2023 Texas Statutes › Insurance Code › Title 4 - Regulation of Solvency › Subtitle C - Delinquent Insurers › Chapter 443 - Insurer Receivership Act › Subchapter E. Asset Recovery › Section 443.204. Voidable Preferences and Liens

Sec. 443.204.  VOIDABLE PREFERENCES AND LIENS.  (a)  A "preference" is a transfer of any interest in property of an insurer that:
(1)  is made to or for the benefit of a creditor and for or on account of an antecedent debt and is made or suffered by the insurer within two years preceding the filing of a successful petition commencing delinquency proceedings; and
(2)  enables the creditor to receive more than the creditor would receive if the insurer were liquidated under this chapter, the transfer had not been made, and the creditor was entitled to receive payment of the debt to the extent provided by this chapter.
(b)  Any preference may be avoided by the receiver if:
(1)  the insurer was insolvent at the time of the transfer;
(2)  the transfer was made within 120 days before the date of filing of the petition commencing delinquency proceedings;
(3)  the creditor receiving the transfer or to be benefited by the transfer, or the creditor's agent acting with reference to the transfer, had, at the time the transfer was made, reasonable cause to believe that the insurer was insolvent or was about to become insolvent; or
(4)  the creditor receiving the transfer was:
(A)  an officer or director of the insurer;
(B)  an employee, attorney, or other person who was in fact in a position to effect a level of control or influence over the actions of the insurer comparable to that of an officer or director, without regard to whether the person held that position; or
(C)  an affiliate.
(c)  The receiver may not avoid a transfer under this section:
(1)  to the extent that the transfer was:
(A)  intended by the insurer and the creditor to or for whose benefit the transfer was made to be a contemporaneous exchange for new value given to the insurer and in fact was a substantially contemporaneous exchange; or
(B)  made in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs between the insurer and the transferee and made according to ordinary business terms in payment of a debt incurred by the insurer in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the insurer and the transferee; or
(2)  to or for the benefit of a creditor, to the extent that, after the transfer, the creditor gave new value to or for the benefit of the insurer that was:
(A)  not secured by an otherwise unavoidable security interest; and
(B)  on account of which new value the insurer did not make an otherwise unavoidable transfer to or for the benefit of the creditor.
(d)  For purposes of this section:
(1)  a transfer of property other than real property is deemed to be made or suffered at the time the transfer becomes so far perfected that any subsequent lien obtainable by legal or equitable proceedings on a simple contract could not become superior to the rights of the transferee;
(2)  a transfer of real property is deemed to be made or suffered when the transfer is so far perfected that a subsequent bona fide purchaser from the insurer could not obtain rights superior to the rights of the transferee;
(3)  a transfer that creates an equitable lien is not deemed to be perfected if there are available means by which a legal lien could be created; and
(4)  a transfer not perfected prior to the filing of a petition for receivership is deemed to be made immediately before the filing commencing delinquency proceedings.
(e)  The provisions of this section apply without regard to whether there are or were creditors who might have obtained liens or persons who might have become bona fide purchasers.
(f)  Within the meaning of Subsection (d), "a lien obtainable by legal or equitable proceedings on a simple contract" is a lien arising in the ordinary course of proceedings upon the entry or docketing of a judgment or decree, or upon attachment, garnishment, execution, or similar process, whether before, upon, or after judgment or decree and whether before or upon levy.  The term does not include liens that under applicable law are given a special priority over other liens that are prior in time.
(g)  Within the meaning of Subsection (d), a lien obtainable by legal or equitable proceedings could become superior to the rights of a transferee, or a purchaser could obtain rights superior to the rights of a transferee if the consequences would follow only from the lien or purchase itself, or from the lien or purchase followed by any step wholly within the control of the respective lienholder or purchaser, with or without the aid of ministerial action by public officials.  A lien could not, however, become superior and a purchase could not create superior rights for the purpose of Subsection (d) through any acts subsequent to the obtaining of the lien or subsequent to the purchase that require the agreement or concurrence of any third party or that require any further judicial action or ruling.
(h)  A transfer of property for or on account of a new and contemporaneous consideration that is deemed under Subsection (d) to be made or suffered after the transfer because of delay in perfecting the transfer does not become a transfer for or on account of an antecedent debt if any acts required by the applicable law to be performed to perfect the transfer against liens or bona fide purchasers' rights are performed within 21 days or any period expressly allowed by the law, whichever is less.  A transfer to secure a future loan, if the loan is actually made, or a transfer that becomes security for a future loan, has the same effect as a transfer for or on account of a new and contemporaneous consideration.
(i)(1)  If any lien deemed voidable under Subsection (b) has been dissolved by the furnishing of a bond or other obligation, the surety on which has been indemnified directly or indirectly by the transfer of or the creation of a lien upon any property of an insurer before the filing of a petition commencing delinquency proceedings under this chapter, the indemnifying transfer or lien is also deemed voidable.
(2)  The property affected by any lien deemed voidable under Subsection (b) and Subdivision (1) is discharged from the lien, and that property and any of the indemnifying property transferred to or for the benefit of a surety passes to the receiver, except that the receivership court may on due notice order any lien deemed voidable under this section to be preserved for the benefit of the estate and may direct that a conveyance be executed as may be proper or adequate to evidence the title of the receiver.
(3)  Reasonable notice of any hearing in the proceeding shall be given to all parties as required by law, including the obligee of a releasing bond or other like obligation.  If an order is entered for the recovery of indemnifying property in kind or for the avoidance of an indemnifying lien, the receivership court may in the same proceeding ascertain the value of the property or lien.  If the value of the property or lien is less than the amount for which the property is indemnified or than the amount of the lien, the transferee or lienholder may elect to retain the property or lien upon payment to the receiver of its value, as determined by the receivership court, within a reasonable time determined by the receivership court.
(4)  The liability of the surety under a releasing bond or other similar obligation shall be discharged to the extent of the value of the indemnifying property recovered or the indemnifying lien nullified and avoided by the receiver, or if the property is retained under Subdivision (3) to the extent of the amount paid to the receiver.
(j)  This section may not be construed to prejudice any other claim by the receiver against any person.
Added by Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. 995 (H.B. 2157), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2005.
Redesignated from Insurance Code - Not Codified, Art/Sec 21A.204 by Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. 730 (H.B. 2636), Sec. 3B.004(a)(1), eff. September 1, 2007.
Redesignated from Insurance Code - Not Codified, Art/Sec 21A.204 by Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. 921 (H.B. 3167), Sec. 9.004(a)(1), eff. September 1, 2007.