reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 23 - Obedience to and Effect of Traffic Laws › 1103 - Public Officers and Employees to Obey Title; Exceptions.

§ 1103. Public  officers  and employees to obey title; exceptions. (a)
The provisions of this title applicable to the drivers of vehicles  upon
the highways shall apply to drivers of all vehicles owned or operated by
the  United  States, this state, or any county, city, town, district, or
any other political subdivision of the state, except as provided in this
section and subject to such specific exceptions as are set forth in this
title with reference to authorized emergency vehicles.
(b) Unless specifically made applicable, the provisions of this title,
except the provisions of  sections  eleven  hundred  ninety-two  through
eleven  hundred  ninety-six of this chapter, shall not apply to persons,
teams, motor vehicles, and other equipment  while  actually  engaged  in
work  on a highway nor shall the provisions of subsection (a) of section
twelve hundred two apply to hazard vehicles while  actually  engaged  in
hazardous  operation on or adjacent to a highway but shall apply to such
persons and vehicles when traveling to or from such hazardous operation.
The foregoing provisions of  this  subdivision  shall  not  relieve  any
person,  or  team  or any operator of a motor vehicle or other equipment
while actually engaged in work on a highway from the duty to proceed  at
all  times during all phases of such work with due regard for the safety
of all persons nor shall the foregoing provisions protect  such  persons
or teams or such operators of motor vehicles or other equipment from the
consequences of their reckless disregard for the safety of others.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 23 - Obedience to and Effect of Traffic Laws › 1104 - Authorized Emergency Vehicles.

§ 1104. Authorized emergency vehicles. (a) The driver of an authorized
emergency vehicle, when involved in an emergency operation, may exercise
the  privileges set forth in this section, but subject to the conditions
herein stated.
(b) The driver of an authorized emergency vehicle may:
1. Stop, stand or park irrespective of the provisions of this title;
2. Proceed past a steady red signal, a flashing red signal or  a  stop
sign,  but  only  after  slowing  down  as  may  be  necessary  for safe
operation;
3. Exceed the maximum speed limits so long as  he  does  not  endanger
life or property;
4.  Disregard  regulations governing directions of movement or turning
in specified directions.
(c) Except for an authorized emergency vehicle operated  as  a  police
vehicle  or  bicycle,  the  exemptions  herein  granted to an authorized
emergency vehicle shall apply only when audible signals are sounded from
any said vehicle while in motion by bell, horn, siren, electronic device
or exhaust whistle as may be reasonably necessary, and when the  vehicle
is  equipped  with at least one lighted lamp so that from any direction,
under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of five hundred feet
from such vehicle, at least one red light will be displayed and visible.
(d) An authorized emergency vehicle operated as a police,  sheriff  or
deputy  sheriff  vehicle  may  exceed  the  maximum speed limits for the
purpose of calibrating such vehicles' speedometer.  Notwithstanding  any
other  law,  rule  or  regulation  to the contrary, a police, sheriff or
deputy sheriff bicycle operated as an authorized emergency vehicle shall
not be prohibited from using any sidewalk, highway,  street  or  roadway
during an emergency operation.
(e)  The  foregoing  provisions  shall  not  relieve  the driver of an
authorized emergency vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard  for
the  safety of all persons, nor shall such provisions protect the driver
from the consequences of  his  reckless  disregard  for  the  safety  of
others.
(f) Notwithstanding any other law, rule or regulation to the contrary,
an  ambulance  operated  in  the  course  of  an  emergency shall not be
prohibited from using any highway, street or roadway; provided, however,
that an authority having jurisdiction over any such highway,  street  or
roadway  may  specifically prohibit travel thereon by ambulances if such
authority shall deem such travel to be  extremely  hazardous  and  would
endanger patients being transported thereby.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 23 - Obedience to and Effect of Traffic Laws › 1105 - Traffic Laws Apply to Persons Riding Animals or Driving Animal-Drawn Vehicles.

§ 1105. Traffic  laws  apply  to  persons  riding  animals  or driving
  animal-drawn vehicles. Every person  riding  an  animal  or  driving  an
  animal-drawn  vehicle  upon a roadway shall be granted all of the rights
  and shall be subject to all of the duties applicable to the driver of  a
  vehicle  by  this  title, except those provisions of this title which by
  their very nature can have no application.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 24 - Traffic Signs, Signals and Markings › 1110 - Obedience to and Required Traffic-Control Devices.

§ 1110. Obedience  to  and required traffic-control devices. (a) Every
person shall obey  the  instructions  of  any  official  traffic-control
device  applicable  to  him  placed in accordance with the provisions of
this chapter, unless otherwise directed by a traffic or police  officer,
subject  to the exceptions granted the driver of an authorized emergency
vehicle in this title.
(b) No provision of this title for which signs are required  shall  be
enforced  against  an  alleged  violator if at the time and place of the
alleged violation an  official  sign  is  not  in  proper  position  and
sufficiently  legible  to  be  seen  by  an ordinarily observant person.
Whenever a particular section does not state that  signs  are  required,
such  section  shall be effective even though no signs are erected or in
place.
(c) Whenever official traffic-control devices are placed  in  position
approximately  conforming  to  the  requirements  of  this chapter, such
devices shall be presumed to have been so placed by the official act  or
direction  of lawful authority, unless the contrary shall be established
by competent evidence.
(d)  Any  official  traffic-control  device  placed  pursuant  to  the
provisions  of  this  chapter  and  purporting  to conform to the lawful
requirements pertaining to such devices shall be presumed to comply with
the  requirements  of  this  chapter,  unless  the  contrary  shall   be
established by competent evidence.
(e)  For  purposes  of  this article, "intersection" shall include the
area embracing the juncture of a highway with a private road or driveway
and "intersecting roadway" shall include an intersecting private road or
driveway.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 24 - Traffic Signs, Signals and Markings › 1112 - Pedestrian-Control Signal Indications.

§ 1112. Pedestrian-control  signal  indications.  Whenever pedestrians
are controlled by pedestrian-control signals exhibiting the words "WALK"
or "DON'T WALK", or exhibiting symbols of a walking person  or  upraised
hand, such signals shall indicate and apply to pedestrians as follows:
(a)  Steady WALK or walking person. Pedestrians facing such signal may
proceed across the roadway in the direction of the signal and  shall  be
given the right of way by other traffic.
(b) Flashing DON'T WALK or upraised hand. No pedestrian shall start to
cross  the  roadway in the direction of such signal, but any pedestrians
who have partially completed their  crossing  on  the  WALK  or  walking
person  signal  shall  proceed  to a sidewalk or safety island while the
flashing DON'T WALK or upraised hand signal is showing.
(c) Steady DON'T WALK or upraised hand. No pedestrians shall start  to
cross  the  roadway in the direction of such signal, but any pedestrians
who have partially completed their crossing  on  the  WALK  or  flashing
DON'T WALK signal shall proceed to a sidewalk or safety island while the
steady DON'T WALK signal is showing.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 24 - Traffic Signs, Signals and Markings › 1113 - Flashing Signal Indications.

§ 1113. Flashing signal indications. Whenever traffic is controlled by
a  flashing signal used in a traffic sign or signal, only the colors red
and yellow shall be used, and said signals shall indicate and  apply  to
drivers of vehicles as follows:
(a)   Flashing  red  indications.  Unless  to  make  another  movement
permitted by other indications shown at the same time, vehicular traffic
facing a circular red  signal  or  red  arrow  with  rapid  intermittent
flashes  shall  stop  at  a  clearly marked stop line, but if none, then
shall stop before entering  the  crosswalk  on  the  near  side  of  the
intersection,  or  in  the  event  there  is  no crosswalk, at the point
nearest the  intersecting  roadway  where  the  driver  has  a  view  of
approaching  traffic  on  the  intersecting  roadway before entering the
intersection and the right to proceed shall  be  subject  to  the  rules
applicable after making a stop at a stop sign.
(b)  Flashing  yellow indications. Vehicular traffic facing a circular
yellow signal or  yellow  arrow  with  rapid  intermittent  flashes  may
proceed through the intersection or past such signal only with caution.
(c) Flashing red arrows and flashing yellow arrow indications have the
same  meaning as the corresponding flashing circular indications, except
that they apply only to  drivers  of  vehicles  intending  to  make  the
movement indicated by the arrow.
(d)  This section shall not apply at railroad grade crossings. Conduct
of drivers of vehicles approaching railroad  grade  crossings  shall  be
governed  by the rules as set forth in section eleven hundred seventy of
this title.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 24 - Traffic Signs, Signals and Markings › 1114 - Display of Unauthorized Signs, Signals, or Markings.

§ 1114. Display  of  unauthorized  signs, signals, or markings. (a) No
person shall place, maintain, or display upon or in view of any  highway
any unauthorized sign, signal, marking or device which purports to be or
is  an  imitation  of  or  resembles  or is likely to be construed as an
official traffic-control device or railroad sign  or  signal,  or  which
attempts  to  direct or regulate the movement of traffic, or which hides
from  view  or  interferes  with  the  effectiveness  of  any   official
traffic-control device or any railroad sign or signal.
(b)  No  person shall place or maintain nor shall any public authority
permit upon any highway any traffic sign or signal bearing  thereon  any
commercial advertising.
(c)  Every such prohibited sign, signal, or marking is hereby declared
to be a public nuisance and any police officer or  public  authority  is
hereby  empowered  to  remove the same or cause it to be removed without
notice.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 24 - Traffic Signs, Signals and Markings › 1115 - Interference With Official Traffic-Control Devices, Railroad Signs or Signals and Other Highway Appurtenances.

§ 1115. Interference  with  official traffic-control devices, railroad
signs or signals and other highway appurtenances. (a) No  person  shall,
without  lawful  authority, attempt to or in fact alter, deface, injure,
knock down, cover, remove, or  otherwise  interfere  with  any  official
traffic-control   device   or  any  railroad  sign  or  signal,  or  any
inscription, shield, or insignia thereon, or any other part thereof; any
bridge or similar structure; any  monument,  lamppost,  telephone  pole,
fence,  walk,  curb,  tree,  rock cut or other appurtenance on a highway
right of way.
(b) For the purposes of this section the following  terms  shall  have
the following meanings:
1.  to  "deface"  shall  include,  but  not  be limited to, to damage,
destroy, disfigure, erase, ruin, distort, spoil or otherwise change  the
external  appearance  of  an  object by the use of chalk, crayon, paint,
stain, ink or other similar material.
2. to "alter" a traffic-control  signal  shall  include,  but  not  be
limited to, changing or attempting to change the signal indications of a
traffic-control  signal  by  use  of a traffic-control signal preemption
device.
3. "traffic-control signal preemption device" shall  mean  any  device
designed  or  used to change or attempt to change the signal indications
of a traffic-control signal.
(c) The presence in a vehicle of a traffic-control  signal  preemption
device  connected  to  a  power  source  and in an operable condition is
presumptive evidence of its use by any person  operating  such  vehicle.
Such presumption shall be rebutted by any credible and reliable evidence
which tends to show that such device was not in use.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 24 - Traffic Signs, Signals and Markings › 1116 - Lane-Use Control Signal Indications.

§ 1116. Lane-use  control  signal  indications.  Whenever  traffic  is
controlled by lane-use  control  signal  indications  located  over  the
individual  lanes of a highway, only the colors green, yellow, white and
red shall be used, and said signals shall indicate and apply as follows:
(a) Traffic facing a steady downward green arrow signal indication  is
permitted to drive in the lane over which the arrow signal indication is
located.
(b)  Traffic  facing a steady yellow X signal indication shall prepare
to vacate the lane over which the signal indication is located because a
lane control change is being made to a steady red X signal indication.
(c) Traffic facing a  steady  white  two-way  left-turn  arrow  signal
indication  is  permitted to use a lane over which the signal indication
is located for a left  turn,  but  not  for  through  travel,  with  the
understanding  that  common  use  of the lane by oncoming road users for
left turns is also permitted.
(d) Traffic facing a steady  white  one  way  left-turn  arrow  signal
indication  is  permitted to use a lane over which the signal indication
is located for a left turn (without opposing turns in  the  same  lane),
but not for through travel.
(e)  Traffic  facing a steady red X signal shall not use the lane over
which the signal indication is located and this signal indication  shall
modify accordingly the meaning of other traffic controls present.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 24 - Traffic Signs, Signals and Markings › 1117 - Traffic-Control Signals; Malfunction.

§  1117. Traffic-control signals; malfunction. Except when directed to
  proceed  by  a  police  officer,  every  operator  of  a  motor  vehicle
  approaching  an  intersection governed by a traffic-control signal which
  is out of service or otherwise malfunctioning shall stop in  the  manner
  required  for stop signs set forth in section eleven hundred seventy-two
  of this title, and proceed according to the rules of right  of  way  for
  vehicles set forth in article twenty-six of this title.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1120 - Drive on Right Side of Roadway; Exceptions.

§ 1120. Drive  on  right  side  of  roadway;  exceptions. (a) Upon all
roadways of sufficient width a vehicle shall be driven  upon  the  right
half of the roadway, except as follows:
1.  When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction under the rules governing such movement;
2. When overtaking or  passing  bicyclists,  pedestrians,  animals  or
obstructions on the right half of the roadway;
3. When an obstruction exists making it necessary to drive to the left
of  the center of the highway; provided, any person so doing shall yield
the right of way to all vehicles traveling in the proper direction  upon
the  unobstructed  portion  of  the  highway  within such distance as to
constitute an immediate hazard;
4. Where travel on the shoulder  or  slope  is  permitted  by  section
eleven hundred thirty-one of this article;
5.  Upon  a  roadway divided into three marked lanes for traffic under
the rules applicable thereon; or
6. Upon a roadway restricted to one-way traffic.
(b) In addition, upon all roadways, any  vehicle  proceeding  at  less
than  the  normal  speed  of traffic at the time and place and under the
conditions then existing shall be driven in  the  right-hand  lane  then
available for traffic, or as close as practicable to the right-hand curb
or  edge  of  the  roadway,  except  when overtaking and passing another
vehicle proceeding in the same direction or when preparing  for  a  left
turn at an intersection or into a private road or driveway.
(c)  Upon any roadway having four or more lanes for moving traffic and
providing for two way movement of traffic, no vehicle shall be driven to
the left of the center line of the roadway, except  when  authorized  by
signs  or  markings  designating  certain  lanes to the left side of the
center of the roadway for use by traffic not otherwise permitted to  use
such lanes, or except as permitted under subsection (a) (2) hereof.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1121 - Passing Vehicles Proceeding in Opposite Directions.

§ 1121. Passing  vehicles  proceeding in opposite directions.  Drivers
  of vehicles proceeding in opposite direction shall pass  each  other  to
  the  right, and upon roadways having width for not more than one line of
  traffic in each direction each driver shall give to the other  at  least
  one-half  of  the  main-traveled  portion  of  the  roadway as nearly as
  possible.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1122 - Overtaking a Vehicle on the Left.

§ 1122. Overtaking  a  vehicle  on the left. The following rules shall
govern the overtaking and passing of vehicles  proceeding  in  the  same
direction,  subject  to those limitations, exceptions, and special rules
hereinafter stated:
(a) The driver of a vehicle overtaking another vehicle  proceeding  in
the same direction shall pass to the left thereof at a safe distance and
shall  not  again  drive  to  the right side of the roadway until safely
clear of the overtaken vehicle.
(b) Except when overtaking and passing on the right is permitted,  the
driver  of  an overtaken vehicle shall give way to the right in favor of
the overtaking vehicle on audible signal  and  shall  not  increase  the
speed of his vehicle until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1122-A - Overtaking a Bicycle.

§  1122-a. Overtaking a bicycle. The operator of a vehicle overtaking,
  from behind, a bicycle proceeding on the same side of  a  roadway  shall
  pass  to  the left of such bicycle at a safe distance until safely clear
  thereof.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1123 - When Overtaking on the Right Is Permitted.

§ 1123. When overtaking on the right is permitted. (a) The driver of a
vehicle  may  overtake  and  pass upon the right of another vehicle only
under the following conditions:
1. When the vehicle overtaken is making or about to make a left turn;
2. Upon a street or highway with unobstructed pavement not occupied by
parked vehicles of sufficient width for two  or  more  lines  of  moving
vehicles in each direction;
3.  Upon  a  one-way  street,  or upon any roadway on which traffic is
restricted to one direction of movement, where the roadway is free  from
obstructions  and  of  sufficient  width for two or more lines of moving
vehicles.
(b) The driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle upon
the right only under conditions  permitting  such  movement  in  safety.
Such  movement  shall  not  be  made  by  driving  off  the  pavement or
main-traveled portion of the roadway, except  as  permitted  by  section
eleven hundred thirty-one of this article.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1124 - Limitations on Overtaking on the Left.

§ 1124. Limitations  on  overtaking  on  the left. No vehicle shall be
  driven to the left side of the center of the roadway in  overtaking  and
  passing   another  vehicle  proceeding  in  the  same  direction  unless
  authorized by the provisions of this chapter and unless such  left  side
  is  clearly  visible  and  is  free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient
  distance ahead to permit such overtaking and passing  to  be  completely
  made  without  interfering with the operation of any vehicle approaching
  from the opposite direction or any vehicle overtaken. In every event the
  overtaking vehicle must return to an authorized lane of travel  as  soon
  as practicable and in the event the passing movement involves the use of
  a  lane authorized for vehicles approaching from the opposite direction,
  before coming within two hundred feet of any approaching vehicle.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1125 - Further Limitations on Driving to Left of Center of Roadway.

§ 1125. Further  limitations  on driving to left of center of roadway.
(a) No vehicle shall at any time be driven  to  the  left  side  of  the
roadway under the following conditions:
1.  When  approaching  the  crest  of  a  grade or upon a curve in the
highway where the driver's view is obstructed within such distance as to
create a hazard in the event another vehicle  might  approach  from  the
opposite direction;
2.  When  approaching  within  one  hundred  feet of or traversing any
railroad grade crossing;
3. When the view is obstructed upon  approaching  within  one  hundred
feet of any bridge, viaduct, or tunnel.
(b)  The  foregoing limitations shall not apply upon a one-way roadway
nor to a vehicle in any lane which is at the time allocated  exclusively
to  traffic  moving  in  the  direction the vehicle is proceeding and is
marked to give notice of such allocation.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1126 - No-Passing Zones.

§ 1126. No-passing  zones.  (a)  When  official  markings are in place
indicating those portions of any highway where overtaking and passing or
driving to the left of such markings would be especially  hazardous,  no
driver  of  a  vehicle  proceeding  along such highway shall at any time
drive on the left side of such markings.
(b) The foregoing limitations shall not  apply  to  the  driver  of  a
vehicle turning left while entering or leaving such highway.
(c)  Where a two-way left turn lane or a paved and clearly traversible
dividing section separates the travel lanes for  traffic  proceeding  in
opposite  directions,  the  foregoing  limitation shall not apply to the
driver of a vehicle traveling within  such  lane  or  section  for  such
distance  as  is  required  for safety in preparing to turn left leaving
such highway or in completing a left turn entering such highway.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1127 - One-Way Roadways and and Circular Intersections.

§ 1127. One-way  roadways  and  and circular intersections. (a) Upon a
roadway designated and signposted for one-way traffic, a  vehicle  shall
be driven only in the direction designated.
(b)  A  vehicle passing around a circular intersection shall be driven
only to the right of the island unless otherwise  indicated  by  traffic
control devices.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1128 - Driving on Roadways Laned for Traffic.

§ 1128. Driving  on  roadways  laned for traffic. Whenever any roadway
has been divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for  traffic  the
following  rules  in  addition  to  all others consistent herewith shall
apply:
(a) A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable entirely within
a single lane and shall not be moved from such lane until the driver has
first ascertained that such movement can be made with safety.
(b) Upon a roadway which is divided into three lanes and provides  for
two-way  movement of traffic a vehicle shall not be driven in the center
lane except when overtaking and passing another vehicle traveling in the
same direction when such center lane is clear of traffic within  a  safe
distance,  or in preparation for making a left turn or where such center
lane is at the time allocated exclusively to traffic moving in the  same
direction  that  the  vehicle  is  proceeding  and  such  allocation  is
designated by official traffic-control devices.
(c) When official traffic-control devices direct slow-moving  traffic,
trucks, buses or specified types of vehicles to use a designated lane or
designate  those  lanes  to  be  used  by traffic moving in a particular
direction regardless of the center of the roadway, drivers  of  vehicles
shall obey the directions of every such sign, signal or marking.
(d)  When  official markings are in place indicating those portions of
any roadway where crossing such markings would be especially  hazardous,
no  driver  of a vehicle proceeding along such highway shall at any time
drive across such markings.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1129 - Following Too Closely.

§ 1129. Following too closely. (a) The driver of a motor vehicle shall
not  follow another vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent,
having due regard for the speed of such vehicles and  the  traffic  upon
and the condition of the highway.
(b)  The  driver  of  any motor truck or motor vehicle drawing another
vehicle when traveling upon a roadway outside of a business or residence
district and which is following another motor  truck  or  motor  vehicle
drawing   another  vehicle  shall,  whenever  conditions  permit,  leave
sufficient space so that an overtaking vehicle may enter and occupy such
space without danger, except that this shall not prevent a  motor  truck
or motor vehicle drawing another vehicle from overtaking and passing any
like vehicle or other vehicle.
(c) Motor vehicles being driven upon any roadway outside of a business
or  residence  district  in a caravan or motorcade whether or not towing
other vehicles shall be so operated as to allow sufficient space between
each such vehicle or combination of vehicles so as to enable  any  other
vehicle  to  enter  and occupy such space without danger. This provision
shall not apply to funeral processions.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1130 - Divided and Controlled-Access Highways.

§ 1130. Divided   and  controlled-access  highways.  1.  Whenever  any
  highway has been divided  into  two  or  more  roadways  by  leaving  an
  intervening space or by a physical barrier or clearly indicated dividing
  section  so  constructed  as  to impede vehicular traffic, every vehicle
  shall be driven only upon the  right-hand  roadway  unless  directed  or
  permitted  to use another roadway by official traffic-control devices or
  police officers. No vehicle shall be driven over, across, or within  any
  such  dividing  space, barrier, or section, except through an opening in
  such physical barrier or dividing section or space or at a crossover  or
  intersection,  as  established, unless specifically authorized by public
  authority.
2. No person shall drive a motor vehicle or motorcycle  onto  or  from
  any  controlled-access  highway  except at the established entrances and
  exits thereof unless directed or permitted to use  another  entrance  or
  exit by official traffic-control devices or police officers.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 25 - Driving on Right Side of Roadway, Overtaking and Passing, Etc. › 1131 - Driving on Shoulders and Slopes.

§ 1131. Driving on shoulders and slopes. Except for bicycles and those
  classes  of vehicles required to travel on shoulders or slopes, no motor
  vehicle shall be driven over, across, along, or within any  shoulder  or
  slope  of  any  state  controlled-access  highway  except  at a location
  specifically authorized and posted by the department of  transportation.
  The  foregoing  limitation  shall  not  prevent  tow  trucks  from using
  shoulders or slopes in as limited and incidental a manner as practicable
  when dispatched to the scene of an accident by a law enforcement  agency
  or  an  authority,  department  or  agency having jurisdiction over such
  controlled-access highway and  all  lanes  are  obstructed  by  traffic,
  provided,  however, that the foregoing shall not relieve the driver of a
  tow truck from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety  of  all
  persons  nor  shall such provision protect the tow truck driver from the
  consequences of his or her reckless disregard for the safety  of  others
  and  shall  at  all  times operate such tow truck in compliance with all
  standards of care imposed  to  prevent  those  injuries  or  damages  to
  persons  or  property  of  another  which may result from the operator's
  negligence, recklessness or intentional misconduct, nor shall it prevent
  motor vehicles from using shoulders or slopes when  directed  by  police
  officers  or  flagpersons,  nor  does  it  prevent  motor  vehicles from
  stopping, standing,  or  parking  on  shoulders  or  slopes  where  such
  stopping, standing, or parking is lawful.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 26 - Right of Way › 1140 - Vehicle Approaching or Entering Intersection.

§ 1140. Vehicle  approaching or entering intersection.  (a) The driver
of a vehicle approaching an intersection shall yield the right of way to
a vehicle which has entered the intersection from a different highway.
(b) When two vehicles enter an intersection from different highways at
approximately the same time the driver of the vehicle on the left  shall
yield the right of way to the vehicle on the right.
(c)  The  right  of  way rules declared in subsections (a) and (b) are
modified at through highways and otherwise as stated in this title.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 26 - Right of Way › 1141 - Vehicle Turning Left.

§ 1141. Vehicle  turning  left.   The driver of a vehicle intending to
  turn to the left within an intersection or into an alley, private  road,
  or driveway shall yield the right of way to any vehicle approaching from
  the  opposite  direction which is within the intersection or so close as
  to constitute an immediate hazard.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 26 - Right of Way › 1142 - Vehicle Entering Stop or Yield Intersection.

§ 1142. Vehicle  entering stop or yield intersection.  (a) Except when
directed to proceed by a police  officer,  every  driver  of  a  vehicle
approaching a stop sign shall stop as required by section eleven hundred
seventy-two and after having stopped shall yield the right of way to any
vehicle which has entered the intersection from another highway or which
is  approaching so closely on said highway as to constitute an immediate
hazard during the time when such driver is moving across or  within  the
intersection.
(b)  The  driver  of  a  vehicle  approaching  a  yield  sign shall in
obedience to such sign slow down to  a  speed  reasonable  for  existing
conditions,  or  shall  stop  if necessary as provided in section eleven
hundred seventy-two, and shall yield the right of way to any  pedestrian
legally  crossing the roadway on which he is driving, and to any vehicle
in the intersection or approaching on another highway so closely  as  to
constitute  an  immediate  hazard  during the time such driver is moving
across or within the  intersection.  Provided,  however,  that  if  such
driver  is involved in a collision with a pedestrian in a crosswalk or a
vehicle in the intersection after driving  past  a  yield  sign  without
stopping,  such  collision  shall  be deemed prima facie evidence of his
failure to yield the right of way.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 26 - Right of Way › 1143 - Vehicle Entering Roadway.

§ 1143. Vehicle  entering  roadway.   The driver of a vehicle about to
  enter or cross a roadway from any place other than another roadway shall
  yield the right of way to all vehicles approaching on the roadway to  be
  entered or crossed.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 26 - Right of Way › 1144 - Operation of Vehicles on Approach of Authorized Emergency Vehicles.

§ 1144. Operation  of  vehicles  on  approach  of authorized emergency
vehicles.  (a) Upon the immediate approach of  an  authorized  emergency
vehicle  equipped  with  at  least one lighted lamp exhibiting red light
visible under normal atmospheric conditions  from  a  distance  of  five
hundred feet to the front of such vehicle other than a police vehicle or
bicycle  when  operated  as  an  authorized  emergency vehicle, and when
audible signals are sounded from any  said  vehicle  by  siren,  exhaust
whistle,  bell,  air-horn  or electronic equivalent; the driver of every
other vehicle shall yield the right of way and shall  immediately  drive
to  a  position  parallel to, and as close as possible to the right-hand
edge or curb of the roadway, or to either  edge  of  a  one-way  roadway
three  or more lanes in width, clear of any intersection, and shall stop
and remain in such position until the authorized emergency  vehicle  has
passed, unless otherwise directed by a police officer.
(b)  This  section  shall  not  operate  to  relieve  the driver of an
authorized emergency vehicle from the duty to drive with reasonable care
for all persons using the highway.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 26 - Right of Way › 1145 - Vehicle Approaching Rotary Traffic Circle or Island.

§ 1145. Vehicle  approaching  rotary traffic circle or island.  Except
  where a traffic control  device  directs  otherwise,  the  driver  of  a
  vehicle  approaching or about to enter a rotary traffic circle or island
  shall yield the right of way to any vehicle already  traveling  on  such
  circle or around such island.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 26 - Right of Way › 1146 - Drivers to Exercise Due Care.

§ 1146. Drivers   to   exercise  due  care.  (a)  Notwithstanding  the
provisions of any other law to the contrary, every driver of  a  vehicle
shall   exercise  due  care  to  avoid  colliding  with  any  bicyclist,
pedestrian, or domestic animal upon any roadway and shall  give  warning
by  sounding  the horn when necessary. For the purposes of this section,
the term "domestic animal" shall mean domesticated  sheep,  cattle,  and
goats which are under the supervision and control of a pedestrian.
(b)  1.  A  driver  of  a  motor vehicle who causes physical injury as
defined in article ten of the penal law to  a  pedestrian  or  bicyclist
while  failing  to  exercise due care in violation of subdivision (a) of
this section, shall be guilty of a traffic infraction  punishable  by  a
fine  of  not  more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not
more than fifteen days or by both such fine and imprisonment.
2. If such driver of a motor  vehicle  causes  physical  injury  while
failing  to  exercise  due  care in violation of subdivision (a) of this
section, then there shall be a rebuttable presumption that, as a  result
of  such  failure  to  exercise due care, such person operated the motor
vehicle in a manner that caused such physical injury.
(c) 1. A driver of a motor vehicle who causes serious physical  injury
as  defined in article ten of the penal law to a pedestrian or bicyclist
while failing to exercise due care in violation of  subdivision  (a)  of
this  section,  shall  be guilty of a traffic infraction punishable by a
fine of not more than seven hundred fifty dollars or by imprisonment for
not more than fifteen days or  by  required  participation  in  a  motor
vehicle  accident  prevention  course  pursuant  to  paragraph  (e-1) of
subdivision two of section 65.10 of the penal law or by any  combination
of  such fine, imprisonment or course, and by suspension of a license or
registration pursuant to subparagraph (xiv) or (xv) of  paragraph  b  of
subdivision two of section five hundred ten of this chapter.
2.  If  such  driver of a motor vehicle causes serious physical injury
while failing to exercise due care in violation of  subdivision  (a)  of
this  section,  then  there shall be a rebuttable presumption that, as a
result of such failure to exercise due care, such  person  operated  the
motor vehicle in a manner that caused such serious physical injury.
(d) A violation of subdivision (b) or (c) of this section committed by
a  person  who  has  previously  been convicted of any violation of such
subdivisions within the preceding five years, shall constitute a class B
misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than one  thousand  dollars
in addition to any other penalties provided by law.
(e)  Nothing  contained  in  this section shall prevent the court from
imposing  any  other  authorized  disposition,  including  a  period  of
community service.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 26 - Right of Way › 1146-A - Approaching Horses.

§ 1146-a. Approaching horses. 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of any
  other  law to the contrary, every driver of a vehicle shall exercise due
  care to avoid colliding with any horse  being  ridden  or  led  along  a
  public highway.
2.  Every  driver  of a vehicle shall approach a horse being ridden or
  led along a public highway at a reasonable and prudent speed  so  as  to
  avoid  frightening  such  horse and shall pass the horse at a reasonable
  distance.
3. No driver of a vehicle shall sound the  horn  when  approaching  or
  passing a horse on a public highway.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 27 - Pedestrians' Rights and Duties › 1150 - Pedestrians Subject to Traffic Regulations.

§ 1150. Pedestrians subject to traffic regulations.  Pedestrians shall
  be  subject  to  traffic-control  signals  as provided in section eleven
  hundred eleven of this title, but at all other places pedestrians  shall
  be  accorded  the  privileges  and  shall be subject to the restrictions
  stated in this article.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 27 - Pedestrians' Rights and Duties › 1151 - Pedestrians' Right of Way in Crosswalks.

§ 1151. Pedestrians'   right   of   way  in  crosswalks.
(a)  When
traffic-control signals are not in place or not in operation the  driver
of  a  vehicle shall yield the right of way, slowing down or stopping if
need be to so yield, to a  pedestrian  crossing  the  roadway  within  a
crosswalk  on  the  roadway  upon which the vehicle is traveling, except
that any pedestrian crossing a roadway at a  point  where  a  pedestrian
tunnel or overpass has been provided shall yield the right of way to all
vehicles.
(b) No pedestrian shall suddenly leave a curb or other place of safety
and  walk or run into the path of a vehicle which is so close that it is
impractical for the driver to yield.
(c) Whenever any vehicle is stopped at a marked crosswalk  or  at  any
unmarked  crosswalk  at  an intersection to permit a pedestrian to cross
the roadway, the driver of any other vehicle approaching from  the  rear
shall not overtake and pass such stopped vehicle.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 27 - Pedestrians' Rights and Duties › 1151-A - Pedestrians' Right of Way on Sidewalks.

§ 1151-a. Pedestrians'  right  of  way on sidewalks.   The driver of a
  vehicle emerging from or entering an alleyway, building, private road or
  driveway shall yield the right of way to any pedestrian  approaching  on
  any  sidewalk extending across such alleyway, building entrance, road or
  driveway.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 27 - Pedestrians' Rights and Duties › 1152 - Crossing at Other Than Crosswalks.

§ 1152. Crossing  at  other  than  crosswalks.
(a) Every pedestrian
crossing a roadway at any point other than within a marked crosswalk  or
within an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection shall yield the right of
way to all vehicles upon the roadway.
(b)  Any  pedestrian  crossing a roadway at a point where a pedestrian
tunnel or overhead pedestrian crossing has been provided shall yield the
right of way to all vehicles upon the roadway.
(c) No pedestrian shall cross a roadway intersection diagonally unless
authorized by official traffic-control devices; and, when authorized  to
cross  diagonally,  pedestrians  shall cross only in accordance with the
official traffic-control devices pertaining to such crossing movements.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 27 - Pedestrians' Rights and Duties › 1153 - Provisions Relating to Blind or Visually Impaired Persons.

§ 1153. Provisions  relating  to  blind  or visually impaired persons.
(a) Notwithstanding the  foregoing  provisions  of  this  article  every
driver of a vehicle approaching an intersection or crosswalk shall yield
the  right  of  way  to a pedestrian crossing or attempting to cross the
roadway when such pedestrian is accompanied by a guide dog  or  using  a
cane which is metallic or white in color or white with a red tip.
(b)  No  person,  unless  blind or visually impaired, shall use on any
street or highway a cane which is metallic or white in  color  or  white
with a red tip.
(c)  This  section  shall  not  be  construed as making obligatory the
employment of the use of a guide dog or of a cane or  walking  stick  of
any kind by a person blind or visually impaired.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 27 - Pedestrians' Rights and Duties › 1155 - Pedestrians to Use Right Half of Crosswalks.

§ 1155. Pedestrians  to  use  right  half of crosswalks.   Pedestrians
  shall move, whenever practicable, upon the right half of crosswalks.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 27 - Pedestrians' Rights and Duties › 1156 - Pedestrians on Roadways.

§ 1156. Pedestrians on roadways.  (a) Where sidewalks are provided and
they  may be used with safety it shall be unlawful for any pedestrian to
walk along and upon an adjacent roadway.
(b) Where sidewalks are not provided any pedestrian walking along  and
upon  a highway shall when practicable walk only on the left side of the
roadway or its shoulder facing  traffic  which  may  approach  from  the
opposite  direction.  Upon the approach of any vehicle from the opposite
direction, such  pedestrian  shall  move  as  far  to  the  left  as  is
practicable.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 27 - Pedestrians' Rights and Duties › 1157 - Pedestrians Soliciting Rides, or Business.

§ 1157. Pedestrians  soliciting  rides,  or  business.   (a) No person
shall stand in a roadway for the purpose of soliciting  a  ride,  or  to
solicit from or sell to an occupant of any vehicle.
(b)  No  person  shall stand on or in proximity to a street or highway
for the purpose of soliciting the watching or guarding  of  any  vehicle
while parked or about to be parked on a street or highway.
(c)  No  person  shall occupy any part of a state highway, except in a
city or village, in any manner for the purpose of selling or soliciting.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 7 - Rules of the Road › Article 28 - Turning and Starting and Signals on Stopping and Turning › 1160 - Required Position and Method of Turning at Intersections.

§ 1160. Required  position and method of turning at intersections. The
driver of a vehicle intending to turn at an intersection shall do so  as
follows:
(a)  Right  turns. Both the approach for a right turn and a right turn
shall be made as close as practicable to the right hand curb or edge  of
the  roadway  or,  where  travel  on  the  shoulder  or  slope  has been
authorized, from the shoulder or slope.
(b) Left turns on two-way roadways. At any intersection where  traffic
is  permitted  to  move  in both directions on each roadway entering the
intersection, an approach for a left turn shall be made in that  portion
of  the right half of the roadway nearest the center line thereof and by
passing  to  the  right  of  such  center  line  where  it  enters   the
intersection  and after entering the intersection the left turn shall be
made so as to leave the intersection to the right of the center line  of
the  roadway  being entered. Whenever practicable the left turn shall be
made in that portion of the intersection to the left of  the  center  of
the intersection.
(c)  Left  turns  on  other than two-way roadways. At any intersection
where traffic is restricted to one direction  on  one  or  more  of  the
roadways,  the  driver  of  a vehicle intending to turn left at any such
intersection shall approach the intersection in  the  extreme  left-hand
lane  of  the  roadway  lawfully  available  to  traffic  moving  in the
direction of travel of such vehicle or, where travel on the shoulder  or
slope  has  been  authorized,  from  the  shoulder  or  slope, and after
entering the intersection the left turn shall be made so as to leave the
intersection, as nearly as practicable, in the left-hand  lane  lawfully
available  to  traffic  moving  in such direction upon the roadway being
entered.
(d) When markers, buttons, signs, or other markings are placed  within
or  adjacent  to  intersections  and  thereby  require and direct that a
different course from that specified in  this  section  be  traveled  by
vehicles turning at an intersection, no driver of a vehicle shall turn a
vehicle  at  an intersection other than as directed and required by such
markers, buttons, signs, or other markings.
(e) U-turns. U-turns shall be made from and to  that  portion  of  the
highway  nearest  the  marked center line. Where more than one lane of a
highway has been designated for left turns, U-turns shall be  made  only
from the lane so designated that is adjacent to the marked center line.