reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 1 - General › 7-102 - Definitions and Index of Definitions.

Section 7--102. Definitions and Index of Definitions.
(a) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1)  "Bailee"  means  a  person  that  by a warehouse receipt, bill of
lading, or other document of title acknowledges possession of goods  and
contracts to deliver them.
(2) "Carrier" means a person that issues a bill of lading.
(3)  "Consignee"  means a person named in a bill of lading to which or
to whose order the bill promises delivery.
(4) "Consignor" means a person named in a bill of lading as the person
from which the goods have been received for shipment.
(5) "Delivery order" means a record that contains an order to  deliver
goods  directed  to  a  warehouse,  carrier, or other person that in the
ordinary course of  business  issues  warehouse  receipts  or  bills  of
lading.
(6)  "Good  faith"  means  honesty  in  fact  and  the  observance  of
reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
(7) "Goods" means all things that  are  treated  as  movable  for  the
purposes of a contract for storage or transportation.
(8) "Issuer" means a bailee that issues a document of title or, in the
case  of  an  unaccepted  delivery  order,  the  person  that orders the
possessor of goods to deliver. The term includes a person for  which  an
agent  or employee purports to act in issuing a document if the agent or
employee has real or apparent authority to issue documents, even if  the
issuer did not receive any goods, the goods were misdescribed, or in any
other respect the agent or employee violated the issuer's instructions.
(9) "Person entitled under the document" means the holder, in the case
of  a  negotiable  document of title, or the person to which delivery of
the goods is to be made by the terms of, or pursuant to instructions  in
a record under, a nonnegotiable document of title.
(10) {Reserved}.
(11)  "Sign"  means,  with  present  intent to authenticate or adopt a
record:
(A) to execute or adopt a tangible symbol; or
(B) to attach to or logically associate with the record an  electronic
sound, symbol, or process.
(12)  "Shipper"  means  a  person  that  enters  into  a  contract  of
transportation with a carrier.
(13) "Warehouse" means a person engaged in  the  business  of  storing
goods for hire.
(b)  Definitions  in  other  articles applying to this article and the
sections in which they appear are:
(1) "Contract for sale", Section 2--106.
(2) "Lessee in the ordinary course of business", Section 2A--103.
(3) "Receipt" of goods, Section 2--103.
(c) In addition, Article 1 contains general definitions and principles
of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 1 - General › 7-103 - Relation of Article to Treaty or Statute.

Section 7--103. Relation of Article to Treaty or Statute.
(a)  This  article  is  subject to any treaty or statute of the United
States or regulatory statute of this state to  the  extent  the  treaty,
statute, or regulatory statute is applicable.
(b)  This  article  does  not modify or repeal any law prescribing the
form or content of a document of title or the services or facilities  to
be  afforded by a bailee, or otherwise regulating a bailee's business in
respects not specifically treated in this article. However, violation of
such a law does not affect the  status  of  a  document  of  title  that
otherwise is within the definition of a document of title.
(c)   This  article  modifies,  limits,  and  supersedes  the  federal
Electronic Signatures in Global and National  Commerce  Act  (15  U.S.C.
Section 7001, et. seq.) but does not modify, limit, or supersede Section
101(c)  of  that act (15 U.S.C. Section 7001(c)) or authorize electronic
delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of  that  act
(15 U.S.C.  Section 7003(b)).
(d)  To  the  extent  there  is  a  conflict  between  the  Electronic
Signatures and Records Act (State Technology Law 301 et. Seq.) and  this
article, this article governs.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 1 - General › 7-104 - Negotiable and Nonnegotiable Document of Title.

Section 7--104. Negotiable and Nonnegotiable Document of Title.
(a)  Except  as  otherwise  provided  in subsection (c), a document of
title is negotiable if by its terms the goods are  to  be  delivered  to
bearer or to the order of a named person.
(b)  A document of title other than one described in subsection (a) is
nonnegotiable. A bill of lading that states that the goods are consigned
to a named person is not made negotiable by a provision that  the  goods
are to be delivered only against an order in a record signed by the same
or another named person.
(c) A document of title is nonnegotiable if, at the time it is issued,
the  document  has  a  conspicuous legend, however expressed, that it is
nonnegotiable.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 1 - General › 7-105 - Reissuance in Alternative Medium.

Section 7--105. Reissuance in Alternative Medium.
(a)  Upon request of a person entitled under an electronic document of
title, the issuer of  the  electronic  document  may  issue  a  tangible
document of title as a substitute for the electronic document if:
(1)  the  person  entitled  under  the  electronic document surrenders
control of the document to the issuer; and
(2) the tangible document when issued contains a statement that it  is
issued in substitution for the electronic document.
(b)  Upon issuance of a tangible document of title in substitution for
an electronic document of title in accordance with subsection (a):
(1) the electronic document ceases to have any effect or validity; and
(2) the  person  that  procured  issuance  of  the  tangible  document
warrants  to all subsequent persons entitled under the tangible document
that the warrantor was a person entitled under the  electronic  document
when the warrantor surrendered control of the electronic document to the
issuer.
(c)  Upon  request  of  a person entitled under a tangible document of
title, the issuer of the  tangible  document  may  issue  an  electronic
document of title as a substitute for the tangible document if:
(1)  the  person  entitled  under  the  tangible  document  surrenders
possession of the document to the issuer; and
(2) the electronic document when issued contains a statement  that  it
is issued in substitution for the tangible document.
(d)  Upon  issuance of an electronic document of title in substitution
for a tangible document of title in accordance with subsection (c):
(1) the tangible document ceases to have any effect or validity; and
(2) the person that  procured  issuance  of  the  electronic  document
warrants  to  all  subsequent  persons  entitled  under  the  electronic
document that the warrantor was a person  entitled  under  the  tangible
document  when  the  warrantor  surrendered  possession  of the tangible
document to the issuer.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 1 - General › 7-106 - Control of Electronic Document of Title.

Section 7--106. Control of Electronic Document of Title.
(a)  A  person  has  control  of  an electronic document of title if a
system  employed  for  evidencing  the  transfer  of  interests  in  the
electronic  document  reliably  establishes that person as the person to
which the electronic document was issued or transferred.
(b) A system satisfies subsection (a), and a person is deemed to  have
control  of an electronic document of title, if the document is created,
stored and assigned in such a manner that:
(1) a single authoritative  copy  of  the  document  exists  which  is
unique,  identifiable,  and,  except as otherwise provided in paragraphs
(4), (5), and (6), unalterable;
(2) the authoritative copy identifies the person asserting control as:
(A) the person to which the document was issued; or
(B) if the authoritative copy indicates that  the  document  has  been
transferred,  the  person  to  which  the  document  was  most  recently
transferred;
(3) the authoritative copy is communicated to and  maintained  by  the
person asserting control or its designated custodian;
(4)  copies or amendments that add or change an identified assignee of
the authoritative copy can be made only with the consent of  the  person
asserting control;
(5)  each  copy  of  the  authoritative copy and any copy of a copy is
readily identifiable as a copy that is not the authoritative copy; and
(6) any amendment of the authoritative copy is readily identifiable as
authorized or unauthorized.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 2 - Warehouse Receipts: Special Provisions › 7-201 - Person That May Issue a Warehouse Receipt; Storage Under Bond.

Section 7--201. Person That May Issue a Warehouse Receipt; Storage Under
Bond.
(a) A warehouse receipt may be issued by any warehouse.
(b)   If   goods,   including   distilled   spirits  and  agricultural
commodities, are  stored  under  a  statute  requiring  a  bond  against
withdrawal  or  a  license for the issuance of receipts in the nature of
warehouse receipts, a receipt issued for the goods is  deemed  to  be  a
warehouse  receipt  even  if issued by a person that is the owner of the
goods and is not a warehouse.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 2 - Warehouse Receipts: Special Provisions › 7-202 - Form of Warehouse Receipt; Effect of Omission.

Section 7--202. Form of Warehouse Receipt; Effect of Omission.
(a) A warehouse receipt need not be in any particular form.
(b) Unless a warehouse receipt provides for each of the following, the
warehouse  is  liable  for  damages  caused  to  a person injured by its
omission:
(1) a statement of the location of the warehouse  facility  where  the
goods are stored;
(2) the date of issue of the receipt;
(3) the unique identification code of the receipt;
(4)  a  statement  whether the goods received will be delivered to the
bearer, to a named person, or to a named person or its order;
(5) the rate of storage and handling charges, unless goods are  stored
under a field warehousing arrangement, in which case a statement of that
fact is sufficient on a nonnegotiable receipt;
(6) a description of the goods or the packages containing them;
(7) the signature of the warehouse or its agent;
(8) if the receipt is issued for goods that the warehouse owns, either
solely,  jointly,  or  in common with others, a statement of the fact of
that ownership; and
(9) a statement of the amount of  advances  made  and  of  liabilities
incurred  for  which  the  warehouse claims a lien or security interest,
unless the precise amount of advances made or liabilities  incurred,  at
the  time of the issue of the receipt, is unknown to the warehouse or to
its agent that issued the receipt, in which case a statement of the fact
that advances have been made or liabilities incurred and the purpose  of
the advances or liabilities is sufficient.
(c)  A  warehouse  may  insert  in  its receipt any terms that are not
contrary to this Act and do not impair its obligation of delivery  under
Section  7--403  or  its duty of care under Section 7--204. Any contrary
provision is ineffective.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 2 - Warehouse Receipts: Special Provisions › 7-203 - Liability for Nonreceipt or Misdescription.

Section 7--203. Liability for Nonreceipt or Misdescription.
A  party  to,  or  purchaser for, value in good faith of a document of
title, other than a bill of lading, that relies upon the description  of
the  goods in the document may recover from the issuer damages caused by
the nonreceipt or misdescription of the  goods,  except  to  the  extent
that:
(1) the document conspicuously indicates that the issuer does not know
whether all or part of the goods in fact were received or conform to the
description,  such  as  a  case  in which the description is in terms of
marks or labels or kind, quantity,  or  condition,  or  the  receipt  or
description  is qualified by "contents, condition, and quality unknown",
"said to contain", or words of similar  import,  if  the  indication  is
true; or
(2)  the  party or purchaser otherwise has notice of the nonreceipt or
misdescription.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 2 - Warehouse Receipts: Special Provisions › 7-204 - Duty of Care; Contractual Limitation of Warehouse's Liability.

Section 7--204. Duty  of  Care;  Contractual  Limitation  of Warehouse's
Liability.
(a) A warehouse is liable for damages for loss of  or  injury  to  the
goods  caused  by  its failure to exercise care with regard to the goods
that  a  reasonably  careful  person  would   exercise   under   similar
circumstances.  Unless otherwise agreed, the warehouse is not liable for
damages that could not have been avoided by the exercise of that care.
(b)  Damages  may  be  limited  by  a term in the warehouse receipt or
storage agreement limiting the amount of liability in case  of  loss  or
damage  beyond  which  the warehouse is not liable. Such a limitation is
not effective with respect to the warehouse's liability  for  conversion
to  its  own  use.  On  request of the bailor in a record at the time of
signing the storage agreement or within a reasonable time after  receipt
of  the warehouse receipt, the warehouse's liability may be increased on
part or all of the  goods  covered  by  the  storage  agreement  or  the
warehouse  receipt.  In this event, increased rates may be charged based
on an increased valuation of the goods.
(c) Reasonable provisions as to the  time  and  manner  of  presenting
claims  and  commencing actions based on the bailment may be included in
the warehouse receipt or storage agreement.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 2 - Warehouse Receipts: Special Provisions › 7-205 - Title Under Warehouse Receipt Defeated in Certain Cases.

Section 7--205. Title Under Warehouse Receipt Defeated in Certain Cases.
A  buyer  in  ordinary  course  of business of fungible goods sold and
  delivered by a warehouse that is also in  the  business  of  buying  and
  selling  such  goods takes the goods free of any claim under a warehouse
  receipt even if the receipt is negotiable and has been duly negotiated.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 2 - Warehouse Receipts: Special Provisions › 7-206 - Termination of Storage at Warehouse's Option.

Section 7--206. Termination of Storage at Warehouse's Option.
(a)  A  warehouse, by giving notice to the person on whose account the
goods are held and any other person known to claim an  interest  in  the
goods,  may require payment of any charges and removal of the goods from
the warehouse at the termination of the period of storage fixed  by  the
document  of  title or, if a period is not fixed, within a stated period
not less than 30 days after the warehouse gives notice. If the goods are
not removed before the date specified in the notice, the  warehouse  may
sell them pursuant to Section 7--210.
(b)  If  a  warehouse  in  good faith believes that goods are about to
deteriorate or decline in value to less than  the  amount  of  its  lien
within  the  time  provided  in  subsection  (a) and Section 7--210, the
warehouse may specify in the  notice  given  under  subsection  (a)  any
reasonable  shorter  time for removal of the goods and, if the goods are
not removed, may sell them at public sale held not less  than  one  week
after a single advertisement or posting.
(c)  If,  as  a result of a quality or condition of the goods of which
the warehouse did not have notice at the time of deposit, the goods  are
a  hazard to other property, the warehouse facilities, or other persons,
the warehouse may sell the goods  at  public  or  private  sale  without
advertisement or posting on reasonable notification to all persons known
to  claim an interest in the goods. If the warehouse, after a reasonable
effort, is unable to sell the goods, it  may  dispose  of  them  in  any
lawful   manner   and  does  not  incur  liability  by  reason  of  that
disposition.
(d) A warehouse shall deliver the goods to any person entitled to them
under this article upon due demand made at any time before sale or other
disposition under this section.
(e) A warehouse may satisfy its lien from the proceeds of any sale  or
disposition  under  this section but shall hold the balance for delivery
on the demand of any person to which the warehouse would have been bound
to deliver the goods.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 2 - Warehouse Receipts: Special Provisions › 7-207 - Goods Must Be Kept Separate; Fungible Goods.

Section 7--207. Goods Must Be Kept Separate; Fungible Goods.
(a) Unless the warehouse receipt provides otherwise, a warehouse shall
keep  separate  the goods covered by each receipt so as to permit at all
times identification and delivery of  those  goods.  However,  different
lots of fungible goods may be commingled.
(b)  If different lots of fungible goods are commingled, the goods are
owned in common by the persons entitled thereto  and  the  warehouse  is
severally  liable  to  each owner for that owner's share. If, because of
overissue, a mass of fungible goods is  insufficient  to  meet  all  the
receipts  the  warehouse  has  issued  against  it, the persons entitled
include  all  holders  to  which  overissued  receipts  have  been  duly
negotiated.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 2 - Warehouse Receipts: Special Provisions › 7-208 - Altered Warehouse Receipts.

Section 7--208. Altered Warehouse Receipts.
If  a blank in a negotiable tangible warehouse receipt has been filled
  in without authority, a  good-faith  purchaser  for  value  and  without
  notice  of  the lack of authority may treat the insertion as authorized.
  Any other unauthorized alteration  leaves  any  tangible  or  electronic
  warehouse  receipt  enforceable  against  the  issuer  according  to its
  original tenor.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 3 - Bills of Lading: Special Provisions › 7-301 - Liability for Nonreceipt or Misdescription; "Said to Contain"; "Shipper's Weight, Load, and Count"; Improper Handling.

Section 7--301. Liability  for  Nonreceipt  or  Misdescription; "Said to
Contain";  "Shipper's  Weight,   Load,   and   Count";
Improper Handling.
(a)  A  consignee  of  a  nonnegotiable bill of lading which has given
value in good faith, or a holder to which a  negotiable  bill  has  been
duly  negotiated,  relying upon the description of the goods in the bill
or upon the date shown in the bill, may recover from the issuer  damages
caused  by the misdating of the bill or the nonreceipt or misdescription
of the goods, except to the extent that  the  bill  indicates  that  the
issuer  does  not know whether any part or all of the goods in fact were
received or conform to the description, such as in a case in  which  the
description  is  in  terms  of  marks  or  labels  or kind, quantity, or
condition or the receipt or description is  qualified  by  "contents  or
condition   of   contents  of  packages  unknown",  "said  to  contain",
"shipper's weight, load, and count," or words of similar import, if that
indication is true.
(b) If goods are loaded by the issuer of a bill of lading:
(1) the issuer shall  count  the  packages  of  goods  if  shipped  in
packages and ascertain the kind and quantity if shipped in bulk; and
(2)  words  such  as  "shipper's weight, load, and count," or words of
similar import indicating that the description was made by  the  shipper
are ineffective except as to goods concealed in packages.
(c)  If bulk goods are loaded by a shipper that makes available to the
issuer of a bill of lading adequate facilities for weighing those goods,
the issuer shall ascertain the kind and  quantity  within  a  reasonable
time after receiving the shipper's request in a record to do so. In that
case, "shipper's weight" or words of similar import are ineffective.
(d) The issuer of a bill of lading, by including in the bill the words
"shipper's  weight,  load,  and  count," or words of similar import, may
indicate that the goods  were  loaded  by  the  shipper,  and,  if  that
statement  is  true,  the issuer is not liable for damages caused by the
improper loading.  However,  omission  of  such  words  does  not  imply
liability for damages caused by improper loading.
(e)  A  shipper  guarantees  to  an issuer the accuracy at the time of
shipment of the description,  marks,  labels,  number,  kind,  quantity,
condition,  and  weight,  as  furnished  by the shipper, and the shipper
shall indemnify the issuer against  damage  caused  by  inaccuracies  in
those  particulars.  This right of indemnity does not limit the issuer's
responsibility or liability under the contract of carriage to any person
other than the shipper.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 3 - Bills of Lading: Special Provisions › 7-302 - Through Bills of Lading and Similar Documents of Title.

Section 7--302. Through Bills of Lading and Similar Documents of Title.
(a) The issuer of a through bill of lading, or other document of title
embodying  an  undertaking to be performed in part by a person acting as
its agent or by a performing carrier, is liable to any  person  entitled
to  recover  on  the  bill or other document for any breach by the other
person or the performing carrier of its obligation  under  the  bill  or
other  document.  However, to the extent that the bill or other document
covers an undertaking to be  performed  overseas  or  in  territory  not
contiguous  to the continental United States or an undertaking including
matters other than transportation, this  liability  for  breach  by  the
other person or the performing carrier may be varied by agreement of the
parties.
(b)  If goods covered by a through bill of lading or other document of
title embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by a person other
than the issuer are received by that person, the person is subject, with
respect to its own performance while the goods are in its possession, to
the obligation of the issuer. The person's obligation is  discharged  by
delivery  of  the  goods to another person pursuant to the bill or other
document and does not include liability for breach by any  other  person
or by the issuer.
(c)  The issuer of a through bill of lading or other document of title
described in subsection (a) is entitled to recover from  the  performing
carrier,  or  other person in possession of the goods when the breach of
the obligation under the bill or other document occurred:
(1) the amount it may be required to pay to  any  person  entitled  to
recover  on  the  bill  or  other  document  for  the  breach, as may be
evidenced by any receipt, judgment, or transcript of judgment; and
(2) the amount of any expense reasonably incurred  by  the  issuer  in
defending  any action commenced by any person entitled to recover on the
bill or other document for the breach.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 3 - Bills of Lading: Special Provisions › 7-303 - Diversion; Reconsignment; Change of Instructions.

Section 7--303. Diversion; Reconsignment; Change of Instructions.
(a)  Unless  the  bill  of  lading  otherwise  provides, a carrier may
deliver the goods to a person or destination other than that  stated  in
the  bill  or  may otherwise dispose of the goods, without liability for
misdelivery, on instructions from:
(1) the holder of a negotiable bill;
(2) the consignor on a nonnegotiable bill, even if the  consignee  has
given contrary instructions;
(3)  the  consignee on a nonnegotiable bill in the absence of contrary
instructions from the consignor, if the goods have arrived at the billed
destination or if the consignee is in possession of the tangible bill or
in control of the electronic bill; or
(4) the consignee  on  a  nonnegotiable  bill,  if  the  consignee  is
entitled as against the consignor to dispose of the goods.
(b)  Unless instructions described in subsection (a) are included in a
negotiable bill of lading, a person to which the bill is duly negotiated
may hold the bailee according to the original terms.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 3 - Bills of Lading: Special Provisions › 7-304 - Tangible Bills of Lading in a Set.

Section 7--304. Tangible Bills of Lading in a Set.
(a)  Except  as  customary in international transportation, a tangible
bill of lading may not be issued in a set of parts. The issuer is liable
for damages caused by violation of this subsection.
(b) If a tangible bill of lading is lawfully issued in a set of parts,
each of which contains an identification code and  is  expressed  to  be
valid  only if the goods have not been delivered against any other part,
the whole of the parts constitutes one bill.
(c) If a tangible negotiable bill of lading is lawfully  issued  in  a
set  of  parts  and different parts are negotiated to different persons,
the title of the holder to which  the  first  due  negotiation  is  made
prevails  as  to  both  the  document of title and the goods even if any
later holder may have received the goods from the carrier in good  faith
and discharged the carrier's obligation by surrendering its part.
(d)  A person that negotiates or transfers a single part of a tangible
bill of lading issued in a set is liable to holders of that part  as  if
it were the whole set.
(e) The bailee shall deliver in accordance with Part 4 of this article
against  the  first presented part of a tangible bill of lading lawfully
issued in a  set.  Delivery  in  this  manner  discharges  the  bailee's
obligation on the whole bill.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 3 - Bills of Lading: Special Provisions › 7-305 - Destination Bills.

Section 7--305. Destination Bills.
(a)  Instead of issuing a bill of lading to the consignor at the place
of shipment, a carrier, at the request of the consignor, may procure the
bill to be issued at destination or at any other place designated in the
request.
(b) Upon request of any  person  entitled  as  against  a  carrier  to
control  the  goods  while  in transit and on surrender of possession or
control of any outstanding bill of lading or other receipt covering  the
goods,  the  issuer, subject to Section 7--105, may procure a substitute
bill to be issued at any place designated in the request.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 3 - Bills of Lading: Special Provisions › 7-306 - Altered Bills of Lading.

Section 7--306. Altered Bills of Lading.
An  unauthorized  alteration  or  filling  in  of a blank in a bill of
  lading leaves the bill enforceable according to its original tenor.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 3 - Bills of Lading: Special Provisions › 7-307 - Lien of Carrier.

Section 7--307. Lien of Carrier.
(a)  A  carrier has a lien on the goods covered by a bill of lading or
on the proceeds thereof in its possession for charges after the date  of
the  carrier's  receipt  of  the  goods  for  storage or transportation,
including demurrage and terminal charges, and for expenses necessary for
preservation of the goods incident to their transportation or reasonably
incurred in their sale pursuant to law. However, against a purchaser for
value of a negotiable bill of lading, a carrier's  lien  is  limited  to
charges  stated  in the bill or the applicable tariffs or, if no charges
are stated, a reasonable charge.
(b) A lien for charges and expenses under subsection (a) on goods that
the carrier was  required  by  law  to  receive  for  transportation  is
effective  against  the  consignor  or  any person entitled to the goods
unless the carrier had notice that the  consignor  lacked  authority  to
subject  the  goods  to those charges and expenses. Any other lien under
subsection (a) is effective against the consignor and  any  person  that
permitted  the  bailor to have control or possession of the goods unless
the carrier had notice that the bailor lacked authority.
(c) A carrier loses its lien on any goods that it voluntarily delivers
or unjustifiably refuses to deliver.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 3 - Bills of Lading: Special Provisions › 7-308 - Enforcement of Carrier's Lien.

Section 7--308. Enforcement of Carrier's Lien.
(a)  A  carrier's  lien  on goods may be enforced by public or private
sale of the goods, in bulk or in packages, at any time or place  and  on
any  terms that are commercially reasonable, after notifying all persons
known to claim an interest in the goods. The notification must include a
statement of the amount due, the nature of the proposed  sale,  and  the
time  and  place  of any public sale. The fact that a better price could
have been obtained by a  sale  at  a  different  time  or  in  a  method
different  from that selected by the carrier is not of itself sufficient
to establish that the sale was not made  in  a  commercially  reasonable
manner.  The  carrier sells goods in a commercially reasonable manner if
the carrier sells the goods in the usual manner in any recognized market
therefor, sells at the price current in that market at the time  of  the
sale,  or  otherwise  sells  in  conformity with commercially reasonable
practices among dealers in the type of goods sold. A sale of more  goods
than  apparently  necessary  to be offered to ensure satisfaction of the
obligation is not commercially reasonable, except in  cases  covered  by
the preceding sentence.
(b)  Before  any  sale pursuant to this section, any person claiming a
right in the goods may pay the amount necessary to satisfy the lien  and
the reasonable expenses incurred in complying with this section. In that
event,  the  goods  may not be sold but must be retained by the carrier,
subject to the terms of the bill of lading and this article.
(c) A carrier may buy at any public sale pursuant to this section.
(d) A purchaser in good faith of goods sold  to  enforce  a  carrier's
lien  takes  the  goods  free of any rights of persons against which the
lien was valid, despite the carrier's noncompliance with this section.
(e) A carrier may satisfy its lien  from  the  proceeds  of  any  sale
pursuant  to  this  section  but  shall  hold  the  balance, if any, for
delivery on demand to any person to which the carrier  would  have  been
bound to deliver the goods.
(f)  The  rights provided by this section are in addition to all other
rights allowed by law to a creditor against a debtor.
(g) A carrier's lien may be enforced pursuant to either subsection (a)
or the procedure set forth in Section 7--210(b).
(h) A carrier is liable for damages caused by failure to  comply  with
the  requirements  for  sale  under this section and, in case of willful
violation, is liable for conversion.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 3 - Bills of Lading: Special Provisions › 7-309 - Duty of Care; Contractual Limitation of Carrier's Liability.

Section 7--309. Duty   of  Care;  Contractual  Limitation  of  Carrier's
Liability.
(a) A carrier that issues a bill  of  lading,  whether  negotiable  or
nonnegotiable,  shall  exercise  the  degree  of care in relation to the
goods which a reasonably careful person  would  exercise  under  similar
circumstances.  This subsection does not affect any statute, regulation,
or rule of law that imposes liability upon a common carrier for  damages
not caused by its negligence.
(b)  Damages  may  be  limited by a term in the bill of lading or in a
transportation agreement that the carrier's liability may not  exceed  a
value  stated  in  the bill or transportation agreement if the carrier's
rates are  dependent  upon  value  and  the  consignor  is  afforded  an
opportunity  to  declare  a higher value and the consignor is advised of
the opportunity. However,  such  a  limitation  is  not  effective  with
respect to the carrier's liability for conversion to its own use.
(c)  Reasonable  provisions  as  to  the time and manner of presenting
claims and commencing actions based on the shipment may be included in a
bill of lading or a transportation agreement.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 4 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: General Obligations › 7-401 - Irregularities in Issue of Receipt or Bill or Conduct of Issuer.

Section 7--401. Irregularities in Issue of Receipt or Bill or Conduct of
Issuer.
The  obligations  imposed  by  this  article  on  an issuer apply to a
document of title even if:
(1) the document does not comply with the requirements of this article
or of any other statute, rule, or  regulation  regarding  its  issuance,
form, or content;
(2) the issuer violated laws regulating the conduct of its business;
(3)  the  goods  covered by the document were owned by the bailee when
the document was issued; or
(4) the person issuing  the  document  is  not  a  warehouse  but  the
document purports to be a warehouse receipt.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 4 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: General Obligations › 7-402 - Duplicate Document of Title; Overissue.

Section 7--402. Duplicate Document of Title; Overissue.
A  duplicate  or any other document of title purporting to cover goods
  already represented by an outstanding document of the same  issuer  does
  not  confer  any  right  in the goods, except as provided in the case of
  tangible bills of lading in a set of parts, overissue of  documents  for
  fungible goods, substitutes for lost, stolen, or destroyed documents, or
  substitute  documents  issued  pursuant to Section 7--105. The issuer is
  liable for damages caused by its overissue  or  failure  to  identify  a
  duplicate document by a conspicuous notation.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 4 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: General Obligations › 7-403 - Obligation of Bailee to Deliver; Excuse.

Section 7--403. Obligation of Bailee to Deliver; Excuse.
(a)  A  bailee  shall  deliver  the goods to a person entitled under a
document of title if the person complies with subsections (b)  and  (c),
unless  and  to  the  extent  that  the  bailee  establishes  any of the
following:
(1) delivery of the goods to a person whose receipt  was  rightful  as
against the claimant;
(2)  damage  to  or delay, loss, or destruction of the goods for which
the bailee is not liable;
(3) previous  sale  or  other  disposition  of  the  goods  in  lawful
enforcement of a lien or on a warehouse's lawful termination of storage;
(4) the exercise by a seller of its right to stop delivery pursuant to
Section  2--705 or by a lessor of its right to stop delivery pursuant to
Section 2-A--526;
(5) a diversion,  reconsignment,  or  other  disposition  pursuant  to
Section 7--303;
(6)  release,  satisfaction, or any other personal defense against the
claimant; or
(7) any other lawful excuse.
(b) A person claiming goods covered  by  a  document  of  title  shall
satisfy  the bailee's lien if the bailee so requests or if the bailee is
prohibited by law from delivering the goods until the charges are paid.
(c) Unless a person claiming the goods is a person against  which  the
document of title does not confer a right under Section 7--503(a):
(1) the person claiming under a document shall surrender possession or
control  of  any  outstanding negotiable document covering the goods for
cancellation or indication of partial deliveries; and
(2) the bailee shall cancel the document or conspicuously indicate  in
the  document the partial delivery or the bailee is liable to any person
to which the document is duly negotiated.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 4 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: General Obligations › 7-404 - No Liability for Good-Faith Delivery Pursuant to Document of Title.

Section 7--404. No   Liability   for  Good-Faith  Delivery  Pursuant  to
Document of Title.
A bailee that in good  faith  has  received  goods  and  delivered  or
otherwise  disposed of the goods according to the terms of a document of
title or pursuant to this article is not liable for the goods even if:
(1) the person from which the bailee received the goods did  not  have
authority to procure the document or to dispose of the goods; or
(2)  the  person  to which the bailee delivered the goods did not have
authority to receive the goods.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 5 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: Negotiation and Transfer › 7-501 - Form of Negotiation and Requirements of Due Negotiation.

Section 7--501. Form of Negotiation and Requirements of Due Negotiation.
(a)  The  following  rules  apply to a negotiable tangible document of
title:
(1) If the document's original terms run  to  the  order  of  a  named
person, the document is negotiated by the named person's indorsement and
delivery.  After  the  named person's indorsement in blank or to bearer,
any person may negotiate the document by delivery alone.
(2) If the document's original terms run to bearer, it  is  negotiated
by delivery alone.
(3)  If  the  document's  original  terms  run to the order of a named
person and it is delivered to the named person, the effect is  the  same
as if the document had been negotiated.
(4)  Negotiation of the document after it has been indorsed to a named
person requires indorsement by the named person and delivery.
(5) A document is duly negotiated if it is negotiated  in  the  manner
stated  in  this subsection to a holder that purchases it in good faith,
without notice of any defense against or claim to it on the part of  any
person,  and for value, unless it is established that the negotiation is
not in the regular course of business or financing or involves receiving
the document in settlement or payment of a monetary obligation.
(b) The following rules apply to a negotiable electronic  document  of
title:
(1)  If  the  document's  original  terms  run to the order of a named
person or to bearer, the document  is  negotiated  by  delivery  of  the
document  to  another  person.  Indorsement  by  the named person is not
required to negotiate the document.
(2) If the document's original terms run  to  the  order  of  a  named
person  and  the named person has control of the document, the effect is
the same as if the document had been negotiated.
(3) A document is duly negotiated if it is negotiated  in  the  manner
stated  in  this subsection to a holder that purchases it in good faith,
without notice of any defense against or claim to it on the part of  any
person,  and for value, unless it is established that the negotiation is
not in the regular course of business or financing  or  involves  taking
delivery  of  the  document  in  settlement  or  payment  of  a monetary
obligation.
(c) Indorsement of a nonnegotiable document of title neither makes  it
negotiable nor adds to the transferee's rights.
(d)  The  naming  in  a  negotiable  bill  of lading of a person to be
notified of the arrival of the goods does not limit the negotiability of
the bill or constitute notice to a purchaser of the bill of any interest
of that person in the goods.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 5 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: Negotiation and Transfer › 7-502 - Rights Acquired by Due Negotiation.

Section 7--502. Rights Acquired by Due Negotiation.
(a)  Subject  to  Sections  7--205  and  7--503,  a  holder to which a
negotiable document of title has been duly negotiated acquires thereby:
(1) title to the document;
(2) title to the goods;
(3) all rights accruing under the law of agency or estoppel, including
rights to goods delivered to the bailee after the document  was  issued;
and
(4)  the  direct obligation of the issuer to hold or deliver the goods
according to the terms of the document free of any defense or  claim  by
the issuer except those arising under the terms of the document or under
this  article,  but  in  the  case  of  a  delivery  order, the bailee's
obligation accrues only upon the bailee's  acceptance  of  the  delivery
order  and  the obligation acquired by the holder is that the issuer and
any indorser will procure the acceptance of the bailee.
(b) Subject to Section  7--503,  title  and  rights  acquired  by  due
negotiation are not defeated by any stoppage of the goods represented by
the document of title or by surrender of the goods by the bailee and are
not impaired even if:
(1)  the  due  negotiation  or any prior due negotiation constituted a
breach of duty;
(2) any person  has  been  deprived  of  possession  of  a  negotiable
tangible  document  or  control  of  a negotiable electronic document by
misrepresentation, fraud, accident, mistake,  duress,  loss,  theft,  or
conversion; or
(3)  a  previous  sale  or other transfer of the goods or document has
been made to a third person.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 5 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: Negotiation and Transfer › 7-503 - Document of Title to Goods Defeated in Certain Cases.

Section 7--503. Document of Title to Goods Defeated in Certain Cases.
(a)  A  document  of  title confers no right in goods against a person
that before issuance of the document had a legal interest or a perfected
security interest in the goods and that did not:
(1) deliver or entrust the goods or any document of title covering the
goods to the bailor or the bailor's nominee with:
(A) actual or apparent authority to ship, store, or sell;
(B) power to obtain delivery under Section 7--403; or
(C)  power  of  disposition   under   Section   2--403,   2-A--304(2),
2-A--305(2), 9--320, or 9--321(c) or other statute or rule of law; or
(2)  acquiesce  in the procurement by the bailor or its nominee of any
document.
(b) Title to goods based upon an unaccepted delivery order is  subject
to  the  rights of any person to which a negotiable warehouse receipt or
bill of lading covering the goods has been duly negotiated.  That  title
may be defeated under Section 7--504 to the same extent as the rights of
the issuer or a transferee from the issuer.
(c)  Title  to  goods  based upon a bill of lading issued to a freight
forwarder is subject to the rights of any person to which a bill  issued
by  the  freight  forwarder is duly negotiated. However, delivery by the
carrier in accordance with Part 4 of this article pursuant  to  its  own
bill of lading discharges the carrier's obligation to deliver.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 5 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: Negotiation and Transfer › 7-504 - Rights Acquired in Absence of Due Negotiation; Effect of Diversion; Stoppage of Delivery.

Section 7--504. Rights Acquired in Absence of Due Negotiation; Effect of
Diversion; Stoppage of Delivery.
(a)  A  transferee  of  a  document  of  title,  whether negotiable or
nonnegotiable, to which the document has been  delivered  but  not  duly
negotiated, acquires the title and rights that its transferor had or had
actual authority to convey.
(b)  In  the  case of a transfer of a nonnegotiable document of title,
until but not after the bailee receives  notice  of  the  transfer,  the
rights of the transferee may be defeated:
(1)  by  those  creditors  of  the  transferor  which  could treat the
transfer as void under Section 2--402 or 2-A--308;
(2) by a buyer from the transferor in ordinary course of  business  if
the bailee has delivered the goods to the buyer or received notification
of the buyer's rights;
(3)  by a lessee from the transferor in ordinary course of business if
the  bailee  has  delivered  the  goods  to  the  lessee   or   received
notification of the lessee's rights; or
(4)  as  against the bailee, by good-faith dealings of the bailee with
the transferor.
(c) A diversion or  other  change  of  shipping  instructions  by  the
consignor  in a nonnegotiable bill of lading which causes the bailee not
to deliver the goods to the consignee defeats the consignee's  title  to
the goods if the goods have been delivered to a buyer in ordinary course
of  business  or  a  lessee  in  ordinary course of business and, in any
event, defeats the consignee's rights against the bailee.
(d) Delivery of the goods pursuant  to  a  nonnegotiable  document  of
title  may be stopped by a seller under Section 2--705 or a lessor under
Section 2-A--526, subject to the requirements  of  due  notification  in
those   sections.   A  bailee  that  honors  the  seller's  or  lessor's
instructions is entitled to be  indemnified  by  the  seller  or  lessor
against any resulting loss or expense.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 5 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: Negotiation and Transfer › 7-505 - Indorser Not Guarantor for Other Parties.

Section 7--505. Indorser Not Guarantor for Other Parties.
The  indorsement  of  a  tangible document of title issued by a bailee
  does not make the indorser liable for  any  default  by  the  bailee  or
  previous indorsers.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 5 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: Negotiation and Transfer › 7-506 - Delivery Without Indorsement: Right to Compel Indorsement.

Section 7--506. Delivery    Without   Indorsement:   Right   to   Compel
Indorsement.
The transferee of a  negotiable  tangible  document  of  title  has  a
  specifically  enforceable  right  to  have  its  transferor  supply  any
  necessary indorsement, but the transfer becomes a negotiation only as of
  the time the indorsement is supplied.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 5 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: Negotiation and Transfer › 7-507 - Warranties on Negotiation or Delivery of Document of Title.

Section 7--507. Warranties  on  Negotiation  or  Delivery of Document of
Title.
If a person negotiates or delivers a  document  of  title  for  value,
otherwise  than  as  a  mere  intermediary  under Section 7--508, unless
otherwise agreed, the transferor, in addition to any  warranty  made  in
selling  or  leasing the goods, warrants to its immediate purchaser only
that:
(1) the document is genuine;
(2) the transferor does not have knowledge  of  any  fact  that  would
impair the document's validity or worth; and
(3)  the  negotiation or delivery is rightful and fully effective with
respect to the title to the document and the goods it represents.
2023 New York Laws › UCC - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 7 - Documents of Title › Part 5 - Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: Negotiation and Transfer › 7-508 - Warranties of Collecting Bank as to Documents of Title.

Section 7--508. Warranties of Collecting Bank as to Documents of Title.
A  collecting  bank  or  other intermediary known to be entrusted with
  documents of title on behalf of another or with collection of a draft or
  other claim against delivery of documents warrants by  the  delivery  of
  the  documents  only  its  own  good  faith  and  authority  even if the
  collecting bank or other intermediary has  purchased  or  made  advances
  against the claim or draft to be collected.