reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.13528 - Lessor’s damages for nonacceptance, failure to pay, repudiation, or other default.

554.13528 Lessor’s damages for nonacceptance, failure to pay, repudiation, or other default.
1. Except as otherwise provided with respect to damages liquidated in the lease agreement (section 554.13504) or otherwise determined pursuant to agreement of the parties (sections 554.1302 and 554.13503), if a lessor elects to retain the goods or a lessor elects to dispose of the goods and the disposition is by lease agreement that for any reason does not qualify for treatment under section 554.13527, subsection 2, or is by sale or otherwise, the lessor may recover from the lessee as damages for a default of the type described in section 554.13523, subsection 1, or section 554.13523, subsection 3, paragraph “a”, or, if agreed, for other default of the lessee,
a. accrued and unpaid rent as of the date of default if the lessee has never taken possession of the goods, or, if the lessee has taken possession of the goods, as of the date the lessor repossesses the goods or an earlier date on which the lessee makes a tender of the goods to the lessor,
b. the present value as of the date determined under paragraph “a” of the total rent for the then remaining lease term of the original lease agreement minus the present value as of the same date of the market rent at the place where the goods are located computed for the same lease term, and
c. any incidental damages allowed under section 554.13530, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessee’s default.
2. If the measure of damages provided in subsection 1 is inadequate to put a lessor in as good a position as performance would have, the measure of damages is the present value of the profit, including reasonable overhead, the lessor would have made from full performance by the lessee, together with any incidental damages allowed under section 554.13530, due allowance for costs reasonably incurred and due credit for payments or proceeds of disposition.
94 Acts, ch 1052, §80; 2007 Acts, ch 41, §39; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §157
Referred to in §554.13507, 554.13523, 554.13527, 554.13529
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.13529 - Lessor’s action for the rent.

554.13529 Lessor’s action for the rent.
1. After default by the lessee under the lease contract of the type described in section 554.13523, subsection 1, or section 554.13523, subsection 3, paragraph “a”, or, if agreed, after other default by the lessee, if the lessor complies with subsection 2, the lessor may recover from the lessee as damages:
a. for goods accepted by the lessee and not repossessed by or tendered to the lessor, and for conforming goods lost or damaged within a commercially reasonable time after risk of loss passes to the lessee (section 554.13219), accrued and unpaid rent as of the date of entry of judgment in favor of the lessor, the present value as of the same date of the rent for the then remaining lease term of the lease agreement, and any incidental damages allowed under section 554.13530, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessee’s default; and
b. for goods identified to the lease contract if the lessor is unable after reasonable effort to dispose of them at a reasonable price or the circumstances reasonably indicate that effort will be unavailing, accrued and unpaid rent as of the date of entry of judgment in favor of the lessor, the present value as of the same date of the rent for the then remaining lease term of the lease agreement, and any incidental damages allowed under section 554.13530, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessee’s default.
2. Except as provided in subsection 3, the lessor shall hold for the lessee for the remaining lease term of the lease agreement any goods that have been identified to the lease contract and are in the lessor’s control.
3. The lessor may dispose of the goods at any time before collection of the judgment for damages obtained pursuant to subsection 1. If the disposition is before the end of the remaining lease term of the lease agreement, the lessor’s recovery against the lessee for damages is governed by section 554.13527 or 554.13528, and the lessor will cause an appropriate credit to be provided against a judgment for damages to the extent that the amount of the judgment exceeds the recovery available pursuant to section 554.13527 or 554.13528.
4. Payment of the judgment for damages obtained pursuant to subsection 1 entitles the lessee to the use and possession of the goods not then disposed of for the remaining lease term of and in accordance with the lease agreement.
5. After default by the lessee under the lease contract of the type described in section 554.13523, subsection 1, or section 554.13523, subsection 3, paragraph “a”, or, if agreed, after other default by the lessee, a lessor who is held not entitled to rent under this section must nevertheless be awarded damages for nonacceptance under section 554.13527 or section 554.13528.
94 Acts, ch 1052, §81; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §261
Referred to in §554.13523
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.13530 - Lessor’s incidental damages.

554.13530 Lessor’s incidental damages.
Incidental damages to an aggrieved lessor include any commercially reasonable charges, expenses, or commissions incurred in stopping delivery, in the transportation, care and custody of goods after the lessee’s default, in connection with return or disposition of the goods, or otherwise resulting from the default.
94 Acts, ch 1052, §82
Referred to in §554.13527, 554.13528, 554.13529
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.13531 - Standing to sue third parties for injury to goods.

554.13531 Standing to sue third parties for injury to goods.
1. If a third party so deals with goods that have been identified to a lease contract as to cause actionable injury to a party to the lease contract the lessor has a right of action against the third party, and the lessee also has a right of action against the third party if the lessee:
a. has a security interest in the goods;
b. has an insurable interest in the goods; or
c. bears the risk of loss under the lease contract or has since the injury assumed that risk as against the lessor and the goods have been converted or destroyed.
2. If at the time of the injury the party plaintiff did not bear the risk of loss as against the other party to the lease contract and there is no arrangement between them for disposition of the recovery, the plaintiff party’s suit or settlement, subject to party plaintiff’s own interest, is as a fiduciary for the other party to the lease contract.
3. Either party with the consent of the other may sue for the benefit of whom it may concern.
94 Acts, ch 1052, §83; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §261
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.13532 - Lessor’s rights to residual interest.

554.13532 Lessor’s rights to residual interest.
In addition to any other recovery permitted by this Article or other law, the lessor may recover from the lessee an amount that will fully compensate the lessor for any loss of or damage to the lessor’s residual interest in the goods caused by the default of the lessee.
94 Acts, ch 1052, §84
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.14102 - Definitions.

554.14102 Definitions.
1. Article 14 definitions. In this Article:
a. “Controllable electronic record” means a record stored in an electronic medium that can be subjected to control under section 554.14105. The term does not include a deposit account, electronic chattel paper, electronic copy of a record evidencing chattel paper, electronic document of title, electronic money, investment property, or a transferable record.
b. “Qualifying purchaser” means a purchaser of a controllable electronic record or an interest in the controllable electronic record that obtains control of the controllable electronic record for value, in good faith, and without notice of a claim of a property right in the controllable electronic record.
c. “Transferable record” means:
(1) “Transferable record”, as defined in the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. §7021(a)(1), as amended.
(2) “Transferable record” as defined in the uniform electronic transactions Act, section 554D.118, subsection 1.
d. “Value” has the meaning provided in section 554.3303, subsection 1.
2. Definitions in Article 9. The definitions in Article 9 of “account debtor”, “authenticate”, “controllable account”, “controllable payment intangible”, “chattel paper”, “deposit account”, “electronic chattel paper”, “electronic money”, and “investment property” apply to this Article.
2022 Acts, ch 1117, §2
Referred to in §554.9102
NEW section
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.14103 - Scope.

554.14103 Scope.
1. Article 9 governs in case of conflict. If there is conflict between this Article and Article 9, Article 9 governs.
2. Applicable consumer law and other laws. A transaction subject to this Article is subject to:
a. any applicable rule of law that establishes a different rule for consumers, including as provided in chapter 537 and any other consumer protection statute or regulation of this state; and
b. any other statute or regulation of this state that regulates the rates, charges, agreements, and practices for loans, credit sales, or other extensions of credit or credit transactions, including as provided in chapter 535.
2022 Acts, ch 1117, §3
NEW section
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.14104 - Rights in controllable account, controllable electronic record, and controllable payment intangible.

554.14104 Rights in controllable account, controllable electronic record, and controllable payment intangible.
1. Applicability of section to controllable account and controllable payment intangible. This section applies to the acquisition and purchase of rights in a controllable account or controllable payment intangible, including the rights of a purchaser and a qualifying purchaser and under subsections 3, 4, and 6, and in the same manner this section applies to a controllable electronic record.
2. Applicability of other law to acquisition of rights. Except as provided in this section, law other than this Article determines whether a person acquires a right in a controllable electronic record and the right the person acquires.
3. Shelter principle and purchase of limited interest. A purchaser of a controllable electronic record acquires all rights in the controllable electronic record that the transferor had or had power to transfer, except that a purchaser of a limited interest in a controllable electronic record acquires rights only to the extent of the interest purchased.
4. Rights of qualifying purchaser. A qualifying purchaser acquires its rights in the controllable electronic record free of a claim of a property right in the controllable electronic record.
5. Limitation of rights of qualifying purchaser in other property. Except as provided in subsections 1 and 4 for controllable accounts and controllable payment intangibles or law other than this Article, a qualifying purchaser takes a right to payment, right to performance, or interest in property evidenced by the controllable electronic record subject to a claim of a property right in the right to payment, right to performance, or other interest in property.
6. No-action protection for qualifying purchaser. An action shall not be asserted against a qualifying purchaser based on both a purchase by the qualifying purchaser of a controllable electronic record and a claim of a property right in another controllable electronic record, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, equitable lien, or other theory.
7. Filing notice. Filing of a financing statement under Article 9 is not notice of a claim of a property right in a controllable electronic record.
2022 Acts, ch 1117, §4
NEW section
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.14105 - Control of controllable electronic record.

554.14105 Control of controllable electronic record.
1. General rule — control of controllable electronic record. A person has control of a controllable electronic record if:
a. the electronic record, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic record, or a system in which the electronic record is recorded gives the person:
(1) the power to avail itself of substantially all the benefit from the electronic record; and
(2) exclusive power, subject to subsection 2, to:
(a) prevent others from availing themselves of substantially all the benefit from the electronic record; and
(b) transfer control of the electronic record to another person or cause another person to obtain control of another controllable electronic record as a result of the transfer of the electronic record; and
b. the electronic record, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic record, or a system in which the electronic record is recorded enables the person readily to identify itself in any way, including by name, identifying number, cryptographic key, office, or account number, as having the powers specified in paragraph “a”.
2. Control through another person. A person has control of a controllable electronic record if another person, other than the transferor of an interest in the electronic record:
a. has control of the electronic record and acknowledges that it has control on behalf of the person, or
b. obtains control of the electronic record after having acknowledged that it will obtain control of the electronic record on behalf of the person.
3. Meaning of exclusive. A power specified in subsection 1, paragraph “a”, subparagraph (2), is exclusive, even if:
a. the controllable electronic record or a system in which the electronic record is recorded limits the use of the electronic record or has a protocol programmed to cause a change, including a transfer or loss of control or a modification of benefits afforded by the electronic record; or
b. the person has agreed to share the power with another person.
2022 Acts, ch 1117, §5
Referred to in §554.9102, 554.9107A, 554.9208, 554.14102
NEW section
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.14107 - Governing law.

554.14107 Governing law.
Unless otherwise agreed to by the parties, the laws of this state shall govern any actions taken pursuant to this Article. This Article and the local law of this state shall apply to any transaction involving a controllable account, controllable electronic record, or controllable payment intangible if under section 554.9306A, the local law of this state governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in such controllable account, controllable electronic record, or controllable payment intangible.
2022 Acts, ch 1117, §7
NEW section
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.14108 - Applicability.

554.14108 Applicability.
This Article applies to any transaction involving a controllable electronic record that arises on or after July 1, 2022. This Article does not apply to any transaction involving a controllable electronic record that arises before July 1, 2022, even if the transaction would be subject to this Article if the transaction had arisen on or after July 1, 2022. This Article does not apply to a right of action with regard to any transaction involving a controllable electronic record that has accrued before July 1, 2022.
2022 Acts, ch 1117, §8
NEW section
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE › Section 554.14109 - Savings clause.

554.14109 Savings clause.
Any transaction involving a controllable electronic record that arose before July 1, 2022, and the rights, obligations, and interests flowing from that transaction are governed by any statute or other rule amended or repealed by this Article as if such amendment or repeal had not occurred and may be terminated, completed, consummated, or enforced under that statute or other rule.
2022 Acts, ch 1117, §9
NEW section
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554A - LIVESTOCK WARRANTY EXEMPTION › Section 554A.1 - Livestock sales — when exempt from implied warranty.

554A.1 Livestock sales — when exempt from implied warranty.
1. Notwithstanding section 554.2316, subsection 2, all implied warranties arising under sections 554.2314 and 554.2315 are excluded from a sale of cattle, hogs, sheep, ostriches, rheas, emus, and horses if the following information is disclosed to the prospective buyer or the buyer’s agent in advance of the sale, and if confirmed in writing at or before the time of acceptance of the livestock when confirmation is requested by the buyer or the buyer’s agent:
a. That the animals to be sold have been inspected in accordance with existing federal and state animal health regulations and found apparently free from any infectious, contagious, or communicable disease.
b. One of the following, as applicable:
(1) Except when the livestock have been confined with livestock from another source or assembled within the meaning of subparagraph 2, the name and address of the present owner, and whether or not that owner has owned all of the livestock for at least thirty days.
(2) If the livestock have been confined with livestock from another source or assembled from two or more sources within the previous thirty days, the livestock shall be represented as being “assembled livestock”. As used in this subparagraph, “confined with livestock from another source” means the placement of livestock in a livestock auction market, yard, or other unitary facility in which livestock from another source are confined, but does not include livestock confined at the facility where the sale takes place if such confinement is for less than forty-eight hours prior to the day of sale; provided that livestock which are not sold after being confined with livestock from another source at a facility and offered for sale shall be deemed “assembled livestock” for the thirty-day period following the day when offered for sale.
2. If the livestock are represented as being “assembled livestock”, the name and address of the present owner shall be disclosed.
3. In the case of an auction sale, the disclosure required by this section shall be made verbally immediately before the sale by the owner, an agent for the owner, or the person who is conducting the auction of the lot of livestock in question. Warranties shall be implied to the person who is conducting the auction only if the disclosure contains representations which that person knew or had reason to know were untrue.
[C81, §554A.1]
95 Acts, ch 43, §12
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554B - SECURED TRANSACTIONS OF TRANSMITTING UTILITIES › Section 554B.1 - Definitions.

554B.1 Definitions.
As used in this chapter “transmitting utility” has the same meaning as defined in the Uniform Commercial Code, section 554.9102, subsection 1. Security interests filed pursuant to this chapter prior to January 1, 1975, which have not been terminated, are deemed to be filed in accordance with section 554.9501, subsection 2.
[C66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §555.1]
C93, §554B.1
2000 Acts, ch 1149, §175, 187
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554B - SECURED TRANSACTIONS OF TRANSMITTING UTILITIES › Section 554B.2 - Security interest.

554B.2 Security interest.
A security interest in rolling stock of a transmitting utility may be perfected either as provided in the Uniform Commercial Code, chapter 554, or as provided in the ICC Termination Act of 1995, 49 U.S.C. §701, 11301.
[C66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §555.2]
C93, §554B.2
2010 Acts, ch 1061, §74
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554B - SECURED TRANSACTIONS OF TRANSMITTING UTILITIES › Section 554B.3 - Recording mortgage or deed of trust upon real estate.

554B.3 Recording mortgage or deed of trust upon real estate.
Any mortgage or deed of trust upon real estate executed by a transmitting utility may provide that property of the transmitting utility, whether owned at the time of the execution of the instrument or subsequently acquired, shall secure the obligations covered by the instrument. Recording the instrument in the office of the recorder of each county in which any portion of the property described in the instrument is situated shall give constructive notice to all persons of the lien of the mortgage or deed of trust from the time of recording or, in the case of subsequently acquired real estate, from the time of acquisition.
[C66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §555.3]
C93, §554B.3
2014 Acts, ch 1002, §1
Referred to in §554B.4
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554B - SECURED TRANSACTIONS OF TRANSMITTING UTILITIES › Section 554B.4 - Recording memorandum of mortgage or deed of trust.

554B.4 Recording memorandum of mortgage or deed of trust.
If a mortgage or deed of trust upon real estate is executed by a transmitting utility and the real estate described in the instrument is situated in more than one county, the recording requirement of section 554B.3 establishing constructive notice is satisfied by either of the following:
1. Recording the mortgage or deed of trust in each county in which any portion of the property is situated.
2. Recording the mortgage or deed of trust in at least one county in which a portion of the real estate is situated, and by recording in every other county in which a portion of the real estate is situated a memorandum of the mortgage or deed of trust containing, at a minimum, the following:
a. The names and addresses of the mortgagor and mortgagee.
b. A legal description of all real property and interests therein subject to the mortgage or deed of trust.
c. The date of maturity of the indebtedness secured by the mortgage or deed of trust and whether the instrument secures future advances.
d. A statement as to whether or not the mortgage or deed of trust applies to subsequently acquired property of the transmitting utility.
e. The county recorder’s office where the mortgage or deed of trust is recorded, the recording date, and document identification number.
f. Such other information as deemed appropriate by the transmitting utility.
2014 Acts, ch 1002, §2
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.101 - Short title.

554D.101 Short title.
This subchapter may be cited as the “Uniform Electronic Transactions Act”.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §1; 2004 Acts, ch 1067, §1; 2005 Acts, ch 3, §95
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.104 - Scope.

554D.104 Scope.
1. Except as provided in subsection 2, this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.
2. This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by any of the following:
a. A law governing the creation or execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts.
b. Chapter 554 other than chapter 554, articles 2 and 13, and section 554.1306.
3. A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §4; 2000 Acts, ch 1232, §29; 2004 Acts, ch 1067, §4, 11; 2007 Acts, ch 41, §42; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §158
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.106 - Use of electronic records and electronic signatures — variation by agreement.

554D.106 Use of electronic records and electronic signatures — variation by agreement.
1. This chapter does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form.
2. This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties’ conduct.
3. A party who agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.
4. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this chapter of the words “unless otherwise agreed”, or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement.
5. Whether an electronic record or electronic signature has legal consequences is determined by this chapter and other applicable law.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §6
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.107 - Construction and application.

554D.107 Construction and application.
This chapter shall be construed and applied as follows:
1. To facilitate electronic transactions consistent with other applicable law.
2. To be consistent with reasonable practices concerning electronic transactions and with the continued expansion of those practices.
3. To effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this chapter among states enacting the uniform law.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §7
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.108 - Legal recognition of electronic records, electronic signatures, and electronic contracts.

554D.108 Legal recognition of electronic records, electronic signatures, and electronic contracts.
1. A record or signature shall not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.
2. A contract shall not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.
3. If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law.
4. If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §8; 2021 Acts, ch 116, §4, 5; 2022 Acts, ch 1116, §3
Subsection 2 amended
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.110 - Provision of information in writing — presentation of records.

554D.110 Provision of information in writing — presentation of records.
1. If parties have agreed to conduct a transaction by electronic means and a law requires a person to provide, send, or deliver information in writing to another person, the requirement is satisfied if the information is provided, sent, or delivered in an electronic record capable of retention by the recipient at the time of receipt. An electronic record is not capable of retention by the recipient if the sender or its information processing system inhibits the ability of the recipient to print or store the electronic record.
2. If a law other than this chapter requires a record to be posted or displayed in a certain manner; to be sent, communicated, or transmitted by a specified method; or to contain information that is formatted in a certain manner, all of the following apply:
a. The record must be posted or displayed in the manner specified in the other law.
b. Except as otherwise provided in subsection 4, paragraph “b”, the record must be sent, communicated, or transmitted by the method specified in the other law.
c. The record must contain the information formatted in the manner specified in the other law.
3. If a sender inhibits the ability of a recipient to store or print an electronic record, the electronic record is not enforceable against the recipient.
4. The requirements of this section shall not be varied by agreement, except as follows:
a. To the extent a law other than this chapter requires information to be provided, sent, or delivered in writing but permits that requirement to be varied by agreement, the requirement under subsection 1 that the information be in the form of an electronic record capable of retention may also be varied by agreement.
b. A requirement under a law other than this chapter to send, communicate, or transmit a record by first-class mail postage prepaid may be varied by agreement to the extent permitted by the other law.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §10; 2004 Acts, ch 1067, §5
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.111 - Attribution and effect of electronic record and electronic signature.

554D.111 Attribution and effect of electronic record and electronic signature.
1. An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. The act of the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any security procedure applied to determine the person to which the electronic record or electronic signature was attributable.
2. The effect of an electronic record or electronic signature attributed to a person under subsection 1 is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties’ agreement, if any, and otherwise as provided by law.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §11; 2004 Acts, ch 1067, §6
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.112 - Effect of change or error.

554D.112 Effect of change or error.
If a change or error in an electronic record occurs in a transmission between parties to a transaction, the following rules apply:
1. If the parties have agreed to use a security procedure to detect changes or errors and one party has conformed to the procedure, but the other party has not, and the nonconforming party would have detected the change or error had that party also conformed, the conforming party may avoid the effect of the changed or erroneous electronic record.
2. In an automated transaction involving an individual, the individual may avoid the effect of an electronic record that resulted from an error made by the individual in dealing with the electronic agent of another person if the electronic agent did not provide an opportunity for the prevention or correction of the error and, at the time the individual learns of the error, all of the following apply:
a. The individual promptly notifies the other person of the error and that the individual does not intend to be bound by the electronic record received by the other person.
b. The individual takes reasonable steps, including steps that conform to the other person’s reasonable instructions, to return to the other person or, if instructed by the other person, to destroy the consideration received, if any, as a result of the erroneous electronic record.
c. The individual has not used or received any benefit or value from the consideration, if any, received from the other person.
3. If subsection 1 or 2 does not apply, the change or error has the effect provided by other law, including the law of mistake, and the parties’ contract, if any.
4. In a consumer transaction, any substantive law limiting a consumer’s liability shall apply to an electronic transaction.
5. Subsections 2, 3, and 4 shall not be varied by agreement of the parties.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §12
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.113 - Notarization and acknowledgment.

554D.113 Notarization and acknowledgment.
If a law requires a signature or record to be notarized, acknowledged, verified, or made under oath, the requirement is satisfied if the electronic signature of the person authorized to perform those acts, together with all other information required to be included by other applicable law, is attached to or logically associated with the signature or record.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §13
Referred to in §331.506, 331.554
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.114 - Retention of electronic records — originals.

554D.114 Retention of electronic records — originals.
1. If a law requires that a record be retained, the requirement is satisfied by retaining an electronic record of the information in the record which does both of the following:
a. Accurately reflects the information set forth in the record after it was first generated in its final form as an electronic record or otherwise.
b. Remains accessible for later reference.
2. A requirement to retain a record in accordance with subsection 1 does not apply to any information the sole purpose of which is to enable the record to be sent, communicated, or received.
3. A person may satisfy subsection 1 by using the services of another person if the requirements of that subsection are satisfied.
4. If a law requires a record to be presented or retained in its original form, or provides consequences if the record is not presented or retained in its original form, that law is satisfied by an electronic record retained in accordance with subsection 1.
5. If a law requires retention of a check, that requirement is satisfied by retention of an electronic record of the information on the front and back of the check in accordance with subsection 1.
6. A record retained as an electronic record in accordance with subsection 1 satisfies a law requiring a person to retain a record for evidentiary, audit, or like purposes, unless a law enacted after July 1, 2000, specifically prohibits the use of an electronic record for the specified purpose.
7. This section does not preclude a governmental agency of this state from specifying additional requirements for the retention of a record subject to the agency’s jurisdiction.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §14; 2004 Acts, ch 1067, §7
Referred to in §554D.120
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.116 - Automated transaction.

554D.116 Automated transaction.
In an automated transaction, the following rules apply:
1. A contract may be formed by the interaction of electronic agents of the parties, even if no individual was aware of or reviewed the electronic agents’ actions or the resulting terms and agreements.
2. A contract may be formed by the interaction of an electronic agent and an individual, acting on the individual’s own behalf or for another person, including by an interaction in which the individual performs actions that the individual is free to refuse to perform and which the individual knows or has reason to know will cause the electronic agent to complete the transaction or performance.
3. The terms of the contract are determined by the substantive law applicable to it.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §16
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.117 - Time and place of sending and receipt.

554D.117 Time and place of sending and receipt.
1. Unless otherwise agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is sent when all of the following occur:
a. The electronic record is addressed properly or otherwise directed properly to an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record.
b. The electronic record is in a form capable of being processed by that information processing system.
c. The electronic record enters an information processing system outside the control of the sender or of a person who sent the electronic record on behalf of the sender or enters a region of the information processing system designated or used by the recipient which is under the control of the recipient.
2. Unless otherwise agreed between a sender and the recipient, an electronic record is received when both of the following occur:
a. The electronic record enters an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record.
b. The electronic record is in a form capable of being processed by that information processing system.
3. Subsection 2 applies even if the place the information processing system is located is different from the place the electronic record is deemed to be received under subsection 4.
4. Unless otherwise expressly provided in the electronic record or agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is deemed to be sent from the sender’s place of business and to be received at the recipient’s place of business. For purposes of this subsection, both of the following apply:
a. If the sender or recipient has more than one place of business, the place of business of such person is the place having the closest relationship to the underlying transaction.
b. If the sender or the recipient does not have a place of business, the place of business is the sender’s or recipient’s residence, as the case may be.
5. An electronic record is received under subsection 2 even if no individual is aware of its receipt.
6. Receipt of an electronic acknowledgment from an information processing system described in subsection 2 establishes that a record was received but, by itself, does not establish that the content sent corresponds to the content received.
7. If a person is aware that an electronic record purportedly sent under subsection 1, or purportedly received under subsection 2, was not actually sent or received, the legal effect of the sending or receipt is determined by other applicable law. Except to the extent permitted or required by the other law, the requirements of this subsection shall not be varied by agreement.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §17
Referred to in §505B.1
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.119 - Creation and retention of electronic records and conversion of written records by governmental agencies.

554D.119 Creation and retention of electronic records and conversion of written records by governmental agencies.
A governmental agency of this state shall determine whether, and the extent to which, the governmental agency will create and retain electronic records and convert written records to electronic records.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §19
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.121 - Interoperability.

554D.121 Interoperability.
The standards adopted pursuant to section 554D.120 should encourage and promote consistency and interoperability with similar requirements adopted by another governmental agency and nongovernmental persons interacting with governmental agencies of this state. If appropriate, such standards may specify differing levels of standards from which a governmental agency of this state may choose in implementing the most appropriate standard for a particular application.
2000 Acts, ch 1189, §21
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.124 - Severability.

554D.124 Severability.
If any provision of this chapter or the application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of the chapter which can be given effect without the invalid provisions or application and, to this end, the provisions of this chapter are severable.
2004 Acts, ch 1067, §9
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554D - ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS — COMPUTER AGREEMENTS › Section 554D.125 - Computer information agreements.

554D.125 Computer information agreements.
A choice of law provision in a computer information agreement which provides that the contract is to be interpreted pursuant to the laws of a state that has enacted the uniform computer information transactions Act, as proposed by the national conference of commissioners on uniform state laws, or any substantially similar law, is voidable and the agreement shall be interpreted pursuant to the laws of this state if the party against whom enforcement of the choice of law provision is sought is a resident of this state or has its principal place of business located in this state. For purposes of this section, a “computer information agreement” means an agreement that would be governed by the uniform computer information transactions Act or substantially similar law as enacted in the state specified in the choice of laws provision if that state’s law were applied to the agreement.
2004 Acts, ch 1067, §11
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554E - DIGITAL LEDGER TECHNOLOGY — SMART CONTRACTS — ELECTRONIC RECORDS › Section 554E.3 - Legal effect of distributed ledger technology and smart contract.

554E.3 Legal effect of distributed ledger technology and smart contract.
1. A record, signature, or contract shall not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is created, generated, sent, signed, adopted, communicated, received, recorded, or stored by means of distributed ledger technology or a smart contract.
2. A contract shall not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because of any of the following:
a. The contract contains a smart contract term.
b. An electronic record, distributed ledger technology, or a smart contract was used in the formation of the contract.
3. Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, a person using distributed ledger technology in the course of engaging in or affecting intrastate commerce, interstate commerce, or foreign commerce to secure information that the person owns or has the right to use retains the same rights of ownership or use with respect to such information as before the person secured the information using distributed ledger technology. This subsection does not apply to the use of distributed ledger technology to secure information in connection with a transaction to the extent that the terms of the transaction expressly provide for the transfer of rights of ownership or use with respect to such information.
2022 Acts, ch 1116, §6
NEW section
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554E - DIGITAL LEDGER TECHNOLOGY — SMART CONTRACTS — ELECTRONIC RECORDS › Section 554E.4 - Conveyance of real estate interest evidenced by electronic record.

554E.4 Conveyance of real estate interest evidenced by electronic record.
Any transaction subject to this chapter that is intended to be evidenced by an instrument affecting real estate as defined in section 558.1 and is intended to provide constructive notice pursuant to section 558.11, or by any instrument that is otherwise required by law to be recorded by the office of the county recorder, shall be evidenced by a document that complies with the provisions of chapter 558, in a format suitable for recording and conforming with the document standards as established by the electronic services system.
2022 Acts, ch 1116, §7
NEW section
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554F - ONLINE MARKETPLACE TRANSACTIONS › Section 554F.1 - Definitions.

554F.1 Definitions.
As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:
1. “Consumer product” means goods that are used or bought for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.
2. “High-volume third-party seller” means a participant on an online marketplace platform who is a third-party seller and who, in any continuous twelve-month period during the previous twenty-four months, has entered into two hundred or more discrete sales or transactions of new or unused consumer products made through the online marketplace and for which payment was processed by the online marketplace, either directly or through its payment processor, and an aggregate total of five thousand dollars or more in gross revenues.
3. “Online marketplace” means a person or entity that operates a consumer-directed electronically based or accessed platform as follows:
a. The platform includes features that allow for, facilitate, or enable third-party sellers to engage in the sale, purchase, payment, storage, shipping, or delivery of a consumer product in the state.
b. The platform is used by one or more third-party sellers for the purposes specified in paragraph “a”.
c. The platform has a contractual or similar relationship with consumers governing their use of the platform to purchase consumer products.
4. “Seller” means a person who sells, offers to sell, or contracts to sell a consumer product through an online marketplace platform in the state.
5. “Third-party seller” means a seller, independent of an online marketplace, who sells, offers to sell, or contracts to sell a consumer product in the state through an online marketplace platform. The term “third-party seller” does not include, with respect to an online marketplace, the following:
a. A seller who operates an online marketplace platform.
b. A business entity that has made available to the general public the entity’s name, business address, and working contact information; that has an ongoing contractual relationship with the online marketplace to provide the online marketplace with the manufacture, distribution, wholesaling, or fulfillment of shipments of consumer products; and that has provided to the online marketplace identifying information, as described in section 554F.2, that has been verified in accordance with that section.
6. “Verify” means to confirm information provided to an online marketplace pursuant to this chapter, which may include the use of one or more methods that enable the online marketplace to reliably determine that any information and documents provided are valid, corresponding to the seller or an individual acting on the seller’s behalf, not misappropriated, and not falsified.
2022 Acts, ch 1114, §1, 10
Section effective January 1, 2023; 2022 Acts, ch 1114, §10
NEW section
2023 Iowa Code › Title XIII - COMMERCE › Chapter 554F - ONLINE MARKETPLACE TRANSACTIONS › Section 554F.2 - Collection of information.

554F.2 Collection of information.
1. An online marketplace shall require any high-volume third-party seller on an online marketplace platform to provide, not later than ten days after qualifying as a high-volume third-party seller on the platform, the following:
a. A bank account number, or, if such seller does not have a bank account, the name of the payee for payments issued by the online marketplace to such seller.
b. The seller’s contact information.
c. A business tax identification number, or, if such seller does not have a business tax identification number, a taxpayer identification number. Any information contained in such document shall be presumed to be verified as of the date of issuance of such document.
d. A current working email address and phone number for such seller.
2. The bank account or payee information required under this section may be provided by the seller as follows:
a. To the online marketplace.
b. To a payment processor or other third party contracted by the online marketplace to maintain such information, provided that the online marketplace ensures that it can obtain such information on demand from such payment processor or other third party.
3. Acceptable forms of seller contact information include the following:
a. With respect to a high-volume third-party seller that is an individual, the individual’s name.
b. With respect to a high-volume third-party seller that is not an individual, one of the following forms of contact information:
(1) A copy of a valid government-issued identification for an individual acting on behalf of such seller that includes the individual’s name.
(2) A copy of a valid government-issued record or tax document that includes the business name and physical address of such seller. Any information contained in such document shall be presumed to be verified as of the date of issuance of such document.
4. An online marketplace shall verify the information collected under this section not later than ten days after collection.
2022 Acts, ch 1114, §2, 10
Section effective January 1, 2023; 2022 Acts, ch 1114, §10
NEW section