reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 278. Liability concerning minor's legal mortgage.

Art. 278. Liability concerning minor's legal mortgage.
The undertutor who fails or neglects to cause to be inscribed in the manner required by law, the evidence of the minor's legal mortgage against his tutor, shall be liable for all the damages which the minor may sustain in consequence of such failure or neglect; and this claim for damages shall not be prescribed so long as the minor's right of action exists against his tutor.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 281. Arts. 281 to 291 Repealed by Acts 1960, No. 30, 2, eff. Jan. 1, 1961.

SECTION 7. OF FAMILY MEETINGS
Art. 281. Arts. 281 to 291 Repealed by Acts 1960, No. 30, §2, eff. Jan. 1, 1961.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 292. Excuse by reason of office or function.

SECTION 8--OF THE CAUSES WHICH DISPENSE OR EXCUSE
FROM THE TUTORSHIP
Art. 292. Excuse by reason of office or function.
The following persons are dispensed or excused from the tutorship by the privilege of their offices or functions:
1. The Governor and the Secretary of State;
2. The judges of the different courts of this State and the officers of the same;
3. The Mayor of the city of New Orleans;
4. The Collector of the Customs;
5. The officers and soldiers attached to the regular troops, whether on land or sea service, employed and in actual service in this State, and all the officers who are intrusted in this State with any mission from the Government, as long as they are employed;
6. Preceptors and other persons keeping public schools, as long as they remain in the useful and actual exercise of their profession;
7. Ministers of the gospel.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 294. Subsequently acquired excuse.

Art. 294. Subsequently acquired excuse.
Those, on the contrary, who shall have been invested with offices, who shall have engaged in the service, or shall have been intrusted with commissions, posterior to their acceptation and administration of a tutorship, may, if they do not choose to continue to act as tutor, be excused from the tutorship, and apply for the appointment of another tutor to supply their place.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 297. Excuse for infirmity.

Art. 297. Excuse for infirmity.
Every person affected with a serious infirmity, may be excused from the tutorship, if this infirmity be of such nature as to render him incapable of transacting his own business.
He may even be discharged from the tutorship, if such infirmity has befallen him after his appointment.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 298. Excuse for prior tutorships

Art. 298. Excuse for prior tutorships
The person who is appointed to two tutorships has a legal excuse for not accepting a third.
A parent who has been appointed to one tutorship shall not be compelled to accept a second tutorship, except it be that of his own children.
Amended by Acts 1974, No. 163, §3.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 299. Time to present excuse.

Art. 299. Time to present excuse.
The tutor, who has excuses to offer against his appointment, must propose them to the judge who has appointed him, within ten days after he has been acquainted with his appointment, or after the same shall have been notified to him, which period shall be increased one day for every ten miles distance from his residence to the place where his appointment was made, and after this delay he shall no longer be admitted to offer any excuse, unless he has sufficient reason to account for such delay.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 307. Repealed by Acts 1960, No. 30, 2, eff. Jan. 1, 1961.

SECTION 10--OF THE APPOINTMENT, RECOGNITION, OR
CONFIRMATION OF TUTORS, OF THE PERSONS WHOSE DUTY
IT IS TO CAUSE TUTORS TO BE APPOINTED AND OF THE
LIABILITY OF SUCH PERSONS
Art. 307. Repealed by Acts 1960, No. 30, §2, eff. Jan. 1, 1961.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 308. Duty to apply for appointment.

Art. 308. Duty to apply for appointment.
In every case where it is necessary to appoint a tutor to a minor, all those of his relations who reside within the parish of the judge, who is to appoint him, are bound to apply to such judge, in order that a tutor be appointed to the minor at farthest within ten days after the event which make [makes] such appointment necessary.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 310. Liability for failure to make application.

Art. 310. Liability for failure to make application.
Relations who have neglected to cause a tutor to be appointed, are responsible for the damages which the minor may have suffered.
This responsibility is enforced against relations in the order according to which they are called to the inheritance of the minor, so that they are responsible only in case of the insolvency of him or them who precede them in that order, and this responsibility is not
in solidum
between relations who have a right to the inheritance in the same degree.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 322. Minor's legal mortgage on tutor's property.

Art. 322. Minor's legal mortgage on tutor's property.
The recording of the certificate of the clerk operates as a legal mortgage in favor of the minor for the amount therein stated, on all the immovable property of the natural tutor in the parish.
Amended by Acts 1960, No. 30, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1961.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 333. Sale of mortgaged property by one claimant; inscription of legal mortgage of remaining minors.

Art. 333. Sale of mortgaged property by one claimant; inscription of legal mortgage of remaining minors.
Whenever a special mortgage is given by a tutor to secure the rights of two or more minors, any of the minors, on attaining the age of majority or being emancipated, may cause the sale of the mortgaged property to satisfy the indebtedness of the tutor to him, after having discussed the other property of the debtor, in the following manner:
If the judge is of the opinion that the mortgaged property is sufficient to satisfy all of the demands of the major and minors, he shall order the sale of so much of the property as will satisfy the demand of the major, if susceptible of division, and the property so sold shall be free of the mortgage in favor of the remaining minors.
If the judge is of the opinion that the mortgaged property is not sufficient to meet the demands of the major and minors, or that it is not susceptible of division, he shall order the sale of the whole of the mortgaged property, and the release of the mortgage of the major and minors. The proceeds of the sale, after defraying the expenses thereof, shall be divided equally among the major and minors, giving each his virile share. The portion to be paid the minors shall be paid to their tutor.
When the judge orders the sale of the property, he shall order the inscription of the minor's legal mortgage in the manner heretofore provided. This inscription shall be made in the parish where the tutor resides within three days of the order, and in all other parishes where the tutor has immovable property within thirty days of the order.
Amended by Acts 1960, No. 30, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1961.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 336. Alienation of minor's immovables.

SECTION 11--OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE TUTOR
Art. 336. Alienation of minor's immovables.
The prohibition of alienating the immovables of a minor, does not extend to the case in which a judgment is to be executed against him, or of a licitation made at the instance of the coheir, or other coproprietor.
Acts 1966, No. 496, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 339. Agreements between tutor and minor.

Art. 339. Agreements between tutor and minor.
Every agreement which may take place between the tutor and the minor arrived at the age of majority, shall be null and void, unless the same was entered into after the rendering of a full account and delivery of the vouchers, the whole being made to appear by the receipt of the person to whom the account was rendered, ten days previous to the agreement.
Acts 1966, No. 496, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 354. Procedure for placing under tutorship.

SECTION 12--OF CONTINUING OR PERMANENT TUTORSHIP OF
PERSONS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
Art. 354. Procedure for placing under tutorship
Persons, including certain children, with intellectual disabilities or mental deficiencies may be placed under continuing or permanent tutorship without formal or complete interdiction in accordance with the following rules and the procedures stated in the Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure.
Added by Acts 1966, No. 496, §2; Acts 2014, No. 811, §30, eff. June 23, 2014.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 355. Petition for continuing or permanent tutorship

Art. 355. Petition for continuing or permanent tutorship
When a person above the age of fifteen possesses less than two-thirds of the intellectual functioning of a person of the same age with average intellectual functioning, evidenced by standard testing procedures administered by competent persons or other relevant evidence acceptable to the court, the parents of such person, or the person entitled to custody or tutorship if one or both parents are dead, incapacitated, or absent persons, or if the parents are judicially separated or divorced or have never been married to each other, may, with the written concurrence of the coroner of the parish of the intellectually disabled person's domicile, petition the court of that district to place such person under a continuing tutorship which shall not automatically end at any age but shall continue until revoked by the court of domicile. The petitioner shall not bear the coroner's costs or fees associated with securing the coroner's concurrence.
Added by Acts 1966, No. 496, §2. Amended by Acts 1974, No. 714, §1; Acts 1991, No. 107, §1; Acts 2016, No. 115, §1; Acts 2018, No. 164, §1; Acts 2020, No. 218, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 356. Title of proceedings; procedural rules; parents as tutor and undertutor.

Art. 356. Title of proceedings; procedural rules; parent to be named tutor
The title of the proceedings shall be Continuing Tutorship of (Name of Person), A Person with an Intellectual Disability.
(1) When the person to be placed under the continuing tutorship is above the age of fifteen, and under the age of majority, the proceeding shall be conducted according to the procedural rules established for ordinary tutorships.
(2) When the person to be placed under the continuing tutorship is above the age of majority, the proceeding shall be conducted according to the procedural rules established for interdictions.
(3) When the parents of the person to be placed under the continuing tutorship are married to each other and petition jointly, the court shall appoint the parents as co-tutors, unless for good cause the court decrees otherwise.
(4) When the parents of the person to be placed under the continuing tutorship are married to each other but do not petition jointly, the court shall appoint either a petitioning parent as tutor or both individually petitioning parents as co-tutors, in accordance with the best interest of the child.
(5) Upon the petition of a parent of the person to be placed under the continuing tutorship, the court shall, unless good cause requires otherwise, appoint as tutor the petitioning parent who is:
(a) The surviving parent, if one parent is dead.
(b) The parent awarded custody during minority of the person to be placed under the continuing tutorship, if the parents are divorced or judicially separated.
(c) The parent who was tutor or tutrix during minority, if the parents were never married to each other.
Added by Acts 1966, No. 496, §2. Amended by Acts 1974, No. 714, §1; Acts 2014, No. 26, §1; Acts 2014, No. 811, §30, eff. June 23, 2014; Acts 2020, No. 218, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 357. Decree, place of recording, notice.

Art. 357. Decree, place of recording, notice.
If the prayer for continuing or permanent tutorship be granted, the decree shall be recorded in the conveyance and mortgage records of the parish of the minor's domicile, and of any future domicile, and in such other parishes as may be deemed expedient. The decree shall not be effective as to persons without notice thereof outside of the parishes in which it is recorded.
Added by Acts 1966, No. 496, §2.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 358. Authority, privileges, and duties of tutor and undertutor; termination of tutorship.

Art. 358. Authority, privileges, and duties of tutor and undertutor; termination of tutorship
The granting of the decree shall confer upon the tutor and undertutor the same authority, privileges, and responsibilities as in other tutorships, including the same authority to give consent for any medical treatment or procedure, to give consent for any educational plan or procedure, and to obtain medical, educational, or other records, but the responsibility of the tutor for the offenses or quasi-offenses of the person with an intellectual disability shall be the same as that of a curator for those of the interdicted person and the tutorship shall not terminate until the decree is set aside by the court of the domicile, or the court of last domicile if the domicile of the person with an intellectual disability is removed from the State of Louisiana.
Added by Acts 1966, No. 496, §2. Amended by Acts 1979, No. 216, §1; Acts 2014, No. 811, §30, eff. June 23, 2014.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 359. Restriction on legal capacity.

Art. 359. Restriction on legal capacity
The decree if granted shall restrict the legal capacity of the person with an intellectual disability to that of a minor.
Added by Acts 1966, No. 496, §2. Amended by Acts 1974, No. 714, §1; Acts 2014, No. 811, §30, eff. June 23, 2014; Acts 2018, No. 164, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 360. Parents' rights of administration.

Art. 360. Parents' rights of administration
In addition to the rights of tutorship, the parents shall retain, during the marriage and for the minority of the child with an intellectual disability, all rights of administration granted to parents of children without an intellectual disability during their minority.
Acts 1966, No. 496, §2; Acts 2014, No. 811, §30, eff. June 23, 2014.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 361. Contest of decree restricting legal capacity.

Art. 361. Contest of decree restricting legal capacity
The decree restricting his legal capacity may be contested in the court of domicile by the person himself or by anyone adversely affected by the decree. For good cause, the court may modify or terminate the decree restricting legal capacity.
Acts 1966, No. 496, §2; Acts 2018, No. 164, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 362. Persons subject to interdiction.

Art. 362. Persons subject to interdiction.
Persons subject to mental or physical illness or disability, whether of a temporary or permanent nature, of such a degree as to render them subject to interdiction, under the provisions of Title IX hereof, remain subject to interdiction as provided in Articles 389 to 399, inclusive, and such other laws as may relate thereto.
Acts 1966, No. 496, §2.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 366. Judicial emancipation

Art. 366. Judicial emancipation
A court may order for good cause the full or limited emancipation of a minor sixteen years of age or older. Full judicial emancipation confers all effects of majority on the person emancipated, unless otherwise provided by law. Limited judicial emancipation confers the effects of majority specified in the judgment of limited emancipation, unless otherwise provided by law.
Acts 1992, No. 715, §1; Acts 2008, No. 786, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 2009.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 367. Emancipation by marriage

Art. 367. Emancipation by marriage
A minor sixteen or seventeen years of age is fully emancipated by marriage. Termination of the marriage does not affect emancipation by marriage. Emancipation by marriage may not be modified or terminated.
Acts 2008, No. 786, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 2009; Acts 2019, No. 401, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 368. Limited emancipation by authentic act

Art. 368. Limited emancipation by authentic act
An authentic act of limited emancipation confers upon a minor age sixteen or older the capacity to make the kinds of juridical acts specified therein, unless otherwise provided by law. The act shall be executed by the minor, and by the parents of the minor, if parental authority exists, or by the tutor of the minor, if parental authority does not exist. All other effects of minority shall continue.
Acts 2008, No. 786, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 2009.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 370. Modification and termination of judicial emancipation

Art. 370. Modification and termination of judicial emancipation
The court may modify or terminate its judgment of emancipation for good cause.
A judgment modifying or terminating a judgment of emancipation is effective toward third persons as to immovable property when the judgment is filed for registry in the conveyance records of the parish in which the property is situated, and as to movables when the judgment is filed for registry in the conveyance records of the parish or parishes in which the minor was domiciled at the time of the judgment.
A judgment modifying or terminating a judgment of emancipation does not affect the validity of an act made by the emancipated minor prior to the effective date of modification or termination.
The termination of judicial emancipation places the minor under the same authority to which he was subject prior to emancipation, unless otherwise ordered by the court for good cause shown.
Acts 2008, No. 786, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 2009.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 371. Modification or termination of limited emancipation by authentic act

Art. 371. Modification or termination of limited emancipation by authentic act
The parties to an authentic act of limited emancipation may modify or terminate the limited emancipation by making a subsequent authentic act. In addition, a court, for good cause, may modify or terminate limited emancipation by authentic act.
An authentic act or judgment modifying or terminating limited emancipation by authentic act is effective toward third persons as to immovable property when the act or judgment is filed for registry in the conveyance records of the parish in which the property is situated and as to movables when the act or judgment is filed for registry in the conveyance records in the parish or parishes in which the minor was domiciled at the time of the act modifying or terminating limited emancipation by authentic act.
An authentic act or judgment modifying or terminating a prior act of limited emancipation does not affect the validity of a juridical act made by the minor prior to the effective date of modification or termination.
Acts 2008, No. 786, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 2009.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 389. Full interdiction

TITLE IX. PERSONS UNABLE TO CARE FOR THEIR
PERSONS OR PROPERTY
CHAPTER 1. GROUNDS FOR INTERDICTION
Art. 389. Full interdiction
A court may order the full interdiction of a natural person of the age of majority, or an emancipated minor, who due to an infirmity, is unable consistently to make reasoned decisions regarding the care of his person and property, or to communicate those decisions, and whose interests cannot be protected by less restrictive means.
Acts 2000, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 25, §1, eff. July 1, 2001.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 390. Limited interdiction

Art. 390. Limited interdiction
A court may order the limited interdiction of a natural person of the age of majority, or an emancipated minor, who due to an infirmity is unable consistently to make reasoned decisions regarding the care of his person or property, or any aspect of either, or to communicate those decisions, and whose interests cannot be protected by less restrictive means.
Acts 2000, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 25, §1, eff. July 1, 2001.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 391. Temporary and preliminary interdiction

Art. 391. Temporary and preliminary interdiction
When a petition for interdiction is pending, a court may order a temporary or preliminary interdiction when there is a substantial likelihood that grounds for interdiction exist and substantial harm to the health, safety, or property of the person sought to be interdicted is imminent.
Amended by Acts 1948, No. 321, §1; Acts 2000, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 25, §1, eff. July 1, 2001.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 392. Curators

CHAPTER 2. GENERAL DUTIES OF CURATORS
AND UNDERCURATORS
Art. 392. Curators
The court shall appoint a curator to represent the interdict in juridical acts and to care for the person or affairs of the interdict, or any aspect of either. The duties and powers of a curator commence upon his qualification. In discharging his duties, a curator shall exercise reasonable care, diligence, and prudence and shall act in the best interest of the interdict.
The court shall confer upon a curator of a limited interdict only those powers required to protect the interests of the interdict.
Acts 2000, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 25, §1, eff. July 1, 2001.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 393. Undercurators

Art. 393. Undercurators
The court shall appoint an undercurator to discharge the duties prescribed for him by law. The duties and powers of an undercurator shall commence upon qualification. In discharging his duties, an undercurator shall exercise reasonable care, diligence, and prudence and shall act in the best interest of the interdict.
Acts 2000, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 25, §1, eff. July 1, 2001.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 394. Pre-interdiction juridical acts

CHAPTER 3. EFFECTS OF INTERDICTION
Art. 394. Pre-interdiction juridical acts
Interdiction does not affect the validity of a juridical act made by the interdict prior to the effective date of interdiction.
Acts 1997, No. 1117, §1; Acts 2000, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 25, §1, eff. July 1, 2001.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 395. Capacity to make juridical acts

Art. 395. Capacity to make juridical acts
A full interdict lacks capacity to make a juridical act. A limited interdict lacks capacity to make a juridical act pertaining to the property or aspects of personal care that the judgment of limited interdiction places under the authority of his curator, except as provided in Article 1482 or in the judgment of limited interdiction.
Acts 2000, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 25, §1, eff. July 1, 2001; Acts 2001, No. 509, §1, eff. June 1, 2001; Acts 2003, No. 1008, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 397. Modification and termination of interdiction

CHAPTER 4. MODIFICATION AND TERMINATION
OF INTERDICTION
Art. 397. Modification and termination of interdiction
The court may modify or terminate a judgment of interdiction for good cause. Interdiction terminates upon death of the interdict or by judgment of the court.
A judgment of preliminary interdiction granted after an adversarial hearing terminates thirty days after being signed, unless extended by the court for good cause for a period not exceeding thirty days. A judgment of temporary interdiction granted ex parte terminates ten days after being signed. On motion of the defendant or for extraordinary reasons shown at a contradictory hearing, the court may extend the judgment of temporary interdiction for one additional period not to exceed ten days.
Acts 2000, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 25, §1, eff. July 1, 2001.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 398. Effective date of modification or termination of a judgment of interdiction

Art. 398. Effective date of modification or termination of a judgment of interdiction
An order modifying or terminating a judgment of interdiction is effective on the date signed by the court.
Acts 2000, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 25, §1, eff. July 1, 2001.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 399. Responsibility for wrongful filing of interdiction petition

CHAPTER 5. RESPONSIBILITY FOR WRONGFUL FILING
OF INTERDICTION PETITION
Art. 399. Responsibility for wrongful filing of interdiction petition
A petitioner whose petition for interdiction is denied is liable for resulting damages caused to the defendant if the petitioner knew or should have known at the time of filing that any material factual allegation regarding the ability of the defendant consistently to make reasoned decisions or to communicate those decisions was false.
Acts 2000, 1st Ex. Sess., No. 25, §1, eff. July 1, 2001.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 448. Division of things.

BOOK II
THINGS AND THE DIFFERENT MODIFICATIONS OF OWNERSHIP
TITLE I--THINGS
CHAPTER 1--DIVISION OF THINGS
SECTION 1--GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Art. 448. Division of things.
Things are divided into common, public, and private; corporeals and incorporeals; and movables and immovables.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 450. Public things.

Art. 450. Public things.
Public things are owned by the state or its political subdivisions in their capacity as public persons.
Public things that belong to the state are such as running waters, the waters and bottoms of natural navigable water bodies, the territorial sea, and the seashore.
Public things that may belong to political subdivisions of the state are such as streets and public squares.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 452. Public things and common things subject to public use.

Art. 452. Public things and common things subject to public use.
Public things and common things are subject to public use in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Everyone has the right to fish in the rivers, ports, roadsteads, and harbors, and the right to land on the seashore, to fish, to shelter himself, to moor ships, to dry nets, and the like, provided that he does not cause injury to the property of adjoining owners.
The seashore within the limits of a municipality is subject to its police power, and the public use is governed by municipal ordinances and regulations.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 456. Banks of navigable rivers or streams.

Art. 456. Banks of navigable rivers or streams.
The banks of navigable rivers or streams are private things that are subject to public use.
The bank of a navigable river or stream is the land lying between the ordinary low and the ordinary high stage of the water. Nevertheless, when there is a levee in proximity to the water, established according to law, the levee shall form the bank.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 457. Roads; public or private.

Art. 457. Roads; public or private.
A road may be either public or private.
A public road is one that is subject to public use. The public may own the land on which the road is built or merely have the right to use it.
A private road is one that is not subject to public use.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 458. Works obstructing the public use.

Art. 458. Works obstructing the public use.
Works built without lawful permit on public things, including the sea, the seashore, and the bottom of natural navigable waters, or on the banks of navigable rivers, that obstruct the public use may be removed at the expense of the persons who built or own them at the instance of the public authorities, or of any person residing in the state.
The owner of the works may not prevent their removal by alleging prescription or possession.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 459. Building encroaching on public way.

Art. 459. Building encroaching on public way.
A building that merely encroaches on a public way without preventing its use, and which cannot be removed without causing substantial damage to its owner, shall be permitted to remain. If it is demolished from any cause, the owner shall be bound to restore to the public the part of the way upon which the building stood.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 460. Construction of navigation facilities on public places by port commissions or municipalities.

Art. 460. Construction of navigation facilities on public places by port commissions or municipalities.
Port commissions of the state, or in the absence of port commissions having jurisdiction, municipalities may, within the limits of their respective jurisdictions, construct and maintain on public places, in beds of natural navigable water bodies, and on their banks or shores, works necessary for public utility, including buildings, wharves, and other facilities for the mooring of vessels and the loading or discharging of cargo and passengers.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 461. Corporeals and incorporeals.

Art. 461. Corporeals and incorporeals.
Corporeals are things that have a body, whether animate or inanimate, and can be felt or touched.
Incorporeals are things that have no body, but are comprehended by the understanding, such as the rights of inheritance, servitudes, obligations, and right of intellectual property.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 466. Component parts of a building or other construction

Art. 466. Component parts of a building or other construction
Things that are attached to a building and that, according to prevailing usages, serve to complete a building of the same general type, without regard to its specific use, are its component parts. Component parts of this kind may include doors, shutters, gutters, and cabinetry, as well as plumbing, heating, cooling, electrical, and similar systems.
Things that are attached to a construction other than a building and that serve its principal use are its component parts.
Other things are component parts of a building or other construction if they are attached to such a degree that they cannot be removed without substantial damage to themselves or to the building or other construction.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1; Acts 2005, No. 301, §1, eff. June 29, 2005; Acts 2006, No. 765, §1; Acts 2008, No. 632, §1, eff. July 1, 2008.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 467. Immovables by declaration.

Art. 467. Immovables by declaration.
The owner of an immovable may declare that machinery, appliances, and equipment owned by him and placed on the immovable, other than his private residence, for its service and improvement are deemed to be its component parts. The declaration shall be filed for registry in the conveyance records of the parish in which the immovable is located.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 468. Deimmobilization.

Art. 468. Deimmobilization.
Component parts of an immovable so damaged or deteriorated that they can no longer serve the use of lands or buildings are deimmobilized.
The owner may deimmobilize the component parts of an immovable by an act translative of ownership and delivery to acquirers in good faith.
In the absence of rights of third persons, the owner may deimmobilize things by detachment or removal.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1. Amended by Acts 1979, No. 180, §2.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 470. Incorporeal immovables.

Art. 470. Incorporeal immovables.
Rights and actions that apply to immovable things are incorporeal immovables. Immovables of this kind are such as personal servitudes established on immovables, predial servitudes, mineral rights, and petitory or possessory actions.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 472. Building materials.

Art. 472. Building materials.
Materials gathered for the erection of a new building or other construction, even though deriving from the demolition of an old one, are movables until their incorporation into the new building or after construction.
Materials separated from a building or other construction for the purpose of repair, addition, or alteration to it, with the intention of putting them back, remain immovables.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 473. Incorporeal movables.

Art. 473. Incorporeal movables.
Rights, obligations, and actions that apply to a movable thing are incorporeal movables. Movables of this kind are such as bonds, annuities, and interests or shares in entities possessing juridical personality.
Interests or shares in a juridical person that owns immovables are considered as movables as long as the entity exists; upon its dissolution, the right of each individual to a share in the immovables is an immovable.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 474. Movables by anticipation.

Art. 474. Movables by anticipation.
Unharvested crops and ungathered fruits of trees are movables by anticipation when they belong to a person other than the landowner. When encumbered with security rights of third persons, they are movables by anticipation insofar as the creditor is concerned.
The landowner may, by act translative of ownership or by pledge, mobilize by anticipation unharvested crops and ungathered fruits of trees that belong to him.
Acts 1978, No. 728, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 477. Ownership; content

TITLE II--OWNERSHIP
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Art. 477. Ownership; content
Ownership is the right that confers on a person direct, immediate, and exclusive authority over a thing. The owner of a thing may use, enjoy, and dispose of it within the limits and under the conditions established by law.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1; Acts 1995, No. 640, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1996; HR 17, 1998 1st Ex. Sess.; HCR 13, 1998 R.S.; Acts 2020, No. 20, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 478. Resolutory condition; real right in favor of other person.

Art. 478. Resolutory condition; real right in favor of other person.
The right of ownership may be subject to a resolutory condition, and it may be burdened with a real right in favor of another person as allowed by law. The ownership of a thing burdened with a usufruct is designated as naked ownership.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 485. Fruits produced by a third person; reimbursement.

Art. 485. Fruits produced by a third person; reimbursement.
When fruits that belong to the owner of a thing by accession are produced by the work of another person, or from seeds sown by him, the owner may retain them on reimbursing such person his expenses.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 486. Possessor's right to fruits.

Art. 486. Possessor's right to fruits.
A possessor in good faith acquires the ownership of fruits he has gathered. If he is evicted by the owner, he is entitled to reimbursement of expenses for fruits he was unable to gather.
A possessor in bad faith is bound to restore to the owner the fruits he has gathered, or their value, subject to his claim for reimbursement of expenses.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 487. Possessor in good faith; definition.

Art. 487. Possessor in good faith; definition.
For purposes of accession, a possessor is in good faith when he possesses by virtue of an act translative of ownership and does not know of any defects in his ownership. He ceases to be in good faith when these defects are made known to him or an action is instituted against him by the owner for the recovery of the thing.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 488. Products; reimbursement of expenses.

Art. 488. Products; reimbursement of expenses.
Products derived from a thing as a result of diminution of its substance belong to the owner of that thing. When they are reclaimed by the owner, a possessor in good faith has the right to reimbursement of his expenses. A possessor in bad faith does not have this right.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 489. Apportionment of fruits.

Art. 489. Apportionment of fruits.
In the absence of other provisions, one who is entitled to the fruits of a thing from a certain time or up to a certain time acquires the ownership of natural fruits gathered during the existence of his right, and a part of the civil fruits proportionate to the duration of his right.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 490. Accession above and below the surface.

SECTION 2--ACCESSION IN RELATION TO IMMOVABLES
Art. 490. Accession above and below the surface.
Unless otherwise provided by law, the ownership of a tract of land carries with it the ownership of everything that is directly above or under it.
The owner may make works on, above, or below the land as he pleases, and draw all the advantages that accrue from them, unless he is restrained by law or by rights of others.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 491. Buildings, other constructions, standing timber, and crops.

Art. 491. Buildings, other constructions, standing timber, and crops.
Buildings, other constructions permanently attached to the ground, standing timber, and unharvested crops or ungathered fruits of trees may belong to a person other than the owner of the ground. Nevertheless, they are presumed to belong to the owner of the ground, unless separate ownership is evidenced by an instrument filed for registry in the conveyance records of the parish in which the immovable is located.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 492. Separate ownership of part of a building.

Art. 492. Separate ownership of part of a building.
Separate ownership of a part of a building, such as a floor, an apartment, or a room, may be established only by a juridical act of the owner of the entire building when and in the manner expressly authorized by law.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 493. Ownership of improvements

Art. 493. Ownership of improvements
Buildings, other constructions permanently attached to the ground, and plantings made on the land of another with his consent belong to him who made them. They belong to the owner of the ground when they are made without his consent.
When the owner of buildings, other constructions permanently attached to the ground, or plantings no longer has the right to keep them on the land of another, he may remove them subject to his obligation to restore the property to its former condition. If he does not remove them within ninety days after written demand, the owner of the land may, after the ninetieth day from the date of mailing the written demand, appropriate ownership of the improvements by providing an additional written notice by certified mail, and upon receipt of the certified mail by the owner of the improvements, the owner of the land obtains ownership of the improvements and owes nothing to the owner of the improvements. Until such time as the owner of the land appropriates the improvements, the improvements shall remain the property of he who made them and he shall be solely responsible for any harm caused by the improvements.
When buildings, other constructions permanently attached to the ground, or plantings are made on the separate property of a spouse with community assets or with separate assets of the other spouse and when such improvements are made on community property with the separate assets of a spouse, this Article does not apply. The rights of the spouses are governed by Articles 2366, 2367, and 2367.1.
Acts 1984, No. 933, §1; Acts 2003, No. 715, §1.
NOTE: See HCR No 306, 2004 R.S., relative to retroactive effects.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 494. Constructions by landowner with materials of another.

Art. 494. Constructions by landowner with materials of another.
When the owner of an immovable makes on it constructions, plantings, or works with materials of another, he may retain them, regardless of his good or bad faith, on reimbursing the owner of the materials their current value and repairing the injury that he may have caused to him.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 495. Things incorporated in, or attached to, an immovable with the consent of the owner of the immovable.

Art. 495. Things incorporated in, or attached to, an immovable with the consent of the owner of the immovable.
One who incorporates in, or attaches to, the immovable of another, with his consent, things that become component parts of the immovable under Articles 465 and 466, may, in the absence of other provisions of law or juridical acts, remove them subject to his obligation of restoring the property to its former condition.
If he does not remove them after demand, the owner of the immovable may have them removed at the expense of the person who made them or elect to keep them and pay, at his option, the current value of the materials and of the workmanship or the enhanced value of the immovable.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 496. Constructions by possessor in good faith.

Art. 496. Constructions by possessor in good faith.
When constructions, plantings, or works are made by a possessor in good faith, the owner of the immovable may not demand their demolition and removal. He is bound to keep them and at his option to pay to the possessor either the cost of the materials and of the workmanship, or their current value, or the enhanced value of the immovable.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 497. Constructions by bad faith possessor.

Art. 497. Constructions by bad faith possessor.
When constructions, plantings, or works are made by a bad faith possessor, the owner of the immovable may keep them or he may demand their demolition and removal at the expense of the possessor, and, in addition, damages for the injury that he may have sustained. If he does not demand demolition and removal, he is bound to pay at his option either the current value of the materials and of the workmanship of the separable improvements that he has kept or the enhanced value of the immovable.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 498. Claims against third persons

Art. 498. Claims against third persons
One who has lost the ownership of a thing to the owner of an immovable may assert against third persons his rights under Articles 493, 493.1, 494, 495, 496, or 497 when they are evidenced by an instrument filed for registry in the appropriate conveyance or mortgage records of the parish in which the immovable is located.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1. Acts 1984, No. 933, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 499. Alluvion and dereliction.

Art. 499. Alluvion and dereliction.
Accretion formed successively and imperceptibly on the bank of a river or stream, whether navigable or not, is called alluvion. The alluvion belongs to the owner of the bank, who is bound to leave public that portion of the bank which is required for the public use.
The same rule applies to dereliction formed by water receding imperceptibly from a bank of a river or stream. The owner of the land situated at the edge of the bank left dry owns the dereliction.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 501. Division of alluvion.

Art. 501. Division of alluvion.
Alluvion formed in front of the property of several owners is divided equitably, taking into account the extent of the front of each property prior to the formation of the alluvion in issue. Each owner is entitled to a fair proportion of the area of the alluvion and a fair proportion of the new frontage on the river, depending on the relative values of the frontage and the acreage.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 502. Sudden action of waters.

Art. 502. Sudden action of waters.
If a sudden action of the waters of a river or stream carries away an identifiable piece of ground and unites it with other lands on the same or on the opposite bank, the ownership of the piece of ground so carried away is not lost. The owner may claim it within a year, or even later, if the owner of the bank with which it is united has not taken possession.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 504. Ownership of abandoned bed when river changes course.

Art. 504. Ownership of abandoned bed when river changes course.
When a navigable river or stream abandons its bed and opens a new one, the owners of the land on which the new bed is located shall take by way of indemnification the abandoned bed, each in proportion to the quantity of land that he lost.
If the river returns to the old bed, each shall take his former land.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 508. Things principal and accessory.

Art. 508. Things principal and accessory
Things are divided into principal and accessory. For purposes of accession as between movables, an accessory is a corporeal movable that serves the use, ornament, or complement of the principal thing.
In the case of a principal thing consisting of a movable construction permanently attached to the ground, its accessories include things that would constitute its component parts under Article 466 if the construction were immovable.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1; Acts 2008, No. 632, §1, eff. July 1, 2008.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 510. Union of a principal and an accessory thing.

Art. 510. Union of a principal and an accessory thing.
When two corporeal movables are united to form a whole, and one of them is an accessory of the other, the whole belongs to the owner of the principal thing. The owner of the principal thing is bound to reimburse the owner of the accessory its value. The owner of the accessory may demand that it be separated and returned to him, although the separation may cause some injury to the principal thing, if the accessory is more valuable than the principal and has been used without his knowledge.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 511. Ownership of new thing made with materials of another.

Art. 511. Ownership of new thing made with materials of another.
When one uses materials of another to make a new thing, the thing belongs to the owner of the materials, regardless of whether they may be given their earlier form. The owner is bound to reimburse the value of the workmanship.
Nevertheless, when the value of the workmanship substantially exceeds that of the materials, the thing belongs to him who made it. In this case, he is bound to reimburse the owner of the materials their value.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 513. Use of materials of two owners; separation or co-ownership.

Art. 513. Use of materials of two owners; separation or co-ownership.
When one used partly his own materials and partly the materials of another to make a new thing, unless the materials can be conveniently separated, the thing belongs to the owners of the materials in indivision. The share of one is determined in proportion to the value of his materials and of the other in proportion to the value of his materials and workmanship.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 514. Mixture of materials.

Art. 514. Mixture of materials.
When a new thing is formed by the mixture of materials of different owners, and none of them may be considered as principal, an owner who has not consented to the mixture may demand separation if it can be conveniently made.
If separation cannot be conveniently made, the thing resulting from the mixture belongs to the owners of the materials in indivision. The share of each is determined in proportion to the value of his materials.
One whose materials are far superior in value in comparison with those of any one of the others, may claim the thing resulting from the mixture. He is then bound to reimburse the others the value of their materials.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.
2023 Louisiana Laws › Civil Code › Art. 515. Recovery of materials or value in lieu of ownership.

Art. 515. Recovery of materials or value in lieu of ownership.
When an owner of materials that have been used without his knowledge for the making of a new thing acquires the ownership of that thing, he may demand that, in lieu of the ownership of the new thing, materials of the same species, quantity, weight, measure and quality or their value be delivered to him.
Acts 1979, No. 180, §1.