reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4107 - Separate office of bank.

A branch or separate office of a bank is a separate bank for the purpose of computing the time within which and determining the place at or to which action may be taken or notices or orders must be given under this article and under article 3.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 842; A 1993, 1301)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4108 - Time of receipt of items.

1. For the purpose of allowing time to process items, prove balances and make the necessary entries on its books to determine its position for the day, a bank may fix an afternoon hour of 2 p.m. or later as a cutoff hour for the handling of money and items and the making of entries on its books.
2. Any item or deposit of money received on any day after a cutoff hour so fixed or after the close of the banking day may be treated as being received at the opening of the next banking day.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 842)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4109 - Delays.

1. Unless otherwise instructed, a collecting bank in a good faith effort to secure payment of a specific item drawn on a payor other than a bank, and with or without the approval of any person involved, may waive, modify or extend time limits imposed or permitted by this chapter for a period not exceeding two additional banking days without discharge of drawers or endorsers or liability to its transferor or a prior party.
2. Delay by a collecting bank or payor bank beyond time limits prescribed or permitted by this chapter or by instructions is excused if:
(a) The delay is caused by interruption of communication or computer facilities, suspension of payments by another bank, war, emergency conditions, failure of equipment or other circumstances beyond the control of the bank; and
(b) The bank exercises such diligence as the circumstances require.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 842; A 1993, 1301)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4110 - Electronic presentment.

1. "Agreement for electronic presentment" means an agreement, clearing-house rule or Federal Reserve regulation or operating circular, providing that presentment of an item may be made by transmission of an image of an item or information describing the item ("presentment notice") rather than delivery of the item itself. The agreement may provide for procedures governing retention, presentment, payment, dishonor and other matters concerning items subject to the agreement.
2. Presentment of an item pursuant to an agreement for presentment is made when the presentment notice is received.
3. If presentment is made by presentment notice, a reference to "item" or "check" in this article means the presentment notice unless the context otherwise indicates.
(Added to NRS by 1993, 1248)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4201 - Status of collecting bank as agent and provisional status of credits; item endorsed "pay any bank."

1. Unless a contrary intent clearly appears and before the time that a settlement given by a collecting bank for an item is or becomes final, the bank, with respect to the item, is an agent or subagent of the owner of the item and any settlement given for the item is provisional. This provision applies regardless of the form of endorsement or lack of endorsement and even though credit given for the item is subject to immediate withdrawal as of right or is in fact withdrawn; but the continuance of ownership of an item by its owner and any rights of the owner to proceeds of the item are subject to rights of a collecting bank such as those resulting from outstanding advances on the item and rights of recoupment or setoff. If an item is handled by banks for purposes of presentment, payment, collection or return, the relevant provisions of this article apply even though action of the parties clearly establishes that a particular bank has purchased the item and is the owner of it.
2. After an item has been endorsed with the words "pay any bank" or the like, only a bank may acquire the rights of a holder until the item has been:
(a) Returned to the customer initiating collection; or
(b) Specially endorsed by a bank to a person who is not a bank.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 843; A 1993, 1302)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4202 - Responsibility for collection or return; when action timely.

1. A collecting bank must exercise ordinary care in:
(a) Presenting an item or sending it for presentment;
(b) Sending notice of dishonor or nonpayment or returning an item other than a documentary draft to the bank’s transferor after learning that the item has not been paid or accepted, as the case may be;
(c) Settling for an item when the bank receives final settlement; and
(d) Notifying its transferor of any loss or delay in transit within a reasonable time after discovery thereof.
2. A collecting bank exercises ordinary care under subsection 1 by taking proper action before its midnight deadline following receipt of an item, notice or settlement. Taking proper action within a reasonably longer time may constitute the exercise of ordinary care, but the bank has the burden of establishing timeliness.
3. Subject to paragraph (a) of subsection 1, a bank is not liable for the insolvency, neglect, misconduct, mistake or default of another bank or person or for loss or destruction of or inability to obtain repossession of an item in the possession of others or in transit.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 843; A 1985, 18; 1993, 1302)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4203 - Effect of instructions.

Subject to the provisions of article 3 concerning conversion of instruments (NRS 104.3420) and restrictive endorsements (NRS 104.3206), only a collecting bank’s transferor can give instructions that affect the bank or constitute notice to it, and a collecting bank is not liable to prior parties for any action taken pursuant to the instructions or in accordance with any agreement with its transferor.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 843; A 1993, 1303)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4204 - Methods of sending and presenting; sending directly to payor bank.

1. A collecting bank shall send items by a reasonably prompt method, taking into consideration relevant instructions, the nature of the item, the number of such items on hand, the cost of collection involved, and the method generally used by it or others to present such items.
2. A collecting bank may send:
(a) An item directly to the payor bank;
(b) An item to a nonbank payor if authorized by its transferor; and
(c) An item other than documentary drafts to a nonbank payor, if authorized by Federal Reserve regulation or operating circular, clearinghouse rule or the like.
3. Presentment may be made by a presenting bank at a place where the payor bank or other payor has requested that presentment be made.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 844; A 1993, 1303)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4205 - Depository bank holder of unendorsed item.

If a customer delivers an item to a depositary bank for collection:
1. The depositary bank becomes a holder of the item at the time it receives the item for collection if the customer at the time of delivery was a holder of the item, whether or not the customer endorses the item, and, if the bank satisfies the other requirements of NRS 104.3302, it is a holder in due course; and
2. The depositary bank warrants to collecting banks, the payor bank or other payor, and the drawer that the amount of the item was paid to the customer or deposited to the customer’s account.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 844; A 1993, 1303)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4207 - Transfer warranties.

1. A customer or collecting bank that transfers an item and receives a settlement or other consideration warrants to the transferee and to any subsequent collecting bank that:
(a) The warrantor is a person entitled to enforce the item;
(b) All signatures on the item are authentic and authorized;
(c) The item has not been altered;
(d) The item is not subject to a defense or claim in recoupment (subsection 1 of NRS 104.3305) of any party that can be asserted against the warrantor;
(e) The warrantor has no knowledge of any insolvency proceeding commenced with respect to the maker or acceptor or, in the case of an unaccepted draft, the drawer; and
(f) With respect to a remotely-created item, that the person on whose account the item is drawn authorized the issuance of the item in the amount for which the item is drawn.
2. If an item is dishonored, a customer or collecting bank transferring the item and receiving settlement or other consideration is obliged to pay the amount due on the item according to the terms of the item at the time it was transferred, or if the transfer was of an incomplete item, according to its terms when completed as stated in NRS 104.3115 and 104.3407. The obligation of a transferor is owed to the transferee and to any subsequent collecting bank that takes the item in good faith. A transferor cannot disclaim its obligation under this subsection by an endorsement stating that it is made "without recourse" or otherwise disclaiming liability.
3. A person to whom the warranties under subsection 1 are made and who took the item in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, but not more than the amount of the item plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.
4. The warranties stated in subsection 1 cannot be disclaimed with respect to checks. Unless notice of a claim for breach of warranty is given to the warrantor within 30 days after the claimant has reason to know of the breach and the identity of the warrantor, the warrantor is discharged to the extent of any loss caused by the delay in giving notice of the claim.
5. A cause of action for breach of warranty under this section accrues when the claimant has reason to know of the breach.
6. No claim for breach of warranty in paragraph (f) of subsection 1 is available against a person to which an item was transferred to the extent that under applicable law, including the applicable choice-of-law principles, the person that transferred the item did not make the warranty in paragraph (f) of subsection 1.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 844; A 1993, 1304; 2005, 2006)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4209 - Encoding and retention warranties.

1. A person who encodes information on or with respect to an item after issue, warrants to any subsequent collecting bank and to the payor bank or other payor that the information is correctly encoded. If the customer of a depositary bank encodes, that bank also makes the warranty.
2. A person who undertakes to retain an item pursuant to an agreement for electronic presentment warrants to any subsequent collecting bank and to the payor bank or other payor that retention and presentment of the item comply with the agreement. If a customer of a depositary bank undertakes to retain an item, that bank also makes this warranty.
3. A person to whom warranties are made under this section and who took the item in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.
(Added to NRS by 1993, 1249)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4210 - Security interest of collecting bank in items, accompanying documents and proceeds.

1. A collecting bank has a security interest in an item and any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either:
(a) In case of an item deposited in an account to the extent to which credit given for the item has been withdrawn or applied;
(b) In case of an item for which it has given credit available for withdrawal as of right, to the extent of the credit given, whether or not the credit is drawn upon or there is a right of charge-back; or
(c) If it makes an advance on or against the item.
2. If credit given for several items received at one time or pursuant to a single agreement is withdrawn or applied in part the security interest remains upon all the items, any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either. For the purpose of this section, credits first given are first withdrawn.
3. Receipt by a collecting bank of a final settlement for an item is a realization on its security interest in the item, accompanying documents, and proceeds. To the extent and so long as the bank does not receive final settlement for the item or give up possession of the item or possession or control of the accompanying documents for purposes other than collection, the security interest continues and is subject to the provisions of Article 9 except that:
(a) No security agreement is necessary to make the security interest enforceable (subparagraph (1) of paragraph (c) of subsection 2 of NRS 104.9203);
(b) No filing is required to perfect the security interest; and
(c) The security interest has priority over conflicting perfected security interests in the item, accompanying documents, or proceeds.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 845; A 1993, 1305; 1999, 375; 2005, 856)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4211 - When bank gives value for purposes of holder in due course.

For purposes of determining its status as a holder in due course, a bank has given value to the extent that it has a security interest in an item if the bank otherwise complies with the requirements of NRS 104.3302 on what constitutes a holder in due course.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 846; A 1993, 1306)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4212 - Presentment by notice of item not payable by, through or at bank; liability of drawer or endorser.

1. Unless otherwise instructed, a collecting bank may present an item not payable by, through or at a bank by sending to the party to accept or pay a record providing notice that the bank holds the item for acceptance or payment. The notice must be sent in time to be received on or before the day when presentment is due and the bank must meet any requirement of the party to accept or pay under NRS 104.3501 by the close of the bank’s next banking day after it knows of the requirement.
2. If presentment is made by notice and payment, acceptance or request for compliance with a requirement under NRS 104.3501 is not received by the close of business on the day after maturity or in the case of demand items by the close of business on the third banking day after notice was sent, the presenting bank may treat the item as dishonored and charge any drawer or endorser by sending him or her notice of the facts.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 846; A 1993, 1306; 2005, 2007)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4213 - Medium and time of settlement by bank.

1. With respect to settlement by a bank, the medium and time of settlement may be prescribed by Federal Reserve regulations or circulars, clearinghouse rules, and the like, or agreement. In the absence of such prescription:
(a) The medium of settlement is cash or credit to an account in a Federal Reserve bank of or specified by the person to receive settlement; and
(b) The time of settlement is:
(1) With respect to tender of settlement by cash, a cashier’s check or teller’s check, when the cash or check is sent or delivered;
(2) With respect to tender of settlement by credit in an account in a Federal Reserve bank, when the credit is made;
(3) With respect to tender of settlement by a credit or debit to an account in a bank, when the credit or debit is made or, in the case of tender of settlement by authority to charge an account, when the authority is sent or delivered; or
(4) With respect to tender of settlement by a funds transfer, when payment is made pursuant to subsection 1 of NRS 104A.4406, to the person receiving settlement.
2. If the tender of settlement is not by a medium authorized by subsection 1 or the time of settlement is not fixed by subsection 1, no settlement occurs until the tender of settlement is accepted by the person receiving settlement.
3. If settlement for an item is made by cashier’s check or teller’s check and the person receiving settlement, before its midnight deadline:
(a) Presents or forwards the check for collection, settlement is final when the check is finally paid; or
(b) Fails to present or forward the check for collection, settlement is final at the midnight deadline of the person receiving settlement.
4. If settlement for an item is made by giving authority to charge the account of the bank giving settlement in the bank receiving settlement, settlement is final when the charge is made by the bank receiving settlement if there are funds available in the account for the amount of the item.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 846; A 1991, 412; 1993, 1306)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4214 - Right of charge-back or refund; liability of collecting bank; return of item.

1. If a collecting bank has made provisional settlement with its customer for an item and fails by reason of dishonor, suspension of payments by a bank, or otherwise to receive a settlement for the item which is or becomes final, the bank may revoke the settlement given by it, charge back the amount of any credit given for the item to its customer’s account, or obtain refund from its customer, whether or not it is able to return the item, if by its midnight deadline or within a longer reasonable time after it learns the facts it returns the item or sends notification of the facts. If the return or notice is delayed beyond the bank’s midnight deadline or a longer reasonable time after it learns the facts, the bank may revoke the settlement, charge back the credit, or obtain refund from its customer, but it is liable for any loss resulting from the delay. These rights to revoke, charge back and obtain refund terminate if and when a settlement for the item received by the bank is or becomes final.
2. A collecting bank returns an item when it is sent or delivered to the bank’s customer or transferor or pursuant to its instructions.
3. A depositary bank that is also the payor may charge back the amount of an item to its customer’s account or obtain refund in accordance with the section governing return of an item received by a payor bank for credit on its books (NRS 104.4301).
4. The right to charge back is not affected by:
(a) Previous use of the credit given for the item; or
(b) Failure by any bank to exercise ordinary care with respect to the item but a bank so failing remains liable.
5. A failure to charge back or claim refund does not affect other rights of the bank against the customer or any other party.
6. If credit is given in dollars as the equivalent of the value of an item payable in foreign money, the dollar amount of any charge back or refund must be calculated on the basis of the bank-offered spot rate for the foreign money prevailing on the day when the person entitled to the charge back or refund learns that it will not receive payment in ordinary course. If the return or notice is delayed beyond the bank’s midnight deadline or a longer reasonable time after it learns the facts, the bank may revoke the settlement, charge back the credit, or obtain refund from its customer, but it is liable for any loss resulting from the delay.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 847; A 1967, 117; 1985, 18; 1993, 1308)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4215 - Final payment of item by payor bank; when provisional debits and credits become final; when certain credits become available for withdrawal.

1. Except as otherwise provided in NRS 104.3418, an item is finally paid by a payor bank when the bank has first done any of the following:
(a) Paid the item in cash;
(b) Settled for the item without having a right to revoke settlement under statute, clearinghouse rule, or agreement; or
(c) Made a provisional settlement for the item and failed to revoke the settlement in the time and manner permitted by statute, clearinghouse rule, or agreement.
2. If provisional settlement for an item does not become final, the item is not finally paid.
3. If provisional settlement for an item between the presenting and payor banks is made through a clearing house or by debits or credits in an account between them, then to the extent that provisional debits or credits for the item are entered in accounts between the presenting and payor banks or between the presenting and successive prior collecting banks seriatim, they become final upon final payment of the item by the payor bank.
4. If a collecting bank receives a settlement for an item which is or becomes final, the bank is accountable to its customer for the amount of the item and any provisional credit given for the item in an account with its customer becomes final.
5. Subject to applicable law stating a time for availability of funds and any right of the bank to apply the credit to an obligation of the customer, credit given by a bank for an item in an account with its customer becomes available for withdrawal as of right:
(a) If the bank has received a provisional settlement for the item, when the settlement becomes final and the bank has had a reasonable time to receive return of the item and the item has not been received within that time;
(b) If the bank is both a depositary bank and a payor bank and the item is finally paid, at the opening of the bank’s second banking day following receipt of the item.
6. Subject to applicable law stating a time for availability of funds and any right of the bank to apply the deposit to an obligation of the customer, the deposit becomes available for withdrawal as of right at the opening of the bank’s next banking day after receipt of the deposit.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 848; A 1993, 1309)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4216 - Insolvency and preference.

1. If an item is in or comes into the possession of a payor or collecting bank that suspends payment and the item has not been finally paid the item must be returned by the receiver, trustee or agent in charge of the closed bank to the presenting bank or the closed bank’s customer.
2. If a payor bank finally pays an item and suspends payments without making a settlement for the item with its customer or the presenting bank which settlement is or becomes final, the owner of the item has a preferred claim against the payor bank.
3. If a payor bank gives or a collecting bank gives or receives a provisional settlement for an item and thereafter suspends payments, the suspension does not prevent or interfere with the settlement’s becoming final if the finality occurs automatically upon the lapse of certain time or the happening of certain events.
4. If a collecting bank receives from subsequent parties settlement for an item, the settlement is or becomes final, and the bank suspends payments without making a settlement for the item with its customer which is or becomes final, the owner of the item has a preferred claim against the collecting bank.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 848; A 1993, 1310)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4301 - Deferred posting; recovery of payment by return of items; time of dishonor; return of items by payor bank.

1. If a payor bank settles for a demand item other than a documentary draft presented otherwise than for immediate payment over the counter before midnight of the banking day of receipt the payor bank may revoke the settlement and recover the settlement if, before it has made final payment and before its midnight deadline, it:
(a) Returns the item;
(b) Returns an image of the item, if the party to which the return is made has entered into an agreement to accept an image as a return of the item and the image is returned in accordance with that agreement; or
(c) Sends a record providing notice of dishonor or nonpayment if the item is unavailable for return.
2. If a demand item is received by a payor bank for credit on its books it may return the item or send notice of dishonor and may revoke any credit given or recover the amount thereof withdrawn by its customer, if it acts within the time limit and in the manner specified in subsection 1.
3. Unless previous notice of dishonor has been sent an item is dishonored at the time when for purposes of dishonor it is returned or notice sent in accordance with this section.
4. An item is returned:
(a) As to an item presented through a clearinghouse, when it is delivered to the presenting or last collecting bank or to the clearinghouse or is sent or delivered in accordance with clearinghouse rules; or
(b) In all other cases, when it is sent or delivered to the bank’s customer or transferor or pursuant to his or her instructions.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 849; A 1993, 1310; 2005, 2008)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4302 - Payor bank’s responsibility for late return of item.

1. If an item is presented to and received by a payor bank, the bank is accountable for the amount of:
(a) A demand item, other than a documentary draft, whether properly payable or not, if the bank, in any case where it is not also the depositary bank, retains the item beyond midnight of the banking day of receipt without settling for it or, whether or not it is also the depositary bank, does not pay or return the item or send notice of dishonor until after its midnight deadline; or
(b) Any other properly payable item unless, within the time allowed for acceptance or payment of that item, the bank either accepts or pays the item or returns it and accompanying documents.
2. The liability of a payor bank to pay an item pursuant to subsection 1 is subject to defenses based on breach of a presentment warranty (NRS 104.4208) or proof that the person seeking enforcement of the liability presented or transferred the item for the purpose of defrauding the payor bank.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 849; A 1993, 1311)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4303 - When items subject to notice, stop-payment order, legal process or setoff; order in which items may be charged or certified.

1. Any knowledge, notice or stop-payment order received by, legal process served upon, or setoff exercised by a payor bank comes too late to terminate, suspend or modify the bank’s right or duty to pay an item or to charge its customer’s account for the item if the knowledge, notice, stop-payment order or legal process is received or served and a reasonable time for the bank to act thereon expires or the setoff is exercised after the earliest of the following:
(a) The bank accepts or certifies the item;
(b) The bank pays the item in cash;
(c) The bank settles for the item without having a right to revoke the settlement under statute, clearinghouse rule, or agreement;
(d) The bank becomes accountable for the amount of the item under NRS 104.4302 dealing with the payor bank’s responsibility for late return of items; or
(e) With respect to checks, a cutoff hour no earlier than 1 hour after the opening of the next banking day after the banking day on which the bank received the check and no later than the close of that next banking day or, if no cutoff hour is fixed, the close of the next banking day after the banking day on which the bank received the check.
2. Subject to the provisions of subsection 1 items may be accepted, paid, certified or charged to the indicated account of its customer in any order.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 850; A 1993, 1311)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4401 - When bank may charge customer’s account.

1. A bank may charge against the account of a customer any item that is properly payable from that account even though the charge creates an overdraft. An item is properly payable if it is authorized by the customer and is in accordance with any agreement between the customer and bank.
2. A customer is not liable for the amount of an overdraft if the customer neither signed the item nor benefited from the proceeds of the item.
3. A bank may charge against the account of a customer a check that is otherwise properly payable from the account, even though payment was made before the date of the check, unless the customer has given notice to the bank of the postdating describing the check with reasonable certainty. The notice is effective for the period stated in subsection 2 of NRS 104.4403 for stop-payment orders, and must be received at such time and in such manner as to afford the bank a reasonable opportunity to act on it before the bank takes any action with respect to the check described in NRS 104.4303. If a bank charges against the account of a customer a check before the date stated in the notice of postdating, the bank is liable for damages for the loss resulting from its act. The loss may include damages for dishonor of subsequent items under NRS 104.4402.
4. A bank which in good faith makes payment to a holder may charge the indicated account of its customer according to:
(a) The original terms of the customer’s altered item; or
(b) The terms of the customer’s completed item, even though the bank knows the item has been completed unless the bank has notice that the completion was improper.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 850; A 1993, 1312)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4402 - Bank’s liability to customer for wrongful dishonor; time of determining insufficiency of account.

1. Except as otherwise provided in this article, a payor bank wrongfully dishonors an item if it dishonors an item that is properly payable, but a bank may dishonor an item that would create an overdraft unless it has agreed to pay the overdraft.
2. A payor bank is liable to its customer for damages proximately caused by the wrongful dishonor of an item. Liability is limited to actual damages proved and may include damages for an arrest or prosecution of the customer or other consequential damages. Whether any consequential damages are proximately caused by the wrongful dishonor is a question of fact to be determined in each case.
3. A payor bank’s determination of the customer’s account balance on which a decision to dishonor for insufficiency of available funds is based may be made at any time between the time the item is received by the payor bank and the time that the payor bank returns the item or gives notice in lieu of return, and no more than one determination need be made. If, at the election of the payor bank, a subsequent determination is made for the purpose of reevaluating the bank’s decision to dishonor the item, the account balance at that time is determinative of whether a dishonor for insufficiency of available funds is wrongful.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 851; A 1993, 1312)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4403 - Customer’s right to stop payment; burden of proof of loss.

1. A customer or any person authorized to draw on the account if there is more than one person, may stop payment of any item drawn on the customer’s account or close the account by an order to the bank describing the item or account with reasonable certainty received at a time and in a manner that affords the bank a reasonable opportunity to act on it before the happening of any of the events described in NRS 104.4303. If the signature of more than one person is required to draw on an account, any of these persons may stop payment or close the account.
2. A stop-payment order is effective for 6 months, but it lapses after 14 calendar days if the original order was oral and was not confirmed in a record within that period. A stop-payment order may be renewed for additional 6-month periods by a record given to the bank within a period during which the stop-payment order is effective.
3. The burden of establishing the fact and amount of loss resulting from the payment of an item contrary to a stop-payment order or order to close an account is on the customer. The loss from payment of an item contrary to a stop-payment order may include damages for dishonor of subsequent items under NRS 104.4402.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 851; A 1993, 1313; 2005, 2008)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4404 - Bank not obligated to pay check more than 6 months old.

A bank is under no obligation to a customer having a checking account to pay a check, other than a certified check, which is presented more than 6 months after its date, but it may charge its customer’s account for a payment made thereafter.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 851)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4405 - Death or incompetence of customer.

1. A payor or collecting bank’s authority to accept, pay or collect an item or to account for proceeds of its collection, if otherwise effective, is not rendered ineffective by incompetence of a customer of either bank existing at the time the item is issued or its collection is undertaken if the bank does not know of an adjudication of incompetence. Neither death nor incompetence of a customer revokes the authority to accept, pay, collect or account until the bank knows of the fact of death or of an adjudication of incompetence and has reasonable opportunity to act on it.
2. Even with knowledge, a bank may, for 10 days after the date of death, pay or certify checks drawn by the decedent on or before that date unless ordered to stop payment by a person claiming an interest in the account.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 851; A 1971, 1008; 1993, 1313)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4407 - Payor bank’s right to subrogation on improper payment.

If a payor bank has paid an item over the order of the drawer or maker to stop payment, or after an account has been closed, or otherwise under circumstances giving a basis for objection by the drawer or maker, to prevent unjust enrichment and only to the extent necessary to prevent loss to the bank by reason of its payment of the item, the payor bank is subrogated to the rights:
1. Of any holder in due course on the item against the drawer or maker;
2. Of the payee or any other holder of the item against the drawer or maker either on the item or under the transaction out of which the item arose; and
3. Of the drawer or maker against the payee or any other holder of the item with respect to the transaction out of which the item arose.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 852; A 1993, 1316)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4501 - Handling of documentary drafts; duty to send for presentment and to notify customer of dishonor.

A bank which takes a documentary draft for collection must present or send the draft and accompanying documents for presentment and upon learning that the draft has not been paid or accepted in due course must seasonably notify its customer of such fact even though it may have discounted or bought the draft or extended credit available for withdrawal as of right.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 853)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4502 - Presentment of "on arrival" drafts.

When a draft or the relevant instructions require presentment "on arrival," "when goods arrive" or the like, the collecting bank need not present until in its judgment a reasonable time for arrival of the goods has expired. Refusal to pay or accept because the goods have not arrived is not dishonor; the bank must notify its transferor of such refusal but need not present the draft again until it is instructed to do so or learns of the arrival of the goods.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 853)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4503 - Responsibility of presenting bank for documents and goods; report of reasons for dishonor; referee in case of need.

Unless otherwise instructed and except as provided in article 5 a bank presenting a documentary draft:
1. Must deliver the documents to the drawee on acceptance of the draft if it is payable more than 3 days after presentment; otherwise, only on payment; and
2. Upon dishonor, either in the case of presentment for acceptance or presentment for payment, may seek and follow instructions from any referee in case of need designated in the draft or if the presenting bank does not choose to utilize the referee’s services it must use diligence and good faith to ascertain the reason for dishonor, must notify its transferor of the dishonor and of the results of its effort to ascertain the reasons therefor and must request instructions.
But the presenting bank is under no obligation with respect to goods represented by the documents except to follow any reasonable instructions seasonably received; it has a right to reimbursement for any expense incurred in following instructions and to prepayment of or indemnity for such expenses.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 853)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.4504 - Privilege of presenting bank to deal with goods; security interest for expenses.

1. A presenting bank which, following the dishonor of a documentary draft, has seasonably requested instructions but does not receive them within a reasonable time may store, sell or otherwise deal with the goods in any reasonable manner.
2. For its reasonable expenses incurred by action under subsection 1 the presenting bank has a lien upon the goods or their proceeds, which may be foreclosed in the same manner as an unpaid seller’s lien.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 853)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.5103 - Scope.

1. This Article applies to letters of credit and to certain rights and obligations arising out of transactions involving letters of credit.
2. The statement of a rule in this Article does not by itself require, imply or negate application of the same or a different rule to a situation not provided for, or to a person not specified, in this Article.
3. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, subsections 1 and 4 of this section, paragraphs (i) and (j) of subsection 1 of NRS 104.5102, subsection 4 of NRS 104.5106 and subsection 4 of NRS 104.5114, and except to the extent prohibited in NRS 104.1302 and subsection 4 of NRS 104.5117, the effect of this Article may be varied by agreement or by a provision stated or incorporated by reference in an undertaking. A term in an agreement or undertaking generally excusing liability or generally limiting remedies for failure to perform obligations is not sufficient to vary obligations prescribed by this Article.
4. Rights and obligations of an issuer to a beneficiary or a nominated person under a letter of credit are independent of the existence, performance or nonperformance of a contract or arrangement out of which the letter of credit arises or which underlies it, including contracts or arrangements between the issuer and the applicant and between the applicant and the beneficiary.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 854; A 1997, 376; 2005, 857)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.5106 - Issuance, amendment, cancellation and duration.

1. A letter of credit is issued and becomes enforceable according to its terms against the issuer when the issuer sends or otherwise transmits it to the person requested to advise or to the beneficiary. A letter of credit is revocable only if it so provides.
2. After a letter of credit is issued, rights and obligations of a beneficiary, applicant, confirmer and issuer are not affected by an amendment or cancellation to which he or she has not consented except to the extent the letter of credit provides that it is revocable or that the issuer may amend or cancel the letter of credit without that consent.
3. If there is no stated expiration date or other provision that determines its duration, a letter of credit expires 1 year after its stated date of issuance or, if none is stated, after the date on which it is issued.
4. A letter of credit which states that it is perpetual expires 5 years after its stated date of issuance, or if none is stated, after the date on which it is issued.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 855; A 1997, 379)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.5107 - Confirmer, nominated person and adviser.

1. A confirmer is directly obligated on a letter of credit and has the rights and obligations of an issuer to the extent of its confirmation. The confirmer also has rights against and obligations to the issuer as if the issuer were an applicant and the confirmer had issued the letter of credit at the request and for the account of the issuer.
2. A nominated person who is not a confirmer is not obligated to honor or otherwise give value for a presentation.
3. A person requested to advise may decline to act as an adviser. An adviser that is not a confirmer is not obligated to honor or give value for a presentation. An adviser undertakes to the issuer and to the beneficiary accurately to advise the terms of the letter of credit, confirmation, amendment or advice received by the adviser and undertakes to the beneficiary to check the apparent authenticity of the request to advise. Even if the advice is inaccurate, the letter of credit, confirmation or amendment is enforceable as issued.
4. A person who notifies a transferee beneficiary of the terms of a letter of credit, confirmation, amendment or advice has the rights and obligations of an adviser under subsection 3. The terms in the notice to the transferee beneficiary may differ from the terms in any notice to the transferor beneficiary to the extent permitted by the letter of credit, confirmation, amendment or advice received by the person who so notifies.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 855; A 1997, 380)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.5109 - Fraud and forgery.

1. If a presentation is made that appears on its face strictly to comply with the terms and conditions of a letter of credit, but a required document is forged or materially fraudulent, or honor of the presentation would facilitate a material fraud by the beneficiary on the issuer or applicant:
(a) The issuer shall honor the presentation, if honor is demanded by a nominated person who has given value in good faith and without notice of forgery or material fraud, a confirmer who has honored his or her confirmation in good faith, a holder in due course of a draft drawn under the letter of credit which was taken after acceptance by the issuer or nominated person, or an assignee of the issuer’s or nominated person’s deferred obligation that was taken for value and without notice of forgery or material fraud after the obligation was incurred by the issuer or nominated person; and
(b) The issuer, acting in good faith, may honor or dishonor the presentation in any other case.
2. If an applicant claims that a required document is forged or materially fraudulent or that honor of the presentation would facilitate a material fraud by the beneficiary on the issuer or applicant, a court of competent jurisdiction may temporarily or permanently enjoin the issuer from honoring the presentation or grant similar relief against the issuer or other persons only if the court finds that:
(a) The relief is not prohibited under the law applicable to an accepted draft or deferred obligation incurred by the issuer;
(b) A beneficiary, issuer or nominated person who may be adversely affected is adequately protected against loss that it may suffer because the relief is granted;
(c) All of the conditions to entitle a person to the relief under the law of this State have been met; and
(d) On the basis of the information submitted to the court, the applicant is more likely than not to succeed under its claim of forgery or material fraud and the person demanding honor does not qualify for protection under paragraph (a) of subsection 1.
(Added to NRS by 1997, 356)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.5110 - Warranties.

1. If its presentation is honored, the beneficiary warrants:
(a) To the issuer, any other person to whom presentation is made, and the applicant that there is no fraud or forgery of the kind described in subsection 1 of NRS 104.5109; and
(b) To the applicant that the drawing does not violate any agreement between the applicant and beneficiary or any other agreement intended by them to be augmented by the letter of credit.
2. The warranties in subsection 1 are in addition to warranties arising under articles 3, 4, 7 and 8 because of the presentation or transfer of documents covered by any of those articles.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 857; A 1997, 382)
2023 Nevada Revised Statutes › Chapter 104 - Uniform Commercial Code—Original Articles › NRS 104.5111 - Remedies.

1. If an issuer wrongfully dishonors or repudiates its obligation to pay money under a letter of credit before presentation, the beneficiary, successor or nominated person presenting on its own behalf may recover from the issuer the amount that is the subject of the dishonor or repudiation. If the issuer’s obligation under the letter of credit is not for the payment of money, the claimant may obtain specific performance or, at the claimant’s election, recover an amount equal to the value of performance from the issuer. In either case, the claimant may also recover incidental but not consequential damages. The claimant is not obligated to take action to avoid damages that might be due from the issuer under this subsection. If, although not obligated to do so, the claimant avoids damages, the claimant’s recovery from the issuer must be reduced by the amount of damages avoided. The issuer has the burden of proving the amount of damages avoided. In the case of repudiation the claimant need not present any document.
2. If an issuer wrongfully dishonors a draft or demand presented under a letter of credit or honors a draft or demand in breach of its obligation to the applicant, the applicant may recover damages resulting from the breach, including incidental but not consequential damages, less any amount saved as a result of the breach.
3. If an adviser or nominated person other than a confirmer breaches an obligation under this article or an issuer breaches an obligation not covered in subsection 1 or 2, a person to whom the obligation is owed may recover damages resulting from the breach, including incidental but not consequential damages, less any amount saved as a result of the breach. To the extent of the confirmation, a confirmer has the liability of an issuer specified in this subsection and subsections 1 and 2.
4. An issuer, nominated person or adviser who is found liable under subsection 1, 2 or 3 shall pay interest on the amount owed thereunder from the date of wrongful dishonor or other appropriate date.
5. Reasonable attorney’s fees and other expenses of litigation must be awarded to the prevailing party in an action in which a remedy is sought under this article.
6. Damages that would otherwise be payable by a party for breach of an obligation under this article may be liquidated by agreement or undertaking, but only in an amount or by a formula that is reasonable in light of the harm anticipated.
(Added to NRS by 1965, 858; A 1997, 383)