reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 388 - Guardian Ad Litem.

§  388.  Guardian  ad  litem. In any proceeding to register title, the
  court may make an order appointing a disinterested attorney, other  than
  the  official  examiner  of  title  by  whom  the title was examined and
  reported and certified, to act  as  guardian  ad  litem  for  all  minor
  persons  and  for  all  persons  under other disability appearing by the
  petition or by the official examiner's report of title to have interests
  adverse to those of the petitioner.  The petition for the appointment of
  said guardian ad litem may be made by the petitioner  ex  parte  at  any
  time  during  the pendency of the proceeding. The guardian ad litem thus
  appointed upon the application of the petitioner  may  be  the  attorney
  general  of  the  state of New York, unless it appears to the court that
  the state of New York has or claims some interest adverse to that of the
  person or persons for whom the attorney general would thus be  appointed
  guardian  ad  litem.  The  question  as to the existence of such adverse
  claim or interest shall be for the court; and an  order  appointing  the
  attorney  general  as  such  guardian ad litem shall be sufficient proof
  that no such adverse claim or interest exists. Such an  order  shall  be
  conclusive  as  a  matter  of law after thirty days from the time when a
  certified copy of the final order or judgment  of  registration  in  the
  proceeding  is  filed  in  the  office of the registrar of the county in
  which the property is situated. It shall be the duty of such guardian ad
  litem actively to ascertain and protect as is reasonably  possible,  the
  interest  of  all  minor parties to the proceeding and all other parties
  under disability. The compensation of such guardian shall be one hundred
  dollars, unless the court directs otherwise; but  the  attorney  general
  shall not receive any compensation for acting as such guardian ad litem.
  No  issue  requiring a trial shall be raised by the answer of a guardian
  ad litem of any minor party or party under other  disability  unless  it
  shall  affirmatively  appear  by  the  official  examiner's report or by
  answer of the guardian ad litem that such minor  party  or  party  under
  other disability has an interest adverse to the title or interest sought
  to be registered.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 389 - Any Person Interested May Appear and Defend.

§  389.  Any  person  interested  may  appear  and  defend. Any person
  interested in the property, or whose interests may be  affected  by  the
  final  order  or  judgment  of  registration  in the proceeding, whether
  specifically named in the notice or not, may  enter  his  appearance  by
  serving  a  copy of the same on the registrar of the county in which the
  property is located and with the clerk of  the  supreme  court  in  such
  county,  and  filing the original thereof together with proof of service
  with the county clerk on or before the return day or within such further
  time as may be allowed by the court; and may enter  his  objections,  if
  any,  by  likewise  serving  a  copy of the same on the registrar of the
  county in which the property is  located  and  with  the  clerk  of  the
  supreme  court  in such county, and filing the original thereof together
  with proof of service with the county clerk on or before the return  day
  or  within  such  further  time  as may be allowed by the court; and may
  oppose the petition for registration of the property as belonging to the
  petitioner, or set up a cross-demand to have the title registered in his
  own behalf. In any case, he shall state particularly what  his  interest
  is and shall specifically state all objections to the petition.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 391 - Final Orders Conclusive; to Be Entered and Docketed as a Judgment.

§  391.  Final  orders  conclusive;  to  be  entered and docketed as a
  judgment. No final order or judgment  of  registration  shall  be  made,
  unless   the  court  is  satisfied  that  the  title  to  be  registered
  accordingly is free from reasonable doubt. The final order entered  upon
  an application for registration is deemed to be a final judgment and may
  be  entered  and docketed and enforced as a final judgment in an action.
  Before the final order can be docketed,  an  enrollment  must  be  filed
  thereupon  as  the  judgment  roll  in an action, as provided in section
  three hundred and ninety-three of this chapter.  The  judgment  and  any
  order  made  and entered in a proceeding under this act shall, except as
  herein otherwise provided, be forever binding and  conclusive  upon  the
  state  of  New  York and all persons in the world, whether mentioned and
  served with the said notice specifically by name,  or  included  in  the
  description,  "all  other  persons, if any, having any right or interest
  in, or liens upon, the property affected by this proceeding, or any part
  thereof." It shall not be an exception to such conclusiveness  that  any
  such  person is an infant, mentally ill or is under any other disability
  or is not yet in being.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 392 - Fraud; Action to Set Aside or Appeal From the Final Order or Judgment of Registration or to Recover the Property.

§  392.  Fraud;  action to set aside or appeal from the final order or
  judgment  of  registration  or  to  recover  the  property.  Any   title
  registration  procured by or as the result of fraud may be set aside, in
  the same manner and by the same proceedings as in the  case  of  a  deed
  obtained  by fraud, provided that such proceedings for setting aside the
  registration shall not injuriously affect  the  rights  of  an  innocent
  purchaser  or  incumbrancer of the property after such registration, for
  value and without actual notice of the fraud, and provided further  that
  the  action  or  other  proceeding  to  set  aside  such registration be
  commenced within ten years  from  the  time  when  the  final  order  or
  judgment  of registration was filed in the office of the county clerk of
  the county in which the property is located. No action or proceeding  or
  appeal shall lie or be commenced, except on the ground of fraud as above
  stated,  to  set  aside  or  appeal  from any final order or judgment of
  registration or to modify or affect the same  or  for  the  recovery  of
  registered property or any estate, right or interest in or lien upon the
  same or any part thereof, or to make any entry thereon, adversely to the
  title  or  interest  registered therein, as directed by a final order or
  judgment of registration of the court, unless such action or  proceeding
  or  appeal  is  commenced  or taken within thirty days after a certified
  copy of such final order or judgment of registration  is  filed  in  the
  office of the registrar of the county in which the property is located.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 393 - Registration of Title.

§  393.  Registration  of  title.  Upon  entering  the final order and
  judgment of registration, an enrollment thereof as a judgment roll in an
  action must  be  prepared,  and  filed  in  the  office  of  the  clerk,
  consisting  of  the  petition,  the  notice  with  proof of service, the
  official examiner's report, all orders and all other papers  necessarily
  affecting  the final order of registration.  The clerk upon payment of a
  fee of ten dollars shall cause a copy of said judgment  of  registration
  to  be  certified  and  transferred  to the registrar of his county, who
  shall forthwith file the same in his office.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 394 - Certificate of Title.

§  394.  Certificate  of  title. The registrar shall make, in the form
  prescribed by section four hundred and thirty-five of this  chapter,  an
  original  certificate  of  title  of  every  title,  right  or  interest
  registered by him pursuant to this article. Said certificate shall  bear
  the  date  of  its  issue  (the day and year), and be under the hand and
  official seal of the registrar, and be numbered  in  the  order  of  its
  issue.  If  the owner is a minor, it shall state his age; if he is under
  any other disability, it shall state the nature of such disability.  The
  registrar  shall  make proper memorials or notations on the certificate,
  showing in such manner as to set forth and  preserve  their  priorities,
  the  particulars  of  all  the  estates,  mortgages,  trusts,  liens and
  charges, to which such owner's title is subject.  No  such  memorial  or
  notation  shall  be  more than one folio (one hundred words), in length;
  but it may refer to covenants, restrictions, trusts and  forms  recorded
  in  the "book of covenants, restrictions, trusts and forms" provided for
  by this article. The form of the first  certificate  of  title,  as  set
  forth  in section four hundred and thirty-five of this article, shall be
  subject to such changes as may be required in any case.  All  subsequent
  certificates  shall  be  in like form, except that in place of the words
  "first certificate," et cetera, shall be the words "transfer from number
  ........." (the number of the next previous certificate); also the words
  "first registered .........." (date of first registration).  On the back
  or reverse side of every certificate shall be printed, in plain  legible
  type, the whole of section four hundred of this chapter.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 395 - Title Book.

§  395.  Title  book.  The  registrar shall keep a book or books to be
  known respectively as the "title book", wherein he shall enter all first
  and subsequent "original" certificates of title by binding or  recording
  them  therein,  with  appropriate  blanks for the entry of memorials and
  notations prescribed by this article. Said book shall be  of  about  the
  size of the conveyance libers, now used in county clerks' and registers'
  offices. Each certificate shall constitute a separate leaf of such book.
  About two inches of each leaf on the binding edge shall be kept blank on
  both sides, to facilitate rebinding. At such times as may be proper, the
  registrar  may  rebind  the  certificates in new volumes or title books,
  containing respectively  cancelled  and  uncancelled  certificates.  All
  memorials and notations, that may be entered in the title book under the
  terms  of  this article, shall be entered upon the leaf constituting the
  last certificate of title of the property to which they relate.  In  the
  county  of  Suffolk,  if a microfilm system for retrieval and display of
  the title certificates is used, libers may be stored in a  location  not
  accessible  to  the  public. Whenever the term "certificate of title" is
  used in this article it shall be deemed as including  all  memorials  or
  notations thereupon noted.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 396 - Duplicate Certificate of Title.

§  396.  Duplicate certificate of title. The registrar shall, upon the
  request by the owner in writing, make out an  exact  duplicate  thereof,
  with  the  memorials  and  notations  thereon  noted,  which will be the
  owner's proof of ownership for the property, and forward the same to the
  owner.    This  duplicate  shall  be  known  as  the  owner's  duplicate
  certificate of title, and shall be plainly stamped across its face. Only
  one  owner's duplicate certificate of title shall be issued. Replacement
  of such document shall be made in the manner  prescribed  under  section
  four  hundred  fourteen  of  this  chapter.  Said  request  for  owner's
  duplicate certificate of title shall be in the form annexed  hereto.  At
  the time of filing, two copies of the deed shall be submitted, a copy of
  the  deed  shall be conformed and returned to the party indicated in the
  return address box.
FORM
The  undersigned,  one  of  the  Registered  owners  of  the  property
  described  in  Certificate number ........ does request the issuance and
  delivery of said Owner's Duplicate Certificate of Title to him/her:
 
  Name:
  Address:
  Signature:
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 398 - Certificate to Include Dealings Pending Registration.

§  398. Certificate to include dealings pending registration. In every
  case of initial registration, the certificate of title shall include all
  dealings with the real property, and all statutory or other liens  filed
  against  the  same,  subsequent to the filing of the application, except
  when they are modified or set aside by a judgment, decree  or  order  of
  the  court.  On and after the filing with the registrar of the notice of
  application for the registration of any real  property,  and  until  the
  same  is  registered,  or  the  application  is  denied,  dismissed,  or
  discontinued, all papers which are required or permitted by this article
  to be filed against  registered  property,  except  the  papers  in  the
  action,  shall  be  filed  with  the  registrar  as if the property were
  registered.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 399 - Certificate of Title as Evidence.

§ 399. Certificate of title as evidence. The certificate of title, and
  any copy thereof duly certified under the hand and seal of the registrar
  and  the owner's duplicate certificate, until the expiration of the time
  herein limited to bring an action or proceeding to set aside  the  final
  order  or  judgment of registration shall be received as evidence in all
  the courts of the state, and in all courts and  places  shall  be  prima
  facie  evidence  that  the  provisions of law up to the time of issue of
  such certificate or duplicate, or of the  time  of  entry  of  the  last
  memorial  thereon, have been complied with, and that such certificate of
  title has been  issued  in  compliance  with  a  valid  final  order  or
  judgment,  and  that the title to the property is as therein stated; and
  after the expiration of such time limited for bringing said  proceedings
  to  set aside said final order or judgment, such certificate or copy, up
  to the time of its issue, shall be so received as evidence in all courts
  of the state, and shall be conclusive evidence of the same facts.  Every
  memorial  or notation or cancellation thereof made on any certificate or
  duplicate or copy thereof shall be signed by the registrar or his deputy
  or his duly authorized deputy or clerk.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 400 - Rights of Owners of Registered Property; Exceptions; Incumbrances and Transfers to Be Filed.

§   400.   Rights   of  owners  of  registered  property;  exceptions;
  incumbrances and  transfers  to  be  filed.  A  person  who  receives  a
  certificate  of  title pursuant to a judgment of registration, except in
  case of fraud to which he is a party, and a purchaser of registered real
  property, who takes a certificate of title for value and in good  faith,
  shall  hold  the same free from all incumbrances, charges, trusts, liens
  and transfers, except those noted on the certificate in the  registrar's
  office, and any of the following which may exist:
First.  Liens, claims, or rights arising or existing under the laws or
  constitution of the United States, which the statutes of this  state  do
  not require to appear of record;
Second. Any tax, water rate, or assessment which becomes a lien on the
  property  after  initial  registration and for which a sale has not been
  made;
Third. Any lease or agreement for  a  lease,  made  after  or  pending
  registration, for a period not exceeding one year, where there is actual
  occupation of the land under the lease or agreement;
Fourth.  Easements  or  servitudes  which  accrue against the property
  after initial registration in  such  manner  as  not  to  require  their
  registration.
Except  as  specified  in  the  foregoing  statement of exceptions, no
  incumbrance, charge, trust, lien, or transfer shall take effect upon  or
  over  real  property  the title to which has been registered, unless the
  instrument creating and setting forth such incumbrance,  charge,  trust,
  lien,  or  transfer  has been filed with the registrar and a memorial or
  notation thereof  made  upon  the  certificate  of  title  covering  the
  property.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 401 - Registered Property Not Affected by Prescription or Adverse Possession.

§  401.  Registered  property  not affected by prescription or adverse
  possession.  No title to registered real property, in derogation of that
  of the registered owner, shall be acquired by  prescription  or  adverse
  possession.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 402 - Fraud; Notice Only by Registration.

§ 402. Fraud; notice only by registration. Except in case of fraud and
  except also as herein otherwise provided, no person taking a transfer of
  any  registered  real  property  or of any estate or interest therein or
  lien or charge thereon from the registered owner shall  be  required  to
  inquire  into  the  circumstances  under which, or the consideration for
  which such owner or  any  previously  registered  owner  had  the  title
  registered, nor shall such transferee be affected with notice, actual or
  constructive, of any unregistered trust, lien, claim, demand or interest
  whatever;  and  the  knowledge  that an unregistered trust, lien, claim,
  demand or interest is in existence shall not of  itself  be  imputed  or
  treated as fraud.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 403 - Memorial to Be Carried Forward.

§  403. Memorial to be carried forward. (a) Unless written application
is made by a mortgagee, who acquires fee title to the premises,  not  to
merge  said  mortgage with the fee title, the registrar shall delete the
mortgage from the memorial on the certificate of title.
(b) Whenever a memorial or notation has been entered as  permitted  by
this  article,  the  registrar  shall  carry  the  same forward upon all
certificates of title  until  the  same  is  cancelled  in  some  manner
authorized by this article.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 404 - Registered Property to Remain Registered.

§  404.  Registered  property  to  remain  registered. The bringing of
  property under this article shall imply an agreement, running  with  the
  land  and  binding upon the applicant and all his successors in interest
  or title, that the property shall  be  subject  to  the  terms  of  this
  article,  and  all  amendments and alterations thereof, and all dealings
  with the property so  registered,  or  any  estate,  right  or  interest
  therein,  after  the  same  has been brought under this article, and all
  liens,  incumbrances  and  charges  upon  the  same  after   the   first
  registration thereof shall be subject to the terms of this article.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 405 - Registered Property Subject to Same Rights and Burdens as Unregistered Property.

§  405.  Registered  property  subject  to  same rights and burdens as
  unregistered property. Registered real property and every estate,  right
  and  interest  therein  shall  be  in  all  respects subject to the same
  rights, burdens and incidents as unregistered real property,  except  as
  otherwise expressly provided in this article or any amendment thereof.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 406 - Transfers of Registered Property.

§  406.  Transfers  of registered property. A registered owner of real
  property, in order to transfer his whole estate or interest therein,  or
  any  part  or  parcel  thereof, or any undivided interest therein, shall
  execute to the intended transferee a deed or instrument of conveyance in
  any form authorized by law. Such deed or instrument of conveyance  shall
  have  recited  therein a statement or reference setting forth the source
  of the title of the grantor or the circumstances under which  the  title
  was  acquired  by  him. Upon filing such deed or other instrument in the
  registrar's office and  surrendering  to  the  registrar  the  duplicate
  certificate  of  title,  he  shall  then make out and register as herein
  provided a new certificate and also an owner's duplicate certificate  of
  title  certifying  the  title  to the estate or interest in the property
  conveyed to the  transferee  and  shall  enter  upon  the  original  and
  duplicate  certificate  the  date  of  the  transfer,  the  name  of the
  transferee and the number of the new certificate, and shall stamp across
  the  original  and   surrendered   duplicate   certificates   the   word
  "cancelled."  Title  to  such  property  shall not pass by such transfer
  until the transfer is registered as prescribed by this section.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 407 - Certificate as to Part of Property Remaining After Transfer.

§  407.  Certificate  as to part of property remaining after transfer.
  When only  a  part  of  the  property  described  in  a  certificate  is
  transferred,  and  the description of the property is other than full or
  specified parts of lots on a map duly filed in the office of the  county
  clerk, the transfer must be accompanied by a survey from a licensed land
  surveyor  under seal of the said parcel.  Said transfer and survey shall
  be filed as a document and memorialized against the certificate.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 409-A - Entries in Other Indexes.

§  409-a.  Entries  in  other  indexes. Upon the filing of a notice of
  petition and pendency of proceeding in the office of the registrar,  the
  recording  officer  of the county or counties in which the land title to
  which is sought to be registered is located shall make an entry  of  the
  petition   to   register   such  title  in  the  alphabetical  index  of
  conveyances, and in counties having a block index system, in  the  block
  index of conveyances, showing the date of such filing and in the grantor
  column  the  name of the petitioner, and the name of the owner where the
  petitioner is the  holder  of  a  contract  to  purchase  the  premises,
  together with a reference to the serial or document number given to such
  notice  by  the  registrar  and the number of the proceeding to which it
  relates.
Recording officers are authorized and directed to index in like manner
  in the alphabetical index of conveyances, and in counties having a block
  index system, in the block index of  conveyances,  all  applications  or
  petitions  to  register titles to land heretofore filed in the office of
  the registrar of the county.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 410 - Notice of Filed Papers.

§  410. Notice of filed papers. All papers filed by the registrar, and
  indexed and entered by him pursuant to this article, shall be  of  equal
  effect  as  to  notice,  in  the order of their filing as shown by their
  filing numbers, as are similar papers when recorded by county  clerk  or
  registers under the recording acts. Should an action for registration be
  discontinued  or  otherwise terminated without registration, an order of
  court to that effect shall be filed with the  registrar,  who  shall  at
  once  cause  all  the  papers  relating  to  the  title  to the property
  affected, filed with him, except the  notice  of  application  and  said
  order,  to  be  recorded  or  filed, and indexed, by the county clerk or
  register (as the case requires) in the order of their filing, on payment
  of the statutory fees.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 411 - Addresses of Interested Parties; Notice.

§  411.  Addresses  of  interested  parties; notice. On every paper or
  instrument filed with the registrar there shall be  indorsed  the  name,
  place  of  residence with street number, if any, and post-office address
  of the person in whose behalf it is filed. The address  may  be  changed
  from  time  to  time, by such person filing with the registrar a written
  notice of such change.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 412 - When a Transfer Is Deemed to Be Registered.

§  412.  When a transfer is deemed to be registered. Every transfer of
  registered property shall be deemed to be registered under this  article
  when  such  document  has  been  filed  of  record, in the office of the
  registrar of the county where the  property  is  located  and  a  serial
  number  and  certificate  number  assigned  to the instrument; all other
  dealings shall be considered as registered when the  document  has  been
  filed  of  record in the office of the registrar of the county where the
  property is located and a serial number and certificate number has  been
  assigned the instrument.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 413 - New Certificates of Title.

§ 413. New certificates of title. Upon the application of any owner of
  registered  property  held  under  one or more certificates of title and
  delivering up of such certificate or certificates, the  registrar  shall
  issue  to  such  owner, at his option, separate certificates, each for a
  portion of such property in accordance with such application;  and  upon
  issuing  any  such certificate of title, said registrar shall indorse on
  the last previous  certificate  of  such  property  so  delivered  up  a
  memorial  setting  forth  the  occasion  of the cancellation thereof and
  referring to the number or numbers of the new certificates of  title  so
  issued.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 415 - Mortgages, Leases and Other Liens and Charges; May Be Registered.

§  415.  Mortgages,  leases  and  other  liens  and  charges;  may  be
  registered. Any mortgage, lease for a term of over one year, contract to
  sell or other instrument intended to create a lien,  incumbrance,  trust
  or  charge  on registered property or any right or interest therein, may
  be registered as herein provided.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 416 - Proceedings to Register Mortgage, Lease or Other Lien or Charge.

§  416.  Proceedings  to  register  mortgage,  lease  or other lien or
  charge.  On the filing of the instrument creating such  mortgage,  lease
  or  other lien or charge in the registrar's office and the production of
  the duplicate certificate of title, he shall enter upon the  certificate
  of  title  and upon the duplicate certificate a memorial thereof and the
  date of filing the instrument with a reference to its file number, which
  memorial shall be signed by the  registrar  who  shall  deliver  to  the
  person filing such instrument a certified copy of such instrument, if it
  is  a mortgage, certified to be the "registration copy of mortgage." The
  registrar shall also note upon the instrument filed the  number  of  the
  certificate  on  which  the memorial is entered. Any mortgage registered
  pursuant to this section shall be subject to the provisions  of  article
  eleven  of  the tax law (being chapter sixty-two of the laws of nineteen
  hundred nine), and amendments thereof in the  same  manner  as  if  said
  mortgage  were  recorded, as provided by section two hundred fifty-three
  of said tax law.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 417 - Judgments, Decrees, Attachments and Other Liens to Be Noted on Certificate.

§  417. Judgments, decrees, attachments and other liens to be noted on
  certificate.   No judgment, decree,  attachment,  execution,  mechanic's
  lien,  or  other lien or charge, which may affect or be a lien or charge
  upon real property in this state, shall be or become a lien or charge on
  real property, or any right or interest therein, the title to which  has
  been  registered,  unless a transcript, or certified copy, or other duly
  made or certified document, which is by law proper evidence in  a  court
  of  record,  of  such  judgment, decree, attachment, mechanic's lien, or
  other lien or charge, shall be duly filed  with  the  registrar,  and  a
  proper memorial thereof made by him upon the certificate of title in the
  title  book.  Such  transcript, or certified copy, or other duly made or
  certified document so  filed  shall  have  plainly  written  or  stamped
  thereon  the  number  of the certificate of registration of the title to
  the property to be affected and bound thereby by virtue of such memorial
  on such certificate, and it shall be the duty of the registrar  to  make
  such   memorial  immediately  on  receipt  of  the  same.  A  discharge,
  cancellation, or  modification  of  any  judgment,  decree,  attachment,
  mechanic's  lien,  or other lien or charge, so noted on the certificate,
  shall not affect or be binding upon the registered property,  right,  or
  interest,  unless  on  like evidence a memorial thereof shall be made by
  the registrar on such certificate.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 418 - Assignment of Mortgage, Lease, or Other Lien or Charge.

§  418.  Assignment  of  mortgage, lease, or other lien or charge. The
  holder of any mortgage, lease, or other lien  or  charge  on  registered
  property,  in  order  to  transfer  the  same or any part thereof, shall
  execute an assignment of the whole or any part thereof;  and  upon  such
  assignment  being  filed  in  the office of the registrar, the registrar
  shall enter in the title  book  a  memorial  of  such  transfer  with  a
  reference  to the assignment by its file number; he shall also note upon
  the instrument on file in his office intended  to  be  transferred,  and
  upon   the  registration  copy  thereof  produced,  the  number  of  the
  certificate on which the memorial is  entered,  with  the  date  of  the
  entry.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 419 - Release, Discharge or Surrender of Charge or Incumbrance.

§  419.  Release,  discharge  or surrender of charge or incumbrance. A
  release, discharge or surrender of a charge or incumbrance, or any  part
  thereof,  or  of  any part of the property charged or incumbered, may be
  effected by the production of a release, discharge or satisfaction, duly
  executed and acknowledged, made in any form authorized by law, except as
  herein provided. Any tax, water rent or assessment, subject to which the
  title has been registered and which has been noted on the certificate of
  title as provided in section three hundred ninety of this  chapter,  may
  be released and discharged in the same way upon a receipt therefor being
  issued  and  duly  certified  by  the  receiver of taxes or collector of
  assessments and arrears or other duly authorized officer,  as  the  case
  may require, and delivered to the registrar and filed in his office. The
  receiver  of taxes or collector of assessments and arrears or such other
  duly authorized officer, as the case may require,  upon  demand  of  any
  owner of registered property, shall execute, certify and deliver to such
  owner  such receipt when any such tax, water rent or assessment has been
  paid upon such registered property.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 420 - Enforcement of Mortgages, Charges, Liens and Incumbrances.

§  420. Enforcement of mortgages, charges, liens and incumbrances. All
  charges, liens and  incumbrances  on  registered  property,  or  on  any
  estate,  right  or  interest  in the same, and all rights therein may be
  enforced as now allowed by law; and  all  laws  with  reference  to  the
  foreclosure,  release  or  satisfaction  of  mortgages  shall  apply  to
  mortgages on registered property or on any  estate,  right  or  interest
  therein,  except  as  herein  otherwise  provided, and except that until
  notice of the pendency of any suit to  enforce  such  mortgage,  charge,
  lien  or  incumbrance  is filed in the registrar's office and a memorial
  thereof entered on the certificate in the title book,  the  pendency  of
  such  suit shall not be notice to the registrar or to any person dealing
  with the property or any right or interest therein. Upon the sale  under
  foreclosure  or  other  action  or proceeding directing the sale of real
  property, the title to which is then a registered title, it shall be the
  duty of the officer making the sale to report such sale to  the  justice
  assigned  to  the  "title part" of the special term, who shall thereupon
  designate an official examiner of title to examine into  the  action  or
  proceeding  or  any other fact or circumstance affecting the title since
  the last registration thereof. The examiner of title shall  prepare  his
  report  immediately  and  shall file one copy with the court designating
  him and one copy with the officer making the sale.  The  officer  making
  the  sale  shall  not  deliver  a  deed  of  the property sold until the
  examiner's report is filed with him showing the regularity of  the  acts
  and  proceedings  subsequent  to  the  last  registration  of title. The
  justice of the "title part" shall upon the production of the  deed  from
  the  officer making the sale and upon the report of the examiner approve
  said deed and make an order directing  the  registrar  to  register  the
  title  accordingly.  The  fees for the services of the official examiner
  under this section shall not exceed the sum of five  dollars  unless  an
  additional allowance is directed by the justice of the "title part."
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 421 - Powers of Attorney to Be Filed and Registered.

§  421.  Powers  of  attorney  to  be filed and registered. Before any
  person  can  convey,  charge,  incumber  or  otherwise  deal  with   any
  registered  property,  or  any  estate,  right  or  interest therein, as
  attorney in fact for another, the deed or instrument empowering  him  so
  to act shall be filed with the registrar and a memorial thereof shall be
  entered upon the certificate in the title book, in like manner as in the
  case  of a charge or incumbrance. A revocation of such power of attorney
  may be  registered  in  like  manner  as  such  power  of  attorney  was
  registered.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 422 - Reference of Doubtful Matters to the Court.

§  422. Reference of doubtful matters to the court. When the registrar
  is in doubt, and the parties in interest fail to agree as to the  proper
  memorial  to  be  made  in the title book of any deed, mortgage or other
  voluntary instrument presented for registration, the questions shall  be
  referred  to  the  court  for decision, either on the certificate of the
  registrar stating the question, or upon the suggestion in writing of any
  party or parties in interest; and the court, after  due  notice  to  all
  parties  in interest, and a hearing, if necessary or proper, shall enter
  an order prescribing the  form  of  the  memorial  to  be  made  by  the
  registrar,  who  shall  make  the  memorial accordingly. In any judicial
  proceeding affecting property, the title to which is then  a  registered
  title, the court upon the application in writing of any party or parties
  in  interest  after  due  notice  to all other parties in interest and a
  hearing, if necessary or proper, shall enter an  order  prescribing  the
  form  of  any memorial that should be made by the registrar in the title
  book because or as the result of such  proceeding;  and  the  registrar,
  upon  the  production  of a certified copy of such order, shall make the
  proper memorial in accordance  with  such  order.    After  making  such
  memorial  in  the  title  book  the  registrar shall also make all other
  memorials  on  existing  certificates  or  make  and  deliver  any   new
  certificates  according  to the circumstances and in the manner required
  herein.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 426 - Assurance Fund.

§  426.  Assurance  fund.  1.  Upon  the original registration of real
  property, there shall be paid to the  registrar  one-tenth  of  one  per
  centum  of  the  value  thereof  on the basis of the last assessment for
  local taxation, as an assurance fund for land registered in his  county.
  Subsequent to the original registration, there shall also be paid to the
  registrar,  and  by  him  transferred  to  the  said  fund, the parts or
  portions of the fees so designated by section four  hundred  four-a  and
  section four hundred thirty-two of this article.  All moneys so received
  by  the  registrar under the provisions of this section shall be paid to
  the treasurer of the county (in New York city  to  the  commissioner  of
  finance),  and  shall be invested by him in the same manner as are other
  trust funds.   All such moneys  as  have  been  so  transferred  by  the
  registrar  to  the treasurer of the county (in New York city to the city
  chamberlain)  prior  to  the  first  day  of  July,   nineteen   hundred
  twenty-nine,  and  have been disposed of as provided by the law prior to
  said date, shall be returned to such treasurer of  the  county  (in  New
  York  city  to  the  commissioner of finance) and shall become a part of
  such trust fund.  The proper local county or city authorities are hereby
  authorized and directed to make such appropriations of funds as  may  be
  necessary for this purpose.  Said treasurer (or commissioner of finance)
  shall  keep  a  separate account of such trust funds and report annually
  thereon as required by law in reference to  other  trust  funds  in  his
  hands.
2.  All  assurance funds held by the treasurer of the county or in New
  York city by the commissioner of finance, pursuant to this  section  for
  more  than  six  years shall be deemed surplus. All monies in said fund,
  which have been deemed surplus, or so much thereof as may be  necessary,
  shall be made available on January first, nineteen hundred ninety-seven,
  and  shall  be  used  to  cover  the costs incurred while performing the
  transfers required by section four hundred thirty-six of  this  article.
  Provided  there  are no claims filed against said fund that would affect
  release, such remaining surplus funds may be released by such  treasurer
  or  commissioner of finance and paid into the general fund of the county
  or city.   If a claim is filed against  such  fund  subsequent  to  such
  release,  the general fund of such county shall repay the assurance fund
  such released funds with interest thereon at the prevailing rate  up  to
  the  amount of released funds sufficient to cover payments made pursuant
  to such claim.
3. All such assurance funds created by any county  or  city  shall  be
  terminated  on January first, two thousand six, and all remaining monies
  are to be transferred to the general fund of the county or city.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 427 - Compensation From Assurance Fund.

§  427.  Compensation  from  assurance  fund.  Any person who, without
  negligence on his part, sustains loss or damage or is deprived  of  real
  property,  or  of  any  estate, right or interest therein because of the
  registration of another person as owner of  such  property,  or  of  any
  estate,  right, or interest therein, through fraud, or in consequence of
  any error, omission, mistake or misdescription  in  any  certificate  of
  title  or  in  any  entry of or memorial in the title book, shall have a
  cause of action against the county  treasurer  (in  New  York  city  the
  commissioner  of  finance)  to  recover  compensation  for  such loss or
  damage.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 428 - Action Against Assurance Fund.

§  428.    Action  against  assurance  fund.    Any  allowed claim for
  indemnity shall be paid in the same manner as other claims  against  the
  county.    In  the  city  of  New  York a claim shall be passed upon and
  approved by the city register and by the corporation counsel of the city
  before payment is allowed.   The rejection of  a  claim  by  the  proper
  county  officials  (or  in the city of New York by the city register and
  corporation counsel) shall not preclude the claimant  from  bringing  an
  action  to  recover  such  claim.    No claim or judgment on a claim for
  indemnity shall be binding on the county or on the county treasurer  (in
  New  York  city the commissioner of finance) for an amount exceeding the
  amount credited to the assurance fund.  If the amount  credited  to  the
  assurance fund is insufficient to pay the claim or judgment in full, the
  unpaid  balance  shall bear interest at the legal rate and shall be paid
  out of the first moneys coming into said assurance fund or the county or
  city general fund after the assurance fund has been terminated  pursuant
  to  section  four  hundred  twenty-six  of this article. If any right of
  action against any person for damages for negligence or other cause,  or
  under  any  covenant  or  contract of warranty or guaranty or otherwise,
  exists in favor of the person to whom  indemnity  is  paid,  the  county
  treasurer (in New York city the commissioner of finance) shall be deemed
  to  be  subrogated  to  such  right  and  may bring an action to recover
  thereunder.  Any amounts recovered by the county treasurer (in New  York
  city the commissioner of finance) under such an action shall be credited
  to the account of the assurance fund.  Until the assurance fund provided
  as  aforesaid  shall have been exhausted, payment for any such losses or
  damages shall be made out of such fund.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 429 - Restrictions on Claims Against Assurance Fund.

§  429.    Restrictions  on claims against assurance fund.   No person
  shall recover from the assurance fund, or the  county  or  city  general
  fund  after  the  assurance fund has been terminated pursuant to section
  four hundred twenty-six of this article, any greater sum than  the  fair
  market  value of the property at the time the right to bring such action
  first accrued. Any action or proceeding to recover damages  out  of  the
  assurance  fund  shall  be commenced within six years from the time when
  the right to begin the same accrued, and not afterward,  and  such  time
  shall not be extended because of any disability.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 430 - Penalties for Fraudulent Acts or False Certificates.

§  430.  Penalties  for fraudulent acts or false certificates. Whoever
  fraudulently procures  or  assists  in  fraudulently  procuring,  or  is
  intentionally  privy to the fraudulent procurement of any certificate of
  title or other instrument, or of any entry in the registration or  other
  book  kept in the registrar's office, or of any erasure or alteration in
  any entry in said book, or in any instrument authorized by this act,  or
  knowingly  defrauds,  or is intentionally privy to defrauding any person
  by means of a false or fraudulent instrument, certificate, statement  or
  affidavit, affecting registered land, shall be guilty of a felony.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 431 - Forgery and Fraudulent Stamping; Penalty.

§  431.  Forgery  and fraudulent stamping; penalty. Whoever forges, or
  procures to be forged, or assists in forging, the seal of the registrar,
  or the name, signature, handwriting of any officer  of  the  registrar's
  office;  or fraudulently stamps or procures to be stamped, or assists in
  stamping, any document with any forged seal of said registrar, or forges
  or procures to be forged, or assists in forging, the name, signature  or
  handwriting  of  any  person  whomsoever,  to  any  instrument  which is
  expressly or impliedly authorized to be signed by such person,  or  uses
  any  document upon which any impression or part of the impression of any
  seal of said registrar has been forged, knowing the same  to  have  been
  forged,  or any document the signature to which has been forged, knowing
  the same to have been forged, or swears falsely concerning any matter or
  proceeding made or done in pursuance of this article, shall be guilty of
  a felony.
2023 New York Laws › RPP - Real Property › Article 12 - Registering Title to Real Property › 434 - Form for Official Examiner's Report of Title.

§  434.  Form  for official examiner's report of title. The examiner's
  report of title shall be in appropriate form to set  forth  the  matters
  required  by  this article. The registrar of any county is authorized to
  have forms prepared and printed for the examiner's report of  title  and
  for any other papers required by this article and shall furnish the same
  to  applicants  without  charge  or for such reasonable charge as may be
  fixed by the registrar. Such forms and the charge to  be  made  therefor
  shall be subject to the revision of the court.