reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 10 Attainder; Ex Post Facto Laws; Impairment of Contracts.

§ 10 Attainder; ex post facto laws; impairment of contracts.
Sec. 10.
No bill of attainder, ex post facto law or law impairing the obligation of contract shall be enacted.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 10, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 9.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 11 Searches and Seizures.

§ 11 Searches and seizures.
Sec. 11.
The person, houses, papers, possessions, electronic data, and electronic communications of every person shall be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures. No warrant to search any place or to seize any person or things or to access electronic data or electronic communications shall issue without describing them, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation. The provisions of this section shall not be construed to bar from evidence in any criminal proceeding any narcotic drug, firearm, bomb, explosive or any other dangerous weapon, seized by a peace officer outside the curtilage of any dwelling house in this state.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 11, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. S.J.R. G, approved Nov. 3, 2020, Eff. Dec. 19, 2020
Constitutionality:
The last sentence of this section was held invalid as in conflict with US Const, Am IV. Lucas v People, 420 F2d 259 (CA 6, 1970); Caver v Kropp, 306 F Supp 1329 (DC Mich 1969); People v Pennington, 383 Mich 611; 178 NW2d 460 (1970); People v Andrews, 21 Mich App 731; 176 NW2d 460 (1970).
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 10.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 12 Habeas Corpus.

§ 12 Habeas corpus.
Sec. 12.
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless in case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 12, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 11.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 13 Conduct of Suits in Person or by Counsel.

§ 13 Conduct of suits in person or by counsel.
Sec. 13.
A suitor in any court of this state has the right to prosecute or defend his suit, either in his own proper person or by an attorney.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 13, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 12.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 14 Jury Trials.

§ 14 Jury trials.
Sec. 14.
The right of trial by jury shall remain, but shall be waived in all civil cases unless demanded by one of the parties in the manner prescribed by law. In all civil cases tried by 12 jurors a verdict shall be received when 10 jurors agree.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 14, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 13.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 16 Bail; Fines; Punishments; Detention of Witnesses.

§ 16 Bail; fines; punishments; detention of witnesses.
Sec. 16.
Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be imposed; cruel or unusual punishment shall not be inflicted; nor shall witnesses be unreasonably detained.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 16, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 15.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 17 Self-Incrimination; Due Process of Law; Fair Treatment at Investigations.

§ 17 Self-incrimination; due process of law; fair treatment at investigations.
Sec. 17.
No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law. The right of all individuals, firms, corporations and voluntary associations to fair and just treatment in the course of legislative and executive investigations and hearings shall not be infringed.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 17, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 16.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 18 Witnesses; Competency, Religious Beliefs.

§ 18 Witnesses; competency, religious beliefs.
Sec. 18.
No person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 18, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 17.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 19 Libels, Truth as Defense.

§ 19 Libels, truth as defense.
Sec. 19.
In all prosecutions for libels the truth may be given in evidence to the jury; and, if it appears to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the accused shall be acquitted.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 19, Eff. Jan 1. 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 18.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 20 Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions.

§ 20 Rights of accused in criminal prosecutions.
Sec. 20.
In every criminal prosecution, the accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury, which may consist of less than 12 jurors in prosecutions for misdemeanors punishable by imprisonment for not more than 1 year; to be informed of the nature of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him or her; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his or her favor; to have the assistance of counsel for his or her defense; to have an appeal as a matter of right, except as provided by law an appeal by an accused who pleads guilty or nolo contendere shall be by leave of the court; and as provided by law, when the trial court so orders, to have such reasonable assistance as may be necessary to perfect and prosecute an appeal.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 20, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. H.J.R. M, approved Aug. 8, 1972, Eff. Sept. 23, 1972 ;-- Am. S.J.R. D, approved Nov. 8, 1994, Eff. Dec. 24, 1994
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 19.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 21 Imprisonment for Debt.

§ 21 Imprisonment for debt.
Sec. 21.
No person shall be imprisoned for debt arising out of or founded on contract, express or implied, except in cases of fraud or breach of trust.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 21, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 20.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 22 Treason; Definition, Evidence.

§ 22 Treason; definition, evidence.
Sec. 22.
Treason against the state shall consist only in levying war against it or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless upon the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act or on confession in open court.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 22, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. II, § 21.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 23 Enumeration of Rights Not to Deny Others.

§ 23 Enumeration of rights not to deny others.
Sec. 23.
The enumeration in this constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. I, § 23, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 24 Rights of Crime Victims; Enforcement; Assessment Against Convicted Defendants.

§ 24 Rights of crime victims; enforcement; assessment against convicted defendants.
Sec. 24.
(1) Crime victims, as defined by law, shall have the following rights, as provided by law:
The right to be treated with fairness and respect for their dignity and privacy throughout the criminal justice process.
The right to timely disposition of the case following arrest of the accused.
The right to be reasonably protected from the accused throughout the criminal justice process.
The right to notification of court proceedings.
The right to attend trial and all other court proceedings the accused has the right to attend.
The right to confer with the prosecution.
The right to make a statement to the court at sentencing.
The right to restitution.
The right to information about the conviction, sentence, imprisonment, and release of the accused.
(2) The legislature may provide by law for the enforcement of this section.
(3) The legislature may provide for an assessment against convicted defendants to pay for crime victims' rights.
History:
Add. H.J.R. P, approved Nov. 8, 1988, Eff. Dec. 24, 1988
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 25 Marriage.

§ 25 Marriage.
Sec. 25.
To secure and preserve the benefits of marriage for our society and for future generations of children, the union of one man and one woman in marriage shall be the only agreement recognized as a marriage or similar union for any purpose.
History:
Add. Init., approved Nov. 2, 2004, Eff. Dec. 18, 2004
Constitutionality:
In Obergefell v Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015), the United State Supreme Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment requires a state to license a marriage between 2 people of the same sex and to recognize a marriage between 2 people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed in another state.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 26 Affirmative Action Programs.

§ 26 Affirmative action programs.
Sec. 26.
(1) The University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wayne State University, and any other public college or university, community college, or school district shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.
(2) The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.
(3) For the purposes of this section "state" includes, but is not necessarily limited to, the state itself, any city, county, any public college, university, or community college, school district, or other political subdivision or governmental instrumentality of or within the State of Michigan not included in sub-section 1.
(4) This section does not prohibit action that must be taken to establish or maintain eligibility for any federal program, if ineligibility would result in a loss of federal funds to the state.
(5) Nothing in this section shall be interpreted as prohibiting bona fide qualifications based on sex that are reasonably necessary to the normal operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.
(6) The remedies available for violations of this section shall be the same, regardless of the injured party's race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin, as are otherwise available for violations of Michigan anti-discrimination law.
(7) This section shall be self-executing. If any part or parts of this section are found to be in conflict with the United States Constitution or federal law, the section shall be implemented to the maximum extent that the United States Constitution and federal law permit. Any provision held invalid shall be severable from the remaining portions of this section.
(8) This section applies only to action taken after the effective date of this section.
(9) This section does not invalidate any court order or consent decree that is in force as of the effective date of this section.
History:
Add. Init., approved Nov. 7, 2006, Eff. Dec. 23, 2006
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 27 Human Embryo and Embryonic Stem Cell Research.

§ 27 Human embryo and embryonic stem cell research.
Section 27.
(1) Nothing in this section shall alter Michigan’s current prohibition on human cloning.
(2) To ensure that Michigan citizens have access to stem cell therapies and cures, and to ensure that physicians and researchers can conduct the most promising forms of medical research in this state, and that all such research is conducted safely and ethically, any research permitted under federal law on human embryos may be conducted in Michigan, subject to the requirements of federal law and only the following additional limitations and requirements:
(a) No stem cells may be taken from a human embryo more than fourteen days after cell division begins; provided, however, that time during which an embryo is frozen does not count against this fourteen day limit.
(b) The human embryos were created for the purpose of fertility treatment and, with voluntary and informed consent, documented in writing, the person seeking fertility treatment chose to donate the embryos for research; and
(i) the embryos were in excess of the clinical need of the person seeking the fertility treatment and would otherwise be discarded unless they are used for research; or
(ii) the embryos were not suitable for implantation and would otherwise be discarded unless they are used for research.
(c) No person may, for valuable consideration, purchase or sell human embryos for stem cell research or stem cell therapies and cures.
(d) All stem cell research and all stem cell therapies and cures must be conducted and provided in accordance with state and local laws of general applicability, including but not limited to laws concerning scientific and medical practices and patient safety and privacy, to the extent that any such laws do not:
(i) prevent, restrict, obstruct, or discourage any stem cell research or stem cell therapies and cures that are permitted by the provisions of this section; or
(ii) create disincentives for any person to engage in or otherwise associate with such research or therapies or cures.
(3) Any provision of this section held unconstitutional shall be severable from the remaining portions of this section.
History:
Add. Init., approved Nov. 4, 2008, Eff. Dec. 19, 2008
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article I - Declaration of Rights (Article I § 1...§ 28) › Article I § 28 Right to Reproductive Freedom.

§ 28 Right to reproductive freedom.
Sec. 28.
(1) Every individual has a fundamental right to reproductive freedom, which entails the right to make and effectuate decisions about all matters relating to pregnancy, including but not limited to prenatal care, childbirth, postpartum care, contraception, sterilization, abortion care, miscarriage management, and infertility care.
An individual's right to reproductive freedom shall not be denied, burdened, nor infringed upon unless justified by a compelling state interest achieved by the least restrictive means.
Notwithstanding the above, the state may regulate the provision of abortion care after fetal viability, provided that in no circumstance shall the state prohibit an abortion that, in the professional judgment of an attending health care professional, is medically indicated to protect the life or physical or mental health of the pregnant individual.
(2) The state shall not discriminate in the protection or enforcement of this fundamental right.
(3) The state shall not penalize, prosecute, or otherwise take adverse action against an individual based on their actual, potential, perceived, or alleged pregnancy outcomes, including but not limited to miscarriage, stillbirth, or abortion. Nor shall the state penalize, prosecute, or otherwise take adverse action against someone for aiding or assisting a pregnant individual in exercising their right to reproductive freedom with their voluntary consent.
(4) For the purposes of this section:
A state interest is "compelling" only if it is for the limited purpose of protecting the health of an individual seeking care, consistent with accepted clinical standards of practice and evidence-based medicine, and does not infringe on that individual's autonomous decision-making.
"Fetal viability" means: the point in pregnancy when, in the professional judgment of an attending health care professional and based on the particular facts of the case, there is a significant likelihood of the fetus's sustained survival outside the uterus without the application of extraordinary medical measures.
(5) This section shall be self-executing. Any provision of this section held invalid shall be severable from the remaining portions of this section.
History:
Add. Init., approved Nov. 8, 2022, Eff. Dec. 24, 2022
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article II - Elections (Article II § 1...§ 10) › Article II § 1 Qualifications of Electors; Residence.

§ 1 Qualifications of electors; residence.
Sec. 1.
Every citizen of the United States who has attained the age of 21 years, who has resided in this state six months, and who meets the requirements of local residence provided by law, shall be an elector and qualified to vote in any election except as otherwise provided in this constitution. The legislature shall define residence for voting purposes.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. II, § 1, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Compiler's Notes:
U.S. Const., Amendment XXVI, § 1, provides: “The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.”
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. III, §§ 1-3.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article II - Elections (Article II § 1...§ 10) › Article II § 2 Mental Incompetence; Imprisonment.

§ 2 Mental incompetence; imprisonment.
Sec. 2.
The legislature may by law exclude persons from voting because of mental incompetence or commitment to a jail or penal institution.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. II, § 2, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article II - Elections (Article II § 1...§ 10) › Article II § 3 Presidential Electors; Residence.

§ 3 Presidential electors; residence.
Sec. 3.
For purposes of voting in the election for president and vice-president of the United States only, the legislature may by law establish lesser residence requirements for citizens who have resided in this state for less than six months and may waive residence requirements for former citizens of this state who have removed herefrom. The legislature shall not permit voting by any person who meets the voting residence requirements of the state to which he has removed.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. II, § 3, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article II - Elections (Article II § 1...§ 10) › Article II § 5 Time of Elections.

§ 5 Time of elections.
Sec. 5.
Except for special elections to fill vacancies, or as otherwise provided in this constitution, all elections for national, state, county and township offices shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in each even-numbered year or on such other date as members of the congress of the United States are regularly elected.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. II, § 5, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article II - Elections (Article II § 1...§ 10) › Article II § 6 Voters on Tax Limit Increases or Bond Issues.

§ 6 Voters on tax limit increases or bond issues.
Sec. 6.
Whenever any question is required to be submitted by a political subdivision to the electors for the increase of the ad valorem tax rate limitation imposed by Section 6 of Article IX for a period of more than five years, or for the issue of bonds, only electors in, and who have property assessed for any ad valorem taxes in, any part of the district or territory to be affected by the result of such election or electors who are the lawful husbands or wives of such persons shall be entitled to vote thereon. All electors in the district or territory affected may vote on all other questions.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. II, § 6, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. III, § 4.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article II - Elections (Article II § 1...§ 10) › Article II § 7 Boards of Canvassers, Certification of Election Results.

§ 7 Boards of canvassers, certification of election results.
Sec. 7.
(1) The outcome of every election in this state shall be determined solely by the vote of electors casting ballots in the election.
(2) A board of state canvassers of four members shall be established by law. No candidate for an office to be canvassed nor any inspector of elections shall be eligible to serve as a member of a board of canvassers. A majority of any board of canvassers shall not be composed of members of the same political party. The legislature may by law establish boards of county canvassers.
(3) It shall be the ministerial, clerical, nondiscretionary duty of a board of canvassers, and of each individual member thereof, to certify election results based solely on: (1) certified statements of votes from counties; or (2) in the case of boards of county canvassers, statements of returns from the precincts and absent voter counting boards in the county and any corrected returns. The board of state canvassers is the only body or entity in this state authorized to certify the results of an election for statewide or federal office and to determine which person is elected in such election.
(4) If the certified results for any office certified by the board of state canvassers show a tie among two (2) or more persons, the tie shall be resolved and the winner certified by the drawing of lots under rules promulgated by the board of state canvassers. If the certified results for an office certified by a board of county canvassers show a tie among two (2) or more persons, the tie shall be resolved and the winner certified by such board of canvassers under procedures prescribed by law.
(5) The certification of any election results by the board of state canvassers shall be final subject only to (a) a post-certification recount of the votes cast in that election supervised by the board of state canvassers under procedures prescribed by law; or (b) a post-certification court order.
(6) A board of canvassers is authorized to conduct post-certification recounts of election results under procedures prescribed by law.
(7) For purposes of this section "to certify" means to make a signed, written statement.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. II, § 7, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. Init., approved Nov. 8, 2022, Eff. Dec. 24, 2022
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. III, § 9.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article II - Elections (Article II § 1...§ 10) › Article II § 8 Recalls.

§ 8 Recalls.
Sec. 8.
Laws shall be enacted to provide for the recall of all elective officers except judges of courts of record upon petition of electors equal in number to 25 percent of the number of persons voting in the last preceding election for the office of governor in the electoral district of the officer sought to be recalled. The sufficiency of any statement of reasons or grounds procedurally required shall be a political rather than a judicial question.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. II, § 8, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. III, § 8.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article II - Elections (Article II § 1...§ 10) › Article II § 10 Limitations on Terms of Office of Members of the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate From Michigan.

§ 10 Limitations on terms of office of members of the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate from Michigan.
Sec. 10.
No person shall be elected to office as representative in the United States House of Representatives more than three times during any twelve year period. No person shall be elected to office as senator in the United States Senate more than two times during any twenty-four year period. Any person appointed or elected to fill a vacancy in the United States House of Representatives or the United States Senate for a period greater than one half of a term of such office, shall be considered to have been elected to serve one time in that office for purposes of this section. This limitation on the number of times a person shall be elected to office shall apply to terms of office beginning on or after January 1, 1993.
The people of Michigan hereby state their support for the aforementioned term limits for members of the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate and instruct their public officials to use their best efforts to attain such a limit nationwide.
The people of Michigan declare that the provisions of this section shall be deemed severable from the remainder of this amendment and that their intention is that federal officials elected from Michigan will continue voluntarily to observe the wishes of the people as stated in this section, in the event any provision of this section is held invalid.
This section shall be self-executing. Legislation may be enacted to facilitate operation of this section, but no law shall limit or restrict the application of this section. If any part of this section is held to be invalid or unconstitutional, the remaining parts of this section shall not be affected but will remain in full force and effect.
History:
Add. Init., approved Nov. 3, 1992, Eff. Dec. 19, 1992
Constitutionality:
U.S. Supreme Court found that an amendment to the Arkansas Constitution prohibiting the name of an otherwise-eligible candidate for Congress from appearing on the ballot if that candidate had already served 3 terms in the House of Representatives and 2 terms in the Senate was in violation of the Federal Constitution. The Supreme Court held that: “(1) states may not impose qualifications for offices of the United States representative or United States senator in addition to those set forth by the Constitution; (2) power to set additional qualifications was not reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment; and (3) state provision is unconstitutional when it has likely effect of handicapping a class of candidates and has sole purpose of creating additional qualifications indirectly.” US Term Limits, Inc v Thornton, 514 US 779; 115 S Ct 1842; 131 L Ed 2d 884 (1995).
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article III - General Government (Article III § 1...§ 8) › Article III § 1 Seat of Government.

§ 1 Seat of government.
Sec. 1.
The seat of government shall be at Lansing.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. III, § 1, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. I, § 2.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article III - General Government (Article III § 1...§ 8) › Article III § 2 Separation of Powers of Government.

§ 2 Separation of powers of government.
Sec. 2.
The powers of government are divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. No person exercising powers of one branch shall exercise powers properly belonging to another branch except as expressly provided in this constitution.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. III, § 2, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. IV, § 2.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article III - General Government (Article III § 1...§ 8) › Article III § 3 Great Seal.

§ 3 Great seal.
Sec. 3.
There shall be a great seal of the State of Michigan and its use shall be provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. III, § 3, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VI, §§ 11, 12.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article III - General Government (Article III § 1...§ 8) › Article III § 4 Militia.

§ 4 Militia.
Sec. 4.
The militia shall be organized, equipped and disciplined as provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. III, § 4, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XV, §§ 1-3.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article III - General Government (Article III § 1...§ 8) › Article III § 5 Intergovernmental Agreements; Service by Public Officers and Employees.

§ 5 Intergovernmental agreements; service by public officers and employees.
Sec. 5.
Subject to provisions of general law, this state or any political subdivision thereof, any governmental authority or any combination thereof may enter into agreements for the performance, financing or execution of their respective functions, with any one or more of the other states, the United States, the Dominion of Canada, or any political subdivision thereof unless otherwise provided in this constitution. Any other provision of this constitution notwithstanding, an officer or employee of the state or of any such unit of government or subdivision or agency thereof may serve on or with any governmental body established for the purposes set forth in this section and shall not be required to relinquish his office or employment by reason of such service. The legislature may impose such restrictions, limitations or conditions on such service as it may deem appropriate.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. III, § 5, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article III - General Government (Article III § 1...§ 8) › Article III § 6 Internal Improvements.

§ 6 Internal improvements.
Sec. 6.
The state shall not be a party to, nor be financially interested in, any work of internal improvement, nor engage in carrying on any such work, except for public internal improvements provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. III, § 6, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 14.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article III - General Government (Article III § 1...§ 8) › Article III § 7 Common Law and Statutes, Continuance.

§ 7 Common law and statutes, continuance.
Sec. 7.
The common law and the statute laws now in force, not repugnant to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitations, or are changed, amended or repealed.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. III, § 7, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Schedule, § 1.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article III - General Government (Article III § 1...§ 8) › Article III § 8 Opinions on Constitutionality by Supreme Court.

§ 8 Opinions on constitutionality by supreme court.
Sec. 8.
Either house of the legislature or the governor may request the opinion of the supreme court on important questions of law upon solemn occasions as to the constitutionality of legislation after it has been enacted into law but before its effective date.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. III, § 8, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 1 Legislative Power.

§ 1 Legislative power.
Sec. 1.
Except to the extent limited or abrogated by article IV, section 6 or article V, section 2, the legislative power of the State of Michigan is vested in a senate and a house of representatives.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 1, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. Init., approved Nov. 6, 2018, Eff. Dec. 22, 2018
Compiler's Notes:
The constitutional amendment set out above was submitted to, and approved by, the electors as Proposal 18-2 at the November 6, 2018 general election. This amendment to the Constitution of Michigan of 1963 became effective December 22, 2018.
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. V, § 1.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 2 Senators, Number, Term.

§ 2 Senators, number, term.
Sec. 2.
The senate shall consist of 38 members to be elected from single member districts at the same election as the governor for four-year terms concurrent with the term of office of the governor.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 2, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. Init., approved Nov. 6, 2018, Eff. Dec. 22, 2018
Compiler's Notes:
The constitutional amendment set out above was submitted to, and approved by, the electors as Proposal 18-2 at the November 6, 2018 general election. This amendment to the Constitution of Michigan of 1963 became effective December 22, 2018.
Constitutionality:
The United States Supreme Court held in Reynolds v Sims, 377 US 533; 84 S Ct 1362; 12 L Ed 2d 506 (1964) that provisions establishing weighted land area-population formulae violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution. Because the apportionment provisions of former art 4, §§ 2 - 6 are interdependent and not severable, the provisions are invalidated in their entirety and the Commission on Legislative Apportionment cannot survive. In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1982, 413 Mich 96; 321 NW2d 565 (1982), rehearing denied 413 Mich 149; 321 NW2d 585; stay denied 413 Mich 222; 321 NW2d 615, appeal dismissed 459 US 900; 103 S Ct 201; 74 L Ed 2d 161.
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. V, § 2.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 3 Representatives, Number, Term; Contiguity of Districts.

§ 3 Representatives, number, term; contiguity of districts.
Sec. 3.
The house of representatives shall consist of 110 members elected for two-year terms from single member districts apportioned on a basis of population as provided in this article.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 3, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. Init., approved Nov. 6, 2018, Eff. Dec. 22, 2018
Compiler's Notes:
The constitutional amendment set out above was submitted to, and approved by, the electors as Proposal 18-2 at the November 6, 2018 general election. This amendment to the Constitution of Michigan of 1963 became effective December 22, 2018.
Constitutionality:
The United States Supreme Court held in Reynolds v Sims, 377 US 533; 84 S Ct 1362; 12 L Ed 2d 506 (1964) that provisions establishing weighted land area-population formulae violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution. Because the apportionment provisions of former art IV, §§ 2 - 6 are interdependent and not severable, the provisions are invalidated in their entirety and the Commission on Legislative Apportionment cannot survive. In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1982, 413 Mich 96; 321 NW2d 565 (1982), rehearing denied 413 Mich 149; 321 NW2d 585; stay denied 413 Mich 222; 321 NW2d 615, appeal dismissed 459 US 900; 103 S Ct 201; 74 L Ed 2d 161.
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. V, § 3.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 4 Annexation or Merger With a City.

§ 4 Annexation or merger with a city.
History:
Abrogated. Init., approved Nov. 6, 2018, Eff. Dec. 22, 2018
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 5 Island Areas, Contiguity.

§ 5 Island areas, contiguity.
History:
Abrogated. Init., approved Nov. 6, 2018, Eff. Dec. 22, 2018
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 7 Legislators; Qualifications, Removal From District.

§ 7 Legislators; qualifications, removal from district.
Sec. 7.
Each senator and representative must be a citizen of the United States, at least 21 years of age, and an elector of the district he represents. The removal of his domicile from the district shall be deemed a vacation of the office. No person who has been convicted of subversion or who has within the preceding 20 years been convicted of a felony involving a breach of public trust shall be eligible for either house of the legislature.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 7, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. V, § 5.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 8 Ineligibility of Government Officers and Employees.

§ 8 Ineligibility of government officers and employees.
Sec. 8.
No person holding any office, employment or position under the United States or this state or a political subdivision thereof, except notaries public and members of the armed forces reserve, may be a member of either house of the legislature.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 8, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. V, § 6.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 9 Civil Appointments, Ineligibility of Legislators.

§ 9 Civil appointments, ineligibility of legislators.
Sec. 9.
No person elected to the legislature shall receive any civil appointment within this state from the governor, except notaries public, from the legislature, or from any other state authority, during the term for which he is elected.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 9, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. V, § 7.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 11 Legislators Privileged From Civil Arrest and Civil Process; Limitation; Questioning for Speech in Either House Prohibited.

§ 11 Legislators privileged from civil arrest and civil process; limitation; questioning for speech in either house prohibited.
Sec. 11.
Except as provided by law, senators and representatives shall be privileged from civil arrest and civil process during sessions of the legislature and for five days next before the commencement and after the termination thereof. They shall not be questioned in any other place for any speech in either house.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 11, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. S.J.R. A, approved Nov. 2, 1982, Eff. Dec. 18, 1982
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. V, § 8.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 12 State Officers Compensation Commission.

§ 12 State officers compensation commission.
Sec. 12.
The state officers compensation commission is created which subject to this section shall determine the salaries and expense allowances of the members of the legislature, the governor, the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, and the justices of the supreme court. The commission shall consist of 7 members appointed by the governor whose qualifications may be determined by law. Subject to the legislature's ability to amend the commission's determinations as provided in this section, the commission shall determine the salaries and expense allowances of the members of the legislature, the governor, the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, and the justices of the supreme court which determinations shall be the salaries and expense allowances only if the legislature by concurrent resolution adopted by a majority of the members elected to and serving in each house of the legislature approve them. The senate and house of representatives shall alternate on which house of the legislature shall originate the concurrent resolution, with the senate originating the first concurrent resolution.
The concurrent resolution may amend the salary and expense determinations of the state officers compensation commission to reduce the salary and expense determinations by the same proportion for members of the legislature, the governor, the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, and the justices of the supreme court. The legislature shall not amend the salary and expense determinations to reduce them to below the salary and expense level that members of the legislature, the governor, the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, and the justices of the supreme court receive on the date the salary and expense determinations are made. If the salary and expense determinations are approved or amended as provided in this section, the salary and expense determinations shall become effective for the legislative session immediately following the next general election. The commission shall meet each 2 years for no more than 15 session days. The legislature shall implement this section by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 12, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. H.J.R. AAA, approved Aug. 6, 1968, Eff. Sept. 21, 1968 ;-- Am. H.J.R. E, approved Aug. 6, 2002, Eff. Sept. 21, 2002
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 13 Legislature; Time of Convening, Sine Die Adjournment, Measures Carried Over.

§ 13 Legislature; time of convening, sine die adjournment, measures carried over.
Sec. 13.
The legislature shall meet at the seat of government on the second Wednesday in January of each year at twelve o'clock noon. Each regular session shall adjourn without day, on a day determined by concurrent resolution, at twelve o'clock noon. Any business, bill or joint resolution pending at the final adjournment of a regular session held in an odd numbered year shall carry over with the same status to the next regular session.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 13, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. V, § 13.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 14 Quorum; Powers of Less Than Quorum.

§ 14 Quorum; powers of less than quorum.
Sec. 14.
A majority of the members elected to and serving in each house shall constitute a quorum to do business. A smaller number in each house may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in the manner and with penalties as each house may prescribe.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 14, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. V, § 14.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IV - Legislative Branch (Article IV § 1...§ 54) › Article IV § 15 Legislative Council.

§ 15 Legislative council.
Sec. 15.
There shall be a bi-partisan legislative council consisting of legislators appointed in the manner prescribed by law. The legislature shall appropriate funds for the council's operations and provide for its staff which shall maintain bill drafting, research and other services for the members of the legislature. The council shall periodically examine and recommend to the legislature revision of the various laws of the state.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IV, § 15, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964