reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12 - Other Provisions › 397-C - For-Hire Motor Vehicle Safety Program.

§ 397-c. For-hire motor vehicle safety program. The commissioner shall
  evaluate  and  approve any for-hire motor vehicle safety program created
  pursuant to section  two  thousand  three  hundred  fifty-three  of  the
  insurance law within sixty days of the effective date of such section.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-A - Motor Vehicle Repair Shop Registration Act › 398-A - Statement of Purpose.

§ 398-a. Statement  of  purpose.  The  purposes of this article are to
  further highway safety by promoting the proper and efficient  repair  of
  malfunctioning  or  disabled motor vehicles and to protect the consumers
  of this state from dishonest, deceptive and fraudulent practices in  the
  repair  of  such  motor vehicles. These purposes will be accomplished by
  the enactment of legislation which require  the  registration  of  those
  engaged  in  the  business of repairing malfunctioning or disabled motor
  vehicles and to exclude from that business those persons who  engage  in
  dishonest  or fraudulent practice or who otherwise demonstrate unfitness
  for that business. That further, the  purpose  of  this  article  is  to
  protect  the  motoring public from improper repairs made to its vehicles
  to set standards for quality repairs to be made to  motor  vehicles  for
  fair  and reasonable fees and to eliminate unqualified automotive repair
  shops  from  engaging  in  the  business   of   automotive   repair   to
  malfunctioning or disabled vehicles.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-A - Motor Vehicle Repair Shop Registration Act › 398-B - Definitions.

§ 398-b. Definitions.  1.  For  the purposes of this article, the term
"motor vehicle" shall mean motor vehicles  as  defined  by  section  one
hundred  twenty-five  and  trailers  as  defined  by section one hundred
fifty-six of this chapter.
2. As used in this article the term "motor vehicle repair shop"  means
any  person who, for compensation, is wholly or partially engaged in the
business of  repairing  or  diagnosing  motor  vehicle  malfunctions  or
repairing  motor  vehicle bodies, fenders or other components damaged by
accident or otherwise, except that such term does not include:
(a) an employee of a motor vehicle repair  shop  who  engages  in  the
business of repairing motor vehicles solely by reason of his employment;
(b)  any person who is solely engaged in the business of repairing the
motor vehicles of a single commercial or industrial establishment, or of
the federal, state or a local government or any agency thereof; or
(c) any person whose activities consist solely  of  fueling,  changing
oil,  water, batteries or tires, replacing fan belts, air filters or oil
filters, installing windshield wiper blades  or  light  bulbs,  or  such
other  minor repair and servicing functions as the commissioner shall by
rule prescribe; or
(d) any person solely engaged in the business  of  repairing  farm  or
road   building   machines,  or  such  other  utility  vehicles  as  the
commissioner may by regulation designate.
The term "motor vehicle repair shop"  shall  also  include  any  shop,
drive-in station, or garage operated by any person, firm, corporation or
association  at  which  motor vehicles are inspected for the purposes of
appraising, evaluating or  estimating  the  extent  or  value  of  motor
vehicle damage or the necessity or cost of motor vehicle repairs.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-A - Motor Vehicle Repair Shop Registration Act › 398-G - Powers of the Commissioner.

§ 398-g. Powers  of the commissioner. 1. In addition to the powers and
  duties specified elsewhere in this article, the commissioner,  upon  any
  complaint  or  upon his own initiative, shall have the power to make and
  conduct such  investigations  as  he  deems  proper  to  effectuate  the
  purposes  of  this  article.  The commissioner may establish, by rule or
  regulation, criteria upon  which  the  necessity  for  investigation  of
  complaints  shall  be  determined.  Such criteria may include but not be
  limited to the alleged financial loss to the complainant, the indication
  of a recurring  incidence  of  fraud  or  deceptive  practices,  or  the
  essential  nature  of  the service provided to the safe operation of the
  vehicle. The commissioner shall also have the power  to  assist  in  the
  settlement of disputes between complainants and registrants. In any such
  case  in  which a settlement is reached, a report of the facts, shall be
  included in the registrant's record. The  provisions  of  section  three
  hundred   ninety-eight-f   relating   to   the  required  attendance  of
  registrants and the power to subpoena shall apply to  any  investigation
  conducted pursuant to this section.
2.  The  commissioner shall prescribe such rules and regulations as he
  shall  deem  necessary  to  effectuate  the  purposes  of  this  article
  including  but  not  limited  to, standards for personnel, equipment and
  facilities.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-A - Motor Vehicle Repair Shop Registration Act › 398-H - Separability Clause.

§ 398-h. Separability clause. If any part or provision of this article
  or  the  application  thereof to any person or circumstances be adjudged
  invalid by any court of competent jurisdiction, such judgment  shall  be
  confined in its operation to the part, provision or application directly
  involved  in  the  controversy  in  which  such judgment shall have been
  rendered and shall not affect or impair the validity of the remainder of
  this  article  or  the  application  thereof   to   other   persons   or
  circumstances.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-A - Motor Vehicle Repair Shop Registration Act › 398-K - Improper Display of Signs.

§ 398-k. Improper  display  of  signs.  1. The holder of a repair shop
  registration shall remove or cause to be removed any sign which contains
  the registration number of the station which is visible  to  the  public
  and  which  is  required  to be displayed by this article or regulations
  promulgated thereunder if the registration is revoked  or  suspended  or
  the  repair  shop  is  out  of  business.  If  the  registration is only
  suspended, the holder may cover up the sign instead of removing it.
2. No person shall permit the display  of  any  sign  required  to  be
  displayed   by   this  article  or  regulations  promulgated  thereunder
  indicating to the public that  an  official  repair  shop  is  operating
  unless  a repair shop registration has been issued to that person and is
  currently valid.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-B - Approval of Motor Vehicle Accident Prevention Courses › 399-A - Statement of Purpose.

§  399-a.  Statement  of  purpose. The purposes of this article are to
  further highway safety by preserving the quality  and  efficacy  of  the
  accident prevention course programs. These purposes will be accomplished
  by  establishing  strict  criteria  for  initial  and  continual  course
  sponsorship approval.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-B - Approval of Motor Vehicle Accident Prevention Courses › 399-B - Definitions.

§  399-b. Definitions. For the purposes of this article, the following
  terms shall have the following definitions:
1. "Sponsoring agency" shall mean an organization which owns  a  motor
  vehicle accident prevention course approved by the commissioner.
2.  "Delivery  agency"  shall  mean  an  organization which conducts a
  sponsoring agency's approved motor vehicle accident prevention course.
3. "Instructor" shall mean an individual employed by a delivery agency
  to teach an approved accident prevention course.
4. "Accident prevention course" or "course" shall  mean  the  accident
  prevention  course curriculum or specialized course curriculum which has
  been approved by the commissioner.
5. "Completion certificate" shall mean  a  document  which  cannot  be
  altered  and which is provided to the student who successfully completes
  the accident prevention course.
6. "Specialized  course"  shall  mean  a  course  aimed  primarily  at
  enhancing safety within a specific occupation or for a specific category
  of vehicles.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-B - Approval of Motor Vehicle Accident Prevention Courses › 399-C - Approval by the Commissioner.

§  399-c.  Approval by the commissioner. The commissioner must approve
  an  accident  prevention  course  before  any   person   attending   and
  successfully  completing  such  course  may qualify to receive mandatory
  insurance reduction  benefits  in  accordance  with  subsection  (a)  of
  section  two thousand three hundred thirty-six of the insurance law. The
  commissioner shall base the  decision  to  approve  a  course  upon  the
  requirements  set  forth in this article and any additional requirements
  as the commissioner deems necessary.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-B - Approval of Motor Vehicle Accident Prevention Courses › 399-D - Application for Approval.

§  399-d.  Application  for  approval.  1.  An  agency or organization
  seeking  approval  as  a  motor  vehicle  accident   prevention   course
  sponsoring  agency  shall  apply  to the commissioner for approval. Such
  applications shall be made in writing and on  forms  prescribed  by  the
  commissioner.  The  application shall include at a minimum: the title or
  name of  the  course,  the  name  of  the  organization  submitting  the
  application,  proof  of course ownership, and the names and addresses of
  all owners, officers, and directors of the agency or  organization,  and
  such other information or material as the commissioner may prescribe. An
  application shall not be considered to be complete until all information
  and  material  required  by  this  chapter  and  by  regulation  of  the
  commissioner has been submitted.
2. The commissioner shall either approve or deny  an  application  for
  course  approval  no  later  than  ninety days following submission of a
  completed application. In the event the commissioner takes no action  on
  an  application  after  ninety  days following submission of a completed
  application, the application shall be deemed denied.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-B - Approval of Motor Vehicle Accident Prevention Courses › 399-E - Standards for Course Approval.

§  399-e.  Standards  for course approval. 1. To be approved, a course
must:
(a) Have been given for at least two years by the applicant agency  or
organization prior to the submission of an application.
* (b)  Provide  at  least three hundred twenty minutes of instruction,
with a certified instructor present. The requirement  that  a  certified
instructor  be  present  shall  not  be applicable to a program approved
pursuant to article twelve-C of this  title.  Nothing  in  this  section
shall  prevent  the  use  of  audio/visual  aids  as  part of the course
presentation prescribed by the commissioner.
* NB Effective until April 1, 2026
* (b) Provide at least three hundred twenty  minutes  of  instruction,
with  a  certified  instructor  present.  Nothing  in this section shall
prevent the use of audio/visual aids as part of the course  presentation
prescribed by the commissioner.
* NB Effective April 1, 2026
(c)  Provide  a  description  of  the  minimum  qualifications  of all
managers and instructors who will be hired by the applicant.
(d) Provide each instructor with an instructor's  manual  and  provide
student workbooks and/or manuals for each course participant.
(e)  Provide  a  copy of a completion certificate which is designed to
prevent and is capable of preventing fraud and  forgery,  and  which  is
approved  by  the  commissioner  for  the  purpose  of  verifying course
completion for submission to insurance companies.
(f) Provide proof of effectiveness pursuant to section  three  hundred
ninety-nine-f of this article.
2.  The  commissioner is authorized to suspend or revoke approval of a
sponsoring agency should  the  commissioner  find  that  the  sponsoring
agency,  its delivery agency or its instructors have been found to be in
violation of any applicable laws or regulations.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-B - Approval of Motor Vehicle Accident Prevention Courses › 399-F - Proof of Effectiveness.

§  399-f.  Proof  of  effectiveness.  Proof  of effectiveness shall be
  verifiable  research  documentation  submitted  by  the  applicant   for
  sponsorship  showing evidence of effectiveness comparable to that of the
  national safety council's defensive driving course as determined by  the
  commissioner  in terms of reduced convictions or accidents or both. This
  research documentation shall employ  accepted  research  principles  and
  include  treatment and non-treatment control groups comprised of samples
  of the representative driver base.  In  order  to  establish  verifiable
  effectiveness,  each  sample  group  should be comprised of a minimum of
  three  thousand  drivers  selected  randomly.  The  documentation  shall
  include conviction or accident data for each motorist for a period of at
  least  eighteen  months prior to the course completion date and at least
  eighteen months subsequent to such date, and equivalent time periods for
  non-treatment control groups. The documentation  shall  also  include  a
  description  of  the  sampling  and  analytic  procedures  used, and the
  motorist identification number and course completion date for all course
  attendees. The applicant for sponsorship shall provide, at  the  request
  of  the  commissioner and at the applicant's expense, all driving record
  data and analysis used in the  development  of  the  submitted  research
  documentation.  Submission of any fraudulent or intentionally misleading
  data will disqualify that organization and  all  owners  and  principals
  from  participating  or approval in the accident prevention course for a
  period of ten years from  submission  date.  The  commissioner  may,  by
  regulation, provide for a smaller sample group for specialized courses.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-B - Approval of Motor Vehicle Accident Prevention Courses › 399-G - Regulations.

§ 399-g. Regulations. The commissioner shall promulgate such rules and
  regulations  as  are  necessary  to  effectuate  the  provisions of this
  article. In addition to any requirements expressly  authorized  by  this
  article, such regulations may include but not be limited to requirements
  and  standards  with  respect  to:  delivery  agencies  and instructors;
  classroom facilities; suspension or revocation of  approval;  appeal  of
  suspension   or   revocation;  course  administration  and  advertising;
  monitoring of  courses  and  instructors;  and  reevaluation  of  course
  effectiveness  pursuant  to  section three hundred ninety-nine-f of this
  article.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-C - Accident Prevention Course Internet, and Other Technology Pilot Program › 399-K - Accident Prevention Course Internet Technology Pilot Program.

* §  399-k.  Accident  prevention  course  internet  technology  pilot
  program.  The commissioner shall establish and implement a comprehensive
  pilot program to review and study internet, and  other  technologies  as
  approved   by   the   commissioner,   as   a  training  method  for  the
  administration and completion of an approved accident prevention  course
  for  the  purposes  of  granting  point  and insurance premium reduction
  benefits.
* NB Repealed April 1, 2026
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-C - Accident Prevention Course Internet, and Other Technology Pilot Program › 399-L - Application.

* §  399-l.  Application.  Applicants  for  participation in the pilot
  program established pursuant  to  this  article  shall  be  among  those
  accident  prevention  course  sponsoring  agencies  that  have  a course
  approved by the commissioner pursuant to article twelve-B of this  title
  and  which deliver such course to the public. Provided, the commissioner
  shall, in his or her discretion, approve additional  applications  after
  the  effective  date  of  this  article.  In  order  to  be approved for
  participation in such pilot program, the course  must  comply  with  the
  provisions  of  law,  rules  and  regulations  applicable  thereto.  The
  commissioner may, in his  or  her  discretion,  impose  a  fee  for  the
  submission  of  each  application  to  participate  in the pilot program
  established pursuant to this article. Such fee shall  not  exceed  seven
  thousand five hundred dollars.
* NB Repealed April 1, 2026
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-C - Accident Prevention Course Internet, and Other Technology Pilot Program › 399-M - Pilot Program Scope and Duration.

* §  399-m.  Pilot  program scope and duration. The commissioner shall
  conduct a pilot program designed to  evaluate  utilizing  internet,  and
  other  technologies  as  approved  by  the  commissioner, for delivering
  accident prevention courses for point and  insurance  premium  reduction
  benefits   to   the   public  by  permitting  qualifying  applicants  to
  participate in the pilot program for a period of five years.
* NB Repealed April 1, 2026
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-C - Accident Prevention Course Internet, and Other Technology Pilot Program › 399-N - Regulations.

* § 399-n. Regulations. 1. The commissioner is authorized and directed
  to  promulgate  any  rules  and  regulations  necessary to implement the
  provisions of this article  and  to  insure  that  internet,  and  other
  technology   as   approved   by  the  commissioner,  delivered  accident
  prevention courses established pursuant to this  article  can  validate:
  student   identity   at   registration   and   throughout   the  course;
  participation throughout the course; that the time requirements are met;
  and successful completion of the course.  Provided,  however,  that  any
  rules  and  regulations  promulgated  pursuant to this article shall not
  stipulate any particular location for delivery of an accident prevention
  course or limit the time of day during which such course may be taken.
2. The commissioner is authorized to impose a fee upon  each  accident
  prevention  course  sponsoring  agency approved for participation in the
  pilot program, which shall not exceed eight dollars for each student who
  completes an accident prevention course by means of  the  pilot  program
  established pursuant to this article.
* NB Repealed April 1, 2026
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-C - Accident Prevention Course Internet, and Other Technology Pilot Program › 399-O - Report by Commissioner.

* §   399-o.   Report  by  commissioner.  Within  five  years  of  the
  establishment and implementation of this article, the commissioner shall
  report to the governor, the temporary president of the  senate  and  the
  speaker  of the assembly on the accident prevention course internet, and
  other technology as approved by the commissioner, pilot program and  its
  results.  Such report shall include recommendations as to the future use
  of internet and other technologies as an effective way, in  addition  to
  classroom  presentation,  to  deliver  to  the  public approved accident
  prevention courses, and qualifications for participants in such approved
  internet and other technology-delivered programs.
* NB Repealed April 1, 2026
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-D - Pre-Licensing Course Internet Pilot Program › 399-P - Pre-Licensing Course Internet Pilot Program.

* §   399-p.   Pre-licensing   course   internet  pilot  program.  The
  commissioner shall establish and implement a comprehensive pilot program
  to review and study the use of the internet for the  administration  and
  completion   of   an   approved  pre-licensing  course  as  required  by
  subparagraph (i) of paragraph (a) of subdivision four  of  section  five
  hundred two of this chapter.
* NB Repealed June 30, 2025
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-D - Pre-Licensing Course Internet Pilot Program › 399-Q - Application.

* §  399-q.  Application.  An applicant for participation in the pilot
  program established pursuant  to  this  article  shall  be  an  approved
  sponsor  of  an internet accident prevention course, pursuant to article
  twelve-C of this title, prior to the effective date of this article  and
  which  delivers  such  courses to the public. Provided, the commissioner
  shall, in his or her discretion, approve additional  applications  after
  such  date.  In  order  to  be  approved for participation in such pilot
  program, the course must  comply  with  provisions  of  law,  rules  and
  regulations  applicable  thereto.  The  commissioner  may, in his or her
  discretion, impose a fee for  the  submission  of  each  application  to
  participate  in  the pilot program established pursuant to this article.
  Such fee shall not exceed seven  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  which
  shall, excluding administrative expenses of the department, be deposited
  in  the  dedicated highway and bridge trust fund established pursuant to
  section eighty-nine-b of the state finance law.
* NB Repealed June 30, 2025
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-D - Pre-Licensing Course Internet Pilot Program › 399-R - Regulations, Fees and Privacy.

* §  399-r.  Regulations,  fees  and  privacy.  1. The commissioner is
  authorized  and  directed  to  promulgate  any  rules  and   regulations
  necessary to implement the provisions of this article and to insure that
  internet delivered pre-licensing courses as approved by the commissioner
  and established pursuant to this article, can validate: student identity
  at  registration and throughout the course; participation throughout the
  course; that time requirements are met; and successful completion of the
  course. Provided, however, that any rules  and  regulations  promulgated
  pursuant to this article shall not stipulate any particular location for
  delivery of a pre-licensing course or limit the time of day during which
  such course may be taken.
2.  The  commissioner is authorized to impose a fee upon each internet
  pre-licensing course sponsoring agency approved for participation in the
  pilot program to deliver such  course,  which  shall  not  exceed  eight
  dollars for each student who completes such course by means of the pilot
  program  established  pursuant  to  this  article.  Such fees, excluding
  administrative expenses of the department, shall  be  deposited  in  the
  dedicated  highway and bridge trust fund established pursuant to section
  eighty-nine-b of the state finance law.
3. No internet pre-licensing course sponsoring agency  shall  disclose
  or  otherwise  make  available  to  any  person  or  entity any personal
  information obtained by such provider about any  student  who  registers
  for   such   course.   For  the  purposes  of  this  article,  "personal
  information" shall  mean  information  that  identifies  an  individual,
  including  an  individual's  photo image, social security number, driver
  identification number, name, address (but not the five-digit zip  code),
  telephone number, and medical or disability information.
* NB Repealed June 30, 2025
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-D - Pre-Licensing Course Internet Pilot Program › 399-S - Pilot Program Scope and Duration.

* §  399-s.  Pilot  program scope and duration. The commissioner shall
  conduct a pilot program designed to evaluate utilizing the internet  for
  delivering an approved pre-licensing course required by subparagraph (i)
  of paragraph (a) of subdivision four of section five hundred two of this
  chapter,  by permitting qualified applicants to participate in the pilot
  program from June thirtieth, two thousand twenty to June thirtieth,  two
  thousand twenty-five. Provided that applicants for class DJ and class MJ
  licenses shall not be eligible to participate in such pilot program.
* NB Repealed June 30, 2025
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 3 - Safety Responsibility; Financial Security; Equipment; Inspection; Size and Weight; and Other Provisions › Article 12-D - Pre-Licensing Course Internet Pilot Program › 399-T - Report by Commissioner.

* §  399-t.  Report  by  commissioner.  No  later than June first, two
  thousand twenty-five, the commissioner shall report to the governor, the
  temporary president of the senate and the speaker of the assembly on the
  pre-licensing course internet pilot program and its results. Such report
  shall include recommendations as to the future use of the internet as an
  effective way, in addition to classroom presentation, to deliver to  the
  public   approved   pre-licensing   courses,   and   qualifications  for
  participants in such approved internet delivered programs.
* NB Repealed June 30, 2025
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 13 - Application of This Title › 400 - Application of This Title.

§ 400. Application  of  this  title.  Except  as  otherwise  expressly
  provided in this chapter, this title shall be exclusively controlling:
a. Upon the registration, numbering and regulation of  motor  vehicles
  and motorcycles; and
b. On their use of public highways.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 13 - Application of This Title › 400-A - Exceptions to Registration Provisions.

§ 400-a. Exceptions  to  registration  provisions. Notwithstanding any
  inconsistent provision of this chapter or other law or  regulation,  the
  commissioner may refuse to register any vehicle or class of vehicles for
  use  on the public highways where he determines that the characteristics
  of such vehicle or class of  vehicles  make  such  vehicle  or  vehicles
  unsafe  for  highway  operation.  Provided, however, that such authority
  shall not extend to any vehicle which is eligible for registration as  a
  special purpose commercial vehicle under the provisions of schedule F of
  subdivision seven of section four hundred one of this chapter.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 14 - Registration of Motor Vehicles › 401-A - In-Transit Permits.

§ 401-a. In-transit  permits.  The  owner  of a vehicle intended to be
  operated upon a public  highway  or  street  only  for  the  purpose  of
  transporting  the  same  to  a jurisdiction, within this state or to any
  other state, where the same is to  be  registered,  may  file  with  the
  commissioner  or  any  agent  of  the  commissioner  an  application for
  issuance of an in-transit permit for such vehicle. The application shall
  be made on a form furnished by the commissioner  for  such  purpose  and
  shall  contain  such  information  as the commissioner shall require. If
  satisfied that the vehicle  is  to  be  operated  as  provided  in  this
  section,  the commissioner shall upon payment of a fee of twelve dollars
  and fifty cents assign to such vehicle a distinctive  number  and  issue
  and deliver to the applicant an in-transit permit, valid for a period of
  thirty  days from the date of issuance, in such form as the commissioner
  shall prescribe, indicating the extent to which the vehicle  covered  by
  such  permit may be operated on the public highways and such vehicle may
  be operated only  as  so  indicated.  Notwithstanding  any  inconsistent
  provision of this section, the difference collected between the fees set
  forth  in  this  paragraph  in  effect on and after September first, two
  thousand nine and the fees set forth in this paragraph in  effect  prior
  to  such  date shall be deposited to the credit of the dedicated highway
  and bridge trust fund.
If an in-transit permit is issued by a county clerk, acting  as  agent
  of  the  commissioner, such county clerk shall be entitled to the sum of
  thirty-five cents for each such  in-transit  permit  issued,  which  sum
  shall be deducted before remitting the fee for such in-transit permit to
  the commissioner.
The  provisions  of  this  chapter  with  respect  to the issuance and
  display of number plates shall not apply to vehicles  operated  only  as
  provided in this section, and which display the in-transit permit issued
  by the commissioner.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 14 - Registration of Motor Vehicles › 401-B - Registration of Tow Trucks.

§ 401-b. Registration  of  tow  trucks. Every motor vehicle engaged in
  commercial towing in this state shall be registered and identified as  a
  tow truck, as hereinafter provided. No motor vehicle shall be registered
  as  a tow truck unless it shall have a gross vehicle weight rating of at
  least  eighty-six  hundred  pounds  and   the   application   for   such
  registration  is  accompanied by proof of financial security which shall
  meet the requirements of article six of this chapter.   Upon payment  of
  the  fees  set  forth in schedule H of subdivision seven of section four
  hundred one of this article, such a motor  vehicle  shall  be  issued  a
  license  plate  identifying  it  as a "tow truck". It shall constitute a
  class A misdemeanor to engage in commercial towing with a tow truck that
  is not registered pursuant to this section.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 14 - Registration of Motor Vehicles › 402-A - Facsimile License Plates.

§ 402-a. Facsimile  license  plates.  1.  No person shall manufacture,
  sell, or offer for sale a decorative or facsimile  license  plate  of  a
  size,  shape,  color and design which is identical with the size, shape,
  color and design of license plates issued by the department.
2. Notwithstanding subdivision one of this section,  the  commissioner
  may  authorize  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  decorative or facsimile
  license plates which are identical to those issued by the department for
  special events or productions.
3. Whenever there shall be a violation of  this  section,  application
  may  be  made  by  the attorney general in the name of the people of the
  state of New York to a court or justice having jurisdiction by a special
  proceeding to issue an injunction and upon notice to  the  defendant  of
  not  less than five days, to enjoin and restrain the continuance of such
  violation or to enforce the provisions of this section; and if it  shall
  appear  to  the  satisfaction of the court or justice that the defendant
  has, in fact, violated this section, an injunction may be issued by such
  court or justice,  enjoining  and  restraining  any  further  violation,
  without  requiring  proof  that any person has, in fact, been injured or
  damaged thereby. Whenever the court shall determine that a violation  of
  this  section  has  occurred the court may impose a civil penalty of not
  more than five hundred dollars for each violation.  In  connection  with
  any  such  proposed  application,  the attorney general is authorized to
  take proof and make a determination of  the  relevant  facts  and  issue
  subpoenas in accordance with the civil practice law and rules.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 14 - Registration of Motor Vehicles › 402-B - Obscured and Obstructed License Plates.

* § 402-b. Obscured  and  obstructed license plates. 1. If any vehicle
  is driven or operated on a public highway in violation  of  subparagraph
  (ii),  (ii-a),  or  (iii) of paragraph (b) of subdivision one of section
  four hundred two of this article and is committed in their  presence,  a
  police  officer,  as  defined  in section one hundred thirty-two of this
  chapter, shall be authorized to take such actions as may be required  or
  permitted by the provisions of this section.
2.  If  the  vehicle  is  being  driven  or  operated  in violation of
  subparagraph (ii), (ii-a) or (iii) of paragraph (b) of  subdivision  one
  of  section four hundred two of this article, such officer shall issue a
  summons, provided, however, that a summons shall not be  issued  if,  in
  the  discretion  and  at  the  request  of  such  officer, the defect is
  corrected in the presence of such  officer.  The  refusal  of  a  police
  officer  to  permit the repair of any defect in their presence shall not
  be reviewable, and shall not be a defense to any violation charged in  a
  summons issued pursuant to the provisions of this section.
3. Any complaint issued for any violation of subparagraph (ii), (ii-a)
  or (iii) of paragraph (b) of subdivision one of section four hundred two
  of  this  article may be dismissed by the court before which the summons
  is returnable if the violation as set forth in the summons is  corrected
  not later than one-half hour after sunset on the first full business day
  after  the  issuance  of  the  summons  and  proof of such correction is
  submitted to the court or administrative tribunal. For the  purposes  of
  this  subdivision,  "business  day"  shall  mean any calendar day except
  Saturday and Sunday, or the following business holidays: New Year's Day,
  Washington's  Birthday,  Memorial  Day,  Independence  Day,  Labor  Day,
  Columbus Day, Veterans' Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day.
* NB Effective September 1, 2024
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 14 - Registration of Motor Vehicles › 403-A - Temporary Indicia of Registration.

§ 403-a. Temporary  indicia  of  registration.  The  commissioner  may
  promulgate regulations to provide for temporary indicia of  registration
  which  shall  permit  a  person  to  operate  or park a motor vehicle or
  trailer on the public highways  of  this  state  without  number  plates
  issued  by  the  commissioner or validating stickers for a period not to
  exceed fifteen days when  the  number  plate  or  plates  or  validating
  sticker  for  such  motor  vehicle  or  trailer  has  been lost, stolen,
  mutilated or destroyed. Such regulations may provide for the charging of
  a fee of not more than three  dollars  for  any  issuance  of  temporary
  indicia  of  registration.  Any  person  who  operates  or parks a motor
  vehicle or trailer on the public highways of  this  state,  which  motor
  vehicle  or  trailer  is  in  fact  validly  registered  pursuant to the
  provisions of section four hundred one  or  four  hundred  ten  of  this
  chapter, without a number plate or plates or validating sticker, and who
  has  complied  with any such regulations promulgated by the commissioner
  under this section shall not be deemed to  be  operating  or  parking  a
  motor  vehicle  or  trailer  in violation of subdivision one or three of
  section four hundred two or section four hundred three of this  chapter.
  Falsifying  any  temporary  indicia  of  registration  prescribed by any
  regulation of the commissioner issued pursuant to this section shall  be
  a traffic infraction.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 14 - Registration of Motor Vehicles › 403-B - Sales of Certain Number or Distinctive License Plates by Certain Dealers.

§  403-b.  Sales  of  special  number or distinctive license plates by
  certain dealers. 1. A dealer, retail dealer, new motor vehicle dealer or
  qualified dealer holding a certificate of registration  issued  pursuant
  to  section  four  hundred  fifteen of this title shall be authorized to
  obtain or order special number  or  distinctive  license  plates  for  a
  purchaser  of  a vehicle from such dealer in return for a processing fee
  not to exceed five dollars. Such dealer shall not be required to  secure
  a license pursuant to section three hundred ninety-five of this chapter.
2.  The  commissioner  is  hereby  authorized  to promulgate rules and
  regulations necessary  to  implement  the  provisions  of  this  section
  including,  but  not  limited  to,  the provision of a credit for number
  plates or other interim or temporary plates issued  in  advance  of  the
  receipt  of the special number or distinctive plate, and the requirement
  that dealers authorized by this section disclose the initial and  annual
  fees  applicable  to  any special number and distinctive plates that are
  ordered. The processing  fee  authorized  in  subdivision  one  of  this
  section  shall  apply  only upon orders of special or distinctive plates
  and shall be in  addition  to  any  other  fee  or  fees  authorized  by
  regulation  and  charged  by  such  dealers  for obtaining motor vehicle
  registrations and/or titles.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 14 - Registration of Motor Vehicles › 404-B - Distinctive Plates for Volunteer Firefighters.

§ 404-b. Distinctive  plates for volunteer firefighters. 1. Any member
  of any volunteer fire department or company in this state or the  spouse
  of  any  such  member  shall,  upon  request,  be issued a license plate
  bearing a Maltese cross and the letters "V.F.". If a  distinctive  plate
  is  issued  to  any  such  member  pursuant  to  this  section,  such  a
  distinctive plate shall not be issued to  the  spouse  of  such  member.
  Application  for said license plate shall be filed with the commissioner
  in such form and detail as the commissioner shall prescribe,  and  shall
  be verified annually by the applicant.
2. The distinctive plate authorized in subdivision one of this section
  shall  be  issued upon proof, satisfactory to the commissioner, that the
  applicant or the spouse of the applicant is presently an  active  member
  of a volunteer fire department or company.
3. A distinctive plate issued pursuant to this section shall be issued
  in  the  same  manner as other number plates upon payment of the regular
  registration fee prescribed by section four hundred one of this  chapter
  and an initial one time service charge of fifteen dollars.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 14 - Registration of Motor Vehicles › 404-C - Distinctive Plates for Former Prisoners of War.

§ 404-c. Distinctive plates for former prisoners of war. 1. Any former
  prisoner  of war residing in this state or the spouse of any such former
  prisoner of war shall, upon request, be issued a license  plate  bearing
  the  words "former prisoner of war". If a distinctive plate is issued to
  a  former  prisoner  of  war  pursuant  to  this   section,   additional
  distinctive  plates  may  be  issued for every vehicle registered in the
  name of the former prisoner of war residing in this state or the  spouse
  of such former prisoner of war. Application for said license plate shall
  be  filed  with  the  commissioner  in  such  form  and  detail  as  the
  commissioner shall prescribe.
2. The distinctive plate authorized herein shall be issued upon proof,
  satisfactory to the commissioner, that the applicant or  the  spouse  of
  the applicant is a former prisoner of war.
3. A distinctive plate issued pursuant to this section shall be issued
  in  the  same  manner as other number plates upon payment of the regular
  registration fee prescribed by section four hundred one of this  chapter
  provided,  however,  that  no additional service charge shall be charged
  for such plate.
4. The unremarried widow or  widower  of  a  former  prisoner  of  war
  married  to  such former prisoner at the time of his or her imprisonment
  shall be included in the term "spouse" for the purposes of this section.
  A distinctive plate issued pursuant to this subdivision shall be  issued
  in  the  same  manner  as  other  number  plates upon the payment of the
  regular registration fee prescribed by section four hundred one of  this
  chapter,  provided,  however, that no additional service charge shall be
  charged for such plate.
5. Notwithstanding subdivision three of  this  section  and  the  fees
  prescribed  or  permitted  by  section four hundred one of this article,
  there shall be no charge for the issuance of a number plate pursuant  to
  this  section to a former prisoner of war, nor shall there be imposed an
  additional service charge for the issuance of such a  plate  to  such  a
  person.  Furthermore,  upon the issuance of a distinctive plate pursuant
  to this section, such a former prisoner of war shall be exempt from  the
  payment  of  any fees relating to the registration or renewal thereof as
  prescribed by section four hundred one of this article.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 14 - Registration of Motor Vehicles › 404-D - Distinctive Plates for Members of the Organized Militia and Reserve.

§  404-d.  Distinctive plates for members of the organized militia and
  reserve. 1. Any member of the organized militia of the state of New York
  and any member of a reserve unit from this state of any  branch  of  the
  armed  forces  of  the  United  States  or the spouse of any such member
  shall, upon request, be issued a license plate bearing a militiaman  and
  the appropriate organization -- army national guard, air national guard,
  state  guard  or  naval militia, army reserve, marine corps reserve, air
  force reserve, navy reserve or coast guard  reserve.  If  a  distinctive
  plate  is  issued  to a member of the organized militia pursuant to this
  section, such a distinctive plate shall not be issued to the  spouse  of
  such member of the organized militia. Application for said license plate
  shall  be  filed  with  the  commissioner in such form and detail as the
  commissioner shall prescribe, and shall  be  verified  annually  by  the
  applicant.
2. The distinctive plate authorized in subdivision one of this section
  shall  be  issued upon proof, satisfactory to the commissioner, that the
  applicant or the spouse of the applicant is presently an  active  member
  of the organized militia or reserve.
3. A distinctive plate issued pursuant to this section shall be issued
  in  the  same  manner as other number plates upon payment of the regular
  registration fee prescribed by section four hundred one of this  article
  provided,  however,  that  an  additional one-time service charge of ten
  dollars shall be charged for such plate.
2023 New York Laws › VAT - Vehicle and Traffic › Title 4 - Registration of Vehicles › Article 14 - Registration of Motor Vehicles › 404-E - Distinctive Plates for Purple Heart Recipients.

§  404-e.  Distinctive  plates  for  purple heart recipients.   1. Any
  purple heart recipient residing in this state or the spouse of any  such
  recipient  shall,  upon  request,  be issued a license plate bearing the
  words "combat wounded" and inscribed the purple heart medal imprint.  If
  a  distinctive  plate  is issued to a purple heart recipient pursuant to
  this section, additional distinctive plates  may  be  issued  for  every
  vehicle registered in the name of the purple heart recipient residing in
  this  state  or  the spouse of such purple heart recipient.  Application
  for said license plate shall be filed with the commissioner in such form
  and detail as the commissioner shall prescribe.
2. The distinctive plate authorized herein shall be issued upon proof,
  satisfactory to the commissioner, that the applicant or  the  spouse  of
  the applicant is a purple heart recipient.
3. A distinctive plate issued pursuant to this section shall be issued
  in  the  same  manner as other number plates upon payment of the regular
  registration fee prescribed by section four hundred one of this article,
  provided, however, that no service charge  shall  be  charged  for  such
  plate.