2023 New Mexico Statutes › Chapter 55 - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 9 - Secured Transactions › Part 2 - EFFECTIVENESS OF SECURITY AGREEMENT; ATTACHMENT OF SECURITY INTEREST; RIGHTS OF PARTIES TO SECURITY AGREEMENT › Subpart 1 - EFFECTIVENESS AND ATTACHMENT › Section 55-9-203 - Attachment and enforceability of security interest; proceeds; supporting obligations; formal requisites.

(a) A security interest attaches to collateral when it becomes enforceable against the debtor with respect to the collateral, unless an agreement expressly postpones the time of attachment.
(b) Except as otherwise provided in Subsections (c) through (i) of this section, a security interest is enforceable against the debtor and third parties with respect to the collateral only if:
(1) value has been given;
(2) the debtor has rights in the collateral or the power to transfer rights in the collateral to a secured party; and
(3) one of the following conditions is met:
(A) the debtor has authenticated a security agreement that provides a description of the collateral and, if the security interest covers timber to be cut, a description of the land concerned;
(B) the collateral is not a certificated security and is in the possession of the secured party under Section 55-9-313 NMSA 1978 pursuant to the debtor's security agreement;
(C) the collateral is a certificated security in registered form and the security certificate has been delivered to the secured party under Section 55-8-301 NMSA 1978 pursuant to the debtor's security agreement; or
(D) the collateral is deposit accounts, electronic chattel paper, investment property, letter-of-credit rights or electronic documents, and the secured party has control under Section 55-7-106, 55-9-104, 55-9-105, 55-9-106 or 55-9-107 NMSA 1978 pursuant to the debtor's security agreement.
(c) Subsection (b) of this section is subject to Section 55-4-210 NMSA 1978 on the security interest of a collecting bank, Section 55-5-118 NMSA 1978 on the security interest of a letter-of-credit issuer or nominated person, Section 55-9-110 NMSA 1978 on a security interest arising under Chapter 55, Article 2 or 2A NMSA 1978 and Section 55-9-206 NMSA 1978 on security interests in investment property.
(d) A person becomes bound as debtor by a security agreement entered into by another person if, by operation of law other than Chapter 55, Article 9 NMSA 1978 or by contract:
(1) the security agreement becomes effective to create a security interest in the person's property; or
(2) the person becomes generally obligated for the obligations of the other person, including the obligation secured under the security agreement, and acquires or succeeds to all or substantially all of the assets of the other person.
(e) If a new debtor becomes bound as debtor by a security agreement entered into by another person:
(1) the agreement satisfies Paragraph (3) of Subsection (b) of this section with respect to existing or after-acquired property of the new debtor to the extent the property is described in the agreement; and
(2) another agreement is not necessary to make a security interest in the property enforceable.
(f) The attachment of a security interest in collateral gives the secured party the rights to proceeds provided by Section 55-9-315 NMSA 1978 and is also attachment of a security interest in a supporting obligation for the collateral.
(g) The attachment of a security interest in a right to payment or performance secured by a security interest or other lien on personal or real property is also attachment of a security interest in the security interest, mortgage or other lien.
(h) The attachment of a security interest in a securities account is also attachment of a security interest in the security entitlements carried in the securities account.
(i) The attachment of a security interest in a commodity account is also attachment of a security interest in the commodity contracts carried in the commodity account.
History:
1978 Comp., § 55-9-203, enacted by Laws 2001, ch. 139, § 13; 2005, ch. 144, § 95.
OFFICIAL COMMENTS
UCC Official Comments by ALI & the NCCUSL. Reproduced with permission of the PEB for the UCC. All rights reserved.
1.
Source.
Former Sections 9-115(2), (6) and 9-203 [55-9-115, 55-9-203 NMSA 1978, respectively].
2.
Creation, Attachment, and Enforceability.
Subsection (a) states the general rule that a security interest attaches to collateral only when it becomes enforceable against the debtor. Subsection (b) specifies the circumstances under which a security interest becomes enforceable. Subsection (b) states three basic prerequisites to the existence of a security interest: Value (paragraph (1)), rights or power to transfer rights in collateral (paragraph (2)), and agreement plus satisfaction of an evidentiary requirement (paragraph (3)). When all of these elements exist, a security interest becomes enforceable between the parties and attaches under Subsection (a). Subsection (c) identifies certain exceptions to the general rule of Subsection (b).
3.
Security Agreement; Signed.
Under Subsection (b)(3), enforceability requires the debtor's security agreement and compliance with an evidentiary requirement in the nature of a Statute of Frauds. Paragraph (3)(A) represents the most basic of the evidentiary alternatives, under which the debtor must sign a security agreement that provides a description of the collateral. Under Section 9-102 [55-9-102 NMSA 1978], a "security agreement" is "an agreement that creates or provides for a security interest." Neither that definition nor the requirement of paragraph (3)(A) rejects the deeply rooted doctrine that a bill of sale, although absolute in form, may be shown in fact to have been given as security. Under this Article, as under prior law, a debtor may show by parol evidence that a transfer purporting to be absolute was in fact for security. Similarly, a self-styled "lease" may serve as a security agreement if the agreement creates a security interest.
See
Section 1-203 [55-1-203 NMSA 1978] (distinguishing security interest from lease). Consistent with the revised definition of "sign" in Section 1-201 [55-1-201 NMSA 1978], the cognate terms "signed" and "signing" replace the references to "authenticated" and "authentication" in the pre-2022 text of this Section.
4.
Possession, Delivery, or Control Pursuant to Security Agreement.
The other alternatives in Subsection (b)(3) dispense with the requirement of a signed security agreement and provide alternative evidentiary tests. Under paragraph (3)(B), the secured party's possession substitutes for the debtor's signed security agreement under paragraph (3)(A) if the secured party's possession is "pursuant to the debtor's security agreement." That phrase refers to the debtor's agreement to the secured party's possession in connection with the creation of a security interest. The phrase should not be confused with the phrase "debtor has signed a security agreement," used in paragraph (3)(A), which contemplates the debtor's signing of a record. In the unlikely event that possession is obtained without the debtor's agreement, possession would not suffice as a substitute for a signed security agreement. However, once the security interest has become enforceable and has attached, it is not impaired by the fact that the secured party's possession is maintained without the agreement of a subsequent debtor (e.g., a transferee). Possession as contemplated by Section 9-313 [55-9-313 NMSA 1978] is possession for purposes of Subsection (b)(3)(B), even though it may not constitute possession "pursuant to the debtor's agreement" and consequently might not serve as a substitute for a signed security agreement under Subsection (b)(3)(A). Subsection (b)(3)(C) provides that delivery of a certificated security to the secured party under Section 8-301 pursuant to the debtor's security agreement is sufficient as a substitute for a signed security agreement. Similarly, under Subsection (b)(3)(D), control of controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, electronic documents, electronic money, investment property, or a letter-of-credit rights satisfies the evidentiary test if control is pursuant to the debtor's security agreement, and under Subsection (b)(3)(E), possession and control of chattel paper under Section 9-314A [55-9-314 NMSA 1978] satisfies the evidentiary test if pursuant to the debtor's security agreement.
5.
Collateral Covered by Other Statute or Treaty.
One evidentiary purpose of the formal requisites stated in subsection (b) is to minimize the possibility of future disputes as to the terms of a security agreement (
e.g.
, as to the property that stands as collateral for the obligation secured). One should distinguish the evidentiary functions of the formal requisites of attachment and enforceability (such as the requirement that a security agreement contain a description of the collateral) from the more limited goals of "notice filing" for financing statements under part 5, explained in Section 9-502, comment 2. When perfection is achieved by compliance with the requirements of a statute or treaty described in Section 9-311(a), such as a federal recording act or a certificate-of-title statute, the manner of describing the collateral in a registry imposed by the statute or treaty may or may not be adequate for purposes of this section and Section 9-108. However, the description contained in the security agreement, not the description in a public registry or on a certificate of title, controls for purposes of this section.
6.
Debtor's Rights; Debtor's Power to Transfer Rights.
Subsection (b)(2) conditions attachment on the debtor's having "rights in the collateral or the power to transfer rights in the collateral to a secured party." A debtor's limited rights in collateral, short of full ownership, are sufficient for a security interest to attach. However, in accordance with basic personal property conveyancing principles, the baseline rule is that a security interest attaches only to whatever rights a debtor may have, broad or limited as those rights may be.
Certain exceptions to the baseline rule enable a debtor to transfer, and a security interest to attach to, greater rights than the debtor has. See part 3, subpart 3 (priority rules). The phrase, "or the power to transfer rights in the collateral to a secured party," accommodates those exceptions. In some cases, a debtor may have power to transfer another person's rights only to a class of transferees that excludes secured parties.
See, e.g.
, section 2-403(2) (giving certain merchants power to transfer an entruster's rights to a buyer in ordinary course of business). Under those circumstances, the debtor would not have the power to create a security interest in the other person's rights, and the condition in subsection (b)(2) would not be satisfied.
7.
New Debtors.
Subsection (e) makes clear that the enforceability requirements of subsection (b)(3) are met when a new debtor becomes bound under an original debtor's security agreement. If a new debtor becomes bound as debtor by a security agreement entered into by another person, the security agreement satisfies the requirement of subsection (b)(3) as to the existing and after-acquired property of the new debtor to the extent the property is described in the agreement.
Subsection (d) explains when a new debtor becomes bound. Persons who become bound under paragraph (2) are limited to those who both become primarily liable for the original debtor's obligations and succeed to (or acquire) its assets. Thus, the paragraph excludes sureties and other secondary obligors as well as persons who become obligated through veil piercing and other nonsuccessorship doctrines. In many cases, paragraph (2) will exclude successors to the assets and liabilities of a division of a debtor.
See also
section 9-508, comment 3.
8.
Proceeds and Supporting Obligations.
Under Subsection (f), attachment of a security interest in original collateral also is attachment of a security interest in identifiable proceeds as provided in Section 9-315(a)(2) [55-9-315 NMSA 1978]. It is not necessary for a security agreement to mention "proceeds" or otherwise to describe collateral consisting of proceeds.
See also
Section 9-108 [55-9-108 NMSA 1978], Comment 5. Also under subsection (f), a security interest in a "supporting obligation" (defined in Section 9-102 [55-9-102 NMSA 1978]) automatically follows from a security interest in the underlying, supported collateral. This result was implicit under pre-1998 Article 9. Implicit in Subsection (f) is the principle that the secured party's interest in a supporting obligation extends to the supporting obligation only to the extent that it supports the collateral in which the secured party has a security interest. Complex issues may arise, however, if a supporting obligation supports many separate obligations of a particular account debtor and if the supported obligations are separately assigned as security to several secured parties. The problems may be exacerbated if a supporting obligation is limited to an aggregate amount that is less than the aggregate amount of the obligations it supports. This Article does not contain provisions dealing with competing claims to a limited supporting obligation. As under pre-1998 Article 9, other law, including the law of suretyship, and the agreements of the parties will control.
9.
Collateral Follows Right to Payment or Performance.
Subsection (g) codifies the common law rule that a transfer of an obligation secured by a security interest or other lien on personal or real property also transfers the security interest or lien. See Restatement (3d), Property (Mortgages) section 5.4(a) (1997).
See also
Section 9-308(e) (analogous rule for perfection).
10.
Investment Property.
Subsections (h) and (i) [(j)] make clear that attachment of a security interest in a securities account or commodity account is also attachment in security entitlements or commodity contracts carried in the accounts.
ANNOTATIONS
Cross references.
— For description of collateral,
see
55-9-108 NMSA 1978.
Repeals and reenactments.
— Laws 2001, ch. 139, § 13 repealed former 55-9-203 NMSA 1978, as amended by Laws 1996, ch. 47, § 61, and enacted a new section, effective July 1, 2001.
The 2005 amendment,
effective January 1, 2006, provides in Subsection (b)(3)(D) that collateral may include electronic documents and adds Section 55-7-107 NMSA 1978 as a section under which the secured party has control.
Decisions under former Sections 55-9-115 and 55-9-203 NMSA 1978.
— In light of the similarity of this section and former Section 55-9-115 and 55-9-203 NMSA 1978, annotations decided under former 55-9-115 and 55-9-203 NMSA 1978 have been included in the annotations in this section.
Use of traditional security agreements may continue.
— The traditional forms of security agreements in use before the enactment of this section may continue to be used after its enactment.
Strevell-Paterson Fin. Co. v. May
, 1967-NMSC-004, 77 N.M. 331, 422 P.2d 366 (decided under former law).
Security interest not enforceable until debtor signs written agreement.
— Purchase money security interest of defendant was not enforceable under this section until after the written security agreements had been signed by owner of equipment paid for by defendant.
Honea v. Laco Auto Leasing, Inc.
, 1969-NMCA-025, 80 N.M. 300, 454 P.2d 782 (decided under former law).
Agreement effective only as to collateral described therein.
— A security interest is not effective against third parties unless the debtor has signed a security agreement which contains a description of the collateral, and the disputed items cannot be included within the security agreement by the "outside evidence" relied on by plaintiff because the disputed items are not described in the security agreement.
Jones & Laughlin Supply v. Dugan Prod. Corp.
, 1973-NMCA-050, 85 N.M. 51, 508 P.2d 1348 (decided under former law).
Agreement that did not describe collateral was inadequate.
— A security agreement between a floor plan financier and a used car dealer which left blank a space therein for describing collateral was inadequate to perfect an interest in automobiles obtained by the dealer for resale from another dealer which retained possession of the certificates of title until it was paid.
Avlin Inc. v. Manis
, 1998-NMCA-011, 124 N.M. 544, 953 P.2d 309 (decided under former law).
A mortgage securing the repayment of a promissory note follows the note.
— In a residential foreclosure action, where plaintiff bank filed a complaint to enforce defendant's promissory note and foreclose his mortgage, and where defendant claimed that plaintiff had no right to foreclose his mortgage as a result of an unrecorded assignment of mortgage from the original lender, wells fargo bank, to another entity before wells fargo bank later assigned the same mortgage to plaintiff, claiming that the unrecorded assignment created a genuine issue of fact regarding plaintiff's ownership of the mortgage, the district court did not err in granting plaintiff's motion for summary judgment because the unrecorded assignment was a legal nullity, and it is a long-standing principle that a mortgage securing the repayment of a promissory note follows the note, and thus only the rightful owner of the note has the right to enforce the mortgage. In the present case, plaintiff established that it was in possession of the promissory note at the time of filing by presenting the original note indorsed in blank with its complaint, and under New Mexico law, when the promissory note indorsed in blank was transferred to plaintiff prior to filing, the mortgage followed the note into plaintiff's possession.
HSBC Bank USA v. Wiles
, 2020-NMCA-035, cert. denied.
Omission of collateral from security agreement creates no security interest.
— Where the collateral is described on a financing statement but omitted from the security agreement, there is no enforceable security interest.
First Nat'l Bank v. Niccum (In re Permian Anchor Servs.)
, 649 F.2d 763 (10th Cir. 1981) (decided under former law).
Parol evidence cannot be offered
to establish a valid security agreement.
First Nat'l Bank v. Niccum (In re Permian Anchor Servs.)
, 649 F.2d 763 (10th Cir. 1981) (decided under former law).
Possession for purpose of attachment not established.
— There was no attachment of an interest in vehicles by way of possession as required under this section, where the debtor delivered the vehicles to an auction house that was acting, at least in part, as debtor's agent.
Parker v. Elkins Welding & Constr., Inc.
, 258 Bankr. 216 (Bankr. D.N.M. 2001) (decided under former law).
Law reviews.
— For article, "Essential Attributes of Commercial Paper - Part I," see 1 N.M. L. Rev. 479 (1971).
Am. Jur. 2d, A.L.R. and C.J.S. references.
— Sufficiency of debtor's signature on security agreement or financing statement under UCC §§ 9-203 and 9-402, 3 A.L.R.4th 502.
Right of secured creditor to have set aside fraudulent transfer of other property by his debtor, 8 A.L.R.4th 1123.
Conveyance of land as including mature but unharvested crops, 51 A.L.R.4th 1263.
Avoidance under 11 USCS § 522(f)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code of 1978 of nonpossessory, nonpurchase-money security interest in debtor's exempt personal property, 55 A.L.R. Fed. 353.