reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 7 - Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition › Section 10-704 - Grounds for Nonrecognition

(a)    A foreign judgment is not conclusive if:
(1)    The judgment was rendered under a system which does not provide impartial tribunals or procedures compatible with the requirements of due process of law;
(2)    The foreign court did not have personal jurisdiction over the defendant;
(3)    The foreign court did not have jurisdiction over the subject matter; or
(4)    The judgment was obtained by fraud.
(b)    A foreign judgment need not be recognized if:
(1)    The defendant in the proceedings in the foreign court did not receive notice of the proceedings in sufficient time to enable him to defend;
(2)    The cause of action on which the judgment is based is repugnant to the public policy of the State;
(3)    The judgment conflicts with another final and conclusive judgment;
(4)    The proceeding in the foreign court was contrary to an agreement between the parties under which the dispute was to be settled out of court; or
(5)    In the case of jurisdiction based only on personal service, the foreign court was a seriously inconvenient forum for the trial of the action.
(c)    (1)    In this subsection, “defamation” includes invasion of privacy by false facts.
(2)    A foreign judgment against any person who is a resident of this State or who has assets in this State may not be recognized if:
(i)    The cause of action resulted in a defamation judgment obtained in a jurisdiction outside the United States, unless the court before which the matter is brought in this State first determines that the defamation law as applied in the foreign jurisdiction provides for at least as much protection for freedom of speech and the press as is provided by both the United States Constitution and the Maryland Constitution; or
(ii)    The cause of action resulted in a defamation judgment entered against the provider of an interactive computer service, as defined in 47 U.S.C. § 230, unless the court before which the matter is brought in this State determines that the judgment is consistent with 47 U.S.C. § 230.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 7 - Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition › Section 10-705 - Basis of Personal Jurisdiction

(a)    The foreign judgment may not be refused recognition for lack of personal jurisdiction if:
(1)    The defendant was served personally in the foreign state;
(2)    The defendant voluntarily appeared in the proceedings, other than for the purpose of protecting property seized or threatened with seizure in the proceedings or of contesting the jurisdiction of the court over him;
(3)    The defendant prior to the commencement of the proceedings had agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the foreign court with respect to the subject matter involved;
(4)    The defendant was domiciled in the foreign state when the proceedings were instituted, or, being a body corporate has its principal place of business, was incorporated, or had otherwise acquired corporate status, in the foreign state;
(5)    The defendant had a business office in the foreign state and the proceedings in the foreign court involved a cause of action arising out of business done by the defendant through that office in the foreign state; or
(6)    The defendant operated a motor vehicle or airplane in the foreign state and the proceedings involved a cause of action arising out of such operation.
(b)    The court may recognize other bases of jurisdiction.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 7 - Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition › Section 10-706 - Stay Pending Appeal

If the defendant satisfies the court either that an appeal is pending or that he is entitled and intends to appeal from the foreign judgment, the court may stay the proceedings until the appeal has been determined or until the expiration of a period of time sufficient to enable the defendant to prosecute the appeal.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 8 - Simultaneous Death › Section 10-802 - Beneficiaries of Another's Property

Where two or more beneficiaries are designated to take successively because of survivorship under another person’s disposition of property and there is not sufficient evidence that these beneficiaries have died other than simultaneously, the property disposed of shall be divided into as many equal portions as there are successive beneficiaries, and these portions shall be distributed to those who would have taken in the event that each designated beneficiary had survived.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 8 - Simultaneous Death › Section 10-803 - Joint Tenants or Tenants by the Entirety

Where there is no sufficient evidence that two joint tenants or tenants by the entirety have died other than simultaneously, the property held shall be distributed one half as if one had survived and one half as if the other had survived. If there are more than two joint tenants and all of them have so died, the property distributed shall be in the proportion that one bears to the whole number of joint tenants.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-901 - Admission of Statement in a Criminal Case

(a)    During the trial of a criminal case in which the defendant is charged with a felony, a statement as defined in Maryland Rule 5–801(a) is not excluded by the hearsay rule if the statement is offered against a party that has engaged in, directed, or conspired to commit wrongdoing that was intended to and did procure the unavailability of the declarant of the statement, as defined in Maryland Rule 5–804.
(b)    Subject to subsection (c) of this section, before admitting a statement under this section, the court shall hold a hearing outside the presence of the jury at which:
(1)    The Maryland Rules of Evidence are strictly applied; and
(2)    The court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the party against whom the statement is offered engaged in, directed, or conspired to commit the wrongdoing that procured the unavailability of the declarant.
(c)    A statement may not be admitted under this section unless:
(1)    The statement was:
(i)    Given under oath subject to the penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding or in a deposition;
(ii)    Reduced to writing and signed by the declarant; or
(iii)    Recorded in substantially verbatim fashion by stenographic or electronic means contemporaneously with the making of the statement; and
(2)    As soon as is practicable after the proponent of the statement learns that the declarant will be unavailable, the proponent notifies the adverse party of:
(i)    The intention to offer the statement;
(ii)    The particulars of the statement; and
(iii)    The identity of the witness through whom the statement will be offered.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-905 - Proof of Interest or Conviction of Infamous Crime or Perjury

(a)    (1)    Evidence is admissible to prove the interest of a witness in any proceeding, or the fact of the witness’s conviction of an infamous crime other than the common law offense of sodomy as it existed before October 1, 2020.
(2)    Evidence of conviction is not admissible if an appeal is pending, or the time for an appeal has not expired, or the conviction has been reversed, and there has been no retrial or reconviction.
(b)    The certificate, under the seal of the clerk of the court, of the court in which the conviction occurred is sufficient evidence of the conviction.
(c)    Evidence that a witness has been convicted of perjury shall be admitted for the purpose of attacking the credibility of the witness, regardless of the date of the conviction, if the evidence is elicited from the witness or established by public record during examination of the witness.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-906 - Proof of Written Instrument

(a)    Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section evidence is admissible in any proceeding to prove the execution of a written instrument attested by one or more subscribing witnesses in the same manner as the instrument might be proved had it not been attested. Evidence of a disputed writing is admissible and may be submitted to the trier of the facts for its determination as to genuineness.
(b)    The provisions of this section do not apply to the proof of the execution of a last will and testament or codicil.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-907 - Parol Evidence Admissible in Surety Matter

If an action is brought to charge a person on a special promise to be answerable for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another person, it is not necessary to show that the consideration for the promise is in writing.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-908 - Proof of Plats

(a)    If a plat is authenticated, it may be considered as evidence.
(b)    In an action of trespass quare clausum fregit involving the location of minerals underground, if the location cannot be measured on plats because of earth falls or other reasons, the trespass may be proved by other evidence.
(c)    A plat or certificate of survey may be amended at bar where the location does not correspond with the variation. In the sound discretion of the court, objects may be placed on a plat by a witness who was not sworn on the survey.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-909 - Proof of Patented Lands

(a)    Patented land is not required to be stated by the patented name in a declaration in an action at law. It may be described by abuttals, course and distance, or a name by which it was acquired. The description shall be certain enough to identify the land.
(b)    When title of patented land is questioned, a party is not required to prove that the land was patented. A patent shall be presumed in favor of the party showing a title otherwise good.
(c)    Acts of exclusive user and ownership are admissible to prove possession. Actual evidence of enclosure is not necessary for this proof.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-911 - Sound Level Meters and Frequency Analyzers

In any legal proceeding of any nature, the quantities and qualities of noise may be proved by evidence of tests made with any instrument designed and constructed to measure and indicate or record the presence of sound, including such devices commonly called sound level meters and frequency analyzers.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-912 - Failure to Take Defendant Before Judicial Officer After Arrest

(a)    A confession may not be excluded from evidence solely because the defendant was not taken before a judicial officer after arrest within any time period specified by Title 4 of the Maryland Rules.
(b)    Failure to strictly comply with the provisions of Title 4 of the Maryland Rules pertaining to taking a defendant before a judicial officer after arrest is only one factor, among others, to be considered by the court in deciding the voluntariness and admissibility of a confession.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-913 - Punitive Damages for Personal Injuries

(a)    In any action for punitive damages for personal injury, evidence of the defendant’s financial means is not admissible until there has been a finding of liability and that punitive damages are supportable under the facts.
(b)    A claim filed with the Health Care Alternative Dispute Resolution Office in accordance with § 3-2A-04 of this article shall be considered an action for purposes of this section.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-915 - Admissibility of Dna Profiles

(a)    (1)    In this section the following words have the meanings indicated.
(2)    “Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)” means the molecules in all cellular forms that contain genetic information in a chemical structure of each individual.
(3)    “DNA profile” means an analysis of genetic loci that have been validated according to standards established by:
(i)    The Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM);
(ii)    The DNA Advisory Board of the Federal Bureau of Investigation;
(iii)    The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories; or
(iv)    The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Quality Assurance Standards for DNA Databasing Laboratories.
(b)    A DNA profile is admissible under this section if it is accompanied by a statement from the testing laboratory setting forth that the analysis of genetic loci has been validated by:
(1)    Standards established by TWGDAM;
(2)    Standards established by the DNA Advisory Board of the Federal Bureau of Investigation;
(3)    The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories; or
(4)    The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Quality Assurance Standards for DNA Databasing Laboratories.
(c)    In any criminal proceeding, the evidence of a DNA profile is admissible to prove or disprove the identity of any person, if the party seeking to introduce the evidence of a DNA profile:
(1)    Notifies in writing the other party or parties by mail at least 45 days before any criminal proceeding; and
(2)    Provides, if applicable and requested in writing, the other party or parties at least 30 days before any criminal proceeding with:
(i)    First generation film copy or suitable reproductions of autoradiographs, dot blots, slot blots, silver stained gels, test strips, control strips, and any other results generated in the course of the analysis;
(ii)    Copies of laboratory notes generated in connection with the analysis, including chain of custody documents, sizing and hybridization information, statistical calculations, and worksheets;
(iii)    Laboratory protocols and procedures utilized in the analysis;
(iv)    The identification of each genetic locus analyzed; and
(v)    A statement setting forth the genotype data and the profile frequencies for the databases utilized.
(d)    If a party is unable to provide the information required under subsection (c) of this section at least 30 days prior to the criminal proceedings, the court may grant a continuance to permit such timely disclosures.
(e)    Except as to the issue of admissibility under this section, subsection (c) of this section does not preclude discovery under the Maryland Rules relating to discovery, upon a showing of scientific relevance to a material issue regarding the DNA profile.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-916 - Battered Spouse Syndrome

(a)    (1)    In this section the following words have the meanings indicated.
(2)    “Battered Spouse Syndrome” means the psychological condition of a victim of repeated physical and psychological abuse by a spouse, former spouse, cohabitant, or former cohabitant which is also recognized in the medical and scientific community as the “Battered Woman’s Syndrome”.
(3)    “Defendant” means an individual charged with:
(i)    First degree murder, second degree murder, manslaughter, or attempt to commit any of these crimes; or
(ii)    Assault in the first degree.
(b)    Notwithstanding evidence that the defendant was the first aggressor, used excessive force, or failed to retreat at the time of the alleged offense, when the defendant raises the issue that the defendant was, at the time of the alleged offense, suffering from the Battered Spouse Syndrome as a result of the past course of conduct of the individual who is the victim of the crime for which the defendant has been charged, the court may admit for the purpose of explaining the defendant’s motive or state of mind, or both, at the time of the commission of the alleged offense:
(1)    Evidence of repeated physical and psychological abuse of the defendant perpetrated by an individual who is the victim of a crime for which the defendant has been charged; and
(2)    Expert testimony on the Battered Spouse Syndrome.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-918 - Suits on Negotiable Instruments

(a)    Subject to subsections (b) and (c) of this section, a party who is otherwise entitled to sue and recover upon or under any promissory note, bill of exchange, bill of lading, warehouse or storage receipt, or other negotiable instrument, is not precluded from recovering by reason of the party’s inability to produce the instrument in evidence at the trial or surrender the instrument to the defendant.
(b)    The absence of an instrument described in subsection (a) of this section must be sufficiently accounted for under the rules of evidence to allow the introduction of secondary proof of the contents of the instrument at the trial.
(c)    (1)    A judgment may not be entered for the plaintiff in a suit described in subsection (a) of this section until a sufficient bond has been filed in the suit by the plaintiff.
(2)    The bond shall provide for the penalty and surety approved by the court, and conditioned on holding the defendant harmless on satisfaction of the judgment by the defendant as if the missing instrument were then produced and surrendered to the defendant.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-919 - Admissibility of Conviction for Felonious Killing in Civil Proceedings; Effect of Conviction

(a)    After all right to appeal has been exhausted, a judgment of conviction establishing criminal accountability for the felonious and intentional killing of a decedent:
(1)    Is admissible in a civil proceeding in which the common law Slayer’s Rule is raised as an issue; and
(2)    Conclusively establishes that the convicted individual feloniously and intentionally killed the decedent.
(b)    This section may not be construed to prohibit a trier of fact, in the absence of a criminal conviction, from determining by a preponderance of the evidence in a civil proceeding that a killing was felonious and intentional.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-920 - Expressions of Regret or Apology

(a)    In this section, “health care provider” has the meaning stated in § 3-2A-01 of this article.
(b)    (1)    Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, in a proceeding subject to Title 3, Subtitle 2A of this article or a civil action against a health care provider, an expression of regret or apology made by or on behalf of the health care provider, including an expression of regret or apology made in writing, orally, or by conduct, is inadmissible as evidence of an admission of liability or as evidence of an admission against interest.
(2)    An admission of liability or fault that is part of or in addition to a communication made under paragraph (1) of this subsection is admissible as evidence of an admission of liability or as evidence of an admission against interest in an action described under paragraph (1) of this subsection.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 9 - Miscellaneous Rules › Section 10-923 - Admissibility of Evidence of Other Sexually Assaultive Behavior

(a)    In this section, “sexually assaultive behavior” means an act that would constitute:
(1)    A sexual crime under Title 3, Subtitle 3 of the Criminal Law Article;
(2)    Sexual abuse of a minor under § 3–602 of the Criminal Law Article;
(3)    Sexual abuse of a vulnerable adult under § 3–604 of the Criminal Law Article;
(4)    A violation of 18 U.S.C. Chapter 109A; or
(5)    A violation of a law of another state, the United States, or a foreign country that is equivalent to an offense under item (1), (2), (3), or (4) of this subsection.
(b)    In a criminal trial for a sexual offense listed in subsection (a)(1), (2), or (3) of this section, evidence of other sexually assaultive behavior by the defendant occurring before or after the offense for which the defendant is on trial may be admissible, in accordance with this section.
(c)    (1)    The State shall file a motion of intent to introduce evidence of sexually assaultive behavior at least 90 days before trial or at a later time if authorized by the court for good cause.
(2)    A motion filed under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall include a description of the evidence.
(3)    The State shall provide a copy of a motion filed under paragraph (1) of this subsection to the defendant and include any other information required to be disclosed under Maryland Rule 4–262 or 4–263.
(d)    The court shall hold a hearing outside the presence of a jury to determine the admissibility of evidence of sexually assaultive behavior.
(e)    The court may admit evidence of sexually assaultive behavior if the court finds and states on the record that:
(1)    The evidence is being offered to:
(i)    Prove lack of consent; or
(ii)    Rebut an express or implied allegation that a minor victim fabricated the sexual offense;
(2)    The defendant had an opportunity to confront and cross–examine the witness or witnesses testifying to the sexually assaultive behavior;
(3)    The sexually assaultive behavior was proven by clear and convincing evidence; and
(4)    The probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 10 - Chain of Custody › Part I - Controlled Dangerous Substances › Section 10-1001 - Chemical Test Report

For the purpose of establishing that physical evidence in a criminal or civil proceeding constitutes a particular controlled dangerous substance under Title 5 of the Criminal Law Article, a report signed by the chemist or analyst who performed the test or tests as to its nature is prima facie evidence that the material delivered to the chemist or analyst was properly tested under procedures approved by the Maryland Department of Health, that those procedures are legally reliable, that the material was delivered to the chemist or analyst by the officer or person stated in the report, and that the material was or contained the substance therein stated, without the necessity of the chemist or analyst personally appearing in court, provided the report identifies the chemist or analyst as an individual certified by the Maryland Department of Health, the Department of State Police, the Baltimore City Police Department, or any county police department employing analysts of controlled dangerous substances, as qualified under standards approved by the Maryland Department of Health to analyze those substances, states that the chemist or analyst made an analysis of the material under procedures approved by that department, and also states that the substance, in the opinion of the chemist or analyst, is or contains the particular controlled dangerous substance specified. Nothing in this section precludes the right of any party to introduce any evidence supporting or contradicting the evidence contained in or the presumptions raised by the report.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 10 - Chain of Custody › Part I - Controlled Dangerous Substances › Section 10-1002 - Chain of Physical Custody or Control

(a)    In this part:
(1)    “Chain of custody” means:
(i)    The seizing officer;
(ii)    The packaging officer, if the packaging officer is not also the seizing officer; and
(iii)    The chemist or other person who actually touched the substance and not merely the outer sealed package in which the substance was placed by the law enforcement agency before or during the analysis of the substance; and
(2)    “Chain of custody” does not include a person who handled the substance in any form after analysis of the substance.
(b)    (1)    For the purpose of establishing, in a criminal or civil proceeding, the chain of physical custody or control of evidence consisting of or containing a substance tested or analyzed to determine whether it is a controlled dangerous substance under Title 5 of the Criminal Law Article, a statement signed by each successive person in the chain of custody that the person delivered it to the other person indicated on or about the date stated is prima facie evidence that the person had custody and made the delivery as stated, without the necessity of a personal appearance in court by the person signing the statement.
(2)    The statement shall contain a sufficient description of the material or its container so as to distinguish it as the particular item in question and shall state that the material was delivered in essentially the same condition as received.
(3)    The statement may be placed on the same document as the report provided for in § 10-1001 of this part.
(4)    Nothing in this section precludes the right of any party to introduce any evidence supporting or contradicting the evidence contained in or the presumption raised by the statement.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 10 - Chain of Custody › Part I - Controlled Dangerous Substances › Section 10-1003 - Presence of Chemist or Analyst at Criminal Proceeding; Availability of Chemical Report to Defense Counsel

(a)    (1)    In a criminal proceeding, the prosecution shall, upon written demand of a defendant filed in the proceedings at least 5 days prior to a trial in the proceeding, require the presence of the chemist, analyst, or any person in the chain of custody as a prosecution witness.
(2)    The provisions of §§ 10-1001 and 10-1002 of this part concerning prima facie evidence do not apply to the testimony of that witness.
(3)    The provisions of §§ 10-1001 and 10-1002 of this part are applicable in a criminal proceeding only when a copy of the report or statement to be introduced is mailed, delivered, or made available to counsel for the defendant or to the defendant personally when the defendant is not represented by counsel, at least 10 days prior to the introduction of the report or statement at trial.
(b)    Nothing contained in this part shall prevent the defendant from summoning a witness mentioned in this part as a witness for the defense.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 10 - Chain of Custody › Part II - Bodies › Section 10-1004 - Statement Establishing Chain of Custody

(a)    (1)    In this section the following words have the meanings indicated.
(2)    “Medical examiner’s case” has the meaning stated in § 5–301(c) of the Health – General Article.
(3)    “Mortician” has the meaning stated in § 7–101(s) of the Health Occupations Article.
(b)    (1)    In a criminal proceeding for a death which is a medical examiner’s case, the chain of physical custody and control may be established by a signed statement by the mortician, or the mortician’s agent, servant, or employee, who transported the body to the medical examiner’s office, without the necessity of the personal appearance in court by the person who signed the statement.
(2)    The statement shall contain:
(i)    A description of the initial condition of the body when it was taken into custody by the mortician or the mortician’s agent, servant, or employee;
(ii)    A statement that the body was delivered to the medical examiner on a certain date on or about a certain time; and
(iii)    A statement that the body was in essentially the same condition when delivered to the medical examiner as when it was taken into custody.
(3)    A statement is prima facie evidence of the facts stated.
(c)    (1)    If the State intends to offer the statement without the testimony of the mortician, or the mortician’s agent, servant, or employee, the State shall, at least 25 days before trial, give the defendant or the defendant’s attorney notice of its intention and deliver a copy of the statement.
(2)    If the defendant desires that the mortician or the mortician’s agent, servant, or employee, be present and testify at trial, the defendant shall notify the State at least 15 days before trial. If a timely notice is given, the statement is inadmissible without the testimony of the mortician, or the mortician’s agent, servant, or employee.
(d)    Nothing in this section precludes the right of a party to introduce any evidence supporting or contradicting the evidence contained in the statement.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 11 - Prelitigation Discovery › Section 10-1101 - Definitions

(a)    In this subtitle the following words have the meanings indicated.
(b)    “Beneficiary” means an individual who may bring an action for wrongful death under Title 3, Subtitle 9 of this article.
(c)    “Claimant” means:
(1)    A person who alleges damages as a result of a tort involving bodily injury or an attorney who represents the person; or
(2)    A personal representative of the estate of a decedent who died as a result of an alleged tort or an attorney who represents the personal representative of the estate of the decedent.
(d)    “Insurer” includes a property and casualty insurer, a self–insurance plan, or any person required to provide indemnification for a claim for wrongful death, personal injury, or property damage.
(e)    “Vehicle” has the meaning stated in § 11–176 of the Transportation Article.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 11 - Prelitigation Discovery › Section 10-1102 - Prelitigation Discovery of Insurance Coverage

After a claimant files a written tort claim and provides the documentation described in § 10–1103 or § 10–1104 of this subtitle to an insurer, the claimant may obtain from the insurer documentation of the applicable limits of coverage in any automobile insurance policy, homeowner’s insurance policy, or renter’s insurance policy under which the insurer may be liable to:
(1)    Satisfy all or part of the claim; or
(2)    Indemnify or reimburse for payments made to satisfy the claim.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 11 - Prelitigation Discovery › Section 10-1103 - Prerequisites for Receiving Documentation

(a)    This section does not apply to a claim described under § 10–1104 of this subtitle.
(b)    A claimant may obtain the documentation described in § 10–1102 of this subtitle if the claimant provides in writing to the insurer:
(1)    The date of the alleged tort;
(2)    The name and last known address of the alleged tortfeasor;
(3)    A copy of any vehicle accident report, police report, or other official report concerning the alleged tort, if available;
(4)    The insurer’s claim number, if available; and
(5)    A letter from an attorney admitted to practice law in the State certifying that:
(i)    The attorney has made reasonable efforts to investigate the underlying facts of the claim; and
(ii)    Based on the attorney’s investigation, the attorney reasonably believes that the claim is not frivolous.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 11 - Prelitigation Discovery › Section 10-1104 - Prerequisites for Receiving Documentation -- Estate of Individual or Beneficiary on Death of Individual in Vehicle Accident

(a)    This section applies to a claim by the estate of a decedent who died as a result of an alleged tort or a beneficiary of the decedent.
(b)    A claimant may obtain the documentation described in § 10–1102 of this subtitle if the claimant provides in writing to the insurer:
(1)    The date of the alleged tort;
(2)    The name and last known address of the alleged tortfeasor;
(3)    A copy of any vehicle accident report, police report, or other official report concerning the alleged tort, if available;
(4)    The insurer’s claim number, if available;
(5)    A copy of the decedent’s death certificate issued in the State or another jurisdiction;
(6)    A copy of the letters of administration issued to appoint the personal representative of the decedent’s estate in the State or a substantially similar document issued by another jurisdiction;
(7)    The name of each beneficiary of the decedent, if known;
(8)    The relationship to the decedent of each known beneficiary of the decedent; and
(9)    A letter from an attorney admitted to practice law in the State certifying that:
(i)    The attorney has made reasonable efforts to investigate the underlying facts of the claim; and
(ii)    Based on the attorney’s investigation, the attorney reasonably believes that the claim is not frivolous.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 10 - Evidence › Subtitle 11 - Prelitigation Discovery › Section 10-1105 - Providing Disclosure; Effect of Disclosure

(a)    An insurer shall provide in writing the documentation described under § 10–1102 of this subtitle within 30 days after the date of a request in accordance with § 10–1103 or § 10–1104 of this subtitle, regardless of whether the insurer contests the applicability of coverage to a claim.
(b)    An insurer, and the employees and agents of an insurer, may not be civilly or criminally liable for the disclosure of documentation required under this subtitle.
(c)    Disclosure of the documentation under this subtitle does not constitute:
(1)    An admission that a claim is subject to the applicable agreement between the insurer and the alleged tortfeasor; or
(2)    A waiver of any term or condition of the applicable agreement between the insurer and the alleged tortfeasor or any right of the insurer, including any potential defense concerning coverage or liability.
(d)    Documentation disclosed under this subtitle is not admissible as evidence at trial by reason of its disclosure under this subtitle.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-101 - Money Judgment, Penalty, Fine, or Forfeiture to Be Expressed in Dollars and Cents

Except as otherwise provided by law, a money judgment, penalty, fine, or forfeiture rendered or imposed by any court of the State shall be expressed in dollars and cents.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-102 - Judgment Against One or More Partners or Obligors

(a)    A judgment against less than all partners or persons jointly liable on a contract, agreement, instrument, or any other obligation does not extinguish or merge the cause of action against any other partner or person jointly liable but not bound by the judgment.
(b)    If the debt is not completely satisfied, any partner or person jointly liable but not bound by the judgment may be sued as if his original liability had been joint and several.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-103 - Suits Against Joint Debtors

In a contract action brought against alleged joint debtors:
(1)    The plaintiff need not prove their joint liability as alleged in order to maintain the action;
(2)    The plaintiff may recover as in actions in tort against one or more of the defendants who are shown by the evidence to be indebted to the plaintiff; and
(3)    Judgment shall be entered in the plaintiff’s favor against one or more of the defendants as fully as if the defendant or defendants against whom the plaintiff fails to establish a claim had not been joined in the suit.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-104 - Detinue; Judgment in Alternative

(a)    In an action of detinue a plaintiff may recover the personal property and damages for the wrongful detention of the property. The judgment or verdict, if jury trial is elected, shall separately specify the value of the property and damages.
(b)    If the judgment is rendered for the return of the property, the plaintiff may enforce the judgment by a writ of capias in withernam unless the court for good cause shows orders otherwise or the plaintiff agrees on the record to accept the value of the property in lieu of its return.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-105 - Judgment Against Unincorporated Association

In any cause of action affecting the common property, rights, and liabilities of an unincorporated association, joint stock company, or other group which has a recognized group name, a money judgment against the group is enforceable only against the assets of the group as an entity, but not against the assets of any member.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-106 - Interest on Judgments Arising From Contracts for Loan of Money; Student Loans

(a)    A money judgment entered in an action arising from a contract for the loan of money shall carry interest at the rate charged in the contract on any balance remaining unpaid until the date of maturity of the contract as originally scheduled. However, the rate of interest shall be on the unpaid principal of the money borrowed. The provisions of this section do not apply to any loan secured by a mortgage or deed of trust. The provisions of this section do not apply when the contractual rate of interest for a student loan of money is less than the prevailing legal rate of interest allowable on the judgment, as set forth in § 11-107 of this subtitle, unless the agreement for the loan of money expressly provides otherwise.
(b)    In this section, “student loan” means any loan or advance of funds, money, or credit to an individual by an institution of higher learning or a lender to defray, in part or in full, educational or educational related expenses. It includes national defense, national direct, health professional, and nursing student loans.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-107 - Interest on Judgments Generally; Interest on Money Judgment for Rent; Interest on Money Judgment for Delinquent Property Taxes

(a)    Except as provided in § 11-106 of this subtitle, the legal rate of interest on a judgment shall be at the rate of 10 percent per annum on the amount of judgment.
(b)    The legal rate of interest on a money judgment for rent of residential premises shall be at the rate of 6 percent per annum on the amount of the judgment.
(c)    The legal rate of interest on a money judgment for delinquent real or personal property taxes shall be the greater of:
(1)    The sum of the rates fixed under §§ 14-603 and 14-702 of the Tax - Property Article for interest and penalties; or
(2)    At the rate of 10 percent per annum.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-109 - Personal Injury Action -- Award for Damages

(a)    (1)    In this section, “economic damages” means loss of earnings and medical expenses.
(2)    “Economic damages” does not include punitive damages.
(b)    As part of the verdict in any action for damages for personal injury in which the cause of action arises on or after July 1, 1986 or for wrongful death in which the cause of action arises on or after October 1, 1994, the trier of fact shall itemize the award to reflect the monetary amount intended for:
(1)    Past medical expenses;
(2)    Future medical expenses;
(3)    Past loss of earnings;
(4)    Future loss of earnings;
(5)    Noneconomic damages; and
(6)    Other damages.
(c)    (1)    The court or the health claims arbitration panel may order that all or part of the future economic damages portion of the award be paid in the form of annuities or other appropriate financial instruments, or that it be paid in periodic or other payments consistent with the needs of the plaintiff, funded in full by the defendant or the defendant’s insurer and equal when paid to the amount of the future economic damages award.
(2)    In the event that the court or panel shall order that the award for future economic damages be paid in a form other than a lump sum, the court or panel shall order that the defendant or the defendant’s insurer provide adequate security for the payment of all future economic damages.
(3)    The court or panel may appoint a conservator under this subsection for the plaintiff, upon such terms as the court or panel may impose, who shall have the full and final authority to resolve any dispute between the plaintiff and the defendant or the defendant’s insurer regarding the need or cost of expenses for the plaintiff’s medical, surgical, custodial, or other care or treatment.
(d)    If the plaintiff under this section dies before the final periodic payment of an award is made, the unpaid balance of the award for future loss of earnings shall revert to the estate of the plaintiff and the unpaid balance of the award for future medical expenses shall revert to the defendant or to the defendant’s insurer if the insurer provided the funds for the future damages award.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-110 - Damages for Injury to Pet

(a)    (1)    In this section the following words have the meanings indicated.
(2)    “Compensatory damages” means:
(i)    In the case of the death of a pet, the fair market value of the pet before death and the reasonable and necessary cost of veterinary care; and
(ii)    In the case of an injury to a pet, the reasonable and necessary cost of veterinary care.
(3)    (i)    “Pet” means a domesticated animal.
(ii)    “Pet” does not include livestock.
(b)    (1)    A person who tortiously causes an injury to or death of a pet while acting individually or through an animal under the person’s ownership, direction, or control is liable to the owner of the pet for compensatory damages.
(2)    The damages awarded under paragraph (1) of this subsection may not exceed $10,000.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-111 - Order of Execution of Deed

(a)    If a court orders that a deed of any kind shall be executed, it may appoint a trustee to execute the deed.
(b)    Until the trustee executes a deed, the decree:
(1)    If passed in the county where the land lies, has the same effect as an executed deed; and
(2)    If passed in another county, has the same effect as an executed deed if recorded in the county where the land lies within 6 months after the date of the decree.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 1 - Judgments -- Miscellaneous › Section 11-112 - Reduction of Amount Payable in Subrogation Claim to Payor for Health Care Benefits or Services Paid on Behalf of Injured Person

(a)    In this section, “payor” has the same meaning stated in § 19-132 of the Health - General Article.
(b)    (1)    Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, this section applies to any right of subrogation under a contract or applicable law for payment of health care benefits or services for an injured person paid or payable by a payor or under any system of self-insurance or indemnification for health care expenses, if the amount of the subrogee’s claim as determined under subsection (c) of this section is voluntarily paid by the injured person from the injured person’s recovery in a claim for personal injury.
(2)    This section does not apply to a voluntary reduction of a subrogation claim by a payor that exceeds the reduction of the subrogation claim described in subsection (c) of this section.
(c)    (1)    Unless a subrogee files a petition to intervene in the personal injury action and is independently represented by counsel, in a subrogation claim arising out of a claim for personal injury, the amount permitted to be recovered by a payor for health care benefits or services paid or payable on behalf of the injured person shall be reduced by the amount that is determined by:
(i)    Subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, dividing the amount of the total recovery in the claim for personal injury into the total amount of the attorney’s fees incurred by the injured person for services rendered in connection with the injured person’s claim; and
(ii)    Multiplying the result under subparagraph (i) of this paragraph by the amount of the payor’s subrogation claim.
(2)    The percentage under paragraph (1)(i) of this subsection may not exceed one-third.
(d)    A payor has no obligation to advise an injured person or an attorney for the injured person of the injured person’s right to a reduction of the subrogation claim described in subsection (c) of this section.
(e)    On written request by a payor, an injured person or an attorney for the injured person who demands a reduction of the subrogation claim described in subsection (c) of this section shall provide the payor with a certification by the injured person that states the amount of the attorney’s fees incurred by the injured person for services rendered in connection with the injured person’s claim.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 2 - Measure of Damages › Section 11-202 - Abstracting Minerals From Plaintiff's Land

(a)    In the absence of fraud, negligence, or willful trespass, the measure of damages for the wrongful working and abstracting of another’s minerals is the value to the person from whose property they were taken at the time of the taking of the minerals in their native state, before severance.
(b)    If the minerals were abstracted furtively or in bad faith the measure of damages is the value of the minerals ready for market without allowance for labor and expenses.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 2 - Measure of Damages › Section 11-203 - Bond of Clerk or Register

(a)    In an action on the bond of the clerk of a court or register of wills, the measure of damages is the sum the clerk or register charged for the services he has not performed.
(b)    If a person sustains special damages because the clerk or register fails to perform the services requested, the person shall be compensated for the special damages in addition to the clerk’s fees.
2023 Maryland Statutes › Courts and Judicial Proceedings › Title 11 - Judgments › Subtitle 3 - Automobile Liability Claims › Section 11-301 - Interest on Automobile Liability Claims

(a)    In an action for bodily injury arising from the operation of a motor vehicle in which a money judgment is entered in favor of the plaintiff, the court may assess interest against the defendant at the rate of not more than 10 percent per annum on the amount of judgment from a time not earlier than the time the action was filed if it finds that the defendant caused unnecessary delay in having the action ready or set for trial.
(b)    For the purposes of this section, a delay caused by the defendant’s insurer or counsel is deemed an unnecessary delay caused by the defendant.