reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-24 - Acknowledgment or new promise

2A:14-24. Acknowledgment or new promise
In actions at law grounded on any simple contract, no acknowledgment or promise by words only shall be deemed sufficient evidence of a new or continuing contract, so as to take any case out of the operation of this chapter, or to deprive any person of the benefit thereof, unless such acknowledgment or promise shall be made or continued by or in some writing to be signed by the party chargeable thereby.
Where there shall be 2 or more joint contractors or executors or administrators of any contractor, no such joint contractor, executor or administrator shall lose the benefit of this chapter so as to be chargeable in respect or by reason only of any written acknowledgment or promise signed by another or others of them. If, in an action against 2 or more joint contractors, or executors or administrators of a contractor, it appears at the trial or otherwise that the plaintiff, although barred as to 1 or more of such joint contractors, or executors or administrators, shall, nevertheless be entitled to recover against any other or others of the defendants by virtue of a new acknowledgment or promise, or otherwise, judgment may be given, with costs, for the plaintiff as to such defendant or defendants, against whom he shall recover, and for the other defendant or defendants against the plaintiff.
Nothing in this section shall take away, lessen or alter the effect of any payment of principal or interest made by any person whatsoever on the obligation in suit.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-25 - Indorsement or memorandum of payment on written obligation; effect

2A:14-25. Indorsement or memorandum of payment on written obligation; effect
No indorsement or memorandum of any payment written or made upon a promissory note, bill of exchange or other writing, by or on behalf of the party to whom the payment is made, shall be deemed sufficient proof of such payment so as to take the case out of the operation of this chapter.
L.1951 (1stSS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-26 - Military or naval service during war; effect on limitations

2A:14-26. Military or naval service during war; effect on limitations
The period of service, in time of war and 6 months thereafter, of any person, in active service in any of the armed forces of the United States, or the women's auxiliary corps, the women's reserve of the naval reserve, or any similar organization authorized by the United States to serve with its armed forces, shall not be included in computing any period limited on April 16, 1945, or thereafter by any law for the bringing of any action by or against any such person or by or against his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns, whether such cause of action shall have accrued prior to, or during, the period of such service or during such 6 months thereafter.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-26.1 - Findings, declarations relative to statute of limitations regarding hemophiliacs infected with HIV, AIDS; accrual of actions

2A:14-26.1. Findings, declarations relative to statute of limitations regarding hemophiliacs infected with HIV, AIDS; accrual of actions
1. a. The Legislature finds and declares:
(1) Over one-half of the people with hemophilia in this country were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the early 1980's from contaminated blood products.
(2) AIDS, unlike any other disease, stigmatizes and isolates its victims. Victims, their families and survivors have been reluctant to step forward and seek compensation for their injuries through the legal system because of their legitimate fear of attendant publicity.
(3) Because of this fear, many did not seek timely redress. They also were unaware that blood product manufacturers may have had the technical capacity at the time to address the situation and may have been responsible for their injuries. It is only very recently that a government-sponsored report was issued indicating that the blood products could have been virally inactivated prior to the advent of the AIDS epidemic among blood product recipients.
(4) The scientific complexity of the issue, the compelling psychological and emotional trauma associated with the disease, the lack of publicly available information and the lack of definitive studies at the time combined to create a singular, unique circumstance which existing limitations principles are ill-suited to address.
(5) This act will provide a remedy for the bar which may be imposed by the statute of limitations in these cases by setting a date certain for the accrual of the cause of action.
(6) The Legislature expresses no opinion as to whether any blood product manufacturers may, or may not, have actually been at fault for the contracting of HIV and AIDS among blood product recipients. It is simply the intent of the Legislature to allow these particular victims "their day in court" in light of the unique and extraordinary circumstances of their plight.
b. Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law to the contrary, no action for damages based upon personal injury, survivorship or wrongful death brought against a proprietary manufacturer of blood products based on infusion of a blood product resulting in contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) shall be deemed to accrue prior to July 13, 1995.
c. The provisions of this act shall apply to all pending claims, including any action which has been filed with a court but not yet dismissed or finally adjudicated.
L.1996,c.23,s.1.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-26.2 - Inapplicability of act

2A:14-26.2. Inapplicability of act
2. The provisions of this act shall be inapplicable to any civil action governed by the statute of limitations of another jurisdiction.
L.1996,c.23,s.2.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-28 - New action after judgment reversed or relief granted

2A:14-28. New action after judgment reversed or relief granted
If, in any of the actions or proceedings specified in sections 2A:14-1 to 2A:14-19, sections 2A:14-22 to 2A:14-25 or section 2A:14-27 of this Title, judgment is given for the plaintiff therein, and such judgment is reversed on appeal, or, if a judgment pass for the plaintiff and, upon motion for relief from the judgment, judgment is given against him, the plaintiff, his heirs, executors or administrators, may commence a new action within 1 year next after the judgment is reversed or judgment is given against plaintiff, and not thereafter.
This section shall not apply to any action for breach of any contract for sale governed by section 12A:2-725 of the New Jersey Statutes.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344; amended by L.1961, c. 121, p. 724, s. 3, eff. Jan. 1, 1963.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-29 - Limitation of lien of civil recognizance

2A:14-29. Limitation of lien of civil recognizance
All recognizances of bail made or entered into before any court, judge or magistrate having civil jurisdiction, upon which no actions or proceedings to enforce or collect the same shall have been prosecuted to final judgment within a period of 6 years after the same shall have been filed and recorded in the clerk's office, shall no longer be a lien or charge upon or against any real estate of which any principal or surety named in any such recognizance was or shall have been seized at the time of his entering into such recognizance, or at any time thereafter.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-30 - 30 years' possession of real estate, except woodlands or uncultivated tracts, and 60 years' possession of woodlands or uncultivated tracts however commenced or continued

2A:14-30. 30 years' possession of real estate, except woodlands or uncultivated tracts, and 60 years' possession of woodlands or uncultivated tracts however commenced or continued
Thirty years' actual possession of any real estate excepting woodlands or uncultivated tracts, and 60 years' actual possession of woodlands or uncultivated tracts, uninterruptedly continued by occupancy, descent, conveyance or otherwise, shall, in whatever way or manner such possession might have commenced or have been continued, vest a full and complete right and title in every actual possessor or occupier of such real estate, woodlands or uncultivated tracts, and shall be a good and sufficient bar to all claims that may be made or actions commenced by any person whatsoever for the recovery of any such real estate, woodlands or uncultivated tracts.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-31 - 30 years' actual possession of any real estate under claim or color of title

2A:14-31. 30 years' actual possession of any real estate under claim or color of title
Thirty years' actual possession of any real estate, uninterruptedly continued by occupancy, descent, conveyance or otherwise, wherever such possession commenced or is founded upon a proprietary right duly laid thereon, and recorded in the office of the surveyor general of the division in which the location was made, or in the office of the secretary of state, pursuant to law, or wherever such possession was obtained by a fair bona fide purchase of such real estate from any person in possession thereof and supposed to have a legal right and title thereto, or from the agent of such person, shall be a good and sufficient bar to all prior locations, rights, titles, conveyances, or claims whatever, not followed by actual possession as aforesaid, and shall vest an absolute right and title in the actual possessor and occupier of all such real estate.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-32 - Disabilities affecting right to enforce right or title to real estate.

2A:14-32 Disabilities affecting right to enforce right or title to real estate.
2A:14-32. If any person having a right or title to real estate is under the age of 18, or has been adjudicated incapacitated, or is outside the United States for purposes other than a military tour of duty at the time the right or title first accrued or descended, that person may, notwithstanding the fact that the periods of time specified in N.J.S.2A:14-30 and N.J.S.2A:14-31 have expired, bring an action to enforce the right or title, provided the action is commenced within five years after the disability is removed or the person is physically present within the United States.
amended 2013, c.103, s.3.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-33 - Prescriptive right to maintain wires or cables

2A:14-33. Prescriptive right to maintain wires or cables
Whenever any wire or cable used for any telegraph, telephone, electric light, or other wire or cable for electric purposes, is or shall be attached to, or does or shall extend upon or over any building or land, no lapse of time whatsoever shall raise a presumption, or justify a prescription of any perpetual right to such attachment or extension.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:14-34 - Immateriality of descent cast

2A:14-34. Immateriality of descent cast
If the disseizor of an interest in real estate, having no right or title thereto, shall hereafter die seized of such interest, the descent of the right or title acquired by the disseizin to the heir of the disseizor shall not take away the right of entry of the person who, at the time of such descent, had lawful title.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-1 - Actions in person or by attorney.

2A:15-1 Actions in person or by attorney.
2A:15-1. Every person who has reached the age of majority pursuant to section 3 of P.L.1972, c.81 (C.9:17B-3) and has the mental capacity may prosecute or defend any action in any court, in person or through another duly admitted to the practice of law in this State.
amended 2013, c.103, s.4.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-2 - Beneficiary in contract suing or defending

2A:15-2. Beneficiary in contract suing or defending
A person for whose benefit a contract is made, either simple or sealed, may sue thereon in any court and may use such contract as a matter of defense in an action against him although the consideration of the contract did not move from him.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-3 - Actions which survive; torts to decedent; funeral and burial expenses; statute of limitations.

2A:15-3 Actions which survive; torts to decedent; funeral and burial expenses; statute of limitations.
2A:15-3. a. (1) Executors, administrators, and administrators ad prosequendum may have an action for any trespass done to the person or property, real or personal, of their testator or intestate against the trespasser, and recover their damages as their testator or intestate would have had if he was living. In those actions based upon the wrongful act, neglect, or default of another, where death resulted from injuries for which the deceased would have had a cause of action if he had lived, the executor, administrator, or administrator ad prosequendum may recover all reasonable funeral and burial expenses in addition to damages accrued during the lifetime of the deceased.
(2) In the case of a plaintiff qualified for appointment as administrator who was not yet appointed administrator at the time the plaintiff commenced an action under this section, the court may allow the plaintiff to be designated administrator for the purposes of this section and to allow the plaintiff to amend pleadings nunc pro tunc relating back to the plaintiff's first filed pleading to reflect the designation.
b. Every action brought under this chapter shall be commenced within two years after the death of the decedent, and not thereafter, provided, however, that if the death resulted from murder, aggravated manslaughter or manslaughter for which the defendant has been convicted, found not guilty by reason of insanity or adjudicated delinquent, the action may be brought at any time.
Amended 1969, c.266; 2009, c.266; 2021, c.481, s.1.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-4 - Actions which survive; torts committed by decedent

2A:15-4. Actions which survive; torts committed by decedent
Where any testator or intestate shall, in his lifetime, have taken or carried away or converted to his use, the goods or chattels of any person, or shall, in his lifetime, have committed any trespass to the person or property, real or personal, of any person, such person, his executors or administrators, shall have and may maintain the same action against the executors or administrators of such testator or intestate as he or they might have had or maintained against the testator or intestate, and shall have the like remedy and process for the damages recovered in such action as are now had and allowed in other actions against executors or administrators.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5 - Statutory proceedings; entitling; filing of papers; certified copies

2A:15-5. Statutory proceedings; entitling; filing of papers; certified copies
All statutory proceedings begun and conducted before a judge of any court, although not proceedings in the court itself, shall, nevertheless, be entitled in the court, and all writs, pleadings, orders, judgments and other papers therein shall be filed with the clerk and shall be records of his office. The clerk shall make certified copies of any or all of such statutory proceedings when requested, which shall have the same force and effect as certified copies of proceedings in causes in the court.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.1 - Contributory negligence; elimination as bar to recovery; comparative negligence to determine damages

2A:15-5.1. Contributory negligence; elimination as bar to recovery; comparative negligence to determine damages
Contributory negligence shall not bar recovery in an action by any person or his legal representative to recover damages for negligence resulting in death or injury to person or property, if such negligence was not greater than the negligence of the person against whom recovery is sought or was not greater than the combined negligence of the persons against whom recovery is sought. Any damages sustained shall be diminished by the percentage sustained of negligence attributable to the person recovering.
L.1973, c. 146, s. 1. Amended by L.1982, c. 191, s. 1, eff. Dec. 6, 1982.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.2 - Findings of fact; percentage of fault; terms defined

2A:15-5.2. Findings of fact; percentage of fault; terms defined
2. a. In all negligence actions and strict liability actions in which the question of liability is in dispute, including actions in which any person seeks to recover damages from a social host as defined in section 1 of P.L.1987, c.404 (C.2A:15-5.5) for negligence resulting in injury to the person or to real or personal property, the trier of fact shall make the following as findings of fact:
(1) The amount of damages which would be recoverable by the injured party regardless of any consideration of negligence or fault, that is, the full value of the injured party's damages.
(2) The extent, in the form of a percentage, of each party's negligence or fault. The percentage of negligence or fault of each party shall be based on 100% and the total of all percentages of negligence or fault of all the parties to a suit shall be 100%.
b. In an action in which a person seeks to recover damages from a social host for negligence resulting in injury to the person or to real or personal property, the negligence of any person in becoming intoxicated shall be considered by the trier of fact, and the trier of fact shall allocate a percentage of negligence to that person.
c. As used in this section:
(1) "Negligence actions" includes, but is not limited to, civil actions for damages based upon theories of negligence, products liability, professional malpractice whether couched in terms of contract or tort and like theories. In determining whether a case falls within the term "negligence actions," the court shall look to the substance of the action and not the conclusory terms used by the parties.
(2) "Strict liability actions" includes, but is not limited to, civil actions for damages based upon theories of strict liability, products liability, breach of warranty and like theories. In determining whether a case falls within the term "strict liability actions," the court shall look to the substance of the action and not the conclusory terms used by the parties.
d. The judge shall mold the judgment from the findings of fact made by the trier of fact.
L.1973,c.146,s.2; amended 1987,c.325,s.1; 1987,c.404,s.4; 1995,c.140,s.1.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.3 - Recovery of damages; apportionment among responsible parties

2A:15-5.3. Recovery of damages; apportionment among responsible parties
3. Except as provided in subsection d. of this section, the party so recovering may recover as follows:
a. The full amount of the damages from any party determined by the trier of fact to be 60% or more responsible for the total damages.
b. (Deleted by amendment, P.L.1995, c.140.)
c. Only that percentage of the damages directly attributable to that party's negligence or fault from any party determined by the trier of fact to be less than 60% responsible for the total damages.
d. With regard to environmental tort actions, the following provisions shall apply:
(1) the party so recovering may recover the full amount of the compensatory damage award from any party determined to be liable , except in cases where the extent of negligence or fault can be apportioned. Such apportionment shall be done in accordance with section 2 of P.L.1973, c.146 (C.2A:15-5.2);
(2) in those cases where it is possible to apportion negligence or fault, if the party so recovering is unable to recover the percentage of compensatory damages attributable to a non-settling insolvent party's negligence or fault, that amount of compensatory damages may be recovered from any non-settling party in proportion to the percentage of liability attributed to that party; and
(3) notwithstanding the provisions of any other provision of law to the contrary, if the percentage of liability or fault of any party is found to be five percent or less, upon acceptance of that determination by that party and payment thereof in full, that party shall not be liable for any further claims for contribution regarding that action.
e. Any party who is compelled to pay more than his percentage share may seek contribution from the other joint tortfeasors.
f. As used in this section, "environmental tort action" means a civil action seeking damages for personal injuries or death where the cause of the damages is the negligent manufacture, use, disposal, handling, storage or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances.
L.1973,c.146,s.3; amended 1987,c.325,s.2; 1995,c.140,s.2.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.4 - Exceptions

2A:15-5.4. Exceptions
Nothing in this act shall be construed to apply to any action brought by the Department of Environmental Protection, or any other governmental agency or entity pursuant to the environmental laws of this State, including, but not limited to, the "Solid Waste Management Act" P.L.1970, c. 39 (C. 13:1E-1 et seq.); the "Water Pollution Control Act" P.L.1977, c. 74 (C. 58:10A-1 et seq.); the "Spill Compensation and Control Act" P.L.1976, c. 141 (C. 58:10-23.11 et seq.); the "Major Hazardous Waste Facilities Siting Act" P.L.1981, c. 279 (C. 13:1E-49 et seq.); the "Sanitary Landfill Facility Closure and Contingency Fund Act" P.L.1981, c. 306 (C. 13:1E-100 et seq.); the "Environmental Cleanup Responsibility Act" P.L.1983, c. 330 (C. 13:1K-6 et seq.); the "Air Pollution Control Act (1954)" P.L.1954, c. 212 (C. 26:2C-1 et seq.); the "Toxic Catastrophe Prevention Act" P.L.1985, c. 403 (C. 13:1K-19 et seq.); the "Pesticide Control Act of 1971" P.L.1971, c. 176 (C. 13:1F-1 et seq.); and the "Radiation Protection Act" P.L.1958, c. 116 (C. 26:2D-1 et seq.).
L. 1987,c.325,s.3.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.5 - Definitions

2A:15-5.5. Definitions
As used in this act:
"Visibly intoxicated" means a state of intoxication accompanied by a perceptible act or series of actions which present clear signs of intoxication.
"Social host" means a person who, by express or implied invitation, invites another person onto an unlicensed premises for purposes of hospitality and who is not the holder of a liquor license for the premises and is not required to hold a liquor license for the premises under Title 33 of the Revised Statutes, and who legally provides alcoholic beverages to another person who has attained the legal age to purchase and consume alcoholic beverages.
"Vehicle" means a device primarily propelled by a motor that is used to transport a person or property.
"Person" means a natural person, the estate of a natural person, an association of natural persons, or an association, trust company, partnership, corporation, organization, or the manager, agent, servant, officer or employee of any of them.
L. 1987, c. 404, s. 1.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.6 - Exclusive civil remedy

2A:15-5.6. Exclusive civil remedy
a. This act shall be the exclusive civil remedy for personal injury or property damage resulting from the negligent provision of alcoholic beverages by a social host to a person who has attained the legal age to purchase and consume alcoholic beverages.
b. A person who sustains bodily injury or injury to real or personal property as a result of the negligent provision of alcoholic beverages by a social host to a person who has attained the legal age to purchase and consume alcoholic beverages may recover damages from a social host only if:
(1) The social host willfully and knowingly provided alcoholic beverages either:
(a) To a person who was visibly intoxicated in the social host's presence; or
(b) To a person who was visibly intoxicated under circumstances manifesting reckless disregard of the consequences as affecting the life or property of another; and
(2) The social host provided alcoholic beverages to the visibly intoxicated person under circumstances which created an unreasonable risk of foreseeable harm to the life or property of another, and the social host failed to exercise reasonable care and diligence to avoid the foreseeable risk; and
(3) The injury arose out of an accident caused by the negligent operation of a vehicle by the visibly intoxicated person who was provided alcoholic beverages by a social host.
c. To determine the liability of a social host under subsection b. of this section, if a test to determine the presence of alcohol in the blood indicates a blood alcohol concentration of:
(1) less than 0.10% by weight of alcohol in the blood, there shall be an irrebuttable presumption that the person tested was not visibly intoxicated in the social host's presence and that the social host did not provide alcoholic beverages to the person under circumstances which manifested reckless disregard of the consequences as affecting the life or property of another; or
(2) at least 0.10% but less than 0.15% by weight of alcohol in the blood, there shall be a rebuttable presumption, that the person tested was not visibly intoxicated in the social host's presence and that the social host did not provide alcoholic beverages to the person under circumstances which manifested reckless disregard of the consequences as affecting the life or property of another.
L. 1987, c. 404, s. 2.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.7 - No liability to consumer

2A:15-5.7. No liability to consumer
No social host shall be held liable to a person who has attained the legal age to purchase and consume alcoholic beverages for damages suffered as a result of the social host's negligent provision of alcoholic beverages to that person.
L. 1987, c. 404, s. 3.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.8 - Joint tortfeasors

2A:15-5.8. Joint tortfeasors
Notwithstanding the provisions of P.L. 1952, c. 335 (C. 2A:53A-1 et seq.), section 3 of P.L. 1973, c. 146 (C. 2A:15-5.3) or any other law to the contrary, in any case where a social host or any other party to a suit instituted pursuant to the provisions of this act is determined to be a joint tortfeasor, the social host or other party shall be responsible for no more than that percentage share of the damages which is equal to the percentage of negligence attributable to the social host or other party.
L. 1987, c. 404, s. 5.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.10 - Definitions relative to punitive damages awards.

2A:15-5.10. Definitions relative to punitive damages awards.
2. As used in this act:
"Actual malice" means an intentional wrongdoing in the sense of an evil-minded act.
"Clear and convincing evidence" means that standard of evidence which leaves no serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence. It is a standard which requires more than a preponderence of evidence, but less than beyond a reasonable doubt, to draw a conclusion.
"Compensatory damages" means damages intended to make good the loss of an injured party, and no more. The term includes general and special damages and does not include nominal, exemplary or punitive damages.
"Defendant" means any party against whom punitive damages are sought.
"Nominal damages" are damages that are not designed to compensate a plaintiff and are less than $500.
"Plaintiff" means any party claiming punitive damages.
"Punitive damages" includes exemplary damages and means damages awarded against a party in a civil action because of aggravating circumstances in order to penalize and to provide additional deterrence against a defendant to discourage similar conduct in the future. Punitive damages do not include compensatory damages or nominal damages.
"Wanton and willful disregard" means a deliberate act or omission with knowledge of a high degree of probability of harm to another and reckless indifference to the consequences of such act or omission.
L.1995,c.142,s.2.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.12 - Award of punitive damages; determination

2A:15-5.12. Award of punitive damages; determination
4. a. Punitive damages may be awarded to the plaintiff only if the plaintiff proves, by clear and convincing evidence, that the harm suffered was the result of the defendant's acts or omissions, and such acts or omissions were actuated by actual malice or accompanied by a wanton and willful disregard of persons who foreseeably might be harmed by those acts or omissions. This burden of proof may not be satisfied by proof of any degree of negligence including gross negligence.
b. In determining whether punitive damages are to be awarded, the trier of fact shall consider all relevant evidence, including but not limited to, the following:
(1) The likelihood, at the relevant time, that serious harm would arise from the defendant's conduct;
(2) The defendant's awareness of reckless disregard of the likelihood that the serious harm at issue would arise from the defendant's conduct;
(3) The conduct of the defendant upon learning that its initial conduct would likely cause harm; and
(4) The duration of the conduct or any concealment of it by the defendant.
c. If the trier of fact determines that punitive damages should be awarded, the trier of fact shall then determine the amount of those damages. In making that determination, the trier of fact shall consider all relevant evidence, including, but not limited to, the following:
(1) All relevant evidence relating to the factors set forth in subsection b. of this section;
(2) The profitability of the misconduct to the defendant;
(3) When the misconduct was terminated; and
(4) The financial condition of the defendant.
L.1995,c.142,s.4.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.13 - Bifurcated trial at defendant's request

2A:15-5.13. Bifurcated trial at defendant's request
5. a. Any actions involving punitive damages shall, if requested by any defendant, be conducted in a bifurcated trial.
b. In the first stage of a bifurcated trial, the trier of fact shall determine liability for compensatory damages and the amount of compensatory damages or nominal damages. Evidence relevant only to the issues of punitive damages shall not be admissible in this stage.
c. Punitive damages may be awarded only if compensatory damages have been awarded in the first stage of the trial. An award of nominal damages cannot support an award of punitive damages.
d. In the second stage of a bifurcated trial, the trier of fact shall determine if a defendant is liable for punitive damages.
e. In any action in which there are two or more defendants, an award of punitive damages must be specific as to a defendant, and each defendant is liable only for the amount of the award made against that defendant.
L.1995,c.142,s.5.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.14 - Determination of award; limitations; exceptions.

2A:15-5.14 Determination of award; limitations; exceptions.
6. a. Before entering judgment for an award of punitive damages, the trial judge shall ascertain that the award is reasonable in its amount and justified in the circumstances of the case, in light of the purpose to punish the defendant and to deter that defendant from repeating such conduct. If necessary to satisfy the requirements of this section, the judge may reduce the amount of or eliminate the award of punitive damages.
b. No defendant shall be liable for punitive damages in any action in an amount in excess of five times the liability of that defendant for compensatory damages or $350,000, whichever is greater.
c. The provisions of subsection b. of this section shall not apply to causes of action brought pursuant to P.L.1993, c.137 (C.2A:53A-21 et seq.), P.L.1945, c.169 (C.10:5-1 et seq.), P.L.1989, c.303 (C.26:5C-5 et seq.), P.L.1992, c.109 (C.2A:61B-1) or P.L.1986, c.105, (C.34:19-1 et seq.), or in cases in which a defendant has been convicted pursuant to N.J.S.2C:11-3, N.J.S.2C:11-4, R.S.39:4-50 or section 2 of P.L.1981, c.512 (C.39:4-50.4a) or the equivalent under the laws of any other jurisdiction.
L.1995,c.142,s.6; amended 2005, c.323; 2005, c.329, s.3.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-5.17 - Record referred for criminal investigation

2A:15-5.17. Record referred for criminal investigation
10. Upon the conclusion of any action in which punitive damages have been awarded, the court shall refer the record of that action to the prosecutor of the county in which the case was tried and to the Attorney General for investigation as to whether a criminal act has been committed by the defendant.
L.1995,c.142,s.10.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-6 - Written notice of pendency of action; contents

2A:15-6. Written notice of pendency of action; contents
2A:15-6. In every action, instituted in any court of this State having civil jurisdiction or in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, the object of which is to enforce a lien upon real estate or to affect the title to real estate or a lien or encumbrance thereon, plaintiff or his attorney shall, after the filing of the complaint, file in the office of the county clerk or register of deeds and mortgages, as the case may be, of the county in which the affected real estate is situate, a written notice of the pendency of the action, which shall set forth the title and the general object thereof, with a description of the affected real estate.
No notice of lis pendens shall be filed under this article in an action to recover a judgment for money or damages only.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344; amended 1960,c.159; 1993,c.318,s.39.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-7 - Filed notice; effect as to persons claiming interest in real estate affected by notice

2A:15-7. Filed notice; effect as to persons claiming interest in real estate affected by notice
a. In action to enforce or declare rights in, or concerning, or for partition of real estate, wherein plaintiff's claim arises out of a written instrument, which instrument either is executed by defendant and identifies such real estate or appears of record with respect to the title thereto, from and after the filing of a notice of lis pendens, any person claiming title to, interest in or lien upon the real estate described in the notice through any defendant in the action as to which the notice is filed shall be deemed to have acquired the same with knowledge of the pendency of the action, and shall be bound by any judgment entered therein, as though he had been made a party thereto and duly served with process therein.
b. In an action other than one specified in subsection a. of this section, if a notice of lis pendens is filed, that notice shall have the same effect as provided in subsection a., until the entry of a determination by the court pursuant to this subsection. When a notice of lis pendens is filed in such an action, the plaintiff shall, within three days after the filing of the notice of lis pendens, serve upon the defendant a copy of the notice of lis pendens and of the complaint. Any party claiming an interest in the real estate affected by the notice of lis pendens may, at any time thereafter, file with the court, in accordance with the Rules Governing the Courts of the State of New Jersey, except as otherwise provided herein, a motion for a determination as to whether there is a probability that final judgment will be entered in favor of the plaintiff sufficient to justify the filing or continuation of the notice of lis pendens. The plaintiff shall bear the burden of establishing such probability. The court shall, after hearing and within 10 days, enter a determination as to whether there is a sufficient probability that final judgment will be entered in favor of the plaintiff. If the court determines that there is a sufficient probability of final judgment in favor of the plaintiff, the notice of lis pendens shall be continued of record and shall have the same effect as provided in subsection a. If the court fails so to determine, the court shall forthwith order the notice of lis pendens discharged of record.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344; amended by L.1982, c. 200, s. 1.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-8 - Rights of bona fide purchasers, mortgagees or lienors before notice filed and prior to final judgment

2A:15-8. Rights of bona fide purchasers, mortgagees or lienors before notice filed and prior to final judgment
Unless and until a notice of lis pendens is filed as herein provided, no action, as to which such notice is required, shall, before final judgment entered therein, be taken to be constructive notice to a bona fide purchaser or mortgagee of, or a person acquiring a lien on, the affected real estate.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-9 - Notice of foreclosure action

2A:15-9. Notice of foreclosure action
In actions for the satisfaction or foreclosure of a duly recorded or registered mortgage or the foreclosure of a duly recorded certificate of tax sale, the notice of lis pendens shall, in addition to describing the affected real estate, specify the book and page of the record or registration of the mortgage or of the record of the certificate of tax sale, as the case may be. Such notice shall be filed, and the time of its filing and the time of the filing of the complaint with the name of the plaintiff and the first defendant named, shall, in lieu of any other indexing and recording, be noted in the margin of the record of the mortgage or of the record of the abstract thereof or in the margin of the record of the certificate of tax sale, as the case may be.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-10 - Discharge of lis pendens of record when action not prosecuted

2A:15-10. Discharge of lis pendens of record when action not prosecuted
If plaintiff in an action as to which a notice of lis pendens has been filed as herein required fails to prosecute the same diligently, the court wherein the action is pending may, for such cause or for other good cause shown, by order direct the county clerk or register of deeds and mortgages, as the case may be, to discharge the lis pendens of record.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-11 - Notice of lis pendens

2A:15-11. Notice of lis pendens
2A:15-11. Notice of lis pendens. No notice of lis pendens shall be effective after five years from the date of its filing.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344; amended 1995,c.244,s.16.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-12 - Record and index of notices; access to

2A:15-12. Record and index of notices; access to
Except as provided by section 2A:15-9 of this title, the county clerk or register of deeds and mortgages, with whom a notice of lis pendens is filed, shall forthwith record the same, with the time of the filing thereof, in a proper book provided and kept by him in his office. The record book shall be properly indexed, and shall be a public record, to which persons desiring to examine the same shall have access.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-14 - Marginal notation in record of notice of judgment for defendant; appeal; further lis pendens

2A:15-14. Marginal notation in record of notice of judgment for defendant; appeal; further lis pendens
Whenever a final judgment is made in favor of the defendant or defendants in any action, notice of the pendency of which has been filed in the office of any county clerk or register of deeds and mortgages, the county clerk or register of deeds and mortgages in whose office the notice has been filed shall, when a copy of such judgment, certified under the seal of the court in which the judgment shall have been obtained, is filed in his office, enter in the margin of the record of the notice a statement of the substance of the judgment. Thereafter the real estate described in the notice shall be discharged of all equities or claims set up in the complaint in the action, unless the plaintiff takes an appeal or institutes proceedings for relief from the judgment and files a similar notice of lis pendens in said office, stating in the notice the object of the appeal or proceedings. Such notice shall, during the pendency of such appeal or proceedings, have the effect of the notice first filed, and the real estate described in the notice may be discharged of all equities set up in the complaint, in the manner provided for the discharge of the notice first filed.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-15 - Order discharging real estate from claim

2A:15-15. Order discharging real estate from claim
If, in an action for the enforcement against real estate of a claim for the payment of money, except for the foreclosure of a mortgage, as to which a notice of lis pendens has been filed, the defendant therein gives such sufficient security as the court having jurisdiction of the action shall direct, to pay such sum of money as may, by the final determination of the action, be ascertained to be chargeable upon the affected real estate, the court may by order discharge the real estate from such claim.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-16 - Record of discharge of real estate from claim

2A:15-16. Record of discharge of real estate from claim
Upon the filing of a copy of the order mentioned in section 2A:15-15 of this title, certified under the seal of the court out of which it issued, with the county clerk or register of deeds with whom the notice of lis pendens has been filed, that officer shall enter, on the margin of the record of the notice, a notation of the discharge of the real estate from the claim set up in the action.
Thereafter the real estate shall be discharged from the claim, except such as may be covered by the security given for the payment thereof.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-17 - Discharge of lis pendens when judgment is paid, satisfied or action settled or abandoned

2A:15-17. Discharge of lis pendens when judgment is paid, satisfied or action settled or abandoned
When a judgment made in an action, of the pendency of which notice has been filed as herein provided, is paid, satisfied or performed, or the action has been settled by the parties thereto or has been abandoned by plaintiff therein, a statement of such payment, satisfaction, performance, settlement or abandonment shall be entered by the county clerk or register of deeds and mortgages in whose office the notice has been filed, upon the receipt and filing by him of a warrant for that purpose, executed by the party who filed the notice, or his attorney, as warrants to satisfy judgments are required to be executed.
If the judgment has been paid, satisfied or performed or the action has been settled or abandoned as aforesaid, but the party who filed the notice of lis pendens fails to file the warrant stated, the court having jurisdiction of the action may, upon being satisfied of the fact of such payment, satisfaction, performance, settlement or abandonment and upon such notice as it may by its order direct, order the real estate affected and described in the notice of lis pendens to be discharged of all claims or equities set up in the complaint in the action.
The county clerk or register of deeds and mortgages shall, upon the filing by him of the warrant mentioned in the first paragraph of this section or upon the filing by him of the original or a certified copy of the order mentioned in the second paragraph of this section, note in the margin of the record of the lis pendens notice the discharge thereof by the warrant or order.
Thereupon the real estate affected by the action and described in the notice shall be discharged of all claims or equities set up in the complaint in the action.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-18 - Action by taxpayer on failure of county or municipality to sue

2A:15-18. Action by taxpayer on failure of county or municipality to sue
If the board of chosen freeholders of a county or the governing body of a municipality fails to prosecute a claim or demand of the county or municipality, any court in which an action on such claim or demand is cognizable may, upon terms, allow a taxpayer and resident of the county or municipality to commence and prosecute an action upon the claim or demand in the name and on behalf of the county or municipality, if in the opinion of the court the interests of the county or municipality would be promoted thereby.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.
2023 New Jersey Revised Statutes › Title 2A - Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice › Section 2A:15-19 - Intervention by taxpayer in action by or against county or municipality

2A:15-19. Intervention by taxpayer in action by or against county or municipality
When, in an action by or against a county or municipality, if in the opinion of the court the interests of the county or municipality would be promoted thereby, the court may, upon terms, allow a taxpayer and resident of the county or municipality to intervene in the action on behalf of and prosecute or defend the same in the name of the county or municipality.
L.1951 (1st SS), c.344.