reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 20 - Operating employees to wear insignia.

56-1-20.
Operating employees to wear insignia.
Every conductor, baggage master, engineer, brakeman or other employee of a railroad company, employed in a passenger train or at the stations for passengers, shall wear upon his hat or cap or in some conspicuous place on the breast of his coat a badge indicating his office or station, and, by its initial letters, the name of the company by which he is employed; and no collector or conductor without such badge shall demand or be entitled to receive from any passenger any fare or ticket or exercise any of the powers of his office or station or interfere with any passenger or his property.
No Change Since 1953
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 21.5 - Railroad special agents.

56-1-21.5.
Railroad special agents.
(1)
(a) A railroad company may appoint one or more persons to be designated by the railroad company as a railroad special agent for the protection of railroad property and the protection of the persons and property of railroad passengers and employees.
(b) While engaged in the conduct of employment, each appointed railroad special agent may possess and exercise the powers of a special function officer.
(c) The special function officer authority may be exercised only:
(i) in the protection of passengers and employees on or about railroad premises and in the protection of property belonging to passengers, or belonging to or under the control of the railroad employing the special agents; and
(ii) in preventing and making arrest for a violation of law upon the premises or in connection with the property.
(2)
(a) A person appointed by a railroad company to act as a railroad special agent shall, prior to appointment, meet the qualifications established for special function officers, pursuant to Section 53-13-105, or as otherwise provided by law.
(b)
(i) Before the appointee performs any duties as a special agent, the railroad company shall file the name of the appointee with the commissioner of the Department of Public Safety.
(ii) If the appointee meets qualifications for a special function officer, the commissioner of the Department of Public Safety shall issue to the special agent a certificate of authority to act as a peace officer, to continue in effect during his employment by the railroad unless revoked by the commissioner for cause.
(3)
(a) A railroad company appointing a special agent is responsible for any liability arising from the acts or omissions of the special agent within the scope of railroad employment, but is entitled to any defense to liability that may be available to other peace officers.
(b) Neither the state nor any of its political subdivisions is liable for any act or omission of a railroad special agent.
Amended by Chapter 282, 1998 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 22 - Applicability of public utility provisions.

56-1-22.
Applicability of public utility provisions.
Nothing contained in this title shall be so construed as to dispense with the necessity for railroad companies to comply with the provisions of the title relating to public utilities applicable to such companies and the conduct of their business. Provided, however, that railroad companies subject to regulation by the Interstate Commerce Commission, shall not be required to comply with the provisions of Sections 54-4-28 through 54-4-30 of said title.
Amended by Chapter 130, 1961 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 22.5 - Procedures -- Adjudicative proceedings.

56-1-22.5.
Procedures -- Adjudicative proceedings.
The Public Service Commission shall comply with the procedures and requirements of Title 63G, Chapter 4, Administrative Procedures Act, in its adjudicative proceedings.
Amended by Chapter 382, 2008 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 25 - Track motor cars -- Installation of head and rear lights, canopies, side curtains, windshield and wiper, and heaters.

56-1-25.
Track motor cars -- Installation of head and rear lights, canopies, side curtains, windshield and wiper, and heaters.
(1) Every person operating or controlling any railroad running through or within the state shall equip each of its track motor cars used during the period from 30 minutes before sunset to 30 minutes after sunrise, with:
(a) an electric headlight of such construction and with sufficient candle power to render plainly visible at a distance of not less than 300 feet in advance of such track motor car, any track obstruction, landmark, warning sign, or grade crossing;
(b) a canopy or top of such construction as to adequately protect the occupants of such cars from rain, snow, and inclement weather;
(c) side curtains;
(d) a windshield equipped with a windshield wiper device, which must be kept in good working order, with which the operator can clear rain, snow, and other moisture from the windshield; and
(e) a red rear electric light of such construction and with sufficient candle power to be plainly visible at a distance of 300 feet.
(2) It is unlawful for any person operating or controlling any railroad running through or within this state to operate or use any track motor car from 30 minutes before sunset to 30 minutes after sunrise, unless the track motor car is equipped with lights of the candle power, construction, and utility described in Subsection (1), a windshield, and a windshield wiper.
(3) Track motor cars need to be equipped with canopies and side curtains required by Subsection (1) only when requested in writing by a majority of the employees regularly using the cars. The railroad company shall have not less than 90 days after such request to make the installation required by this section.
(4) Any person operating or controlling a railroad running through or within the state shall equip its track motor cars with heaters while in use during the time period of November 1 through March 31.
Amended by Chapter 104, 1990 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 26 - Violations -- Penalty.

56-1-26.
Violations -- Penalty.
Any person, firm or corporation operating or controlling any railroad running through or within this state using or permitting to be used on its line in this state a track motor car in violation of the provisions of this act shall be liable to a penalty of $100 for each violation to be recovered in a suit or suits to be brought by the prosecuting attorney in the district court of the county having jurisdiction in the locality where such violation occurred.
Enacted by Chapter 92, 1953 Special Session C
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 27 - First-aid kits -- Installation in cabooses.

56-1-27.
First-aid kits -- Installation in cabooses.
For the purpose of protecting the health and safety of employees of railroads, the Public Service Commission, hereinafter called the commission, shall prescribe standards of health, sanitation and safety requiring the installation and the maintenance of first-aid kits within cabooses of a type and with contents, as shall be determined by the commission, for use in administering first-aid to employees.
Enacted by Chapter 131, 1961 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 28 - Report made when first-aid kit opened for use.

56-1-28.
Report made when first-aid kit opened for use.
The employee of the railroad in charge of the train shall report to the office designated by the company whenever any such kit has been opened for use.
Enacted by Chapter 131, 1961 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 29 - Removal or use of first-aid kit except for proper purpose -- Misdemeanor.

Effective 5/8/2018
56-1-29.
Removal or use of first-aid kit except for proper purpose -- Misdemeanor.
Any person or any employee of the railroad company who shall remove, carry away from its proper place or use any emergency first-aid kit provided for in this act, except for the purpose of administering first-aid in the event of injury to any passenger, employee, or other person in any accident whereby said kit may be made available at once, is guilty of a class B misdemeanor.
Amended by Chapter 148, 2018 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 30 - First-aid kits -- Duty of railroads to comply -- Inspection by commission.

56-1-30.
First-aid kits -- Duty of railroads to comply -- Inspection by commission.
It shall be the duty of all persons engaged in the operation of railroads to comply with any regulation or order of the commission issued under the provisions of this act, and to furnish any information required by the commission for purposes of this act. The commission or its authorized agent may, during reasonable hours, enter the place of operation of any person engaged in the operation of railroads for the purpose of ascertaining whether the standards prescribed by authority of this act are being complied with.
Enacted by Chapter 131, 1961 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 32 - Judicial review.

56-1-32.
Judicial review.
(1) Any party aggrieved by any order of the commission may obtain judicial review.
(2) Venue for judicial review of informal adjudicative proceedings is in the district court of the county in which the place of employment is located.
Amended by Chapter 161, 1987 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 33 - First-aid kits -- Failure to comply with order or regulation -- Penalty.

56-1-33.
First-aid kits -- Failure to comply with order or regulation -- Penalty.
Any person failing to comply with an order or regulation of the commission authorized by this act shall be liable to a penalty of $25 for each day of noncompliance. The attorney general shall file suit on behalf of the state for any unpaid penalty within one year after the penalty accrues.
Enacted by Chapter 131, 1961 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 34 - First-aid kits -- Extension of time for equipping cabooses.

56-1-34.
First-aid kits -- Extension of time for equipping cabooses.
Any common carrier railroad which is unable on or before the effective date of this act to equip its cabooses as prescribed herein may apply to the Public Service Commission for extension of time. The commission may grant additional time, not to exceed six months from the effective date of this act, and during such period the common carrier railroad shall not be subject to the penalty prescribed by Section 56-1-33.
Enacted by Chapter 131, 1961 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 35 - Cabooses and locomotives -- Safety, health, and comfort rules for -- Issuance by commission.

56-1-35.
Cabooses and locomotives -- Safety, health, and comfort rules for -- Issuance by commission.
The Public Service Commission shall issue general or special orders, rules, regulations, or otherwise; establishing minimum safety, health and comfort for railroad cabooses and locomotives.
Enacted by Chapter 112, 1965 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 36 - Cabooses and locomotives -- Safety, health, and comfort rules -- Committee to compile and codify.

56-1-36.
Cabooses and locomotives -- Safety, health, and comfort rules -- Committee to compile and codify.
The commission shall appoint a committee of equal numbers from railroad management and labor to assist in compiling and coding these rules and regulations.
Enacted by Chapter 112, 1965 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 37 - Cabooses and locomotives -- Safety, health, and comfort rules -- Provisions to be included.

56-1-37.
Cabooses and locomotives -- Safety, health, and comfort rules -- Provisions to be included.
These rules and regulations should include the following provisions:
(1) Drinking water facilities shall be installed and maintained so as to provide fresh and pure drinking water. When ice is used for water cooling purposes, the containers shall be so arranged that the drinking water will not come in contact with the ice. Containers used for storing or dispensing potable water shall be kept clean at all times and shall be subjected to effective bacterial treatment as often as may be necessary to prevent the contamination of the water so stored and dispensed.
(2) A heating facility shall be maintained and shall be capable of producing a temperature of at least 65 degrees Fahrenheit in a standard caboose and 53 degrees in the locomotive cab.
(3) Weather stripping or weatherproof sash shall be installed and maintained at all windows and doors and other openings, to protect against weather and seepage of dirt and dust.
(4) Toilets will be installed in each caboose of the flush, chemical, incinerating, or other effective type and where toilets are installed on cabooses or locomotives, they shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition.
Enacted by Chapter 112, 1965 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 38 - Cabooses and locomotives -- Safety, health, and comfort rules -- Application of chapter -- Exceptions.

56-1-38.
Cabooses and locomotives -- Safety, health, and comfort rules -- Application of chapter -- Exceptions.
The provisions of Section 56-1-37 shall not apply to industrial or interplant operations and to cabooses or yard engines used in yard movements within switching limits having a one-way route mileage of 25 miles or less. The provisions of this act shall not apply to cabooses or locomotives presently operated by railroads having less than 100 miles of main and branch line trackage; provided, however, that any additional cabooses acquired by said railroads shall comply with all of the provisions of this act.
Enacted by Chapter 112, 1965 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 2 - Movement of Defective Rolling Stock and Fencing Right-of-Way › Section 1 - Definitions.

56-2-1.
Definitions.
As used in this chapter:
(1) "Broken or defective" means any defects in the wheels, trucks, draft gears, couplers, brakes, draft and center sills, of any car, coach, locomotive, or other rolling stock of a railroad company and every other defect in any car, coach, locomotive or other rolling stock which would be dangerous to the public or to any employee of a railroad company while said car is being moved, hauled or transported.
(2) "Local yard service" means the movement of any car, coach, locomotive or other rolling stock in the railroad yards of any railroad company and between the railroad yards of one or more railroad companies where the distance does not exceed eight miles.
Amended by Chapter 92, 1987 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 2 - Movement of Defective Rolling Stock and Fencing Right-of-Way › Section 2 - Movement of defective rolling stock prohibited -- Exceptions.

56-2-2.
Movement of defective rolling stock prohibited -- Exceptions.
It shall be unlawful for any railroad corporation operating or in control of the operation of any railroad within the state of Utah to haul or transport or cause to be hauled or transported any broken or defective car, coach, locomotive or other rolling stock owned, leased or controlled by said railroad company or any broken or defective car, coach, locomotive or other rolling stock in the control or subject to the orders of said railroad company within the state of Utah, except that this act shall not apply to prevent the movement of such defective cars or equipment in case of fire, strikes or by an act of God where the movement of such defective equipment is required by any statute of the Congress of the United States, or where such cars or equipment are loaded for movement and will not move on their own wheels in such transportation. This act shall not be applicable to the movement of defective cars or equipment in local yard service or where the defects in the rolling stock shall occur while in transit, but such defective cars and equipment shall not be moved or transported a greater distance than the nearest repair point within this state where said company maintains shops equipped to repair such defect.
No Change Since 1953
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 2 - Movement of Defective Rolling Stock and Fencing Right-of-Way › Section 3 - Penalties.

56-2-3.
Penalties.
Every railroad corporation guilty of transporting defective cars or equipment within the state is guilty of a class B misdemeanor. Every offense is punishable by a fine not less than $250, and the person or employee of the corporation responsible for permitting the broken or defective car to go into transit and to be transported within the state of Utah is guilty of a class A misdemeanor.
Amended by Chapter 241, 1991 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 2 - Movement of Defective Rolling Stock and Fencing Right-of-Way › Section 4 - Enforcement of provisions.

56-2-4.
Enforcement of provisions.
The Department of Transportation shall investigate and the Public Service Commission of Utah is hereby required to enforce the provisions of this act, within their respective jurisdictions, and for such purposes are hereby authorized to employ such necessary officials, investigators and inspectors as shall be necessary to provide for the enforcement thereof. And said commission and department are hereby empowered to prescribe the salaries and duties of such officers, investigators and inspectors.
Amended by Chapter 9, 1975 Special Session 1
Amended by Chapter 9, 1975 Special Session 1
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 2 - Movement of Defective Rolling Stock and Fencing Right-of-Way › Section 5 - Construction of chapter.

56-2-5.
Construction of chapter.
It is hereby declared that this act is passed for the purpose of preserving the safety of the public and of employees engaged in the service of railroad companies and to render less dangerous the performance of duties of such employees.
No Change Since 1953
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 2 - Movement of Defective Rolling Stock and Fencing Right-of-Way › Section 6 - Fencing rights of way to protect livestock -- Power of Public Service Commission to require.

56-2-6.
Fencing rights of way to protect livestock -- Power of Public Service Commission to require.
The Public Service Commission shall have the jurisdiction and authority to require every railroad company or corporation operating any steam or electric railroad in this state to erect and maintain fences on each side or either side of such railroad, where such railroad is not now required by law to erect and maintain fences, at such places as the commission shall determine such fences to be necessary to protect sheep, cattle, horses or mules or any other domestic animal being driven, ranged or grazed upon lands adjacent to such railroad from being wounded, maimed or killed by the operation or management of engines, cars or other rolling stock upon or over such railroad, with necessary openings and gates in such fences, and crossings and cattle guards.
No Change Since 1953
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 2 - Movement of Defective Rolling Stock and Fencing Right-of-Way › Section 7 - Exercise of fencing power by commission -- Necessity of application by livestock owners.

56-2-7.
Exercise of fencing power by commission -- Necessity of application by livestock owners.
The Public Service Commission may exercise the jurisdiction and authority granted in Section 56-2-6 only when at least three persons with the right to drive, range, or graze sheep, cattle, horses, or mules upon land adjacent to the portion of the railroad sought to be fenced file a request for agency action with the Public Service Commission.
Amended by Chapter 92, 1987 General Session
Amended by Chapter 161, 1987 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 2 - Movement of Defective Rolling Stock and Fencing Right-of-Way › Section 8 - Contents of livestock owners' application for fencing.

56-2-8.
Contents of livestock owners' application for fencing.
In addition to the information required by Title 63G, Chapter 4, Administrative Procedures Act, the request for agency action shall:
(1) identify the lands;
(2) identify the name and address of the owner of the lands;
(3) if any of the lands are owned by the United States or the state of Utah, designate the agency or department of government that administers the lands;
(4) identify the nature of the right of each petitioner to drive, range, or graze sheep, cattle, horses, or mules on the lands; and
(5) specify the ownership of the railroad sought to be fenced.
Amended by Chapter 382, 2008 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 2 - Movement of Defective Rolling Stock and Fencing Right-of-Way › Section 11 - Modification or revocation of commission's orders requiring fencing.

56-2-11.
Modification or revocation of commission's orders requiring fencing.
Such commission shall also have the jurisdiction and authority to modify or revoke any such order when upon its determination the necessity for any such fence shall cease to exist.
No Change Since 1953
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 2 - Movement of Defective Rolling Stock and Fencing Right-of-Way › Section 12 - Liability for railroad's noncompliance with commission's fencing orders.

56-2-12.
Liability for railroad's noncompliance with commission's fencing orders.
The failure of any railroad company or corporation to comply with any order of the commission authorized by this act shall not subject such noncomplying railroad company or corporation, or any of its officers, agents or employees, to any of the penalties prescribed in Sections 54-7-25 and 54-7-26, Utah Code Annotated 1953, but shall subject such company or corporation to the liability prescribed by Section 56-1-13, Utah Code Annotated 1953.
No Change Since 1953
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 3 - Offensive Substances on Right-of-Way › Section 1 - Definitions.

56-3-1.
Definitions.
As used in this chapter:
(1) "Human waste" means excrement, feces, gray water, or other waste material discharged from the human body.
(2) "Person" means an individual, trust, firm, joint stock company, corporation, partnership, association, state, state or federal agency or entity, municipality, commission, or political subdivision of a state.
(3) "Passenger train" means any train operated by a railroad company or corporation pursuant to Title 56, Chapter 1, General Provisions, for the primary purpose of transporting passengers for hire.
Enacted by Chapter 202, 1989 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 56 - Railroads › Chapter 3 - Offensive Substances on Right-of-Way › Section 2 - Disposal of human waste from passenger train prohibited.

56-3-2.
Disposal of human waste from passenger train prohibited.
No person operating or controlling any passenger train through or within this state may knowingly place, throw, release, discharge, or deposit human waste from a passenger train upon the right-of-way over which it operates.
Enacted by Chapter 202, 1989 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 1 - Definitions.

57-1-1.
Definitions.
As used in this title:
(1) "Certified copy" means a copy of a document certified by its custodian to be a true and correct copy of the document or the copy of the document maintained by the custodian, where the document or copy is maintained under the authority of the United States, the state of Utah or any of its political subdivisions, another state, a court of record, a foreign government, or an Indian tribe.
(2) "Document" means every instrument in writing, including every conveyance, affecting, purporting to affect, describing, or otherwise concerning any right, title, or interest in real property, except wills and leases for a term not exceeding one year.
(3) "Real property" or "real estate" means any right, title, estate, or interest in land, including all nonextracted minerals located in, on, or under the land, all buildings, fixtures and improvements on the land, and all water rights, rights-of-way, easements, rents, issues, profits, income, tenements, hereditaments, possessory rights, claims, including mining claims, privileges, and appurtenances belonging to, used, or enjoyed with the land or any part of the land.
(4) "Stigmatized" means:
(a) the site or suspected site of a homicide, other felony, or suicide;
(b) the dwelling place of a person infected, or suspected of being infected, with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or any other infectious disease that the Utah Department of Health determines cannot be transferred by occupancy of a dwelling place; or
(c) property that has been found to be contaminated, and that the local health department has subsequently found to have been decontaminated in accordance with Title 19, Chapter 6, Part 9, Illegal Drug Operations Site Reporting and Decontamination Act.
Amended by Chapter 249, 2004 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 4 - Attempted conveyance of more than grantor owns -- Effect.

57-1-4.
Attempted conveyance of more than grantor owns -- Effect.
A conveyance made by an owner of an estate for life or years, purporting to convey a greater estate than he could lawfully transfer, does not work a forfeiture of his estate, but passes to the grantee all the estate which the grantor could lawfully transfer.
No Change Since 1953
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 5.1 - Termination of an interest in real estate -- Affidavit.

Effective 5/4/2022
57-1-5.1.
Termination of an interest in real estate -- Affidavit.
(1)
(a) Joint tenancy, tenancy by the entirety, or life estate interest in real estate terminates upon the death of a tenant holding the interest.
(b) The termination of an interest upon death as described in Subsection (1)(a) may be disclosed by an affidavit that:
(i) cites the terminated interest that is being disclosed;
(ii) contains a legal description of the real property that is affected;
(iii) references the entry number and the book and page of the instrument creating the terminated interest;
(iv) has attached as an exhibit, a copy of the death certificate or other document issued by a government agency as described in Section 75-1-107; and
(v) is recorded in the office of the recorder of the county in which the affected property is located.
(2) A determinable or conditional interest in real estate may be terminated by an affidavit that:
(a) cites the interest that is being terminated;
(b) contains a legal description of the real property that is affected;
(c) references the entry number and the book and page of the instrument creating the interest to be terminated; and
(d) is recorded in the office of the recorder of the county in which the affected property is located.
(3) An affidavit described under this section may be in substantially the following form:
"Affidavit
State of Utah )
) ss
County of ___________)
I, (name of affiant), being of legal age and being first duly sworn, depose and state as follows:
(The name of the deceased person), the decedent in the attached certificate of death or other document witnessing death is the same person as (the name of the deceased person) named as a party in the document dated (date of document) as entry _______ in book _______, page _______ in the records of the (name of county) County Recorder.
This affidavit is given to terminate of record the decedent's interest in the following described property located in ___________________ County, State of Utah: (description of the property).
Dated this ______ day of ___________________, ________.
_____________________________________
(Signature of affiant)
Subscribed to and sworn before me this _______ day of ______________, _________.
_____________________________________
Notary public".
Amended by Chapter 349, 2022 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 10 - After-acquired title passes.

57-1-10.
After-acquired title passes.
(1) If any person conveys any real estate by conveyance purporting to convey the real estate in fee simple absolute, and at the time of the conveyance the person does not have the legal estate in the real estate, but afterwards acquires the legal estate:
(a) the legal estate subsequently acquired immediately passes to the grantee, the grantee's heirs, successors, or assigns; and
(b) the conveyance is as valid as if the legal estate had been in the grantor at the time of the conveyance.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to a conveyance by quitclaim deed.
Amended by Chapter 287, 2007 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 11 - Claimant out of possession may convey.

57-1-11.
Claimant out of possession may convey.
Any person claiming title to any real estate may, notwithstanding there may be an adverse possession thereof, sell and convey his interest therein in the same manner and with the same effect as if he were in the actual possession thereof.
No Change Since 1953
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 12 - Form of warranty deed -- Effect.

57-1-12.
Form of warranty deed -- Effect.
(1) Conveyances of land may be substantially in the following form:
WARRANTY DEED
____ (here insert name), grantor, of ____ (insert place of residence), hereby conveys and warrants to ____ (insert name), grantee, of ____ (insert place of residence), for the sum of ____ dollars, the following described tract ____ of land in ____ County, Utah, to wit: (here describe the premises).
Witness the hand of said grantor this __________(month\day\year).
(2) A warranty deed when executed as required by law shall have the effect of a conveyance in fee simple to the grantee, the grantee's heirs, and assigns:
(a) of the premises named in the warranty deed;
(b) of all the appurtenances, rights, and privileges belonging to the premises named in the warranty deed; and
(c) with covenants from the grantor, the grantor's heirs, and personal representatives, that:
(i) the grantor lawfully owns fee simple title to and has the right to immediate possession of the premises;
(ii) the grantor has good right to convey the premises;
(iii) the grantor guarantees the grantee, the grantee's heirs, and assigns in the quiet possession of the premises;
(iv) the premises are free from all encumbrances; and
(v) the grantor, the grantor's heirs, and personal representatives will forever warrant and defend the title of the premises in the grantee, the grantee's heirs, and assigns against all lawful claims whatsoever.
(3) Any exception to the covenants described in Subsection (2)(c) may be briefly inserted in the warranty deed following the description of the land.
Amended by Chapter 55, 2007 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 12.5 - Form of special warranty deed -- Effect.

57-1-12.5.
Form of special warranty deed -- Effect.
(1) Conveyances of land may be substantially in the following form:
SPECIAL WARRANTY DEED
____ (here insert name), grantor, of ____ (insert place of residence), hereby conveys and warrants against all who claim by, through, or under the grantor to ____ (insert name), grantee, of ____ (insert place of residence), for the sum of ____ dollars, the following described tract ____ of land in ____ County, Utah, to wit: (here describe the property).
Witness the hand of said grantor this __________(month\day\year).
(2) A special warranty deed when executed as required by law shall have the effect of:
(a) a conveyance in fee simple to the grantee, the grantee's heirs, and assigns, of the property named in the special warranty deed, together with all the appurtenances, rights, and privileges belonging to the property; and
(b) a covenant from the grantor, the grantor's heirs, and personal representatives, that:
(i) the granted property is free from all encumbrances made by that grantor; and
(ii) the grantor, the grantor's heirs, and personal representatives will forever warrant and defend the title of the property in the grantee, the grantee's heirs, and assigns against any lawful claim and demand of the grantor and any person claiming or to claim by, through, or under the grantor.
(3) Any exceptions to a covenant described in Subsection (2)(b) may be briefly inserted in the deed following the description of the land.
Enacted by Chapter 213, 2005 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 13 - Form of quitclaim deed -- Effect.

Effective 5/5/2021
57-1-13.
Form of quitclaim deed -- Effect.
(1) A conveyance of land may also be substantially in the following form:
"QUITCLAIM DEED
____ (here insert name), grantor, of ____ (insert place of residence), hereby quitclaims to ____ (insert name), grantee, of ____ (here insert place of residence), for the sum of ____ dollars, the following described tract ____ of land in ____ County, Utah, to wit: (here describe the premises).
Witness the hand of said grantor this __________(month\day\year).
A quitclaim deed when executed as required by law shall have the effect of a conveyance of all right, title, interest, and estate of the grantor in and to the premises therein described and all rights, privileges, and appurtenances thereunto belonging, at the date of the conveyance."
(2) A boundary line agreement operating as a quitclaim deed shall meet the requirements described in Section 10-9a-524 or 17-27a-523, as applicable.
Amended by Chapter 385, 2021 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 14 - Form of mortgage -- Effect.

57-1-14.
Form of mortgage -- Effect.
A mortgage of land may be substantially in the following form:
MORTGAGE
____ (here insert name), mortgagor, of ____ (insert place of residence), hereby mortgages to ____ (insert name), mortgagee, of ____ (insert place of residence), for the sum of ____ dollars, the following described tract ____ of land in ____ County, Utah, to wit: (here describe the premises).
This mortgage is given to secure the following indebtedness (here state amount and form of indebtedness, maturity, rate of interest, by and to whom payable, and where).
The mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes and assessments on said premises, and the sum of ____ dollars attorneys' fee in case of foreclosure.
Witness the hand of said mortgagor this __________(month\day\year).
A mortgage when executed as required by law shall have the effect of a conveyance of the land therein described, together with all the rights, privileges and appurtenances thereunto belonging, to the mortgagee, his heirs, assigns, and legal representatives, as security for the payment of the indebtedness thereon set forth, with covenants from the mortgagor of general warranty of title, and that all taxes and assessments levied and assessed upon the land described, during the continuance of the mortgage, will be paid previous to the day appointed for the sale of such lands for taxes; and may be foreclosed as provided by law upon any default being made in any of the conditions thereof as to payment of either principal, interest, taxes, or assessments.
Amended by Chapter 75, 2000 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 15 - Effect of recording assignment of mortgage.

57-1-15.
Effect of recording assignment of mortgage.
The recording of an assignment of a mortgage is not in itself considered notice of the assignment to the mortgagor, his heirs, or personal representatives so as to invalidate any payment made by them or either of them to the mortgagee.
Repealed and Re-enacted by Chapter 155, 1988 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 19 - Trust deeds -- Definitions of terms.

57-1-19.
Trust deeds -- Definitions of terms.
As used in Sections 57-1-20 through 57-1-36:
(1) "Beneficiary" means the person named or otherwise designated in a trust deed as the person for whose benefit a trust deed is given, or his successor in interest.
(2) "Trustor" means the person conveying real property by a trust deed as security for the performance of an obligation.
(3) "Trust deed" means a deed executed in conformity with Sections 57-1-20 through 57-1-36 and conveying real property to a trustee in trust to secure the performance of an obligation of the trustor or other person named in the deed to a beneficiary.
(4) "Trustee" means a person to whom title to real property is conveyed by trust deed, or his successor in interest.
(5) "Real property" has the same meaning as set forth in Section 57-1-1.
(6) "Trust property" means the real property conveyed by the trust deed.
Amended by Chapter 155, 1988 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 20 - Transfers in trust of real property -- Purposes -- Effect.

57-1-20.
Transfers in trust of real property -- Purposes -- Effect.
Transfers in trust of real property may be made to secure the performance of an obligation of the trustor or any other person named in the trust deed to a beneficiary. All right, title, interest and claim in and to the trust property acquired by the trustor, or the trustor's successors in interest, subsequent to the execution of the trust deed, shall inure to the trustee as security for the obligation or obligations for which the trust property is conveyed as if acquired before execution of the trust deed.
Amended by Chapter 236, 2001 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 22.1 - Effect on trustee of a legal action involving a trust.

Effective 5/10/2016
57-1-22.1.
Effect on trustee of a legal action involving a trust.
(1) A party in a legal action that involves a trust deed is not required to join the trustee as a party in the action unless the legal action pertains to a breach of the trustee's obligations under this chapter or under the trust deed.
(2) A trustee of a trust deed is required to act pursuant to a court order against the trust deed beneficiary to the extent the order requires an action that the trustee is authorized to take under this chapter or under the trust deed.
(3) If a party in a legal action that involves a trust deed joins the trustee in an action that does not pertain to the trustee's obligations under this chapter or under the trust deed, the court shall dismiss the action against the trustee and award the trustee reasonable attorney fees arising from the trustee being joined in the legal action.
Enacted by Chapter 305, 2016 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 22.5 - Notice of assignment of beneficial interest.

57-1-22.5.
Notice of assignment of beneficial interest.
(1) A recorded notice of assignment of a beneficial interest, executed by the assigning beneficiary, is prima facie evidence of an assignment of the trust deed as described in the notice.
(2) The notice of assignment of a beneficial interest shall:
(a) state:
(i) the names of the original parties to the trust deed;
(ii) the date the trust deed was recorded;
(iii)
(A) the book and page where the trust deed is recorded; or
(B) the entry number where the trust deed is recorded;
(iv) the legal description of the trust property; and
(v) the name and address of the new beneficiary; and
(b) be in substantially the following form:
Notice of Assignment of Beneficial Interest
The undersigned hereby gives notice that it assigned and transferred all of its rights, title, and interest under the trust deed described below, together with all of the indebtedness secured thereby, to
(insert name and address of current beneficiary)
The trust deed was executed by ______ as trustor, in which ______ was the named beneficiary, ______ was the named trustee, and it was filed for record ______ (month/date/year), (in Book __, Page ____, Records of ______ County Recorder)/(as entry No. ______, _______ County), Utah. This notice of assignment of beneficial interest affects the property located in ___________________ County, State of Utah, and is described more specifically as follows:
(insert legal description)
Dated ___________________
Signature __________________________
(Certificate of Acknowledgment)
Enacted by Chapter 208, 2013 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 23 - Sale of trust property -- Power of trustee -- Foreclosure of trust deed.

57-1-23.
Sale of trust property -- Power of trustee -- Foreclosure of trust deed.
The trustee who is qualified under Subsection 57-1-21(1)(a)(i) or (iv) is given the power of sale by which the trustee may exercise and cause the trust property to be sold in the manner provided in Sections 57-1-24 and 57-1-27, after a breach of an obligation for which the trust property is conveyed as security; or, at the option of the beneficiary, a trust deed may be foreclosed in the manner provided by law for the foreclosure of mortgages on real property. The power of sale may be exercised by the trustee without express provision for it in the trust deed.
Amended by Chapter 236, 2001 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 23.5 - Civil liability for unauthorized person who exercises power of sale.

57-1-23.5.
Civil liability for unauthorized person who exercises power of sale.
(1) As used in this section:
(a) "Unauthorized person" means a person who does not qualify as a trustee under Subsection 57-1-21(1)(a)(i) or (iv).
(b) "Unauthorized sale" means the exercise of a power of sale by an unauthorized person.
(2)
(a) An unauthorized person who conducts an unauthorized sale is liable to the trustor for the actual damages suffered by the trustor as a result of the unauthorized sale or $2,000, whichever is greater.
(b) In an action under Subsection (2)(a), the court shall award a prevailing plaintiff the plaintiff's costs and attorney fees.
Enacted by Chapter 228, 2011 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 24 - Sale of trust property by trustee -- Notice of default.

57-1-24.
Sale of trust property by trustee -- Notice of default.
The power of sale conferred upon the trustee who is qualified under Subsection 57-1-21(1)(a)(i) or (iv) may not be exercised until:
(1) the trustee first files for record, in the office of the recorder of each county where the trust property or some part or parcel of the trust property is situated, a notice of default, identifying the trust deed by stating the name of the trustor named in the trust deed and giving the book and page, or the recorder's entry number, where the trust deed is recorded and a legal description of the trust property, and containing a statement that a breach of an obligation for which the trust property was conveyed as security has occurred, and setting forth the nature of that breach and of the trustee's election to sell or cause to be sold the property to satisfy the obligation;
(2) not less than three months has elapsed from the time the trustee filed for record under Subsection (1); and
(3) after the lapse of at least three months the trustee shall give notice of sale as provided in Sections 57-1-25 and 57-1-26.
Amended by Chapter 236, 2001 General Session
2023 Utah Code › Title 57 - Real Estate › Chapter 1 - Conveyances › Section 27 - Sale of trust property by public auction -- Postponement of sale.

Effective 5/10/2016
57-1-27.
Sale of trust property by public auction -- Postponement of sale.
(1)
(a) On the date and at the time and place designated in the notice of sale, the trustee or the attorney for the trustee shall sell the property at public auction to the highest bidder.
(b) The trustee, or the attorney for the trustee, shall conduct the sale and act as the auctioneer.
(c) The trustor, or the trustor's successor in interest, if present at the sale, may direct the order in which the trust property shall be sold, if the property consists of several known lots or parcels which can be sold separately.
(d) The trustee or attorney for the trustee shall follow the trustor's directions described in Subsection (1)(c).
(e) Any person, including the beneficiary or trustee, may bid at the sale.
(f) The trustee may bid for the beneficiary.
(g) A bid is considered an irrevocable offer.
(h) The trustee may, in the trustee's discretion, require a successful bidder to make a deposit in an amount set forth in the notice of trustee's sale described in Section 57-1-25.
(i) If the highest bidder refuses to pay the amount bid by the highest bidder for the property, the trustee, or the attorney for the trustee, shall either:
(i) renotice the sale in the same manner as notice of the original sale is required to be given; or
(ii) sell the property to the next highest bidder.
(j) If a bidder refuses to pay the bid price:
(i) the bidder is liable for any loss occasioned by the refusal, including interest, costs, and trustee's and reasonable attorney fees;
(ii) the trustee or the attorney for the trustee may, after the bidder's refusal, reject any other bid of that person for the property;
(iii) the bidder forfeits the bidder's deposit; and
(iv) the bidder's deposit is treated as additional sale proceeds applied in accordance with Section 57-1-29.
(2)
(a) The person conducting the sale may, for any cause that the person considers expedient, postpone the sale.
(b) The person conducting the sale shall give notice of each postponement by public declaration at the time and place last appointed for the sale.
(c) No notice of the postponed sale in addition to the notice described in Subsection (2)(b) is required, unless the postponement is for longer than 45 days after the date designated in the original notice of sale.
(d) If the person conducting the sale postpones a sale for longer than the time period described in Subsection (2)(c), the person conducting the sale shall renotice the sale in the same manner required for the original notice of sale.
Amended by Chapter 305, 2016 General Session