reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25 - Virginia Membership Camping Act › § 59.1-317. Administration; unlawful offer or execution of membership camping contract

A. This chapter shall be administered by the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
B. It shall be unlawful for any membership camping operator to offer to sell any membership camping contract in this Commonwealth unless he is registered with the Commissioner.
C. It shall be unlawful for any membership camping operator registered under this chapter to sell any membership camping contract which causes the total ratio of the outstanding and valid membership camping contracts to exceed a ratio of fifteen such contracts for each camping site.
1985, c. 409; 1989, c. 676.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25 - Virginia Membership Camping Act › § 59.1-320.1. Review of registration application

A. Once the Commissioner receives an application for registration in proper form, accompanied by the proper fee, he shall, within a reasonable period of time not to exceed forty-five days after the receipt of such application:
1. Register the applicant if the applicant:
a. Has met the requirements of § 59.1-318;
b. Is not in violation of § 59.1-323; and
c. Has a reasonable ability to discharge the obligations imposed upon him by his membership camping contract; or
2. Issue a notice of opportunity for a hearing to consider whether the application should be denied, if it reasonably appears that the applicant fails to satisfy any provision of § 59.1-323 or any other requirement of this chapter.
B. Except as otherwise provided by order of the Commissioner, each registration shall be valid for the period from July 1 of one year until its expiration on June 30 of the following year.
1992, c. 545.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25 - Virginia Membership Camping Act › § 59.1-321. Exemption from registration under other acts

Any membership camping operator registered with the Commissioner under this chapter shall not be required to register or comply with the terms and requirements of the following:
1. The Virginia Condominium Act (§ 55.1-1900 et seq.).
2. The Virginia Real Estate Time-Share Act (§ 55.1-2200 et seq.).
3. The Virginia Securities Act (§ 13.1-501 et seq.).
1985, c. 409; 1996, c. 372.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25 - Virginia Membership Camping Act › § 59.1-322. Other acts

Registration with the Commissioner by a membership camping operator shall not relieve such operator of the obligation of complying with the requirements of the Virginia Home Solicitation Sales Act (§ 59.1-21.1 et seq.), if applicable.
1985, c. 409.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25 - Virginia Membership Camping Act › § 59.1-324. Cease and desist orders; temporary order

A. If it appears to the Commissioner that any person has engaged or is engaging in any practice in violation of this chapter, he may issue an order directing the person to cease and desist provided that reasonable notice and an opportunity for a hearing shall be given to such person.
B. The Commissioner may issue a temporary order pending the hearing which is effective on delivery to the person named in the order. The temporary order shall remain in effect until five days after the hearing required in subsection A above is held. In the event no hearing is requested by the person named in the order, the order shall become final within fifteen days after it is delivered.
1985, c. 409.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25 - Virginia Membership Camping Act › § 59.1-325. Fees

A. Each application for registration under § 59.1-318 shall be accompanied by a reasonable fee to be determined by the Board and published in the regulations adopted in accordance with the provisions of the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq.).
B. Each application for registration or for amendment shall be accompanied by a reasonable fee to be determined by the Board and published in regulations adopted in accordance with the provisions of the Administrative Process Act.
C. Until such time as regulations covering fees are adopted by the Board, the registration fee shall be $2,500 and the fee for amendments shall be $100.
D. All fees shall be remitted to the State Treasurer and shall be credited to a special fund of the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services to be used in the administration of this chapter.
1985, c. 409; 1988, c. 58; 1992, c. 545.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25 - Virginia Membership Camping Act › § 59.1-330.2. Fraud rendering contract voidable

Any membership camping contract entered into by the purchaser upon any false, misleading, prohibited, or unlawful information, representation, notice, or advertisement of the membership camping operator or the operator's agent shall be voidable at the option of the purchaser.
1992, c. 545.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25 - Virginia Membership Camping Act › § 59.1-331. Resale of memberships

A. In the event of the resale of a membership by a purchaser who is neither a membership camping operator nor any other person who is in the business of offering for sale or transfer the rights under existing membership camping contracts for a fee, such purchaser (hereinafter in this section called "owner") shall furnish to the new purchaser before the execution of any instrument of conveyance a copy of the membership camping contract and a certificate containing:
1. A statement disclosing any right of first refusal or other restraint on transfer of the membership.
2. A statement setting forth the amount of the periodic payments which are required by the contract including any amounts currently due and payable.
3. That the membership camping operator may have a valid reason for not transferring the contract to the new purchaser.
4. That there may have been changes in the rules or regulations concerning the rights and obligations of the membership camping operator or purchasers, including changes with respect to membership fees, dues, and assessments, or that some campgrounds or facilities may have been withdrawn.
5. Any other material changes or risks to the purchaser known to the owner.
B. The membership camping operator within ten days after receipt of a written request by an owner, shall furnish the owner with a written certificate containing the information necessary to enable the owner to comply with subdivisions 1 and 2 of subsection A of this section. An owner providing such certificate pursuant to subsection A is not liable to the purchaser for any erroneous information provided by the membership camping operator and included in the certificate. The membership camping operator is not liable to either the owner or the new purchaser for any information not provided by him.
1985, c. 409; 1992, c. 545.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25 - Virginia Membership Camping Act › § 59.1-334. Investigations

A. The Commissioner may:
1. Make necessary public or private investigations within or without this Commonwealth to determine whether any person has violated or is about to violate any provision of this chapter or any rule, regulation, or order issued hereunder, or to aid in the enforcement of this chapter in prescribing rules and form hereunder.
2. Require or permit any person to file a statement in writing, under oath or otherwise as the Commissioner determines, as to all facts and circumstances concerning the matter to be investigated.
B. For the purpose of any investigation or proceeding under this chapter, the Commissioner may administer oaths or affirmations, and upon such motion or upon request of any party, may subpoena witnesses, compel their attendance, take evidence, and require the production of any matter which is relevant to the investigation, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition, and location of any books, documents, or other tangible things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of relevant facts, or any other matter reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of material evidence.
C. Any proceeding or hearing of the Commissioner under this chapter, where witnesses are subpoenaed and their attendance required for evidence to be taken, or any matter is to be produced to ascertain material evidence, shall take place within the City of Richmond.
D. Upon failure to obey a subpoena or to answer questions propounded by the Commissioner and upon reasonable notice to all persons affected thereby, the Commissioner may apply to the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond for an order compelling compliance.
E. The Board may prescribe reasonable rules and regulations in order to implement the terms of this chapter and such rules and regulations shall be adopted, amended, or repealed in accordance with the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq.).
F. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, all proceedings under this chapter shall be in accordance with the Administrative Process Act.
1985, c. 409.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25 - Virginia Membership Camping Act › § 59.1-335. Penalties

A. Any person violating any of the provisions of §§ 59.1-317, 59.1-318, 59.1-326, 59.1-327, 59.1-328, and 59.1-329 or a cease and desist or temporary order issued pursuant to § 59.1-324 shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor and any person violating any of the provisions of § 59.1-332 shall be guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor. Other than with reference to § 59.1-332 each violation shall be deemed a separate offense.
B. Any violation of the provisions of this chapter shall constitute a prohibited practice pursuant to the provisions of § 59.1-200 and shall be subject to any and all of the enforcement provisions of the Virginia Consumer Protection Act (§ 59.1-196 et seq.) of this title.
1985, c. 409; 1992, c. 545.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25.1 - Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act › § 59.1-335.3. Registration; fees

A. It shall be unlawful for any credit services business to offer, advertise, or execute or cause to be executed by a consumer any contract in this Commonwealth unless the credit services business at the time of the offer, advertisement, sale or execution of a contract has been properly registered with the Commissioner. The Commissioner may charge the credit services business a reasonable fee not exceeding $100 to cover the costs of filing.
B. The registration shall contain (i) the name and address of the credit services business, (ii) the name and address of the registered agent authorized to accept service of process on behalf of the credit services business, (iii) the name and address of any person who directly or indirectly owns or controls a ten percent or greater interest in the credit services business, and (iv) the name and address of the surety company that issued a bond pursuant to § 59.1-335.4 or the name and address of the bank that issued a letter of credit pursuant to § 59.1-335.4. The registration statement shall also contain either a full and complete disclosure of any litigation or unresolved complaint filed within the preceding five years with a governmental authority of the Commonwealth, any other state or the United States relating to the operation of the credit services business, or a notarized statement that there has been no litigation or unresolved complaint filed within the preceding five years with the governmental authority of the Commonwealth, any other state or the United States relating to the operation of the credit services business.
C. The credit services business shall attach to the registration statement a copy of (i) the information statement required under § 59.1-335.6, (ii) a copy of the contract which the credit services business intends to execute with its consumers, and (iii) evidence of the bond or trust account required under § 59.1-335.4.
D. The credit services business shall update the registration statement required under this section not later than ninety days after the date from which a change in the information required in the statement occurs.
E. Each credit services business registering under this section shall maintain a copy of the registration statement in its files. The credit services business shall allow a buyer to inspect the registration statement on request.
1989, c. 655.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25.1 - Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act › § 59.1-335.4. Bond or letter of credit required

A. Every credit services business, before it enters into a contract with a consumer, shall file and maintain with the Commissioner, in form and substance satisfactory to him, a bond with corporate surety from a company authorized to transact business in the Commonwealth, or a letter of credit from a bank insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in an amount equal to 100 times the standard fee charged by the credit services business but in no event shall the bond or letter of credit required under this section be less than $5,000 or greater than $50,000.
B. The required bond or letter of credit shall be in favor of the Commonwealth of Virginia for the benefit of any person who is damaged by any violation of this Act. The bond or letter of credit shall also be in favor of any person damaged by such practices. Any person claiming against the bond or letter of credit for a violation of this Act may maintain an action at law against the credit services business and against the surety or bank. The surety or bank shall be liable only for actual damages and attorneys fees and not for penalties permitted under §§ 59.1-206 and 59.1-335.12 or punitive damages permitted under § 59.1-335.10. The aggregate liability of the surety or bank to all persons damaged by a credit services business violation of this chapter shall in no event exceed the amount of the bond or letter of credit.
C. The bond or letter of credit shall be maintained for a period of two years after the date that the credit services business ceases operation.
1989, c. 655.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25.1 - Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act › § 59.1-335.5. Prohibited practices

A credit services business, and its salespersons, agents and representatives, and independent contractors who sell or attempt to sell the services of a credit services business, shall not do any of the following:
1. Charge or receive any money or other valuable consideration prior to full and complete performance of the services that the credit services business has agreed to perform for or on behalf of the consumer, unless the consumer has agreed to pay for such services during the term of a written subscription agreement that provides for the consumer to make periodic payments during the agreement's term in consideration for the credit services business's ongoing performance of services for or on behalf of the consumer, provided that such subscription agreement may be cancelled at any time by the consumer;
2. Charge or receive any money or other valuable consideration solely for referral of the consumer to a retail seller or to any other credit grantor who will or may extend to the consumer, if the credit that is or will be extended to the consumer is upon substantially the same terms as those available to the general public;
3. Make, or counsel or advise any consumer to make, any statement that is untrue or misleading and which is known, or which by the exercise of reasonable care should be known, to be untrue or misleading, to a consumer reporting agency or to any person who has extended credit to a consumer or to whom a consumer is applying for an extension of credit, with respect to a consumer's creditworthiness, credit standing, or credit capacity;
4. Make or use any untrue or misleading representations in the offer or sale of the services of a credit services business or engage, directly or indirectly, in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deception upon any person in connection with the offer or sale of the services of a credit services business; or
5. Advertise, offer, sell, provide, or perform any of the services of a credit services business in connection with an extension of credit that meets any of the following conditions:
a. The amount of credit is less than $5,000;
b. The repayment term is one year or less;
c. The credit is provided under an open-end credit plan; or
d. The annual percentage rate exceeds 36 percent. For purposes of this section, "annual percentage rate" has the same meaning as in the federal Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq.) and its implementing regulations, as they may be amended from time to time.
1989, cc. 651, 655; 2010, c. 421; 2020, cc. 1215, 1258.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25.1 - Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act › § 59.1-335.6. Information statement required

Before (i) the execution of a contract or agreement between a consumer and a credit services business or (ii) the receipt by the credit services business of any money or other valuable consideration, whichever occurs first, the credit services business shall provide the consumer with an information statement in writing containing all of the information required under § 59.1-335.7. The credit services business shall maintain on file or microfilm for a period of two years from the date of the consumer's acknowledgement an exact copy of the information statement personally signed by the consumer acknowledging receipt of a copy of the information statement.
1989, cc. 651, 655.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25.1 - Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act › § 59.1-335.7. Contents of information statement

The information statement required under § 59.1-335.6 shall include all of the following:
1. a. A complete and accurate statement of the consumer's right to review any file on the consumer maintained by any consumer reporting agency, and the right of the consumer to receive a copy of a consumer report containing all information in that file as provided under the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. § 1681g);
b. A complete and accurate statement of the consumer's right to receive a free copy of the consumer's credit report every 12 months from each of the three nationwide consumer reporting agencies, including identification of the website and toll-free telephone number through which the free report may be obtained, as provided under the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. § 1681j);
c. A complete and accurate statement that a copy of the consumer report containing all information in the consumer's file will be furnished free of charge by the consumer reporting agency if requested by the consumer within 60 days of receiving a notice of a denial of credit as provided under the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. § 1681j); and
d. A complete and accurate statement that a nominal charge may be imposed on the consumer by the consumer reporting agency for a copy of the consumer report containing all information in the consumer's file, if the consumer has already obtained the free credit report to which the consumer is entitled on an annual basis and the consumer has not been denied credit within 60 days from receipt of the consumer's request;
2. A complete and accurate statement of the consumer's right to dispute the completeness or accuracy of any item contained in any file on the consumer that is maintained by any consumer reporting agency, as provided under the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. § 1681i);
3. A complete and detailed description of the services to be performed by the credit services business for or on behalf of the consumer, and the total amount the consumer will have to pay, or become obligated to pay, for the services. Such statement shall include the following notice in at least 10-point bold type:
IMPORTANT NOTICE:
YOU HAVE NO OBLIGATION TO PAY ANY FEES OR CHARGES UNTIL ALL SERVICES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED COMPLETELY FOR YOU, UNLESS YOU ENTER INTO A SUBSCRIPTION AGREEMENT REQUIRING PERIODIC PAYMENTS IN CONSIDERATION FOR ONGOING SERVICES.
; and
4. The notice prescribed by subdivision 3 shall also be posted by means of a conspicuous sign so as to be readily noticeable and readable at the location within the premises of the credit services business where consumers are interviewed by personnel of the business.
1989, cc. 651, 655; 2010, c. 421; 2023, c. 110.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25.1 - Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act › § 59.1-335.8. Contents of contracts

A. Every contract between a consumer and a credit services business for the purchase of the services of the credit services business shall be in writing, dated, signed by the consumer, and shall include all of the following:
1. A conspicuous statement in size equal to at least ten-point bold type, in immediate proximity to the space reserved for the signature of the consumer as follows:
"You, the buyer, may cancel this contract at any time prior to midnight of the third business day after the date of the transaction. See the attached notice of cancellation form for an explanation of this right.";
2. The terms and conditions of payment, including the total of all payments to be made by the consumer, whether to the credit services business or to some other person;
3. A complete and detailed description of the services to be performed and the results to be achieved by the credit services business for or on behalf of the consumer, including all guarantees and all promises of full or partial refunds and a list of the adverse information appearing on the consumer's credit report that the credit services business expects to have modified;
4. The principal business address of the credit services business and the name and address of its agent in this Commonwealth authorized to receive service of process;
5. A statement asserting the buyer's right to proceed against the bond or letter of credit required under § 59.1-335.4; and
6. The name and address of the surety company which issued the bond, or the name and address of the bank which issued the letter of credit.
B. 1. The contract shall be accompanied by a completed form in duplicate, captioned "NOTICE OF CANCELLATION," which shall be attached to the contract and easily detachable, and which shall contain in at least ten-point bold type the following statement:
"NOTICE OF CANCELLATION
You may cancel this contract, without any penalty or obligation, at any time prior to midnight of the third business day after the date the contract is signed.
If you cancel, any payment made by you under this contract will be returned within ten days following receipt by the seller of your cancellation notice.
To cancel this contract, mail or deliver a signed and dated copy of this cancellation notice, or any other written notice, to
________________________________________ (Name of Seller)
At ________________________________________ (Address of Seller)
________________________________________ (Place of Business)
Not later than midnight____________________ (Date)
I HEREBY CANCEL THIS TRANSACTION.
_______________ (Date)
________________________________________ (Buyer's Signature)"
2. A copy of the fully completed contract and all other documents the credit services business requires the consumer to sign shall be given by the credit services business to the consumer at the time they are signed.
1989, cc. 651, 655.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25.1 - Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act › § 59.1-335.9. Breach; null and void contract

A. Any breach by a credit services business of a contract under this chapter, or of any obligation arising under it, shall constitute a violation of this chapter.
B. Any contract for services from a credit services business that does not comply with the applicable provisions of this chapter shall be void and unenforceable as contrary to the public policy of this Commonwealth.
C. Any waiver by a consumer of any of the provisions of this chapter shall be deemed void and unenforceable by a credit services business as contrary to public policy of this Commonwealth, and any attempt by a credit services business to have a consumer waive rights given by this chapter shall constitute a violation of this chapter.
D. In any proceeding involving this chapter the burden of proving an exemption or an exception from a definition is upon the person claiming it.
1989, cc. 651, 655.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25.1 - Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act › § 59.1-335.10. Liability to consumer

A. Any credit services business which willfully fails to comply with any requirement imposed under this chapter with respect to any consumer is liable to that consumer in an amount equal to the sum of:
1. Any actual damages sustained by the consumer as a result of the failure; and
2. Such amount of punitive damages as the court may allow.
B. Any credit services business which is negligent in failing to comply with any requirement imposed under this chapter with respect to any consumer is liable to that consumer in an amount equal to the sum of any actual damages sustained by the consumer as a result of the failure.
1989, cc. 651, 655.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25.1 - Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act › § 59.1-335.11. Statute of limitations

An action to enforce any liability created under this chapter may be brought within two years from the date on which the liability arises, except that where a defendant has materially and willfully misrepresented any information required under this chapter to be disclosed to a consumer and the information so misrepresented is material to the establishment of the defendant's liability to that consumer under this chapter, the action may be brought at any time within two years after discovery by the consumer of the misrepresentation.
1989, cc. 651, 655.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 25.1 - Virginia Credit Services Businesses Act › § 59.1-335.12. Violations of chapter; enforcement

A. Each sale of the services of a credit services business that violates any provision of this chapter is a prohibited practice under § 59.1-200.
B. If the Attorney General, any attorney for the Commonwealth, or any attorney for a county, city or town has reason to believe that any credit services business, or any salesperson, agent, representative, or independent contractor acting on behalf of a credit services business, has violated any provision of this chapter, the Attorney General, the attorney for the Commonwealth, or attorney for the county, city or town may institute a proceeding under Chapter 17 (§ 59.1-196 et seq.) of Title 59.1.
1989, cc. 651, 655.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 26 - Uniform Trade Secrets Act › § 59.1-336. Short title and definitions

As used in this chapter, which may be cited as the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, unless the context requires otherwise:
"Improper means" includes theft, bribery, misrepresentation, use of a computer or computer network without authority, breach of a duty or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy, or espionage through electronic or other means.
"Misappropriation" means:
1. Acquisition of a trade secret of another by a person who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means; or
2. Disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied consent by a person who
a. Used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret; or
b. At the time of disclosure or use, knew or had reason to know that his knowledge of the trade secret was
(1) Derived from or through a person who had utilized improper means to acquire it;
(2) Acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use;
(3) Derived from or through a person who owed a duty to the person seeking relief to maintain its secrecy or limit its use; or
(4) Acquired by accident or mistake.
"Person" means a natural person, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision or agency, or any other legal or commercial entity.
"Trade secret" means information, including but not limited to, a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process, that:
1. Derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use, and
2. Is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.
1986, c. 210; 2009, cc. 321, 376.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 26 - Uniform Trade Secrets Act › § 59.1-337. Injunctive relief

A. Actual or threatened misappropriation may be enjoined. Upon application to the court, an injunction shall be terminated when the trade secret has ceased to exist, but the injunction may be continued for an additional reasonable period of time in order to eliminate commercial advantage that otherwise would be derived from the misappropriation.
B. In exceptional circumstances, an injunction may condition future use upon payment of a reasonable royalty for no longer than the period of time for which use could have been prohibited. Exceptional circumstances include, but are not limited to, a material and prejudicial change of position prior to acquiring knowledge or reason to know of misappropriation that renders a prohibitive injunction inequitable.
C. In appropriate circumstances, affirmative acts to protect a trade secret may be compelled by court order.
1986, c. 210.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 26 - Uniform Trade Secrets Act › § 59.1-338. Damages

A. Except where the user of a misappropriated trade secret has made a material and prejudicial change in his position prior to having either knowledge or reason to know of the misappropriation and the court determines that a monetary recovery would be inequitable, a complainant is entitled to recover damages for misappropriation. Damages can include both the actual loss caused by misappropriation and the unjust enrichment caused by misappropriation that is not taken into account in computing actual loss. If a complainant is unable to prove a greater amount of damages by other methods of measurement, the damages caused by misappropriation can be measured exclusively by imposition of liability for a reasonable royalty for a misappropriator's unauthorized disclosure or use of a trade secret.
B. If willful and malicious misappropriation exists, the court may award punitive damages in an amount not exceeding twice any award made under subsection A of this section, or $350,000 whichever amount is less.
1986, c. 210; 1990, c. 344.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 26 - Uniform Trade Secrets Act › § 59.1-338.1. Attorneys' fees

If the court determines that (i) a claim of misappropriation is made in bad faith, or (ii) willful and malicious misappropriation exists, the court may award reasonable attorneys' fees to the prevailing party.
1990, c. 344.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 26 - Uniform Trade Secrets Act › § 59.1-339. Preservation of secrecy

In an action under this chapter, a court shall preserve the secrecy of an alleged trade secret by reasonable means, which may include:
1. Granting protective orders in connection with discovery proceedings;
2. Holding in-camera hearings;
3. Sealing the records of the action; and
4. Ordering any person involved in the litigation not to disclose an alleged trade secret without prior court approval.
1986, c. 210.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 26 - Uniform Trade Secrets Act › § 59.1-340. Statute of limitations

An action for misappropriation shall be brought within three years after the misappropriation is discovered or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should have been discovered. For the purposes of this section, a continuing misappropriation constitutes a single claim.
1986, c. 210.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 26 - Uniform Trade Secrets Act › § 59.1-341. Effect on other law

A. Except as provided in subsection B of this section, this chapter displaces conflicting tort, restitutionary, and other law of this Commonwealth providing civil remedies for misappropriation of a trade secret.
B. This chapter does not affect:
1. Contractual remedies whether or not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret; or
2. Other civil remedies that are not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret; or
3. Criminal remedies, whether or not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret.
1986, c. 210.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 26 - Uniform Trade Secrets Act › § 59.1-343. Time of taking effect

This chapter shall become effective on July 1, 1986, and shall not apply to misappropriation occurring prior to the effective date. With respect to a continuing misappropriation that began prior to the effective date, the chapter also shall not apply to misappropriation that occurs after the effective date.
1986, c. 210.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 27.1 - Equipment Dealers Protection Act › § 59.1-352.2. Usage of trade

The terms "utility" and "industrial," when used to refer to equipment, implements, machinery, attachments, or repair parts, shall have the meaning commonly used and understood among dealers and suppliers of farm equipment as a usage of trade in accordance with § 8.1A-303(c).
2002, c. 898; 2003, c. 353.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 27.1 - Equipment Dealers Protection Act › § 59.1-352.3. Notice of termination of agreements

A. No supplier, directly or through an officer, agent, or employee, may terminate, cancel, fail to renew, or substantially change the competitive circumstances of an agreement without good cause.
B. Notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary, a dealer who terminates an agreement with a supplier shall notify the supplier of the termination not less than 90 days prior to the effective date of the termination.
C. A supplier shall provide a dealer with at least 90 days' written notice of termination of the agreement and a 60-day right to cure the deficiency. If the deficiency is cured within the allotted time, the notice is void. In the case where cancellation of an agreement is based upon the dealer's failure to capture the share of the market required in the agreement, a minimum 12-month period of time shall have existed where the supplier has worked with the dealer to gain the desired market share. The notice shall state all reasons constituting good cause.
D. Notification under this section shall be in writing and shall be by certified mail or personally delivered to the recipient. It shall contain all of the following:
1. A statement of intention to terminate the dealership;
2. A statement of the reasons for the termination; and
3. The date on which the termination takes effect.
E. The notice and right to cure is not required if the reason for termination, cancellation or nonrenewal is for good cause, as defined in § 59.1-352.1.
2002, c. 898; 2003, c. 797.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 27.1 - Equipment Dealers Protection Act › § 59.1-352.4. Supplier's duty to repurchase

A. Whenever a dealer enters into an agreement evidenced by a written or oral contract in which the dealer agrees to maintain an inventory, and the agreement is terminated by either party, the supplier shall repurchase the dealer's inventory as provided in this chapter unless the dealer chooses to keep the inventory. If the dealer has any outstanding debts to the supplier, then the repurchase amount may be set off or credited to the retailer's account.
B. Whenever a dealer enters into an agreement in which the dealer agrees to maintain an inventory, and the dealer, or the majority stockholder of the dealer if the dealer is a corporation, dies or becomes incompetent, the supplier shall, at the option of the heir, personal representative, or guardian of the dealer, or the person who succeeds to the stock of the majority stockholder, repurchase the inventory as if the agreement had been terminated. The heir, personal representative, guardian, or succeeding stockholder has one year from the date of the death of the dealer or majority stockholder to exercise the option under this chapter.
2002, c. 898.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 27.1 - Equipment Dealers Protection Act › § 59.1-352.6. Exceptions to repurchase requirement

This chapter does not require the repurchase from a dealer of:
1. A repair part with a limited storage life or otherwise subject to deterioration, such as gaskets or batteries, except for industrial "press on" or industrial pneumatic tires.
2. A single repair part that is priced as a set of two or more items.
3. A repair part that, because of its condition, is not resalable as a new part without repackaging or reconditioning.
4. Any repair part that is not in new, unused, undamaged condition.
5. An item of inventory for which the dealer does not have title free of all claims, liens, and encumbrances other than those of the supplier.
6. Any inventory that the dealer chooses to keep.
7. Any inventory that was ordered by the dealer after either party's receipt of notice of termination of the franchise agreement.
8. Any farm implements and machinery, construction, utility and industrial equipment, outdoor power equipment, and attachments that are not current models or that are not in new, unused, undamaged, complete condition, provided that the equipment used in demonstrations or leased, as provided in § 59.1-352.5, shall be considered new and unused.
9. Any farm implements and machinery, construction, utility and industrial equipment, outdoor power equipment, and attachments that were purchased more than thirty-six months prior to notice of termination of the agreement.
10. Any inventory that was acquired by the dealer from a source other than the supplier.
2002, c. 898.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 27.1 - Equipment Dealers Protection Act › § 59.1-352.7. Uniform commercial practice

A. This chapter does not affect a security interest of the supplier in the inventory of the dealer.
B. The dealer and supplier shall furnish representatives to inspect all parts and certify their acceptability when packed for shipment. Failure of the supplier to provide a representative within sixty days shall result in automatic acceptance by the supplier of all returned items.
2002, c. 898; 2011, c. 369.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 27.1 - Equipment Dealers Protection Act › § 59.1-352.8. Warranty obligations

A. Whenever a supplier and a dealer enter into an agreement, the supplier shall pay any warranty claim made by the dealer for warranty parts or service within thirty days after its approval. The supplier shall approve or disapprove a warranty claim within thirty days after its receipt. If a claim is disapproved, the manufacturer, wholesaler, or distributor shall notify the dealer within thirty days stating the specific grounds upon which the disapproval is based. If a claim is not specifically disapproved in writing within thirty days after its receipt, it is approved and payment must follow within thirty days.
B. Whenever a supplier and a dealer enter into an agreement, the supplier shall indemnify and hold harmless the dealer against any judgment for damages or any settlement agreed to by the supplier, including court costs and a reasonable attorney's fee, arising out of a complaint, claim, or lawsuit including negligence, strict liability, misrepresentation, breach of warranty, or rescission of the sale, to the extent the judgment or settlement relates to the manufacture, assembly, or design of inventory, or other conduct of the supplier beyond the dealer's control.
C. If, after termination of an agreement, the dealer submits a claim to the manufacturer, wholesaler, or distributor for warranty work performed prior to the effective date of the termination, the manufacturer, wholesaler, or distributor shall accept or reject the claim within thirty days of receipt.
D. If a claim is not paid within the time allowed under this section, interest shall accrue at the maximum lawful interest rate.
E. Warranty work performed by the dealer shall be compensated in accordance with the reasonable and customary amount of time required to complete the work, expressed in hours and fractions thereof. The cost of the work shall be computed by multiplying the time required to complete the work by the dealer's established customer hourly retail labor rate. The dealer shall inform the manufacturer, wholesaler, or distributor for whom the dealer is performing warranty work of the dealer's established customer hourly retail labor rate before the dealer performs any work.
F. Expenses expressly excluded under the warranty of the manufacturer, wholesaler, or distributor to the customer shall neither be included nor required to be paid for warranty work performed, even if the dealer requests compensation for the work performed.
G. The dealer shall be paid for all parts used by the dealer in performing warranty work. Payment shall be in an amount equal to the dealer's net price for the parts, plus a minimum of fifteen percent.
H. The manufacturer, wholesaler, or distributor has a right to adjust compensation for errors discovered during an audit and, if necessary, to adjust claims paid in error.
I. The dealer shall have the right to accept the reimbursement terms and conditions of the manufacturer, wholesaler, or distributor in lieu of the terms and conditions of this section.
2002, c. 898.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 27.1 - Equipment Dealers Protection Act › § 59.1-352.9. Prohibited acts

No supplier shall do any of the following:
1. Coerce any dealer to accept delivery of equipment, parts, or accessories that the dealer has not ordered voluntarily, except as required by any applicable law, or unless the parts or accessories are safety parts or accessories required by the supplier.
2. Condition the sale of additional equipment to a dealer upon a requirement that the dealer also purchase other goods or services, except that a supplier may require the dealer to purchase those parts reasonably necessary to maintain the quality of operation in the field of the equipment used in the trade area.
3. Coerce a dealer into refusing to purchase equipment manufactured by another supplier.
4. Terminate, cancel, or fail to renew or substantially change the competitive circumstances of the retail agreement based on the results of any circumstance beyond the dealer's control, including a natural disaster such as a sustained drought, high unemployment in the dealership market area, or a labor dispute.
2002, c. 898.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 27.1 - Equipment Dealers Protection Act › § 59.1-352.10. Failure to repurchase; civil remedy

A. If a supplier fails or refuses to repurchase any inventory covered under the provisions of this chapter within the time periods established in § 59.1-352.5, the supplier shall be civilly liable for one hundred percent of the current net price of the inventory, any freight charges paid by the dealer, the dealer's reasonable attorney's fee and court costs, and interest on the current net price of the inventory computed at the legal rate of interest from the ninety-first day after termination of the agreement.
B. Notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary, and in addition to any other legal remedies available, any person who suffers monetary loss due to a violation of this chapter or because he refuses to accede to a proposal for an arrangement that, if consummated, is in violation of this chapter, may bring a civil action to enjoin further violations and to recover damages sustained by him together with the costs of the suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee.
C. The provisions of §§ 59.1-352.3 through 59.1-352.8 shall not be waivable in any contract or agreement, and any such attempted waiver shall be null and void.
D. A civil action commenced under the provisions of this chapter shall be brought within four years after the violation complained of is or reasonably should have been discovered, whichever occurs first.
2002, c. 898.
2023 Code of Virginia › Title 59.1 - Trade and Commerce › Chapter 28 - Heavy Equipment Dealer Act › § 59.1-353. Chapter title; definitions

This chapter may be cited as the "Heavy Equipment Dealer Act." As used in this chapter unless the context requires otherwise:
"Agreement" means a commercial relationship, not required to be evidenced in writing, of definite or indefinite duration, between a supplier and a dealer pursuant to which the dealer has been authorized to distribute one or more of the supplier's heavy equipment products, and attachments and repair parts therefor, and in connection therewith to use a trade name, trademark, service mark, logo type, or advertising or other commercial symbol.
"Dealer" means a person in Virginia (i) engaged in the business of selling or leasing heavy equipment at retail, (ii) who customarily maintains a total inventory, valued at over $250,000, of new heavy equipment and attachments and repair parts therefor, and (iii) who provides repair services for the heavy equipment sold.
"Heavy equipment" means self-propelled, self-powered or pull-type equipment and machinery, including engines, weighing 5000 pounds or more, primarily employed for construction, industrial, maritime, mining and forestry uses, as such terms are commonly used and understood as a usage of trade in accordance with § 8.1A-303(c). The term "heavy equipment" shall not include (i) motor vehicles requiring registration and certificates of title in accordance with § 46.2-600, (ii) farm machinery, equipment and implements sold or leased pursuant to dealer agreements with suppliers subject to the provisions of Chapter 27.1 (§ 59.1-352.1 et seq.) of this title, or (iii) equipment that is "consumer goods" within the meaning of § 8.9A-102.
"Person" means a natural person, corporation, partnership, trust, agency or other entity as well as the individual officers, directors or other persons in active control of the activities of each such entity. "Person" also includes heirs, assigns, personal representatives, guardians and conservators.
"Supplier" means every person, including any agent of such person, or any authorized broker acting on behalf of that person, that enters into an "agreement" with a dealer.
1988, c. 73; 1997, c. 801; 2002, c. 898; 2003, c. 353.