reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 6 Sheriffs; Security, Responsibility for Acts, Ineligibility for Other Office.

§ 6 Sheriffs; security, responsibility for acts, ineligibility for other office.
Sec. 6.
The sheriff may be required by law to renew his security periodically and in default of giving such security, his office shall be vacant. The county shall never be responsible for his acts, except that the board of supervisors may protect him against claims by prisoners for unintentional injuries received while in his custody. He shall not hold any other office except in civil defense.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 6, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 5.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 7 Boards of Supervisors; Members.

§ 7 Boards of supervisors; members.
Sec. 7.
A board of supervisors shall be established in each organized county consisting of one member from each organized township and such representation from cities as provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 7, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Constitutionality:
Section held invalid under federal constitution. Advisory Opinion re Constitutionality of 1966 PA 261, 380 Mich 736; 158 NW2d 497 (1968); In re Apportionment of Ontonagon County Board of Supervisors, 11 Mich App 348; 157 NW2d 698 (1967).
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 7.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 8 Legislative, Administrative, and Other Powers and Duties of Boards.

§ 8 Legislative, administrative, and other powers and duties of boards.
Sec. 8.
Boards of supervisors shall have legislative, administrative and such other powers and duties as provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 8, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 8.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 9 Compensation of County Officers.

§ 9 Compensation of county officers.
Sec. 9.
Boards of supervisors shall have exclusive power to fix the compensation of county officers not otherwise provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 9, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 9.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 10 Removal of County Seat.

§ 10 Removal of county seat.
Sec. 10.
A county seat once established shall not be removed until the place to which it is proposed to be moved shall be designated by two-thirds of the members of the board of supervisors and a majority of the electors voting thereon shall have approved the proposed location in the manner prescribed by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 10, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 13.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 11 Indebtedness, Limitation.

§ 11 Indebtedness, limitation.
Sec. 11.
No county shall incur any indebtedness which shall increase its total debt beyond 10 percent of its assessed valuation.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 11, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 12.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 12 Navigable Streams, Permission to Bridge or Dam.

§ 12 Navigable streams, permission to bridge or dam.
Sec. 12.
A navigable stream shall not be bridged or dammed without permission granted by the board of supervisors of the county as provided by law, which permission shall be subject to such reasonable compensation and other conditions as may seem best suited to safeguard the rights and interests of the county and political subdivisions therein.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 12, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 14.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 13 Consolidation of Counties, Approval by Electors.

§ 13 Consolidation of counties, approval by electors.
Sec. 13.
Two or more contiguous counties may combine into a single county if approved in each affected county by a majority of the electors voting on the question.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 13, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 14 Organization and Consolidation of Townships.

§ 14 Organization and consolidation of townships.
Sec. 14.
The board of supervisors of each organized county may organize and consolidate townships under restrictions and limitations provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 14, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 15.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 15 County Intervention in Public Utility Service and Rate Proceedings.

§ 15 County intervention in public utility service and rate proceedings.
Sec. 15.
Any county, when authorized by its board of supervisors shall have the authority to enter or to intervene in any action or certificate proceeding involving the services, charges or rates of any privately owned public utility furnishing services or commodities to rate payers within the county.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 15, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 16 Highways, Bridges, Culverts, Airports; Road Tax Limitation.

§ 16 Highways, bridges, culverts, airports; road tax limitation.
Sec. 16.
The legislature may provide for the laying out, construction, improvement and maintenance of highways, bridges, culverts and airports by the state and by the counties and townships thereof; and may authorize counties to take charge and control of any highway within their limits for such purposes. The legislature may provide the powers and duties of counties in relation to highways, bridges, culverts and airports; may provide for county road commissioners to be appointed or elected, with powers and duties provided by law. The ad valorem property tax imposed for road purposes by any county shall not exceed in any year one-half of one percent of the assessed valuation for the preceding year.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 16, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 26.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 17 Townships; Corporate Character, Powers and Immunities.

§ 17 Townships; corporate character, powers and immunities.
Sec. 17.
Each organized township shall be a body corporate with powers and immunities provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 17, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 16.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 18 Township Officers; Term, Powers and Duties.

§ 18 Township officers; term, powers and duties.
Sec. 18.
In each organized township there shall be elected for terms of not less than two nor more than four years as prescribed by law a supervisor, a clerk, a treasurer, and not to exceed four trustees, whose legislative and administrative powers and duties shall be provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 18, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 18.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 19 Township Public Utility Franchises.

§ 19 Township public utility franchises.
Sec. 19.
No organized township shall grant any public utility franchise which is not subject to revocation at the will of the township, unless the proposition shall first have been approved by a majority of the electors of such township voting thereon at a regular or special election.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 19, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 19.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 20 Townships, Dissolution; Villages as Cities.

§ 20 Townships, dissolution; villages as cities.
Sec. 20.
The legislature shall provide by law for the dissolution of township government whenever all the territory of an organized township is included within the boundaries of a village or villages notwithstanding that a village may include territory within another organized township and provide by law for the classification of such village or villages as cities.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 20, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 21 Cities and Villages; Incorporation, Taxes, Indebtedness.

§ 21 Cities and villages; incorporation, taxes, indebtedness.
Sec. 21.
The legislature shall provide by general laws for the incorporation of cities and villages. Such laws shall limit their rate of ad valorem property taxation for municipal purposes, and restrict the powers of cities and villages to borrow money and contract debts. Each city and village is granted power to levy other taxes for public purposes, subject to limitations and prohibitions provided by this constitution or by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 21, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 20.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 22 Charters, Resolutions, Ordinances; Enumeration of Powers.

§ 22 Charters, resolutions, ordinances; enumeration of powers.
Sec. 22.
Under general laws the electors of each city and village shall have the power and authority to frame, adopt and amend its charter, and to amend an existing charter of the city or village heretofore granted or enacted by the legislature for the government of the city or village. Each such city and village shall have power to adopt resolutions and ordinances relating to its municipal concerns, property and government, subject to the constitution and law. No enumeration of powers granted to cities and villages in this constitution shall limit or restrict the general grant of authority conferred by this section.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 22, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 21.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 23 Parks, Boulevards, Cemeteries, Hospitals.

§ 23 Parks, boulevards, cemeteries, hospitals.
Sec. 23.
Any city or village may acquire, own, establish and maintain, within or without its corporate limits, parks, boulevards, cemeteries, hospitals and all works which involve the public health or safety.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 23, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 22.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 24 Public Service Facilities.

§ 24 Public service facilities.
Sec. 24.
Subject to this constitution, any city or village may acquire, own or operate, within or without its corporate limits, public service facilities for supplying water, light, heat, power, sewage disposal and transportation to the municipality and the inhabitants thereof.
Any city or village may sell and deliver heat, power or light without its corporate limits in an amount not exceeding 25 percent of that furnished by it within the corporate limits, except as greater amounts may be permitted by law; may sell and deliver water and provide sewage disposal services outside of its corporate limits in such amount as may be determined by the legislative body of the city or village; and may operate transportation lines outside the municipality within such limits as may be prescribed by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 24, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 23.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 25 Public Utilities; Acquisition, Franchises, Sale.

§ 25 Public utilities; acquisition, franchises, sale.
Sec. 25.
No city or village shall acquire any public utility furnishing light, heat or power, or grant any public utility franchise which is not subject to revocation at the will of the city or village, unless the proposition shall first have been approved by three-fifths of the electors voting thereon. No city or village may sell any public utility unless the proposition shall first have been approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon, or a greater number if the charter shall so provide.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 25, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 25.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 26 Cities and Villages, Loan of Credit.

§ 26 Cities and villages, loan of credit.
Sec. 26.
Except as otherwise provided in this constitution, no city or village shall have the power to loan its credit for any private purpose or, except as provided by law, for any public purpose.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 26, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 27 Metropolitan Governments and Authorities.

§ 27 Metropolitan governments and authorities.
Sec. 27.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this constitution the legislature may establish in metropolitan areas additional forms of government or authorities with powers, duties and jurisdictions as the legislature shall provide. Wherever possible, such additional forms of government or authorities shall be designed to perform multipurpose functions rather than a single function.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 27, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 31.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 28 Governmental Functions and Powers; Joint Administration, Costs and Credits, Transfers.

§ 28 Governmental functions and powers; joint administration, costs and credits, transfers.
Sec. 28.
The legislature by general law shall authorize two or more counties, townships, cities, villages or districts, or any combination thereof among other things to: enter into contractual undertakings or agreements with one another or with the state or with any combination thereof for the joint administration of any of the functions or powers which each would have the power to perform separately; share the costs and responsibilities of functions and services with one another or with the state or with any combination thereof which each would have the power to perform separately; transfer functions or responsibilities to one another or any combination thereof upon the consent of each unit involved; cooperate with one another and with state government; lend their credit to one another or any combination thereof as provided by law in connection with any authorized publicly owned undertaking.
Any other provision of this constitution notwithstanding, an officer or employee of the state or any such unit of government or subdivision or agency thereof, except members of the legislature, may serve on or with any governmental body established for the purposes set forth in this section and shall not be required to relinquish his office or employment by reason of such service.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 28, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 29 Highways, Streets, Alleys, Public Places; Control, Use by Public Utilities.

§ 29 Highways, streets, alleys, public places; control, use by public utilities.
Sec. 29.
No person, partnership, association or corporation, public or private, operating a public utility shall have the right to the use of the highways, streets, alleys or other public places of any county, township, city or village for wires, poles, pipes, tracks, conduits or other utility facilities, without the consent of the duly constituted authority of the county, township, city or village; or to transact local business therein without first obtaining a franchise from the township, city or village. Except as otherwise provided in this constitution the right of all counties, townships, cities and villages to the reasonable control of their highways, streets, alleys and public places is hereby reserved to such local units of government.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 29, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 28.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 30 Franchises and Licenses, Duration.

§ 30 Franchises and licenses, duration.
Sec. 30.
No franchise or license shall be granted by any township, city or village for a period longer than 30 years.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 30, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 29.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 31 Vacation or Alteration of Roads, Streets, Alleys, Public Places.

§ 31 Vacation or alteration of roads, streets, alleys, public places.
Sec. 31.
The legislature shall not vacate or alter any road, street, alley or public place under the jurisdiction of any county, township, city or village.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 31, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VIII, § 27.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 32 Budgets, Public Hearing.

§ 32 Budgets, public hearing.
Sec. 32.
Any county, township, city, village, authority or school district empowered by the legislature or by this constitution to prepare budgets of estimated expenditures and revenues shall adopt such budgets only after a public hearing in a manner prescribed by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 32, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 33 Removal of Elected Officers.

§ 33 Removal of elected officers.
Sec. 33.
Any elected officer of a political subdivision may be removed from office in the manner and for the causes provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 33, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. IX, § 8.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VII - Local Government (Article VII § 1...§ 34) › Article VII § 34 Construction of Constitution and Law Concerning Counties, Townships, Cities, Villages.

§ 34 Construction of constitution and law concerning counties, townships, cities, villages.
Sec. 34.
The provisions of this constitution and law concerning counties, townships, cities and villages shall be liberally construed in their favor. Powers granted to counties and townships by this constitution and by law shall include those fairly implied and not prohibited by this constitution.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VII, § 34, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VIII - Education (Article VIII § 1...§ 9) › Article VIII § 1 Encouragement of Education.

§ 1 Encouragement of education.
Sec. 1.
Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VIII, § 1, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XI, § 1.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VIII - Education (Article VIII § 1...§ 9) › Article VIII § 2 Free Public Elementary and Secondary Schools; Discrimination.

§ 2 Free public elementary and secondary schools; discrimination.
Sec. 2.
The legislature shall maintain and support a system of free public elementary and secondary schools as defined by law. Every school district shall provide for the education of its pupils without discrimination as to religion, creed, race, color or national origin.
No public monies or property shall be appropriated or paid or any public credit utilized, by the legislature or any other political subdivision or agency of the state directly or indirectly to aid or maintain any private, denominational or other nonpublic, pre-elementary, elementary, or secondary school. No payment, credit, tax benefit, exemption or deductions, tuition voucher, subsidy, grant or loan of public monies or property shall be provided, directly or indirectly, to support the attendance of any student or the employment of any person at any such nonpublic school or at any location or institution where instruction is offered in whole or in part to such nonpublic school students. The legislature may provide for the transportation of students to and from any school.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VIII, § 2, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 3, 1970, Eff. Dec. 19, 1970
Constitutionality:
That portion of second sentence of second paragraph of this section, prohibiting use of public money to support attendance of any student or employment of any person at any location or institution where instruction is offered in whole or in part to nonpublic students, was held unconstitutional, void, and unenforceable because it contravened free exercise of religion guaranteed by the United States Constitution and was violative of equal protection of laws provisions of United States Constitution. Traverse City School District v Attorney General, 384 Mich 390; 185 NW2d 9 (1971).
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XI, § 9.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VIII - Education (Article VIII § 1...§ 9) › Article VIII § 3 State Board of Education; Duties.

§ 3 State board of education; duties.
Sec. 3.
Leadership and general supervision over all public education, including adult education and instructional programs in state institutions, except as to institutions of higher education granting baccalaureate degrees, is vested in a state board of education. It shall serve as the general planning and coordinating body for all public education, including higher education, and shall advise the legislature as to the financial requirements in connection therewith.
The state board of education shall appoint a superintendent of public instruction whose term of office shall be determined by the board. He shall be the chairman of the board without the right to vote, and shall be responsible for the execution of its policies. He shall be the principal executive officer of a state department of education which shall have powers and duties provided by law.
The state board of education shall consist of eight members who shall be nominated by party conventions and elected at large for terms of eight years as prescribed by law. The governor shall fill any vacancy by appointment for the unexpired term. The governor shall be ex-officio a member of the state board of education without the right to vote.
The power of the boards of institutions of higher education provided in this constitution to supervise their respective institutions and control and direct the expenditure of the institutions' funds shall not be limited by this section.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VIII, § 3, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XI, §§ 2, 6.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VIII - Education (Article VIII § 1...§ 9) › Article VIII § 4 Higher Education Institutions; Appropriations, Accounting, Public Sessions of Boards.

§ 4 Higher education institutions; appropriations, accounting, public sessions of boards.
Sec. 4.
The legislature shall appropriate moneys to maintain the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wayne State University, Eastern Michigan University, Michigan College of Science and Technology, Central Michigan University, Northern Michigan University, Western Michigan University, Ferris Institute, Grand Valley State College, by whatever names such institutions may hereafter be known, and other institutions of higher education established by law. The legislature shall be given an annual accounting of all income and expenditures by each of these educational institutions. Formal sessions of governing boards of such institutions shall be open to the public.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VIII, § 4, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XI, § 10.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VIII - Education (Article VIII § 1...§ 9) › Article VIII § 5 University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wayne State University; Controlling Boards.

§ 5 University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wayne State University; controlling boards.
Sec. 5.
The regents of the University of Michigan and their successors in office shall constitute a body corporate known as the Regents of the University of Michigan; the trustees of Michigan State University and their successors in office shall constitute a body corporate known as the Board of Trustees of Michigan State University; the governors of Wayne State University and their successors in office shall constitute a body corporate known as the Board of Governors of Wayne State University. Each board shall have general supervision of its institution and the control and direction of all expenditures from the institution's funds. Each board shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the institution under its supervision. He shall be the principal executive officer of the institution, be ex-officio a member of the board without the right to vote and preside at meetings of the board. The board of each institution shall consist of eight members who shall hold office for terms of eight years and who shall be elected as provided by law. The governor shall fill board vacancies by appointment. Each appointee shall hold office until a successor has been nominated and elected as provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VIII, § 5, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XI, §§ 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 16.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VIII - Education (Article VIII § 1...§ 9) › Article VIII § 6 Other Institutions of Higher Education, Controlling Boards.

§ 6 Other institutions of higher education, controlling boards.
Sec. 6.
Other institutions of higher education established by law having authority to grant baccalaureate degrees shall each be governed by a board of control which shall be a body corporate. The board shall have general supervision of the institution and the control and direction of all expenditures from the institution's funds. It shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the institution under its supervision. He shall be the principal executive officer of the institution and be ex-officio a member of the board without the right to vote. The board may elect one of its members or may designate the president, to preside at board meetings. Each board of control shall consist of eight members who shall hold office for terms of eight years, not more than two of which shall expire in the same year, and who shall be appointed by the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate. Vacancies shall be filled in like manner.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VIII, § 6, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VIII - Education (Article VIII § 1...§ 9) › Article VIII § 7 Community and Junior Colleges; State Board, Members, Terms, Vacancies.

§ 7 Community and junior colleges; state board, members, terms, vacancies.
Sec. 7.
The legislature shall provide by law for the establishment and financial support of public community and junior colleges which shall be supervised and controlled by locally elected boards. The legislature shall provide by law for a state board for public community and junior colleges which shall advise the state board of education concerning general supervision and planning for such colleges and requests for annual appropriations for their support. The board shall consist of eight members who shall hold office for terms of eight years, not more than two of which shall expire in the same year, and who shall be appointed by the state board of education. Vacancies shall be filled in like manner. The superintendent of public instruction shall be ex-officio a member of this board without the right to vote.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VIII, § 7, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VIII - Education (Article VIII § 1...§ 9) › Article VIII § 8 Services for Disabled Persons.

§ 8 Services for disabled persons.
Sec. 8.
Institutions, programs, and services for the care, treatment, education, or rehabilitation of those inhabitants who are physically, mentally, or otherwise seriously disabled shall always be fostered and supported.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VIII, § 8, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. S.J.R. I, approved Nov. 3, 1998, Eff. Dec. 19, 1998
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XI, § 15.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article VIII - Education (Article VIII § 1...§ 9) › Article VIII § 9 Public Libraries, Fines.

§ 9 Public libraries, fines.
Sec. 9.
The legislature shall provide by law for the establishment and support of public libraries which shall be available to all residents of the state under regulations adopted by the governing bodies thereof. All fines assessed and collected in the several counties, townships and cities for any breach of the penal laws shall be exclusively applied to the support of such public libraries, and county law libraries as provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. VIII, § 9, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XI, § 14.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 1 Taxes for State Expenses.

§ 1 Taxes for state expenses.
Sec. 1.
The legislature shall impose taxes sufficient with other resources to pay the expenses of state government.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 1, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Constitutionality:
Const 1963, art 6, § 1 and art 9, §§ 1 and 3 do not require the state to pay the entire cost of trial court operations. It is for the legislature to determine whether to adopt a system of state funding of trial court operations. Grand Traverse Co v Michigan, 450 Mich 457, 538 NW2d 1 (1995).
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 2.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 2 Power of Taxation, Relinquishment.

§ 2 Power of taxation, relinquishment.
Sec. 2.
The power of taxation shall never be surrendered, suspended or contracted away.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 2, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 9.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 3 Property Taxation; Uniformity; Assessments; Limitations; Classes; Approval of Legislature.

§ 3 Property taxation; uniformity; assessments; limitations; classes; approval of legislature.
Sec. 3.
The legislature shall provide for the uniform general ad valorem taxation of real and tangible personal property not exempt by law except for taxes levied for school operating purposes. The legislature shall provide for the determination of true cash value of such property; the proportion of true cash value at which such property shall be uniformly assessed, which shall not, after January 1, 1966, exceed 50 percent; and for a system of equalization of assessments. For taxes levied in 1995 and each year thereafter, the legislature shall provide that the taxable value of each parcel of property adjusted for additions and losses, shall not increase each year by more than the increase in the immediately preceding year in the general price level, as defined in section 33 of this article, or 5 percent, whichever is less until ownership of the parcel of property is transferred. When ownership of the parcel of property is transferred as defined by law, the parcel shall be assessed at the applicable proportion of current true cash value. The legislature may provide for alternative means of taxation of designated real and tangible personal property in lieu of general ad valorem taxation. Every tax other than the general ad valorem property tax shall be uniform upon the class or classes on which it operates. A law that increases the statutory limits in effect as of February 1, 1994 on the maximum amount of ad valorem property taxes that may be levied for school district operating purposes requires the approval of 3/4 of the members elected to and serving in the Senate and in the House of Representatives.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 3, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. S.J.R. S, approved Mar. 15, 1994, Eff. Apr. 30, 1994
Constitutionality:
Const 1963, art 6, § 1 and art 9, §§ 1 and 3 do not require the state to pay the entire cost of trial court operations. It is for the legislature to determine whether to adopt a system of state funding of trial court operations. Grand Traverse Co v Michigan, 450 Mich 457, 538 NW2d 1, (1995).
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, §§ 3, 4, 7, 8.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 4 Exemption of Religious or Educational Nonprofit Organizations.

§ 4 Exemption of religious or educational nonprofit organizations.
Sec. 4.
Property owned and occupied by non-profit religious or educational organizations and used exclusively for religious or educational purposes, as defined by law, shall be exempt from real and personal property taxes.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 4, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 5 Assessment of Property of Public Service Businesses.

§ 5 Assessment of property of public service businesses.
Sec. 5.
The legislature shall provide for the assessment by the state of the property of those public service businesses assessed by the state at the date this constitution becomes effective, and of other property as designated by the legislature, and for the imposition and collection of taxes thereon. Property assessed by the state shall be assessed at the same proportion of its true cash value as the legislature shall specify for property subject to general ad valorem taxation. The rate of taxation on such property shall be the average rate levied upon other commercial, industrial, and utility property in this state under the general ad valorem tax law, or, if the legislature provides, the rate of tax applicable to the property of each business enterprise assessed by the state shall be the average rate of ad valorem taxation levied upon other commercial, industrial, and utility property in all counties in which any of such property is situated.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 5, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. S.J.R. S, approved Mar. 15, 1994, Eff. Apr. 30, 1994
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 6 Real and Tangible Personal Property; Limitation on General Ad Valorem Taxes; Adoption and Alteration of Separate Tax Limitations; Exceptions to Limitations; Property Tax on School District Extending Into 2 or More Counties.

§ 6 Real and tangible personal property; limitation on general ad valorem taxes; adoption and alteration of separate tax limitations; exceptions to limitations; property tax on school district extending into 2 or more counties.
Section 6.
Except as otherwise provided in this constitution, the total amount of general ad valorem taxes imposed upon real and tangible personal property for all purposes in any one year shall not exceed 15 mills on each dollar of the assessed valuation of property as finally equalized. Under procedures provided by law, which shall guarantee the right of initiative, separate tax limitations for any county and for the townships and for school districts therein, the aggregate of which shall not exceed 18 mills on each dollar of such valuation, may be adopted and thereafter altered by the vote of a majority of the qualified electors of such county voting thereon, in lieu of the limitation hereinbefore established. These limitations may be increased to an aggregate of not to exceed 50 mills on each dollar of valuation, for a period of not to exceed 20 years at any one time, if approved by a majority of the electors, qualified under Section 6 of Article II of this constitution, voting on the question.
The foregoing limitations shall not apply to taxes imposed for the payment of principal and interest on bonds approved by the electors or other evidences of indebtedness approved by the electors or for the payment of assessments or contract obligations in anticipation of which bonds are issued approved by the electors, which taxes may be imposed without limitation as to rate or amount; or, subject to the provisions of Section 25 through 34 of this article, to taxes imposed for any other purpose by any city, village, charter county, charter township, charter authority or other authority, the tax limitations of which are provided by charter or by general law.
In any school district which extends into two or more counties, property taxes at the highest rate available in the county which contains the greatest part of the area of the district may be imposed and collected for school purposes throughout the district.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 6, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 21.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 7 Income Tax.

§ 7 Income tax.
Sec. 7.
No income tax graduated as to rate or base shall be imposed by the state or any of its subdivisions.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 7, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 8 Sales and Use Taxes.

§ 8 Sales and use taxes.
Sec. 8.
Except as provided in this section, the Legislature shall not impose a sales tax on retailers at a rate of more than 4% of their gross taxable sales of tangible personal property.
Beginning May 1, 1994, the sales tax shall be imposed on retailers at an additional rate of 2% of their gross taxable sales of tangible personal property not exempt by law and the use tax at an additional rate of 2%. The proceeds of the sales and use taxes imposed at the additional rate of 2% shall be deposited in the state school aid fund established in section 11 of this article. The allocation of sales tax revenue required or authorized by sections 9 and 10 of this article does not apply to the revenue from the sales tax imposed at the additional rate of 2%.
No sales tax or use tax shall be charged or collected from and after January 1, 1975 on the sale or use of prescription drugs for human use, or on the sale or use of food for human consumption except in the case of prepared food intended for immediate consumption as defined by law. This provision shall not apply to alcoholic beverages.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 8, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 5, 1974, Eff. Dec. 21, 1974 ;-- Am. S.J.R. S, approved Mar. 15, 1994, Eff. Apr. 30, 1994
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 23.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 9 Use of Specific Taxes on Fuels for Transportation Purposes; Authorization of Indebtedness and Issuance of Obligations.

§ 9 Use of specific taxes on fuels for transportation purposes; authorization of indebtedness and issuance of obligations.
Sec. 9.
All specific taxes, except general sales and use taxes and regulatory fees, imposed directly or indirectly on fuels sold or used to propel motor vehicles upon highways and to propel aircraft and on registered motor vehicles and aircraft shall, after the payment of necessary collection expenses, be used exclusively for transportation purposes as set forth in this section.
Not less than 90 percent of the specific taxes, except general sales and use taxes and regulatory fees, imposed directly or indirectly on fuels sold or used to propel motor vehicles upon highways and on registered motor vehicles shall, after the payment of necessary collection expenses, be used exclusively for the transportation purposes of planning, administering, constructing, reconstructing, financing, and maintaining state, county, city, and village roads, streets, and bridges designed primarily for the use of motor vehicles using tires, and reasonable appurtenances to those state, county, city, and village roads, streets, and bridges.
The balance, if any, of the specific taxes, except general sales and use taxes and regulatory fees, imposed directly or indirectly on fuels sold or used to propel motor vehicles upon highways and on registered motor vehicles, after the payment of necessary collection expenses; 100 percent of the specific taxes, except general sales and use taxes and regulatory fees, imposed directly or indirectly on fuels sold or used to propel aircraft and on registered aircraft, after the payment of necessary collection expenses; and not more than 25 percent of the general sales taxes, imposed directly or indirectly on fuels sold to propel motor vehicles upon highways, on the sale of motor vehicles, and on the sale of the parts and accessories of motor vehicles, after the payment of necessary collection expenses; shall be used exclusively for the transportation purposes of comprehensive transportation purposes as defined by law.
The legislature may authorize the incurrence of indebtedness and the issuance of obligations pledging the taxes allocated or authorized to be allocated by this section, which obligations shall not be construed to be evidences of state indebtedness under this constitution.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 9, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. H.J.R. F, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 22.