reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.02 — Attorney's Fees, Collection.

582.02 ATTORNEY'S FEES, COLLECTION.
When the mortgage provides for an attorney's fee in case of foreclosure, and an attorney at law of the state is employed to conduct the same, the mortgagee or the mortgagee's heirs, personal representatives or assigns, may, upon foreclosure, collect or retain such fee, but not in excess of the sum provided by section 582.01. When no such attorney is employed, if any sum as or for such fee be included in the amount for which the premises are sold, such sum shall be paid in money by the purchaser to the sheriff before the execution of the certificate of sale, and shall be paid by the sheriff to the mortgagor, or those having the mortgagor's estate in the mortgaged premises.
History:
(9647) RL s 4500; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.039 — Mediation Notice For Agricultural Property.

582.039 MEDIATION NOTICE FOR AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY.
Subdivision 1.
Requirement.
A person may not begin a proceeding under this chapter or chapter 580 to foreclose a mortgage on agricultural property subject to sections 583.20 to 583.32 that has a secured debt of more than the amount provided in section 583.24, subdivision 5, unless: (1) a mediation notice is served on the mortgagor after a default has occurred in the mortgage and a copy is served on the director and the mortgagor and mortgagee have completed mediation under sections 583.20 to 583.32; or (2) as otherwise allowed under sections 583.20 to 583.32.
Subd. 2.
Contents.
A mediation notice must contain the following notice with the blanks properly filled in.
"TO: ....(Name of Record Owner)....
YOU HAVE DEFAULTED ON THE MORTGAGE OF THE AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY DESCRIBED AS ....(Size and Reasonable Location, Not Legal Description). THE AMOUNT OF THE OUTSTANDING DEBT ON THIS PROPERTY IS ....(Amount of Debt)....
AS HOLDER OF THE MORTGAGE, ....(Name of Holder of Mortgage).... INTENDS TO FORECLOSE ON THE PROPERTY DESCRIBED ABOVE.
YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO HAVE THE MORTGAGE DEBT REVIEWED FOR MEDIATION. IF YOU REQUEST MEDIATION, A DEBT THAT IS IN DEFAULT WILL BE MEDIATED ONLY ONCE. IF YOU DO NOT REQUEST MEDIATION, THIS DEBT WILL NOT BE SUBJECT TO FUTURE MEDIATION IF THE SECURED PARTY ENFORCES THE DEBT.
IF YOU PARTICIPATE IN MEDIATION, THE DIRECTOR OF THE MINNESOTA EXTENSION SERVICE WILL PROVIDE AN ORIENTATION MEETING AND A FINANCIAL ANALYST TO HELP YOU PREPARE FINANCIAL INFORMATION. IF YOU DECIDE TO PARTICIPATE IN MEDIATION, IT WILL BE TO YOUR ADVANTAGE TO ASSEMBLE YOUR FARM FINANCE AND OPERATION RECORDS AND TO CONTACT A COUNTY EXTENSION OFFICE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. MEDIATION WILL ATTEMPT TO ARRIVE AT AN AGREEMENT FOR HANDLING FUTURE FINANCIAL RELATIONS.
TO HAVE THE MORTGAGE DEBT REVIEWED FOR MEDIATION YOU MUST FILE A MEDIATION REQUEST WITH THE DIRECTOR WITHIN 14 DAYS AFTER YOU RECEIVE THIS NOTICE. THE MEDIATION REQUEST FORM IS AVAILABLE FROM THE DIRECTOR OF THE MINNESOTA EXTENSION SERVICE.
FROM: ....(Name and Address of Holder of Mortgage)...."
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 4,18; 1987 c 292 s 10,37,38; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150; 2009 c 94 art 1 s 96 ; 2017 c 88 art 2 s 80; 2023 c 52 art 19 s 36
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.05 — Receiver Of Rents With Possession.

582.05 RECEIVER OF RENTS WITH POSSESSION.
On the commencement of proceedings to foreclose, either by action or advertisement, any mortgage on a leasehold estate of more than three years covering urban property, or at any time after such commencement until the expiration of the period of redemption, the owner of any such mortgage or the purchaser at the foreclosure sale, as the case may be, may apply to the district court for the appointment of a receiver to take immediate possession of the mortgaged premises and to hold, maintain, and operate the same and collect the rents and income therefrom, and apply the same in the manner hereinafter specified. The application for such receiver may be included in an action to foreclose the mortgage or may be by separate action and, if by separate action, the only necessary party defendant shall be the owner of the mortgaged leasehold at the time of the commencement of the action.
History:
(9650) 1915 c 305 s 1
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.06 — Default To Be Shown.

582.06 DEFAULT TO BE SHOWN.
The court shall appoint the receiver on a showing that default has been made in any of the conditions of the mortgage, without any further evidence and without regard to the solvency or insolvency of the person liable for the debt secured by the mortgage. The appointment shall be made without notice on a showing to the court that the danger of termination or forfeiture of the leasehold estate covered by the mortgage is imminent or that waste of the same is being committed, or that the owner of the leasehold cannot be found within the state. The mortgagee may be appointed receiver in the discretion of the court.
History:
(9651) 1915 c 305 s 2
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.07 — Receiver To Furnish Bond.

582.07 RECEIVER TO FURNISH BOND.
Before undertaking duties, the receiver so appointed shall file in court a bond for the faithful performance of such duties. The bond shall run to the owner of the mortgaged leasehold and shall be in such sum as the court shall determine and with such surety or sureties as shall be approved by the court.
History:
(9652) 1915 c 305 s 3; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.08 — Possession, Entry After Filing Bond.

582.08 POSSESSION, ENTRY AFTER FILING BOND.
After filing the bond mentioned in section 582.07, the receiver shall enter into possession of the mortgaged premises and collect all the rents and income therefrom, and shall apply the same to the payment of the expenses of the receivership and to the payment of all sums of money necessary or proper to preserve and protect the leasehold estate, and to maintain and operate the mortgaged premises, and shall pay the surplus, if any, to the owner of the mortgaged leasehold at the termination of the receivership. The receiver may make any or all such payments on the receiver's own motion or may make the same in pursuance of an order of the court. Such expenses shall include reasonable attorneys' fees and receiver's fees to be fixed by the court.
History:
(9653) 1915 c 305 s 4; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.09 — Receiver To File Account For Approval.

582.09 RECEIVER TO FILE ACCOUNT FOR APPROVAL.
At the termination of the receivership for any cause, the receiver shall file an account in such court. On the approval and confirmation of the account the receiver shall dispose of the funds on hand in accordance with the order of the court, and shall thereupon be entitled to a discharge by order of court, freeing and releasing the receiver from all further liability on account of such receivership.
History:
(9654) 1915 c 305 s 5; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.10 — Certain Rights And Remedies Not Limited.

582.10 CERTAIN RIGHTS AND REMEDIES NOT LIMITED.
The provisions of sections 582.05 to 582.09 shall in no manner detract from or limit the rights and remedies of the mortgagor or the mortgagee provided by law.
History:
(9655) 1915 c 305 s 6
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.12 — Court's Powers Over Trusts Not Limited.

582.12 COURT'S POWERS OVER TRUSTS NOT LIMITED.
Nothing in section 582.11 shall be deemed to limit or abridge the power or jurisdiction of the district court over trusts and trustees, or to limit the authority conferred upon any trustee by any mortgage, trust deed, or other instrument.
History:
(9655-6) 1937 c 108 s 2
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.13 — State May Be Defendant In Certain Cases.

582.13 STATE MAY BE DEFENDANT IN CERTAIN CASES.
In all cases not otherwise provided for, the consent of the state of Minnesota is given to be named a party in any suit which is now pending or which may hereafter be brought in any state court having jurisdiction of the subject matter, to quiet title to or for the foreclosure of a mortgage or other lien upon real estate or personal property, for the purpose of securing an adjudication touching any mortgage, or other lien the state of Minnesota may have or claim on the real estate or personal property involved, or to determine the boundary line between any real property of the state and real property contiguous thereto, provided, that this shall not be deemed to supersede any express provision of law relating to actions to which the state may be made a party, nor to relieve any person from complying with any requirement of such laws.
History:
1943 c 134 s 1; 1945 c 2 s 1
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.15 — Termination Of Old Lis Pendens Notices.

582.15 TERMINATION OF OLD LIS PENDENS NOTICES.
Notice of lis pendens recorded prior to January 1, 1936, shall cease and terminate on and after January 1, 1946.
History:
1945 c 363 s 2
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.16 — Presumption Of Identity.

582.16 PRESUMPTION OF IDENTITY.
The presumption of identity arising from identity or substantial identity of names of a grantee and of a succeeding grantor in a chain of title, shall extend to those cases where in one instrument the party is designated by initials which correspond with the name appearing in another instrument.
History:
1945 c 363 s 3
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.17 — Old Actions Pending.

582.17 OLD ACTIONS PENDING.
Nothing contained in sections 582.14 to 582.18 shall apply to any action or proceeding pending at the time of the passage of Laws 1945, chapter 363, or commenced prior to January 1, 1946.
History:
1945 c 363 s 4
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.18 — Construction.

582.18 CONSTRUCTION.
Sections 582.14 to 582.18 shall be liberally construed for the purpose of ascertaining marketability of title as between vendors and purchasers.
History:
1945 c 363 s 5
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.26 — Mortgage Foreclosure Sales By Action Legalized.

582.26 MORTGAGE FORECLOSURE SALES BY ACTION LEGALIZED.
In all mortgage foreclosure sales by action wherein, prior to the date specified in section 582.27, subdivision 2, the report of sale:
(1) has been confirmed by order filed in the action and a certificate of sale was thereafter executed in proper form but not recorded or filed within 20 days thereafter such certificate and the later record thereof are hereby legalized with the same effect as if such certificate had been executed, acknowledged, and recorded or filed within such 20 days;
(2) was made and presented to the court and the sale confirmed by an order filed in the action, but the report was not filed with the court administrator until after the filing therein of the order of confirmation, and in which the certificate of sale was executed in proper form but recorded more than 20 days after such confirmation, but within one year from the date of sale, such certificate and the record thereof and the subsequently filed report of sale are hereby legalized with the same effect as if such certificate had been executed, acknowledged and recorded within such 20 days and as if such report of sale had been filed in the action at the time of filing the order of confirmation.
History:
1976 c 148 s 2; 1Sp1986 c 3 art 1 s 82
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.27 — Application Of Curative Provisions.

582.27 APPLICATION OF CURATIVE PROVISIONS.
Subdivision 1.
Section 582.25.
(a) Upon expiration of the periods specified in this section, the provisions of section 582.25 apply to a mortgage foreclosure sale subject to this section:
(1) as to all of the provisions of section 582.25, except clauses (2) and (23), one year after the last day of the redemption period of the mortgagor, the mortgagor's personal representatives or assigns;
(2) as to clause (2), ten years after the date of the foreclosure sale; and
(3) as to clause (23), the expiration of the mortgagor's applicable redemption period as specified in section 580.23 or 582.032.
(b) The time limits provided under paragraph (a) apply notwithstanding any common law.
Subd. 2.
Section 582.26.
The date to which section 582.26 applies is one year after the date of the foreclosure sale.
Subd. 3.
Pending and newly commenced actions.
The provisions of sections 582.25 to 582.27 shall not affect any action or proceeding pending on August 1, 1989, or which shall be commenced before February 1, 1990, in any of the courts of the state, involving the validity of such foreclosure. Laws 1992, chapter 463, does not affect any proceeding pending on August 1, 1992, or commenced before February 1, 1993, in any of the courts of the state, involving the validity of the foreclosure.
The amendments to the provisions of sections 582.25 to 582.27 by Laws 1995, chapter 92, shall not affect any action pending on August 1, 1995, or which shall be commenced before February 1, 1996, in any of the courts of the state, involving the validity of a foreclosure.
History:
1976 c 148 s 3; 1979 c 133 s 1; 1985 c 94 s 1; 1989 c 229 s 8; 1992 c 463 s 35; 1995 c 92 s 14; 2013 c 115 s 5; 2014 c 191 s 2
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 582 — Mortgages; Foreclosure, General Provisions › Section 582.31 — One Action Allowed To Enforce Agricultural Mortgage.

582.31 ONE ACTION ALLOWED TO ENFORCE AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE.
(a) For a mortgage on property used in agricultural production entered into on or before March 22, 1986, the mortgagee may only proceed to:
(1) obtain a personal judgment for the debt owed on the note secured by the mortgage and execute on the judgment; or
(2) foreclose the mortgage and obtain a deficiency judgment, if allowed.
(b) An action under paragraph (a), either clause (1) or (2), bars an action under the other clause.
History:
1986 c 398 art 19 s 6
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.20 — Citation.

583.20 CITATION.
Sections 583.20 to 583.32 may be cited as the "Farmer-Lender Mediation Act."
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 5,18; 1987 c 292 s 37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.21 — Legislative Findings.

583.21 LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS.
The legislature finds that the agricultural sector of the state's economy is under severe financial stress due to low farm commodity prices, continuing high interest rates, and reduced net farm income. The suffering agricultural economy adversely affects economic conditions for all other businesses in rural communities as well. Thousands of this state's farmers are unable to meet current payments of interest and principal payable on mortgages and other loan and land contracts and are threatened with the loss of their farmland, equipment, crops, and livestock through mortgage and lien foreclosures, cancellation of contracts for deed, and other collection actions. The agricultural economic emergency requires an orderly process with state assistance to adjust agricultural indebtedness to prevent civil unrest and to preserve the general welfare and fiscal integrity of the state.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 6,18; 1987 c 292 s 37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.215 — Expiration.

583.215 EXPIRATION.
Sections 336.9-601, subsections (h) and (i); 550.365; 559.209; 582.039; and 583.20 to 583.32, expire June 30, 2027.
History:
2005 c 107 art 2 s 55; 2009 c 94 art 1 s 97; 2013 c 114 art 2 s 65; 1Sp2015 c 4 art 2 s 81; 2016 c 184 s 10; 2016 c 189 art 2 s 24; 2017 c 88 art 2 s 81; 2021 c 28 s 24
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.23 — Farm Mediation.

583.23 FARM MEDIATION.
Subdivision 1.
Training.
The director must provide training and support for mediators.
Subd. 2.
Appointment.
The director must provide mediators by contracting with qualified persons experienced in farm finance, agricultural law, and negotiation.
Subd. 3.
Administration.
The director may appoint a farm mediation administrator. The administrator and director shall provide training for farm mediators and credit analysts and coordinate community legal education programs for farmers.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 8,18; 1987 c 292 s 37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.25 — Voluntary Mediation Proceedings.

583.25 VOLUNTARY MEDIATION PROCEEDINGS.
A debtor that owns agricultural property or a creditor of the debtor may request mediation of the indebtedness by a farm mediator by applying to the director. The director shall provide voluntary mediation application forms when requested. The director must evaluate each request and may direct a mediator to meet with the debtor and creditor to assist in mediation.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 10,18; 1987 c 292 s 37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150; 2023 c 52 art 19 s 37
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.28 — Creditor Not Attending Mediation Meeting.

583.28 CREDITOR NOT ATTENDING MEDIATION MEETING.
Subdivision 1.
Filing and effect of claim form.
A creditor that is notified of the initial mediation meeting is subject to and bound by a mediation agreement if the creditor does not attend mediation meetings unless the creditor files a claim form. In lieu of attending a mediation meeting, a creditor may file a notice of claim and proof of claim on a claim form with the mediator before the scheduled meeting. By filing a claim form the creditor agrees to be bound by a mediation agreement reached at the mediation meeting unless an objection is filed within the time specified. The mediator must notify the creditors who have filed claim forms of the terms of any agreement.
Subd. 2.
Objections to agreements.
A creditor who has filed a claim form may serve a written objection to the terms of the agreement on the mediator and the debtor within ten days after receiving notice of the agreement. If a creditor files an objection to the terms of an agreement, the mediator shall meet again with debtors and creditors within ten days after receiving the objection to mediate a new agreement. Notwithstanding the mediation period under section 583.26, subdivision 8, if an objection is filed, the mediator shall call mediation meetings during the ten-day period following receipt of the objection.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 13,18; 1Sp1986 c 2 art 2 s 9; 1987 c 292 s 37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.284 — Retention Of Purchase Money Security Interest.

583.284 RETENTION OF PURCHASE MONEY SECURITY INTEREST.
If a creditor has a purchase money security interest under section 336.9-103, and renegotiates the debt under the Farmer-Lender Mediation Act to reduce the principal balance or the interest rate or to extend the repayment period, the creditor retains the purchase money security interest for the renegotiated debt.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 18; 1987 c 292 s 32,37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; art 2 s 38; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.285 — Mediation Rules.

583.285 MEDIATION RULES.
The commissioner of agriculture, in consultation with the commissioner of the Bureau of Mediation Services and the director of the University of Minnesota Agricultural Extension Service, shall make rules under chapter 14, to implement the Farmer-Lender Mediation Act.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 18; 1Sp1986 c 2 art 2 s 10; 1987 c 186 s 15; 1987 c 292 s 33,37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1996 c 305 art 2 s 65; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.29 — Private Data.

583.29 PRIVATE DATA.
All data regarding the finances of individual debtors and creditors created, collected, and maintained by the mediators or the director are classified as private data on individuals under section 13.02, subdivision 12, or nonpublic data under section 13.02, subdivision 9.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 14,18; 1Sp1986 c 2 art 2 s 11; 1987 c 292 s 33,37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.30 — Forms And Compensation.

583.30 FORMS AND COMPENSATION.
Subdivision 1.
Compensation.
The director shall set the compensation of mediators and credit analysts.
Subd. 2.
Forms.
The director shall adopt voluntary mediation application, mediation request, and claim forms.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 15,18; 1987 c 292 s 37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.305 — Prohibited Waivers.

583.305 PROHIBITED WAIVERS.
A waiver of mediation rights under the Farmer-Lender Mediation Act is void except as expressly allowed under the Farmer-Lender Mediation Act.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 18; 1987 c 292 s 34,37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.31 — Enforcement.

583.31 ENFORCEMENT.
The mediation agreement must be enforced by the district court.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 16,18; 1987 c 292 s 37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.311 — Voluntary Alternative Dispute Resolution.

583.311 VOLUNTARY ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION.
The administrator shall establish procedures and measures to ensure maximum use of alternative dispute resolution under this chapter for disputes in rural areas. Referrals may be accepted from courts, state agencies, local units of government, or any party to a dispute involving rural land, regulation, rural individuals, businesses, or property, or any matter affecting rural quality of life. The legislature encourages state and federal agencies and governmental subdivisions to use the services provided by the administrator under this chapter and to cooperate fully when matters under this jurisdiction are subjected to alternative dispute resolution methods. The administrator may set fees for participation in voluntary procedures to pay all or part of the costs of providing such services.
History:
1998 c 395 s 2; 1998 c 402 s 5
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 570 - 583 — Postjudgment Remedies; Alternative Dispute Resolution; Bonds › Chapter 583 — Farmer-lender Mediation › Section 583.32 — Inconsistent Laws.

583.32 INCONSISTENT LAWS.
The Farmer-Lender Mediation Act has precedence over any inconsistent or conflicting laws and statutes including chapters 336, 580, and 581, and section 559.21.
History:
1986 c 398 art 1 s 17,18; 1987 c 292 s 37; 1989 c 350 art 16 s 8; 1990 c 525 s 1; 1991 c 208 s 2; 1Sp1993 c 2 art 6 s 2; 1995 c 212 art 2 s 11; 1997 c 183 art 3 s 29; 1998 c 395 s 7; 1998 c 402 s 6; 1999 c 214 art 2 s 19; 2001 c 195 art 1 s 23; 1Sp2001 c 1 art 2 s 25; 1Sp2001 c 2 s 150
NOTE:
See section 583.215 for expiration of this section.
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.01 — Issuance Of Writ, Judicial Discretion Not Controlled.

586.01 ISSUANCE OF WRIT, JUDICIAL DISCRETION NOT CONTROLLED.
The writ of mandamus may be issued to any inferior tribunal, corporation, board, or person to compel the performance of an act which the law specially enjoins as a duty resulting from an office, trust, or station. It may require an inferior tribunal to exercise its judgment or proceed to the discharge of any of its functions, but it cannot control judicial discretion.
History:
(9722) RL s 4556
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.02 — Issuance On Information.

586.02 ISSUANCE ON INFORMATION.
The writ shall issue on the information of the party beneficially interested, but it shall not issue in any case where there is a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law.
History:
(9723) RL s 4557
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.03 — Alternative Or Peremptory Writ, Contents.

586.03 ALTERNATIVE OR PEREMPTORY WRIT, CONTENTS.
The writ of mandamus is either alternative or peremptory. The alternative writ shall state concisely the facts showing the obligation of the defendant to perform the act, and the defendant's omission so to do, and command the defendant that immediately after the receipt of a copy of the writ, or at some other specified time, the defendant do the required act, or show cause before the court out of which the writ issued, at a specified time and place, why the defendant has not done so, and that the defendant then and there make a return to the writ, with a certificate thereon of having done as commanded. The peremptory writ shall be in similar form, except that the words requiring defendant to show cause shall be omitted.
History:
(9724) RL s 4558; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.04 — Peremptory Writ.

586.04 PEREMPTORY WRIT.
When the right to require the performance of the act is clear, and it is apparent that no valid excuse for nonperformance can be given, a peremptory writ may be allowed in the first instance. In all other cases the alternative writ shall first issue.
History:
(9725) RL s 4559
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.05 — Writ; Court Order; Service.

586.05 WRIT; COURT ORDER; SERVICE.
Writs of mandamus shall be issued upon the order of the court or judge, which shall designate the return day, and direct the manner of service thereof, and service of the same shall be by copies of the writ, order allowing the same, and petition upon which the writ is granted.
History:
(9726) RL s 4560; 1909 c 408 s 1
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.06 — Answer.

586.06 ANSWER.
On the return day of the alternative writ, or such further day as the court shall allow, the party upon whom the writ is served may show cause by answer made in the same manner as an answer to a complaint in a civil action.
History:
(9727) RL s 4561
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.07 — Default; New Matter In Answer; Demurrer.

586.07 DEFAULT; NEW MATTER IN ANSWER; DEMURRER.
If no answer is made, a peremptory mandamus shall be allowed against the defendant. If an answer is made, containing new matter, the plaintiff may demur thereto, or, on the trial or other proceedings, may make any valid objection to its sufficiency, or may rebut it by evidence either in direct denial or by way of avoidance.
History:
(9728) RL s 4562; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.08 — Pleadings, Issues, Trial.

586.08 PLEADINGS, ISSUES, TRIAL.
No pleading or written allegation, other than the writ, answer, and demurrer, shall be allowed. They shall be construed and amended, and the issues tried, and further proceedings had, in the same manner as in a civil action. The demurrer need not be noticed for argument, but the issues raised thereby may be disposed of as are other objections to the pleadings.
History:
(9729) RL s 4563
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.09 — Judgment For Plaintiff; Appeal.

586.09 JUDGMENT FOR PLAINTIFF; APPEAL.
A plaintiff who is given judgment, shall recover the damage sustained, together with costs and disbursements, and a peremptory mandamus shall be awarded without delay. An appeal from the district court shall lie to the court of appeals in mandamus as in other civil cases.
History:
(9730) RL s 4564; 1983 c 247 s 195; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.10 — Fines For Neglect Of Duty.

586.10 FINES FOR NEGLECT OF DUTY.
When a peremptory mandamus is directed to a public officer, body, or board, commanding the performance of any public duty specially enjoined by law, if it shall appear to the court that such officer, or any member of such body or board, without just excuse, has refused or neglected to perform the duty so enjoined, it may impose a fine of not more than $250, which fine, when collected, shall be paid into the state treasury; and the payment thereof shall be a bar to an action for any penalty incurred by such officer or member, by reason of the refusal or neglect.
History:
(9731) RL s 4565; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.11 — Jurisdiction Of District And Appellate Courts.

586.11 JURISDICTION OF DISTRICT AND APPELLATE COURTS.
The district court has exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases of mandamus, except where the writ is to be directed to a district court or a judge thereof in the judge's official capacity, in which case the court of appeals has exclusive original jurisdiction, or except where the writ is to be directed to the court of appeals or a judge thereof in the judge's official capacity. If the writ is to be directed to the court of appeals or a judge thereof in the judge's official capacity, the supreme court or a judge thereof has original jurisdiction. The Rules of Civil Appellate Procedure shall apply in all proceedings on the writ.
History:
(9732) RL s 4566; 1983 c 216 art 2 s 8; 1983 c 247 s 196; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 586 — Mandamus › Section 586.12 — Issues Of Fact; Trial.

586.12 ISSUES OF FACT; TRIAL.
Issues of fact in proceedings commenced in a district court shall be tried in the county in which the defendant resides, or in which the material facts stated in the writ are alleged to have taken place. Either party shall be entitled to have any issue of fact tried by a jury, as in a civil action. In any case commenced in the supreme court or court of appeals, where there is an issue of fact, upon request of either party, that court shall transmit the record to the proper district court, which shall try the issue in the same manner as if the proceeding had been commenced there. A change of venue may be granted as in other cases.
History:
(9733) RL s 4567; 1983 c 247 s 197
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.01 — Contempts.

588.01 CONTEMPTS.
Subdivision 1.
Kinds.
Contempts of court are of two kinds, direct and constructive.
Subd. 2.
Direct.
Direct contempts are those occurring in the immediate view and presence of the court, and arise from one or more of the following acts:
(1) disorderly, contemptuous, or insolent behavior toward the judge while holding court, tending to interrupt the due course of a trial or other judicial proceedings;
(2) a breach of the peace, boisterous conduct, or violent disturbance, tending to interrupt the business of the court.
Subd. 3.
Constructive.
Constructive contempts are those not committed in the immediate presence of the court, and of which it has no personal knowledge, and may arise from any of the following acts or omissions:
(1) misbehavior in office, or other willful neglect or violation of duty, by an attorney, court administrator, sheriff, coroner, or other person appointed or elected to perform a judicial or ministerial service;
(2) deceit or abuse of the process or proceedings of the court by a party to an action or special proceeding;
(3) disobedience of any lawful judgment, order, or process of the court;
(4) assuming to be an attorney or other officer of the court, and acting as such without authority;
(5) rescuing any person or property in the custody of an officer by virtue of an order or process of the court;
(6) unlawfully detaining a witness or party to an action while going to, remaining at, or returning from the court where the action is to be tried;
(7) any other unlawful interference with the process or proceedings of a court;
(8) disobedience of a subpoena duly served, or refusing to be sworn or to answer as a witness;
(9) when summoned as a juror in a court, neglecting to attend or serve, improperly conversing with a party to an action to be tried at the court or with any person relative to the merits of the action, or receiving a communication from a party or other person in reference to it, and failing to immediately disclose the same to the court;
(10) disobedience, by an inferior tribunal or officer, of the lawful judgment, order, or process of a superior court, proceeding in an action or special proceeding in any court contrary to law after it has been removed from its jurisdiction, or disobedience of any lawful order or process of a judicial officer;
(11) failure or refusal to pay a surcharge levied pursuant to section 357.021, subdivision 6.
History:
(9792, 9793) RL s 4638, 4639; 1981 c 341 s 5; 1983 c 359 s 84; 1Sp1986 c 3 art 1 s 82; 1998 c 367 art 8 s 9
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.02 — Power To Punish; Limitation.

588.02 POWER TO PUNISH; LIMITATION.
Every court and judicial officer may punish a contempt by fine or imprisonment, or both. In addition, when the contempt involves the willful disobedience of an order of the court requiring the payment of money for the support or maintenance of a minor child, the court may require the payment of the costs and a reasonable attorney's fee, incurred in the prosecution of the contempt, to be paid by the guilty party. When it is a constructive contempt, it must appear that the right or remedy of a party to an action or special proceeding was defeated or prejudiced by it before the contempt can be punished by imprisonment or by a fine exceeding $50.
History:
(9794) RL s 4640; 1945 c 434 s 1; 1983 c 359 s 85
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.03 — Summary Punishment.

588.03 SUMMARY PUNISHMENT.
A direct contempt may be punished summarily, for which an order shall be made reciting the facts as occurring in the immediate view and presence of the court or officer, and adjudging the person proceeded against to be guilty of a contempt, and that the person be punished as therein specified.
History:
(9795) RL s 4641; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.04 — Arrest; Order To Show Cause.

588.04 ARREST; ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE.
(a) In cases of constructive contempt, an affidavit of the facts constituting the contempt shall be presented to the court or officer, who may either issue a warrant of arrest to bring the person charged to answer or, without a previous arrest, upon notice, or upon an order to show cause, which may be served by a sheriff or other officer in the same manner as a summons in an action, may commit the person to jail, impose a fine, or both, and make such order thereupon as the case may require.
(b) When the underlying case involves an obligation arising out of a consumer debt primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, and the contempt is a failure to comply with judgment debtor disclosure requirements under section 491A.02, subdivision 9, or 550.011, bail must be set at $50. For a subsequent contempt for a failure to disclose in the same action, bail must be an amount set by the court after considering aggravating and mitigating factors. Bail posted under this section must be returned to the judgment debtor.
History:
(9796) RL s 4642; 1986 c 444; 2013 c 104 s 5
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.05 — Persons In Custody.

588.05 PERSONS IN CUSTODY.
If the party charged is in the custody of an officer by virtue of a legal order or process, civil or criminal, except upon a sentence for felony, an order may be made for production of the party by the officer having custody, that the party may answer; and the party shall thereupon be produced and held until an order is made for disposition.
History:
(9797) RL s 4643; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.06 — Admission To Bail.

588.06 ADMISSION TO BAIL.
When a warrant of arrest is issued pursuant to sections 588.01 to 588.15, the court or officer shall direct whether the person charged may be admitted to bail for appearance, or detained in custody without bail, and, if admitted to bail, the amount thereof. Such direction shall be specified in the warrant.
History:
(9798) RL s 4644; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.07 — Warrant, How Executed.

588.07 WARRANT, HOW EXECUTED.
Upon executing the warrant of arrest, the sheriff shall keep the person in actual custody, bring the person before the court or officer, and detain the person until an order shall be made in the premises, unless the warrant shall contain a direction to admit the person to bail, in which case the person shall be discharged from the arrest, upon executing and delivering to the officer, at any time before the return day of the warrant, a recognizance, with two sufficient sureties, to the effect that the person will appear on the return of the warrant and abide the order of the court or officer thereupon, or pay as may be directed the sum therein specified.
History:
(9799) RL s 4645; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.08 — Return Of Warrant; Penalty For Failure.

588.08 RETURN OF WARRANT; PENALTY FOR FAILURE.
The officer shall return the warrant and the recognizance, if any, received from the person so arrested, by the return day specified therein. If the person fails to make the return, a warrant of arrest, not bailable, may be issued against the person, specifying therein the cause of issuing it. The officer to whom the last-mentioned warrant is delivered shall execute it by arresting the person proceeded against, bringing the person personally before the court or officer, and detaining the person in custody until otherwise ordered.
History:
(9800) RL s 4646; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.09 — Hearing.

588.09 HEARING.
When the person arrested has been brought into court, or has appeared, the court or officer shall investigate the charge by examining the person and the witnesses for and against the person, for which an adjournment may be had from time to time, if necessary.
History:
(9801) RL s 4647; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.10 — Penalties For Contempt Of Court.

588.10 PENALTIES FOR CONTEMPT OF COURT.
Upon the evidence so taken, the court or officer shall determine the guilt or innocence of the person proceeded against and, if the person is adjudged guilty of the contempt charged, the person shall be punished by a fine of not more than $250, or by imprisonment in the county jail, workhouse, or work farm for not more than six months, or by both. In case of the person's inability to pay the fine or endure the imprisonment, the person may be relieved by the court or officer in such manner and upon such terms as may be just.
History:
(9802) RL s 4648; 1933 c 267; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.11 — Indemnity To Injured Party.

588.11 INDEMNITY TO INJURED PARTY.
If any actual loss or injury to a party in an action or special proceeding, prejudicial to the person's right therein, is caused by such contempt, the court or officer, in addition to the fine or imprisonment imposed therefor, may order the person guilty of the contempt to pay the party aggrieved a sum of money sufficient to indemnify the party and satisfy the party's costs and expenses, including a reasonable attorney's fee incurred in the prosecution of such contempt, which order, and the acceptance of money thereunder, shall be a bar to an action for such loss and injury.
History:
(9803) RL s 4649; 1945 c 434 s 2; 1986 c 444
2023 Minnesota Statutes › Chapters 585 - 590 — Extraordinary Writs; Contempt; Postconviction Relief › Chapter 588 — Contempts Of Court › Section 588.12 — Imprisonment Until Performance.

588.12 IMPRISONMENT UNTIL PERFORMANCE.
When the contempt consists in the omission to perform an act which is yet in the power of the person to perform, the person may be imprisoned until the person performs it, and in such case the act shall be specified in the warrant of commitment.
History:
(9804) RL s 4650; 1986 c 444