have claimed it can return that which, on his part, he is bound to do.
Neither shall rescission take place when the things which are the object of the contract are legally in the possession of third persons who have not acted in bad faith.
In such case the indemnity for damages may be claimed from the person who caused the lesion.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1247.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 261 - Rescission of Contracts (§§ 3491 — 3500) › § 3497 - Contract in representation of absentee with judicial authorization

The rescission, referred to in number 2 of § 3492 of this title, shall not take place in contracts executed with judicial authorization.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1248.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 261 - Rescission of Contracts (§§ 3491 — 3500) › § 3498 - Contracts presumed in fraud of creditors

Contracts by virtue of which the debtor alienates property, for a good consideration, are presumed to be executed in fraud of creditors.
Alienations for valuable considerations, made by persons against whom a condemnatory judgment, in any instance, has been previously rendered, or a writ of seizure of property has been issued, shall also be presumed fraudulent.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1249.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 261 - Rescission of Contracts (§§ 3491 — 3500) › § 3499 - Indemnity to creditors by person acquiring in bad faith

Any person who may have acquired in bad faith things alienated in fraud of creditors must indemnify the latter for the losses and damages caused to them by the alienation whenever, for any reason whatsoever, it should be impossible for him to return them.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1250.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 261 - Rescission of Contracts (§§ 3491 — 3500) › § 3500 - Prescription of action for rescission

The action asking rescission must be brought within four (4) years.
For persons subject to guardianship and for absentees, the four (4) years shall not commence until the incapacity of the former has ceased to exist, or the domicile of the latter is known.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1251.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 263 - Nullity of Contracts (§§ 3511 — 3525) › § 3511 - When contracts may be annulled

Contracts containing the requisites mentioned in § 3391 of this title may be annulled, even when there should be no lesion to the contracting parties, whenever they contain any of the defects which invalidate them according to law.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1252.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART II - Contracts (§§ 3371 — 3525) › Chapter 263 - Nullity of Contracts (§§ 3511 — 3525) › § 3512 - Prescription of action for nullity

The action for nullity shall last four (4) years.
This term shall commence to run:
In cases of intimidation or violence from the day on which it has ceased;
in those of error or deceit or falsity of consideration, from the date of the consummation of the contract;
when the purpose of the action is to invalidate contracts made by a married woman, without consent or competent authority, from the date of the dissolution of the marriage,
and when it refers to contracts executed by minors or incapacitated persons, from the date they were released from guardianship.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1253.