reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter I - General Provisions › § 22–1706. Three-card monte and confidence games

§ 22–1706. Three-card monte and confidence games.
Whoever shall in the District deal, play, or practice, or be in any manner accessory to the dealing or practicing, of the confidence game or swindle known as 3-card monte, or of any such game, play, or practice, or any other confidence game, play, or practice, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01 and by imprisonment for not more than 180 days.
(Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1331, ch. 854, § 867; Aug. 20, 1994, D.C. Law 10-151, § 105(j), 41 DCR 2608; June 11, 2013, D.C. Law 19-317, § 201(r), 60 DCR 2064.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1506.
1973 Ed., § 22-1506.
Effect of Amendments
The 2013 amendment by D.C. Law 19-317 substituted “not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01” for “not exceeding $1,000”.
Cross References
Fraud, see § 22-3221.
Search warrants, see § 23-521 et seq.
Theft, see § 22-3211.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary amendment of section, see § 105(j) of the Omnibus Criminal Justice Reform Emergency Amendment Act of 1994 (D.C. Act 10-255, June 22, 1994, 41 DCR 4286).
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 201(r) of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Emergency Act of 2013 (D.C. Act 20-45, April 1, 2013, 60 DCR 5400, 20 DCSTAT 1300).
Editor's Notes
Applicability of D.C. Law 19-317: Section 401 of D.C. Law 19-317 provided that the act shall apply only to offenses committed on or after June 11, 2013.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter I - General Provisions › § 22–1707. “Gaming table” defined

§ 22–1707. “Gaming table” defined.
All games, devices, or contrivances at which money or any other thing shall be bet or wagered shall be deemed a gaming table within the meaning of §§ 22-1704 to 22-1706; and the courts shall construe said sections liberally, so as to prevent the mischief intended to be guarded against.
(Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1331, ch. 854, § 868.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1507.
1973 Ed., § 22-1507.
Cross References
Search warrants, see § 23-521 et seq.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter I - General Provisions › § 22–1708. Gambling pools and bookmaking; athletic contest defined

§ 22–1708. Gambling pools and bookmaking; athletic contest defined.
It shall be unlawful for any person, or association of persons, within the District of Columbia to purchase, possess, own, or acquire any chance, right, or interest, tangible or intangible, in any policy lottery or any lottery, or to make or place a bet or wager, accept a bet or wager, gamble or make books or pools on the result of any athletic contest. For the purpose of this section, the term “athletic contest” means any of the following, wherever held or to be held: a football, baseball, softball, basketball, hockey, or polo game, or a tennis, golf, or wrestling match, or a tennis or golf tournament, or a prize fight or boxing match, or a trotting or running race of horses, or a running race of dogs, or any other athletic or sporting event or contest. Any person or association of persons violating this section shall be fined not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01 or imprisoned not more than 180 days, or both.
(Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1331, ch. 854, § 869; May 16, 1908, 35 Stat. 164, ch. 172, § 3; June 29, 1953, 67 Stat. 96, ch. 159, § 206c; Aug. 20, 1994, D.C. Law 10-151, § 105(k), 41 DCR 2608; June 11, 2013, D.C. Law 19-317, § 201(s), 60 DCR 2064.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1508.
1973 Ed., § 22-1508.
Section References
This section is referenced in § 22-1702.
Effect of Amendments
The 2013 amendment by D.C. Law 19-317 substituted “not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01” for “not more than $1,000” and for “not more than $1,000”.
Cross References
Search warrants, see § 23-521 et seq.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary amendment of section, see § 105(k) of the Omnibus Criminal Justice Reform Emergency Amendment Act of 1994 (D.C. Act 10-255, June 22, 1994, 41 DCR 4286).
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 201(s) of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Emergency Act of 2013 (D.C. Act 20-45, April 1, 2013, 60 DCR 5400, 20 DCSTAT 1300).
Editor's Notes
Applicability of D.C. Law 19-317: Section 401 of D.C. Law 19-317 provided that the act shall apply only to offenses committed on or after June 11, 2013.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter I - General Provisions › § 22–1709. Bucketing, and bucket-shopping and bucket-shops; definitions. [Repealed]

§ 22–1709. Bucketing, and bucket-shopping and bucket-shops; definitions. [Repealed]
Repealed.
(Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 854, § 869a; Mar. 1, 1909, 35 Stat. 670, ch. 233; May 21, 1994, D.C. Law 10-119, § 2(m), 41 DCR 1639; Apr. 29, 2004, D.C. Law 15-154, § 3(g), 50 DCR 10996.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1509.
1973 Ed., § 22-1509.
Editor's Notes
Effect of state law prohibiting or regulating operation of bucket-shops: Section 4 of the Act of October 13, 1982, Pub. L. 97-303 provided that no state law which prohibits or regulates the operation of “bucket-shops” or other similar or related activities shall invalidate any put, call, straddle, option, privilege, or other security, or apply to any activity which is incidental or related to the offer, purchase, sale, exercise, settlement, or closeout of any such instrument, if such instrument is traded pursuant to rules and regulations to a self-regulatory organization that are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to § 19(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter I - General Provisions › § 22–1710. Penalty for bucketing or keeping bucket-shop. [Repealed]

§ 22–1710. Penalty for bucketing or keeping bucket-shop. [Repealed]
Repealed.
(Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 854, § 869b; Mar. 1, 1909, 35 Stat. 671, ch. 233; June 25, 1936, 49 Stat. 1921, ch. 804; June 25, 1948, 62 Stat. 909, 991, ch. 646, §§ 1, 32(b); May 24, 1949, 63 Stat. 107, ch. 139, § 127; July 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 570, Pub. L. 91-358, title I, § 155(c) (1) (E); Aug. 20, 1994, D.C. Law 10-151, § 105(l), 41 DCR 2608; Apr. 29, 2004, D.C. Law 15-154, § 3(h), 50 DCR 10996.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1510.
1973 Ed., § 22-1510.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary amendment of section, see § 105(l) of the Omnibus Criminal Justice Reform Emergency Amendment Act of 1994 (D.C. Act 10-255, June 22, 1994, 41 DCR 4286).
Change in Government
This section originated at a time when local government powers were delegated to a Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia (see Acts Relating to the Establishment of the District of Columbia and its Various Forms of Governmental Organization in Volume 1). Section 401 of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1967 (see Reorganization Plans in Volume 1) transferred all of the functions of the Board of Commissioners under this section to a single Commissioner. The District of Columbia Self-Government and Governmental Reorganization Act, 87 Stat. 818, § 711 ( D.C. Code, § 1-207.11), abolished the District of Columbia Council and the Office of Commissioner of the District of Columbia. These branches of government were replaced by the Council of the District of Columbia and the Office of Mayor of the District of Columbia, respectively. Accordingly, and also pursuant to § 714(a) of such Act ( D.C. Code, § 1-207.14(a)), appropriate changes in terminology were made in this section.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter I - General Provisions › § 22–1711. Penalty for communicating, receiving, exhibiting, or displaying quotations of prices. [Repealed]

§ 22–1711. Penalty for communicating, receiving, exhibiting, or displaying quotations of prices. [Repealed]
Repealed.
(Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 854, § 869c; Mar. 1, 1909, 35 Stat. 671, ch. 233; Apr. 29, 2004, D.C. Law 15-154, § 3(i), 50 DCR 10996.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1511.
1973 Ed., § 22-1511.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter I - General Provisions › § 22–1712. Bucketing; written statement to be furnished; contents. [Repealed]

§ 22–1712. Bucketing; written statement to be furnished; contents. [Repealed]
Repealed.
(Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 854, § 869d; Mar. 1, 1909, 35 Stat. 671, ch. 233; Apr. 29, 2004, D.C. Law 15-154, § 3(j), 50 DCR 10996.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1512.
1973 Ed., § 22-1512.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter I - General Provisions › § 22–1714. Immunity of witnesses; record

§ 22–1714. Immunity of witnesses; record.
(a) Whenever, in the judgment of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, the testimony of any witness, or the production of books, papers, or other records or documents, by any witness, in any case or proceeding involving a violation of this subchapter before any grand jury or a court in the District of Columbia, is necessary in the public interest, such witness shall not be excused from testifying or from producing books, papers, and other records and documents on the grounds that the testimony or evidence, documentary or otherwise, required of such witness may tend to incriminate such witness, or subject such witness to penalty or forfeiture; but such witness shall not be prosecuted or subject to any penalty or forfeiture for or on account of any transaction, matter, or thing concerning which such witness is compelled, after having claimed his or her privilege against self-incrimination, to testify or produce evidence, documentary or otherwise; except that such witness so testifying shall not be exempt from prosecution and punishment for perjury or contempt committed in so testifying.
(b) The judgment of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia that any testimony, or the production of any books, papers, or other records or documents, is necessary in the public interest shall be confirmed in a written communication over the signature of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, addressed to the grand jury or the court in the District of Columbia concerned, and shall be made a part of the record of the case or proceeding in which such testimony or evidence is given.
(Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 854, § 869f; June 29, 1953, 67 Stat. 96, ch. 159, § 206(d); Mar. 10, 1981, D.C. Law 3-172, § 2, 27 DCR 4736; May 21, 1994, D.C. Law 10-119, § 2(o), 41 DCR 1639.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1514.
1973 Ed., § 22-1514.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter I - General Provisions › § 22–1715. Presence in illegal establishments. [Repealed]

§ 22–1715. Presence in illegal establishments. [Repealed]
Repealed.
(Aug. 20, 1994, D.C. Law 10-151, § 110(a), 41 DCR 2608.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1515.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary repeal of section, see § 110(a) of the Omnibus Criminal Justice Reform Emergency Amendment Act of 1994 (D.C. Act 10-255, June 22, 1994, 41 DCR 4286).
Editor's Notes
Former § 22-1515 had also been amended by D.C. Law 10-119, § 9(b).
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter II - Lotteries and Gambling General Legalization › § 22–1716. Statement of purpose

§ 22–1716. Statement of purpose.
It is the purpose of this subchapter to legalize lotteries, daily numbers games, bingo, raffles, Monte Carlo night parties, and sports wagering, which activities are to be conducted only by the District of Columbia and only those licensed by the District of Columbia and subject to the jurisdiction, authority, and control of the District of Columbia. These activities will provide revenue to the District of Columbia and will provide the citizens of the District of Columbia financial benefits.
(Mar. 10, 1981, D.C. Law 3-172, § 3, 27 DCR 4736; Apr. 11, 1987, D.C. Law 6-220, § 2(a)(1), 34 DCR 900; May 3, 2019, D.C. Law 22-312, § 2, 66 DCR 1402.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1516.
Applicability
Applicability of D.C. Law 22-312: § 7177 of D.C. Law 23-16 amended § 5(a) of D.C. Law 22-312 to repeal the delayed applicability affecting this section. Therefore the amendment of this section by D.C. Law 22-312 has been implemented.
Section 7177 of the Fiscal Year 2020 Budget Support Emergency Amendment Act of 2019 (D.C. Act 23-91) amended § 5 of D.C. Law 22-312 removing the applicability restriction impacting this section. Therefore the amendment of this section by D.C. Law 22-312 has been given effect.
Applicability of D.C. Law 22-312: § 5 of D.C. Law 22-312 provided that the change made to this section by § 2(c)(1) of D.C. Law 22-312 is subject to the inclusion of the law’s fiscal effect in an approved budget and financial plan. Therefore that amendment has not been implemented.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 2(c)(1) of Sports Wagering Lottery Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2019 (D.C. Act 23-43, Apr. 15, 2019, 66 DCR 5273).
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 2(c)(1) of Sports Wagering Lottery Emergency Amendment Act of 2018 (D.C. Act 22-630, Jan. 30, 2019, 66 DCR 1745).
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter II - Lotteries and Gambling General Legalization › § 22–1717. Permissible gambling activities

§ 22–1717. Permissible gambling activities.
Nothing in subchapter I of this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the operation of or participation in lotteries and/or daily numbers games operated by and for the benefit of the District of Columbia by the Office of Lottery and Gaming, including bingo, raffles, and Monte Carlo night parties organized for educational and charitable purposes, regulated by the Office of Lottery and Gaming, or sports wagering regulated, licensed, or operated by the Office of Lottery and Gaming.[]
(Mar. 10, 1981, D.C. Law 3-172, § 3, 27 DCR 4736; Apr. 11, 1987, D.C. Law 6-220, § 2(a)(2), 34 DCR 900; May 3, 2019, D.C. Law 22-312, § 2, 66 DCR 1402.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1517.
Section References
This section is referenced in § 22-1718.
Applicability
Applicability of D.C. Law 22-312: § 7177 of D.C. Law 23-16 amended § 5(a) of D.C. Law 22-312 to repeal the delayed applicability affecting this section. Therefore the amendment of this section by D.C. Law 22-312 has been implemented.
Applicability of D.C. Law 22-312: § 5 of D.C. Law 22-312 provided that the change made to this section by § 2(c)(2) of D.C. Law 22-312 is subject to the inclusion of the law’s fiscal effect in an approved budget and financial plan. Therefore that amendment has not been implemented.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 2(c)(2) of Sports Wagering Lottery Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2019 (D.C. Act 23-43, Apr. 15, 2019, 66 DCR 5273).
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 2(c)(2) of Sports Wagering Lottery Emergency Amendment Act of 2018 (D.C. Act 22-630, Jan. 30, 2019, 66 DCR 1745).
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 17 - Gambling › Subchapter II - Lotteries and Gambling General Legalization › § 22–1718. Advertising and promotion; sale and possession of lottery and numbers tickets and slips

§ 22–1718. Advertising and promotion; sale and possession of lottery and numbers tickets and slips.
(a) Nothing in subchapter I of this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the advertising and promotion of excepted permissible gambling activities pursuant to § 22-1717, hereof, including, but not limited to, the sale, by agents authorized by the District of Columbia, and the possession of tickets, certificates, or slips for lottery and daily numbers games excepted and permissible pursuant to § 22-1717, the sale, lease, purchase, or possession of tickets, slips, certificates, or cards for bingo, raffles, and Monte Carlo night parties, excepted and permissible pursuant to § 22-1717, or the sale, lease, purchase, or possession of tickets, slips, certificates, or cards for sports wagering excepted and permissible pursuant to [§ 22-1717].
(b) Nothing in § 22-1701 shall prohibit advertising a lottery by the Maryland State Lottery so long as Maryland does not prohibit advertising or otherwise publishing an account of a lottery by the District of Columbia.
(Mar. 10, 1981, D.C. Law 3-172, § 3, 27 DCR 4736; Apr. 11, 1987, D.C. Law 6-220, § 2(a)(3), 34 DCR 900; June 3, 1997, D.C. Law 11-272, § 2(a), 43 DCR 4672; May 22, 1998, D.C. Law 12-114, § 2, 45 DCR 486; May 3, 2019, D.C. Law 22-312, § 2, 66 DCR 1402.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-1518.
Applicability
Applicability of D.C. Law 22-312: § 7177 of D.C. Law 23-16 amended § 5(a) of D.C. Law 22-312 to repeal the delayed applicability affecting this section. Therefore the amendment of this section by D.C. Law 22-312 has been implemented.
Applicability of D.C. Law 22-312: § 5 of D.C. Law 22-312 provided that the change made to this section by § 2(c)(3) of D.C. Law 22-312 is subject to the inclusion of the law’s fiscal effect in an approved budget and financial plan. Therefore that amendment has not been implemented.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 2(c)(3) of Sports Wagering Lottery Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2019 (D.C. Act 23-43, Apr. 15, 2019, 66 DCR 5273).
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 2(c)(3) of Sports Wagering Lottery Emergency Amendment Act of 2018 (D.C. Act 22-630, Jan. 30, 2019, 66 DCR 1745).
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18 - General Offenses › § 22–1801. “Writing” and “paper” defined

§ 22–1801. “Writing” and “paper” defined.
Except where otherwise provided for where such a construction would be unreasonable, the words “writing” and “paper,” wherever mentioned in this title, are to be taken to include instruments wholly in writing or wholly printed, or partly printed and partly in writing.
(Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1336, ch. 854, § 904; Dec. 1, 1982, D.C. Law 4-164,§ 601(b), 29 DCR 3976.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-101.
1973 Ed., § 22-101.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18 - General Offenses › § 22–1802. “Anything of value” defined

§ 22–1802. “Anything of value” defined.
The words “anything of value,” wherever they occur in this title and the District of Columbia Theft and White Collar Crimes Act of 1982, shall be held to include not only things possessing intrinsic value, but bank notes and other forms of paper money, and commercial paper and other writings which represent value.
(Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1336, ch. 854, § 905; Dec. 1, 1982, D.C. Law 4-164,§ 601(c), 29 DCR 3976.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-102.
1973 Ed., § 22-102.
References in Text
The “District of Columbia Theft and White Collar Crimes Act of 1982”, referred to in this section, is D.C. Law 4-164, codified primarily at § 22-3201 et seq.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18 - General Offenses › § 22–1803. Attempts to commit crime

§ 22–1803. Attempts to commit crime.
Whoever shall attempt to commit any crime, which attempt is not otherwise made punishable by chapter 19 of An Act to establish a code of law for the District of Columbia, approved March 3, 1901 (31 Stat. 1321), shall be punished by a fine not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01 or by imprisonment for not more than 180 days, or both. Except, whoever shall attempt to commit a crime of violence as defined in § 23-1331 shall be punished by a fine not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01 or by imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both.
(Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1337, ch. 854, § 906; Aug. 20, 1994, D.C. Law 10-151, § 105(a), 41 DCR 2608; June 11, 2013, D.C. Law 19-317, § 201(y), 60 DCR 2064.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-103.
1973 Ed., § 22-103.
Section References
This section is referenced in § 16-801, § 22-3231, § 22-3232, and § 22-4001.
Effect of Amendments
The 2013 amendment by D.C. Law 19-317 substituted the first occurrence of “not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01” for “not exceeding $1,000” and the second occurrence of “not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01” for “not exceeding $5,000”.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary amendment of section, see § 105(a) of the Omnibus Criminal Justice Reform Emergency Amendment Act of 1994 (D.C. Act 10-255, June 22, 1994, 41 DCR 4286).
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 201(y) of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Emergency Act of 2013 (D.C. Act 20-45, April 1, 2013, 60 DCR 5400, 20 DCSTAT 1300).
References in Text
“Chapter 19 of an Act to establish a code of law for the District of Columbia, approved March 3, 1901 (31 Stat. 1321),” referred to in this section, consists of §§ 798 to 910 of the act of March 3, 1901, the provisions of which are codified throughout this title as well as in §§ 36-101, 36-102, 36-151 to 36-157, 50-2203.01 to 50-2203.03. For the complete codification of Chapter 19 of the March 3, 1901 act, please consult the Disposition Tables appearing the Tables Volume.
Editor's Notes
Applicability of D.C. Law 19-317: Section 401 of D.C. Law 19-317 provided that the act shall apply only to offenses committed on or after June 11, 2013.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18 - General Offenses › § 22–1804. Second conviction

§ 22–1804. Second conviction.
(a) If any person: (1) is convicted of a criminal offense (other than a non-moving traffic offense) under a law applicable exclusively to the District of Columbia; and (2) was previously convicted of a criminal offense under any law of the United States or of a state or territory of the United States which offense, at the time of the conviction referred to in clause (1) of this subsection, is the same as, constitutes, or necessarily includes, the offense referred to in that clause, such person may be sentenced to pay a fine in an amount not more than one and one-half times the maximum fine prescribed for the conviction referred to in clause (1) of this subsection and sentenced to imprisonment for a term not more than one and one-half times the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed for that conviction. If such person was previously convicted more than once of an offense described in clause (2) of this subsection, such person may be sentenced to pay a fine in an amount not more than 3 times the maximum fine prescribed for the conviction referred to in clause (1) of this subsection and sentenced to imprisonment for a term not more than 3 times the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed for that conviction. No conviction with respect to which a person has been pardoned on the ground of innocence shall be taken into account in applying this section.
(b) This section shall not apply in the event of conflict with any other provision of law which provides an increased penalty for a specific offense by reason of a prior conviction of the same or any other offense.
(Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1337, ch. 854, § 907; July 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 598, Pub. L. 91-358, title II, § 201(a); May 21, 1994, D.C. Law 10-119, § 2(a), 41 DCR 1639.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-104.
1973 Ed., § 22-104.
Cross References
Proceedings to establish previous convictions, see § 23-111.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18 - General Offenses › § 22–1805. Persons advising, inciting, or conniving at criminal offense to be charged as principals

§ 22–1805. Persons advising, inciting, or conniving at criminal offense to be charged as principals.
In prosecutions for any criminal offense all persons advising, inciting, or conniving at the offense, or aiding or abetting the principal offender, shall be charged as principals and not as accessories, the intent of this section being that as to all accessories before the fact the law heretofore applicable in cases of misdemeanor only shall apply to all crimes, whatever the punishment may be.
(Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1337, ch. 854, § 908.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-105.
1973 Ed., § 22-105.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18 - General Offenses › § 22–1806. Accessories after the fact

§ 22–1806. Accessories after the fact.
Whoever shall be convicted of being an accessory after the fact to any crime punishable by death shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than 20 years. Whoever shall be convicted of being accessory after the fact to any crime punishable by imprisonment shall be punished by a fine or imprisonment, or both, as the case may be, not more than 1/2 the maximum fine or imprisonment, or both, to which the principal offender may be subjected.
(Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1337, ch. 854, § 909.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-106.
1973 Ed., § 22-106.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18 - General Offenses › § 22–1807. Punishment for offenses not covered by provisions of Code

§ 22–1807. Punishment for offenses not covered by provisions of Code.
Whoever shall be convicted of any criminal offense not covered by the provisions of any section of this Code, or of any general law of the United States not locally inapplicable in the District of Columbia, shall be punished by a fine not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01 or by imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both.
(Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1337, ch. 854, § 910; June 11, 2013, D.C. Law 19-317, § 201(aa), 60 DCR 2064.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-107.
1973 Ed., § 22-107.
Effect of Amendments
The 2013 amendment by D.C. Law 19-317 substituted “not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01” for “not exceeding $1,000”.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 201(aa) of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Emergency Act of 2013 (D.C. Act 20-45, April 1, 2013, 60 DCR 5400, 20 DCSTAT 1300).
Editor's Notes
Applicability of D.C. Law 19-317: Section 401 of D.C. Law 19-317 provided that the act shall apply only to offenses committed on or after June 11, 2013.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18 - General Offenses › § 22–1808. Offenses committed beyond District

§ 22–1808. Offenses committed beyond District.
Any person who by the commission outside of the District of Columbia of any act which, if committed within the District of Columbia, would be a criminal offense under the laws of said District, thereby obtains any property or other thing of value, and is afterwards found with any such property or other such thing of value in his or her possession in said District, or who brings any such property or other such thing of value into said District, shall, upon conviction, be punished in the same manner as if said act had been committed wholly within said District.
(Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 854, § 836a; Dec. 21, 1911, 37 Stat. 45, ch. 2; May 21, 1994, D.C. Law 10-119, § 2(c), 41 DCR 1639.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-108.
1973 Ed., § 22-108.
Cross References
Receiving stolen goods, see §§ 22-3231 and 22-3232.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18 - General Offenses › § 22–1809. Prosecutions

§ 22–1809. Prosecutions.
All prosecutions for violations of § 22-1321 or any of the provisions of any of the laws or ordinances provided for by this act shall be conducted in the name of and for the benefit of the District of Columbia, and in the same manner as provided by law for the prosecution of offenses against the laws and ordinances of the said District. Any person convicted of any violation of § 22-1321 or any of the provisions of this act, and who shall fail to pay the fine or penalty imposed, or to give security where the same is required, shall be committed to the Workhouse of the District of Columbia for a term not exceeding 6 months for each and every offense. The second sentence of this section shall not apply with respect to any violation of § 22-1312(b).
(July 29, 1892, 27 Stat. 325, ch. 320, § 18; June 29, 1953, 67 Stat. 93, 98, ch. 159, §§ 202(a)(2), 211(b); redesignated § 211a, May 26, 2011, D.C. Law 18-375, § 3(b), 58 DCR 731.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-109.
1973 Ed., § 22-109.
Cross References
Adulteration of food and drugs, see § 48-101 et seq.
Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, see § 25-101 et seq.
Conduct of prosecutions, see § 23-101.
Uniform Narcotic Drug Act, see § 48-901.02 et seq.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 303(b) of Public Safety Legislation Sixty-Day Layover Emergency Amendment Act of 2010 (D.C. Act 18-693, January 18, 2011, 58 DCR 640).
For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 303(b) of Public Safety Legislation Sixty-Day Layover Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2011 (D.C. Act 19-45, April 20, 2011, 58 DCR 3701).
References in Text
The term, “this act,” referred to twice in this section, refers to the Act of July 29, 1892, 27 Stat. 325, ch. 320.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18 - General Offenses › § 22–1810. Threatening to kidnap or injure a person or damage his property

§ 22–1810. Threatening to kidnap or injure a person or damage his property.
Whoever threatens within the District of Columbia to kidnap any person or to injure the person of another or physically damage the property of any person or of another person, in whole or in part, shall be fined not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01 or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
(June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 238, Pub. L. 90-351, title X, § 1502; June 11, 2013, D.C. Law 19-317, § 223, 60 DCR 2064.)
Prior Codifications
1981 Ed., § 22-2307.
1973 Ed., § 22-2307.
Section References
This section is referenced in § 23-546.
Effect of Amendments
The 2013 amendment by D.C. Law 19-317 substituted “not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01” for “not more than $5,000”.
Cross References
Blackmail, see § 22-3252.
Extortion, see § 22-3251.
Emergency Legislation
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 223 of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Emergency Act of 2013 (D.C. Act 20-45, April 1, 2013, 60 DCR 5400, 20 DCSTAT 1300).
Editor's Notes
Applicability of D.C. Law 19-317: Section 401 of D.C. Law 19-317 provided that the act shall apply only to offenses committed on or after June 11, 2013.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1832. Forced labor

§ 22–1832. Forced labor.
(a) It is unlawful for an individual or a business knowingly to use coercion to cause a person to provide labor or services.
(b) It is unlawful for an individual or a business knowingly to place or keep any person in debt bondage.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 102, 57 DCR 5405.)
Section References
This section is referenced in § 14-311, § 22-1836, § 22-1837, and § 22-1840.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1833. Trafficking in labor or commercial sex acts

§ 22–1833. Trafficking in labor or commercial sex acts.
It is unlawful for an individual or a business to recruit, entice, harbor, transport, provide, obtain, or maintain by any means a person, knowing, or in reckless disregard of the fact that:
(1) Coercion will be used or is being used to cause the person to provide labor or services or to engage in a commercial sex act; or
(2) The person is being placed or will be placed or kept in debt bondage.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 103, 57 DCR 5405.)
Section References
This section is referenced in § 14-311, § 22-1836, § 22-1837, § 22-1839, § 22-1840, and § 23-113.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1834. Sex trafficking of children

§ 22–1834. Sex trafficking of children.
(a) It is unlawful for an individual or a business knowingly to recruit, entice, harbor, transport, provide, obtain, or maintain by any means a person who will be caused as a result to engage in a commercial sex act knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that the person has not attained the age of 18 years.
(b) In a prosecution under subsection (a) of this section in which the defendant had a reasonable opportunity to observe the person recruited, enticed, harbored, transported, provided, obtained, or maintained, the government need not prove that the defendant knew that the person had not attained the age of 18 years.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 104, 57 DCR 5405.)
Section References
This section is referenced in § 14-311, § 22-1836, § 22-1837, § 22-1839, § 22-1840, § 22-3020.51, and § 23-113.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1835. Unlawful conduct with respect to documents in furtherance of human trafficking

§ 22–1835. Unlawful conduct with respect to documents in furtherance of human trafficking.
It is unlawful for an individual or business knowingly to destroy, conceal, remove, confiscate, or possess any actual or purported government identification document, including a passport or other immigration document, or any other actual or purported document, of any person to prevent or restrict, or attempt to prevent or restrict, without lawful authority, the person’s liberty to move or travel in order to maintain the labor or services of that person.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 105, 57 DCR 5405.)
Section References
This section is referenced in § 14-311, § 22-1836, § 22-1837, and § 22-1840.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1836. Benefitting financially from human trafficking

§ 22–1836. Benefitting financially from human trafficking.
It is unlawful for an individual or business knowingly to benefit, financially or by receiving anything of value, from voluntarily participating in a venture which has engaged in any act in violation of § 22-1832, § 22-1833, § 22-1834, or § 22-1835, knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that the venture has engaged in the violation.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 106, 57 DCR 5405.)
Section References
This section is referenced in § 14-311, § 22-1837, § 22-1839, and § 22-1840.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1837. Penalties

§ 22–1837. Penalties.
(a)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, whoever violates § 22-1832, § 22-1833, or § 22-1834 shall be fined not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01, imprisoned for not more than 20 years, or both.
(2) Whoever violates sections § 22-1832, § 22-1833, or § 22-1834 when the victim is held or provides services for more than 180 days shall be fined not more than 1 1/2 times the maximum fine authorized for the designated act, imprisoned for not more than 1 1/2 times the maximum term authorized for the designated act, or both.
(b) Whoever violates § 22-1835 shall be fined not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both.
(c) Whoever violates § 22-1836 shall be fined or imprisoned up to the maximum fine or term of imprisonment for a violation of each referenced section.
(d) Whoever attempts to violate § 22-1832, § 22-1833, § 22-1834, § 22-1835 or § 22-1836 shall be fined not more than 1/2 the maximum fine otherwise authorized for the offense, imprisoned for not more than 1/2 the maximum term otherwise authorized for the offense, or both.
(e) No person shall be sentenced consecutively for violations of §§ 22-1833 and 22-1834 for an offense arising out of the same incident.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 107, 57 DCR 5405; June 11, 2013, D.C. Law 19-317, § 224, 60 DCR 2064.)
Effect of Amendments
The 2013 amendment by D.C. Law 19-317 substituted “not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01” for “not more than $200,000” in (a)(1), and for “not more than $5,000” in (b).
Emergency Legislation
For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 224 of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Emergency Act of 2013 (D.C. Act 20-45, April 1, 2013, 60 DCR 5400, 20 DCSTAT 1300).
Editor's Notes
Applicability of D.C. Law 19-317: Section 401 of D.C. Law 19-317 provided that the act shall apply only to offenses committed on or after June 11, 2013.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1838. Forfeiture

§ 22–1838. Forfeiture.
(a) In imposing sentence on any individual or business convicted of a violation of this chapter, the court shall order, in addition to any sentence imposed, that the individual or business shall forfeit to the District of Columbia:
(1) Any interest in any property, real or personal, that was used or intended to be used to commit or to facilitate the commission of the violation; and
(2) Any property, real or personal, constituting or derived from any proceeds that the individual or business obtained, directly or indirectly, as a result of the violation.
(b) The following shall be subject to forfeiture to the District of Columbia and no property right shall exist in them:
(1) Any property, real or personal, used or intended to be used to commit or to facilitate the commission of any violation of this chapter.
(2) Any property, real or personal, which constitutes or is derived from proceeds traceable to any violation of this chapter.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 108, 57 DCR 5405.)
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1839. Reputation or opinion evidence

§ 22–1839. Reputation or opinion evidence.
In a criminal case in which a person is accused of trafficking in commercial sex, as prohibited by § 22-1833, sex trafficking of children, as prohibited by § 22-1834, or benefitting financially from human trafficking, as prohibited by § 22-1836, reputation or opinion evidence of the past sexual behavior of the alleged victim is not admissible. Evidence of an alleged victim’s past sexual behavior other than reputation or opinion evidence also is not admissible, unless such evidence other than reputation or opinion evidence is admitted in accordance with § 22-3022(b), and is constitutionally required to be admitted.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 109, 57 DCR 5405.)
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1840. Civil action

§ 22–1840. Civil action.
(a) An individual who is a victim of an offense prohibited by § 22-1832, § 22-1833, § 22-1834, § 22-1835 or § 22-1836 may bring a civil action in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. The court may award actual damages, compensatory damages, punitive damages, injunctive relief, and any other appropriate relief. A prevailing plaintiff shall also be awarded attorney’s fees and costs. Treble damages shall be awarded on proof of actual damages where a defendant’s acts were willful and malicious.
(b) Any statute of limitation imposed for the filing of a civil suit under this section shall not begin to run until the plaintiff knew, or reasonably should have known, of any act constituting a violation of § 22-1832, § 22-1833, § 22-1834, § 22-1835 or § 22-1836, or until a minor plaintiff has reached the age of majority, whichever is later.
(c) If a person entitled to sue is imprisoned, insane, or similarly incapacitated at the time the cause of action accrues, so that it is impossible or impracticable for him or her to bring an action, then the time of the incapacity is not part of the time limited for the commencement of the action.
(d) A defendant is estopped to assert a defense of the statute of limitations when the expiration of the statute is due to conduct by the defendant inducing the plaintiff to delay the filing of the action.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 110, 57 DCR 5405.)
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1842. Training program

§ 22–1842. Training program.
(a) The Metropolitan Police Department (“MPD”), the Child and Family Services Agency (“CFSA”), and the Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services (“DYRS”) shall provide training on human trafficking to:
(1) New law enforcement officers, social workers, and case managers; and
(2) Current law enforcement officers, social worker employees, and case managers who have not previously received comparable training.
(b) The training shall be a minimum of 4 hours and shall include:
(1) The nature and dimension of human trafficking;
(2) The legal rights and remedies available to a victim of human trafficking;
(3) The services and facilities available to a victim of human trafficking;
(4) The legal duties imposed on a police officer, social worker, or case manager to enforce the provisions of D.C. Law 20-276, and to offer protection and assistance to a victim of human trafficking;
(5) Techniques for determining when a person may be a victim of trafficking;
(6) Techniques for handling a human trafficking offense that promotes the safety of the victim; and
(7) The particular needs of youth and minor trafficking victims;
(c) MPD, CFSA, and DYRS shall consult with community organizations that provide training, resources, advocacy, or services to victims of human trafficking for assistance in developing and presenting training on human trafficking.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 112; as added May 7, 2015, D.C. Law 20-276, § 6(a), 62 DCR 479.)
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1843. Public posting of human trafficking hotline

§ 22–1843. Public posting of human trafficking hotline.
[Not funded].
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 113; as added May 7, 2015, D.C. Law 20-276, § 6(b), 62 DCR 479.)
Editor's Notes
Applicability of D.C. Law 20-276: Section 10 of D.C. Law 20-276 provided: (a) that § 6(b) of the act, which enacted this section, shall apply upon the date of inclusions of its fiscal effect in an approved budget and financial plan; (b) that the Chief Financial Officer shall certify the date of the inclusion of the fiscal effect in an approved budget and financial plan, and provide notice to the Budget Director of the Council of the certification; (c) that the Budget Director shall cause the notice of the certification to be published in the District of Columbia Register; and (d) that the date of publication of the notice of the certification shall not affect the applicability of § 6(b) of the act.
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1844. Motion to vacate conviction or expunge criminal records for victims of trafficking

§ 22–1844. Motion to vacate conviction or expunge criminal records for victims of trafficking.
(a) A person convicted of an eligible offense may apply by motion to the Superior Court for the District of Columbia to vacate the judgment of conviction and expunge all records identifying the movant as having been arrested, prosecuted, or convicted of the offense if the conduct of the person that resulted in the conviction was a direct result of the person having been a victim of trafficking.
(b) A person arrested but not prosecuted, or whose prosecution was terminated without conviction, for an eligible offense or an ineligible offense, may apply by motion to the Superior Court for the District of Columbia to expunge all records identifying the movant as having been arrested or prosecuted for the offense if the conduct of the person that resulted in the arrest or prosecution was a direct result of the person having been a victim of trafficking.
(c) A motion filed under this section shall:
(1) Be in writing;
(2) State the arrests, prosecutions, and convictions for which the movant seeks relief;
(3) State the grounds upon which eligibility for relief is based and facts in support of the movant's claim;
(4) Be accompanied by any appropriate exhibits, affidavits, and supporting documents; and
(5) Be served upon the prosecutor.
(d) A movant may file a motion under this section regardless of whether any other person, such as the person who made the movant a victim of trafficking, has been arrested, prosecuted, or convicted for an offense.
(e) A person may file a motion under this section only after:
(1) All criminal proceedings against the person related to the offenses that are the subject of the motion have completed; and
(2) The person completes any sentence of incarceration, commitment, probation, parole, or supervised release related to the offenses that are the subject of the motion.
(f) At the request of a movant or prosecutor, the Court may place any record or part of a proceeding related to a motion filed under this section under seal while the motion is pending.
(g) A person may file a motion under this section for an arrest, prosecution, or conviction that occurred before, on, or after April 5, 2019.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 114; as added Apr. 5, 2019, D.C. Law 22-279, § 2(b), 65 DCR 12951.)
2023 District of Columbia Code › Title 22 - Criminal Offenses and Penalties › Chapter 18A - Human Trafficking › § 22–1845. Review by Court

§ 22–1845. Review by Court.
(a)(1) If it plainly appears from the face of the motion, any accompanying exhibits, affidavits, and documents, and the record of any prior proceedings, that the movant is not eligible for relief or is not entitled to relief, the Court may dismiss or deny the motion.
(2) If the motion contains a curable deficiency, the Court shall provide the movant with reasonable time to cure the deficiency and refile the motion.
(b) If the motion is not dismissed or denied after initial review, the Court shall order the prosecutor to file a response to the motion. Within 90 days after the Court's order for a response, the prosecutor shall file a response indicating whether the prosecutor supports or opposes the motion.
(c) The Court may hold a hearing on any motion filed under § 22-1844; provided, that if the prosecutor opposes a motion filed under § 22-1844, the Court shall hold a hearing on the motion within 90 days after the filing of the opposition.
(d) The Court shall grant a motion filed under § 22-1844(a), if the movant establishes, by clear and convincing evidence that:
(1) The movant was convicted of an eligible offense;
(2) The movant is a victim of trafficking; and
(3) The conduct by the movant resulting in the conviction was a direct result of the movant having been a victim of trafficking.
(e) The Court shall grant a motion filed under § 22-1844(b), if the movant establishes, by clear and convincing evidence that:
(1) The movant was arrested but not prosecuted, or the prosecution was terminated without conviction, for an eligible offense or an ineligible offense;
(2) The movant is a victim of trafficking; and
(3) The conduct by the movant resulting in the arrest or prosecution was a direct result of the movant having been a victim of trafficking.
(f) There shall be a rebuttable presumption that a movant is a victim of trafficking if the movant includes in the motion a copy of an official record from a federal, state, tribal, or local proceeding finding that the movant was a victim of trafficking, including a Certification Letter or Eligibility Letter from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
(g) The Court may grant a motion under this section based solely on an affidavit or sworn testimony of the movant.
(Oct. 23, 2010, D.C. Law 18-239, § 115; as added Apr. 5, 2019, D.C. Law 22-279, § 2(b), 65 DCR 12951.)