reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 8 - Investment Securities › Subtitle 5 - Security Entitlements › Section 8-503 - Property Interest of Entitlement Holder in Financial Asset Held by Securities Intermediary

(a)    To the extent necessary for a securities intermediary to satisfy all security entitlements with respect to a particular financial asset, all interests in that financial asset held by the securities intermediary are held by the securities intermediary for the entitlement holders, are not property of the securities intermediary, and are not subject to claims of creditors of the securities intermediary, except as otherwise provided in § 8-511 of this subtitle.
(b)    An entitlement holder's property interest with respect to a particular financial asset under subsection (a) of this section is a pro rata property interest in all interests in that financial asset held by the securities intermediary, without regard to the time the entitlement holder acquired the security entitlement or the time the securities intermediary acquired the interest in that financial asset.
(c)    An entitlement holder's property interest with respect to a particular financial asset under subsection (a) of this section may be enforced against the securities intermediary only by exercise of the entitlement holder's rights under §§ 8-505 through 8-508 of this subtitle.
(d)    (1)    An entitlement holder's property interest with respect to a particular financial asset under subsection (a) of this section may be enforced against a purchaser of the financial asset or interest in the financial asset only if:
(i)    Insolvency proceedings have been initiated by or against the securities intermediary;
(ii)    The securities intermediary does not have sufficient interests in the financial asset to satisfy the security entitlements of all of its entitlement holders to that financial asset;
(iii)    The securities intermediary violated its obligations under § 8-504 of this subtitle by transferring the financial asset or interest in the financial asset to the purchaser; and
(iv)    The purchaser is not protected under subsection (e) of this section.
(2)    The trustee or other liquidator, acting on behalf of all entitlement holders having security entitlements with respect to a particular financial asset, may recover the financial asset, or interest in the financial asset, from the purchaser. If the trustee or other liquidator elects not to pursue that right, an entitlement holder whose security entitlement remains unsatisfied has the right to recover its interest in the financial asset from the purchaser.
(e)    An action based on the entitlement holder's property interest with respect to a particular financial asset under subsection (a) of this section, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, equitable lien, or other theory, may not be asserted against any purchaser of a financial asset or interest in a financial asset who gives value, obtains control, and does not act in collusion with the securities intermediary in violating the securities intermediary's obligations under § 8-504 of this subtitle.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 8 - Investment Securities › Subtitle 5 - Security Entitlements › Section 8-504 - Duty of Securities Intermediary to Maintain Financial Asset

(a)    A securities intermediary shall promptly obtain and thereafter maintain a financial asset in a quantity corresponding to the aggregate of all security entitlements the securities intermediary has established in favor of its entitlement holders with respect to that financial asset. The securities intermediary may maintain those financial assets directly or through one or more other securities intermediaries.
(b)    Except to the extent otherwise agreed by its entitlement holder, a securities intermediary may not grant any security interests in a financial asset it is obligated to maintain in accordance with subsection (a) of this section.
(c)    A securities intermediary satisfies the duty in subsection (a) of this section if:
(1)    The securities intermediary acts with respect to the duty as agreed upon by the entitlement holder and the securities intermediary; or
(2)    In the absence of agreement, the securities intermediary exercises due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards to obtain and maintain the financial asset.
(d)    This section does not apply to a clearing corporation that is itself the obligor of an option or similar obligation to which its entitlement holders have security entitlements.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 8 - Investment Securities › Subtitle 5 - Security Entitlements › Section 8-505 - Duty of Securities Intermediary With Respect to Payments and Distributions

(a)    A securities intermediary shall take action to obtain a payment or distribution made by the issuer of a financial asset. A securities intermediary satisfies the duty if:
(1)    The securities intermediary acts with respect to the duty as agreed upon by the entitlement holder and the securities intermediary; or
(2)    In the absence of agreement, the securities intermediary exercises due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards to attempt to obtain the payment or distribution.
(b)    A securities intermediary is obligated to its entitlement holder for a payment or distribution made by the issuer of a financial asset if the payment or distribution is received by the securities intermediary.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 8 - Investment Securities › Subtitle 5 - Security Entitlements › Section 8-506 - Duty of Securities Intermediary to Exercise Rights as Directed by Entitlement Holder

A securities intermediary shall exercise rights with respect to a financial asset if directed to do so by an entitlement holder. A securities intermediary satisfies the duty if:
(1)    The securities intermediary acts with respect to the duty as agreed upon by the entitlement holder and the securities intermediary; or
(2)    In the absence of agreement, the securities intermediary either places the entitlement holder in a position to exercise the rights directly or exercises due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards to follow the direction of the entitlement holder.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 8 - Investment Securities › Subtitle 5 - Security Entitlements › Section 8-507 - Duties of Securities Intermediary to Comply With Entitlement Order

(a)    A securities intermediary shall comply with an entitlement order if the entitlement order is originated by the appropriate person, the securities intermediary has had reasonable opportunity to assure itself that the entitlement order is genuine and authorized, and the securities intermediary has had reasonable opportunity to comply with the entitlement order. A securities intermediary satisfies the duty if:
(1)    The securities intermediary acts with respect to the duty as agreed upon by the entitlement holder and the securities intermediary; or
(2)    In the absence of agreement, the securities intermediary exercises due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards to comply with the entitlement order.
(b)    If a securities intermediary transfers a financial asset in accordance with an ineffective entitlement order, the securities intermediary shall reestablish a security entitlement in favor of the person entitled to it, and pay or credit any payments or distributions that the person did not receive as a result of the wrongful transfer. If the securities intermediary does not reestablish a security entitlement, the securities intermediary is liable to the entitlement holder for damages.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 8 - Investment Securities › Subtitle 5 - Security Entitlements › Section 8-508 - Duty of Securities Intermediary to Change Entitlement Holder's Position to Other Form of Security Holding

A securities intermediary shall act at the direction of an entitlement holder to change a security entitlement into another available form of holding for which the entitlement holder is eligible, or to cause the financial asset to be transferred to a securities account of the entitlement holder with another securities intermediary. A securities intermediary satisfies the duty if:
(1)    The securities intermediary acts as agreed upon by the entitlement holder and the securities intermediary; or
(2)    In the absence of agreement, the securities intermediary exercises due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards to follow the direction of the entitlement holder.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 8 - Investment Securities › Subtitle 5 - Security Entitlements › Section 8-509 - Duty of Securities Intermediary Specified by Other Statute or Regulation; Manner of Performance of Duties of Securities Intermediary and Exercise of Rights of Entitlement Holder

(a)    If the substance of a duty imposed upon a securities intermediary by §§ 8-504 through 8-508 of this subtitle is the subject of other statute, regulation, or rule, compliance with that statute, regulation, or rule satisfies the duty.
(b)    To the extent that specific standards for the performance of the duties of a securities intermediary or the exercise of the rights of an entitlement holder are not specified by other statute, regulation, or rule or by agreement between the securities intermediary and entitlement holder, the securities intermediary shall perform its duties and the entitlement holder shall exercise its rights in a commercially reasonable manner.
(c)    The obligation of a securities intermediary to perform the duties imposed by §§ 8-504 through 8-508 of this subtitle is subject to:
(1)    Rights of the securities intermediary arising out of a security interest under a security agreement with the entitlement holder or otherwise; and
(2)    Rights of the securities intermediary under other law, regulation, rule, or agreement to withhold performance of its duties as a result of unfulfilled obligations of the entitlement holder to the securities intermediary.
(d)    Sections 8-504 through 8-508 of this subtitle do not require a securities intermediary to take any action that is prohibited by other statute, regulation, or rule.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 8 - Investment Securities › Subtitle 5 - Security Entitlements › Section 8-510 - Rights of Purchaser of Security Entitlement From Entitlement Holder

(a)    In a case not covered by the priority rules in Title 9 of this article or the rules stated in subsection (c) of this section, an action based on an adverse claim to a financial asset or security entitlement, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, equitable lien, or other theory, may not be asserted against a person who purchases a security entitlement, or an interest in a security entitlement, from an entitlement holder if the purchaser gives value, does not have notice of the adverse claim, and obtains control.
(b)    If an adverse claim could not have been asserted against an entitlement holder under § 8-502 of this subtitle, the adverse claim cannot be asserted against a person who purchases a security entitlement, or an interest in a security entitlement, from the entitlement holder.
(c)    (1)    In a case not covered by the priority rules in Title 9 of this article, a purchaser for value of a security entitlement, or an interest in a security entitlement, who obtains control has priority over a purchaser of a security entitlement, or an interest in a security entitlement, who does not obtain control.
(2)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section, purchasers who have control rank according to priority in time of:
(i)    The purchaser’s becoming the person for whom the securities account, in which the security entitlement is carried, is maintained, if the purchaser obtained control under § 8-106(d)(1);
(ii)    The securities intermediary’s agreement to comply with the purchaser’s entitlement orders with respect to security entitlements carried or to be carried in the securities account in which the security entitlement is carried, if the purchaser obtained control under § 8-106(d)(2); or
(iii)    If the purchaser obtained control through another person under § 8-106(d)(3), the time on which priority would be based under this subsection if the other person were the secured party.
(d)    A securities intermediary as purchaser has priority over a conflicting purchaser who has control unless otherwise agreed by the securities intermediary.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 8 - Investment Securities › Subtitle 5 - Security Entitlements › Section 8-511 - Priority Among Security Interests and Entitlement Holders

(a)    Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, if a securities intermediary does not have sufficient interests in a particular financial asset to satisfy both its obligations to entitlement holders who have security entitlements to that financial asset and its obligation to a creditor of the securities intermediary who has a security interest in that financial asset, the claims of entitlement holders, other than the creditor, have priority over the claim of the creditor.
(b)    A claim of a creditor of a securities intermediary who has a security interest in a financial asset held by a securities intermediary has priority over claims of the securities intermediary's entitlement holders who have security entitlements with respect to that financial asset if the creditor has control over the financial asset.
(c)    If a clearing corporation does not have sufficient financial assets to satisfy both its obligations to entitlement holders who have security entitlements with respect to a financial asset and its obligation to a creditor of the clearing corporation who has a security interest in that financial asset, the claim of the creditor has priority over the claims of entitlement holders.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 1 - General Provisions › Section 9-104 - Control of Deposit Account

(a)    A secured party has control of a deposit account if:
(1)    The secured party is the bank with which the deposit account is maintained;
(2)    The debtor, secured party, and bank have agreed in an authenticated record that the bank will comply with instructions originated by the secured party directing disposition of the funds in the deposit account without further consent by the debtor; or
(3)    The secured party becomes the bank’s customer with respect to the deposit account.
(b)    A secured party that has satisfied subsection (a) has control, even if the debtor retains the right to direct the disposition of funds from the deposit account.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 1 - General Provisions › Section 9-105 - Control of Electronic Chattel Paper

(a)    A secured party has control of electronic chattel paper if a system employed for evidencing the transfer of interests in the chattel paper reliably establishes the secured party as the person to which the chattel paper was assigned.
(b)    A system satisfies subsection (a) if the record or records comprising the chattel paper are created, stored, and assigned in such a manner that:
(1)    A single authoritative copy of the record or records exists which is unique, identifiable and, except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (4), (5), and (6) of this section, unalterable;
(2)    The authoritative copy identifies the secured party as the assignee of the record or records;
(3)    The authoritative copy is communicated to and maintained by the secured party or its designated custodian;
(4)    Copies or amendments that add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy can be made only with the consent of the secured party;
(5)    Each copy of the authoritative copy and any copy of a copy is readily identifiable as a copy that is not the authoritative copy; and
(6)    Any amendment of the authoritative copy is readily identifiable as authorized or unauthorized.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 1 - General Provisions › Section 9-106 - Control of Investment Property

(a)    A person has control of a certificated security, uncertificated security, or security entitlement as provided in § 8-106 of this article.
(b)    A secured party has control of a commodity contract if:
(1)    The secured party is the commodity intermediary with which the commodity contract is carried; or
(2)    The commodity customer, secured party, and commodity intermediary have agreed that the commodity intermediary will apply any value distributed on account of the commodity contract as directed by the secured party without further consent by the commodity customer.
(c)    A secured party having control of all security entitlements or commodity contracts carried in a securities account or commodity account has control over the securities account or commodity account.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 1 - General Provisions › Section 9-107 - Control of Letter-of-Credit Right

A secured party has control of a letter-of-credit right to the extent of any right to payment or performance by the issuer or any nominated person if the issuer or nominated person has consented to an assignment of proceeds of the letter of credit under § 5-114(c) of this article or otherwise applicable law or practice.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 1 - General Provisions › Section 9-108 - Sufficiency of Description

(a)    Except as otherwise provided in subsections (c), (d), and (e), a description of personal or real property is sufficient, whether or not it is specific, if it reasonably identifies what is described.
(b)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), a description of collateral reasonably identifies the collateral if it identifies the collateral by:
(1)    Specific listing;
(2)    Category;
(3)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e), a type of collateral defined in Titles 1 through 10 of this article;
(4)    Quantity;
(5)    Computational or allocational formula or procedure; or
(6)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), any other method, if the identity of the collateral is objectively determinable.
(c)    A description of collateral as “all the debtor’s assets” or “all the debtor’s personal property” or using words of similar import does not reasonably identify the collateral.
(d)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e), a description of a security entitlement, securities account, or commodity account is sufficient if it describes:
(1)    The collateral by those terms or as investment property; or
(2)    The underlying financial asset or commodity contract.
(e)    A description only by type of collateral defined in Titles 1 through 10 of this article is an insufficient description of:
(1)    A commercial tort claim; or
(2)    In a consumer transaction, consumer goods, a security entitlement, a securities account, or a commodity account.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 1 - General Provisions › Section 9-110 - Security Interests Arising Under Title 2 or 2a

A security interest arising under § 2-401, § 2-505, § 2-711(3), or § 2A-508(5) of this article is subject to this title. However, until the debtor obtains possession of the goods:
(1)    The security interest is enforceable, even if § 9-203(b)(3) has not been satisfied;
(2)    Filing is not required to perfect the security interest;
(3)    The rights of the secured party after default by the debtor are governed by Title 2 or 2A of this article; and
(4)    The security interest has priority over a conflicting security interest created by the debtor.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 2 - Effectiveness of Security Agreement; Attachment of Security Agreement; Rights of Parties to Security Agreement › Section 9-201 - General Effectiveness of Security Agreement

(a)    Except as otherwise provided by Titles 1 through 10 of this article, a security agreement is effective according to its terms between the parties, against purchasers of the collateral, and against creditors.
(b)    A transaction subject to this title may also be subject to other statutes or regulations which establish different rules for consumers, including other statutes or regulations that regulate the rates, charges, agreements, and practices for loans, credit sales, or other extensions of credit and consumer protection statutes or regulations.
(c)    (1)    In case of conflict between this title and a statute or regulation described in subsection (b), the statute or regulation controls.
(2)    Failure to comply with a statute or regulation described in subsection (b) has only the effect the statute specifies and no recovery for such a failure is permitted under this title.
(3)    Without limiting the generality of paragraph (1) or (2) of this subsection, Subtitle 6 of this title does not impose additional duties, obligations, or responsibilities on secured parties subject to § 12-115, §§ 12-624 through 12-627, § 12-921, or § 12-1021 of this article and no recovery under § 9-625 of this title is permitted for any failure to comply with those statutes.
(d)    This title does not:
(1)    Validate any rate, charge, agreement, or practice that violates a statute identified or described in subsection (b);
(2)    Extend the application of any rule of law, statute, or regulation to a transaction not otherwise subject to it; or
(3)    Authorize or permit the application of any provision of this title which is applicable to a consumer transaction, or to any other transaction with a consumer obligor, to any transaction other than a consumer transaction.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 2 - Effectiveness of Security Agreement; Attachment of Security Agreement; Rights of Parties to Security Agreement › Section 9-202 - Title to Collateral Immaterial

Except as otherwise provided with respect to consignments or sales of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes, the provisions of this title with regard to rights and obligations apply whether title to collateral is in the secured party or the debtor.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 2 - Effectiveness of Security Agreement; Attachment of Security Agreement; Rights of Parties to Security Agreement › Section 9-204 - After Acquired Property; Future Advances

(a)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), a security agreement may create or provide for a security interest in after-acquired collateral.
(b)    A security interest does not attach under a term constituting an after-acquired property clause to:
(1)    Consumer goods, other than an accession when given as additional security, unless the debtor acquires rights in them within 10 days after the secured party gives value; or
(2)    A commercial tort claim.
(c)    A security agreement may provide that collateral secures, or that accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes are sold in connection with, future advances or other value, whether or not the advances or value are given pursuant to commitment.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 2 - Effectiveness of Security Agreement; Attachment of Security Agreement; Rights of Parties to Security Agreement › Section 9-205 - Use or Disposition of Collateral Permissible

(a)    A security interest is not invalid or fraudulent against creditors solely because:
(1)    The debtor has the right or ability to:
(A)    Use, commingle, or dispose of all or part of the collateral, including returned or repossessed goods;
(B)    Collect, compromise, enforce, or otherwise deal with collateral;
(C)    Accept the return of collateral or make repossessions; or
(D)    Use, commingle, or dispose of proceeds; or
(2)    The secured party fails to require the debtor to account for proceeds or replace collateral.
(b)    This section does not relax the requirements of possession if attachment, perfection, or enforcement of a security interest depends upon possession of the collateral by the secured party.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 2 - Effectiveness of Security Agreement; Attachment of Security Agreement; Rights of Parties to Security Agreement › Section 9-206 - Security Interest Arising in Purchase or Delivery of Financial Asset

(a)    A security interest in favor of a securities intermediary attaches to a person’s security entitlement if:
(1)    The person buys a financial asset through the securities intermediary in a transaction in which the person is obligated to pay the purchase price to the securities intermediary at the time of the purchase; and
(2)    The securities intermediary credits the financial asset to the buyer’s securities account before the buyer pays the securities intermediary.
(b)    The security interest described in subsection (a) secures the person’s obligation to pay for the financial asset.
(c)    A security interest in favor of a person that delivers a certificated security or other financial asset represented by a writing attaches to the security or other financial asset if:
(1)    The security or other financial asset:
(A)    In the ordinary course of business is transferred by delivery with any necessary indorsement or assignment; and
(B)    Is delivered under an agreement between persons in the business of dealing with such securities or financial assets; and
(2)    The agreement calls for delivery against payment.
(d)    The security interest described in subsection (c) secures the obligation to make payment for the delivery.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 2 - Effectiveness of Security Agreement; Attachment of Security Agreement; Rights of Parties to Security Agreement › Section 9-207 - Rights and Duties of Secured Party Having Possession or Control of Collateral

(a)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), a secured party shall use reasonable care in the custody and preservation of collateral in the secured party’s possession. In the case of chattel paper or an instrument, reasonable care includes taking necessary steps to preserve rights against prior parties unless otherwise agreed.
(b)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), if a secured party has possession of collateral:
(1)    Reasonable expenses, including the cost of insurance and payment of taxes or other charges, incurred in the custody, preservation, use, or operation of the collateral are chargeable to the debtor and are secured by the collateral;
(2)    The risk of accidental loss or damage is on the debtor to the extent of a deficiency in any effective insurance coverage;
(3)    The secured party shall keep the collateral identifiable, but fungible collateral may be commingled; and
(4)    The secured party may use or operate the collateral:
(A)    For the purpose of preserving the collateral or its value;
(B)    As permitted by an order of a court having competent jurisdiction; or
(C)    Except in the case of consumer goods, in the manner and to the extent agreed by the debtor.
(c)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), a secured party having possession of collateral or control of collateral under § 7-106, § 9-104, § 9-105, §  9-106, or § 9-107:
(1)    May hold as additional security any proceeds, except money or funds, received from the collateral;
(2)    Shall apply money or funds received from the collateral to reduce the secured obligation, unless remitted to the debtor; and
(3)    May create a security interest in the collateral.
(d)    If the secured party is a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes or a consignor:
(1)    Subsection (a) does not apply unless the secured party is entitled under an agreement:
(A)    To charge back uncollected collateral; or
(B)    Otherwise to full or limited recourse against the debtor or a secondary obligor based on the nonpayment or other default of an account debtor or other obligor on the collateral; and
(2)    Subsections (b) and (c) do not apply.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 2 - Effectiveness of Security Agreement; Attachment of Security Agreement; Rights of Parties to Security Agreement › Section 9-209 - Duties of Secured Party if Account Debtor Has Been Notified of Assignment

(a)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), this section applies if:
(1)    There is no outstanding secured obligation; and
(2)    The secured party is not committed to make advances, incur obligations, or otherwise give value.
(b)    Within 10 days after receiving an authenticated demand by the debtor, a secured party shall send to an account debtor that has received notification of an assignment to the secured party as assignee under § 9-406(a) an authenticated record that releases the account debtor from any further obligation to the secured party.
(c)    This section does not apply to an assignment constituting the sale of an account, chattel paper, or payment intangible.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 3 - Perfection and Priority › Section 9-301 - Law Governing Perfection and Priority of Security Interests

Except as otherwise provided in §§ 9-303 through 9-306, the following rules determine the law governing perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in collateral:
(1)    Except as otherwise provided in this section, while a debtor is located in a jurisdiction, the local law of that jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in collateral.
(2)    While collateral is located in a jurisdiction, the local law of that jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a possessory security interest in that collateral.
(3)    Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (4), while tangible negotiable documents, goods, instruments, money, or tangible chattel paper is located in a jurisdiction, the local law of that jurisdiction governs:
(A)    Perfection of a security interest in the goods by filing a fixture filing;
(B)    Perfection of a security interest in timber to be cut; and
(C)    The effect of perfection or nonperfection and the priority of a nonpossessory security interest in the collateral.
(4)    The local law of the jurisdiction in which the wellhead or minehead is located governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in as-extracted collateral.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 3 - Perfection and Priority › Section 9-303 - Law Governing Perfection and Priority of Security Interests in Goods Covered by Certificate of Title

(a)    This section applies to goods covered by a certificate of title, even if there is no other relationship between the jurisdiction under whose certificate of title the goods are covered and the goods or the debtor.
(b)    Goods become covered by a certificate of title when a valid application for the certificate of title and the applicable fee are delivered to the appropriate authority. Goods cease to be covered by a certificate of title at the earlier of the time the certificate of title ceases to be effective under the law of the issuing jurisdiction or the time the goods become covered subsequently by a certificate of title issued by another jurisdiction.
(c)    The local law of the jurisdiction under whose certificate of title the goods are covered governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in goods covered by a certificate of title from the time the goods become covered by the certificate of title until the goods cease to be covered by the certificate of title.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 3 - Perfection and Priority › Section 9-304 - Law Governing Perfection and Priority of Security Interests in Deposit Accounts

(a)    The local law of a bank’s jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in a deposit account maintained with that bank.
(b)    The following rules determine a bank’s jurisdiction for purposes of this subtitle:
(1)    If an agreement between the bank and its customer governing the deposit account expressly provides that a particular jurisdiction is the bank’s jurisdiction for purposes of this subtitle, this title, or Titles 1 through 10 of this article, that jurisdiction is the bank’s jurisdiction.
(2)    If paragraph (1) does not apply and an agreement between the bank and its customer governing the deposit account expressly provides that the agreement is governed by the law of a particular jurisdiction, that jurisdiction is the bank’s jurisdiction.
(3)    If neither paragraph (1) nor paragraph (2) applies and an agreement between the bank and its customer governing the deposit account expressly provides that the deposit account is maintained at an office in a particular jurisdiction, that jurisdiction is the bank’s jurisdiction.
(4)    If none of the preceding paragraphs applies, the bank’s jurisdiction is the jurisdiction in which the office identified in an account statement as the office serving the customer’s account is located.
(5)    If none of the preceding paragraphs applies, the bank’s jurisdiction is the jurisdiction in which the chief executive office of the bank is located.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 3 - Perfection and Priority › Section 9-305 - Law Governing Perfection and Priority of Security Interests in Investment Property

(a)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), the following rules apply:
(1)    While a security certificate is located in a jurisdiction, the local law of that jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in the certificated security represented thereby.
(2)    The local law of the issuer’s jurisdiction as specified in § 8-110(d) of this article governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in an uncertificated security.
(3)    The local law of the securities intermediary’s jurisdiction as specified in § 8-110(e) of this article governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in a security entitlement or securities account.
(4)    The local law of the commodity intermediary’s jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in a commodity contract or commodity account.
(b)    The following rules determine a commodity intermediary’s jurisdiction for purposes of this subtitle:
(1)    If an agreement between the commodity intermediary and commodity customer governing the commodity account expressly provides that a particular jurisdiction is the commodity intermediary’s jurisdiction for purposes of this subtitle, this title, or Titles 1 through 10 of this article, that jurisdiction is the commodity intermediary’s jurisdiction.
(2)    If paragraph (1) does not apply and an agreement between the commodity intermediary and commodity customer governing the commodity account expressly provides that the agreement is governed by the law of a particular jurisdiction, that jurisdiction is the commodity intermediary’s jurisdiction.
(3)    If neither paragraph (1) nor paragraph (2) applies and an agreement between the commodity intermediary and commodity customer governing the commodity account expressly provides that the commodity account is maintained at an office in a particular jurisdiction, that jurisdiction is the commodity intermediary’s jurisdiction.
(4)    If none of the preceding paragraphs applies, the commodity intermediary’s jurisdiction is the jurisdiction in which the office identified in an account statement as the office serving the commodity customer’s account is located.
(5)    If none of the preceding paragraphs applies, the commodity intermediary’s jurisdiction is the jurisdiction in which the chief executive office of the commodity intermediary is located.
(c)    The local law of the jurisdiction in which the debtor is located governs:
(1)    Perfection of a security interest in investment property by filing;
(2)    Automatic perfection of a security interest in investment property created by a broker or securities intermediary; and
(3)    Automatic perfection of a security interest in a commodity contract or commodity account created by a commodity intermediary.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 3 - Perfection and Priority › Section 9-306 - Law Governing Perfection and Priority of Security Interests in Letter-of-Credit Rights

(a)    Subject to subsection (c), the local law of the issuer’s jurisdiction or a nominated person’s jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in a letter-of-credit right if the issuer’s jurisdiction or nominated person’s jurisdiction is a state.
(b)    For purposes of this part, an issuer’s jurisdiction or nominated person’s jurisdiction is the jurisdiction whose law governs the liability of the issuer or nominated person with respect to the letter-of-credit right as provided in § 5-116 of this article.
(c)    This section does not apply to a security interest that is perfected only under § 9-308(d).
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 3 - Perfection and Priority › Section 9-307 - Location of Debtor

(a)    In this section, “place of business” means a place where a debtor conducts its affairs.
(b)    Except as otherwise provided in this section, the following rules determine a debtor’s location:
(1)    A debtor who is an individual is located at the individual’s principal residence.
(2)    A debtor that is an organization and has only one place of business is located at its place of business.
(3)    A debtor that is an organization and has more than one place of business is located at its chief executive office.
(c)    Subsection (b) applies only if a debtor’s residence, place of business, or chief executive office, as applicable, is located in a jurisdiction whose law generally requires information concerning the existence of a nonpossessory security interest to be made generally available in a filing, recording, or registration system as a condition or result of the security interest’s obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the collateral. If subsection (b) does not apply, the debtor is located in the District of Columbia.
(d)    A person that ceases to exist, have a residence, or have a place of business continues to be located in the jurisdiction specified by subsections (b) and (c).
(e)    A registered organization that is organized under the law of a state is located in that state.
(f)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (i), a registered organization that is organized under the law of the United States and a branch or agency of a bank that is not organized under the law of the United States or a state are located:
(1)    In the state that the law of the United States designates, if the law designates a state of location;
(2)    In the state that the registered organization, branch, or agency designates, if the law of the United States authorizes the registered organization, branch, or agency to designate its state of location, including by designating its main office, home office, or other comparable office; or
(3)    In the District of Columbia, if neither paragraph (1) nor paragraph (2) applies.
(g)    A registered organization continues to be located in the jurisdiction specified by subsection (e) or (f) notwithstanding:
(1)    The suspension, revocation, forfeiture, or lapse of the registered organization’s status as such in its jurisdiction of organization; or
(2)    The dissolution, winding up, or cancellation of the existence of the registered organization.
(h)    The United States is located in the District of Columbia.
(i)    A branch or agency of a bank that is not organized under the law of the United States or a state is located in the state in which the branch or agency is licensed, if all branches and agencies of the bank are licensed in only one state.
(j)    A foreign air carrier under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended, is located at the designated office of the agent upon which service of process may be made on behalf of the carrier.
(k)    This section applies only for purposes of this subtitle.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 3 - Perfection and Priority › Section 9-308 - When Security Interest or Agricultural Lien Is Perfected; Continuity of Perfection

(a)    Except as otherwise provided in this section and § 9-309, a security interest is perfected if it has attached and all of the applicable requirements for perfection in §§ 9-310 through 9-316 have been satisfied. A security interest is perfected when it attaches if the applicable requirements are satisfied before the security interest attaches.
(b)    An agricultural lien is perfected if it has become effective and all of the applicable requirements for perfection in § 9-310 have been satisfied. An agricultural lien is perfected when it becomes effective if the applicable requirements are satisfied before the agricultural lien becomes effective.
(c)    A security interest or agricultural lien is perfected continuously if it is originally perfected by one method under this article and is later perfected by another method under this article, without an intermediate period when it was unperfected.
(d)    Perfection of a security interest in collateral also perfects a security interest in a supporting obligation for the collateral.
(e)    Perfection of a security interest in a right to payment or performance also perfects a security interest in a security interest, mortgage, or other lien on personal or real property securing the right.
(f)    Perfection of a security interest in a securities account also perfects a security interest in the security entitlements carried in the securities account.
(g)    Perfection of a security interest in a commodity account also perfects a security interest in the commodity contracts carried in the commodity account.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 3 - Perfection and Priority › Section 9-309 - Security Interest Perfected Upon Attachment

The following security interests are perfected when they attach:
(1)    A purchase-money security interest in consumer goods, except as otherwise provided in § 9-311(b) with respect to consumer goods that are subject to a statute or treaty described in § 9-311(a);
(2)    An assignment of accounts or payment intangibles which does not by itself or in conjunction with other assignments to the same assignee transfer a significant part of the assignor’s outstanding accounts or payment intangibles;
(3)    A sale of a payment intangible;
(4)    A sale of a promissory note;
(5)    A security interest created by the assignment of a health-care-insurance receivable to the provider of the health-care goods or services;
(6)    A security interest arising under § 2-401, § 2-505, § 2-711(3), or § 2A-508(5) of this article, until the debtor obtains possession of the collateral;
(7)    A security interest of a collecting bank arising under § 4-210 of this article;
(8)    A security interest of an issuer or nominated person arising under § 5-118 of this article;
(9)    A security interest arising in the delivery of a financial asset under § 9-206(c);
(10)    A security interest in investment property created by a broker or securities intermediary;
(11)    A security interest in a commodity contract or a commodity account created by a commodity intermediary;
(12)    An assignment for the benefit of all creditors of the transferor and subsequent transfers by the assignee thereunder;
(13)    A security interest created by an assignment of a beneficial interest in a decedent’s estate; and
(14)    A sale by an individual of an account that is a right to payment of winnings in a lottery or other game of chance.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Commercial Law › Title 9 - Secured Transactions › Subtitle 3 - Perfection and Priority › Section 9-310 - When Filing Required to Perfect Security Interest or Agricultural Lien; Security Interests and Agricultural Liens to Which Filing Provisions Do Not Apply

(a)    Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) and § 9-312(b), a financing statement must be filed to perfect all security interests and agricultural liens.
(b)    The filing of a financing statement is not necessary to perfect a security interest:
(1)    That is perfected under § 9-308(d), (e), (f), or (g);
(2)    That is perfected under § 9-309 when it attaches;
(3)    In property subject to a statute, regulation, or treaty described in § 9-311(a);
(4)    In goods in possession of a bailee which is perfected under § 9-312(d)(1) or (2);
(5)    In certificated securities, documents, goods, or instruments which is perfected without filing, control, or possession under § 9-312(e), (f), or (g);
(6)    In collateral in the secured party’s possession under § 9-313;
(7)    In a certificated security which is perfected by delivery of the security certificate to the secured party under § 9-313;
(8)    In deposit accounts, electronic chattel paper, electronic documents, investment property, or letter-of-credit rights which is perfected by control under § 9-314;
(9)    In proceeds which is perfected under § 9-315; or
(10)    That is perfected under § 9-316.
(c)    If a secured party assigns a perfected security interest or agricultural lien, a filing under this article is not required to continue the perfected status of the security interest against creditors of and transferees from the original debtor.