2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 25. Civil Procedure › Chapter 21. Rules of Appellate Procedure › Part 1. Rules › Rule 15. Certification of questions of law

Rule 15. Certification of questions of law.
(1) Definitions. In this rule:
(a) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
(b) "Tribe" means a tribe, band, or village of native Americans which is recognized by federal law or formally acknowledged by a State.
(2) Power to certify. The supreme court of this State, on the motion of a party to pending litigation or its own motion, may certify a question of law to the highest court of another State, or of a tribe, or of Canada, a Canadian province or territory, Mexico, or a Mexican state, or a federal court, if:
(a) The pending litigation involves a question to be decided under the law of the other jurisdiction;
(b) The answer to the question may be determinative of an issue in the pending litigation; and
(c) The question is one for which an answer is not provided by a controlling appellate decision, constitutional provision, or statute of the other jurisdiction.
(3) Power to answer. The supreme court of this State may answer a question of law certified to it by a court of the United States or by the highest court of another State or of a tribe, or of Canada, a Canadian province or territory, Mexico, or a Mexican state, if:
(a) The answer may be determinative of an issue in pending litigation in the certifying court; and
(b) There is no controlling appellate decision, constitutional provision, or statute of this State.
(4) Power to reformulate question. The supreme court of this State may reformulate a question of law certified to it.
(5) Certification order, record. The court certifying a question of law to the supreme court of this State shall issue a certification order and forward it to the supreme court of this State. Before responding to a certified question, the supreme court of this State may require the certifying court to deliver all or part of its record to the supreme court of this State.
(6) Contents of certification order.
(a) A certification order must contain:
(i) The question of law to be answered;
(ii) The facts relevant to the question, showing fully the nature of the controversy out of which the question arose;
(iii) A statement acknowledging that the supreme court of this State, acting as the receiving court, may reformulate the question; and
(iv) The names and addresses of counsel of record and parties proceeding without counsel.
(b) If the parties cannot agree upon a statement of facts, the certifying court shall determine the relevant facts and state them as a part of its certification order.
(7) Notice, response. The supreme court of this State, acting as a receiving court, shall notify the certifying court of acceptance or rejection of the question and, in accordance with notions of comity and fairness, respond to an accepted certified question as soon as practicable.
(8) Procedures. After the supreme court of this State has accepted a certified question, the rules and statutes governing briefs, arguments, and other appellate procedures govern proceedings. Procedures for certification from this State to a receiving court are those provided in the rules and statutes of the receiving forum.
(9) Opinion - order. The supreme court of this State shall state in a written opinion the law answering the certified question or may by order determine that the certified question was improvidently accepted. The clerk of the supreme court shall send copies of the opinion or order to the certifying court and the parties.
(10) Cost of certification. Fees and costs are the same as in civil appeals filed with the clerk of the supreme court of this State and must be equally divided between the parties unless otherwise ordered by the certifying court.
(11) Severability. If any provision of this rule or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this rule which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this rule are severable.
(12) Uniformity of application and construction. This rule shall be applied and construed to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform law with respect to the subject of the rule among States adopting it.
History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0016, July 3, 2007, eff. October 1, 2007; amd. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0016, May 6, 2009, eff. October 1, 2009; amd. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0016, April 26, 2011, eff. October 1, 2011.