reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-2-114. Bill restriction

1-2-114. Bill restriction.
(1) A bill may not be introduced enacting a new law or amending an existing law to require a local government unit to perform an activity or provide a service or facility that requires a direct expenditure of additional funds without a specific means to finance the activity, service, or facility in violation of 1-2-112 or 1-2-113.
(2) The estimate of fiscal impact provided in accordance with 5-4-210 must be considered in determination of whether a bill is introduced in violation of subsection (1).
History: En. Sec. 3, Ch. 416, L. 1995.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-2-115. Enforcement

1-2-115. Enforcement.
(1) A local government unit may use a remedy provided in subsection (2), (3), or (4) to prevent the application of a law enacted in violation of 1-2-112 or 1-2-113.
(2) A local government may, with the consent of a state agency charged with the implementation of the law, arbitrate the application of the law pursuant to the Uniform Arbitration Act.
(3) A local government unit may request a hearing before an administrative agency charged with the administration of the law. A hearing held pursuant to this section is a contested case proceeding pursuant to the Montana Administrative Procedure Act. The decision of the agency may be appealed in accordance with Title 2, chapter 4, part 7.
(4) A local government unit may bring a civil action in the district court of the county in which the local government unit is located to prevent the application of a law enacted in violation of 1-2-112 or 1-2-113. The state of Montana may be named as the respondent or defendant in an action brought pursuant to this section.
History: En. Sec. 5, Ch. 416, L. 1995.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-2-117. Construction of right of individual privacy

1-2-117. Construction of right of individual privacy.
The right of individual privacy as referenced in the Montana constitution, the Montana Code Annotated, or the Administrative Rules of Montana does not create, and may not be construed as creating or recognizing, a right to abortion or to governmental funding of abortion.
History: En. Sec. 1, Ch. 402, L. 2023.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 2. Effect of Legislature's Actions › 1-2-201. Statutes -- effective date

1-2-201. Statutes -- effective date.
(1) (a) Except as provided in subsection (1)(b), (1)(c), or (1)(d), every statute adopted after January 1, 1981, takes effect on the first day of October following its passage and approval unless a different time is prescribed in the enacting legislation.
(b) Subject to subsection (1)(d), every statute providing for appropriation by the legislature for public funds for a public purpose takes effect on the first day of July following its passage and approval unless a different time is prescribed in the enacting legislation.
(c) Subject to subsection (1)(d), every statute providing for the taxation of or the imposition of a fee on motor vehicles takes effect on the first day of January following its passage and approval unless a different time is prescribed in the enacting legislation.
(d) Every statute enacted during a special session of the legislature takes effect upon passage and approval unless a different time is prescribed in the enacting legislation.
(2) "Passage", as used in subsection (1), means the enactment into law of a bill, which has passed the legislature, either with or without the approval of the governor, as provided in the constitution.
History: (1)En. Sec. 3466, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 8074, Rev. C. 1907; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 92, L. 1921; re-en. Sec. 90, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Pol. C. Sec. 323; re-en. Sec. 90, R.C.M. 1935; Sec. 43-507, R.C.M. 1947; (2)En. Sec. 3467, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 8075, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 91, R.C.M. 1921; re-en. Sec. 91, R.C.M. 1935; amd. Sec. 20, Ch. 100, L. 1973; amd. Sec. 9, Ch. 309, L. 1977; Sec. 43-508, R.C.M. 1947; R.C.M. 1947, 43-507, 43-508; amd. Sec. 2, Ch. 119, L. 1979; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 466, L. 1981; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 604, L. 1991; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 18, L. 1995; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 104, L. 2003.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 2. Effect of Legislature's Actions › 1-2-202. Joint resolutions -- effective date

1-2-202. Joint resolutions -- effective date.
Every joint resolution, unless a different time is prescribed therein, takes effect from its passage.
History: En. Sec. 291, Pol. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 118, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 92, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Pol. C. Sec. 324; re-en. Sec. 92, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 43-509.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 2. Effect of Legislature's Actions › 1-2-203. Effect of amendment of statute

1-2-203. Effect of amendment of statute.
Where a section or a part of a statute is amended, it is not to be considered as having been repealed and reenacted in the amended form, but the portions which are not altered are to be considered as having been the law from the time when they were enacted, and the new provisions are to be considered as having been enacted at the time of the amendment.
History: En. Sec. 292, Pol. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 119, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 93, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Pol. C. Sec. 325; re-en. Sec. 93, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 43-510.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 2. Effect of Legislature's Actions › 1-2-204. Amendment of repealed act void

1-2-204. Amendment of repealed act void.
An act amending a section of an act repealed is void.
History: En. Sec. 297, Pol. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 124, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 98, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Pol. C. Sec. 330; re-en. Sec. 98, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 43-515.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 2. Effect of Legislature's Actions › 1-2-205. Repeal of law creating criminal offense

1-2-205. Repeal of law creating criminal offense.
The repeal of any law creating a criminal offense does not constitute a bar to an indictment or information and the punishment of an act already committed in violation of the law so repealed unless the intention to bar such indictment or information and punishment is expressly declared in the repealing act.
History: En. Sec. 8, p. 390, Cod. Stat. 1871; re-en. Sec. 152, 5th Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 209, 5th Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; amd. Sec. 296, Pol. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 123, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 97, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Pol. C. Sec. 329; re-en. Sec. 97, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 43-514.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 2. Effect of Legislature's Actions › 1-2-206. Repeal of repealed statute

1-2-206. Repeal of repealed statute.
The repeal of any statute or part of a statute heretofore repealed must not be so construed as a declaration, express or by implication, that such statute or part of a statute has been in force at any time subsequent to such first repeal.
History: En. Sec. 5180, Pol. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 3560, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 5526, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Pol. C. Sec. 4504; re-en. Sec. 5526, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 12-213.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 2. Effect of Legislature's Actions › 1-2-207. Repeal of repealing act -- no revival

1-2-207. Repeal of repealing act -- no revival.
No act or part of an act repealed by another act of the legislature is revived by the repeal of the repealing act without express words reviving such repealed act or part of an act.
History: En. Sec. 2, p. 390, Cod. Stat. 1871; re-en. Sec. 146, 5th Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 203, 5th Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; amd. Sec. 295, Pol. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 122, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 96, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Pol. C. Sec. 328; re-en. Sec. 96, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 43-513.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 2. Statutory Construction › Part 2. Effect of Legislature's Actions › 1-2-208. Provisions of law not codified in Montana Code Annotated because redundant

1-2-208. Provisions of law not codified in Montana Code Annotated because redundant.
(1) Whenever a provision of law codified in the Montana Code Annotated is amended in such a way that it conflicts with a provision of law that was not codified in the Montana Code Annotated because such uncodified provision was redundant with such codified provision, the codified provision, as amended, governs and must be given effect over the uncodified provision.
(2) Repeal or deletion of a provision of the Montana Code Annotated also repeals or deletes a provision of law that was not codified in the Montana Code Annotated because it was redundant with the repealed or deleted provision of the Montana Code Annotated, whether or not the repealed or deleted provision of the Montana Code Annotated was amended prior to its repeal or deletion.
History: En. Sec. 1, Ch. 79, L. 1985.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-3-101. Purpose of maxims

1-3-101. Purpose of maxims.
The maxims of jurisprudence set forth in part 2 of this chapter are intended not to qualify any of the other provisions of this code but to aid in their just application.
History: En. Sec. 4600, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6177, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8738, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3509; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1964; re-en. Sec. 8738, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-101.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-3-110. Mountain daylight time

1-3-110. (Effective on occurrence of contingency) Mountain daylight time.
(1) The year-round observed time of the entire state and all of the state's political subdivisions is mountain daylight time. The state exempts all areas of the state from mountain standard time.
(2) As used in this section:
(a) "Mountain daylight time" means the period during a year when mountain standard time is advanced 1 hour in accordance with 15 U.S.C. 260a.
(b) "Mountain standard time" means the observed time assigned to the mountain time zone in 15 U.S.C. 261.
History: En. Sec. 1, Ch. 447, L. 2021.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-201. Obsolete reason, obsolete rule

1-3-201. Obsolete reason, obsolete rule.
When the reason of a rule ceases, so should the rule itself.
History: En. Sec. 4601, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6178, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8739, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3510; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1965; re-en. Sec. 8739, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-102.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-202. Same reason, same rule

1-3-202. Same reason, same rule.
Where the reason is the same, the rule should be the same.
History: En. Sec. 4602, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6179, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8740, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3511; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1966; re-en. Sec. 8740, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-103.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-203. Change in purpose

1-3-203. Change in purpose.
A person may not change the person's purpose to the injury of another.
History: En. Sec. 4603, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6180, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8741, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3512; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1967; re-en. Sec. 8741, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-104; amd. Sec. 13, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-204. Waiver of benefit of law

1-3-204. Waiver of benefit of law.
Any person may waive the advantage of a law intended solely for that person's benefit. A law established for a public reason cannot be contravened by a private agreement.
History: En. Sec. 4604, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6181, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8742, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3513; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1968; re-en. Sec. 8742, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-105; amd. Sec. 14, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-205. Limit on rights

1-3-205. Limit on rights.
A person shall so use that person's own rights as not to infringe upon the rights of another.
History: En. Sec. 4605, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6182, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8743, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3514; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1969; re-en. Sec. 8743, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-106; amd. Sec. 15, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-206. Consent

1-3-206. Consent.
A person who consents to an act is not wronged by it.
History: En. Sec. 4606, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6183, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8744, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3515; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1970; re-en. Sec. 8744, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-107; amd. Sec. 16, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-207. Acquiescence

1-3-207. Acquiescence.
Acquiescence in error takes away the right of objecting to it.
History: En. Sec. 4607, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6184, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8745, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3516; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1971; re-en. Sec. 8745, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-108.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-208. Own wrong -- no advantage

1-3-208. Own wrong -- no advantage.
A person may not take advantage of the person's own wrong.
History: En. Sec. 4608; Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6185, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8746, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3517; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1972; re-en. Sec. 8746, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-109; amd. Sec. 17, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-209. Fraudulent dispossession

1-3-209. Fraudulent dispossession.
A person who has fraudulently dispossessed oneself of a thing may be treated as if the person still had possession.
History: En. Sec. 4609, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6186, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8747, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3518; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1973; re-en. Sec. 8747, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-110; amd. Sec. 18, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-210. Acts on one's behalf

1-3-210. Acts on one's behalf.
A person who can and does not forbid that which is done on that person's behalf is considered to have authorized it.
History: En. Sec. 4610, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6187, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8748, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3519; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1974; re-en. Sec. 8748, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-111; amd. Sec. 19, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-211. Acts of others

1-3-211. Acts of others.
No one should suffer for the act of another.
History: En. Sec. 4611, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6188, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8749, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3520; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1975; re-en. Sec. 8749, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-112.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-212. Benefit -- burden

1-3-212. Benefit -- burden.
A person who takes the benefit shall bear the burden.
History: En. Sec. 4612, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6189, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8750, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3521; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1976; re-en. Sec. 8750, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-113; amd. Sec. 20, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-213. Grant includes essentials

1-3-213. Grant includes essentials.
One who grants a thing is presumed to grant also whatever is essential to its use.
History: En. Sec. 4613, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6190, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8751, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3522; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1977; re-en. Sec. 8751, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-114.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-214. Wrong -- remedy

1-3-214. Wrong -- remedy.
For every wrong there is a remedy.
History: En. Sec. 4614, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6191, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8752, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3523; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1978; re-en. Sec. 8752, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-115.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-215. Equal in right or wrong

1-3-215. Equal in right or wrong.
Between those who are equally in the right or equally in the wrong, the law does not interpose.
History: En. Sec. 4615, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6192, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8753, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3524; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1979; re-en. Sec. 8753, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-116.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-216. Preference to earliest

1-3-216. Preference to earliest.
Between rights otherwise equal, the earliest is preferred.
History: En. Sec. 4616, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6193, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8754, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3525; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1980; re-en. Sec. 8754, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-117.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-217. Beyond control

1-3-217. Beyond control.
A person is not responsible for that which a person cannot control.
History: En. Sec. 4617, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6194, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8755, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3526; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1981; re-en. Sec. 8755, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-118; amd. Sec. 21, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-218. Vigilance

1-3-218. Vigilance.
The law helps the vigilant before those who sleep on their rights.
History: En. Sec. 4618, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6195, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8756, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3527; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1982; re-en. Sec. 8756, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-119.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-219. Form and substance

1-3-219. Form and substance.
The law respects form less than substance.
History: En. Sec. 4619, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6196, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8757, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3528; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1983; re-en. Sec. 8757, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-120.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-220. What ought to have been done

1-3-220. What ought to have been done.
That which ought to have been done is to be regarded as done, in favor of a person to whom and against a person from whom performance is due.
History: En. Sec. 4620, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6197, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8758, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3529; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1984; re-en. Sec. 8758, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-121; amd. Sec. 22, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-221. Apparent nonexistence

1-3-221. Apparent nonexistence.
That which does not appear to exist is to be regarded as if it did not exist.
History: En. Sec. 4621, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6198, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8759, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3530; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1985; re-en. Sec. 8759, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-122.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-222. Impossibilities

1-3-222. Impossibilities.
The law never requires impossibilities.
History: En. Sec. 4622, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6199, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8760, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3531; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1986; re-en. Sec. 8760, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-123.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-223. Idle acts

1-3-223. Idle acts.
The law neither does nor requires idle acts.
History: En. Sec. 4623, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6200, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8761, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3532; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1987; re-en. Sec. 8761, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-124.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-224. Trifles

1-3-224. Trifles.
The law disregards trifles.
History: En. Sec. 4624, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6201, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8762, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3533; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1988; re-en. Sec. 8762, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-125.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-225. Particular versus general

1-3-225. Particular versus general.
Particular expressions qualify those which are general.
History: En. Sec. 4625, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6202, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8763, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3534; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1989; re-en. Sec. 8763, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-126.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-226. Preference for contemporaneity

1-3-226. Preference for contemporaneity.
Contemporaneous exposition is in general the best.
History: En. Sec. 4626, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6203, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8764, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3535; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1990; re-en. Sec. 8764, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-127.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-227. Smaller within larger

1-3-227. Smaller within larger.
The greater contains the less.
History: En. Sec. 4627, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6204, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8765, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3536; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1991; re-en. Sec. 8765, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-128.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-228. Superfluity

1-3-228. Superfluity.
Superfluity does not vitiate.
History: En. Sec. 4628, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6205, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8766, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3537; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1992; re-en. Sec. 8766, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-129.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-229. Certainty

1-3-229. Certainty.
That is certain which can be made certain.
History: En. Sec. 4629, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6206, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8767, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3538; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1993; re-en. Sec. 8767, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-130.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-230. Void act

1-3-230. Void act.
Time does not confirm a void act.
History: En. Sec. 4630, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6207, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8768, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3539; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1994; re-en. Sec. 8768, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-131.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-231. Principal

1-3-231. Principal.
The incident follows the principal and not the principal the incident.
History: En. Sec. 4631, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6208, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8769, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3540; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1995; re-en. Sec. 8769, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-132.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-232. Avoiding voidness

1-3-232. Avoiding voidness.
An interpretation which gives effect is preferred to one which makes void.
History: En. Sec. 4632, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6209, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8770, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3541; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1996; re-en. Sec. 8770, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-133.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-233. Reasonableness

1-3-233. Reasonableness.
Interpretation must be reasonable.
History: En. Sec. 4633, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6210, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8771, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3542; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1997; re-en. Sec. 8771, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-134.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 3. Maxims of Jurisprudence › Part 2. Text of Maxims › 1-3-234. Third parties -- who suffers

1-3-234. Third parties -- who suffers.
When one of two innocent persons suffers by the act of a third, the person by whose negligence it happened must be the sufferer.
History: En. Sec. 4634, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 6211, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 8772, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 3543; Field Civ. C. Sec. 1998; re-en. Sec. 8772, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 49-135; amd. Sec. 23, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-101. Role of the judge -- preference to construction giving each provision meaning

1-4-101. Role of the judge -- preference to construction giving each provision meaning.
In the construction of an instrument, the office of the judge is simply to ascertain and declare what is in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted or to omit what has been inserted. Where there are several provisions or particulars, such a construction is, if possible, to be adopted as will give effect to all.
History: En. Sec. 612, p. 198, L. 1877; re-en. Sec. 612, 1st Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 630, 1st Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; re-en. Sec. 3134, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7875, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10519, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1858; re-en. Sec. 10519, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-401-15(part).
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-102. Consideration of circumstances surrounding execution

1-4-102. Consideration of circumstances surrounding execution.
For the proper construction of an instrument, the circumstances under which it was made, including the situation of the subject of the instrument and of the parties to it, may also be shown so that the judge is placed in the position of those whose language the judge is to interpret.
History: En. Sec. 614, p. 199, L. 1877; re-en. Sec. 614, 1st Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 632, 1st Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; re-en. Sec. 3136, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7877, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10521, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1860; re-en. Sec. 10521, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-401-17; amd. Sec. 24, Ch. 61, L. 2007.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-103. Intention of the parties -- particular and general provisions

1-4-103. Intention of the parties -- particular and general provisions.
In the construction of an instrument, the intention of the parties is to be pursued if possible. When a general and particular provision are inconsistent, the latter is paramount to the former so a particular intent will control a general one that is inconsistent with it.
History: En. Sec. 613, p. 198, L. 1877; re-en. Sec. 613, 1st Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 631, 1st Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; re-en. Sec. 3135, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7876, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10520, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1859; re-en. Sec. 10520, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-401-16(part).
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-104. Preference to construction favoring natural right

1-4-104. Preference to construction favoring natural right.
When an instrument is equally susceptible of two interpretations, one in favor of natural right and the other against it, the former is to be adopted.
History: En. Sec. 620, p. 200, L. 1877; re-en. Sec. 620, 1st Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 638, 1st Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; re-en. Sec. 3142, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7883, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10527, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1866; re-en. Sec. 10527, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-401-23(part).
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-105. Written words versus words in printed form

1-4-105. Written words versus words in printed form.
When an instrument consists partly of written words and partly of a printed form and the two are inconsistent, the former control the latter.
History: En. Sec. 616, p. 199, L. 1877; re-en. Sec. 616, 1st Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 634, 1st Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; re-en. Sec. 3138, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7879, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10523, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1862; re-en. Sec. 10523, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-401-19.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-106. Interpretation of language according to usage in place of execution

1-4-106. Interpretation of language according to usage in place of execution.
The language of a writing is to be interpreted according to the meaning it bears in the place of its execution unless the parties have reference to a different place.
History: En. Sec. 611, p. 198, L. 1877; re-en. Sec. 611, 1st Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 629, 1st Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; re-en. Sec. 3133, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7874, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10518, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1857; re-en. Sec. 10518, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-401-14.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-107. Construction of terms

1-4-107. Construction of terms.
The terms of a writing are presumed to have been used in their primary and general acceptation, but evidence is nevertheless admissible that they have a local, technical, or otherwise peculiar signification and were so used and understood in the particular instance, in which case the agreement must be construed accordingly.
History: En. Sec. 615, p. 199, L. 1877; re-en. Sec. 615, 1st Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 633, 1st Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; re-en. Sec. 3137, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7878, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10522, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1861; re-en. Sec. 10522, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-401-18.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-108. Construction of the terms of a notice

1-4-108. Construction of the terms of a notice.
A written notice, as well as every other writing, is to be construed according to the ordinary acceptation of its terms. Thus, a notice to the drawers or endorsers of a draft or promissory note that it has been protested for want of acceptance or payment must be held to import that any necessary presentment for acceptance or payment has been made, that the instrument has been dishonored, and that the holder looks for payment to the person to whom the notice is given.
History: En. Sec. 619, p. 200, L. 1877; re-en. Sec. 619, 1st Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 637, 1st Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; re-en. Sec. 3141, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7882, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10526, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1865; re-en. Sec. 10526, R.C.M. 1935; amd. Sec. 11-170, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 93-401-22.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-109. Superseded

1-4-109. Superseded.
Sup. Ct. Ord. No. 12729, July 10, 1979.
History: En. Sec. 624, p. 201, L. 1877; re-en. Sec. 624, 1st Div. Rev. Stat. 1879; re-en. Sec. 642, 1st Div. Comp. Stat. 1887; re-en. Sec. 3146, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7887, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10531, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1870; re-en. Sec. 10531, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-401-27(part).
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-110. Hydrocarbons distinguished

1-4-110. Hydrocarbons distinguished.
When used in any instrument, unless the clear and express terms of the instrument provide otherwise, the terms "coal", "gas", and "oil" must be construed as defined in 82-1-111.
History: En. Sec. 2, Ch. 379, L. 1993.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-111. Purpose

1-4-111. Purpose.
(1) The purpose of 1-4-112, 82-1-501, and this section is to enact into law a presumptive understanding that fossils are not minerals and that fossils belong to the surface estate, unless conveyed by a clear and express grant.
(2) It is the intent of the legislature that 1-4-112, 82-1-501, and this section apply prospectively and retroactively to instruments governed by Montana law to the maximum extent possible under the constitutions of the United States and the state of Montana.
History: En. Sec. 1, Ch. 136, L. 2019.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 1. General Provisions › 1-4-112. Fossils distinguished

1-4-112. Fossils distinguished.
(1) When used in any instrument, unless the clear and express terms of the instrument provide otherwise, the term "minerals" does not include fossils.
(2) For purposes of this section:
(a) "Fossilized" means preserved by natural processes, including but not limited to:
(i) burial in accumulated sediment;
(ii) preservation in ice or amber; or
(iii) replacement by minerals or alteration by chemical processes such as permineralization in which minerals are deposited in the pore spaces of the hard parts of an organism's remains, which may or may not alter the original organic content.
(b) "Fossils" means any fossilized remains, traces, or imprints of organisms, preserved in or on the earth's crust.
(3) Fossils are considered part of the surface estate, subject to severance by the fee title owner of the land pursuant to a clear and express grant.
(4) Fossils are not subject to the provisions of Title 82.
History: En. Sec. 2, Ch. 136, L. 2019.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 2. Seals › 1-4-201. Seal defined

1-4-201. Seal defined.
(1) A "seal" is a particular sign made to attest in the most formal manner the execution of an instrument.
(2) A public seal in this state is a stamp or impression made by a public officer with an instrument provided by law to attest the execution of an official or public document. A private seal may be made in the same manner by any instrument.
History: (1)En. Sec. 3221, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7934, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10578, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1930; re-en. Sec. 10578, R.C.M. 1935; Sec. 93-1101-2, R.C.M. 1947; (2)En. Sec. 3222, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7935, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10579, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1931; re-en. Sec. 10579, R.C.M. 1935; Sec. 93-1101-3, R.C.M. 1947; R.C.M. 1947, 93-1101-2, 93-1101-3(part).
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 2. Seals › 1-4-202. Manner of making a seal

1-4-202. Manner of making a seal.
The seal of a court or public officer, when required by law to be affixed to any instrument, may be affixed by a stamp or impression of the seal upon the paper, or other material on which such instrument is written, alone or upon any substance attached to the paper or other material capable of receiving a visible stamp or impression. The seal of a private person may be made in like manner, by the scroll of a pen, or by writing the word "seal" against the signature of the writer.
History: Ap. p. Sec. 16, Pol. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 16, Rev. C. 1907; amd. Sec. 4, Ch. 4, L. 1921; re-en. Sec. 16, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Pol. C. Sec. 17; re-en. Sec. 16, R.C.M. 1935; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 25, L. 1947; amd. Sec. 11-114, Ch. 264, L. 1963; amd. Sec. 3, Ch. 309, L. 1977; Sec. 19-103, R.C.M. 1947; Ap. p. Sec. 2189, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 5021, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 7523, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1628; Based on Field Civ. C. Sec. 798; re-en. Sec. 7523, R.C.M. 1935; Sec. 13-610, R.C.M. 1947; Ap. p. Sec. 3222, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7935, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10579, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1931; re-en. Sec. 10579, R.C.M. 1935; Sec. 93-1101-3, R.C.M. 1947 R.C.M. 1947, 13-610, 19-103(25), 93-1101-3(part); amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 6, L. 1985.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 2. Seals › 1-4-203. Acceptance of foreign seals

1-4-203. Acceptance of foreign seals.
A scroll or other sign made in a sister state or foreign country and there recognized as a seal must be so regarded in this state.
History: En. Sec. 3222, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7935, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10579, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1931; re-en. Sec. 10579, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-1101-3(part).
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 2. Seals › 1-4-204. Distinctions between sealed and unsealed abolished

1-4-204. Distinctions between sealed and unsealed abolished.
All distinctions between sealed and unsealed instruments are abolished.
History: En. Sec. 2190, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 5022, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 7524, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1629; re-en. Sec. 7524, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 13-611.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 2. Seals › 1-4-205. Effect of instruments without a seal

1-4-205. Effect of instruments without a seal.
All instruments shall be as effectual without a seal as if the same had a seal attached thereto, but this section shall not apply to municipal or other corporations which by law are required to attest their action under seal.
History: En. Sec. 2191, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 5023, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 7525, R.C.M. 1921; re-en. Sec. 7525, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 13-612.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 2. Seals › 1-4-206. Change in writing under seal by unsealed writing

1-4-206. Change in writing under seal by unsealed writing.
There must be no difference in this state between sealed and unsealed writings. A writing under seal may therefore be changed or altogether discharged by a writing not under seal.
History: En. Sec. 3223, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7936, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10580, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1932; re-en. Sec. 10580, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-1101-4.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 4. Interpretation of Instruments › Part 2. Seals › 1-4-207. Compromise or settlement of a debt by unsealed writing

1-4-207. Compromise or settlement of a debt by unsealed writing.
An agreement in writing without a seal for the compromise or settlement of a debt is as obligatory as if a seal were affixed.
History: En. Sec. 3225, C. Civ. Proc. 1895; re-en. Sec. 7938, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 10582, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. C. Civ. Proc. Sec. 1934; re-en. Sec. 10582, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 93-1101-6.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 1. General Provisions -- Proof and Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-101. Repealed

1-5-101. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: (1)En. Sec. 1600, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4654, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6905, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1180; Based on Field Civ. C. Sec. 516; re-en. Sec. 6905, R.C.M. 1935; Sec. 39-101, R.C.M. 1947; (2)En. Sec. 1601, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4655, Rev. C. 1907; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 10, L. 1913; re-en. Sec. 6906, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1181; Based on Field Civ. C. Sec. 517; re-en. Sec. 6906, R.C.M. 1935; Sec. 39-102, R.C.M. 1947; R.C.M. 1947, 39-101, 39-102; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 242, L. 1989.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 1. General Provisions -- Proof and Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-102. Repealed

1-5-102. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1602, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4656, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6907, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1182; Based on Field Civ. C. Sec. 518; re-en. Sec. 6907, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-103; amd. Sec. 3, Ch. 119, L. 1979; amd. Sec. 2, Ch. 242, L. 1989.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 1. General Provisions -- Proof and Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-103. Repealed

1-5-103. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1603, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4657, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6908, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1183; re-en. Sec. 6908, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-104.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 1. General Provisions -- Proof and Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-104. Repealed

1-5-104. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1604, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4658, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6909, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1184; re-en. Sec. 6909, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-105.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 1. General Provisions -- Proof and Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-105. Repealed

1-5-105. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1, Ch. 117, L. 1945; R.C.M. 1947, 39-106; amd. Sec. 4, Ch. 119, L. 1979.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 1. General Provisions -- Proof and Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-106. Repealed

1-5-106. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1613, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4667, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6918, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1193; re-en. Sec. 6918, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-115.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 1. General Provisions -- Proof and Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-107. Repealed

1-5-107. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1614, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4668, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6919, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1194; re-en. Sec. 6919, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-116.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 1. General Provisions -- Proof and Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-108. Repealed

1-5-108. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1622, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4676, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6927, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1202; re-en. Sec. 6927, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-124.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 1. General Provisions -- Proof and Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-109. Repealed

1-5-109. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1623, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4677, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6928, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1203; re-en. Sec. 6928, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-125.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 1. General Provisions -- Proof and Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-110. Repealed

1-5-110. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1624, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4678, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6929, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1204; re-en. Sec. 6929, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-126.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 2. Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-201. Repealed

1-5-201. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1605, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4659, Rev. C. 1907; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 2, L. 1913; re-en. Sec. 6910, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1185; re-en. Sec. 6910, R.C.M. 1935; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 171, L. 1937; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 12, L. 1974; R.C.M. 1947, 39-107.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 2. Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-202. Repealed

1-5-202. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1608, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4662, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6913, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1188; re-en. Sec. 6913, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-110.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 2. Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-203. Repealed

1-5-203. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1609, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4663, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6914, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1189; re-en. Sec. 6914, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-111.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 2. Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-204. Repealed

1-5-204. Repealed.
Sec. 22, Ch. 192, L. 1993.
History: En. Sec. 1612, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4664, Rev. C. 1907; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 3, L. 1913; re-en. Sec. 6915, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1190; re-en. Sec. 6915, R.C.M. 1935; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 169, L. 1937; R.C.M. 1947, 39-112.
2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 1. General Laws and Definitions › Chapter 5. Proof and Acknowledgment of Instruments Notaries Public › Part 2. Acknowledgment (Repealed) › 1-5-205. Repealed

1-5-205. Repealed.
Sec. 74, Ch. 18, L. 1995.
History: En. Sec. 1612, Civ. C. 1895; re-en. Sec. 4666, Rev. C. 1907; re-en. Sec. 6917, R.C.M. 1921; Cal. Civ. C. Sec. 1192; re-en. Sec. 6917, R.C.M. 1935; R.C.M. 1947, 39-114.