reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 9 - Penalties and Disposition of Fines and Forfeitures › Article 45 - Penalties and Disposition of Fines and Forfeitures › 1809-C - Additional Surcharge Required for Certain Violations Relating to Driving While Intoxicated and Driving While Impaired.

§   1809-c.  Additional  surcharge  required  for  certain  violations
  relating to driving while intoxicated and driving while  impaired.    1.
  Notwithstanding  any  other  provision of law, whenever proceedings in a
  court of this state result in a conviction pursuant  to  section  eleven
  hundred  ninety-two  of  this chapter or subparagraphs (ii) and (iii) of
  paragraph (a) of subdivision two or subparagraph (i) of paragraph (a) of
  subdivision three of section five hundred eleven of this chapter,  there
  shall be levied, in addition to any sentence or other surcharge required
  or permitted by law, an additional surcharge of twenty-five dollars.
2.  The  additional  surcharge provided for in subdivision one of this
  section shall be paid to the  clerk  of  the  court  that  rendered  the
  conviction.  Within the first ten days of the month following collection
  of the surcharge the collecting authority shall determine the amount  of
  surcharge collected and it shall pay such money to the state comptroller
  who  shall  deposit such money in the state treasury pursuant to section
  one hundred twenty-one of the state finance law to  the  credit  of  the
  general  fund;  provided,  however, commencing April first, two thousand
  twenty-four, all such moneys shall be paid to counties  in  such  manner
  and  for  such  purposes  as  provided  for  in  section  eleven hundred
  ninety-seven of this chapter.
3.  The  provisions  of  subdivision  three  of  section  two  hundred
  twenty-seven,  subdivision  four-a  of  section  five  hundred  ten, and
  subdivision three of section  five  hundred  fourteen  of  this  chapter
  governing  actions  which  may  be  taken  for  failure to pay a fine or
  penalty shall be applicable to the additional surcharge imposed pursuant
  to this section.
4. For the purposes of this section, the  term  conviction  means  and
  includes  the conviction of a felony or a misdemeanor for a violation of
  section eleven hundred ninety-two of this chapter for which  a  youthful
  offender  finding was substituted and upon such a finding there shall be
  levied an additional surcharge, in addition to  any  sentence  or  other
  surcharge  required  or  permitted by law, to the same extent and in the
  same manner and amount provided by this section for  conviction  of  the
  felony  or  misdemeanor,  as  the  case  may be, for which such youthful
  offender finding was substituted.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 9 - Penalties and Disposition of Fines and Forfeitures › Article 45 - Penalties and Disposition of Fines and Forfeitures › 1809-D - Mandatory Surcharge for Violation of Maximum Speed Limits in Highway Construction or Maintenance Work Areas.

§ 1809-d. Mandatory surcharge for violation of maximum speed limits in
  highway  construction  or maintenance work areas. 1. Notwithstanding any
  other provision  of  law,  whenever  proceedings  in  an  administrative
  tribunal  or  court result in a finding of liability or conviction for a
  violation of paragraph two of subdivision  (d)  or  subdivision  (f)  of
  section  eleven  hundred  eighty  of  this chapter or any other statute,
  local law, ordinance or rule  involving  the  maximum  speed  limits  in
  highway  construction or maintenance work areas, there shall be levied a
  mandatory surcharge in addition to any other sentence, fine  or  penalty
  otherwise  permitted  or  required, in the amount of fifty dollars. Such
  surcharge shall not be deemed a monetary penalty  for  the  purposes  of
  section  two  hundred  thirty-seven of this chapter or section 19-203 of
  the administrative code of the city of New York.
2. The mandatory surcharge provided for in  subdivision  one  of  this
  section  shall  be  paid  to  the  clerk  of the court or administrative
  tribunal that made the determination of liability. Within the first  ten
  days  of the month next succeeding the collection of such surcharge, the
  collecting authority shall pay such money to the state comptroller to be
  deposited in the highway construction and maintenance  safety  education
  fund established by section ninety-nine-n of the state finance law.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 9 - Penalties and Disposition of Fines and Forfeitures › Article 45 - Penalties and Disposition of Fines and Forfeitures › 1810 - Compensation of Officers Shall Not Depend Upon Apprehension or Arrests.

§ 1810. Compensation of officers shall not depend upon apprehension or
arrests.  (a)  No  city  or  village  shall employ any officer, agent or
person whose compensation shall in any way depend upon the  apprehension
or  arrest  of any person or persons for violating any ordinance adopted
pursuant to section sixteen hundred four of this chapter or for reckless
driving as defined in section twelve hundred twelve of this chapter.  If
any person be apprehended or arrested or haled before a magistrate for a
violation  of  a  local  ordinance  adopted  pursuant to section sixteen
hundred four or for  reckless  driving  as  defined  by  section  twelve
hundred  twelve of this chapter by any officer, agent or employee of any
city or village who is so employed, the fact of such employment  at  the
time  shall  be  a  defense  to  any  charge  made for violation of such
ordinance or for reckless driving.
(b) No county or town shall  employ  any  officer,  agent  or  person,
whether  such employee be elected or appointed, whose compensation shall
in any way depend upon the apprehension or  arrest  of  any  person  for
reckless  driving  as  defined  in section twelve hundred twelve of this
chapter. If any person be apprehended or  arrested  or  haled  before  a
magistrate  for reckless driving as so defined, by any officer, agent or
employee of any county or town who is so  employed,  the  fact  of  such
employment  at  the  time  shall  be  a  defense  to any charge made for
reckless driving as defined in section twelve  hundred  twelve  of  this
chapter.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2103 - Excepted Liens and Security Interests; Buyer From Manufacturer or Dealer.

§ 2103. Excepted liens and security interests; buyer from manufacturer
or dealer. This article does not apply to or affect:
(a)  A  lien given by statute or rule of law to a supplier of services
or materials for the vehicle;
(b) A lien given by statute to the United States, this state,  or  any
political subdivision of this state except for liens arising pursuant to
section  two  hundred  eleven  of  the  lien law and section one hundred
eleven-u of the social services law;
(c) A security interest in a vehicle  created  by  a  manufacturer  or
dealer who holds the vehicle for sale as distinguished from a person who
holds  the vehicle for lease, but a buyer in ordinary course of business
from a manufacturer or a dealer who holds the vehicle for sale,  whether
or  not  he  may  have  held  it  for  lease, takes free of any security
interest created by him in the vehicle.
(d) A security interest in a vehicle acquired by the state of New York
and financed by certificates of participation pursuant to article five-A
of the state finance law.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2104 - Certificate of Title Required.

§ 2104. Certificate  of  title required.  (a) Every owner of a vehicle
which is in this state and is not excluded from provisions of this title
by section two thousand one hundred two of this article, and  for  which
no  certificate  of title has been issued by the commissioner shall make
application to the commissioner  for  a  certificate  of  title  of  the
vehicle  within  thirty  days  after  transfer  to  him  of the vehicle;
provided, however, that a person may, but need not, make application  to
the  commissioner  for a certificate of title for a fire truck designed,
used and maintained for fire service purposes and the transportation  of
property  in connection therewith owned and identified as being owned by
the state, a public authority, a county, town,  city,  village  or  fire
district,  or  a fire corporation subject to the provisions of paragraph
(e) of section fourteen hundred two of  the  not-for-profit  corporation
law,  or a fire company as defined in section one hundred of the general
municipal law.
(b) The commissioner shall not register or renew the registration of a
vehicle  unless  a  certificate  of  title  has  been  issued   by   the
commissioner  to  the  owner or an application therefor has been made by
the owner and delivered to the commissioner.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2105-A - Liens on Motor Vehicles for Failure to Make Child Support Payments.

§  2105-a.  Liens  on motor vehicles for failure to make child support
payments. (a) The commissioner, on behalf of the department, shall enter
into a  written  agreement  with  the  commissioner  of  the  office  of
temporary and disability assistance which shall set forth the procedures
for creation of security interests on vehicles in favor of the office of
temporary  and  disability assistance, a social services district or its
authorized representative as provided for in section two hundred  eleven
of  the lien law and section one hundred eleven-u of the social services
law.
(b) Such agreement shall include:
(1) the procedures under which the office of temporary and  disability
assistance  shall  notify  the department of a security interest arising
for failure to make payments of child  support  or  combined  child  and
spousal  support,  including  data  standards  for  determining that the
person against whom such lien will be imposed is the person  owing  such
arrears;
(2)  the procedures under which the office of temporary and disability
assistance shall notify the department that an individual has  satisfied
the security interest;
(3)  the  procedure,  subject  to  the approval of the director of the
division of the budget, for reimbursement  of  the  department  and  its
agents   for  the  additional  costs  of  carrying  out  the  procedures
authorized by this section, section two hundred eleven of the  lien  law
and section one hundred eleven-u of the social services law;
(4)  such  other  matters  as the parties to such agreement shall deem
necessary to carry out the  provisions  of  this  section,  section  two
hundred  eleven  of the lien law and section one hundred eleven-u of the
social services law.
(c) A security interest arising under section two  hundred  eleven  of
the  lien law and entered into the records of the department pursuant to
this article shall be listed on  any  subsequent  certificate  of  title
issued to such person for the same or any other vehicle.
(d)  Notwithstanding  any  other  inconsistent  provision  of law, any
purchaser of a vehicle which is subject to  a  security  interest  under
this  section, including a motor vehicle dealer registered under section
four  hundred  fifteen  of  this  chapter,  shall  take   such   vehicle
unencumbered  by  such lien which was not recorded on the certificate of
title used to transfer the vehicle.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2106 - Examination of Records.

§ 2106. Examination  of  records.  The  commissioner,  upon  receiving
  application  for  a  first  certificate  of  title,  shall   check   the
  identifying  number  of  the vehicle and the name or other identifier of
  the owner shown in the application against the  appropriate  records  of
  vehicles required to be maintained.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2107 - Issuance and Records.

§ 2107. Issuance  and  records.  (a)  The commissioner shall file each
application received and, when  satisfied  as  to  its  genuineness  and
regularity  and  that  the  applicant  is  entitled to the issuance of a
certificate of title, shall issue a certificate of title of the vehicle,
except that the commissioner  may  require  that  any  such  vehicle  be
inspected   in  a  manner  prescribed  by  him  for  conformity  to  the
description given in the application before he issues a  certificate  of
title.
(b)  The  commissioner  shall maintain a record of all certificates of
title issued by him:
(1) Under a distinctive title number assigned to the vehicle;
(2) Under the identifying number of the vehicle;
(3) Alphabetically, under the name of the owner, unless  he  maintains
alphabetical records of all owners holding certificates of registration;
(4) Under the registration number of the vehicle; and
(5)  In  the  discretion  of  the commissioner, in any other method he
determines.
(c) When the commissioner issues a certificate of title for a  vehicle
as a result of an original application for a title or as a result of the
filing  of  a  security  interest,  he  shall also issue and mail to the
lienholder or lienholders named in the original application, or  to  the
lienholder  who  filed  the  subsequent  security  interest  a notice of
recorded lien.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2108 - Contents and Effect.

§ 2108. Contents  and  effect. (a) Each certificate of title issued by
the commissioner shall contain:
(1) The date issued;
(2) The name and address of the owner;
(3) The names and addresses of any lienholders, in the order of  their
apparent  priority as shown on the application or, if the application is
based on a certificate of title, as shown on the certificate;
(4) The title number assigned to the vehicle;
(5) A description of the vehicle including, so far  as  the  following
data  exists:  its make, year model, identifying number, type of body if
a motor vehicle or hull material if a vessel, and whether new  or  used,
and any other information required by the commissioner; and
(6) Any other data the commissioner prescribes.
(b)  The  certificate  of title shall contain forms for assignment and
warranty of title by the owner, and for assignment and warranty of title
by a dealer, and may contain forms for applications for a certificate of
title by a transferee, the naming of a lienholder and the assignment  or
release of the security interest of a lienholder.
(c)  A  certificate of title issued by the commissioner is prima facie
evidence of the facts appearing on it.
(d)  A  certificate  of  title  for  a  vehicle  is  not  subject   to
garnishment,  attachment,  execution or other judicial process, but this
subsection does not prevent a lawful levy upon the vehicle.
(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a certificate of title
to a vehicle which is a mobile home or a manufactured home issued by the
commissioner is prima facie evidence  of  the  facts  appearing  on  it,
notwithstanding  the fact that such vehicle, at any time, in any manner,
shall have become attached to realty.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2110 - Registration Without Certificate of Title.

§ 2110. Registration without certificate of title. If the commissioner
  is not satisfied as to the ownership of the vehicle or that there are no
  undisclosed  security interests in it, the commissioner may register the
  vehicle but shall withold issuance of a certificate of title  until  the
  applicant  presents  documents  reasonably  sufficient  to  satisfy  the
  commissioner as to the applicant's ownership of  the  vehicle  and  that
  there are no undisclosed security interests in it.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2111 - Refusing Certificate of Title.

§ 2111. Refusing  certificate  of title. The commissioner shall refuse
issuance of a certificate of title if any required fee is not paid or if
he has reasonable grounds to believe that:
(a) The applicant is not the owner of the vehicle;
(b) The application contains a false or fraudulent statement; or
(c) The applicant fails to furnish required information  or  documents
or any additional information the commissioner reasonably requires.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2112 - Lost, Stolen or Mutilated Certificates.

§ 2112. Lost,  stolen  or mutilated certificates. (a) If a certificate
of title is lost, stolen, mutilated or destroyed or  becomes  illegible,
the owner or legal representative of the owner named in the certificate,
as  shown  by  the  records  of  the  commissioner,  shall promptly make
application for and may obtain a duplicate upon  furnishing  information
satisfactory  to  the  commissioner.  Unless the original certificate of
title is surrendered to the commissioner, the duplicate  certificate  of
title  shall contain the legend "This is a duplicate certificate and may
be subject to the rights of a person under the original certificate." It
shall be mailed to the owner.
(b) A person recovering an original certificate of title for  which  a
duplicate has been issued shall promptly notify the commissioner of such
recovery  and  shall  comply  with  the  directions  of the commissioner
relating to the disposition of such documents.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2113 - Transfer.

§ 2113. Transfer. (a) If an owner transfers his interest in a vehicle,
other than by the creation of a security interest, he shall, at the time
of  the  delivery  of the vehicle, execute an assignment and warranty of
title  to  the  transferee  in  the  space  provided  therefor  on   the
certificate or as the commissioner prescribes, and cause the certificate
and  assignment  to  be  mailed  or  delivered  to  the  transferee. The
assignment and warranty of title required by this section shall  include
a  statement  signed  by the transferor stating either, (i) any facts or
information known to him that could reasonably affect  the  validity  of
the title of the vehicle; or, (ii) that no such facts or information are
known to him.
(b)  Except  as provided in section two thousand one hundred fourteen,
the transferee shall, within thirty days after transfer to  him  of  the
vehicle,  execute  the application for a new certificate of title in the
space provided therefor  on  the  certificate  or  as  the  commissioner
prescribes,  and  cause  the certificate and application to be mailed or
delivered to the commissioner. The application required by this  section
shall  include a statement similar to that required to be included in an
application for a  first  certificate  of  title  by  paragraph  (4)  of
subdivision  (a)  of  section  two  thousand  one  hundred  five of this
chapter.
(c) Except as provided in section two thousand one hundred fourteen, a
transfer by an owner is not perfected so as to be  valid  against  third
parties  generally  until the provisions of this section and section two
thousand one hundred sixteen have been complied with; however, an  owner
who  has  delivered  possession of the vehicle to a bona fide transferee
and has complied with the provisions of this  section  and  section  two
thousand  one  hundred  sixteen  is  not  deemed  an  owner  within  the
provisions of section three hundred eighty-eight of this  chapter,  and,
notwithstanding  any  other  provision  of law, shall not be presumed to
have caused such vehicle to be abandoned  for  purposes  of  subdivision
seven of section twelve hundred twenty-four of this chapter if the owner
has retained a copy of the assignment and warranty of title.  Failure to
retain  such  copy  shall  not  preclude  such  owner from rebutting any
presumption contained in such subdivisions.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2114 - Transfer to or From Dealer; Records.

§ 2114. Transfer  to  or  from dealer; records. (a) If a dealer buys a
vehicle and holds it for resale and procures the  certificate  of  title
from  the owner within ten days after delivery to him of the vehicle, he
need not send the certificate to the commissioner but, upon transferring
the vehicle to another person other than by the creation of  a  security
interest, shall promptly execute the assignment and warranty of title by
a  dealer,  showing the names and addresses of the transferee and of any
lienholder holding a security interest created or reserved at  the  time
of  the resale, in the spaces provided therefor on the certificate or as
the commissioner prescribes, and mail or deliver the certificate to  the
commissioner  with  the  transferee's application for a new certificate.
The assignment and warranty of  title  by  a  dealer  required  by  this
section  shall  include a statement, signed by the dealer stating either
(i) any facts or information known to him that could  reasonably  affect
the  validity of the title of the vehicle, or (ii) that no such facts or
information are known to him.
(b) Every dealer shall maintain a record in the form and for a  period
of  time  the  commissioner  prescribes of every vehicle bought, sold or
exchanged by him, or received by him for sale or exchange,  which  shall
be  open  to inspection by a representative of the commissioner, a peace
officer, when acting pursuant to his special duties, or a police officer
during reasonable business hours.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2115 - Transfer by Operation of Law.

§ 2115. Transfer  by operation of law. (a) If the interest of an owner
in a vehicle passes to another other than  by  voluntary  transfer,  the
transferee  shall,  except as provided in subdivision (b), promptly mail
or deliver to  the  commissioner  the  last  certificate  of  title,  if
available,  proof  of  the  transfer,  and  his  application  for  a new
certificate in the form the commissioner prescribes.
(b) If the interest of the owner is terminated or the vehicle is  sold
under  a  security  agreement  by  a  lienholder,  the  transferee shall
promptly mail or deliver to the commissioner  the  last  certificate  of
title  if available to him, his application for a new certificate in the
form the commissioner prescribes, and an affidavit made by or on  behalf
of the lienholder that the vehicle was repossessed and that the interest
of  the  owner  was lawfully terminated or sold pursuant to the terms of
the security agreement. If the lienholder succeeds to  the  interest  of
the  owner  and  holds  the vehicle for resale, he need not secure a new
certificate of  title  but,  upon  transfer  to  another  person,  shall
promptly   mail  or  deliver  to  the  transferee  the  certificate,  if
available, affidavit and other documents required  to  be  sent  to  the
commissioner by the transferee.
(c)  A  person  holding  a  certificate of title whose interest in the
vehicle has been extinguished or transferred  other  than  by  voluntary
transfer  shall mail or deliver the certificate to the commissioner upon
request of the commissioner.  The delivery of the  certificate  pursuant
to  the  request  of  the commissioner does not affect the rights of the
person surrendering the certificate, and the action of the  commissioner
in  issuing  a  new  certificate  of  title  as  provided  herein is not
conclusive upon the rights of an owner or lienholder named  in  the  old
certificate.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2116 - Additional Requirements for Applications.

§ 2116. Additional  requirements  for applications. (a) An application
for a certificate of title shall be accompanied by the required fee when
mailed or delivered to the commissioner.
(b) Except as provided for in subdivision  (c)  of  this  section,  an
application  for  the  naming  of  a  lienholder  or  his  assignee on a
certificate of title shall be  accompanied  by  the  required  fee  when
mailed or delivered to the commissioner.
(c)  The  filing  of  a  notice of lien by the office of temporary and
disability assistance, or a  local  social  services  district,  or  its
authorized  representative,  or a lien of another state agency operating
under title IV-D  of  the  social  security  act,  shall  constitute  an
application  for  the  naming of a lienholder on a certificate of title.
The filing of an application by  any  such  agency  shall  be  completed
without payment of a fee.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2117 - When Commissioner to Issue New Certificate.

§ 2117. When   commissioner   to   issue   new  certificate.  (a)  The
commissioner, upon receipt of a properly assigned certificate of  title,
with an application for a new certificate of title, the required fee and
any  other documents required by law, shall check the identifying number
of the vehicle against the appropriate records of vehicles  required  to
be  maintained,  issue  a  new  certificate  of title in the name of the
transferee as owner and mail it to the owner.
(b) The commissioner,  upon  receipt  of  an  application  for  a  new
certificate  of  title by a transferee other than by voluntary transfer,
with proof of the transfer, the required fee  and  any  other  documents
required  by  law,  shall  check  the  identifying number of the vehicle
against the appropriate records of vehicles required to  be  maintained,
issue  a new certificate of title in the name of the transferee as owner
and mail it to the owner. If the outstanding certificate of title is not
delivered to the commissioner,  he  shall  demand  it  from  the  holder
thereof.
(c)  The  commissioner  may  require  that  any  vehicle  for which an
application for a certificate of title is made be inspected in a  manner
prescribed  by  him  for  conformity  to  the  description  given in the
application before he issues a certificate of title.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2119 - Security Interest.

§ 2119. Security  interest. If an owner creates a security interest in
a vehicle:
(a) The owner shall,  if  the  lienholder  so  requests,  execute  the
application,  in the space provided therefor on the certificate of title
or  on  a  separate  form  the  commissioner  prescribes,  to  name  the
lienholder  on  the  certificate,  showing  the  name and address of the
lienholder, and cause the certificate, application and the required  fee
to be delivered to the lienholder.
(b)  The  lienholder  shall, immediately after the owner complies with
subdivision (a), cause the certificate, application and the required fee
to be mailed or delivered to the commissioner.
(c) Upon receipt of the certificate  of  title,  application  and  the
required  fee, the commissioner shall either endorse on the certificate,
or issue a new certificate containing, the name and address of  the  new
lienholder, and mail the certificate to the owner.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2120 - Assignment by Lienholder.

§ 2120. Assignment   by  lienholder.  (a)  A  lienholder  may  assign,
absolutely or otherwise, his security  interest  in  the  vehicle  to  a
person  other than the owner without affecting the interest of the owner
or the validity of the security interest, but any person without  notice
of  the  assignment  is  protected in dealing with the lienholder as the
holder of the security interest and the lienholder  remains  liable  for
any  obligations as lienholder until the assignee is named as lienholder
on the certificate.
(b) The assignee may, but need not to perfect the assignment, have the
certificate of title endorsed or  issued  with  the  assignee  named  as
lienholder,  upon  delivering  to  the commissioner an assignment by the
lienholder named  in  the  certificate  in  the  form  the  commissioner
prescribes.  Upon  the  request  of  the assignee the commissioner shall
request the owner to deliver to  the  commissioner  the  certificate  of
title.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2122 - Duty of Lienholder.

§ 2122. Duty  of  lienholder.  A  lienholder named in a certificate of
  title shall, upon written request of the owner or of another  lienholder
  named  on  the certificate, disclose any pertinent information as to his
  security agreement and the indebtedness secured by  it.  The  office  of
  temporary  and  disability assistance, or a social services district, or
  its authorized representative shall be deemed to have complied with this
  section upon disclosing the name of the obligor and the  amount  of  the
  debt.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2123 - Exclusiveness of Procedure.

§ 2123. Exclusiveness  of  procedure.  The  method  provided  in  this
  article of perfecting and giving notice of security interests subject to
  this article is exclusive. Security interests subject  to  this  article
  are hereby exempted from the provisions of law which otherwise relate to
  the  perfection  of  security  interests,  including  but not limited to
  section 9-313 of the uniform commercial code.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2124 - Suspension or Revocation of Certificates.

§ 2124. Suspension   or   revocation  of  certificates.  (a)  (1)  The
commissioner shall suspend or revoke a certificate of title, upon notice
and reasonable opportunity to be heard in accordance  with  section  two
thousand   one  hundred  twenty-seven,  when  authorized  by  any  other
provision of law, including  but  not  limited  to  subdivision  (e)  of
section  two  thousand  one  hundred  eighteen of this article, or if he
finds:
(i) The certificate of title was fraudulently procured or  erroneously
issued, or
(ii) The vehicle has been scrapped, dismantled or destroyed.
(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the commissioner shall
not  suspend  or  revoke  a certificate of title to a vehicle which is a
mobile home or manufactured home by reason of  the  fact  that,  at  any
time, in any manner, it shall have become attached to realty.
(b)  Suspension  or  revocation of a certificate of title does not, in
itself, affect the validity of a security interest noted on it.
(c) When the commissioner suspends or revokes a certificate of  title,
the  owner  or  person  in  possession  of  it  shall,  immediately upon
receiving notice of the suspension or revocation, mail  or  deliver  the
certificate to the commissioner.
(d)  The  commissioner  may seize and impound any certificate of title
which has been suspended or revoked.
(e) A certificate of title may  be  temporarily  suspended  pending  a
hearing.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2126 - Powers of Commissioner.

§ 2126. Powers  of  commissioner. (a) The commissioner shall prescribe
and provide suitable  forms  of  applications,  certificates  of  title,
notices of security interests, and all other notices and forms necessary
to carry out the provisions of this article.
(b) The commissioner may:
(1)  Make  necessary investigations to procure information required to
carry out the provisions of this article; and
(2) Adopt and enforce reasonable rules and regulations  to  carry  out
the provisions of this article; and
(3)  Upon  assigning  a  new identifying number to a vehicle if it has
none, or its identifying  number  is  destroyed  or  obliterated,  shall
either  issue  a  new  certificate  of title showing the new identifying
number or make an appropriate indorsement on the original certificate.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2127 - Hearings.

§ 2127. Hearings.  A  person aggrieved by an act or omission to act of
  the commissioner under this  article  is  entitled  to  a  hearing.  The
  commissioner  shall  grant a hearing to an applicant therefor as soon as
  practicable, except that  if  a  certificate  of  title  is  temporarily
  suspended,  within  ten days after receipt of a written request for such
  hearing.  No hearing shall be required because of  the  refusal  of  the
  commissioner  to  issue  a  certificate  of  title  in  a case where the
  commissioner determines that a request for such hearing is frivolous  or
  based upon sham. The applicant may be heard in person or by counsel. The
  hearing  shall  be  at  such  time  and  place as the commissioner shall
  prescribe. The commissioner acting by such  officer  or  person  in  the
  department  of  motor vehicles as he may designate, shall have the power
  to temporarily omit to take any action  under  this  article  pending  a
  hearing  and  to  subpoena  and  bring  before  the officer or person so
  designated any person in this state and administer an oath to  and  take
  testimony  of  any  person  or cause his deposition to be taken with the
  same fees and mileage in  the  same  manner  as  prescribed  by  law  in
  judicial procedure in courts of this state in civil cases.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2128 - Court Review.

§ 2128. Court  review.  An  act or omission to act of the commissioner
  under this article shall be subject to review by the  supreme  court  in
  the  manner  provided in article seventy-eight of the civil practice law
  and rules.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2129 - Stolen, Converted, Recovered and Unclaimed Vehicles.

§ 2129. Stolen,  converted,  recovered  and  unclaimed  vehicles.  (a)
Police or peace officer's report. A peace officer, when acting  pursuant
to  his  special  duties, or police officer who learns of the theft of a
vehicle not since recovered, or of the recovery of a vehicle whose theft
or conversion he knows or has reason to believe has been reported to the
commissioner, shall forthwith  report  the  theft  or  recovery  to  the
commissioner.    Such  report  shall be in addition to any other reports
required by law.
(b) Owner's or lienholder's report.  An  owner  or  a  lienholder  may
report  the  theft  of  a  vehicle, or its conversion if a crime, to the
commissioner, but  the  commissioner  may  disregard  the  report  of  a
conversion  unless  a warrant has been issued for the arrest of a person
charged with the conversion. A person who has so reported the  theft  or
conversion of a vehicle shall, forthwith after learning of its recovery,
report the recovery to the commissioner.
(c)  Garage  operator's report. An operator of a place of business for
garaging, parking or storing vehicles for the public, in which a vehicle
remains unclaimed for a period of thirty days, shall, within  five  days
after  the expiration of that period, report the vehicle as unclaimed to
the commissioner. A vehicle left by its owner whose name and address are
known to the operator or his employee is not considered  unclaimed.    A
person  who  fails  to  report a vehicle as unclaimed in accordance with
this subdivision forfeits all claims and liens for its garaging, parking
or storing.
(d)  Commissioner's  record.  The  commissioner  shall  maintain,  and
appropriately  index  appropriate  public  records of stolen, converted,
recovered and unclaimed  vehicles  reported  to  him  pursuant  to  this
section.  The  commissioner  may  make and distribute copies of any such
records so maintained to peace officers, when acting pursuant  to  their
special  duties,  or  police  officers  upon  request without fee and to
others for the fee, if any, the commissioner prescribes.
(e)  Commissioner's  action.  The   commissioner   may   suspend   the
registration  of  a vehicle whose theft or conversion is reported to him
pursuant to this section; until the commissioner learns of its  recovery
or  that  the  report of its theft or conversion was erroneous, he shall
not issue a certificate of title for the vehicle.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2130 - Offenses Relating to Certificates.

§ 2130. Offenses relating to certificates. (a) Felonies. A person who,
with fraudulent intent:
(1) Alters, forges or counterfeits a certificate of title is guilty of
a felony;
(2)  Alters  or  forges an assignment of a certificate of title, or an
assignment or release of a security interest, on a certificate of  title
or a form the commissioner prescribes is guilty of a felony;
(3)  Has  possession  of  or uses a certificate of title knowing it to
have been altered, forged or counterfeited is guilty of a felony;
(4) Uses a false or fictitious name or address, or  makes  a  material
false  statement,  or fails to disclose a security interest, or conceals
any other material fact, in an application for a certificate  of  title,
or  in  any  copy  of  an  assignment and warranty of title retained and
produced for the  purpose  of  negating  any  presumption  contained  in
subdivision seven of section twelve hundred twenty-four of this chapter,
is guilty of a felony; or
(5)   Produces,   makes,   manufactures,  or  reproduces  any  vehicle
certificate of origin or any certificate of title or any  license  plate
or  tag  of  any  other  state, district or territory, or of any foreign
country; or possesses any device for producing,  making,  manufacturing,
or reproducing the same is guilty of a felony.
(b) Misdemeanors. A person who, with fraudulent intent:
(1)  Permits  another, not entitled thereto, to use or have possession
of a certificate of title is guilty of a misdemeanor;
(2) Fails to mail or deliver a certificate  of  title  or  application
therefor  to  the  department within ten days after the time required by
this article is guilty of a misdemeanor; or
(3) Fails to deliver to his transferee a certificate of  title  within
ten  days  after  the  time  required  by  this  article  is guilty of a
misdemeanor.
(c) Traffic infractions. A person who wilfully violates any  provision
of this article except as provided in subdivisions (a) and (b) is guilty
of a traffic infraction.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2131 - Evidence of Criminal Intent or Knowledge.

§ 2131. Evidence of criminal intent or knowledge. In a prosecution for
  a  crime  specified  in  this  article,  evidence that the defendant has
  committed a prior act or acts of the same kind is  admissible  to  prove
  criminal intent or knowledge.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2133 - Uniformity of Interpretation.

§ 2133. Uniformity   of  interpretation.  This  article  shall  be  so
  interpreted and construed as to effectuate its general purpose  to  make
  uniform the law of those states which enact it.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 10 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › Article 46 - Uniform Vehicle Certificate of Title Act › 2135 - Severability.

§ 2135. Severability.   If  any  provision  of  this  article  or  the
  application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid,  the
  invalidity  shall  not  affect  other  provisions or applications of the
  article which can be given  effect  without  the  invalid  provision  or
  application, and to this end the provisions of this article are declared
  to be severable.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 11 - Registration of Snowmobiles, Motorboats and Limited Use Vehicles › Article 47 - Registration of Snowmobiles › 2221 - Definitions.

§ 2221. Definitions.  For  the purposes of this article, the following
  terms shall have the following meanings.
1. Snowmobile. Any  self-propelled  vehicle  equipped  with  a  motor,
  originally  manufactured and designed for travel on snow or ice, steered
  by skis or runners and supported in whole or in  part  by  one  or  more
  skis, belts or tracked cleats.
2.  Cowling. The forward portion of the snowmobile usually surrounding
  the motor and clutch assembly.
3. Dealer. Any person engaged in the business of  selling  snowmobiles
  at wholesale or retail.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 11 - Registration of Snowmobiles, Motorboats and Limited Use Vehicles › Article 47 - Registration of Snowmobiles › 2223 - Display of Registration Numbers.

§ 2223. Display  of  registration numbers. 1. The registration numbers
  assigned to a snowmobile shall be displayed on the vehicle at all  times
  in  such  manner  as  the commissioner may, by regulation, prescribe. No
  number  other  than  the  number  assigned  to  a  snowmobile   by   the
  commissioner or the identification number of the registration in another
  state  should be painted, attached or otherwise displayed on either side
  of the cowling,  except  that  racing  numbers  on  a  snowmobile  being
  operated  in  special  events, approved by the commissioner of parks and
  recreation, may be temporarily displayed for the duration of the race.
2. Dealer demonstrator  registration  numbers  shall  conform  to  the
  requirements  set  forth  in  subdivision  one  of this section with the
  exception that the numbers assigned may be printed upon or attached to a
  removable plaque or plaques to be temporarily but firmly affixed to  the
  snowmobile being demonstrated or tested.
3.  Numbers  issued  to  dealers  and manufacturers for the purpose of
  demonstration or testing shall be used exclusively  for  these  purposes
  and no other use is permitted.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 11 - Registration of Snowmobiles, Motorboats and Limited Use Vehicles › Article 47 - Registration of Snowmobiles › 2224 - Registration Record.

§ 2224. Registration  record. Upon receipt of a sufficient application
  for registration of a snowmobile,  as  provided  in  this  article,  the
  commissioner  shall  enter  upon  the  records  of  the  department  the
  registration of such vehicle under the distinctive  number  assigned  to
  such snowmobile as provided in this article.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 11 - Registration of Snowmobiles, Motorboats and Limited Use Vehicles › Article 47 - Registration of Snowmobiles › 2226 - Licensing by Municipalities.

§ 2226. Licensing  by  municipalities.  No  municipality shall require
  licensing or registration  of  snowmobiles  which  are  covered  by  the
  provisions  of  this article; nor shall it require possession of a valid
  motor vehicle operator's license as a condition for the operation  of  a
  snowmobile  on  lands  owned or controlled by such municipality. Nothing
  herein shall prohibit the requirement of a permit by the  agency  having
  jurisdiction over any state or local park for use of snowmobiles on such
  park lands. No charge for such use may be made, except the usual charge,
  if  any,  for  admission  to  such  park, parking privileges or services
  provided.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 11 - Registration of Snowmobiles, Motorboats and Limited Use Vehicles › Article 47 - Registration of Snowmobiles › 2228 - Special Events.

§ 2228. Special   events.   Snowmobiles  operated  at  special  events
  approved by the commissioner of parks and recreation pursuant to section
  25.11 of parks and recreation law shall be exempt from the provisions of
  this article concerning registration.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 11 - Registration of Snowmobiles, Motorboats and Limited Use Vehicles › Article 47 - Registration of Snowmobiles › 2229 - Snowmobile, Not a Motor Vehicle.

§ 2229. Snowmobile,  not  a motor vehicle. Notwithstanding its limited
  use on highways, a snowmobile shall not be determined  a  motor  vehicle
  within the meaning of section one hundred twenty-five of this chapter or
  any other successor statutes.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 11 - Registration of Snowmobiles, Motorboats and Limited Use Vehicles › Article 47 - Registration of Snowmobiles › 2230 - Suspension and Revocation of Registrations; Offenses; Penalties.

§ 2230. Suspension   and   revocation   of   registrations;  offenses;
  penalties.  1. The commissioner may suspend  or  revoke  a  registration
  issued  pursuant  to  the  provisions of this article, upon satisfactory
  proof of a violation of any provision of this article, or of the  parks,
  recreation   and  historic  preservation  law  at  the  request  of  the
  commissioner of parks, recreation and historic preservation, or  of  any
  rule,  regulation,  order, local law or ordinance adopted or promulgated
  pursuant thereto.  Such suspension or revocation shall  be  issued  only
  after  a hearing unless such a hearing is waived by the registrant. Upon
  said suspension or revocation, all rights  and  privileges  accruing  to
  such registrant shall terminate.
2.  a.  Except  as  provided  in  paragraph b of this subdivision, any
  person who violates any provision of this article or regulation  adopted
  pursuant  thereto shall be guilty of a violation punishable by a fine of
  up to two hundred dollars, and one-half of such fine shall be  deposited
  in the snowmobile trail development and maintenance fund as set forth in
  section 21.07 of the parks, recreation and historic preservation law.
b.   Any  person  who  violates  the  provisions  of  paragraph  a  of
  subdivision one of section twenty-two hundred twenty-two of this article
  shall be guilty of a violation punishable by a fine of not less than two
  hundred dollars nor more  than  five  hundred  dollars,  except  if  the
  violation  consists  of  failure to renew a registration which was valid
  within sixty days the  fine  shall  be  not  more  than  fifty  dollars.
  One-half  of  such  fines  shall  be  deposited  in the snowmobile trail
  development and maintenance fund as set forth in section  21.07  of  the
  parks, recreation and historic preservation law.