2023 New York Laws › PEN - Penal › Part 3 - Specific Offenses › Title J - Offenses Involving Theft › Article 156 - Offenses Involving Computers; Definition of Terms › 156.00 - Offenses Involving Computers; Definition of Terms.

§ 156.00 Offenses involving computers; definition of terms.
The  following definitions are applicable to this chapter except where
different meanings are expressly specified:
1.  "Computer"  means  a  device  or  group  of  devices   which,   by
manipulation   of   electronic,  magnetic,  optical  or  electrochemical
impulses, pursuant to a  computer  program,  can  automatically  perform
arithmetic, logical, storage or retrieval operations with or on computer
data,  and  includes any connected or directly related device, equipment
or  facility  which  enables  such  computer  to  store,   retrieve   or
communicate  to or from a person, another computer or another device the
results of computer operations, computer programs or computer data.
2. "Computer program" is property and means an  ordered  set  of  data
representing  coded  instructions  or  statements that, when executed by
computer, cause the computer to process data or direct the  computer  to
perform  one or more computer operations or both and may be in any form,
including magnetic storage media, punched cards, or stored internally in
the memory of the computer.
3.  "Computer  data"  is  property  and  means  a  representation   of
information,  knowledge, facts, concepts or instructions which are being
processed, or have been processed in a computer and may be in any  form,
including magnetic storage media, punched cards, or stored internally in
the memory of the computer.
4.  "Computer  service"  means  any  and  all  services provided by or
through the facilities of any computer communication system allowing the
input, output, examination, or transfer, of computer  data  or  computer
programs from one computer to another.
5.  "Computer  material"  is  property  and means any computer data or
computer program which:
(a) contains records of the medical history or medical treatment of an
identified or readily identifiable individual or individuals. This  term
shall  not  apply  to the gaining access to or duplication solely of the
medical history or medical treatment records of a person by that  person
or  by  another  specifically authorized by the person whose records are
gained access to or duplicated; or
(b)  contains  records  maintained  by  the  state  or  any  political
subdivision thereof or any governmental instrumentality within the state
which  contains  any  information  concerning  a  person,  as defined in
subdivision seven of section 10.00 of this  chapter,  which  because  of
name,  number, symbol, mark or other identifier, can be used to identify
the  person  and  which  is  otherwise  prohibited  by  law  from  being
disclosed.  This  term  shall  not  apply  to  the  gaining access to or
duplication solely of records of a person by that person or  by  another
specifically authorized by the person whose records are gained access to
or duplicated; or
(c)  is  not  and is not intended to be available to anyone other than
the person or persons  rightfully  in  possession  thereof  or  selected
persons  having  access thereto with his, her or their consent and which
accords or  may  accord  such  rightful  possessors  an  advantage  over
competitors  or  other  persons who do not have knowledge or the benefit
thereof.
6.  "Computer  network"  means  the  interconnection  of  hardwire  or
wireless  communication  lines with a computer through remote terminals,
or a complex consisting of two or more interconnected computers.
7. "Access" means  to  instruct,  communicate  with,  store  data  in,
retrieve  from,  or  otherwise  make use of any resources of a computer,
physically, directly or by electronic means.
8. "Without authorization" means to  use  or  to  access  a  computer,
computer service or computer network without the permission of the owner

or lessor or someone licensed or privileged by the owner or lessor where
such person knew that his or her use or access was without permission or
after  actual  notice to such person that such use or access was without
permission.  It  shall  also  mean the access of a computer service by a
person without permission where such person knew that  such  access  was
without  permission  or  after  actual  notice to such person, that such
access was without permission.
Proof that such person used or accessed a computer,  computer  service
or  computer  network  through the knowing use of a set of instructions,
code  or  computer  program  that  bypasses,   defrauds   or   otherwise
circumvents  a  security  measure  installed  or  used  with  the user's
authorization on the computer,  computer  service  or  computer  network
shall  be  presumptive  evidence  that such person used or accessed such
computer, computer service or computer network without authorization.
9. "Felony" as used in this article means any felony  defined  in  the
laws  of  this  state  or  any  offense defined in the laws of any other
jurisdiction for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment in excess of
one year is authorized in this state.