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2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 17 - Effective Date of Statutes › Section 1701 - Statutes generally

§ 1701. Statutes generally.
(a) General rule.--
Except as otherwise provided in this chapter all statutes enacted finally at any regular session of the General Assembly not containing a specified effective date shall be effective on the date specified by that one of the following rules of construction in effect on the date of final enactment of the statute:
(1) Final enactment before May 18, 1929.--
immediately upon final enactment.
(2) Final enactment on or after May 18, 1929 and before August 25, 1951.--
on the first day of September next following their final enactment.
(3) Final enactment on or after August 25, 1951 and before January 10, 1960.--
on the first day of September next following their final enactment, or if finally enacted after the first day of September of the year of the regular session, immediately upon final enactment.
(4) Final enactment on or after January 10, 1960 and before June 6, 1969.--
on the first day of September next following their final enactment, or if finally enacted after the first day of July of the year of the regular session, 60 days after final enactment.
(5) Final enactment on or after June 6, 1969.--
60 days after final enactment.
(b) Statutes enacted after effective date therein specified.--
Except as otherwise provided in this chapter all statutes enacted finally at any regular session of the General Assembly after the effective date therein specified shall be effective on the date specified by that one of the following rules of construction in effect on the date of final enactment of the statute:
(1) Final enactment before January 10, 1960.--
immediately upon final enactment.
(2) Final enactment on or after January 10, 1960.--
60 days after final enactment.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 17 - Effective Date of Statutes › Section 1702 - Statutes making appropriations

§ 1702. Statutes making appropriations.
Appropriation statutes, or statutes having appropriation items enacted finally at any regular session of the General Assembly, shall be effective on the date specified by that one of the following rules of construction in effect on the date of final enactment of the statute:
(1) Final enactment before May 18, 1929.--
immediately upon final enactment unless a different date is specified in the statute itself.
(2) Final enactment on or after May 18, 1929 and before June 2, 1967.--
on the first day of June next following their final enactment, unless a different date is specified in the statute itself, or unless any such statute is enacted finally after the first day of June in any year, in which case it shall be effective immediately upon final enactment.
(3) Final enactment on or after June 2, 1967 and before June 6, 1969.--
on the first day of July next following their final enactment, unless a different date is specified in the statute itself, or unless any such statute is enacted finally after the first day of July in any year, in which case it shall be effective immediately upon final enactment.
(4) Final enactment on or after June 6, 1969.--
on the first day of July next following their final enactment, unless a different date is specified in the statute itself, or unless any such statute is enacted finally after the first day of July in any year, or after the date specified in the statute, in which case it shall be effective immediately upon final enactment.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 17 - Effective Date of Statutes › Section 1703 - Statutes affecting the budget of any political subdivision

§ 1703. Statutes affecting the budget of any political subdivision.
Statutes affecting the budget of any political subdivision enacted finally at any regular session of the General Assembly shall be effective on the date specified by that one of the following rules of construction in effect on the date of final enactment of the statute:
(1) Final enactment before May 18, 1929.--
immediately upon final enactment unless a different date is specified in the statute itself.
(2) Final enactment on or after May 18, 1929 and before June 4, 1941.--
on the first day of September next following their final enactment unless a different date is specified in the statute itself.
(3) Final enactment on or after June 4, 1941 and before August 25, 1951 or on or after May 28, 1953 and before June 6, 1969.--
at the beginning of the fiscal year of the political subdivision affected following the date of final enactment of the statute unless a different date is specified in the statute itself.
(4) Final enactment on or after August 25, 1951 and before May 28, 1953.--
at the beginning of the fiscal year of the political subdivision affected following the date of final enactment of the statute unless a different date is specified in the statute itself, or if enacted finally after the beginning of such fiscal year, or after the date specified in the statute, immediately upon final enactment.
(5) Final enactment on or after June 6, 1969.--
on the date specified in the statute, or if finally enacted thereafter, or if no date is specified, then at the beginning of the fiscal year of the political subdivision affected following the date of final enactment of the statute.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 17 - Effective Date of Statutes › Section 1704 - Statutes enacted at a special session

§ 1704. Statutes enacted at a special session.
(a) General rule.--
Statutes enacted finally at a special or extraordinary session of the General Assembly shall, except as otherwise provided in this section, be governed as to the time when they shall be effective by the rules of construction specified in this chapter for statutes enacted finally at regular sessions of the General Assembly.
(b) Rules applicable between 1935 and 1969.--
Statutes enacted finally at special or extraordinary sessions of the General Assembly during the periods hereinafter specified shall be effective on the date specified by that one of the following rules of construction in effect on the date of final enactment of the statute:
(1) Final enactment on or after June 11, 1935 and before January 10, 1960.--
immediately upon final enactment unless a different date is specified in the statute itself.
(2) Final enactment on or after January 10, 1960 and before June 6, 1969.--
60 days after final enactment unless a different date is specified in the statute itself.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1902 - Number; gender; tense

§ 1902. Number; gender; tense.
The singular shall include the plural, and the plural, the singular. Words used in the masculine gender shall include the feminine and neuter. Words used in the past or present tense shall include the future.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1903 - Words and phrases

§ 1903. Words and phrases.
(a) General rule.--
Words and phrases shall be construed according to rules of grammar and according to their common and approved usage; but technical words and phrases and such others as have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning or are defined in this part, shall be construed according to such peculiar and appropriate meaning or definition.
(b) General restricted by particular words.--
General words shall be construed to take their meanings and be restricted by preceding particular words.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1905 - Joint authority; quorum

§ 1905. Joint authority; quorum.
(a) Joint authority.--
Words in a statute conferring a joint authority upon three or more public officers or other persons shall be construed to confer authority upon a majority of such officers or persons.
(b) Quorum.--
A majority of any board or commission shall constitute a quorum.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1906 - Bonds

§ 1906. Bonds.
A statute requiring a bond or undertaking with sureties to be given by any person, shall be construed to permit in lieu thereof a bond of indemnity or surety bond for the amount of such bond or undertaking, given by any indemnity or surety company authorized to do business in this Commonwealth, and approved by the proper authority.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1907 - Uniform standard time

§ 1907. Uniform standard time.
Every mention of, or reference to any hour or time in any statute, shall be construed with reference to and in accordance with the mean solar time of the 75th meridian of longitude west of Greenwich, commonly called eastern standard time, unless a different standard is therein expressly provided for, or unless the standard time shall be advanced for any portion of the year, by any act of Congress.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1908 - Computation of time

§ 1908. Computation of time.
When any period of time is referred to in any statute, such period in all cases, except as otherwise provided in section 1909 of this title (relating to publication for successive weeks) and section 1910 of this title (relating to computation of months) shall be so computed as to exclude the first and include the last day of such period. Whenever the last day of any such period shall fall on Saturday or Sunday, or on any day made a legal holiday by the laws of this Commonwealth or of the United States, such day shall be omitted from the computation.
Cross References.
Section 1908 is referred to in section 3508 of Title 25 (Elections).
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1909 - Time; publication for successive weeks

§ 1909. Time; publication for successive weeks.
Whenever in any statute providing for the publishing of notices, the phrase "successive weeks" is used, weeks shall be construed as calendar weeks. The publication upon any day of such weeks shall be sufficient publication for that week, but at least five days shall elapse between each publication. At least the number of weeks specified in "successive weeks" shall elapse between the first publication and the day for the happening of the event for which publication shall be made.
Cross References.
Section 1909 is referred to in section 1908 of this title; section 3133 of Title 15 (Corporations and Unincorporated Associations).
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1910 - Time; computation of months

§ 1910. Time; computation of months.
Whenever in any statute the lapse of a number of months after or before a certain day is required, such number of months shall be computed by counting the months from such day, excluding the calendar month in which such day occurs, and shall include the day of the month in the last month so counted having the same numerical order as the day of the month from which the computation is made, unless there be not so many days in the last month so counted, in which case the period computed shall expire with the last day of such month.
Cross References.
Section 1910 is referred to in section 1908 of this title.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1921 - Legislative intent controls

§ 1921. Legislative intent controls.
(a) Object and scope of construction of statutes.--
The object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly. Every statute shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its provisions.
(b) Unambiguous words control construction.--
When the words of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.
(c) Matters considered in ascertaining intent.--
When the words of a statute are not explicit, the intention of the General Assembly may be ascertained by considering, among other matters:
(1) The occasion and necessity for the statute.
(2) The circumstances under which it was enacted.
(3) The mischief to be remedied.
(4) The object to be attained.
(5) The former law, if any, including other statutes upon the same or similar subjects.
(6) The consequences of a particular interpretation.
(7) The contemporaneous legislative history.
(8) Legislative and administrative interpretations of such statute.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1922 - Presumptions in ascertaining legislative intent

§ 1922. Presumptions in ascertaining legislative intent.
In ascertaining the intention of the General Assembly in the enactment of a statute the following presumptions, among others, may be used:
(1) That the General Assembly does not intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution or unreasonable.
(2) That the General Assembly intends the entire statute to be effective and certain.
(3) That the General Assembly does not intend to violate the Constitution of the United States or of this Commonwealth.
(4) That when a court of last resort has construed the language used in a statute, the General Assembly in subsequent statutes on the same subject matter intends the same construction to be placed upon such language.
(5) That the General Assembly intends to favor the public interest as against any private interest.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1923 - Grammar and punctuation of statutes

§ 1923. Grammar and punctuation of statutes.
(a) Grammatical errors and transposition of words.--
Grammatical errors shall not vitiate a statute. A transposition of words and clauses may be resorted to where a sentence is without meaning as it stands.
(b) Use of punctuation in construction.--
In no case shall the punctuation of a statute control or affect the intention of the General Assembly in the enactment thereof but punctuation may be used to aid in the construction thereof if the statute was finally enacted after December 31, 1964.
(c) Adding words for proper construction.--
Words and phrases which may be necessary to the proper interpretation of a statute and which do not conflict with its obvious purpose and intent, nor in any way affect its scope and operation, may be added in the construction thereof.
(Dec. 10, 1974, P.L.816, No.271, eff. imd.)
1974 Amendment.
Act 271 amended subsec. (b).
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1924 - Construction of titles, preambles, provisos, exceptions and headings

§ 1924. Construction of titles, preambles, provisos, exceptions and headings.
The title and preamble of a statute may be considered in the construction thereof. Provisos shall be construed to limit rather than to extend the operation of the clauses to which they refer. Exceptions expressed in a statute shall be construed to exclude all others. The headings prefixed to titles, parts, articles, chapters, sections and other divisions of a statute shall not be considered to control but may be used to aid in the construction thereof.
Cross References.
Section 1924 is referred to in section 1107 of Title 13 (Commercial Code).
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1925 - Constitutional construction of statutes

§ 1925. Constitutional construction of statutes.
The provisions of every statute shall be severable. If any provision of any statute or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the statute, and the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances, shall not be affected thereby, unless the court finds that the valid provisions of the statute are so essentially and inseparably connected with, and so depend upon, the void provision or application, that it cannot be presumed the General Assembly would have enacted the remaining valid provisions without the void one; or unless the court finds that the remaining valid provisions, standing alone, are incomplete and are incapable of being executed in accordance with the legislative intent.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1928 - Rule of strict and liberal construction

§ 1928. Rule of strict and liberal construction.
(a) Statutes in derogation of common law.--
The rule that statutes in derogation of the common law are to be strictly construed, shall have no application to the statutes of this Commonwealth enacted finally after September 1, 1937.
(b) Provisions subject to strict construction.--
All provisions of a statute of the classes hereafter enumerated shall be strictly construed:
(1) Penal provisions.
(2) Retroactive provisions.
(3) Provisions imposing taxes.
(4) Provisions conferring the power of eminent domain.
(5) Provisions exempting persons and property from taxation.
(6) Provisions exempting property from the power of eminent domain.
(7) Provisions decreasing the jurisdiction of a court of record.
(8) Provisions enacted finally prior to September 1, 1937 which are in derogation of the common law.
(c) Provisions subject to liberal construction.--
All other provisions of a statute shall be liberally construed to effect their objects and to promote justice.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1929 - Penalties no bar to civil remedies

§ 1929. Penalties no bar to civil remedies.
The provision in any statute for a penalty or forfeiture for its violation shall not be construed to deprive an injured person of the right to recover from the offender damages sustained by reason of the violation of such statute.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1931 - Intent to defraud

§ 1931. Intent to defraud.
Whenever an intent to defraud is required in any statute in order to constitute an offense, the statute shall be construed to require only an intent to defraud any person or body politic.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1932 - Statutes in pari materia

§ 1932. Statutes in pari materia.
(a) Meaning.--
Statutes or parts of statutes are in pari materia when they relate to the same persons or things or to the same class of persons or things.
(b) Construction.--
Statutes in pari materia shall be construed together, if possible, as one statute.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1933 - Particular controls general

§ 1933. Particular controls general.
Whenever a general provision in a statute shall be in conflict with a special provision in the same or another statute, the two shall be construed, if possible, so that effect may be given to both. If the conflict between the two provisions is irreconcilable, the special provisions shall prevail and shall be construed as an exception to the general provision, unless the general provision shall be enacted later and it shall be the manifest intention of the General Assembly that such general provision shall prevail.
Cross References.
Section 1933 is referred to in section 1934 of this title; section 9303 of Title 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure).
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1934 - Irreconcilable clauses in the same statute

§ 1934. Irreconcilable clauses in the same statute.
Except as provided in section 1933 of this title (relating to particular controls general), whenever, in the same statute, several clauses are irreconcilable, the clause last in order of date or position shall prevail.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1935 - Irreconcilable statutes passed by same General Assembly

§ 1935. Irreconcilable statutes passed by same General Assembly.
Whenever the provisions of two or more statutes enacted finally during the same General Assembly are irreconcilable, the statute latest in date of final enactment, and where two or more irreconcilable statutes are enacted finally on the same date, the statute bearing the highest number, in either case irrespective of its effective date, shall prevail from the time it becomes effective except as otherwise provided in section 1952 of this title (relating to effect of separate amendments on code provisions enacted by same General Assembly) and section 1974 of this title (relating to effect of separate repeals on code provisions by same General Assembly).
Cross References.
Section 1935 is referred to in section 1955 of this title.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1936 - Irreconcilable statutes passed by different General Assemblies

§ 1936. Irreconcilable statutes passed by different General Assemblies.
Whenever the provisions of two or more statutes enacted finally by different General Assemblies are irreconcilable, the statute latest in date of final enactment shall prevail.
Cross References.
Section 1936 is referred to in section 1955 of this title.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1937 - References to statutes and regulations

§ 1937. References to statutes and regulations.
(a) General rule.--
A reference in a statute to a statute or to a regulation issued by a public body or public officer includes the statute or regulation with all amendments and supplements thereto and any new statute or regulation substituted for such statute or regulation, as in force at the time of application of the provision of the statute in which such reference is made, unless the specific language or the context of the reference in the provision clearly includes only the statute or regulation as in force on the effective date of the statute in which such reference is made.
(b) Applicability of section.--
The provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall apply to every statute finally enacted on or after July 1, 1971.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1938 - References to public bodies and public officers

§ 1938. References to public bodies and public officers.
A reference in a statute to a governmental agency, department, board, commission or other public body or to a public officer includes an entity or officer which succeeds to substantially the same functions as those performed by such public body or officer on the effective date of the statute, unless the specific language or the context of the reference in the statute clearly includes only the public body or officer on the effective date of the statute.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1939 - Use of comments and reports

§ 1939. Use of comments and reports.
The comments or report of the commission, committee, association or other entity which drafted a statute may be consulted in the construction or application of the original provisions of the statute if such comments or report were published or otherwise generally available prior to the consideration of the statute by the General Assembly, but the text of the statute shall control in the event of conflict between its text and such comments or report.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1951 - Interpretation of amendatory statutes

§ 1951. Interpretation of amendatory statutes.
In ascertaining the correct reading, status and interpretation of an amendatory statute, the matter inserted within brackets shall be omitted, and the matter in italics or underscored shall be read and interpreted as part of the statute.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1952 - Effect of separate amendments on code provisions enacted by same General Assembly

§ 1952. Effect of separate amendments on code provisions enacted by same General Assembly.
Whenever any existing statute, incorporated into and repealed by a code, is also amended by other legislation enacted by the same General Assembly, such separate amendment shall be construed to be in force, notwithstanding the repeal by the code of the statute such other legislation amends, and such amendment shall be construed to prevail over the corresponding provisions of the code.
Applicability.
Section 1952 was made inapplicable, in whole or in part, by various statutes amending the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes and amending or repealing corresponding former provisions of law. In such cases, the appendix following the particular title affected contains the provision of the statute which rendered section 1952 inapplicable.
Cross References.
Section 1952 is referred to in sections 1935, 1956 of this title.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1953 - Construction of amendatory statutes

§ 1953. Construction of amendatory statutes.
Whenever a section or part of a statute is amended, the amendment shall be construed as merging into the original statute, become a part thereof, and replace the part amended, and the remainder of the original statute and the amendment shall be read together and viewed as one statute passed at one time; but the portions of the statute which were not altered by the amendment shall be construed as effective from the time of their original enactment, and the new provisions shall be construed as effective only from the date when the amendment became effective.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1954 - Merger of subsequent amendments

§ 1954. Merger of subsequent amendments.
Whenever a statute has been more than once amended, the latest amendment shall be read into the original statute as previously amended and not into such statute as originally enacted. This rule applies whether or not the previous amendment is referred to and whether or not its language is incorporated in the latest amendment. If the insertions in and the deletions from the statute made by the previous amendment are not incorporated in the later, they shall nevertheless be read into the later amendment as though they had in fact been incorporated therein.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1955 - Two or more amendments to same provision, one overlooking the other

§ 1955. Two or more amendments to same provision, one overlooking the other.
Whenever two or more amendments to the same provision of a statute are enacted at the same or different sessions, one amendment overlooking and making no reference to the other or others, the changes in the statute made by each shall be given effect and all the amendments shall be read into each other. If the changes made in the statute are to any extent in direct conflict with each other, the rules specified in section 1935 of this title (relating to irreconcilable statutes passed by same General Assembly) and section 1936 of this title (relating to irreconcilable statutes passed by different General Assemblies) shall govern. The fact that a later amendment (1) restates language of the original statute which was deleted by an earlier amendment, or (2) fails to restate language inserted by an earlier amendment, does not of itself create a conflict between the two amendments. Amendments are in conflict with each other only if the changes in the statute made by each without considering the inserts and strike-outs of the other cannot be put into operation simultaneously.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1956 - Repeal of amendatory statutes and original statutes subsequently amended

§ 1956. Repeal of amendatory statutes and original statutes subsequently amended.
The repeal of an amendatory statute does not revive the corresponding provision or section of the original statute or of any prior amendment. Except as otherwise provided in section 1952 of this title (relating to effect of separate amendments on code provisions enacted by same General Assembly), the repeal of an original statute, or section or provision of an original statute, repeals all subsequent amendments to the original statute, or to the original section or provision, as the case may be.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1957 - Ineffective provisions not revived by reenactment in amendatory statutes

§ 1957. Ineffective provisions not revived by reenactment in amendatory statutes.
Provisions of a statute no longer effective because of having been deleted by an earlier amendment or otherwise shall not be construed as being revived by reenactment in an amendatory statute, unless it shall clearly appear by notice thereof in the title of the amendatory statute that the General Assembly intended to revive such provisions.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1961 - Effect of reenactment on original statute

§ 1961. Effect of reenactment on original statute.
Whenever a statute reenacts a former statute, the provisions common to both statutes shall date from their first adoption. Such provisions only of the former statute as are omitted from the reenactment shall be deemed abrogated, and only the new or changed provisions shall be deemed to be the law from the effective date of the reenactment.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1962 - Repeal and reenactment

§ 1962. Repeal and reenactment.
Whenever a statute is repealed and its provisions are at the same time reenacted in the same or substantially the same terms by the repealing statute, the earlier statute shall be construed as continued in active operation. All rights and liabilities incurred under such earlier statute are preserved and may be enforced.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1963 - Effect of reenactment on intervening statutes

§ 1963. Effect of reenactment on intervening statutes.
A statute which reenacts the provisions of an earlier statute shall not be construed to repeal an intermediate statute which modified but did not effect an amendment to such earlier statute. Such intermediate statute shall be construed to remain in force and to modify the reenactment in the same manner as it modified the earlier statute.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1971 - Implied repeal by later statute

§ 1971. Implied repeal by later statute.
(a) Revision or exclusive system covering entire subject.--
Whenever a statute purports to be a revision of all statutes upon a particular subject, or sets up a general or exclusive system covering the entire subject matter of a former statute and is intended as a substitute for such former statute, such statute shall be construed to supply and therefore to repeal all former statutes upon the same subject.
(b) Uniform mandatory system covering class of subjects.--
Whenever a general statute purports to establish a uniform and mandatory system covering a class of subjects, such statute shall be construed to supply and therefore to repeal pre-existing local or special statutes on the same class of subjects.
(c) Other cases.--
In all other cases, a later statute shall not be construed to supply or repeal an earlier statute unless the two statutes are irreconcilable.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1974 - Effect of separate repeals on code provisions by same General Assembly

§ 1974. Effect of separate repeals on code provisions by same General Assembly.
Whenever a statute repeals any provision of another statute incorporated into a code adopted by the same General Assembly, the statute repealing the provision so incorporated into the code shall be construed to effect a repeal of the corresponding provision of the code.
Applicability.
Section 1974 was made inapplicable, in whole or in part, by various statutes amending the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes and amending or repealing corresponding former provisions of law. In such cases, the appendix following the particular title affected contains the provision of the statute which rendered section 1974 inapplicable.
Cross References.
Section 1974 is referred to in section 1935 of this title.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1975 - Effect of repeal on limitations

§ 1975. Effect of repeal on limitations.
Whenever a limitation or period of time, prescribed in any statute for acquiring a right or barring a remedy, or for any other purpose, has begun to run before a statute repealing such statute takes effect, and the same or any other limitation is prescribed in any other statute passed by the same General Assembly, the time which has already run shall be deemed part of the time prescribed as such limitation in such statute passed by the same General Assembly.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1976 - Effect of repeal on rights, et cetera

§ 1976. Effect of repeal on rights, et cetera.
(a) Existing rights and pending actions.--
The repeal of any civil provisions of a statute shall not affect or impair any act done, or right existing or accrued, or affect any civil action pending to enforce any right under the authority of the statute repealed. Such action may be proceeded with and concluded under the statutes in existence when such action was instituted, notwithstanding the repeal of such statutes, or such action may be proceeded with and concluded under the provisions of the new statute, if any, enacted.
(b) Existence of private corporation.--
The repeal of any statute shall not affect the corporate existence of any private corporation created by or incorporated under such statute.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 19 - Rules of Construction › Section 1978 - Repeal as obsolete does not affect substantive rights

§ 1978. Repeal as obsolete does not affect substantive rights.
Whenever a statute which created a personal or property right in derogation of the common law is repealed as obsolete or by a code which does not contain an express provision with respect to such personal or property right, the repeal shall not be construed to revive the prior inconsistent common law rule, but such repeal shall be construed as a recognition by the General Assembly that such personal or property right has been received into and has become a part of the common law of this Commonwealth.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 23 - Implementation of Constitutional Provisions › Section 2301 - Equality of rights based on sex

§ 2301. Equality of rights based on sex.
(a) General rule.--
In recognition of the adoption of section 28 of Article I of the Constitution of Pennsylvania, it is hereby declared to be the intent of the General Assembly that where in any statute heretofore enacted there is a designation restricted to a single sex, the designation shall be deemed to refer to both sexes unless the designation does not operate to deny or abridge equality of rights under the law of this Commonwealth because of the sex of the individual.
(b) Public appointments.--
All references to sex in requirements for appointments to public agencies or public positions shall be construed to require appointment without reference to sex. However where the legislative intent is expressed that both men and women shall serve on a public agency or in public positions, the agency or positions shall not be composed of a membership wholly of one sex.
(c) Employment benefits.--
Where employment benefits authorized by statute, including pensions, death or disability payments or other similar benefits, are to be paid upon the death or disability of the employee, any designation of beneficiary which is restricted to a single sex shall be deemed a reference to both sexes.
(d) Other employment rights.--
All other statutes affecting employment which contain a designation restricted to one sex shall be deemed to refer to both sexes unless the designation does not operate to deny or abridge equality of rights.
(Oct. 4, 1978, P.L.909, No.173, eff. 60 days)
1978 Amendment.
Act 173 added section 2301. See section 8 of Act 173 in the appendix to this title for special provisions relating to transition provisions on employment benefits.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 23 - Implementation of Constitutional Provisions › Section 2310 - Sovereign immunity reaffirmed; specific waiver

§ 2310. Sovereign immunity reaffirmed; specific waiver.
Pursuant to section 11 of Article I of the Constitution of Pennsylvania, it is hereby declared to be the intent of the General Assembly that the Commonwealth, and its officials and employees acting within the scope of their duties, shall continue to enjoy sovereign immunity and official immunity and remain immune from suit except as the General Assembly shall specifically waive the immunity. When the General Assembly specifically waives sovereign immunity, a claim against the Commonwealth and its officials and employees shall be brought only in such manner and in such courts and in such cases as directed by the provisions of Title 42 (relating to judiciary and judicial procedure) or 62 (relating to procurement) unless otherwise specifically authorized by statute.
(May 15, 1998, P.L.358, No.57, eff. 180 days)
Cross References.
Section 2310 is referred to in section 9158.5 of Title 18 (Crimes and Offenses); section 8521 of Title 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure); section 1702 of Title 62 (Procurement); section 6018 of Title 64 (Public Authorities and Quasi-Public Corporations); section 1711 of Title 74 (Transportation).
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 31 - Board of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws › Section 3102 - Board established

§ 3102. Board established.
(a) Establishment.--
The Board of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws is reestablished within the Office of General Counsel.
(b) Composition.--
The board shall be composed of nine commissioners learned in the law:
(1) The Governor shall appoint three commissioners.
(2) The President pro tempore of the Senate shall appoint one commissioner.
(3) The Speaker of the House of Representatives shall appoint one commissioner.
(4) The Minority Leader of the Senate shall appoint one commissioner.
(5) The Minority Leader of the House of Representatives shall appoint one commissioner.
(6) The Attorney General shall serve as an ex officio commissioner.
(7) The General Counsel shall serve as an ex officio commissioner.
(c) Terms.--
(1) A commissioner under subsection (b)(1) shall serve a term of four years, calculated from the date of appointment.
(2) A commissioner under subsection (b)(2), (3), (4) or (5) shall serve at the pleasure of the appointing authority.
(d) Officers.--
The General Counsel shall serve as chairman of the board.
(e) Quorum.--
Five commissioners constitute a quorum.
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS › Chapter 31 - Board of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws › Section 3103 - Powers and duties

§ 3103. Powers and duties.
The board has the following powers and duties:
(1) To examine subjects it deems necessary.
(2) To ascertain the best means to effect an assimilation and uniformity of state legislation throughout the United States on the subjects examined under paragraph (1).
(3) To meet with the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, at annual and other sessions, to:
(i) promote uniformity of state legislation in the United States; and
(ii) join the conference in measures deemed most expedient to advance the objective of paragraphs (1) and (2).
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 2 - ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROCEDURE › Chronological History

Provision Affected
How Affected
By Law, Decision or Rule
Title 2
Title
Added
Nov. 25, 1970, P.L.707, No.230
§ 101 and Ch. 1
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 101 def. of "adjudication"
Constitutional
724 A.2d 319, Supreme (1999)
§ 101
Amended
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 102
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 103
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 104 (Reserved)
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 105
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 106
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 301 Ch. 3 (Reserved)
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 501 and Ch. 5 and Subch. A
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 501
Amended
Dec. 21, 1988, P.L.1895, No.186
§ 501 Ch. 5 Subch. A
Preempted as applied
784 A.2d 253, Cmwlth (2001)
§ 502
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 503
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 504
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 504
Constitutional
454 A.2d 513, Supreme (1983)
§ 504
Preempted as to National Guard Regulation
832 A.2d 987, Supreme (2003)
§ 505
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 505.1
Added
Dec. 10, 1982, P.L.1083, No.253
§ 505.1
Deleted by amendment
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 506
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 507
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 508
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 551 and Subch. B
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 552
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 553
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 554
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 555
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 561 and Subch. C
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 562
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 563
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 564
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 565
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 566
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 567
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 568
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 581 and Subch. D
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 582
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 583
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 584
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 585
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 586
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 587
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 588
Added
Nov. 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.172
§ 701 and Ch. 7 and Subch. A
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 702
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 703
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 704
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 751 and Subch. B
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 752
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 753
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
§ 754
Added
Apr. 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 2 - ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROCEDURE › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 102 - Implementing regulations

§ 102. Implementing regulations.
(a) General rule.
--An agency shall have power to promulgate, amend and repeal reasonable regulations implementing the provisions of this title.
(b) Uniform rules.
--(Reserved).
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 2 - ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROCEDURE › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 103 - Administrative Agency Law

§ 103. Administrative Agency Law.
(a) General rule.
--The provisions of Subchapter A of Chapter 5 (relating to practice and procedure of Commonwealth agencies) and Subchapter A of Chapter 7 (relating to judicial review of Commonwealth agency action) shall be known and may be cited as the "Administrative Agency Law."
(b) Rule making references.
--Whenever any statute makes reference to the Administrative Agency Law for procedures relating to the promulgation of administrative regulations, such reference shall hereafter be deemed to be a reference to the act of July 31, 1968 (P.L.769, No.240), known as the "Commonwealth Documents Law."
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 2 - ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROCEDURE › Chapter 1 - General Provisions › Section 105 - Local Agency Law

§ 105. Local Agency Law.
The provisions of Subchapter B of Chapter 5 (relating to practice and procedure of local agencies) and Subchapter B of Chapter 7 (relating to judicial review of local agency action) shall be known and may be cited as the "Local Agency Law."
2023 Pennsylvania Consolidated & Unconsolidated Statutes › Title 2 - ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROCEDURE › Chapter 5 - Practice and Procedure › Extra - Chapter Notes

Enactment.
Chapter 5 was added April 28, 1978, P.L.202, No.53, effective in 60 days.
Cross References.
Chapter 5 is referred to in section 8533.1 of Title 24 (Education); sections 3370,
            3370.1 of Title 75 (Vehicles).
Cross References.
Subchapter A is referred to in sections 103, 701, 704 of this title; sections 707,
            1108.1, 1524, 1543, 2114, 2380.8, 2504, 6825, 6826, 6915, 6920, 7115, 9339 of Title
            3 (Agriculture); sections 313, 328, 1518, 3304, 3905 of Title 4 (Amusements); sections
            3507, 3517 of Title 5 (Athletics and Sports); section 6138 of Title 7 (Banks and Banking);
            section 6205 of Title 12 (Commerce and Trade); section 503 of Title 17 (Credit Unions);
            section 3022 of Title 18 (Crimes and Offenses); section 8617 of Title 20 (Decedents,
            Estates and Fiduciaries); section 5103 of Title 23 (Domestic Relations); section 8901
            of Title 24 (Education); section 928 of Title 30 (Fish); sections 3705, 9506, 9702
            of Title 40 (Insurance); section 762 of Title 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure);
            section 323 of Title 57 (Notaries Public); section 3305 of Title 58 (Oil and Gas);
            sections 4506, 5904, 6137, 6139 of Title 61 (Prisons and Parole); section 13A02 of
            Title 65 (Public Officers); section 1102 of Title 67 (Public Welfare); section 5953.1
            of Title 71 (State Government); sections 9104, 9303 of Title 74 (Transportation);
            sections 8510.4, 8520 of Title 75 (Vehicles).
Cross References.
Subchapter B is referred to in sections 105, 754 of this title; sections 6131, 8432,
            8861 of Title 53 (Municipalities Generally); sections 3352, 7305 of Title 75 (Vehicles).
Enactment.
Subchapter C was added November 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.72, effective in 60 days.
Cross References.
Subchapter C is referred to in section 101 of this title.
Enactment.
Subchapter D was added November 29, 2006, P.L.1538, No.72, effective in 60 days.
Cross References.
Subchapter D is referred to in section 101 of this title.