reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-109. Fraud and forgery.

(a) If a presentation is made that appears on its face strictly to comply with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit, but a required document is forged or materially fraudulent, or honor of the presentation would facilitate a material fraud by the beneficiary on the issuer or applicant:
(1) the issuer shall honor the presentation, if honor is demanded by (i) a nominated person who has given value in good faith and without notice of forgery or material fraud, (ii) a confirmer who has honored its confirmation in good faith, (iii) a holder in due course of a draft drawn under the letter of credit which was taken after acceptance by the issuer or nominated person, or (iv) an assignee of the issuer's or nominated person's deferred obligation that was taken for value and without notice of forgery or material fraud after the obligation was incurred by the issuer or nominated person; and
(2) the issuer, acting in good faith, may honor or dishonor the presentation in any other case.
(b) If an applicant claims that a required document is forged or materially fraudulent or that honor of the presentation would facilitate a material fraud by the beneficiary on the issuer or applicant, a court of competent jurisdiction may temporarily or permanently enjoin the issuer from honoring a presentation or grant similar relief against the issuer or other persons only if the court finds that:
(1) the relief is not prohibited under the law applicable to an accepted draft or deferred obligation incurred by the issuer;
(2) a beneficiary, issuer, or nominated person who may be adversely affected is adequately protected against loss that it may suffer because the relief is granted;
(3) all of the conditions to entitle a person to the relief under the law of this State have been met; and
(4) on the basis of the information submitted to the court, the applicant is more likely than not to succeed under its claim of forgery or material fraud and the person demanding honor does not qualify for protection under subsection (a)(1).
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.5-109; 1966 (54) 2716; 2001 Act No. 67, Section 15.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-110. Warranties.

(a) If its presentation is honored, the beneficiary warrants:
(1) to the issuer, any other person to whom presentation is made, and the applicant that there is no fraud or forgery of the kind described in Section 36-5-109(a); and
(2) to the applicant that the drawing does not violate any agreement between the applicant and beneficiary or any other agreement intended by them to be augmented by the letter of credit.
(b) The warranties in subsection (a) are in addition to warranties arising under Chapters 3, 4, 7, and 8 because of the presentation or transfer of documents covered by any of those chapters.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.5-110; 1966 (54) 2716; 2001 Act No. 67.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-111. Remedies.

(a) If an issuer wrongfully dishonors or repudiates its obligation to pay money under a letter of credit before presentation, the beneficiary, successor, or nominated person presenting on its own behalf may recover from the issuer the amount that is the subject of the dishonor or repudiation. If the issuer's obligation under the letter of credit is not for the payment of money, the claimant may obtain specific performance or, at the claimant's election, recover an amount equal to the value of performance from the issuer. In either case, the claimant may also recover incidental but not consequential damages. The claimant is not obligated to take action to avoid damages that might be due from the issuer under this subsection. If, although not obligated to do so, the claimant avoids damages, the claimant's recovery from the issuer must be reduced by the amount of damages avoided. The issuer has the burden of proving the amount of damages avoided. In the case of repudiation the claimant need not present any document.
(b) If an issuer wrongfully dishonors a draft or demand presented under a letter of credit or honors a draft or demand in breach of its obligation to the applicant, the applicant may recover damages resulting from the breach, including incidental but not consequential damages, less any amount saved as a result of the breach.
(c) If an adviser or nominated person other than a confirmer breaches an obligation under this chapter or an issuer breaches an obligation not covered in subsection (a) or (b), a person to whom the obligation is owed may recover damages resulting from the breach, including incidental but not consequential damages, less any amount saved as a result of the breach. To the extent of the confirmation, a confirmer has the liability of an issuer specified in this subsection and subsections (a) and (b).
(d) An issuer, nominated person, or adviser who is found liable under subsection (a), (b), or (c) shall pay interest on the amount owed thereunder from the date of wrongful dishonor or other appropriate date.
(e) Reasonable attorney's fees and other expenses of litigation must be awarded to the prevailing party in an action in which a remedy is sought under this chapter.
(f) Damages that would otherwise be payable by a party for breach of an obligation under this chapter may be liquidated by agreement or undertaking, but only in an amount or by a formula that is reasonable in light of the harm anticipated.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.5-111; 1966 (54) 2716; 2001 Act No. 67.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-112. Transfer of letter of credit.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 36-5-113, unless a letter of credit provides that it is transferable, the right of a beneficiary to draw or otherwise demand performance under a letter of credit may not be transferred.
(b) Even if a letter of credit provides that it is transferable, the issuer may refuse to recognize or carry out a transfer if:
(1) the transfer would violate applicable law; or
(2) the transferor or transferee has failed to comply with any requirement stated in the letter of credit or any other requirement relating to transfer imposed by the issuer which is within the standard practice referred to in Section 36-5-108(e) or is otherwise reasonable under the circumstances.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.5-112; 1966 (54) 2716; 2001 Act No. 67, Section 15.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-113. Transfer by operation of law.

(a) A successor of a beneficiary may consent to amendments, sign and present documents, and receive payment or other items of value in the name of the beneficiary without disclosing its status as a successor.
(b) A successor of a beneficiary may consent to amendments, sign and present documents, and receive payment or other items of value in its own name as the disclosed successor of the beneficiary. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e), an issuer shall recognize a disclosed successor of a beneficiary as beneficiary in full substitution for its predecessor upon compliance with the requirements for recognition by the issuer of a transfer of drawing rights by operation of law under the standard practice referred to in Section 36-5-108(e) or, in the absence of such a practice, compliance with other reasonable procedures sufficient to protect the issuer.
(c) An issuer is not obliged to determine whether a purported successor is a successor of a beneficiary or whether the signature of a purported successor is genuine or authorized.
(d) Honor of a purported successor's apparently complying presentation under subsection (a) or (b) has the consequences specified in Section 36-5-108(i) even if the purported successor is not the successor of a beneficiary. Documents signed in the name of the beneficiary or of a disclosed successor by a person who is neither the beneficiary nor the successor of the beneficiary are forged documents for the purposes of Section 36-5-109.
(e) An issuer whose rights of reimbursement are not covered by subsection (d) or substantially similar law and any confirmer or nominated person may decline to recognize a presentation under subsection (b).
(f) A beneficiary whose name is changed after the issuance of a letter of credit has the same rights and obligations as a successor of a beneficiary under this section.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.5-113; 1966 (54) 2716; 2001 Act No. 67, Section 15.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-114. Assignment of proceeds.

(a) In this section, "proceeds of a letter of credit" means the cash, check, accepted draft, or other item of value paid or delivered upon honor or giving of value by the issuer or person under the letter of credit. The term does not include a beneficiary's drawing rights or documents presented by the beneficiary.
(b) A beneficiary may assign its right to part or all of the proceeds of a letter of credit. The beneficiary may do so before presentation as a present assignment of its right to receive proceeds contingent upon its compliance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit.
(c) An issuer or nominated person need not recognize an assignment of proceeds of a letter of credit until it consents to the assignment.
(d) An issuer or nominated person has no obligation to give or withhold its consent to an assignment of proceeds of a letter of credit, but consent may not be unreasonably withheld if the assignee possesses and exhibits the letter of credit and presentation of the letter of credit is a condition to honor.
(e) Rights of a transferee beneficiary or nominated person are independent of the beneficiary's assignment of the proceeds of a letter of credit and are superior to the assignee's right to the proceeds.
(f) Neither the rights recognized by this section between an assignee and an issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person nor the issuer's or nominated person's payment of proceeds to an assignee or a third person affect the rights between the assignee and any person other than the issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person. The mode of creating and perfecting a security interest in or granting an assignment of a beneficiary's rights to proceeds is governed by Chapter 9 or other law. Against persons other than the issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person, the rights and obligations arising upon the creation of a security interest or other assignment of a beneficiary's right to proceeds and its perfection are governed by Chapter 9 or other law.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.5-114; 1966 (54) 2716; 1991 Act No. 161, Section 2(B); 2001 Act No. 67, Section 15.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-115. Statute of limitations.

An action to enforce a right or obligation arising under this chapter must be commenced within one year after the expiration date of the relevant letter of credit or one year after the claim for relief cause of action accrues, whichever occurs later. A claim for relief cause of action accrues when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party's lack of knowledge of the breach.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.5-115; 1966 (54) 2716; 2001 Act No. 67, Section 15.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-116. Choice of law and forum.

(a) The liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser for action or omission is governed by the law of the jurisdiction chosen by an agreement in the form of a record signed or otherwise authenticated by the affected parties in the manner provided in Section 36-5-104 or by a provision in the person's letter of credit, confirmation, or other undertaking. The jurisdiction whose law is chosen need not bear any relation to the transaction.
(b) Unless subsection (a) applies, the liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser for action or omission is governed by the law of the jurisdiction in which the person is located. The person is considered to be located at the address indicated in the person's undertaking. If more than one address is indicated, the person is considered to be located at the address from which the person's undertaking was issued. For the purpose of jurisdiction, choice of law, and recognition of interbranch letters of credit, but not enforcement of a judgment, all branches of a bank are considered separate juridical entities and a bank is considered to be located at the place where its relevant branch is considered to be located under this subsection.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser is governed by any rules of custom or practice, such as the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, to which the letter of credit, confirmation, or other undertaking is expressly made subject. If (i) this chapter would govern the liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser under subsection (a) or (b), (ii) the relevant undertaking incorporates rules of custom or practice, and (iii) there is conflict between this chapter and those rules as applied to that undertaking, those rules govern except to the extent of any conflict with the nonvariable provisions specified in Section 36-5-103(c).
(d) If there is conflict between this chapter and Chapters 3, 4, 4A, or 9, this chapter governs.
(e) The forum for settling disputes arising out of an undertaking within this chapter may be chosen in the manner and with the binding effect that governing law may be chosen in accordance with subsection (a).
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.5-116; 1966 (54) 2716; 1988 Act No. 494, Section 4; 2001 Act No. 67, Section 13; 2001 Act No. 67, Section 15.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-117. Subrogation of issuer, applicant, and nominated person.

(a) An issuer that honors a beneficiary's presentation is subrogated to the rights of the beneficiary to the same extent as if the issuer were a secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the beneficiary and of the applicant to the same extent as if the issuer were the secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the applicant.
(b) An applicant that reimburses an issuer is subrogated to the rights of the issuer against any beneficiary, presenter, or nominated person to the same extent as if the applicant were the secondary obligor of the obligations owed to the issuer and has the rights of subrogation of the issuer to the rights of the beneficiary stated in subsection (a).
(c) A nominated person who pays or gives value against a draft or demand presented under a letter of credit is subrogated to the rights of:
(1) the issuer against the applicant to the same extent as if the nominated person were a secondary obligor of the obligation owed to the issuer by the applicant;
(2) the beneficiary to the same extent as if the nominated person were a secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the beneficiary; and
(3) the applicant to same extent as if the nominated person were a secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the applicant.
(d) Notwithstanding any agreement or term to the contrary, the rights of subrogation stated in subsections (a) and (b) do not arise until the issuer honors the letter of credit or otherwise pays and the rights in subsection (c) do not arise until the nominated person pays or otherwise gives value. Until then, the issuer, nominated person, and the applicant do not derive under this section present or prospective rights forming the basis of a claim, defense, or excuse.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.5-117; 1966 (54) 2716; 2001 Act No. 67, Section 15.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-118. Security interest of issuer or nominated person.

(a) An issuer or nominated person has a security interest in a document presented under a letter of credit and any identifiable proceeds of the collateral to the extent that the issuer or nominated person honors or gives value for the presentation.
(b) Subject to subsection (c), as long as and to the extent that an issuer or nominated person has not been reimbursed or has not otherwise recovered the value given with respect to a security interest in a document under subsection (a), the security interest continues and is subject to Chapter 9, but:
(1) a security agreement is not necessary to make the security interest enforceable under Section 36-9-203(b)(3);
(2) if the document is presented in a medium other than a written or other tangible medium, the security interest is perfected; and
(3) if the document is presented in a written or other tangible medium and is not a certificated security, chattel paper, a document of title, an instrument, or a letter of credit, so long as the debtor does not have possession of the document, the security interest is perfected and has priority over a conflicting security interest in the document.
HISTORY: 2001 Act No. 67, Section 15.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 5 - Commercial Code - Letters Of Credit › Section 36-5-119. Transition.

(a) This chapter takes effect July 1, 2001.
(b) This chapter applies to a letter of credit that is issued on or after the effective date of this chapter. This chapter does not apply to a transaction, event, obligation, or duty arising out of or associated with a letter of credit that was issued before the effective date of this chapter.
(c) A transaction arising out of or associated with a letter of credit that was issued before the effective date of this chapter and the rights, obligations, and interests flowing from that transaction are governed by any statute or other law amended or repealed by this chapter as if repeal or amendment had not occurred and may be terminated, completed, consummated, or enforced under that statute or other law.
HISTORY: 2001 Act No. 67, Section 15.
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-101. Short title.

This chapter must be known and may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code-Documents of Title.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-101; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-101.
Changes: Revised for style only.
This Article is a revision of the 1962 Official Text with Comments as amended since 1962. The 1962 Official Text was a consolidation and revision of the Uniform Warehouse Receipts Act and the Uniform Bills of Lading Act, and embraced the provisions of the Uniform Sales Act relating to negotiation of documents of title.
This Article does not contain the substantive criminal provisions found in the Uniform Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading Acts. These criminal provisions are inappropriate to a Commercial Code, and for the most part duplicate portions of the ordinary criminal law relating to frauds. This revision deletes the former Section 7-105 that provided that courts could apply a rule from Parts 2 and 3 by analogy to a situation not explicitly covered in the provisions on warehouse receipts or bills of lading when it was appropriate. This is, of course, an unexceptional proposition and need not be stated explicitly in the statute. Thus former Section 7-105 has been deleted. Whether applying a rule by analogy to a situation is appropriate depends upon the facts of each case.
The Article does not attempt to define the tort liability of bailees, except to hold certain classes of bailees to a minimum standard of reasonable care. For important classes of bailees, liabilities in case of loss, damages or destruction, as well as other legal questions associated with particular documents of title, are governed by federal statutes, international treaties, and in some cases regulatory state laws, which supersede the provisions of this Article in case of inconsistency. See Section 7-103.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-201. Who may issue a warehouse receipt; storage under government bond.

(a) A warehouse receipt may be issued by any warehouse.
(b) If goods, including distilled spirits and agricultural commodities, are stored under a statute requiring a bond against withdrawal or a license for the issuance of receipts in the nature of warehouse receipts, a receipt issued for the goods is deemed to be a warehouse receipt even though issued by a person that is the owner of the goods and is not a warehouse.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-201; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-201.
Changes: Update for style only.
Purposes:
It is not intended by re-enactment of subsection (a) to repeal any provisions of special licensing or other statutes regulating who may become a warehouse. Limitations on the transfer of the receipts and criminal sanctions for violation of such limitations are not impaired. Section 7-103. Compare Section 7-401(4) on the liability of the issuer in such cases. Subsection (b) covers receipts issued by the owner for whiskey or other goods stored in bonded warehouses under such statutes as 26 U.S.C. Chapter 51.
Cross References: Sections 7-103, 7-401.
Definitional Cross References:
"Warehouse receipt". Section 1-201.
"Warehouse". Section 7-102.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-203. Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription.

A party to or purchaser for value in good faith of a document of title other than a bill of lading that relies upon the description of the goods in the document may recover from the issuer damages caused by the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that:
(1) the document conspicuously indicates that the issuer does not know whether all or part of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, such as the case in which the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity or condition, or the receipt or description is qualified by "contents, condition and quality unknown," "said to contain" or words of similar import, if the indication is true; or
(2) the party or purchaser otherwise has notice of the nonreceipt or misdescription.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-203; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-203.
Changes: Changes to this section are for style only.
Purpose:
This section is a simplified restatement of existing law as to the method by which a bailee may avoid responsibility for the accuracy of descriptions which are made by or in reliance upon information furnished by the depositor. The issuer is liable on documents issued by an agent, contrary to instructions of its principal, without receiving goods. No disclaimer of the latter liability is permitted.
Cross Reference: Section 7-301.
Definitional Cross References:
"Conspicuous". Section 1-201.
"Document of title". Section 1-201.
"Goods". Section 7-102.
"Good Faith". Section 1-201 [7-102].
"Issuer". Section 7-102.
"Notice". Section 1-202.
"Party". Section 1-201.
"Purchaser". Section 1-201.
"Receipt of goods". Section 2-103.
"Value". Section 1-204.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-205. Title under warehouse receipt defeated in certain cases.

A buyer in the ordinary course of business of fungible goods sold and delivered by a warehouse that also is in the business of buying and selling such goods takes the goods free of any claim under a warehouse receipt even if the receipt is negotiable and has been duly negotiated.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-205; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-205.
Changes: Changes for style only.
Purposes:
1. The typical case covered by this section is that of the warehouse-dealer in grain, and the substantive question at issue is whether in case the warehouse becomes insolvent the receipt holders shall be able to trace and recover grain shipped to farmers and other purchasers from the elevator. This was possible under the old acts, although courts were eager to find estoppels to prevent it. The practical difficulty of tracing fungible grain means that the preservation of this theoretical right adds little to the commercial acceptability of negotiable grain receipts, which really circulate on the credit of the warehouse. Moreover, on default of the warehouse, the receipt holders at least share in what grain remains, whereas retaking the grain from a good faith cash purchaser reduces the purchaser completely to the status of general creditor in a situation where there was very little the purchaser could do to guard against the loss. Compare 15 U.S.C. Section 714p enacted in 1955.
2. This provision applies to both negotiable and nonnegotiable warehouse receipts. The concept of due negotiation is provided for in 7-501. The definition of "buyer in ordinary course" is in Article 1 and provides, among other things, that a buyer must either have possession or a right to obtain the goods under Article 2 in order to be a buyer in ordinary course. This section requires actual delivery of the fungible goods to the buyer in ordinary course. Delivery requires voluntary transfer of possession of the fungible goods to the buyer. See amended Section 2-103. This section is not satisfied by the delivery of the document of title to the buyer in ordinary course.
Cross References: Sections 2-403 and 9-320.
Definitional Cross References:
"Buyer in ordinary course of business". Section 1-201.
"Delivery". Section 1-201.
"Duly negotiate". Section 7-501.
"Fungible" goods. Section 1-201.
"Goods". Section 7-102.
"Value". Section 1-204.
"Warehouse receipt". Section 1-201.
"Warehouse". Section 7-102.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-207. Goods must be kept separate; fungible goods.

(a) Unless the warehouse receipt otherwise provides, a warehouse shall keep separate the goods covered by each receipt so as to permit at all times identification and delivery of those goods. However, different lots of fungible goods may be commingled.
(b) If different lots of fungible goods are commingled, the goods are owned in common by the persons entitled to them and the warehouse is severally liable to each owner for the share of that owner. If, because of overissue, a mass of fungible goods is insufficient to meet all the receipts which the warehouse has issued against it, the persons entitled include all holders to which overissued receipts have been duly negotiated.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-207; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-207.
Changes: Changes for style only.
Purposes:
No change of substance is made from former Section 7-207. Holders to whom overissued receipts have been duly negotiated shall share in a mass of fungible goods. Where individual ownership interests are merged into claims on a common fund, as is necessarily the case with fungible goods, there is no policy reason for discriminating between successive purchasers of similar claims.
Definitional Cross References:
"Delivery". Section 1-201.
"Duly negotiate". Section 7-501.
"Fungible goods". Section 1-201.
"Goods". Section 7-102.
"Holder". Section 1-201.
"Person". Section 1-201.
"Warehouse receipt". Section 1-201.
"Warehouse". Section 7-102.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-208. Altered warehouse receipts.

If a blank in a negotiable tangible warehouse receipt has been filled in without authority, a good-faith purchaser for value and without notice of the lack of authority may treat the insertion as authorized. Any other unauthorized alteration leaves any tangible or electronic warehouse receipt enforceable against the issuer according to its original tenor.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-208; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-208.
Changes: To accommodate electronic documents of title.
Purpose:
1. The execution of tangible warehouse receipts in blank is a dangerous practice. As between the issuer and an innocent purchaser the risks should clearly fall on the former. The purchaser must have purchased the tangible negotiable warehouse receipt in good faith and for value to be protected under the rule of the first sentence which is a limited exception to the general rule in the second sentence. Electronic document of title systems should have protection against unauthorized access and unauthorized changes. See 7-106. Thus the protection for good faith purchasers found in the first sentence is not necessary in the context of electronic documents.
2. Under the second sentence of this section, an unauthorized alteration whether made with or without fraudulent intent does not relieve the issuer of its liability on the warehouse receipt as originally executed. The unauthorized alteration itself is of course ineffective against the warehouse. The rule stated in the second sentence applies to both tangible and electronic warehouse receipts.
Definitional Cross References:
"Good faith". Section 1-201 [7-102].
"Issuer". Section 7-102.
"Notice". Section 1-202.
"Purchaser". Section 1-201.
"Value". Section 1-204.
"Warehouse receipt". Section 1-201.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-306. Altered bills of lading.

An unauthorized alteration or filling in of a blank in a bill of lading leaves the bill enforceable according to its original tenor.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-306; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-306.
Changes: None
Purposes:
An unauthorized alteration or filling in of a blank, whether made with or without fraudulent intent, does not relieve the issuer of its liability on the document as originally executed. This section applies to both tangible and electronic bills of lading, applying the same rule to both types of bills of lading. The control concept of Section 7-106 requires that any changes to the electronic document of title be readily identifiable as authorized or unauthorized. Section 7-306 should be compared to Section 7-208 where a different rule applies to the unauthorized filling in of a blank for tangible warehouse receipts.
Cross Reference: Sections 7-106 and 7-208.
Definitional Cross References:
"Bill of lading". Section 1-201.
"Issuer". Section 7-102.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-401. Irregularities in issue of receipt or bill or conduct of issuer.

The obligations imposed by this chapter on an issuer apply to a document of title even if:
(1) the document does not comply with the requirements of this chapter or of any other statute, rule, or regulation regarding its issue, form or content;
(2) the issuer violated laws regulating the conduct of its business;
(3) the goods covered by the document were owned by the bailee when the document was issued; or
(4) the person issuing the document is not a warehouse but the document purports to be a warehouse receipt.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-401; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-401.
Changes: Changes for style only.
Purposes:
The bailee's liability on its document despite non-receipt or misdescription of the goods is affirmed in Sections 7-203 and 7-301. The purpose of this section is to make it clear that regardless of irregularities a document which falls within the definition of document of title imposes on the issuer the obligations stated in this Article. For example, a bailee will not be permitted to avoid its obligation to deliver the goods (Section 7-403) or its obligation of due care with respect to them (Sections 7-204 and 7-309) by taking the position that no valid "document" was issued because it failed to file a statutory bond or did not pay stamp taxes or did not disclose the place of storage in the document. Tate v. Action Moving & Storage, Inc., 383 S.E.2d 229 (N.C. App. 1989), rev. denied 389 S.E.2d 104 (N.C. 1990). Sanctions against violations of statutory or administrative duties with respect to documents should be limited to revocation of license or other measures prescribed by the regulation imposing the duty. See Section 7-103.
Cross References: Sections 7-103, 7-203, 7-204, 7-301, 7-309.
Definitional Cross References:
"Bailee". Section 7-102.
"Document of title". Section 1-201.
"Goods". Section 7-102.
"Issuer". Section 7-102.
"Person". Section 1-201.
"Warehouse receipt". Section 1-201.
"Warehouse". Section 7-102.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-404. No liability for good-faith delivery pursuant to document of title.

A bailee that in good faith has received goods and delivered or otherwise disposed of the goods according to the terms of a document of title or pursuant to this chapter is not liable for the goods even if:
(1) the person from which the bailee received the goods did not have authority to procure the document or to dispose of the goods; or
(2) the person to which the bailee delivered the goods did not have authority to receive the goods.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-404; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-404.
Changes: Changes reflect the definition of good faith in Section 1-201 [7-102] and for style.
Purposes:
This section uses the test of good faith, as defined in Section 1-201 [7-102], to continue the policy of former Section 7-404. Good faith now means "honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing." The section states explicitly that the common law rule of "innocent conversion" by unauthorized "intermeddling" with another's property is inapplicable to the operations of commercial carriers and warehousemen that in good faith perform obligations that they have assumed and that generally they are under a legal compulsion to assume. The section applies to delivery to a fraudulent holder of a valid document as well as to delivery to the holder of an invalid document. Of course, in appropriate circumstances, a bailee may use interpleader or other dispute resolution process. See Section 7-603.
Cross Reference: Section 7-603.
Definitional Cross References:
"Bailee". Section 7-102.
"Delivery". Section 1-201.
"Document of title". Section 1-201.
"Good faith". Section 1-201 [7-102].
"Goods". Section 7-102.
"Person". Section 1-201.
"Receipt of goods". Section 2-103.
"Term". Section 1-201.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-505. Indorser not a guarantor for other parties.

The indorsement of a tangible document of title issued by a bailee does not make the indorser liable for any default by the bailee or by previous indorsers.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-505; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-505.
Changes: Limited to tangible documents of title.
Purposes:
This section is limited to tangible documents of title as the concept of indorsement is irrelevant to electronic documents of title. Electronic documents of title will be transferred by delivery of control. Section 7-106. The indorsement of a tangible document of title is generally understood to be directed towards perfecting the transferee's rights rather than towards assuming additional obligations. The language of the present section, however, does not preclude the one case in which an indorsement given for value guarantees future action, namely, that in which the bailee has not yet become liable upon the document at the time of the indorsement. Under such circumstances the indorser, of course, engages that appropriate honor of the document by the bailee will occur. See Section 7-502(a)(4) as to negotiable delivery orders. However, even in such a case, once the bailee attorns to the transferee, the indorser's obligation has been fulfilled and the policy of this section excludes any continuing obligation on the part of the indorser for the bailee's ultimate actual performance.
Cross Reference: Sections 7-106 and 7-502.
Definitional Cross References:
"Bailee". Section 7-102.
"Document of title". Section 1-201.
"Party". Section 1-201.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-506. Delivery without indorsement; right to compel indorsement.

The transferee of a negotiable tangible document of title has a specifically enforceable right to have its transferor supply any necessary indorsement, but the transfer becomes a negotiation only as of the time the indorsement is supplied.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-506; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-506.
Changes: Limited to tangible documents of title.
Purposes:
1. This section is limited to tangible documents of title as the concept of indorsement is irrelevant to electronic documents of title. Electronic documents of title will be transferred by delivery of control. Section 7-106. From a commercial point of view the intention to transfer a tangible negotiable document of title which requires an indorsement for its transfer, is incompatible with an intention to withhold such indorsement and so defeat the effective use of the document. Further, the preceding section and the Comment thereto make it clear that an indorsement generally imposes no responsibility on the indorser.
2. Although this section provides that delivery of a tangible document of title without the necessary indorsement is effective as a transfer, the transferee, of course, has not regularized its position until such indorsement is supplied. Until this is done the transferee cannot claim rights under due negotiation within the requirements of this Article (Section 7-501(a)(5)) on "due negotiation". Similarly, despite the transfer to the transferee of the transferor's title, the transferee cannot demand the goods from the bailee until the negotiation has been completed and the document is in proper form for surrender. See Section 7-403(c).
Cross References:
Point 1: Sections 7-106 and 7-505.
Point 2: Sections 7-501(a)(5) and 7-403(c).
Definitional Cross References:
"Document of title". Section 1-201.
"Rights". Section 1-201.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-507. Warranties on negotiation or delivery of document of title.

If a person negotiates or delivers a document of title for value, otherwise than as a mere intermediary under Section 36-7-508, then unless otherwise agreed the transferor, in addition to any warranty made in selling or leasing the goods, warrants to its immediate purchaser only that:
(1) the document is genuine;
(2) the transferor does not have knowledge of any fact that would impair the document's validity or worth; and
(3) the negotiation or delivery is rightful and fully effective with respect to the title to the document and the goods it represents.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-507; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-507.
Changes: Substitution of the word "delivery" for the word "transfer," reference leasing transactions and style.
Purposes:
1. Delivery of goods by use of a document of title does not limit or displace the ordinary obligations of a seller or lessor as to any warranties regarding the goods that arises under other law. If the transfer of documents attends or follows the making of a contract for the sale or lease of goods, the general obligations on warranties as to the goods (Sections 2-312 through 2-318 and Sections 2A-210 through 2A-316) are brought to bear as well as the special warranties under this section.
2. The limited warranties of a delivering or collecting intermediary, including a collecting bank, are stated in Section 7-508.
Cross References:
Point 1: Sections 2-312 through 2-318 and 2A-310-through 2A-316.
Point 2: Section 7-508.
Definitional Cross References:
"Delivery". Section 1-201.
"Document of title". Section 1-201.
"Genuine". Section 1-201.
"Goods". Section 7-102.
"Person". Section 1-201.
"Purchaser". Section 1-201.
"Value". Section 1-204.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-508. Warranties of collecting bank as to documents of title.

A collecting bank or other intermediary known to be entrusted with documents of title on behalf of another or with collection of a draft or other claim against delivery of documents warrants by the delivery of the documents only its own good faith and authority even if the collecting bank or other intermediary has purchased or made advances against the claim or draft to be collected.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-508; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-508.
Changes: Changes for style only.
Purposes:
1. To state the limited warranties given with respect to the documents accompanying a documentary draft.
2. In warranting its authority a collecting bank or other intermediary only warrants its authority from its transferor. See Section 4-203. It does not warrant the genuineness or effectiveness of the document. Compare Section 7-507.
3. Other duties and rights of banks handling documentary drafts for collection are stated in Article 4, Part 5. On the meaning of draft, see Section 4-104 and Section 5-102, comment 11.
Cross References:
Sections 4-104, 4-203, 4-501 through 4-504, 5-102, and 7-507.
Definitional Cross References:
"Collecting bank". Section 4-105.
"Delivery". Section 1-201.
"Document of title". Section 1-102.
"Documentary draft". Section 4-104.
"Intermediary bank". Section 4-105.
"Good faith". Section 1-201 [7-102.]
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."
2023 South Carolina Code of Laws › Title 36 - Commercial Code › Chapter 7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills Of Lading And Other Documents Of Title › Section 36-7-509. Adequate compliance with commercial contract.

Whether a document of title is adequate to fulfill the obligations of a contract for sale, a contract for lease, or the conditions of a letter of credit is determined by the chapters on sales (Chapter 2), leases (Chapter 2A), and on letters of credit (Chapter 5).
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 10.7-509; 1966 (54) 2716; 2014 Act No. 213 (S.343), Section 2, eff October 1, 2014.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
Prior Uniform Statutory Provision: Former Section 7-509.
Changes: To reference Article 2A.
Purposes:
To cross-refer to the Articles of this Act which deal with the substantive issues of the type of document of title required under the contract entered into by the parties.
Cross References: Articles 2, 2A and 5.
Definitional Cross References:
"Contract for sale". Section 2-106.
"Document of title". Section 1-201.
"Lease". Section 2A-103.
Editor's Note
2014 Act No. 213, Section 51, provides as follows:
"SECTION 51. This act becomes effective on October 1, 2014. It applies to transactions entered into and events occurring after that date."