reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 2 - REQUIRED EQUIPMENT ON VEHICLES (§§ 55-9-201 — 55-9-218) › Section 55-9-217 - New tires required on new trailers - Waiver - Violations

(a)
After December 31, 2004, any new trailer manufactured in this state and intended for sale to the general public within this state with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of three thousand pounds (3,000 lbs.) or less shall be equipped with new tires appropriate for the weight rating of the vehicle.
(b)
(1)
After December 31, 2004, no new trailer with a GVWR of three thousand pounds (3,000 lbs.) or less shall be sold to the general public in this state unless equipped with new tires appropriate for the weight rating of the vehicle.
(2)
Notwithstanding subdivision (b)(1), a buyer of a new trailer with a GVWR of three thousand pounds (3,000 lbs.) or less may waive the requirements of subdivision (b)(1) and accept the trailer with used tires from a willing seller. To effectuate the waiver, a buyer shall sign a written waiver acknowledging that the trailer is not equipped with new tires and the buyer's willingness to accept the trailer without new tires, and relieving the seller from any liability for any malfunction of the tires with which the trailer is equipped at the time of the sale.
(c)
Nothing in this section shall prohibit the sale of a trailer with a GVWR of three thousand pounds (3,000 lbs.) or less that is not equipped with any tires.
(d)
A violation of this section shall be deemed an offense under the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act of 1977, compiled in title 47, chapter 18. A civil penalty of not more than one hundred fifty dollars ($150) may be imposed for a violation of this section.
Acts 2004, ch. 844, §§ 1, 2.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 2 - REQUIRED EQUIPMENT ON VEHICLES (§§ 55-9-201 — 55-9-218) › Section 55-9-218 - Carbon monoxide detectors

(a)
A recreational vehicle that is leased or rented must have in such vehicle a carbon monoxide detector in proper working order. All leases or rental agreements for a recreational vehicle shall contain language that the carbon monoxide detector in such recreational vehicle was tested, is in proper working order, and that a demonstration of the use of such equipment was performed for the lessee of the recreational vehicle. All leases or rental agreements for recreational vehicles shall contain the following statement, an acknowledgement of which shall be initialed or signed by the lessor and lessee of such vehicle:
I CERTIFY THAT AT THE TIME OF THE RENTAL/LEASE OF THIS VEHICLE THAT IT IS EQUIPPED WITH A WORKING CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTOR.
(b)
An action for civil damages in a court of competent jurisdiction may be brought against any lessor found violating this section, and damages sustained as a consequence of the lessor's violations may be recovered, together with all costs and attorneys' fees.
Acts 2012, ch. 568, § 2.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 3 - REQUIRED EQUIPMENT ON MOTORCYCLES AND MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLES (§§ 55-9-301 — 55-9-308) › Section 55-9-302 - Crash helmet required for driver and passenger - Exceptions

(a)
The driver of a motorcycle, motorized bicycle, as defined in chapter 8 of this title, or motor-driven cycle, and any passenger on any of these, shall be required to wear either a crash helmet meeting federal standards contained in
49 CFR 571.218
, or, if the driver or passenger is twenty-one (21) years of age or older, a helmet meeting the following requirements:
(1)
Except as provided in subdivisions (a)(2)-(4), the helmet shall meet federal motor vehicle safety standards specified in
49 CFR 571.218
;
(2)
Notwithstanding any provision in
49 CFR 571.218
relative to helmet penetration standards, ventilation airways may penetrate through the entire shell of the helmet; provided, that no ventilation airway shall exceed one and one-half inches (11/2") in diameter;
(3)
Notwithstanding any provision in
49 CFR 571.218
, the protective surface shall not be required to be a continuous contour; and
(4)
Notwithstanding any provision in
49 CFR 571.218
to the contrary, a label on the helmet shall be affixed signifying that the helmet complies with the requirements of the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the Southern Impact Research Center (SIRC), or the Snell Foundation.
(b)
This section does not apply to persons riding:
(1)
Within an enclosed cab;
(2)
Autocycles, as defined in §
55-1-103
, that are fully enclosed;
(3)
Golf carts;
(4)
In a parade, at a speed not to exceed thirty (30) miles per hour, if the person is eighteen (18) years of age or older; or
(5)
In a funeral procession, memorial ride under a police escort, or body escort detail; provided, that:
(A)
The driver travels at a speed not to exceed thirty (30) miles per hour;
(B)
The driver or passenger is twenty-one (21) years of age or older; and
(C)
The funeral procession, memorial ride, or body escort detail does not exceed a distance of fifty (50) miles.
Amended by 2023 Tenn. Acts, ch. 100, s 6, eff. 7/1/2024.
Amended by 2016 Tenn. Acts, ch. 1015, s 18, eff. 7/1/2016.
Amended by 2015 Tenn. Acts, ch. 492, s 1, eff. 7/1/2015.
Acts 1967, ch. 45, § 2 (T.C.A. (supp.), § 50-944); Acts 1976, ch. 758, § 2; 1979, ch. 247, § 10; T.C.A., § 59-934; Acts 2000, ch. 606, § 3; 2005, ch. 430, § 1; 2005, ch. 459, § 1; 2006, ch. 535, § 1.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 3 - REQUIRED EQUIPMENT ON MOTORCYCLES AND MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLES (§§ 55-9-301 — 55-9-308) › Section 55-9-303 - Seat for passenger

No person shall ride as a passenger upon a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle unless a proper seat for a passenger is installed thereon.
Amended by 2023 Tenn. Acts, ch. 100, s 7, eff. 7/1/2024.
Acts 1967, ch. 45, § 3 (T.C.A. (supp.), § 50-945); T.C.A., § 59-935.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 3 - REQUIRED EQUIPMENT ON MOTORCYCLES AND MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLES (§§ 55-9-301 — 55-9-308) › Section 55-9-304 - Windshields - Safety goggles, face shields or glasses

Every motorcycle or motor-driven cycle operated upon any highway or public road of this state shall be equipped with a windshield, or, in the alternative, the operator and any passenger on that motorcycle or motor-driven cycle shall be required to wear safety goggles, face shields, or glasses containing impact resistant lenses.
Amended by 2023 Tenn. Acts, ch. 100, s 8, eff. 7/1/2024.
Acts 1967, ch. 45, § 4 (T.C.A. (supp.), § 50-946); T.C.A., § 59-936; Acts 1984, ch. 874, § 2.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 3 - REQUIRED EQUIPMENT ON MOTORCYCLES AND MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLES (§§ 55-9-301 — 55-9-308) › Section 55-9-305 - Rearview mirrors and footrests

All motorcycles and motor-driven cycles operated upon any highway or public road of this state shall be equipped with a rearview mirror and securely attached footrests for the operators and passengers on all motorcycles and motor-driven cycles.
Amended by 2023 Tenn. Acts, ch. 100, s 9, eff. 7/1/2024.
Acts 1968, ch. 493, § 1; 1976, ch. 758, § 3; T.C.A., § 59-937; Acts 2005, ch. 136, § 1.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 3 - REQUIRED EQUIPMENT ON MOTORCYCLES AND MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLES (§§ 55-9-301 — 55-9-308) › Section 55-9-306 - Violation of this part - Penalty

A violation of this part is a Class C misdemeanor.
Acts 1967, ch. 45, § 5 (T.C.A. (supp.), § 50-947); T.C.A., § 59-938; Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 113.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 3 - REQUIRED EQUIPMENT ON MOTORCYCLES AND MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLES (§§ 55-9-301 — 55-9-308) › Section 55-9-307 - Parent or guardian knowingly permitting minor to violate this part - Penalty

Any parent or guardian who knowingly permits a minor to operate a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle in violation of this part commits a Class C misdemeanor.
Amended by 2023 Tenn. Acts, ch. 100, s 10, eff. 7/1/2024.
Acts 1967, ch. 45, § 6 (T.C.A. (supp.), § 50-948); T.C.A., § 59-939; Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 113.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 3 - REQUIRED EQUIPMENT ON MOTORCYCLES AND MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLES (§§ 55-9-301 — 55-9-308) › Section 55-9-308 - Part inapplicable to autocycles - Exception

Except as provided in §
55-9-302
, this part does not apply to autocycles.
Amended by 2021 Tenn. Acts, ch. 176, s 1, eff. 7/1/2021.
Acts 1986, ch. 804, § 9.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 4 - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-401 — 55-9-415) › Section 55-9-403 - Headlamps on motorcycles - Penalty

(a)
Every motorcycle shall be equipped with at least one (1) and not more than two (2) headlamps.
(b)
A violation of this section is a Class C misdemeanor.
Acts 1931, ch. 82, § 15; 1937, ch. 245, § 5; 1941, ch. 121, § 1; C. Supp. 1950, § 2700.16 (Williams, § 2695); T.C.A. (orig. ed.), § 59-906; Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 113.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 4 - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-401 — 55-9-415) › Section 55-9-404 - Lamp at end of train of vehicles - Penalty

(a)
Every motor vehicle and every trailer or semitrailer that is being drawn at the end of a train of vehicles shall carry at the rear a lamp of a type that exhibits a yellow or red light plainly visible under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of five hundred feet (500') to the rear of the vehicle, and the light shall be so constructed and placed that the number plate carried on the rear of the vehicle shall under like conditions be so illuminated by a white light as to be read from a distance of fifty feet (50') to the rear of the vehicle.
(b)
This section shall not apply to a single motor vehicle as is required in §
55-9-402
, but shall only apply to the last motor vehicle being drawn at the end of a train or group of motor vehicles.
(c)
A violation of this section is a Class C misdemeanor.
Acts 1931, ch. 82, § 15; 1937, ch. 245, § 5; 1941, ch. 121, § 1; C. Supp. 1950, § 2700.16 (Williams, § 2695); T.C.A. (orig. ed.), § 59-907; Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 113; 2004, ch. 488, § 1.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 4 - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-401 — 55-9-415) › Section 55-9-406 - Headlights on motor vehicles - Operation during inclement weather - Violation - Penalty - Costs

(a)
The headlights of every motor vehicle shall be so constructed, equipped, arranged, focused, aimed, and adjusted, that they will at all times mentioned in §
55-9-401
, and under normal atmospheric conditions and on a level road produce a driving light sufficient to render clearly discernible a person two hundred feet (200') ahead, but shall not project a glaring or dazzling light to persons in front of the headlights. The headlights shall be displayed during the period from one-half (1/2) hour after sunset to one-half (1/2) hour before sunrise, during fog, smoke, or rain and at all other times when there is not sufficient light to render clearly discernible any person on the road at a distance of two hundred feet (200') ahead of the vehicle.
(b)
(1)
Operation of headlights during periods of rain, as required in this section, shall be made during any time when rain, mist, or other precipitation, including snow, necessitates the constant use of windshield wipers by motorists.
(2)
Notwithstanding any law to the contrary, any person who is arrested or receives a traffic citation for violation of subdivision (b)(1), upon conviction, shall not be fined more than the maximum fine nor less than the minimum fine as provided by law for the violation nor shall any cost be imposed or assessed against the person. The conviction shall not be reported to the department of safety under §§
55-10-306
and
55-12-115
.
(3)
No cost shall be charged under this subsection (b).
(4)
A violation of this subsection (b) is a Class C misdemeanor.
Acts 1931, ch. 82, § 15; 1937, ch. 245; C. Supp. 1950, § 2700.16 (Williams, § 2695); Acts 1970, ch. 359, § 1; 1979, ch. 217, §§ 1, 2, 3, 5; T.C.A. (orig. ed.), § 59-909; Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 113.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 4 - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-401 — 55-9-415) › Section 55-9-407 - Multiple beam road lighting equipment - Use

Whenever the road lighting equipment on a motor vehicle is so arranged that the driver may select at will between two (2) or more distributions of light from headlights or lamps or auxiliary road lighting lamps or lights, or combinations thereof, directed to different elevations, the following requirements shall apply while driving during the times when lights are required:
(1)
When there is no oncoming vehicle within five hundred feet (500'), the driver shall use an upper distribution of light; provided, that a lower distribution of light may be used when fog, dust, or other atmospheric conditions make it desirable for reasons of safety, and when within the confines of municipalities where there is sufficient light to render clearly discernible persons and vehicles on the highway at a distance of five hundred feet (500') ahead and when following another vehicle within five hundred feet (500'); and
(2)
When within five hundred feet (500') of an oncoming vehicle, a driver shall use a distribution of light so aimed that the glaring rays therefrom are not directed into the eyes of the oncoming driver.
Acts 1937, ch. 245, § 5; C. Supp. 1950, § 2700.16 (Williams, § 2695); T.C.A. (orig. ed.), § 59-910.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 4 - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-401 — 55-9-415) › Section 55-9-408 - Headlights complying with prohibition against glaring and dazzling lights - Anti-glare devices-Mounted height of lamps

Headlights shall be deemed to comply with §
55-9-406
, prohibiting glaring and dazzling lights, if the headlights are of a type customarily employed by manufacturers of automobiles and in addition are equipped with some anti-glare device; provided, that the anti-glare device, or any combination thereof, when properly adjusted, shall prevent any of the bright portions of the headlight beams from rising above a horizontal plane passing through the lamp centers parallel to a level road upon which the loaded vehicle stands and in no case higher than forty-two inches (42"), seventy-five feet (75') ahead of the vehicle.
Amended by 2013 Tenn. Acts, ch. 308, s 39, eff. 7/1/2013.
Acts 1931, ch. 82, § 15; 1937, ch. 245, § 5; 1939, ch. 206, § 4; C. Supp. 1950, § 2700.16 (Williams, § 2695); T.C.A. (orig. ed.), § 59-911.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 4 - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-401 — 55-9-415) › Section 55-9-409 - Inspecting and testing lamps emitting glare - Order to remove illegal lamps - Arrest of drivers

(a)
Any member of the highway patrol having reasonable ground to believe that any headlamp or auxiliary driving or fog lamp or any device upon a vehicle emits a glaring light as defined in §§
55-9-406
and
55-9-408
, or otherwise fails to comply with the requirements of this part, may require the driver of the vehicle to stop and submit the lamp to an inspection or test. The officer making the inspection shall require the driver of the vehicle to remove the illegal lamp within twenty-four (24) hours, and may arrest the driver and give the driver a notice to appear, and may further require the driver or the owner of the vehicle to produce in court satisfactory evidence of the removal of the illegal lamp.
(b)
In the event any headlight or auxiliary driving or fog light, by reason of faulty adjustment or otherwise, emits a glaring light as defined in §§
55-9-406
and
55-9-408
or otherwise fails to comply with this part, the officer making the inspection shall direct the driver to make the light or lights conform to the requirements of this part within forty-eight (48) hours. The officer may also arrest the driver and give the driver a notice to appear, and further require the driver or the owner of the vehicle to produce in court satisfactory evidence that the light or lights have been made to conform with the requirements of this part.
Amended by 2013 Tenn. Acts, ch. 308, s 40, eff. 7/1/2013.
Acts 1937, ch. 245, § 5; 1939, ch. 206, § 5; C. Supp. 1950, § 2700.16 (Williams, § 2695); T.C.A. (orig. ed.), § 59-912.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 4 - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-401 — 55-9-415) › Section 55-9-410 - Penalty for refusal or failure to submit to lamp inspection

Whenever the driver of a vehicle is directed by a member of the highway patrol to stop and submit the lights upon the vehicle to an inspection or test under the conditions stated in §
55-9-409
, it is the duty of the driver to stop and submit to the inspection or test, and a failure or refusal to do so is a Class C misdemeanor.
Acts 1937, ch. 245, § 5; C. Supp. 1950, § 2700.16 (Williams, § 2695); T.C.A. (orig. ed.), § 59-913; Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 113.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 4 - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-401 — 55-9-415) › Section 55-9-413 - Warning or signal light for rural mail carriers authorized

The commissioner of safety is authorized to design or develop standards for a safety warning device or flashing signal light that may be used by rural mail carriers when delivering mail. Rural mail carriers may submit for approval to the state official any such device or light and, if approved for safety reasons by the official, may attach and use the device or light on top of any vehicle used by them while the vehicle is in use delivering mail. The device or light may not be used on the vehicle except when the vehicle is in use delivering mail.
Acts 1963, ch. 72, § 1; T.C.A., § 59-931.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 4 - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-401 — 55-9-415) › Section 55-9-415 - Operation of vehicle with lamps or spotlights facing backwards - Penalty

(a)
(1)
It is an offense for a person to operate any vehicle equipped with auxiliary lamps or spotlights facing backwards on a highway, street or roadway in this state when the lamps or spotlights are in operation.
(2)
This section does not apply to any emergency vehicle or public utility vehicle.
(3)
It is not the intent of this section to prohibit the use of the lamps or spotlights for lawful purposes while the vehicle is parked, but the use of the lamps or spotlights shall not interfere with a vehicle operating on a highway, street or roadway.
(b)
A violation of this section is a Class A misdemeanor, punishable only by a fine of not less than one thousand dollars ($1,000).
Acts 1990, ch. 673, § 1.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 6 - SAFETY BELTS (§§ 55-9-601 — 55-9-610) › Section 55-9-601 - Required - Specifications - Violations - Penalties

(a)
(1)
It is unlawful for any person to buy, sell, lease, trade or transfer from or to Tennessee residents, at retail, an automobile that is manufactured or assembled commencing with the 1964 models, unless the automobile is equipped with safety belts installed for use in the left front and right front seats.
(2)
It is unlawful for any person to buy, sell, lease, trade or transfer from or to Tennessee residents, at retail, a passenger motor vehicle that is manufactured or assembled commencing with the 1969 models, unless the passenger motor vehicle is equipped with safety belts installed for use in every designated seating position of the motor vehicle.
(b)
All such safety belts shall be of a type and be installed in a manner approved by the department of safety. The department shall establish specifications and requirements of approved types of safety belts and attachments. The department shall accept, as approved, all seat belt installations and the belt and anchor meeting the specifications of the Society of Automotive Engineers.
(c)
As used in this section, unless specified otherwise, "passenger car" or "passenger motor vehicle" means any motor vehicle with a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating of eight thousand five hundred pounds (8,500 lbs.) or less that is not used as a public or livery conveyance for passengers. "Passenger car" or "passenger motor vehicle" does not apply to motor vehicles that are not required by federal law to be equipped with safety belts.
(d)
A violation of this section is a Class C misdemeanor.
(e)
No court costs shall be imposed or assessed against anyone convicted of a violation of this section.
Acts 1963, ch. 102, §§ 1, 2; 1977, ch. 114, §§ 1, 2; T.C.A., § 59-930; Acts 1981, ch. 86, §§ 1, 2; 1985, ch. 183, § 1; T.C.A., §
55-9-214
; Acts 1986, ch. 866, §§ 1-3; 1989, ch. 591, § 113.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 6 - SAFETY BELTS (§§ 55-9-601 — 55-9-610) › Section 55-9-604 - Failure to wear safety belt - Contributory negligence - Evidence

(a)
The failure to wear a safety belt or receipt of a citation or warrant for arrest for failure to wear a safety belt shall not be admissible into evidence in a civil action; provided, that evidence of a failure to wear a safety belt or receipt of a citation or warrant for arrest for failure to wear a safety belt, as required by this chapter, may be admitted in a civil action as to the causal relationship between noncompliance and the injuries alleged, if the following conditions have been satisfied:
(1)
The plaintiff has filed a products liability claim;
(2)
The defendant alleging noncompliance with this chapter shall raise this defense in its answer or timely amendment thereto in accordance with the rules of civil procedure; and
(3)
Each defendant seeking to offer evidence alleging noncompliance with this chapter has the burden of proving noncompliance with this chapter, that compliance with this chapter would have reduced injuries and the extent of the reduction of the injuries.
(b)
Upon request of any party, the trial judge shall hold a hearing out of the presence of the jury as to the admissibility of the evidence in accordance with this section and the Tennessee Rules of Evidence.
Acts 1986, ch. 866, § 5; 1994, ch. 661, § 3; 2004, ch. 893, § 6.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 6 - SAFETY BELTS (§§ 55-9-601 — 55-9-610) › Section 55-9-605 - Liability of manufacturer

This part shall not be construed to relieve the manufacturer of any product regulated pursuant to this part from any liability concerning the product that existed prior to April 21, 1986, nor shall any criminal or civil liability for the product be construed to be waived by any provisions of this part. This shall not be construed as establishing, or creating, strict liability on the part of the manufacturer.
Acts 1986, ch. 866, § 15.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 6 - SAFETY BELTS (§§ 55-9-601 — 55-9-610) › Section 55-9-606 - Passengers over sixteen years of age - ADS - operated vehicle

Notwithstanding this part to the contrary:
(1)
Except as otherwise provided in subdivision (2), the operator of a passenger motor vehicle under this part shall not be fined for the failure of any passenger over sixteen (16) years of age to wear a safety belt; and
(2)
For purposes of an ADS-operated vehicle and when the ADS is engaged, neither the operator nor the owner shall be fined for the failure of any passenger, regardless of age, to wear a safety belt.
Amended by 2017 Tenn. Acts, ch. 474, s 9, eff. 6/6/2017.
Acts 1986, ch. 866, § 10.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 6 - SAFETY BELTS (§§ 55-9-601 — 55-9-610) › Section 55-9-607 - Program to enforce compliance - Highway signs

(a)
The departments of health and safety shall initiate an educational program designed to encourage compliance with safety belt and child passenger restraint system usage laws. This program shall focus on the effectiveness of restraint devices, the monetary saving and other benefits to the public, and the requirements and penalties specified in this law.
(b)
The commissioner of transportation may, within the department of transportation's existing budget, erect signs or add to existing signs along interstate highways within the state a statement to the effect that Tennessee law requires all passengers in a motor vehicle to be wearing safety belts. The number and placement of the signs shall be within the discretion of the commissioner.
Acts 1986, ch. 866, § 13.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 9 - EQUIPMENT - LIGHTING REGULATIONS (§§ 55-9-101 — 55-9-610) › Part 6 - SAFETY BELTS (§§ 55-9-601 — 55-9-610) › Section 55-9-610 - Child safety restraints - Programs to increase compliance

The departments of health and safety shall place a priority on programs directed to increasing compliance with laws requiring child safety restraints. These efforts shall include the following:
(1)
The department of safety shall supply to health care institutions providing obstetrical services appropriate literature pertaining to child safety restraints for distribution to prospective parents and parents of newborn children; and
(2)
The departments of health and safety shall coordinate their efforts in visiting prenatal classes offered by health care institutions providing obstetrical services to assure prospective parents understand the requirements of and necessity for child safety restraints.
Acts 1989, ch. 564, § 8; T.C.A., § 55-9-611.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-101 - Accidents involving death or personal injury

(a)
The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any person shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident or as close to the scene as possible, but shall then return to and in every event shall remain at the scene of the accident until the driver has fulfilled the requirements of §
55-10-103
. The stop shall be made without obstructing traffic more than is necessary. The requirements in this subsection (a) apply to accidents occurring upon highways and the premises of any shopping center, trailer park or any apartment house complex, or any other premises that are generally frequented by the public at large.
(b)
(1)
A violation of subsection (a) is a Class A misdemeanor.
(2)
(A)
It is a Class E felony for any person to fail to stop or to comply with the requirements of subsection (a) when the person knew or should reasonably have known that death resulted from the accident.
(B)
If, as a result of the same course of conduct, a person who is charged with a violation of subdivision (b)(2)(A) is also charged with the offense of vehicular assault under §
39-13-106
, vehicular homicide under §
39-13-213
or aggravated vehicular homicide under §
39-13-218
, any sentence imposed for a violation of subdivision (b)(2)(A) shall be served consecutive to any sentence imposed for the applicable assault or homicide offense.
(c)
The commissioner shall revoke the license or permit to drive and any nonresident operating privilege of the person convicted of a violation of this section.
(d)
As used in this part, "accident" includes any collision or crash, regardless of the degree of care exercised by the drivers involved or whether it was the result of criminal conduct.
(e)
With respect to an ADS-operated vehicle, as defined by §
55-30-102
, the requirements of subsection (a) are satisfied if the motor vehicle's owner, or a person on behalf of the motor vehicle's owner, promptly contacts a law enforcement officer or agency to report the accident and the ADS-operated vehicle remains on the scene of the accident as otherwise required by law.
Amended by 2018 Tenn. Acts, ch. 1046, s 4, eff. 7/1/2018.
Amended by 2017 Tenn. Acts, ch. 474, s 10, eff. 6/6/2017.
Amended by 2015 Tenn. Acts, ch. 164, s 1, eff. 7/1/2015.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 78; 1976, ch. 674, § 1; T.C.A., § 59-1001; Acts 1984, ch. 758, § 1; 1988, ch. 788, § 1; 1989, ch. 323, § 1; 1989, ch. 591, §§ 1, 6, 111; 2008 , ch. 1167, § 1.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-103 - Duty to give information and render aid

(a)
The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any person or damage to any vehicle that is driven or attended by any person shall give the driver's name, address and the registration number of the vehicle the driver is driving, and shall, upon request and if available, exhibit that driver's operator's or chauffeur's license, or driver license, to the person struck or the driver or occupant of or person attending any vehicle collided with, and shall render to any person injured in the accident reasonable assistance, including the carrying, or the making of arrangements for the carrying, of the person to a physician, surgeon or hospital for medical or surgical treatment if it is apparent that treatment is necessary or if carrying is requested by the injured person.
(b)
The requirements in subsection (a) shall apply to accidents occurring upon highways and the premises of any shopping center, trailer park or any apartment house complex, or any other premises that are generally frequented by the public at large.
(c)
With respect to an ADS-operated vehicle, as defined by §
55-30-102
, the requirements of subsection (a) are satisfied if the motor vehicle's owner, or a person on behalf of the motor vehicle's owner, promptly contacts a law enforcement officer or agency to report the accident and the ADS-operated vehicle remains on the scene of the accident as otherwise required by law.
Amended by 2017 Tenn. Acts, ch. 474, s 10, eff. 6/6/2017.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 80; T.C.A., § 59-1003; Acts 1988, ch. 788, § 1.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-104 - Duty upon striking unattended vehicles

(a)
The driver of any vehicle that collides with any unattended vehicle shall immediately stop and shall then and there either locate and notify the operator or owner of that vehicle of the name and address of the driver and owner of the vehicle striking the unattended vehicle, or shall leave in a conspicuous place in the vehicle struck a written notice giving the name and address of the driver and of the owner of the vehicle doing the striking and a statement of the circumstances thereof. Written notices prepared pursuant to this section shall include information pertaining to the insurance policy, including the name of the insurer, of the driver and of the owner of the vehicle. If the driver and the owner have a certificate of compliance with the Tennessee Financial Responsibility Law of 1977, compiled in chapter 12 of this title, issued by the commissioner of safety, a copy of the certificate shall be included in the written notice.
(b)
The requirements in subsection (a) shall apply to accidents occurring upon highways and the premises of any shopping center, trailer park or any apartment house complex, or any other premises that are generally frequented by the public at large.
(c)
With respect to an ADS-operated vehicle, as defined by §
55-30-102
, the requirements of subsection (a) are satisfied if the motor vehicle's owner, or a person on behalf of the motor vehicle's owner, promptly contacts a law enforcement officer or agency to report the accident and the ADS-operated vehicle remains on the scene of the accident as otherwise required by law.
Amended by 2017 Tenn. Acts, ch. 474, s 10, eff. 6/6/2017.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 81; T.C.A., § 59-1004; Acts 1988, ch. 788, § 1; 2007 , ch. 139, § 2.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-105 - Duty upon striking fixtures - ADS - operated vehicle

(a)
The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting only in damage to fixtures or other property legally upon or adjacent to a highway or on the premises of any shopping center, trailer park or any apartment house complex, or any other premises that are generally frequented by the public at large, shall take reasonable steps to locate and notify the owner or person in charge of the property of that fact, the driver's name, address, and the registration number of the vehicle that the driver was driving, and shall, upon request and if available, exhibit the driver's operator's or chauffeur's license, or driver license, and shall make report of the accident when and as required in §
55-10-107
.
(b)
With respect to an ADS-operated vehicle, as defined by §
55-30-102
, the requirements of subsection (a) are satisfied if the motor vehicle's owner, or a person on behalf of the motor vehicle's owner, promptly contacts a law enforcement officer or agency to report the accident and the ADS-operated vehicle remains on the scene of the accident as otherwise required by law.
Amended by 2017 Tenn. Acts, ch. 474, s 11, eff. 6/6/2017.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 82; T.C.A., § 59-1005; Acts 1988, ch. 788, § 2.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-106 - Immediate notice of accident

(a)
The driver of a vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any person or property damage to an apparent extent of fifty dollars ($50.00) or more shall immediately, by the quickest means of communication, give notice of the accident to the local police department if the accident occurs within a municipality, otherwise to the office of the county sheriff or the nearest office of the state highway patrol.
(b)
The requirements in subsection (a) shall apply to accidents occurring upon highways and the premises of any shopping center, trailer park or any apartment house complex, or any other premises that are generally frequented by the public at large.
(c)
With respect to an ADS-operated vehicle, as defined by §
55-30-102
, the requirements of subsection (a) are satisfied if the motor vehicle's owner, or a person on behalf of the motor vehicle's owner, promptly contacts a law enforcement officer or agency to report the accident and the ADS-operated vehicle remains on the scene of the accident as otherwise required by law.
Amended by 2017 Tenn. Acts, ch. 474,s 10, eff. 6/6/2017.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 83; T.C.A., § 59-1006; Acts 1988, ch. 788, § 1.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-107 - Written report of accident

(a)
(1)
The driver of a vehicle that is in any manner involved in an accident resulting in bodily injury to or death to any person, or in which damage to the property of any one (1) person, including the driver's, in excess of one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500) is sustained, shall within twenty (20) days after the accident, forward a written report of the accident to the department of safety; provided, that persons making written reports to the department pursuant to §
55-12-104
shall not be required to make any additional report pursuant to this section, §
55-10-109
or §
55-10-111
.
(2)
If an accident results in damage to state or local government property in excess of four hundred dollars ($400), then the driver of the vehicle involved in the accident shall file a written report in accordance with subdivision (a)(1).
(b)
The requirements in subsection (a) shall apply to accidents occurring upon highways and the premises of any shopping center, trailer park or any apartment house complex, or any other premises that are generally frequented by the public at large.
(c)
Written reports prepared pursuant to this section shall include information pertaining to the insurance policy, including the name of the insurer, of the driver and of the owner of the vehicle. If the driver and the owner have a certificate of compliance with the Tennessee Financial Responsibility Law of 1977, compiled in chapter 12 of this title, issued by the commissioner of safety, a copy of the certificate shall be included in the written notice.
(d)
With respect to an ADS-operated vehicle, as defined by §
55-30-102
, the written reports required under subsection (a) must be completed by the vehicle's owner.
Amended by 2018 Tenn. Acts, ch. 555,s 6, eff. 1/1/2019.
Amended by 2018 Tenn. Acts, ch. 555,s 2, eff. 1/1/2019.
Amended by 2017 Tenn. Acts, ch. 474,s 12, eff. 6/6/2017.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 84; 1967, ch. 106, § 1; T.C.A., § 59-1007; Acts 1986, ch. 842, § 6; 1988, ch. 788, § 1; 1989, ch. 263, § 2; 2007, ch. 139, § 3.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-109 - When driver unable to report

(a)
An accident report is not required under this part from any person who is physically incapable of making a report during the period of the incapacity.
(b)
Whenever the driver of a vehicle is physically incapable of giving an immediate notice of an accident as required in §
55-10-106
, and there was another occupant in the vehicle at the time of the accident capable of doing so, the occupant shall make or cause to be given the notice not given by the driver.
(c)
Whenever the driver is physically incapable of making a written report of an accident as required in §
55-10-107
, and the driver is not the owner of the vehicle, then the owner of the vehicle involved in the accident shall within twenty (20) days after learning of the accident make the report not made by the driver.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 86; T.C.A., § 59-1009; Acts 1986, ch. 842, § 9.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-110 - False reports

Any person who gives information reports as required in §§
55-10-107
- 55-10-109, knowing or having reason to believe that the information is false, commits a Class C misdemeanor.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 87; T.C.A., § 59-1010; Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 113.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-111 - Accident report forms - Penalty for failure to report

(a)
The department shall advise all suitable agencies or individuals required to submit accident reports the appropriate method to submit such report. The reports to be made by persons involved in accidents and by investigating officers shall call for sufficiently detailed information to disclose with reference to a traffic accident the cause, conditions then existing, and the persons and vehicles involved.
(b)
Every accident report required to be made by a law enforcement officer shall be transmitted to the department in an electronic format approved and according to the standards established by the department. The report shall contain all of the information required therein unless not available. All other accident reports shall be transmitted to the department on appropriate forms approved by the department.
(c)
The commissioner may suspend the license or permit to drive and any nonresident operating privileges of any person failing to report an accident as herein provided until the report has been filed, and the commissioner may extend the suspension for a period not to exceed thirty (30) days. A person failing to make a required report commits a Class C misdemeanor.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 88; T.C.A., § 59-1011; Acts 1986, ch. 842, § 10; 1989, ch. 591, § 113; 2012, ch. 531, §§ 7, 8.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-112 - Coroner's report

Every coroner or other official performing like functions shall on or before the tenth day of each month report in writing to the department the death of any person within the coroner's or other official's jurisdiction during the preceding calendar month as the result of a traffic accident, giving the time and place of the accident and the circumstances relating thereto.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 89; T.C.A., § 59-1012.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-113 - Garages to report

The person in charge of any garage or repair shop, to which is brought any motor vehicle that shows evidence of having been involved in an accident of which report must be made as provided in §
55-10-107
, or of having been struck by any bullet, shall report to the department within twenty-four (24) hours after the motor vehicle is received, giving the engine number, registration number, and the name and address of the owner or operator of the vehicle.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 90; T.C.A., § 59-1013.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-114 - Public inspection of reports relating to accidents

(a)
All accident reports made by any person or by garages shall be without prejudice to the individual so reporting, and shall be for the confidential use of the department or other state agencies having use of the records for accident prevention purposes, or for the administration of the laws of this state relating to the deposit of security and proof of financial responsibility by persons driving or the owners of motor vehicles, except that the department may disclose the identity of a person involved in an accident when the identity is not otherwise known or when the person denies having been present at the accident.
(b)
No reports or information mentioned in this section shall be used as evidence in any trial, civil or criminal, arising out of an accident, except that the department shall furnish upon demand of any party to the trial, or upon demand of any court, a certificate showing that a specified accident report has or has not been made to the department in compliance with law.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 91; T.C.A., § 59-1014.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-115 - Department to tabulate and analyze accident reports - Request for copy of crash report by member of general assembly

(a)
The department shall prepare and shall upon request supply to police, coroners, sheriffs and other suitable agencies or individuals, forms for accident reports calling for sufficiently detailed information to disclose with reference to a highway accident the cause, conditions then existing, and the persons and vehicle involved, as provided in §
55-10-111
.
(b)
The department shall receive accident reports required to be made by this part and may tabulate and analyze those reports and publish annually, or at more frequent intervals, statistical information based thereon as to the number, cause and location of highway accidents.
(c)
Based upon its findings after this analysis, the department may conduct further necessary detailed research to more fully determine the cause and control of highway accidents. It may further conduct experimental field tests within areas of the state from time to time to prove the practicability of various ideas advanced in traffic control and accident prevention.
(d)
(1)
Any member of the general assembly may request, in writing, the department to provide a copy of a crash report received pursuant to this part that occurred in the member's district and that resulted in a person's death. The report must be provided to the member within thirty (30) business days after a confirmed death is reported to the department on the crash report.
(2)
The written request must include the duration for which the member wishes to receive crash reports, up to three hundred sixty-five (365) days. A member must submit another request after the expiration of the previous request in order to continue receiving crash reports.
(3)
A crash report that is subject to an ongoing investigation or court order requiring the information be kept confidential shall not be released under this subsection (d).
(4)
The federal Driver Privacy Protection Act (
18 U.S.C. §§ 2721-2725
), the Uniform Motor Vehicle Records Disclosure Act, compiled in chapter 25 of this title, and any other state or federal law regarding protection of personally identifiable information apply to any report released under this subsection (d).
Amended by 2021 Tenn. Acts, ch. 225, s 1, eff. 7/1/2021.
Acts 1955, ch. 329, § 92; T.C.A., § 59-1015.
2023 Tennessee Code › Title 55 - MOTOR AND OTHER VEHICLES (§§ 55-1-101 — 55-53-105) › Chapter 10 - ACCIDENTS, ARRESTS, CRIMES AND PENALTIES (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-804) › Part 1 - ACCIDENTS (§§ 55-10-101 — 55-10-120) › Section 55-10-116 - Railroad locomotive engineers - Display of operator permits

Notwithstanding any law to the contrary, whenever an engineer of a railroad locomotive is required to show proof of identity under this title, in connection with operation of the locomotive, to any law enforcement officer, the engineer shall not be required to display an operator's or chauffeur's license, or driver license, but shall display an engineer's operator permit instead.
Acts 1980, ch. 542, § 3.