2023 Montana Code Annotated › Title 46. Criminal Procedure › Chapter 5. Search and Seizure › Part 1. Legality and Admissibility › 46-5-117. Use of license plate reader prohibited -- exceptions -- definition -- penalty

46-5-117. Use of license plate reader prohibited -- exceptions -- definition -- penalty.
(1) Except as provided in subsection (2), an agency or employee of the state or any subdivision of the state may not use, either directly or indirectly, a license plate reader on any public highway.
(2) (a) The department of transportation or an incorporated city or town may use a license plate reader:
(i) to collect data for planning. If data is collected under this subsection (2)(a)(i), the department of transportation or city or town shall ensure and maintain the anonymity of the vehicle, the vehicle owner, the driver of the vehicle, and any passengers in the vehicle. Data collected under this subsection (2)(a)(i) without a search warrant or outside of judicially recognized exceptions to search warrant requirements may not be used to investigate or prosecute an individual or as evidence in court.
(ii) in a regulated parking system, but only to identify a vehicle's location and license plate number to enforce parking restrictions.
(b) The department of transportation may use a device and equipment, including license plate readers, if necessary, to implement 61-10-101 through 61-10-104, 61-10-106 through 61-10-110, and 61-10-154 if the devices or equipment are used in screening operations associated with:
(i) virtual ports of entry;
(ii) weigh station ramps using automated weigh station screening systems;
(iii) virtual weigh stations using weigh-in-motion technology; or
(iv) an automatic vehicle identification system that enables participating transponder-equipped vehicles to be prescreened throughout the nation at designated weigh stations, port-of-entry facilities, or agricultural interdiction facilities.
(c) Nothing in this section prohibits an agency of the state or any subdivision of the state from using its own vehicles, aircraft, or equipment, including a license plate reader, to track, monitor, or otherwise maintain information about the agency's or subdivision's vehicles, aircraft, or equipment.
(d) State or local law enforcement may use a device and equipment, including license plate readers, if necessary, if the following requirements are met:
(i) A state or local law enforcement agency that uses an automatic license plate reader system shall adopt and publicize a written policy governing its use before the automatic license plate reader system is operational. The policy must address the following:
(A) use of any database to compare data obtained by the automatic license plate reader system;
(B) retention of data associated with the automatic license plate reader system;
(C) sharing of the data with another law enforcement agency;
(D) training of automatic license plate reader system operators;
(E) supervisory oversight of automatic license plate reader system use;
(F) access to and security of data;
(G) access to data obtained by automatic license plate reader systems not operated by the law enforcement agency; and
(H) any other subjects related to automatic license plate reader system use by the law enforcement agency.
(ii) At least once every year, the law enforcement agency shall audit its automatic license plate reader system use and effectiveness and report the findings to the head of the law enforcement agency responsible for operating the system.
(iii) Data obtained by a law enforcement agency in accordance with this subsection (2)(d) must be obtained, accessed, preserved, or disclosed only for law enforcement or criminal justice purposes.
(iv) A law enforcement agency that uses a license plate reader system shall:
(A) maintain a record of users who access license plate reader data. The record must be maintained indefinitely.
(B) keep system maintenance and calibration schedules and records on file.
(v) Operation of a license plate reader by a law enforcement agency and access to data collected by a license plate reader operated by a law enforcement agency must be for official law enforcement purposes only. A license plate reader must be used by a law enforcement agency only to scan, detect, and identify a license plate number for the purpose of identifying a vehicle that is:
(A) stolen;
(B) associated with a wanted, missing, or endangered person;
(C) registered to a person against whom there is an outstanding warrant;
(D) in violation of commercial trucking requirements;
(E) involved in case-specific criminal investigative surveillance;
(F) involved in a homicide, shooting, or other major crime or incident; or
(G) in the vicinity of a recent crime and may be connected to that crime.
(vi) A positive match by a license plate reader alone does not constitute reasonable suspicion as grounds for a law enforcement officer to stop a vehicle. The officer shall:
(A) develop independent reasonable suspicion for the stop; or
(B) immediately confirm visually that the license plate on a vehicle matches the image of the license plate displayed on the license plate reader and confirm by other means that the license plate number meets one of the criteria specified in subsection (2)(d)(v).
(vii) A law enforcement agency that uses an automatic license plate reader system in accordance with this section shall update the system from the databases specified pursuant to subsection (2)(d)(i) every 24 hours if an update is available or as soon as practicable after an update becomes available.
(viii) A license plate reader may be installed for the sole purpose of recording and checking license plates.
(3) A public employee or public officer, as the terms are defined in 2-2-102, who violates the provisions of this section is subject to the applicable penalties provided for in Title 2, chapter 2.
(4) As used in this section, the following definitions apply:
(a) "Law enforcement agency" means:
(i) an agency or officer of the state of Montana or of a political subdivision that is empowered by the laws of this state to conduct investigations or to make arrests; and
(ii) an attorney, including the attorney general, who is authorized by the laws of this state to prosecute or to participate in the prosecution of a person who is arrested or who may be subject to a civil action related to or concerning an arrest.
(b) "License plate reader" means a device principally designed and primarily used for determining the ownership of a motor vehicle, the mileage or route traveled by a motor vehicle, the location or identity of a motor vehicle, or the identity of a motor vehicle's occupants on the public highways, as defined in 60-1-103, through the use of a camera or other imaging device or any other device, including but not limited to a transponder, cellular telephone, global positioning satellite, automated electronic toll collection system, automated license plate recognition system, or radio frequency identification device that by itself or in conjunction with other devices or information can be used to determine the ownership of a motor vehicle or the identity of a motor vehicle's occupants or the mileage, location, or route traveled by the motor vehicle.
History: En. Sec. 1, Ch. 202, L. 2017.