2023 Tennessee Code › Title 36 - DOMESTIC RELATIONS (§§ 36-1-101 — 36-8-104) › Chapter 5 - ALIMONY AND CHILD SUPPORT (§§ 36-5-101 — 36-5-3111) › Part 9 - OVERDUE SUPPORT (§§ 36-5-901 — 36-5-912) › Section 36-5-901 - Liens for child support arrearages

(a)
(1)
In any case of child or spousal support enforced by the department of human services or its contractors under Title IV-D of the Social Security Act (
42 U.S.C. § 651
et seq.), in which overdue support is owed by an obligor who resides or owns property in this state, a lien shall arise by operation of law against all real and personal property, tangible or intangible, then owned or subsequently acquired by the obligor against whom the lien arises for the amounts of overdue support owed or the amount of penalties, costs or fees as provided in this chapter. The personal or real property, tangible or intangible, of the obligor that is subjected to the lien required by this part shall include all existing property at the time of the lien's perfection, or acquired thereafter, even if a prior order for overdue support or arrears only specifies a certain amount of overdue support or arrears that was owed by the obligor at the time of such order.
(2)
"Overdue support" is defined, for purposes of this part, as any occasion on which the full amount of ordered support for or on behalf of a minor child, or for a spouse or former spouse of the obligor with whom the child is living to the extent spousal support would be included for the purposes of
42 U.S.C. § 654(4)
, is not paid by the due date for arrears as defined in §
36-5-101(f)(1)
unless an income assignment is in effect and the payer of income is paying pursuant to §
36-5-101(g)
. "Overdue support" shall include all amounts of support that are in arrears as defined in §
36-5-101(f)(1)
and that remain unpaid by the obligor at the time the lien is perfected or that become due as arrears subsequent to the perfection of the lien.
(3)
For the purposes of this part, "personal property" includes:
(A)
A commissary account or any other account or fund established by or for the benefit of the inmate in a correctional institution or private prison operated by or under contract with the department of correction while the inmate is incarcerated; and
(B)
Any account containing wages received for work performed while an inmate is in a correctional institution or private prison operated by or under contract with the department of correction, but does not include any portion of the account that is used to pay litigation taxes, court costs, sexual offender surcharges, fines, restitution, or other moneys related to the criminal offense for which the inmate is confined.
(b)
(1)
(A)
The commissioner may cause a notice of such lien on real property or upon any personal property to be recorded or filed, as appropriate in the appropriate place for the filing of a judgment lien or security interest in the property. This notice may be filed by automated means where feasible. The department shall not be required to pay the fee for filing the notice of lien at the time the notice is filed, but shall be given credit and billed once each month for the notices that it files pursuant to this subsection (b).
(B)
In addition to the notice perfected pursuant to subdivision (b)(1)(A), a notice of lien may be sent by any appropriate means, including by any automated means, by the commissioner or any authorized representative of the department, to any person or entity that holds or that may hold any assets payable or due to be paid or transferred to an obligor of overdue support to notify the person or entity of the existence of a lien for overdue support. The receipt of such notice by that person or entity shall be adequate notice of the department's lien upon the obligor's assets of any kind that are held by the person or entity or that may come into that person's or entity's possession or control. Subject to the priorities of subsections (c) and (d), or the subordination of these liens to orders or judgments pursuant to §
36-5-905(c)(1)(A) and (c)(1)(B)
, and subject to any exemptions allowed by §
36-5-906
, payment or transfer to the obligor or other persons or entities of the funds, property, or other assets of any kind that are encumbered by the lien subsequent to the receipt of such notice, shall make the person or entity liable to the department to the extent of the overdue support, up to the value of the transferred assets, in an action in the circuit or chancery court of the county in which the order of support is being enforced.
(2)
Upon request, the department shall disclose the specific amount of liability at a given date to any interested party.
(3)
(A)
The department may cause a notice of lien to be filed or recorded and to be effective in any county in this state against all real or personal property of the obligor by provision by the state of a computer terminal arrangement in the office of the register of deeds or other state or local agency where the information regarding the existence, amount and date of the lien or security interest involving an obligor is made available to anyone who may be researching a title to real property or who may be seeking the status of any security interests or liens affecting any real or personal property held by an obligor. The cost for provision of the computer terminal arrangement, if used pursuant to this subdivision (b)(3)(A), shall be paid by the department of human services.
(B)
In the alternative, the department may, upon agreement by the secretary of state, develop a central site for recordation of all notices of liens on all property, real or personal, that would be subject to the lien provisions of this part and the department and the secretary of state shall have authority to promulgate any rules necessary pursuant to the Uniform Administrative Procedures Act, compiled in title 4, chapter 5, to implement such central recordation site.
(C)
In addition, or in conjunction with or as an alternative to the methods described in subdivision (b)(3)(A) or (b)(3)(B), the department may cause the filing or recordation of liens against all real or personal property of the obligor by placing such notice on a site accessible on the internet. If the methods described in subdivision (b)(3)(A) or (b)(3)(B) are used, and if the internet process authorized pursuant to this subdivision (b)(3)(C) is also made available, the dates shown on the department's computer record and displayed in the appropriate office of recordation as provided in subdivision (b)(3), (b)(3)(A) or (b)(3)(B) and those displayed on the internet site shall be the same.
(D)
The date noted in the department's computer record and that is displayed in the appropriate office of recordation as provided in subdivision (b)(3)(A) or (b)(3)(B), or that is displayed on the internet site as provided in subdivision (b)(3)(C), will serve for purposes of perfection as the recording or filing date of the lien. The recording or filing provided by this subdivision (b)(3) shall serve as notice to anyone who may be researching a title to real property or who may be seeking the status of any security interests or liens affecting any real or personal property held by an obligor and shall become the date of recordation of the notice of lien for all purposes of this part.
(E)
If any of the systems or procedures described in this subdivision (b)(3) is provided by the department, the automated lien shall be effective for all purposes to give notice to persons who may be affected by the existence of such lien in the same manner as the recordation of notice in the lien book maintained by the register of deeds or in the records of any state or local agency maintaining such records.
(F)
Prior to the implementation of this subdivision (b)(3), the department shall promulgate rules establishing procedures for the use of the automated system and shall, in addition to the other requirements of the Uniform Administrative Procedures Act, for notice, provide specific notice to the state clerks of court conference, registers of deeds, and the Tennessee Bar Association.
(4)
Nothing herein shall require the department to file a notice of lien for the seizure of an obligor's assets held by a state or local agency, by a court or administrative tribunal, by a lottery, by a financial institution or by a public or private retirement fund pursuant to §
36-5-904(1)-(3)
or to obtain any income withholding from any employer or other payor of income as otherwise permitted under part 5 of this chapter.
(c)
The lien of the department for child support arrearages shall be superior to all liens and security interests created under Tennessee law except:
(1)
County and municipal ad valorem taxes and special assessments upon real estate by county and municipal governments;
(2)
Deeds of trust that are recorded prior to the recordation of notice of the department's lien;
(3)
Security interests created pursuant to Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, compiled in title 47, chapter 9, that require filing for perfection and that are properly filed prior to recordation of the notice of the department's lien;
(4)
Security interests perfected under the Uniform Commercial Code without filing, as provided in title 47, chapter 9, that are properly perfected prior to recordation of the notice of the department's lien;
(5)
The lien or security interest of a financial institution against an obligor's interest in a deposit account at that institution for any indebtedness to the institution, including but not limited to, that institution's security interest in accounts pledged for loans, its rights under the Uniform Commercial Code or by contract to charge back uncollected deposits, revoke settlements or take other action against the account, its right to recover overdrafts and fees, and its right of offset for mature indebtedness;
(6)
Other security interests in deposit accounts at a financial institution when such interests are reflected in the records of that financial institution prior to the receipt of an administrative order of seizure;
(7)
Other liens recorded prior to the recordation of the department's lien, or concerning which a judicial proceeding was initiated prior to recordation of the department's lien;
(8)
Vendors' liens on real estate provided for in title 66, chapter 10 that are recorded prior to the recordation of notice of the department's lien; and
(9)
The tax liens of the department of revenue filed pursuant to title 67 prior to the department's child support lien.
(d)
(1)
(A)
Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to give the department priority over any deed of trust or any security interest perfected under the Uniform Commercial Code prior to the filing of the notice of the department's child support lien, irrespective of when such child support lien arises.
(B)
"Filing" for purposes of this subsection (d) means that the department has recorded its notice of lien pursuant to subsection (b) by filing a document to record its notice of lien in the appropriate office for such recordation or that it has effectively recorded its lien pursuant to the automated recordation method permitted by subdivision (b)(3).
(2)
No lien for child support arrearages shall be perfected against a motor vehicle unless such lien is physically noted on the certificate of title of such motor vehicle.
(3)
Nothing in this part shall be deemed to give the department any priority over any possessory lien including, but not limited to, mechanics' and materialmen's liens pursuant to title 66, chapter 11, part 1; artisans liens pursuant to title 66, chapter 14; or garagekeepers' and towing firm liens pursuant to title 66, chapter 19, part 1.
(e)
The notice of lien required to be filed or recorded under subsection (b), or any renewal thereof, shall be effective until the obligation is paid.
Amended by 2017 Tenn. Acts, ch. 300, s 1, eff. 5/5/2017.
Acts 1997 , ch. 551, § 12; 1998, ch. 1098, § 36; 2000, ch. 846, § 32; 2000, ch. 922, § 23; 2001, ch. 447, §§ 16, 17.