reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 10 Sales Tax; Distribution to Local Governments.

§ 10 Sales tax; distribution to local governments.
Sec. 10.
Fifteen percent of all taxes imposed on retailers on taxable sales at retail of tangible personal property at a rate of not more than 4% shall be used exclusively for assistance to townships, cities and villages, on a population basis as provided by law. In determining population the legislature may exclude any portion of the total number of persons who are wards, patients or convicts in any tax supported institution.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 10, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. S.J.R. S, approved Mar. 15, 1994, Eff. Apr. 30, 1994
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 23.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 11 State School Aid Fund; Source; Distribution; Guarantee to Local School District.

§ 11 State school aid fund; source; distribution; guarantee to local school district.
Sec. 11.
There shall be established a state school aid fund which shall be used exclusively for aid to school districts, higher education, and school employees' retirement systems, as provided by law. Sixty percent of all taxes imposed at a rate of 4% on retailers on taxable sales at retail of tangible personal property, 100% of the proceeds of the sales and use taxes imposed at the additional rate of 2% provided for in section 8 of this article, and other tax revenues provided by law, shall be dedicated to this fund. Payments from this fund shall be made in full on a scheduled basis, as provided by law. Beginning in the 1995-96 state fiscal year and each state fiscal year after 1995-96, the state shall guarantee that the total state and local per pupil revenue for school operating purposes for each local school district shall not be less than the 1994-95 total state and local per pupil revenue for school operating purposes for that local school district, as adjusted for consolidations, annexations, or other boundary changes. However, this guarantee does not apply in a year in which the local school district levies a millage rate for school district operating purposes less than it levied in 1994.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 11, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. S.J.R. S, approved Mar. 15, 1994, Eff. Apr. 30, 1994
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 12 Evidence of State Indebtedness.

§ 12 Evidence of state indebtedness.
Sec. 12.
No evidence of state indebtedness shall be issued except for debts authorized pursuant to this constitution.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 12, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 11.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 13 Public Bodies, Borrowing Power.

§ 13 Public bodies, borrowing power.
Sec. 13.
Public bodies corporate shall have power to borrow money and to issue their securities evidencing debt, subject to this constitution and law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 13, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 14 State Borrowing; Short Term.

§ 14 State borrowing; short term.
Sec. 14.
To meet obligations incurred pursuant to appropriations for any fiscal year, the legislature may by law authorize the state to issue its full faith and credit notes in which case it shall pledge undedicated revenues to be received within the same fiscal year for the repayment thereof. Such indebtedness in any fiscal year shall not exceed 15 percent of undedicated revenues received by the state during the preceding fiscal year and such debts shall be repaid at the time the revenues so pledged are received, but not later than the end of the same fiscal year.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 14, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 15 Long Term Borrowing by State.

§ 15 Long term borrowing by state.
Sec. 15.
The state may borrow money for specific purposes in amounts as may be provided by acts of the legislature adopted by a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to and serving in each house, and approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon at any general election. The question submitted to the electors shall state the amount to be borrowed, the specific purpose to which the funds shall be devoted, and the method of repayment.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 15, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 17 Payments From State Treasury.

§ 17 Payments from state treasury.
Sec. 17.
No money shall be paid out of the state treasury except in pursuance of appropriations made by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 17, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 16.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 18 State Credit.

§ 18 State credit.
Sec. 18.
The credit of the state shall not be granted to, nor in aid of any person, association or corporation, public or private, except as authorized in this constitution.
This section shall not be construed to prohibit the investment of public funds until needed for current requirements or the investment of funds accumulated to provide retirement or pension benefits for public officials and employees, as provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 18, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 12.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 19 Subscription to or Interest in Stock by State Prohibited; Exceptions.

§ 19 Subscription to or interest in stock by state prohibited; exceptions.
Sec. 19.
The state shall not subscribe to, nor be interested in the stock of any company, association or corporation, except as follows:
(a) Funds accumulated to provide retirement or pension benefits for public officials and employees may be invested as provided by law.
(b) Endowment funds created for charitable or educational purposes may be invested as provided by law governing the investment of funds held in trust by trustees.
(c) Funds held as permanent funds or endowment funds other than those described in subdivision (b) may be invested as provided by law.
Except as otherwise provided in this section, other state funds or money may be invested in accounts of a bank, savings and loan association, or credit union organized under the laws of this state or federal law, as provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 19, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. H.J.R. GG, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978 ;-- Am. S.J.R. T, approved Aug. 6, 2002, Eff. Sept. 21, 2002
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 13.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 20 Deposit of State Money in Certain Financial Institutions; Requirements.

§ 20 Deposit of state money in certain financial institutions; requirements.
Sec. 20.
No state money shall be deposited in banks, savings and loans associations, or credit unions, other than those organized under the law of this state or federal law. No state money shall be deposited in any bank, savings and loan association, or credit union, in excess of 50 percent of the net worth of the bank, savings and loan association, or credit union. Any bank, savings and loan association, or credit union, receiving deposits of state money shall show the amount of state money so deposited as a separate item in all published statements.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 20, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. H.J.R. GG, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 15.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 21 Accounting for Public Moneys.

§ 21 Accounting for public moneys.
Sec. 21.
The legislature shall provide by law for the annual accounting for all public moneys, state and local, and may provide by law for interim accounting.
The legislature shall provide by law for the maintenance of uniform accounting systems by units of local government and the auditing of county accounts by competent state authority and other units of government as provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 21, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 18.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 22 Examination and Adjustment of Claims Against State.

§ 22 Examination and adjustment of claims against state.
Sec. 22.
Procedures for the examination and adjustment of claims against the state shall be prescribed by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 22, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VI, § 20.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 23 Financial Records; Statement of Revenues and Expenditures.

§ 23 Financial records; statement of revenues and expenditures.
Sec. 23.
All financial records, accountings, audit reports and other reports of public moneys shall be public records and open to inspection. A statement of all revenues and expenditures of public moneys shall be published and distributed annually, as provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 23, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 17.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 24 Public Pension Plans and Retirement Systems, Obligation.

§ 24 Public pension plans and retirement systems, obligation.
Sec. 24.
The accrued financial benefits of each pension plan and retirement system of the state and its political subdivisions shall be a contractual obligation thereof which shall not be diminished or impaired thereby.
Financial benefits arising on account of service rendered in each fiscal year shall be funded during that year and such funding shall not be used for financing unfunded accrued liabilities.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. IX, § 24, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 25 Voter Approval of Increased Local Taxes; Prohibitions; Emergency Conditions; Repayment of Bonded Indebtedness Guaranteed; Implementation of Section.

§ 25 Voter approval of increased local taxes; prohibitions; emergency conditions; repayment of bonded indebtedness guaranteed; implementation of section.
Sec. 25.
Property taxes and other local taxes and state taxation and spending may not be increased above the limitations specified herein without direct voter approval. The state is prohibited from requiring any new or expanded activities by local governments without full state financing, from reducing the proportion of state spending in the form of aid to local governments, or from shifting the tax burden to local government. A provision for emergency conditions is established and the repayment of voter approved bonded indebtedness is guaranteed. Implementation of this section is specified in Sections 26 through 34, inclusive, of this Article.
History:
Add. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 26 Limitation on Taxes; Revenue Limit; Refunding or Transferring Excess Revenues; Exceptions to Revenue Limitation; Adjustment of State Revenue and Spending Limits.

§ 26 Limitation on taxes; revenue limit; refunding or transferring excess revenues; exceptions to revenue limitation; adjustment of state revenue and spending limits.
Sec. 26.
There is hereby established a limit on the total amount of taxes which may be imposed by the legislature in any fiscal year on the taxpayers of this state. This limit shall not be changed without approval of the majority of the qualified electors voting thereon, as provided for in Article 12 of the Constitution. Effective with fiscal year 1979-1980, and for each fiscal year thereafter, the legislature shall not impose taxes of any kind which, together with all other revenues of the state, federal aid excluded, exceed the revenue limit established in this section. The revenue limit shall be equal to the product of the ratio of Total State Revenues in fiscal year 1978-79 divided by the Personal Income of Michigan in calendar year 1977 multiplied by the Personal Income of Michigan in either the prior calendar year or the average of Personal Income of Michigan in the previous three calendar years, whichever is greater.
For any fiscal year in the event that Total State Revenues exceed the revenue limit established in this section by 1% or more, the excess revenues shall be refunded pro rata based on the liability reported on the Michigan income tax and single business tax (or its successor tax or taxes) annual returns filed following the close of such fiscal year. If the excess is less than 1%, this excess may be transferred to the State Budget Stabilization Fund.
The revenue limitation established in this section shall not apply to taxes imposed for the payment of principal and interest on bonds, approved by the voters and authorized under Section 15 of this Article, and loans to school districts authorized under Section 16 of this Article.
If responsibility for funding a program or programs is transferred from one level of government to another, as a consequence of constitutional amendment, the state revenue and spending limits may be adjusted to accommodate such change, provided that the total revenue authorized for collection by both state and local governments does not exceed that amount which would have been authorized without such change.
History:
Add. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
Popular Name:
Rainy Day Fund
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 27 Exceeding Revenue Limit; Conditions.

§ 27 Exceeding revenue limit; conditions.
Sec. 27.
The revenue limit of Section 26 of this Article may be exceeded only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) The governor requests the legislature to declare an emergency; (2) the request is specific as to the nature of the emergency, the dollar amount of the emergency, and the method by which the emergency will be funded; and (3) the legislature thereafter declares an emergency in accordance with the specific of the governor's request by a two-thirds vote of the members elected to and serving in each house. The emergency must be declared in accordance with this section prior to incurring any of the expenses which constitute the emergency request. The revenue limit may be exceeded only during the fiscal year for which the emergency is declared. In no event shall any part of the amount representing a refund under Section 26 of this Article be the subject of an emergency request.
History:
Add. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 28 Limitation on Expenses of State Government.

§ 28 Limitation on expenses of state government.
Sec. 28.
No expenses of state government shall be incurred in any fiscal year which exceed the sum of the revenue limit established in Sections 26 and 27 of this Article plus federal aid and any surplus from a previous fiscal year.
History:
Add. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 29 State Financing of Activities or Services Required of Local Government by State Law.

§ 29 State financing of activities or services required of local government by state law.
Sec. 29.
The state is hereby prohibited from reducing the state financed proportion of the necessary costs of any existing activity or service required of units of Local Government by state law. A new activity or service or an increase in the level of any activity or service beyond that required by existing law shall not be required by the legislature or any state agency of units of Local Government, unless a state appropriation is made and disbursed to pay the unit of Local Government for any necessary increased costs. The provision of this section shall not apply to costs incurred pursuant to Article VI, Section 18.
History:
Add. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 30 Reduction of State Spending Paid to Units of Local Government.

§ 30 Reduction of state spending paid to units of local government.
Sec. 30.
The proportion of total state spending paid to all units of Local Government, taken as a group, shall not be reduced below that proportion in effect in fiscal year 1978-79.
History:
Add. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 31 Levying Tax or Increasing Rate of Existing Tax; Maximum Tax Rate on New Base; Increase in Assessed Valuation of Property; Exceptions to Limitations.

§ 31 Levying tax or increasing rate of existing tax; maximum tax rate on new base; increase in assessed valuation of property; exceptions to limitations.
Sec. 31.
Units of Local Government are hereby prohibited from levying any tax not authorized by law or charter when this section is ratified or from increasing the rate of an existing tax above that rate authorized by law or charter when this section is ratified, without the approval of a majority of the qualified electors of that unit of Local Government voting thereon. If the definition of the base of an existing tax is broadened, the maximum authorized rate of taxation on the new base in each unit of Local Government shall be reduced to yield the same estimated gross revenue as on the prior base. If the assessed valuation of property as finally equalized, excluding the value of new construction and improvements, increases by a larger percentage than the increase in the General Price Level from the previous year, the maximum authorized rate applied thereto in each unit of Local Government shall be reduced to yield the same gross revenue from existing property, adjusted for changes in the General Price Level, as could have been collected at the existing authorized rate on the prior assessed value.
The limitations of this section shall not apply to taxes imposed for the payment of principal and interest on bonds or other evidence of indebtedness or for the payment of assessments on contract obligations in anticipation of which bonds are issued which were authorized prior to the effective date of this amendment.
History:
Add. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 32 Suit to Enforce Sections 25 to 31.

§ 32 Suit to enforce sections 25 to 31.
Sec. 32.
Any taxpayer of the state shall have standing to bring suit in the Michigan State Court of Appeals to enforce the provisions of Sections 25 through 31, inclusive, of this Article and, if the suit is sustained, shall receive from the applicable unit of government his costs incurred in maintaining such suit.
History:
Add. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 33 Definitions Applicable to Sections 25 to 32.

§ 33 Definitions applicable to sections 25 to 32.
Sec. 33.
Definitions. The definitions of this section shall apply to Section 25 through 32 of Article IX, inclusive.
"Total State Revenues" includes all general and special revenues, excluding federal aid, as defined in the budget message of the governor for fiscal year 1978-1979. Total State Revenues shall exclude the amount of any credits based on actual tax liabilities or the imputed tax components of rental payments, but shall include the amount of any credits not related to actual tax liabilities. "Personal Income of Michigan" is the total income received by persons in Michigan from all sources, as defined and officially reported by the United States Department of Commerce or its successor agency. "Local Government" means any political subdivision of the state, including, but not restricted to, school districts, cities, villages, townships, charter townships, counties, charter counties, authorities created by the state, and authorities created by other units of local government. "General Price Level" means the Consumer Price Index for the United States as defined and officially reported by the United States Department of Labor or its successor agency.
History:
Add. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 34 Implementation of Sections 25 to 33.

§ 34 Implementation of sections 25 to 33.
Sec. 34.
The Legislature shall implement the provisions of Sections 25 through 33, inclusive, of this Article.
History:
Add. Initiated Law, approved Nov. 7, 1978, Eff. Dec. 23, 1978
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 35a Michigan State Parks Endowment Fund.

§ 35a Michigan state parks endowment fund.
Sec. 35a.
(1) There is hereby established the Michigan state parks endowment fund. The endowment fund shall consist of revenues as provided in section 35 of this article, and as provided by law. The endowment fund may also receive private contributions of money or other things of value. The assets of the endowment fund shall be invested as provided by law.
(2) The accumulated principal of the endowment fund shall not exceed $800,000,000.00, which amount shall be annually adjusted pursuant to the rate of inflation beginning when the endowment fund reaches $800,000,000.00. This annually adjusted figure is the accumulated principal limit of the endowment fund.
(3) Money available for expenditure from the endowment fund as provided in this section shall be expended for all of the following:
(a) Capital improvements at Michigan State Parks.
(b) Operations and maintenance at Michigan State Parks.
(c) Acquisition of land or rights in land for Michigan State Parks.
(d) Administration of the endowment fund.
(4) Not less than 20 percent of the money made available for expenditure from the endowment fund from any state fiscal year shall be expended under subsection (3)(a) for capital improvements at Michigan State Parks.
(5) Money in the endowment fund shall be expended as follows:
(a) Until the endowment fund reaches an accumulated principal of $800,000,000.00, each state fiscal year the legislature may appropriate not more than 50 percent of the money received under section 35 of this article plus interest and earnings and any private contributions or other revenue to the endowment fund.
(b) Once the accumulated principal in the endowment fund reaches $800,000,000.00, only the interest and earnings of the endowment fund in excess of the amount necessary to maintain the endowment fund's accumulated principal limit may be made available for expenditure.
(6) Unexpended appropriations of the endowment fund from any state fiscal year as authorized by this section may be carried forward or may be appropriated as determined by the legislature for purposes of this section.
(7) The legislature shall provide by law for implementation of this section.
History:
Add. S.J.R. E, approved Nov. 8, 1994, Eff. Dec. 24, 1994 ;-- Am. S.J.R. T, approved Aug. 6, 2002, Eff. Sept. 21, 2002 ;-- Am. S.J.R. O, approved Nov. 3, 2020, Eff. Dec. 19, 2020
Compiler's Notes:
This section was originally added to the Constitution by S.J.R. E as section 36, Eff. Dec. 24, 1994, but was compiled as § 36[1] to distinguish it from another section 36 added to Article 9, Eff. Apr. 30, 1994, which pertained to a tax on tobacco products. When this section (§ 36[1]) was amended by S.J.R. T, Eff. Sept. 21, 2002, it was renumbered as section 35a.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 36 Tax on Tobacco Products; Dedication of Proceeds.

§ 36 Tax on tobacco products; dedication of proceeds.
Sec. 36.
Six percent of the proceeds of the tax on tobacco products shall be dedicated to improving the quality of health care of the residents of this state.
History:
Add. S.J.R. S, approved Mar. 15, 1994, Eff. Apr. 30, 1994
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 37 Michigan Veterans' Trust Fund.

§ 37 Michigan veterans' trust fund.
Sec. 37.
The Michigan veterans' trust fund is established within the department of treasury. All money in the fund established by 1946 (1st Ex Sess) PA 9 shall be transferred to the Michigan veterans' trust fund. The trust fund may additionally receive appropriations, money, or other things of value. The state treasurer shall direct investment of the fund as provided by law, and credit interest and earnings of the fund to the fund. Except for the state treasurer's actions authorized under this section, an expenditure or transfer of a trust fund asset, interest, or earnings may be made only upon the authorization of a majority of the members of the Michigan veterans' trust fund board of trustees.
History:
Add. H.J.R. H, approved Nov. 5, 1996, Eff. Dec. 21, 1996 ;-- Am. S.J.R. T, approved Aug. 6, 2002, Eff. Sept. 21, 2002
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 38 Michigan Veterans' Trust Fund Board of Trustees; Establishment.

§ 38 Michigan veterans' trust fund board of trustees; establishment.
Sec. 38.
The Michigan veterans' trust fund board of trustees is established and consists of veterans honorably discharged from the armed services and appointed by the governor as prescribed by law.
History:
Add. H.J.R. H., approved Nov. 5, 1996, Eff. Dec. 21, 1996
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 39 Michigan Veterans' Trust Fund Board of Trustees; Administration of Trust Fund.

§ 39 Michigan veterans' trust fund board of trustees; administration of trust fund.
Sec. 39.
The Michigan veterans' trust fund board of trustees shall administer the Michigan veterans' trust fund. The board of trustees shall not authorize the expenditure or transfer of a trust fund asset, interest, or earnings unless the board of trustees determines in its discretion and by a majority vote that the expenditure or transfer is for the benefit of veterans or their spouses or dependents.
History:
Add. H.J.R. H., approved Nov. 5, 1996, Eff. Dec. 21, 1996
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 41 Michigan Game and Fish Protection Trust Fund.

§ 41 Michigan game and fish protection trust fund.
Sec. 41.
The Michigan game and fish protection trust fund is established. The Michigan game and fish protection trust fund shall consist of revenue derived from bonuses, rentals, delayed rentals, royalties, and other revenues collected or reserved by the state under leases or direct sale contracts accruing from state owned lands acquired with money from state or federal game and fish protection funds or revenues accruing from lands purchased with such revenues. The Michigan game and fish protection trust fund may also receive gifts, grants, bequests, or assets from any source and may receive other revenues as authorized by law.
The assets of the Michigan game and fish protection trust fund shall be invested as provided by law. The interest and earnings from these investments shall be credited to the Michigan game and fish protection trust fund.
The accumulated interest and earnings of the Michigan game and fish protection trust fund and not more than $6,000,000.00 of the principal of the Michigan game and fish protection trust fund may be expended in any year for the purposes of the game and fish protection account of the Michigan conservation and recreation legacy fund established in section 40.
The legislature shall provide by law for the implementation of this section.
History:
Add. H.J.R. Z, approved Nov. 7, 2006, Eff. Dec. 23, 2006
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article IX - Finance and Taxation (Article IX § 1...§ 42) › Article IX § 42 Michigan Nongame Fish and Wildlife Trust Fund.

§ 42 Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund.
Sec. 42.
The Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund is established. The Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund shall consist of revenue designated by a member of the public for the benefit of nongame fish and wildlife.
The Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund may also receive gifts, grants, bequests, or assets from any source and may receive other revenues as authorized by law.
The assets of the Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund shall be invested as provided by law. The interest and earnings from these investments shall be credited to the Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund.
The Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund shall maintain a principal balance of not less than $6,000,000.00.
The interest and earnings of the Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund and other revenues not retained on a permanent basis shall be expended only for the following:
(a) The management of nongame fish and wildlife species consistent with a long-range plan for the management of Michigan’s nongame fish and wildlife resources.
(b) Grants to state colleges and universities to implement programs funded by the Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund.
(c) The administration of the Michigan nongame fish and wildlife trust fund.
History:
Add. H.J.R. Z, approved Nov. 7, 2006, Eff. Dec. 23, 2006
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article X - Property (Article X § 1...§ 6) › Article X § 1 Disabilities of Coverture Abolished; Separate Property of Wife; Dower.

§ 1 Disabilities of coverture abolished; separate property of wife; dower.
Sec. 1.
The disabilities of coverture as to property are abolished. The real and personal estate of every woman acquired before marriage and all real and personal property to which she may afterwards become entitled shall be and remain the estate and property of such woman, and shall not be liable for the debts, obligations or engagements of her husband, and may be dealt with and disposed of by her as if she were unmarried. Dower may be relinquished or conveyed as provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. X, § 1, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XVI, § 8.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article X - Property (Article X § 1...§ 6) › Article X § 2 Eminent Domain; Compensation.

§ 2 Eminent domain; compensation.
Sec. 2.
Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation therefore being first made or secured in a manner prescribed by law. If private property consisting of an individual’s principal residence is taken for public use, the amount of compensation made and determined for that taking shall be not less than 125% of that property’s fair market value, in addition to any other reimbursement allowed by law. Compensation shall be determined in proceedings in a court of record.
"Public use" does not include the taking of private property for transfer to a private entity for the purpose of economic development or enhancement of tax revenues. Private property otherwise may be taken for reasons of public use as that term is understood on the effective date of the amendment to this constitution that added this paragraph.
In a condemnation action, the burden of proof is on the condemning authority to demonstrate, by the preponderance of the evidence, that the taking of a private property is for a public use, unless the condemnation action involves a taking for the eradication of blight, in which case the burden of proof is on the condemning authority to demonstrate, by clear and convincing evidence, that the taking of that property is for a public use.
Any existing right, grant, or benefit afforded to property owners as of November 1, 2005, whether provided by this section, by statute, or otherwise, shall be preserved and shall not be abrogated or impaired by the constitutional amendment that added this paragraph.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. X, § 2, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964 ;-- Am. S.J.R. E, approved Nov. 7, 2006, Eff. Dec. 23, 2006
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XIII, §§ 1-5.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article X - Property (Article X § 1...§ 6) › Article X § 3 Homestead and Personalty, Exemption From Process.

§ 3 Homestead and personalty, exemption from process.
Sec. 3.
A homestead in the amount of not less than $3,500 and personal property of every resident of this state in the amount of not less than $750, as defined by law, shall be exempt from forced sale on execution or other process of any court. Such exemptions shall not extend to any lien thereon excluded from exemption by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. X, § 3, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XIV, §§ 1-4.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article X - Property (Article X § 1...§ 6) › Article X § 4 Escheats.

§ 4 Escheats.
Sec. 4.
Procedures relating to escheats and to the custody and disposition of escheated property shall be prescribed by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. X, § 4, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. VI, § 20.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article X - Property (Article X § 1...§ 6) › Article X § 5 State Lands.

§ 5 State lands.
Sec. 5.
The legislature shall have general supervisory jurisdiction over all state owned lands useful for forest preserves, game areas and recreational purposes; shall require annual reports as to such lands from all departments having supervision or control thereof; and shall by general law provide for the sale, lease or other disposition of such lands.
The legislature by an act adopted by two-thirds of the members elected to and serving in each house may designate any part of such lands as a state land reserve. No lands in the state land reserve may be removed from the reserve, sold, leased or otherwise disposed of except by an act of the legislature.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. X, § 5, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article X - Property (Article X § 1...§ 6) › Article X § 6 Resident Aliens, Property Rights.

§ 6 Resident aliens, property rights.
Sec. 6.
Aliens who are residents of this state shall enjoy the same rights and privileges in property as citizens of this state.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. X, § 6, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XVI, § 9.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article XI - Public Officers and Employment (Article XI § 1...§ 8) › Article XI § 1 Oath of Public Officers.

§ 1 Oath of public officers.
Sec. 1.
All officers, legislative, executive and judicial, before entering upon the duties of their respective offices, shall take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the Constitution of the United States and the constitution of this state, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of .......... according to the best of my ability. No other oath, affirmation, or any religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. XI, § 1, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XVI, § 2.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article XI - Public Officers and Employment (Article XI § 1...§ 8) › Article XI § 2 Terms of Office of State and County Officers.

§ 2 Terms of office of state and county officers.
Sec. 2.
The terms of office of elective state officers, members of the legislature and justices and judges of courts of record shall begin at twelve o'clock noon on the first day of January next succeeding their election, except as otherwise provided in this constitution. The terms of office of county officers shall begin on the first day of January next succeeding their election, except as otherwise provided by law.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. XI, § 2, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XVI, § 1.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article XI - Public Officers and Employment (Article XI § 1...§ 8) › Article XI § 3 Extra Compensation.

§ 3 Extra compensation.
Sec. 3.
Neither the legislature nor any political subdivision of this state shall grant or authorize extra compensation to any public officer, agent or contractor after the service has been rendered or the contract entered into.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. XI, § 3, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XVI, § 3.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article XI - Public Officers and Employment (Article XI § 1...§ 8) › Article XI § 4 Custodian of Public Moneys; Eligibility to Office, Accounting.

§ 4 Custodian of public moneys; eligibility to office, accounting.
Sec. 4.
No person having custody or control of public moneys shall be a member of the legislature, or be eligible to any office of trust or profit under this state, until he shall have made an accounting, as provided by law, of all sums for which he may be liable.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. XI, § 4, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. X, § 19.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article XI - Public Officers and Employment (Article XI § 1...§ 8) › Article XI § 6 Merit Systems for Local Governments.

§ 6 Merit systems for local governments.
Sec. 6.
By ordinance or resolution of its governing body which shall not take effect until approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon, unless otherwise provided by charter, each county, township, city, village, school district and other governmental unit or authority may establish, modify or discontinue a merit system for its employees other than teachers under contract or tenure. The state civil service commission may on request furnish technical services to any such unit on a reimbursable basis.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. XI, § 6, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article XI - Public Officers and Employment (Article XI § 1...§ 8) › Article XI § 7 Impeachment of Civil Officers.

§ 7 Impeachment of civil officers.
Sec. 7.
The house of representatives shall have the sole power of impeaching civil officers for corrupt conduct in office or for crimes or misdemeanors, but a majority of the members elected thereto and serving therein shall be necessary to direct an impeachment.
When an impeachment is directed, the house of representatives shall elect three of its members to prosecute the impeachment.
Every impeachment shall be tried by the senate immediately after the final adjournment of the legislature. The senators shall take an oath or affirmation truly and impartially to try and determine the impeachment according to the evidence. When the governor or lieutenant governor is tried, the chief justice of the supreme court shall preside.
No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators elected and serving. Judgment in case of conviction shall not extend further than removal from office, but the person convicted shall be liable to punishment according to law.
No judicial officer shall exercise any of the functions of his office after an impeachment is directed until he is acquitted.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. XI, § 7, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. IX, §§ 1-4.
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article XI - Public Officers and Employment (Article XI § 1...§ 8) › Article XI § 8 Convictions for Certain Felonies; Eligibility for Elective Office or Certain Positions of Public Employment.

§ 8 Convictions for certain felonies; eligibility for elective office or certain positions of public employment.
Sec. 8.
A person is ineligible for election or appointment to any state or local elective office of this state and ineligible to hold a position in public employment in this state that is policy-making or that has discretionary authority over public assets if, within the immediately preceding 20 years, the person was convicted of a felony involving dishonesty, deceit, fraud, or a breach of the public trust and the conviction was related to the person's official capacity while the person was holding any elective office or position of employment in local, state, or federal government. This requirement is in addition to any other qualification required under this constitution or by law.
The legislature shall prescribe by law for the implementation of this section.
History:
Add. S.J.R. V, approved Nov. 2, 2010, Eff. Dec. 18, 2010
2023 Michigan Compiled Laws › Chapter 1 - Constitution of The State of Michigan of 1963 › CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 - State Constitution (Article I § 1 - § 0) › Article XII - Amendment and Revision (Article XII § 1...§ 4) › Article XII § 1 Amendment by Legislative Proposal and Vote of Electors.

§ 1 Amendment by legislative proposal and vote of electors.
Sec. 1.
Amendments to this constitution may be proposed in the senate or house of representatives. Proposed amendments agreed to by two-thirds of the members elected to and serving in each house on a vote with the names and vote of those voting entered in the respective journals shall be submitted, not less than 60 days thereafter, to the electors at the next general election or special election as the legislature shall direct. If a majority of electors voting on a proposed amendment approve the same, it shall become part of the constitution and shall abrogate or amend existing provisions of the constitution at the end of 45 days after the date of the election at which it was approved.
History:
Const. 1963, Art. XII, § 1, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964
Former Constitution:
See Const. 1908, Art. XVII, § 1.