reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 10.1 - Conservation › Chapter 23 - Virginia Antiquities Act › § 10.1-2301. Duties of Director

The Director shall:
1. Coordinate all archaeological research on state-controlled land and in state archaeological sites and zones;
2. Coordinate a survey of significant archaeological sites located on state-controlled land, and upon request, survey and officially recognize significant archaeological sites on privately owned property;
3. Identify, evaluate, preserve and protect sites and objects of antiquity which have historic, scientific, archaeologic or educational value and are located on state-controlled land or on state archaeological sites or zones;
4. Protect archaeological sites and objects located on state-controlled land or on state archaeological sites or zones from neglect, desecration, damage and destruction;
5. Ensure that archaeological sites and objects located on state-controlled land or on state archaeological sites or zones are identified, evaluated and properly explored so that adequate records may be made;
6. Encourage private owners of designated state archaeological sites to cooperate with the Commonwealth to preserve the site;
7. Encourage a statewide archaeological education program to inform the general public of the importance of its irreplaceable archaeological heritage; and
8. Designate the State Archaeologist to (i) assist the Director by coordinating, overseeing, or otherwise carrying out the provisions of this chapter and (ii) perform such other duties as required by the Director. The State Archaeologist shall be a technically trained archaeologist and shall have both a practical and theoretical knowledge of archaeology.
1977, c. 424, §§ 10-150.2, 10-150.8; 1984, c. 750; 1988, c. 891, § 10.1-901; 1989, c. 656; 2005, c. 457.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 10.1 - Conservation › Chapter 23 - Virginia Antiquities Act › § 10.1-2303. Control of archaeological sites; authority of Director to contract

A. The Commonwealth of Virginia reserves to itself, through the Director, the exclusive right and privilege of field investigation on sites that are on state-controlled land. The Director shall first obtain all permits of other state agencies required by law. The Director is authorized to permit others to conduct such investigations.
B. All objects of antiquity derived from or found on state-controlled land shall remain the property of the Commonwealth.
1977, c. 424, §§ 10-150.4, 10-150.6; 1984, c. 750; 1988, c. 891, § 10.1-904; 1989, c. 656.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 10.1 - Conservation › Chapter 23 - Virginia Antiquities Act › § 10.1-2304. Designating archaeological sites and zones

The Director may designate state archaeological sites and state archaeological zones on private property or on property owned by any county, city or town, or board or authority organized to perform local or regional functions in the Commonwealth provided that the Director secures the express prior written consent of the owner of the property involved. No state archaeological site or zone located on private property may be established within the boundaries of any county, city or town which has established a local archaeological commission or similar entity designated to preserve, protect and identify local sites and objects of antiquity without the consent of the local governing body. Field investigations may not be conducted on a designated site without a permit issued by the Director pursuant to § 10.1-2302.
1977, c. 424, § 10-150.7; 1984, c. 750; 1988, c. 891, § 10.1-905; 1989, c. 656.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 10.1 - Conservation › Chapter 23 - Virginia Antiquities Act › § 10.1-2305. Permit required for the archaeological excavation of human remains

A. It shall be unlawful for any person to conduct any type of archaeological field investigation involving the removal of human skeletal remains or associated artifacts from any unmarked human burial regardless of age of an archaeological site and regardless of ownership without first receiving a permit from the Director.
B. Where unmarked burials are not part of a legally chartered cemetery, archaeological excavation of such burials pursuant to a permit from the Director shall be exempt from the requirements of §§ 57-38.1 and 57-39. However, such exemption shall not apply in the case of human burials within formally chartered cemeteries that have been abandoned.
C. The Department shall be considered an interested party in court proceedings considering the abandonment of legally constituted cemeteries or family graveyards with historic significance. A permit from the Director is required if archaeological investigations are undertaken as a part of a court-approved removal of a cemetery.
D. The Board shall promulgate regulations implementing this section that provide for appropriate public notice prior to issuance of a permit, provide for appropriate treatment of excavated remains, the scientific quality of the research conducted on the remains, and the appropriate disposition of the remains upon completion of the research. The Department may carry out such excavations and research without a permit, provided that it has complied with the substantive requirements of the regulations promulgated pursuant to this section.
E. Any interested party may appeal the Director's decision to issue a permit or to act directly to excavate human remains to the local circuit court. Such appeal must be filed within fourteen days of the Director's decision.
1989, c. 656.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 10.1 - Conservation › Chapter 23 - Virginia Antiquities Act › § 10.1-2306. Violations; penalty

A. It is unlawful to intentionally deface, damage, destroy, displace, disturb, or remove any object of antiquity on any designated state archaeological site, state-controlled land, or land owned by a battlefield preservation organization or on which such organization holds an easement.
B. A violation of this section is a Class 1 misdemeanor.
1977, c. 424, § 10-150.10; 1988, c. 891, § 10.1-906; 1989, c. 656; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 59.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 10.1 - Conservation › Chapter 24.1 - Historic Preservation Trust Fund › § 10.1-2404.1. Establishment of Historic Preservation Trust Fund

The Board of Trustees of the Virginia Historic Preservation Foundation and the Director of the Department of Historic Resources are authorized on behalf of the Commonwealth to enter into a trust agreement with the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, whereby the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities shall be trustee and the Commonwealth shall be beneficiary. The Board of Trustees of the Virginia Historic Preservation Foundation is authorized to create a trust fund, to be known as the Historic Preservation Trust Fund, known hereafter as the "Trust Fund," by transferring all of the assets of the Virginia Historic Preservation Revolving Fund to the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, as Trustee of the Trust Fund, including its cash, notes, mortgages, other securities, real estate and all its other assets, to be administered as follows:
1. The Trustee shall serve without compensation;
2. The Trust Fund shall be administered and managed by the Property Committee of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities;
3. The Director of the Department of Historic Resources, or his designee, shall serve as a voting member of the Property Committee of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities on all questions concerning properties to be acquired and sold by the Trust Fund;
4. The Trust Fund shall be used for the sole purpose of preserving properties listed or eligible for listing on the Virginia Landmarks Register through the acquisition of such properties, or interests therein, the donation of a perpetual preservation easement on such properties to the Board of Historic Resources, and the subsequent resale of properties, or interests therein, thus protected to appropriate individuals, corporations, partnerships, associations or other legal entities, or the resale or transfer to appropriate public agencies, when, in the discretion of the Trustee, such action is the best feasible means of protecting such properties from an identifiable threat of destruction or from the loss of those qualities for which they were designated or eligible to be designated as landmarks by the Board of Historic Resources; and
5. The Trust Fund shall be operated as a revolving fund and all proceeds from the resale of properties, and any income which may accrue on the trust properties, shall be returned to and deposited in the Trust Fund.
The terms, conditions and form of the trust agreement shall be reviewed and approved by the Governor and the Attorney General.
1999, c. 558.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 10.1 - Conservation › Chapter 24.1 - Historic Preservation Trust Fund › § 10.1-2404.2. Operations of fund; termination

A. The Trust Fund shall consist of the property received pursuant to § 10.1-2404.1 and any gifts, grants, or appropriations made to the Trust Fund. Gifts and bequests of money, securities, and other property to the Trust Fund, and the income therefrom, shall be deemed to be gifts to the Commonwealth and therefore exempt from all state and local taxes. Any income earned from gifts, bequests, rent, securities, and other property of the Trust Fund shall be the property of the Trust Fund. Any gifts received by the Virginia Historic Preservation Foundation while the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities is administering the Trust Fund, as well as any income which may accrue thereon, shall be deposited in the Trust Fund within ninety days of receipt.
B. By November 1 of each year, the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities shall submit a copy of its audited financial statement to the Director of the Department of Historic Resources and to the Attorney General.
C. Prior to January 1, 2003, the Board of Trustees of the Virginia Historic Preservation Foundation is authorized to review the operation of the Trust Fund. If it finds that such operation is not fulfilling the requirements of the trust agreement, it may recommend to the Governor that the trust agreement with the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities be terminated. If the Governor finds that such termination is in the best interest of the Commonwealth, he may direct the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities to reconvey all the assets of the Trust Fund to the Virginia Historic Preservation Foundation.
D. On and after January 1, 2003, if the Fund has not been reconveyed to the Virginia Historic Preservation Foundation, (i) the Foundation shall cease to exist and its minutes and any remaining assets shall become the property of the Department of Historic Resources and (ii) the Attorney General shall have the authority to take legal action on behalf of the Commonwealth to enforce the terms of the trust agreement established under § 10.1-2404.1.
1999, c. 558.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 10.1 - Conservation › Chapter 25 - Virginia Environmental Emergency Response Fund › § 10.1-2500. Virginia Environmental Emergency Response Fund established

A. There is hereby established the Virginia Environmental Emergency Response Fund, hereafter referred to as the Fund, to be used (i) for the purpose of emergency response to environmental pollution incidents and for the development and implementation of corrective actions for pollution incidents, other than pollution incidents addressed through the Virginia Underground Petroleum Storage Tank Fund, as described in § 62.1-44.34:11 of the State Water Control Law; (ii) to conduct assessments of potential sources of toxic contamination in accordance with the policy developed pursuant to § 62.1-44.19:10; and (iii) to assist small businesses for the purposes described in § 10.1-1197.3.
B. The Fund shall be a nonlapsing revolving fund consisting of grants, general funds, and other such moneys as appropriated by the General Assembly, and moneys received by the State Treasurer for:
1. Noncompliance penalties assessed pursuant to § 10.1-1311, civil penalties assessed pursuant to subsection B of § 10.1-1316, and civil charges assessed pursuant to subsection C of § 10.1-1316.
2. Civil penalties assessed pursuant to subsection C of § 10.1-1418.1, civil penalties assessed pursuant to subsections A and E of § 10.1-1455, and civil charges assessed pursuant to subsection F of § 10.1-1455.
3. (For contingent expiration date, see Acts 2016, cc. 68 and 758, as amended by Acts 2017, c. 345) Civil charges assessed pursuant to subdivision 8d of § 62.1-44.15 and civil penalties assessed pursuant to subsection (a) of § 62.1-44.32, excluding assessments made for violations of Article 9 (§ 62.1-44.34:8 et seq.) or 10 (§ 62.1-44.34:10 et seq.), Chapter 3.1 of Title 62.1, or a regulation, administrative or judicial order, or term or condition of approval relating to or issued under those articles.
3. (For contingent effective date, see Acts 2016, cc. 68 and 758, as amended by Acts 2017, c. 345) Civil charges assessed pursuant to subdivision (8d) of § 62.1-44.15 and civil penalties assessed pursuant to subsection (a) of § 62.1-44.32, excluding assessments made for violations of Article 2.3 (§ 62.1-44.15:24 et seq.), 2.4 (§ 62.1-44.15:51 et seq.), 2.5 (§ 62.1-44.15:67 et seq.), 9 (§ 62.1-44.34:8 et seq.), or 10 (§ 62.1-44.34:10 et seq.) of Chapter 3.1 of Title 62.1, or a regulation, administrative or judicial order, or term or condition of approval relating to or issued under those articles.
4. Civil penalties and civil charges assessed pursuant to § 62.1-270.
5. Civil penalties assessed pursuant to subsection A of § 62.1-252 and civil charges assessed pursuant to subsection B of § 62.1-252.
6. Civil penalties assessed in conjunction with special orders by the Director pursuant to § 10.1-1186 and by the Waste Management Board pursuant to subsection G of § 10.1-1455.
1991, c. 718; 1992, c. 812; 1997, cc. 624, 850; 1998, c. 837; 2000, cc. 17, 1043; 2016, cc. 68, 758.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 10.1 - Conservation › Chapter 25 - Virginia Environmental Emergency Response Fund › § 10.1-2501. Administration of the Fund

All moneys received by the State Treasurer for the civil penalties and civil charges referred to in § 10.1-2500, and all reimbursements received under § 10.1-2502 shall be and hereby are credited to the Fund. Interest earned on the Fund shall be credited to the Fund. The Fund shall be established on the books of the State Comptroller. Any moneys remaining in the Fund at the end of the biennium shall not revert to the general fund but shall remain in the Fund.
1991, c. 718; 1992, c. 887.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 10.1 - Conservation › Chapter 25 - Virginia Environmental Emergency Response Fund › § 10.1-2502. Disbursements from the Fund; transfer of funds to the Small Business Environmental Compliance Assistance Fund

The disbursement of moneys from the Fund shall be made by the State Comptroller at the written request of the Director of the Department of Environmental Quality. The Director shall have the authority to access the Fund for up to $100,000 per occurrence as long as the disbursement does not exceed the balance for the agency account. If the Director requests a disbursement in excess of $100,000 or an amount exceeding the remaining agency balance, the disbursement shall require the written approval of the Governor. The Department of Environmental Quality shall develop guidelines which, after approval by the Governor, determine how the Fund can be used for the purposes described herein.
Disbursements from the Fund may be made for the purposes outlined in § 10.1-2500, including, but not limited to, personnel, administrative, and equipment costs and expenses directly incurred by the above-mentioned agencies or by any other agency or political subdivision, acting at the direction of one of the above-mentioned agencies, in and for preventing or alleviating damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused by environmental pollution incidents.
The agency shall promptly seek reimbursement from any person causing or contributing to an environmental pollution incident for all sums disbursed from the Fund for the protection, relief and recovery from loss or damage caused by such person. In the event a request for reimbursement is not paid within sixty days of receipt of a written demand, the claim shall be referred to the Attorney General for collection. The agency shall be allowed to recover all legal and court costs and other expenses incident to such actions for collection.
In any year in which the Fund balance exceeds two million dollars, the Director may transfer such excess amount to the Small Business Environmental Compliance Assistance Fund established pursuant to § 10.1-1197.2.
1991, c. 718; 1992, c. 887; 1997, cc. 624, 850.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-1. Certain contracts void as to creditors and purchasers unless in writing; law governing validity of contracts creating security interests

Every contract, not in writing, made in respect to real estate or goods and chattels in consideration of marriage, or made for the conveyance or sale of real estate, or a term therein of more than five years, and, except as otherwise provided in § 8.2-402 of the Uniform Commercial Code, every bill of sale or contract for the sale of goods and chattels when the possession is allowed to remain with the seller, shall be void, both at law and in equity, as to purchasers for value and without notice and creditors; provided, however, that if any such contract or bill of sale as is mentioned in this section creates a security interest as defined in the Uniform Commercial Code, its validity and enforceability shall be governed by the provisions of that Code.
Code 1919, § 5192; 1964, c. 314; 1966, c. 397.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-2. When written evidence required to maintain action

Unless a promise, contract, agreement, representation, assurance, or ratification, or some memorandum or note thereof, is in writing and signed by the party to be charged or his agent, no action shall be brought in any of the following cases:
1. To charge any person upon or by reason of a representation or assurance concerning the character, conduct, credit, ability, trade, or dealings of another, to the intent or purpose that such other may obtain thereby, credit, money, or goods;
2. To charge any person upon a promise made after attaining the age of majority, to pay a debt contracted during infancy, or upon a ratification after attaining the age of majority, of a promise or simple contract made during infancy;
3. To charge a personal representative upon a promise to answer any debt or damages out of his own estate;
4. To charge any person upon a promise to answer for the debt, default, or misdoings of another;
5. Upon any agreement made upon consideration of marriage;
6. Upon any contract for the sale of real estate, or for the lease thereof for more than a year;
7. Upon any agreement or contract for services to be performed in the sale of real estate by a party defined in § 54.1-2100 or § 54.1-2101;
8. Upon any agreement that is not to be performed within a year; or
9. Upon any agreement or promise to lend money or extend credit in an aggregate amount of $25,000 or more.
The consideration need not be set forth or expressed in the writing, and it may be proved (where a consideration is necessary) by other evidence.
Code 1919, § 5561; 1976, c. 157; 1990, c. 570.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-2.01. Promise after bankruptcy must be in writing

When a debtor is adjudicated a bankrupt or discharged in a bankruptcy proceeding any promise to pay such debt, after such adjudication or discharge, shall be in writing for any action at law or in equity to be maintained thereupon.
Code 1950, § 8-512; 1977, c. 624.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-2.1. Goods sent by mail

No suit shall be maintained, or judgment rendered, either at law or in equity, in any court of this Commonwealth, to recover any goods, property or thing, or the value thereof, which has been sent to any person by mail, unless such goods, property or thing has been impliedly or expressly ordered by the person to whom the same has been sent and received or unless it be proved that such person has appropriated such goods, property, or thing to his own use.
1952, c. 326.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-2.2. Unsolicited goods deemed gift to recipient

If any person, firm, partnership, association or corporation, or any agent or employee thereof, shall in any manner or by any means offer for sale goods, wares or merchandise when the offer includes the voluntary and unsolicited sending of any goods, wares or merchandise not actually ordered or requested by the recipient, either orally or in writing, then the sender of any such unsolicited goods, wares or merchandise shall for all purposes be deemed to have made an unconditional gift to the recipient thereof, who may use or dispose of such goods, wares or merchandise in any manner he deems proper without any obligation to return the same to the sender or to pay him therefor.
1970, c. 386.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-2.4. Notice of possible filing of mechanics' lien required

Every contract made on or after July 1, 1992, for the purchase of residential real property shall include the following provision:
NOTICE
Virginia law (§ 43-1 et seq.) permits persons who have performed labor or furnished materials for the construction, removal, repair or improvement of any building or structure to file a lien against the property. This lien may be filed at any time after the work is commenced or the material is furnished, but not later than the earlier of (i) 90 days from the last day of the month in which the lienor last performed work or furnished materials or (ii) 90 days from the time the construction, removal, repair or improvement is terminated.
AN EFFECTIVE LIEN FOR WORK PERFORMED PRIOR TO THE DATE OF SETTLEMENT MAY BE FILED AFTER SETTLEMENT. LEGAL COUNSEL SHOULD BE CONSULTED.
Failure of a contract for the purchase of residential real property to include the notice required by this section shall not void such contract.
1992, c. 606.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-3. Sealed writings; writings not purporting to be sealed

Any writing to which a natural person, corporation, limited liability company or partnership, whether general or limited, making it affixes a scroll by way of a seal, shall be of the same force as if it were actually sealed. The impression or stamping of a corporate or an official seal on paper or parchment alone shall be as valid as if made on wax or other adhesive substance. And any writing to which a natural person, corporation, limited liability company or partnership, whether general or limited, making it affixes his signature, or their signatures, and which writing in its body says "this deed," or "this indenture," or other words importing a sealed instrument, or recognizes a seal, shall be of the same force as if it were actually sealed by such person, corporation, limited liability company or partnership, although no seal or scroll be attached; and any writing signed by a natural person, corporation, limited liability company or partnership, whether general or limited, and regularly acknowledged before an officer authorized to take acknowledgments of deeds to be recorded in this Commonwealth, in the body of which writing it clearly appears that the person so signing and acknowledging the same intends to and does grant or convey unto the grantee named therein certain real estate as therein described, and in which the writing is not said to be a deed or an indenture, and does not purport to be sealed, and to which no seal or scroll is attached, such writing shall pass the title to such real estate as effectually as if it were written and executed in strict accordance with the provisions of § 55.1-300; and any such writing admitted to record prior to June 19, 1946, shall be of the effect as if made and recorded thereafter, except as to vested rights already attached contrary to such writing.
Code 1919, § 5562; 1934, p. 524; 1946, pp. 59, 426; 1975, c. 500; 1996, c. 265.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-4. Sizes of type in printed contracts

No contract in writing entered into between a citizen of this Commonwealth and any person, firm, company or corporation, domestic or foreign, doing business in this Commonwealth, for the sale and future delivery of any goods or chattels, machinery or mechanical devices, or personal property of any kind or sort whatsoever, shall be binding upon the purchaser, where the form is printed and furnished by the person, firm, company or corporation, unless all of the provisions of such contract are clearly and plainly printed or written; and, where printed, such provisions and covenants and all stipulations as to the rights of the vendor shall be in type of not less than the size known as ten point; and, wherever in such contract, printed upon a form furnished by the vendor, it is stipulated that the vendor is not to be bound by any verbal agreement or modification of the terms of such printed contract, then such stipulation shall be printed as a separate paragraph or paragraphs and in type not smaller than pica. Should any of the contract, including the special stipulation hereinbefore mentioned, be printed in less than the size of type hereby prescribed, and the agent or salesman of such person, firm, company or corporation enter into any verbal or written or collateral agreement with the vendee, on the part of the person, firm, company or corporation, modifying or changing such printed agreement or the parts of the contract which are printed, then the vendee may, in any action instituted to enforce such contract, or the payment of any sum of money agreed to be paid under such contract, be allowed to introduce such collateral agreement, or contract in modification thereof, or any verbal statement made by the agent or salesman in modification thereof, in evidence in such action, and the same, if proved, shall be considered by the court or jury trying the case as a part of such printed contract.
1920, p. 362; Michie Code 1942, § 5562a.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-4.1. Certain indemnification provisions in construction contracts declared void

Any provision contained in any contract relating to the construction, alteration, repair or maintenance of a building, structure or appurtenance thereto, including moving, demolition and excavation connected therewith, or any provision contained in any contract relating to the construction of projects other than buildings by which the contractor performing such work purports to indemnify or hold harmless another party to the contract against liability for damage arising out of bodily injury to persons or damage to property suffered in the course of performance of the contract, caused by or resulting solely from the negligence of such other party or his agents or employees, is against public policy and is void and unenforceable. This section applies to such contracts between contractors and any public body, as defined in § 2.2-4301.
This section shall not affect the validity of any insurance contract, workers' compensation, or any agreement issued by an admitted insurer.
The provisions of this section shall not apply to any provision of any contract entered into prior to July 1, 1973.
1973, c. 273; 1974, c. 430; 1991, c. 363.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-4.1:1. Waiver of payment bond claims and contract claims; construction contracts

A subcontractor as defined in § 43-1, lower-tier subcontractor, or material supplier may not waive or diminish his right to assert payment bond claims or his right to assert claims for demonstrated additional costs in a contract in advance of furnishing any labor, services, or materials. A provision that waives or diminishes a subcontractor's, lower-tier subcontractor's, or material supplier's right to assert payment bond claims or his right to assert claims for demonstrated additional costs in a contract executed prior to providing any labor, services, or materials is null and void.
2015, c. 748.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-4.3. When acceleration of payment or repossession of consumer goods not allowed

Notwithstanding any provisions in a contract, other evidence of indebtedness or security agreement arising from a sale or financing of consumer goods as defined in § 8.9A-102 of this Code, no acceleration of payment or repossession on account of late payment or nonpayment of an installment shall be permitted if payment, together with any late payment penalty permitted under § 6.2-400, is made within ten days of the date on which the installment was due.
1974, c. 572.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-4.4. Certain indemnification and duty to defend provisions in contracts with design professionals declared void

Any provision contained in any contract relating to the planning or design of a building, structure or appurtenance thereto, including moving, demolition or excavation connected therewith, or any provision contained in any contract relating to the planning or design of construction projects other than buildings by which the architect or professional engineer performing such work purports to indemnify or hold harmless another party to the contract against liability for damage arising out of bodily injury to persons or damage to property suffered in the course of the performance of the contract, caused by or resulting solely from the negligence of such other party, his agents or employees, is against public policy and is void and unenforceable.
This section shall apply to such contracts between an architect or professional engineer and any public body as defined in § 2.2-4301. Every provision contained in a contract between an architect or professional engineer and a public body relating to the planning or design of a building, structure or appurtenance thereto, including moving, demolition or excavation connected therewith, or relating to the planning or design of construction projects other than buildings by which the architect or professional engineer performing such work purports to indemnify or hold harmless the public body against liability is against public policy and is void and unenforceable. This section shall not be construed to alter or affect any provision in such a contract that purports to indemnify or hold harmless the public body against liability for damage arising out of the negligent acts, errors or omissions, recklessness or intentionally wrongful conduct of the architect or professional engineer in performance of the contract.
Any provision contained in any contract relating to the planning or design of a building, structure, or appurtenance thereto, including moving, demolition, or excavation connected therewith, or any provision contained in any contract relating to the planning or design of construction projects by which any party purports to impose a duty to defend on any other party to the contract, is against public policy and is void and unenforceable.
This section shall not affect the validity of any insurance contract, workers' compensation, or any agreement issued by an admitted insurer.
1995, c. 341; 2001, c. 670; 2020, c. 1015.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-4.5. Certain indemnification provisions in motor carrier transportation contracts declared void

A. As used in this section:
"Motor carrier transportation contract" means a contract, agreement, or understanding covering:
1. The transportation of property for compensation or hire by the motor carrier;
2. The entrance on property by the motor carrier for the purpose of loading, unloading, or transporting property for compensation or for hire; or
3. A service incidental to activity described in subdivision 1 or 2 including, but not limited to, storage of property.
For the purposes of this section, the term "motor carrier transportation contract" shall not include the Uniform Intermodal Interchange and Facilities Access Agreement administered by the Intermodal Association of North America, as that agreement may be amended by the Intermodal Interchange Executive Committee, or other agreements providing for the interchange, use, or possession of intermodal chassis, containers, or other intermodal equipment.
B. A provision, clause, covenant, or agreement contained in, collateral to, or affecting a motor carrier transportation contract that purports to indemnify, or hold harmless, or has the effect of indemnifying, or holding harmless, either party from or against any liability for loss or damage resulting from the negligence or intentional acts or omissions of other party, or any agents, employees, servants, or independent contractors who are directly responsible to the other party, is against the public policy and is void and unenforceable.
C. Nothing contained in this section affects a provision, clause, covenant, or agreement where the motor carrier indemnifies or holds harmless the other party against liability for damages to the extent that the damages were caused by and resulting from the negligence of the motor carrier, its agents, employees, servants, or independent contractors who, in whole or in part are directly responsible to the motor carrier.
2006, cc. 237, 423.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-7.1. Certain entities' authority to extend performance agreements

A. The Department of Small Business and Supplier Diversity, the Virginia Economic Development Partnership Authority, the Virginia Tourism Authority, the Tobacco Region Revitalization Commission, a nonprofit, nonstock corporation created pursuant to § 2.2-2240.1, any county, city, or town, or local or regional industrial or economic development authorities created in accordance with law have the authority, upon the agreement of the parties, to extend the performance period for any performance agreement.
B. For the purposes of this section, "performance agreement" means any agreement, contract, or memorandum of understanding that imposes an obligation for minimum private investment or the creation of new jobs in exchange for grants or other funds, or loans of money from an entity specified in subsection A.
C. Nothing in this section shall be construed or interpreted to authorize or allow for any payment or appropriation of funds except as provided in the general appropriation act.
2009, c. 224; 2013, c. 482.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 11-9.8. Construction of certain terms of offer to contract; use of experience modification factor prohibited

A. As used in this section:
"Contract" means an agreement for the provision of construction services under which the contractor will be required to have and maintain a policy of insurance as defined in § 38.2-119.
"Experience modification factor" means a value assigned to an employer as determined by a rate service organization in accordance with its uniform experience rating plan required to be filed pursuant to subsection D of § 38.2-1913.
"Offer to contract" means a solicitation of bids, Request for Proposals, or similar invitation to enter into a contract that is extended to potential contractors for construction services.
"Person" means any individual; firm; cooperative; association; corporation; limited liability company; trust; business trust; syndicate; partnership; limited liability partnership; joint venture; receiver; trustee in bankruptcy; club, society, or other group or combination acting as a unit; or public body, including but not limited to (i) the Commonwealth; (ii) any other state; and (iii) any agency, department, institution, political subdivision, or instrumentality of the Commonwealth or any other state.
B. A term of an offer to contract issued that requires that the successful bidder have a specified experience modification factor is prohibited.
C. Any contract or offer to contract that requires the contractor or bidder responding to the offer to contract to have a specified experience modification factor is prohibited.
2016, c. 754.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 2 - Compromise and Satisfaction › § 11-10. Compromise by creditor with co-obligor, etc.

A creditor may compound or compromise with any joint contractor or co-obligor, and release him from all liability on his contract or obligation, without impairing the contract or obligation as to the other joint contractors or co-obligors.
Code 1919, § 5763.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 2 - Compromise and Satisfaction › § 11-11. Crediting contract; surety

When such compounding or compromise is made, the contract or obligation shall be credited with a full share of the party released, except where the compounding or compromise is with a surety or cosurety, and in that case, as between the creditor and principal, the credit shall be for the sum actually paid by the compounding debtor.
Code 1919, § 5764.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 2 - Compromise and Satisfaction › § 11-12. Part performance extinguishing obligation

Part performance of an obligation, promise or undertaking, either before or after a breach thereof, when expressly accepted by the creditor in satisfaction and rendered in pursuance of an agreement for that purpose, though without any new consideration, shall extinguish such obligation, promise, or undertaking.
Code 1919, § 5765.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 3 - Gaming Contracts › § 11-14. Gaming contracts void

Except as otherwise provided in this section, all wagers, conveyances, assurances, and all contracts and securities whereof the whole or any part of the consideration is money or other valuable thing won, laid, or bet, at any game, horse race, sport or pastime, and all contracts to repay any money knowingly lent at the time and place of such game, race, sport or pastime, to any person for the purpose of so gaming, betting, or wagering, or to repay any money so lent to any person who shall, at such time and place, so pay, bet or wager, shall be utterly void.
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a contract governing the distribution of state lottery proceeds shall be valid and enforceable as between the parties to the contract.
Code 1919, § 5558; 1998, c. 400.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 3 - Gaming Contracts › § 11-15. Recovery of money or property lost in gaming

Any person who shall, by playing at any game or betting on the sides or hands of such as play at any game, lose within twenty-four hours, the sum or value of five dollars, or more, and pay or deliver the same, or any part thereof, may, within three months next following, recover from the winner, the money or the value of the goods so lost and paid or delivered, with costs of suit in civil action, either by suit or warrant, according to the amount or value thereof.
Code 1919, § 5559.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 3 - Gaming Contracts › § 11-16. Bill by loser; repayment discharges winner from punishment

Such loser may file a bill in equity against such winner, who shall answer the same, and upon discovery and repayment of the money or property so won, or its value, such winner shall be discharged from any forfeiture or punishment which he may have incurred for winning the same.
Code 1919, § 5560.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 3 - Gaming Contracts › § 11-16.1. Exemption from the chapter

This chapter shall not apply to any bet, wager, or casino gaming permitted by Chapter 41 (§ 58.1-4100 et seq.) of Title 58.1 or to any contract, conduct, or transaction arising from conduct lawful thereunder.
2020, cc. 1197, 1248.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 11 - Contracts › Chapter 3 - Gaming Contracts › § 11-16.2. Exemption; authorized sports betting

This chapter shall not apply to any sports betting or related activity that is lawful under Article 2 (§ 58.1-4030 et seq.) of Chapter 40 of Title 58.1.
2020, cc. 1218, 1256, § 11-16.1.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 12.1 - State Corporation Commission › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 12.1-1. Definitions

As used in this title, the term "corporation" or "company" shall mean all corporations created by acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, or under the general incorporation laws of this Commonwealth, or doing business therein, and shall exclude all municipal corporations, other political subdivisions, and public institutions owned or controlled by the Commonwealth; and the term "the Commission" shall mean the State Corporation Commission.
Code 1950, § 12-1; 1971, Ex. Sess., c. 157.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 12.1 - State Corporation Commission › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 12.1-3. Seal of the Commission

The Commission shall have and use a common seal, to consist of a circular die with the coat-of-arms of Virginia and the title "State Corporation Commission" stamped upon the face of the die, and shall have power to affix such seal to any paper, record, or document when necessary for the purpose of authentication, and such seal, when so affixed to any paper, record, or document emanating from the Commission or its clerk's office, shall have the same force and effect for authentication as the seal of any court of record in this Commonwealth.
Code 1950, § 12-3; 1971, Ex. Sess., c. 157.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 12.1 - State Corporation Commission › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 12.1-4. Annual report of the Commission

Each year, the Commission shall make an annual report to the Governor as of December 31 of the preceding year. Copies of this report may be sold by the Clerk of the Commission at a price sufficient to cover costs of printing and binding. The Commission may from time to time include in such annual reports recommendations for new or additional legislation pertaining to matters within its jurisdiction.
Code 1950, § 12-4; 1971, Ex. Sess., c. 157; 1985, c. 34.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 12.1 - State Corporation Commission › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › § 12.1-5. Offices; notice, writ or process; where public sessions may be held

The offices of the Commission shall be located, and its public sessions held, in the City of Richmond, and all notices, writs and processes issued by the Commission shall be made returnable to, and command the corporation or person against whom directed to appear before the Commission and answer on a certain day to be named therein; but the Commission may, in its discretion, if public necessity or the convenience of the parties require, hold public sessions elsewhere in the Commonwealth, and may order any notice, writ, or process to be made returnable to the place of any such session; and for the holding of any such session the Commission may occupy the courtroom of the courthouse of the city or county wherein such session may be held, if such courtroom shall not at the time be in use for the sessions of the court of any such city or county.
Code 1950, § 12-5; 1971, Ex. Sess., c. 157.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 12.1 - State Corporation Commission › Chapter 2 - Members of the Commission › § 12.1-6. Election or appointment of members; terms

The Commission shall consist of three members. Members of the Commission shall be elected by the joint vote of the two houses of the General Assembly for regular staggered terms of six years. At the regular session of the General Assembly convened in each even-numbered year, one commissioner shall be elected for a regular six-year term.
Whenever a vacancy in the Commission shall occur or exist when the General Assembly is in session, the General Assembly shall elect a successor for such unexpired term. If the General Assembly is not in session, the Governor shall forthwith appoint pro tempore a qualified person to fill the vacancy for a term ending thirty days after the commencement of the next regular session of the General Assembly, and the General Assembly shall elect a successor for such unexpired term.
The Governor shall commission each of the members of the Commission who shall file his commission in the office of the clerk of the Commission.
Code 1950, §§ 12-9, 12-12; 1971, Ex. Sess., c. 157; 2006, c. 838.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 12.1 - State Corporation Commission › Chapter 2 - Members of the Commission › § 12.1-8. Quorum of members

A majority of the commissioners shall constitute a quorum for the exercise of judicial, legislative, and discretionary functions of the Commission, whether there be a vacancy in the Commission or not, but a quorum shall not be necessary for the exercise of its administrative functions.
1971, Ex. Sess., c. 157.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 12.1 - State Corporation Commission › Chapter 2 - Members of the Commission › § 12.1-9. Eligibility and qualifications of members

No person shall be eligible to serve as a member of the Commission unless at the time of his election or appointment he is a qualified voter under the Constitution and laws of this Commonwealth. At least one member of the Commission shall have the qualifications prescribed for judges of courts of record.
Code 1950, § 12-10; 1971, Ex. Sess., c. 157.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 12.1 - State Corporation Commission › Chapter 2 - Members of the Commission › § 12.1-10. Prohibited conflicts of interests

A. As used in this section, "member of the immediate family of a member, subordinate, or employee of the Commission" means (i) a spouse of a member, subordinate, or employee of the Commission or (ii) any other person who resides in the same household as a member, subordinate, or employee of the Commission and (a) who is a dependent of a member, subordinate, or employee of the Commission or (b) of whom a member, subordinate, or employee of the Commission is a dependent.
B. The members of the Commission and its subordinates and employees shall not, directly or indirectly, own any securities of, have any pecuniary interest in, or hold any position with any entity whose rates, services, or financial ability to meet its obligations to the public are subject to supervision or regulation by the Commission; nor shall any such person having a license or certificate to practice law engage in the private practice of law except by approval of the Commission on a pro bono publico basis. If a member of the immediate family of a member, subordinate, or employee of the Commission is employed by any entity whose rates, services, or financial ability to meet its obligations to the public is subject to supervision or regulation by the Commission, the member, subordinate, or employee of the Commission shall recuse himself from and not participate in any regulatory matter at the Commission in which such entity is a party.
C. This section shall not prevent any such person from being a policyholder in any insurance company; from being a depositor in any bank, savings institution, or similar institution; or from being a holder of a security issued by a unit investment trust or management company as those terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940 and in accordance with such rules as the Commission may adopt.
D. Any member of the Commission who violates this section may be censured or removed from office in the manner provided by Article VI, Section 10 of the Constitution of Virginia. Any subordinate or employee of the Commission who violates this section may be removed from office by the Commission.
Code 1950, § 12-13; 1971, Ex. Sess., c. 157; 1994, c. 181; 1996, c. 77; 2011, c. 163; 2013, c. 94.