reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.10 - Insurance companies.

616.10 Insurance companies.
Insurance companies may be sued in any county in which their principal place of business is kept, or in which the contract of insurance was made, or in which the loss insured against occurred, or, in case of insurance against death or disability, in the county of the domicile of the insured at the time the loss occurred, or in the county of plaintiff’s residence. As used in this section the term “insurance companies” includes nonprofit hospital service corporations and nonprofit medical service corporations which have incorporated under the provisions of chapter 504, Code 1989, or current chapter 504.
[C73, §2584; C97, §3499; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11043; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.10]
91 Acts, ch 97, §60; 2003 Acts, ch 108, §105; 2004 Acts, ch 1049, §191; 2004 Acts, ch 1175, §394
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.11 - Nonlife insurance assessments.

616.11 Nonlife insurance assessments.
No court other than that of the county in which the member resides shall have jurisdiction of actions to collect assessments levied by associations organized under the provisions of chapter 518A but such actions shall be brought in the county of the member’s residence, any statement or agreement in the policy or contract of insurance, the application therefor, or any other contract entered into between the member and the association to the contrary notwithstanding.
[C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11044; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.11]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.12 - Nonlife insurance premiums or notes.

616.12 Nonlife insurance premiums or notes.
No court other than that of the county in which the policyholder resides shall have jurisdiction of actions to collect premiums or premium notes payable or given for insurance other than life, but such actions shall be brought in the county of the policyholder’s residence, any statement or agreement in the policy or contract of insurance, the application therefor, or any other contract entered into between the policyholder and the company or its agent to the contrary notwithstanding.
[C27, 31, 35, §11044-a1; C39, §11044.1; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.12]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.13 - Operators of coal mines.

616.13 Operators of coal mines.
An action may be brought against any corporation, company, or person, owning, leasing, operating, or maintaining a coal mine, in the county where said mine is located, on any contract, or for any tort, in any manner connected with or growing out of the construction, use, or operation of said mine.
[S13, §3499-a; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11045; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.13]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.14 - Office or agency.

616.14 Office or agency.
When a corporation, company, or individual has an office or agency in any county for the transaction of business, any actions growing out of or connected with the business of that office or agency may be brought in the county where such office or agency is located.
[C51, §1705; R60, §2801; C73, §2585; C97, §3500; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11046; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.14]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.15 - Surety companies.

616.15 Surety companies.
1. Suit may be brought against any company or corporation furnishing or pretending to furnish surety, fidelity, or other bonds in this state, in any county in which the principal place of business of such company or corporation is maintained in this state, or in any county wherein is maintained its general office for the transaction of its Iowa business, or in the county where the principal resides at the time of bringing suit, or in the county where the principal did reside at the time the bond or other undertaking was executed; and in the case of bonds furnished by any such company or corporation for any building or improvement, either public or private, action may be brought in the county wherein said building or improvement or any part thereof is located.
2. The secretary of state shall serve as the agent for service of process for the purposes of 31 U.S.C. §9306, of any surety company or corporation for a surety bond written by that surety company or corporation for the federal government and issued in this state as required or permitted under federal law, if the surety company or corporation is licensed in this state and cannot be otherwise served with process. Notwithstanding section 507.14, upon request of the secretary of state, the commissioner of insurance shall provide the secretary of state with the name and address of the person designated for consent to service of process by the surety company or corporation which is on file with the commissioner.
[S13, §3500-a; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11047; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.15]
2006 Acts, ch 1117, §126
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.16 - Municipal corporations in certain counties.

616.16 Municipal corporations in certain counties.
Actions against municipal corporations in all counties where the district court convenes in more than one place must be brought in the county and at the place where court is held nearest to where the cause or subject of the action originated.
[S13, §3504-a; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11048; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.16]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.17 - Personal actions.

616.17 Personal actions.
Personal actions, except as otherwise provided, must be brought in a county in which some of the defendants actually reside, but if neither of them have a residence in the state, they may be sued in any county in which either of them may be found.
[C51, §1701; R60, §2800; C73, §2586; C97, §3501; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11049; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.17]
Referred to in §616.20
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.18 - Personal injury or damage actions.

616.18 Personal injury or damage actions.
Actions arising out of injuries to a person or damage to property may be brought in the county in which the defendant, or one of the defendants, is a resident or in the county in which the injury or damage is sustained.
[C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.18]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.19 - Negotiable paper.

616.19 Negotiable paper.
In all actions upon negotiable paper, except when made payable at a particular place, in which any maker thereof, being a resident of the state, is defendant, the place of trial shall be limited to a county wherein some one of such makers resides.
[C73, §2586; C97, §3501; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11050; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.19]
Referred to in §616.20
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.20 - Right of nonresident defendant.

616.20 Right of nonresident defendant.
Where an action provided for in sections 616.17 and 616.19 is against several defendants, some of whom are residents and others nonresidents of the county, and the action is dismissed as to the residents, or judgment is rendered in their favor, or there is a failure to obtain judgment against such residents, such nonresidents may, upon motion, have said cause dismissed, with reasonable compensation for trouble and expense in attending at the wrong county, unless they, having appeared to the action, fail to object before judgment is rendered against them.
[C73, §2587; C97, §3502; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11051; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.20]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 616 - PLACE OF BRINGING ACTIONS › Section 616.21 - Change of residence.

616.21 Change of residence.
If, after the commencement of an action in the county of the defendant’s residence, the defendant removes therefrom, the service of notice upon the defendant in another county shall have the same effect as if it had been made in the county from which the defendant removed.
[C73, §2588; C97, §3503; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11052; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §616.21]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.1 - Process — criminal defendant.

617.1 Process — criminal defendant.
Any defendant in any criminal action pending or to be brought in any court in the state of Iowa may be served with process, either civil or criminal, in any other action pending or to be brought against the defendant in the courts of this state while the defendant is present in this state, either voluntarily or involuntarily.
[C39, §11056.1; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.1]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.2 - Penalty — amendment.

617.2 Penalty — amendment.
If a notice is not filed or returned by the sheriff to the person from whom it was received, or if the return thereon is defective, the officer making the same shall be guilty of a simple misdemeanor, and the officer shall be liable to an action for damages by any person aggrieved thereby. The court may, before or after judgment is entered, permit an amendment according to the truth of the case.
[R60, §2820; C73, §2606; C97, §3521; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11063; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.2]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.4 - Consolidated railways.

617.4 Consolidated railways.
If the action is against any railway corporation which has sold or leased its property and franchises to any other railway corporation as authorized by section 327E.2, service of the original notice may be made upon any station, ticket, or other agent of the merged, vendee, or lessee corporation in the county where the action is brought; if there is no such agent in said county, then service may be made upon such agent or person in any other county.
[S13, §3529; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11073; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.4]
Referred to in §489.116
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.5 - Insurance company.

617.5 Insurance company.
If the action is against an insurance company, for loss or damage upon any contract of insurance or indemnity, service may be had upon any general agent of the company wherever found, or upon any recording agent or agent who has authority to issue policies.
[C97, §3530; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11074; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.5]
Referred to in §489.116
Actions against bonding companies, §636.20, 636.21
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.6 - Other corporations.

617.6 Other corporations.
When the action is against any other corporation, service may be made on any trustee or officer thereof, or on any agent employed in the general management of its business, or on any of the last known or acting officers of such corporation.
[C51, §1726; R60, §2824; C73, §2612; C97, §3531; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11077; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.6]
Referred to in §489.116
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.7 - Unknown defendants.

617.7 Unknown defendants.
Where it is necessary to make an unknown person defendant, the petition shall be sworn to and state the claim of plaintiff with reference to the property involved in the action, that the name and residence of such person is unknown to the plaintiff, and that the plaintiff has sought diligently to learn the same.
[R60, §2836; C73, §2622; C97, §3538; SS15, §3538; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11082; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.7]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.8 - Holidays.

617.8 Holidays.
No person shall be held to answer or appear in any court on any day now or hereafter made a legal holiday.
[C97, §3541; S13, §3541; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11090; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.8]
Legal public holidays, §1C.1
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.9 - Unserved parties — optional procedure.

617.9 Unserved parties — optional procedure.
1. When the action is against two or more defendants, and one or more of them shall have been served, but not all, the plaintiff may proceed as follows:
2. If the action is against defendants who are jointly, or jointly and severally, or severally liable only, the plaintiff may, without prejudice to the plaintiff’s rights in that or any other action against those not served, proceed against those served in the same manner as if they were the only defendants; if the plaintiff recovers against those jointly liable only, the plaintiff may take judgment against all thus liable, which may be enforced against the joint and separate property of those served, but not against the separate property of those not served, until they have had opportunity to show cause why judgment should not be enforced against their separate property.
[R60, §2841; C73, §2627; C97, §3542; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11091; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.9]
2021 Acts, ch 76, §150
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.10 - Real estate — action indexed.

617.10 Real estate — action indexed.
1. When a petition or municipal infraction citation affecting real estate is filed, the clerk of the district court where the petition or municipal infraction citation is filed shall index the petition or municipal infraction citation in an index book under the tract number which describes the property, entering in each instance the case number as a guide to the record of court proceedings which affect the real estate. If the petition or municipal infraction citation is amended to include other parties or other lands, the amended petition or municipal infraction citation shall be similarly indexed. When a final result is determined in the case, the result shall be indicated in the index book wherever indexed.
2. As used in this section, “book” means any mode of permanent recording, including but not limited to card files, microfilm, microfiche, and electronic records.
[R60, §2842; C73, §2628; C97, §3543; S13, §3543; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11092; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.10]
2007 Acts, ch 71, §4; 2010 Acts, ch 1050, §6
Referred to in §364.22, 446.7, 575.1, 602.8102(94), 617.11, 655A.3, 657.2A, 657A.2, 657A.12
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.11 - Lis pendens.

617.11 Lis pendens.
1. When a petition or municipal infraction citation affecting real estate is indexed pursuant to section 617.10, either action shall be considered pending so as to charge all third persons with notice of its pendency, and while pending no interest can be acquired by third persons in the subject matter thereof as against the plaintiff’s rights.
2. If a claim of interest against the property is acquired prior to the indexing of a petition affecting real estate and filed by anyone other than a city and such claim is not indexed or filed of record prior to the indexing of the petition, it is subject to the pending action as provided in subsection 1, unless any of the following occurs:
a. The claimant intervenes in the pending action prior to entry of judgment.
b. The claimant, prior to transfer of an interest in the property to a bona fide third-party transferee, records an affidavit showing that the party seeking relief under the pending action had, prior to the indexing of the petition, actual notice of the claim of interest and of the identity of the claimant.
3. If a claim of interest against the property is acquired prior to the indexing of a petition or municipal infraction citation affecting real estate and filed by a city and such claim is not indexed or filed of record prior to the indexing of the petition or citation, it is subject to the pending action as provided in subsection 1, unless either of the following occurs:
a. The claimant intervenes in the pending action and obtains relief from the court prior to entry of judgment.
b. Within ninety days after entry of judgment, the claimant files an application to reopen a petition or municipal infraction citation affecting real estate and filed by a city and proves at the hearing on the application that the claimant is entitled to relief because the city had actual notice of the claim of interest and of the identity of the claimant prior to the indexing of the petition or citation.
4. Subsections 2 and 3 shall not apply to a mechanic’s lien filed pursuant to chapter 572 or to a person who has taken possession of the property for value prior to the indexing of the petition or citation.
[R60, §2842; C73, §2628; C97, §3543; S13, §3543; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11093; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.11]
2012 Acts, ch 1053, §1; 2012 Acts, ch 1138, §76
Referred to in §575.1, 602.8102(94)
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.12 - Exceptions.

617.12 Exceptions.
If the real property affected is situated in the county where the petition or municipal infraction citation is filed it shall be unnecessary to show in said index lands not situated in said county.
[R60, §2842; C73, §2628; C97, §3543; S13, §3543; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11094; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.12]
2010 Acts, ch 1050, §7
Referred to in §575.1, 602.8102(94)
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.13 - Real estate in other county.

617.13 Real estate in other county.
When any part of real property, the subject of an action, is situated in any other county than the one in which the action is brought, the plaintiff must, in order to affect third persons with constructive notice of the pendency of the action, file with the clerk of the district court of the other county a notice of the pendency of the action, containing the names of the parties, the object of the action, and a description of the property in that county affected by the action. The clerk shall at once index and enter a memorandum of the notice in the encumbrance book.
[R60, §2843; C73, §2629; C97, §3544; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11095; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.13]
89 Acts, ch 83, §83
Referred to in §575.1, 602.8102(94), 614.15
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.14 - Constructive notice.

617.14 Constructive notice.
From the time of such indexing, the pendency of the action shall be constructive notice to subsequent purchasers or encumbrancers thereof, who shall be bound by all the proceedings taken after the filing of such notice, to the same extent as if parties to the action.
[R60, §2843; C73, §2629; C97, §3544; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11096; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.14]
Referred to in §575.1, 602.8102(94)
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.15 - Notice perpetuated.

617.15 Notice perpetuated.
Within two months after the determination of the action, there shall also be filed with such clerk a certified copy of the final order, judgment, or decree, who shall enter and index the same as though rendered in that county, or such notice of pendency shall cease to be constructive notice.
[R60, §2843; C73, §2629; C97, §3544; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11097; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §617.15]
Referred to in §575.1, 602.8102(94)
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 617 - COMMENCING ACTIONS › Section 617.16 - Frivolous actions.

617.16 Frivolous actions.
If a party commencing an action has in the preceding five-year period unsuccessfully prosecuted three or more actions, the court may, if it deems the actions to have been frivolous, stay the proceedings until that party furnishes an undertaking secured by cash or approved sureties to pay all costs resulting to opposing parties to the action including a reasonable attorney fee.
86 Acts, ch 1211, §36
Referred to in §610A.1
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.1 - Publications in English.

618.1 Publications in English.
All notices, proceedings, and other matter whatsoever, required by law or ordinance to be published in a newspaper, shall be published only in the English language and in newspapers published primarily in the English language.
[C73, §306, 307; C97, §549; S13, §549; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11098; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.1]
2006 Acts, ch 1019, §1
Referred to in §618.2
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.2 - Violation.

618.2 Violation.
Any public official who violates the provisions of section 618.1 or who willfully fails to make publication as now required of the public official by law of any notice, report of proceedings or other matter whatsoever, shall be guilty of a simple misdemeanor.
[C97, §550; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11099; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.2]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.3 - Requirements for newspaper for official publication.

618.3 Requirements for newspaper for official publication.
For the purpose of establishing and giving assured circulation to all notices and reports of proceedings required by statute to be published within the state, if newspapers are required to be used, only a newspaper which meets all of the following requirements shall be designated for official publication purposes:
1. Is a newspaper of general circulation that has been published at least once a week for at least fifty weeks per year within the area and regularly mailed through the post office of entry for at least two years.
2. Has a list of subscribers who have paid, or promised to pay, at more than a nominal rate, for copies to be received during a stated period.
3. Devotes at least twenty-five percent of its total column space in more than one-half of its issues during any twelve-month period to information of a public character other than advertising.
4. Is paid for by at least fifty percent of the persons or subscribers to whom it is distributed.
[C35, §11099-e1; C39, §11099.1; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.3]
86 Acts, ch 1183, §4; 2003 Acts, ch 76, §1
Referred to in §10.9, 49.53, 618.14
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.4 - Change in name — effect.

618.4 Change in name — effect.
A change of name or ownership of a newspaper thus designated that does not affect its general circulation as above required shall in no way disqualify such newspaper for selection in making such publication of legal notices.
[C35, §11099-e2; C39, §11099.2; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.4]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.5 - Permissible selection.

618.5 Permissible selection.
Publications may be made in a newspaper published at least once a week.
[C73, §3832; C97, §1293; S13, §1293; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11100; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.5]
2003 Acts, ch 108, §106
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.6 - Selection by plaintiff.

618.6 Selection by plaintiff.
The plaintiff or executor or the plaintiff’s or executor’s attorney, in all publications concerning actions, executions, and estates, may designate the newspaper in which such publication shall be made.
[C73, §3832; C97, §1293; S13, §1293; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11101; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.6]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.7 - Selection by county officers.

618.7 Selection by county officers.
The clerk of the district court, sheriff, auditor, treasurer, and recorder shall designate the newspapers in which the notices pertaining to their respective offices shall be published and the board of supervisors shall designate the newspapers in which all other county notices and proceedings, not required to be published in the official county newspapers, shall be published.
[R60, §314; C73, §306; C97, §549; S13, §549; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11102; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.7]
Referred to in §331.502, 331.552, 331.602, 331.653, 602.8102(95)
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.8 - Refusal to publish.

618.8 Refusal to publish.
If publication be refused when copy therefor, with the cost or security for payment of the cost, is tendered, such publication may be made in some other newspaper of general circulation at or nearest to the county seat, with the same effect as if made in the newspaper so refusing.
[C73, §3832; C97, §1293; S13, §1293; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11103; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.8]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.9 - Days of publication.

618.9 Days of publication.
When the publication is in a newspaper which is published more than once a week, the succeeding publications of such notice shall be on the same day of the week as the first publication. This section shall not apply to any notice for the publication of which provision inconsistent herewith is specially made.
[S13, §1293-a; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11104; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.9]
2003 Acts, ch 108, §107
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.10 - Payment for publication.

618.10 Payment for publication.
Publications required by law shall, in the first instance, be paid for by the party causing publication, and shall be taxed as costs in the proceeding.
[C51, §2558; R60, §4165; C73, §3838; C97, §1296; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11105; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.10]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.11 - Fees for publication.

618.11 Fees for publication.
The compensation, when not otherwise fixed, for the publication in a newspaper of any notice, order, citation, or other publication required or allowed by law shall be at a rate of thirty-four cents for one insertion and twenty-three cents for each subsequent insertion for each line of eight point type two inches in length, or its equivalent. Beginning June 1, 2001, and each June 1 thereafter, the director of the department of administrative services shall calculate a new rate for the following fiscal year as prescribed in this section, and shall publish this rate as a notice in the Iowa administrative bulletin prior to the first day of the following calendar month. The new rate shall be effective on the first day of the calendar month following its publication. The rate shall be calculated by applying the percentage change in the consumer price index for all urban consumers for the last available twelve-month period published in the federal register by the federal department of labor, bureau of labor statistics, to the existing rate as an increase or decrease in the rate rounded to the nearest one-tenth of a cent. The calculation and publication of the rate by the director of the department of administrative services shall be exempt from the provisions of chapters 17A and 25B.
[C73, §3832; C97, §1293; S13, §1293; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11106; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.11]
86 Acts, ch 1183, §5; 96 Acts, ch 1098, §4; 98 Acts, ch 1119, §25; 98 Acts, ch 1164, §40; 2000 Acts, ch 1148, §2; 2003 Acts, ch 145, §274
Referred to in §279.36, 331.302, 349.17, 380.9
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.12 - Fee for posting.

618.12 Fee for posting.
In all cases where an officer in the discharge of the officer’s duty is required to post an advertisement or notice, the officer shall, when not otherwise provided, be allowed twenty-five cents, and the same mileage as a sheriff.
[C51, §2558; R60, §4165; C73, §3838; C97, §1296; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11107; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.12]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.13 - Publication of docket in certain counties.

618.13 Publication of docket in certain counties.
When the petition provided for in
rule of civil procedure 1.403
is filed with the clerk of the district court in a county of ninety-eight thousand population or over, the names of the parties plaintiff and defendant in such action, the description of the real estate involved, if any, except for quieting title, partition, and suits involving tax assessments, and the names of the attorneys for the plaintiff, and the docket number assigned to such case, may, in the event the majority of the judges of the judiciary district in which such county lies, so direct, be published once in a daily newspaper having a general circulation in said county; such paper to be designated by a majority of the judges of the district court. Provided, that whenever thereafter such case is assigned for trial or any other pleadings are filed therein, or court action taken with reference thereto, except general orders of court for continuations, the title of such case and kind of pleading shall be published, and if it is in an assignment for trial it shall be carried in printed assignment from day to day until final disposition.
[C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.13]
92 Acts, ch 1240, §21
Referred to in §602.8105, 622.93, 624.8
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.14 - Publication of matters of public importance.

618.14 Publication of matters of public importance.
1. The governing body of any municipality or other political subdivision of the state may publish, as straight matter or display, any matter of general public importance, in one or more newspapers, as defined in section 618.3 published in and having general circulation in such municipality or political subdivision, at the legal or appropriate commercial rate, according to the character of the matter published.
2. In the event there is no such newspaper published in such municipality or political subdivision or in the event publication in more than one such newspaper is desired, publication may be made in any such newspaper having general circulation in such municipality or political subdivision.
[C50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.14]
87 Acts, ch 221, §34; 2021 Acts, ch 76, §150
Referred to in §28M.4, 330A.8, 331.305, 331.403, 422D.1, 536A.11
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.15 - Service by certified mail.

618.15 Service by certified mail.
Wherever used in this Code, the following words shall have the meanings respectively ascribed to them unless such meanings are repugnant to the context:
1. The words “certified mail” mean any form of mail service, by whatever name, provided by the United States post office where the post office provides the mailer with a receipt to prove mailing.
2. The words “restricted certified mail” mean any form of certified mail as defined in subsection 1 which carries on the face thereof, in a conspicuous place where it will not be obliterated, the endorsement “Deliver to addressee only” and for which the post office provides the mailer with a return receipt showing the date of delivery, the place of delivery, and person to whom delivered.
[C31, 35, §5079-d16; C39, §5038.06; C46, 50, 54, §321.503; C58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §618.15]
Referred to in §249F.3, 305B.3, 323.2, 323.3, 458A.22, 522B.14, 562A.8, 562A.29A, 562B.9, 562B.10, 562B.27A, 648.3, 648.5
Section not amended; editorial changes applied
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.16 - Zoned editions of same newspaper.

618.16 Zoned editions of same newspaper.
Publication requirements for governmental subdivisions of the state shall be deemed satisfied when publication is made in editions or zoned editions which are delivered to an area within the jurisdiction of the subdivision making the publication even though publication is not made in other editions of the same newspaper.
86 Acts, ch 1183, §6; 89 Acts, ch 214, §6
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 618 - PUBLICATION AND POSTING OF NOTICES › Section 618.18 - Timely publication required.

618.18 Timely publication required.
When a publication required by law is not published within one month of submission to the newspaper, the maximum compensation established by law shall be reduced by twenty-five percent.
89 Acts, ch 214, §8
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.1 - Nonnecessity for prayer.

619.1 Nonnecessity for prayer.
In the defense part of an answer or reply, it shall not be necessary to make a prayer for judgment.
[R60, §2883; C73, §2658; C97, §3569; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11118; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.1]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.2 - Exception.

619.2 Exception.
If the action challenges the legality, validity or constitutionality of a proposed constitutional amendment, the defendant shall plead within three days after service of the original notice.
[C31, 35, §11121-d1; C39, §11121.1; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.2]
Referred to in §619.3
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.3 - Exception — limit on pleading extension.

619.3 Exception — limit on pleading extension.
If the action challenges the legality, validity or constitutionality of a proposed constitutional amendment, the court shall not extend the time to plead more than two days beyond the time fixed in section 619.2.
[C31, 35, §11123-d1; C39, §11123.1; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.3]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.4 - Taking files from office.

619.4 Taking files from office.
The original files shall be taken from the clerk’s office only on order of the judge by leaving with the clerk a receipt for the same.
[C97, §3558; SS15, §3558; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11126; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.4]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.5 - Withdrawal of motion or demurrer.

619.5 Withdrawal of motion or demurrer.
A motion or demurrer once filed shall not be withdrawn without the consent of the adverse party in writing, or given in open court, or of the court.
[R60, §2870; C73, §2642; C97, §3556; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11139; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.5]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.6 - Counterclaim by comaker or surety.

619.6 Counterclaim by comaker or surety.
A comaker or surety, when sued alone, may, with the consent of the comaker or principal, make use of by way of counterclaim of a debt or liquidated demand due from the plaintiff at the commencement of the action to such comaker or principal, but the plaintiff may meet such counterclaim in the same way as if made by the comaker or principal.
[R60, §2887; C73, §2661; C97, §3572; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11153; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.6]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.7 - Mitigating facts.

619.7 Mitigating facts.
In any action brought to recover damages for an injury to person, character, or property, the defendant may set forth, in a distinct division of the defendant’s answer, any facts, of which evidence is legally admissible, to mitigate or otherwise reduce the damages, whether a complete defense or justification be pleaded or not, and the defendant may give in evidence the mitigating circumstances, whether the defendant proves the defense or justification or not.
[R60, §2929; C73, §2682; C97, §3593; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11172; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.7]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.8 - Necessity to plead.

619.8 Necessity to plead.
No mitigating circumstances shall be proved unless pleaded, except such as are shown by or grow out of the testimony introduced by the adverse party.
[R60, §2929; C73, §2682; C97, §3593; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11173; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.8]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.9 - Amount of proof.

619.9 Amount of proof.
A party shall not be compelled to prove more than is necessary to entitle the party to the relief asked for, or any lower degree included therein, nor more than sufficient to sustain the party’s defense.
[R60, §2966; C73, §2729; C97, §3639; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11181; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.9]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.10 - Evidence under denial.

619.10 Evidence under denial.
Under a denial of an allegation, no evidence shall be introduced which does not tend to negative some fact the party making the controverted allegation is bound to prove.
[R60, §2944; C73, §2704; C97, §3615; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11196; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.10]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.11 - Pleading conveyance.

619.11 Pleading conveyance.
When a party claims by conveyance, the party may state it according to its legal effect or name.
[R60, §2952; C73, §2723; C97, §3633; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11212; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.11]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.12 - Pleading estate.

619.12 Pleading estate.
It shall not be necessary to allege the commencement of either a particular or a superior estate, unless it be essential to the merits of the case.
[R60, §2954; C73, §2724; C97, §3634; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11213; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.12]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.13 - Injuries to goods.

619.13 Injuries to goods.
In actions for injuries to goods and chattels, their kind or species shall be alleged.
[R60, §2956; C73, §2725; C97, §3635; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11214; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.13]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.14 - Injuries to real property.

619.14 Injuries to real property.
In actions for injuries to real property, the petition shall describe the property, and when the injury is to an incorporeal hereditament, shall describe the property in respect of which the right is claimed, as well as the right itself, either by the numbers by which the property is designated in the national survey, or by its abuttals, or by its courses and distances, or by any name which it has acquired by reputation certain enough to identify it.
[R60, §2958; C73, §2726; C97, §3636; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11215; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.14]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.15 - Bond — breaches of.

619.15 Bond — breaches of.
In an action on a bond with conditions, the party suing thereon shall notice the conditions and allege the facts constituting the breaches relied on.
[C51, §1818; R60, §2960; C73, §2728; C97, §3638; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11217; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.15]
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.16 - Immaterial errors disregarded.

619.16 Immaterial errors disregarded.
The court, in every stage of an action, must disregard any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the adverse party; and no judgment shall be reversed or affected by reason of such error or defect.
[R60, §2978; C73, §2690; C97, §3601; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11228; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.16]
Immaterial exceptions, §624.15
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.17 - Contributory fault — burden.

619.17 Contributory fault — burden.
A plaintiff does not have the burden of pleading and proving the plaintiff’s freedom from contributory fault. If a defendant relies upon contributory fault of a plaintiff to diminish the amount to be awarded as compensatory damages, the defendant has the burden of pleading and proving fault of the plaintiff, if any, and that it was a proximate cause of the injury or damage. As used in this section, “plaintiff” includes a defendant filing a counterclaim or cross-petition, and the term “defendant” includes a plaintiff against whom a counterclaim or cross-petition has been filed.
[C66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §619.17]
84 Acts, ch 1293, §13
Comparative fault; see chapter 668
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.18 - Money damages not to be stated.

619.18 Money damages not to be stated.
In an action for personal injury or wrongful death, the amount of money damages demanded shall not be stated in the petition, original notice, or any counterclaim or cross-petition. However, a party filing the petition, original notice, counterclaim, or cross-petition shall certify to the court that the action meets applicable jurisdictional requirements for amount in controversy.
[C77, 79, 81, §619.18]
86 Acts, ch 1211, §37
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 619 - PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS › Section 619.19 - Verification not required — affidavits.

619.19 Verification not required — affidavits.
1. Pleadings need not be verified unless otherwise required by statute. Where a pleading is verified, it is not necessary that subsequent pleadings be verified unless otherwise required by statute.
2. The signature of a party, the party’s legal counsel, or any other person representing the party, to a motion, pleading, or other paper is a certificate that:
a. The person has read the motion, pleading, or other paper.
b. To the best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after reasonable inquiry, it is grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law.
c. It is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or cause an unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation.
3. If a motion, pleading, or other paper is not signed, it shall be stricken unless it is signed promptly after the omission is called to the attention of the pleader or movant.
4. If a motion, pleading, or other paper is signed in violation of this section, the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative, shall impose upon the person signing, the represented party, or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay the other party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the motion, pleading, or other paper, including a reasonable attorney fee.
86 Acts, ch 1211, §38; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §186
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 620 - MOTIONS AND ORDERS

CHAPTER 620
MOTIONS AND ORDERS
For Iowa court rules concerning motions,
see
R.C.P. 1.431 – 1.435
For Iowa court rules concerning court action,
see
R.C.P. 1.451 – 1.458
For Iowa court rules concerning pretrial procedure,
see
R.C.P. 1.601 – 1.604
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 621 - SECURITY FOR COSTS › Section 621.1 - Bond for costs.

621.1 Bond for costs.
If a defendant, at any time before answering shall make and file an affidavit stating that the defendant has a good defense in whole or in part, the plaintiff, or party bringing the action or proceeding, if the plaintiff or party is a nonresident of this state, or a private or foreign corporation, before any other proceedings in the action, must file in the clerk’s office a bond with sureties to be approved by the clerk, in an amount to be fixed by the court, for the payment of all costs which may legally be adjudged against plaintiff.
[R60, §3442; C73, §2927; C97, §3847; S13, §3847; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11245; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §621.1]
Referred to in §602.8102(96), 621.4, 621.5
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 621 - SECURITY FOR COSTS › Section 621.2 - Nonresident intervenor — action in probate.

621.2 Nonresident intervenor — action in probate.
A nonresident intervenor or party bringing an action in probate shall be required in like manner to give bond on motion of any party required to answer or defend.
[S13, §3847; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11246; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §621.2]
Referred to in §621.4, 621.5
2023 Iowa Code › Title XV - JUDICIAL BRANCH AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURES › Chapter 621 - SECURITY FOR COSTS › Section 621.3 - Procedure.

621.3 Procedure.
The application for such security shall be by motion, filed with the case, and the facts supporting it must be shown by affidavits annexed thereto, which may be responded to by counter affidavits on or before the hearing of the motion, and each party shall file all the affidavits at once, and none thereafter.
[R60, §3448; C73, §2927; C97, §3847; S13, §3847; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §11247; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §621.3]
Referred to in §621.4, 621.5