reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XII - Aleatory Contracts or Those Depending on Chance (§§ 4741 — 4797) › Chapter 359 - Gambling and Betting (§§ 4771 — 4774) › § 4772 - Rights of winner and loser—Application to betting; prohibited bets

The provisions of § 4471 of this title with regard to gambling are also applicable to betting.
Bets analogous to prohibited games are considered as prohibited.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1699.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XII - Aleatory Contracts or Those Depending on Chance (§§ 4741 — 4797) › Chapter 359 - Gambling and Betting (§§ 4771 — 4774) › § 4773 - Games contributing to exercise of body

Games contributing to the exercise of the body, such as those the object of which is to acquire skill in the management of arms, and foot or horse races, by vehicles, ball games, and others of a similar character are not considered prohibited.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1700.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XII - Aleatory Contracts or Those Depending on Chance (§§ 4741 — 4797) › Chapter 359 - Gambling and Betting (§§ 4771 — 4774) › § 4774 - Civil liability in game or bet not prohibited

A person who loses in a game or a bet which is not prohibited is civilly liable.
Nevertheless, the judicial authority may either not admit the claim when the sum which was wagered in the game or bet is excessive, or may reduce the obligation to the amount it may exceed the customs of a good father of a family.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1701.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XII - Aleatory Contracts or Those Depending on Chance (§§ 4741 — 4797) › Chapter 361 - Life Annuities (§§ 4791 — 4797) › § 4791 - Nature of life annuity

An aleatory contract of annuity binds the debtor to pay a pension or annual income to one or more specified persons for life, for a principal in personal or real property, the ownership of which is at once transferred to said debtor charged with the income.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1702.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XII - Aleatory Contracts or Those Depending on Chance (§§ 4741 — 4797) › Chapter 361 - Life Annuities (§§ 4791 — 4797) › § 4792 - Persons upon whose life and in whose favor constituted

An annuity may be constituted on the life of the person who gives the capital, on that of a third person, or on that of several persons.
It may also be constituted in favor of the person or persons for whose life it is granted, or in favor of another or other different persons.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1703.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XII - Aleatory Contracts or Those Depending on Chance (§§ 4741 — 4797) › Chapter 361 - Life Annuities (§§ 4791 — 4797) › § 4793 - Annuity on life of dead or dying person within 20 days

An annuity constituted on the life of a person deceased at the time of its execution, or who, at the same time, may be suffering from disease which may cause his death within twenty (20) days following that date, is void.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1704.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XII - Aleatory Contracts or Those Depending on Chance (§§ 4741 — 4797) › Chapter 361 - Life Annuities (§§ 4791 — 4797) › § 4794 - Default in payment of pensions

Default in payment of pensions due does not authorize the receiver of the life annuity to demand the reimbursement of the principal, nor to retake possession of the estate alienated; he shall only have the right to judicially demand the payment of the income in arrears and security for the future ones.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1705.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XII - Aleatory Contracts or Those Depending on Chance (§§ 4741 — 4797) › Chapter 361 - Life Annuities (§§ 4791 — 4797) › § 4795 - Payment pertaining to year of death

The annuity pertaining to the year in which the person who enjoys it dies shall be paid in proportion to the days he may have lived; if it was to be paid in instalments in advance, the total amount for the term which began during his life shall be paid.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1706.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XII - Aleatory Contracts or Those Depending on Chance (§§ 4741 — 4797) › Chapter 361 - Life Annuities (§§ 4791 — 4797) › § 4796 - Annuity may be exempted from attachment for debts

A person who, for a good consideration, constitutes an annuity on his property, may dispose, at the time of the execution of the contract, that said annuity shall not be subject to attachments for debts of the annuitant.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1707.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XII - Aleatory Contracts or Those Depending on Chance (§§ 4741 — 4797) › Chapter 361 - Life Annuities (§§ 4791 — 4797) › § 4797 - Proof of existence of person on whose life constituted

An annuity cannot be demanded without proving the existence of the person on whose life it may be constituted.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1708.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 365 - Compromises (§§ 4821 — 4830) › § 4821 - Compromise defined

A compromise is a contract by which each of the parties in interest, by giving, promising, or retaining something, avoids the provocation of a suit, or terminates one that has already been instituted.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1709.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 365 - Compromises (§§ 4821 — 4830) › § 4822 - Compromise by guardian or parent as to rights of ward or child

A guardian cannot compromise with regard to the rights of a person who is subject to guardianship, except in the manner prescribed in subsection (12) of § 786 and in section 788 of this title.
The father, and the mother in a proper case, may compromise with regard to the property and rights of the child who is under his or her authority, but if the value of the object involved in the compromise should exceed five hundred (500) dollars, it shall have no effect without judicial approval.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1710.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 365 - Compromises (§§ 4821 — 4830) › § 4823 - Corporations with judicial personality

Corporations which have a judicial personality may only make compromises in the manner and with the requisites necessary to alienate their property.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1711.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 365 - Compromises (§§ 4821 — 4830) › § 4824 - Compromise of actions arising from crime

A civil action arising from a crime may be compromised, but the public action for the imposition of the legal penalty shall not be extinguished thereby.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1712.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 365 - Compromises (§§ 4821 — 4830) › § 4825 - Civil status, matrimonial questions, or future support

No compromise can be made with regard to the civil status of persons, nor with regard to matrimonial questions, nor future support.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1713.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 365 - Compromises (§§ 4821 — 4830) › § 4826 - Scope of compromise; renunciation of rights

A compromise shall only include the objects specifically determined therein or which from a necessary inference from its words must be considered as included therein.
A general renunciation of rights shall be understood as including only those relating to the question with regard to which the compromise has been made.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1714.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 365 - Compromises (§§ 4821 — 4830) › § 4827 - Compromise has authority of res judicata

A compromise has, with regard to the parties, the same authority as res adjudicata; but summary proceedings shall not be proper except when the fulfilment of a judicial compromise is in question.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1715.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 365 - Compromises (§§ 4821 — 4830) › § 4828 - Error, deceit, violence, or forgery

A compromise, in which error, deceit, violence, or forgery of documents is involved, shall be subject to the provisions of § 3404 of this title.
Nevertheless, one of the parties cannot set up an error of fact against the other, if by reason of a compromise, the latter has withdrawn from a suit already begun.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1716.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 365 - Compromises (§§ 4821 — 4830) › § 4829 - Discovery of new documents

The discovery of new instruments is not a cause for the annulment or rescission of a compromise, if there has been no bad faith.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1717.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 365 - Compromises (§§ 4821 — 4830) › § 4830 - Compromise in ignorance of final judgment; of revocable judgment

If a suit having been decided by a final judgment, a compromise with regard to the same should take place because any of the parties interested did not know of the existence of said final judgment, such party may demand that the compromise be rescinded.
Ignorance of a revocable judgment is not a cause for controverting a compromise.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1718.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 367 - Arbitrations (§§ 4841 — 4842) › § 4841 - Persons who may submit to arbitrations

The same persons who can compromise may also submit their contentions to a third person for decision.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1719.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIII - Compromises and Arbitrations (§§ 4821 — 4842) › Chapter 367 - Arbitrations (§§ 4841 — 4842) › § 4842 - Provisions applicable; procedure

The provisions of §§ 4821-4830 of this title with regard to compromises are applicable to arbitrations.
With regard to the form of procedure in arbitrations and to the extent and effects thereof, the provisions of the Law of Civil Procedure shall be observed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1720.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 371 - Nature and Extent of Security (§§ 4871 — 4878) › § 4871 - Security defined

By security a person binds himself to pay or perform for a third person in case the latter should fail to do so.
If the surety binds himself jointly with the principal debtor, the provisions of §§ 3101-3112 of this title shall be observed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1721.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 371 - Nature and Extent of Security (§§ 4871 — 4878) › § 4872 - Types of security; in whose favor constituted

The security may be conventional, legal, or judicial, gratuitous, or for a valuable consideration.
It may also be constituted, not only in favor of the principal debtor, but in favor of the other surety, either with the consent, ignorance, and even against the opposition of the latter.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1722.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 371 - Nature and Extent of Security (§§ 4871 — 4878) › § 4873 - Valid obligation required

Security cannot exist without a valid obligation.
Nevertheless, an obligation, the nullity of which may be claimed by virtue of an exception purely personal on the part of the obligor, as that of minority, may be the subject of security.
From the provisions of the preceding paragraph is excepted the case of a loan made to a minor not emancipated.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1723.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 371 - Nature and Extent of Security (§§ 4871 — 4878) › § 4874 - Security as guaranty for future debts

Security may also be given as a guaranty for future debts, the amount of which is not yet known, but no action can be brought against the surety until the debt is determined.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1724.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 371 - Nature and Extent of Security (§§ 4871 — 4878) › § 4875 - Obligation of surety limited to that of principal debtor

A surety may bind himself to less but not to more than the principal debtor as to quantity as well as to the burden of the conditions.
Should he have bound himself for more, his obligation shall be reduced to the limits of that of the debtor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1725.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 371 - Nature and Extent of Security (§§ 4871 — 4878) › § 4876 - Security not presumed; accessories of principal obligation

Security is not presumed; it must be express and cannot be extended further than that specified therein.
If it be simple and indefinite it shall include not only the principal obligation but all its accessories, including the costs of the suit, it being understood, with regard to the latter, that the surety shall only be liable for those incurred after he has been asked to pay.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1726.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 371 - Nature and Extent of Security (§§ 4871 — 4878) › § 4877 - Qualifications of surety; jurisdiction of court

A party who is bound to give security must present a person having capacity to bind himself, and with sufficient property to answer for the obligation which he guarantees. The surety shall be understood as subject to the jurisdiction of the court or judge of the place where this obligation is to be fulfilled.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1727.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 371 - Nature and Extent of Security (§§ 4871 — 4878) › § 4878 - Insolvency of surety

If the surety should become insolvent the creditor may demand another who has all the qualifications required by the preceding section. The case is excepted where the creditor has required and stipulated that a specified person should be the surety.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1728.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter I - Effects of Security Between Surety and Creditor (§§ 4891 — 4898) › § 4891 - When surety required to pay creditor

The surety cannot be compelled to pay a creditor until application has been previously made of all the property of the debtor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1729.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter I - Effects of Security Between Surety and Creditor (§§ 4891 — 4898) › § 4892 - When application of debtor’s property cannot take place

This application cannot take place:
(1) If the surety has expressly renounced it.
(2) If he has jointly bound himself with the debtor.
(3) In case of bankruptcy of the debtor.
(4) When the debtor cannot be judicially sued within Puerto Rico.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1730.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter I - Effects of Security Between Surety and Creditor (§§ 4891 — 4898) › § 4893 - Demand for levy against principal

In order that the surety may avail himself of the benefit of a levy against the principal, he must require it of the creditor as soon as the latter may sue for payment, and determine the property of the debtor which can be sold within the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and which may be sufficient to cover the amount of the debt.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1731.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter I - Effects of Security Between Surety and Creditor (§§ 4891 — 4898) › § 4894 - Negligence of creditor in making levy

After the surety has fulfilled all the conditions of section 4893 of this title, the creditor who is negligent in making a levy upon the property of the principal designated, shall be liable to the extent of the value of said property for the insolvency of the debtor arising from said negligence.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1732.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter I - Effects of Security Between Surety and Creditor (§§ 4891 — 4898) › § 4895 - Citation of surety by creditor

A creditor may cite the surety should he institute the claim against the principal debtor, but the benefit of a levy against the principal shall always be reserved, even when a judgment is rendered against both of them.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1733.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter I - Effects of Security Between Surety and Creditor (§§ 4891 — 4898) › § 4896 - Compromises

A compromise made by a surety with a creditor shall have no effect with regard to the principal debtor.
Neither shall that made by the latter have any effect with regard to a surety against his will.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1734.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter I - Effects of Security Between Surety and Creditor (§§ 4891 — 4898) › § 4897 - Right of surety of a surety

A surety of a surety enjoys the benefit of a levy with regard to the surety as well as to the principal debtor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1735.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter I - Effects of Security Between Surety and Creditor (§§ 4891 — 4898) › § 4898 - Liability of several sureties of one debtor

Should there be several sureties but only one debtor for the same debt, the liability therefor shall be divided among them all. The creditor can claim from each surety nothing but the proper portion which he may have to pay, unless the joint liability has been expressly stipulated.
The benefit of division against the cosureties ceases in the same cases and for the same reasons as that for levy against the principal debtor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1736.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter II - Effects of Security Between Debtor and Surety (§§ 4911 — 4916) › § 4911 - Indemnification of surety by debtor

A surety who pays for a debtor shall be indemnified by the latter.
The indemnity consists of:
(1) The total amount of the debt.
(2) Legal interest on the same from the day on which the payment may have been communicated to the debtor, even when it did not produce interest for the creditor.
(3) The expenses incurred by the surety after the latter has informed the debtor that he has been sued for payment.
(4) Losses and damages, when proper.
The provisions of this section shall be valid, even should the security have been given without knowledge of the debtor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1737.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter II - Effects of Security Between Debtor and Surety (§§ 4911 — 4916) › § 4912 - Subrogation; compromise

By virtue of such payment the surety is subrogated in all the rights which the creditor had against the debtor.
Should the surety have compromised with the creditor, he cannot demand of the debtor more than that which he has really paid.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1738.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter II - Effects of Security Between Debtor and Surety (§§ 4911 — 4916) › § 4913 - Payment by surety without notice to debtor

If the surety pays without informing the debtor, the latter may use against him all the exceptions which he could have set up against the creditor at the time of making the payment.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1739.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter II - Effects of Security Between Debtor and Surety (§§ 4911 — 4916) › § 4914 - Payment before debt due

If the debt was for a term and the surety paid it before it was due, he cannot require the debtor to reimburse him until the period has expired.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1740.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter II - Effects of Security Between Debtor and Surety (§§ 4911 — 4916) › § 4915 - Payment by debtor without knowledge of payment by surety

If the surety has paid without notifying the debtor, and the latter, not having knowledge of the payment, also pays it, the former has no remedy against the debtor, but only against the creditor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1741.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter II - Effects of Security Between Debtor and Surety (§§ 4911 — 4916) › § 4916 - Action by surety against debtor before payment

The surety, even before paying, may proceed against the principal debtor:
(1) When he is sued for the payment.
(2) In case of bankruptcy or insolvency.
(3) When the debtor has bound himself to relieve him from the security within a specified term, and this term has expired.
(4) When the debt has become demandable because the term in which it should have been paid has expired.
(5) At the end of ten (10) years, when the principal obligation has not a fixed term for its expiration, unless it be of such a nature that it cannot be extinguished except in a period greater than ten (10) years.
In all these cases the action of the surety tends to obtain his release from the security or a guaranty to defend him against any proceedings of the creditor and from the danger of insolvency of the debtor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1742.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter III - Effect of Security Between Cosureties (§§ 4931 — 4933) › § 4931 - Rights of surety paying debt against cosureties

When there are two (2) or more sureties for the same debtor and for the same debt, the one who has paid it may demand of each of the others the part which he or they should proportionally have paid.
If any one of them should be insolvent, his part shall be paid by all in the same proportion.
In order that the provisions of this section may be applicable, the payment must have been made by virtue of judicial proceedings or when the principal debtor should have made an assignment or is a bankrupt.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1743.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter III - Effect of Security Between Cosureties (§§ 4931 — 4933) › § 4932 - Exceptions of cosureties

In the case of § 4931 of this title the cosureties may set up against the one who paid, the same exception which would have pertained to the principal debtor against the creditor, and which may not be purely personal on the part of the same debtor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1744.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 373 - Effects of Security (§§ 4891 — 4933) › Subchapter III - Effect of Security Between Cosureties (§§ 4931 — 4933) › § 4933 - Liability of subsurety upon insolvency of surety

A subsurety, in case of the insolvency of the surety for whom he bound himself, remains liable to the cosureties in the same terms as the surety was bound.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1745.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 375 - Extinguishment of Security (§§ 4951 — 4957) › § 4951 - Expiration of obligation of surety

The obligation of the surety shall expire at the same time as that of the debtor, and for the same causes as all other obligations.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1746.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 375 - Extinguishment of Security (§§ 4951 — 4957) › § 4952 - Merger of debtor and surety by inheritance

A merger which takes place in the person of the debtor and of the surety when one of them inherits from the other does not extinguish the obligation of the subsurety.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1747.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 375 - Extinguishment of Security (§§ 4951 — 4957) › § 4953 - Acceptance of property by creditor

If the creditor voluntarily accepts real estate or any other goods in payment of the debt, even should he afterwards lose them on account of eviction, the surety shall be released.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1748.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 375 - Extinguishment of Security (§§ 4951 — 4957) › § 4954 - Liberation by creditor of one surety without consent of others

Liberation, made by a creditor of one of the sureties without the consent of the others, shall benefit all the others to the extent of the portion of the surety to whom it has been granted.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1749.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 375 - Extinguishment of Security (§§ 4951 — 4957) › § 4955 - Extension granted to debtor by creditor

The extension granted to the debtor by the creditor, without the consent of the surety, extinguishes the security.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1750.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 375 - Extinguishment of Security (§§ 4951 — 4957) › § 4956 - Act of creditor preventing subrogation

The sureties, even when they are joint, shall be released from their obligation whenever by an act of the creditor they cannot be subrogated to the rights, mortgages, and privileges of the same.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1751.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 375 - Extinguishment of Security (§§ 4951 — 4957) › § 4957 - Exceptions which surety may set up against creditor

A surety may set up against the creditor all the exceptions which pertain to the principal debtor and which may be inherent to the debt; but not those which may be purely personal to the debtor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1752.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 377 - Legal and Judicial Security (§§ 4971 — 4973) › § 4971 - Qualifications of legal or judicial sureties

Sureties, who must act by provision of law or by a judicial decree, shall possess the qualifications prescribed in section 4877 of this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1753.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 377 - Legal and Judicial Security (§§ 4971 — 4973) › § 4972 - Pledge or mortgage in lieu of security

If the person who is bound to give security, in the cases of § 4971 of this title, should not obtain it, a pledge or mortgage which may be considered sufficient to cover his obligation shall be admitted in place thereof.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1754.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XIV - Security (§§ 4871 — 4973) › Chapter 377 - Legal and Judicial Security (§§ 4971 — 4973) › § 4973 - Levy on property not demandable

A judicial surety cannot demand a levy on the property of the principal debtor.
A subsurety who offers security for a surety, in the same case, cannot demand either a levy on the property of the debtor nor on that of the surety.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1755.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 381 - Provisions Common to Pledge and Mortgage (§§ 5001 — 5006) › § 5001 - Requisites of contracts of pledge and of mortgage

The following are essential requisites of the contracts of pledge and of mortgage:
(1) That they be constituted to secure the fulfilment of a principal obligation.
(2) That the thing pledged or mortgaged is owned by the person who pledges or mortgages it.
(3) That the persons who constitute the pledge or mortgage have the free disposition of their property, and, should they not have it, that they are legally authorized for the purpose.
Third persons, strangers to the principal obligation, may secure the latter by pledging or mortgaging their own property.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1756.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 381 - Provisions Common to Pledge and Mortgage (§§ 5001 — 5006) › § 5002 - Additional requisite

It is also essential in these contracts that when the principal obligation is due, the things of which the pledge or mortgage consists may be alienated to pay the creditor.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1757.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 381 - Provisions Common to Pledge and Mortgage (§§ 5001 — 5006) › § 5003 - Creditor cannot appropriate or dispose of things

A creditor cannot appropriate to himself the things given in pledge or mortgage, nor dispose of them.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1758.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 381 - Provisions Common to Pledge and Mortgage (§§ 5001 — 5006) › § 5004 - Divisibility of pledge and mortgage; part payment

The pledge and the mortgage are indivisible, even if the debt should be divided among the legal representatives of the debtor or of the creditor.
Therefore, an heir of the debtor who may have paid a part of the debt cannot request that the pledge or mortgage be proportionally extinguished as long as the debt has not been paid in full.
Neither can the heir of the creditor, who received his part of the debt, return the pledge nor cancel the mortgage to the prejudice of the other heirs who have not been paid.
From these provisions is excepted the case in which there are several things given in mortgage or pledge and each of them secures only a specified part of the credit.
The debtor in such case shall be entitled to have the pledge or mortgage extinguished in proportion as he pays the part of the debt for which each thing is specially liable.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1759.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 381 - Provisions Common to Pledge and Mortgage (§§ 5001 — 5006) › § 5005 - Kinds of obligations secured

Contracts of pledge and mortgage may secure all kinds of obligations, either pure or subject to conditions precedent or subsequent.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1760.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 381 - Provisions Common to Pledge and Mortgage (§§ 5001 — 5006) › § 5006 - Action on promise to constitute pledge or mortgage

A promise to constitute a pledge or mortgage gives rise only to a personal action among the contracting parties, without prejudice to the criminal liability which a person incurs who defrauds another, offering in pledge or mortgage as unincumbered things which he knew were incumbered, or pretending to be the owner of things which do not belong to him.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1761.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5021 - Requisites of pledge

Besides the requisites mentioned in § 5001 of this title, it is necessary, in order to constitute the contract of pledge, that the pledge should be placed in possession of the creditor or of a third person by common consent.
—Civil Code, 1930, § 1762.
History
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5022 - Property which may be given in pledge

All personal property which is the object of commerce may be given as a pledge, provided it be capable of being possessed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1763.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5023 - Effect of pledge against third person

A pledge shall not be effective against a third person, when evidence of its date is not shown by authentic documents.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1764.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5024 - Retention by creditor until payment

A contract of pledge gives a right to the creditor to retain the thing in his possession or in that of the third person to whom it may have been delivered until his credit is paid.
If, while the creditor retains the pledge, the debtor should contract with him another debt demandable before the first one has been paid, the former may extend the retention until both credits are paid him, even should it not have been stipulated that the pledge should be subject to the security for the second debt.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1765.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5025 - Care of thing pledged; expenses; loss or deterioration

The creditor must take care of the thing given in pledge with the diligence of a good father of a family; he has a right to recover the expenses incurred for its preservation and is liable for its loss or deterioration, in accordance with the provisions of this title.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1766.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5026 - Interest produced by thing pledged

If the pledge produces interest, the creditor shall set off that collected by him against that due him, and if none is due him, or to the extent that it exceeds that legally due, he shall charge it to the principal.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1767.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5027 - Ownership of thing pledged

As long as the thing given in pledge is not taken by eminent domain, the debtor continues to be the owner thereof.
Nevertheless, the creditor may exercise the actions which pertain to the owner of the thing pledged, in order to reclaim or defend it against a third person.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1768.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5028 - Use of thing by creditor

The creditor cannot make use of a thing given in pledge without the authorization of the owner, and should he do so, or misuse said thing in any other manner, the latter may demand that it be made a depositum.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1769.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5029 - Restitution demandable only upon payment

The debtor cannot demand the restitution of the thing pledged, against the will of the creditor, until he has paid the debt and its interest, with the expenses, in a proper case.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1770.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5030 - Alienation of pledge by creditor; auction

A creditor to whom the debt has not been paid at the proper time may proceed, before a notary, to alienate the pledge. This alienation must necessarily take place at public auction, and with the citation of the debtor and the owner of the pledge, in a proper case. If the pledge should not have been alienated at the first auction, a second one, with the same formalities, may be held; and should no result be attained, the creditor may become the owner of the pledge. In such case he shall be obliged to give a discharge for the full amount of his credit.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1771.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 383 - Pledge (§§ 5021 — 5031) › § 5031 - Institutions loaning money on pledge

With regard to public institutions which by their character or special purpose loan money on pledge, the special laws and regulations relating thereto, and subsidiarily the provisions of §§ 5001-5031 of this title shall be observed.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1772.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 385 - Mortgage (§§ 5041 — 5048) › § 5041 - Property subject to mortgage

The following property only can be the subject of a mortgage contract:
(1) Real property.
(2) Property rights in real estate which can be alienated in accordance with law.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1773.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 385 - Mortgage (§§ 5041 — 5048) › § 5042 - Requisites of mortgage; rights of person in whose favor created

Besides the requisites mentioned in § 5001 of this title, it is indispensible, in order that the mortgage may be validly constituted, that the instrument in which it is created be entered in the registry of property.
The persons in whose favor the law creates a mortgage shall have no other right than to demand the execution and entry of the instrument in which the mortgage may be constituted, without prejudice to the provisions of the Mortgage Law, in favor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and of the municipalities, for the amount of the last year’s taxes, and in favor of the underwriters for the premium of the insurance.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1774.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 385 - Mortgage (§§ 5041 — 5048) › § 5043 - Effect of mortgage on property

A mortgage directly and immediately subjects the property on which it is imposed, whoever its possessor may be, to the fulfilment of the obligation for the security of which it was created.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1775.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 385 - Mortgage (§§ 5041 — 5048) › § 5044 - Scope of mortgage

A mortgage includes the natural accessions, improvements, growing fruits, and rents not collected when the obligation is due, and the amount of the indemnities granted or due the owner by the underwriters of the property mortgaged or by virtue of the exercise of eminent domain by reason of public utility, with the declarations, amplifications, and limitations established by law, in case the estate continues in the possession of the person who mortgaged it, as well as when it passes into the hands of a third person.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1776.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 385 - Mortgage (§§ 5041 — 5048) › § 5045 - Alienation of mortgage credit

A mortgage credit may be alienated or assigned to a third person, wholly or partially, with the formalities required by law.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1777.
2023 Laws of Puerto Rico › TITLE THIRTY-ONE - Civil Code (§§ 1 — 5305) › Subtitle 4 - Obligations and Contracts (§§ 2991 — 5305) › PART XV - Contracts of Pledge, Mortgage, and Antichresis (§§ 5001 — 5066) › Chapter 385 - Mortgage (§§ 5041 — 5048) › § 5046 - Liability of third possessor of property mortgaged

A creditor may demand from the third possessor of the property mortgaged the payment of the part of the credit secured with what the latter may possess, in the terms and with the formalities established by law.
History —Civil Code, 1930, § 1778.