reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-446 Character — manner of proof.

60-446.
Character — manner of proof.
When a person's character or a trait of his or her character is in issue, it may be proved by testimony in the form of opinion, evidence of reputation, or evidence of specific instances of the person's conduct, subject, however, to the limitations of K.S.A. 60-447 and 60-448.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-446; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-447 Character trait as proof of conduct.

60-447.
Character trait as proof of conduct.
Subject to K.S.A. 60-448 when a trait of a person's character is relevant as tending to prove conduct on a specified occasion, such trait may be proved in the same manner as provided by K.S.A. 60-446, except that (a) evidence of specific instances of conduct other than evidence of conviction of a crime which tends to prove the trait to be bad shall be inadmissible, and (b) in a criminal action evidence of a trait of an accused's character as tending to prove guilt or innocence of the offense charged, (i) may not be excluded by the judge under K.S.A. 60-445 if offered by the accused to prove innocence, and (ii) if offered by the prosecution to prove guilt, may be admitted only after the accused has introduced evidence of his or her good character.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-447; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-448 Character trait for care or skill.

60-448.
Character trait for care or skill.
Evidence of a trait of a person's character with respect to care or skill is inadmissible as tending to prove the quality of his or her conduct on a specified occasion.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-448; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-449 Habit or custom to prove specific behavior.

60-449.
Habit or custom to prove specific behavior.
Evidence of habit or custom is relevant to an issue of behavior on a specified occasion, but is admissible on that issue only as tending to prove that the behavior on such occasion conformed to the habit or custom.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-449; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-450 Opinion and specific instances of behavior to prove habit or custom.

60-450.
Opinion and specific instances of behavior to prove habit or custom.
Testimony in the form of opinion is admissible on the issue of habit or custom. Evidence of specific instances of behavior is admissible to prove habit or custom if the evidence is of a sufficient number of such instances to warrant a finding of such habit or custom.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-450; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-451 Subsequent remedial conduct.

60-451.
Subsequent remedial conduct.
When after the occurrence of an event remedial or precautionary measures are taken, which, if taken previously would have tended to make the event less likely to occur, evidence of such subsequent measures is not admissible to prove negligence or culpable conduct in connection with the event.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-451; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-452 Offer to compromise and the like, not evidence of liability.

60-452.
Offer to compromise and the like, not evidence of liability.
Evidence that a person has, in compromise or from humanitarian motives furnished or offered or promised to furnish money, or any other thing, act or service to another who has sustained or claims to have sustained loss or damage, is inadmissible to prove his or her liability for the loss or damage of any part of it. This section shall not affect the admissibility of evidence (a) of partial satisfaction of an asserted claim on demand without questioning its validity, as tending to prove the validity of the claim, or (b) of a debtor's payment or promise to pay all or a part of his or her pre-existing debt as tending to prove the creation of a new duty on his or her part, or a revival of his or her pre-existing duty.
History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-452; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-452a Dispute resolution; confidentiality.

60-452a.
Dispute resolution; confidentiality.
(a) All verbal or written information transmitted between any party to a dispute and a neutral person conducting the proceeding, or the staff of an approved program under K.S.A. 5-501 et seq., and amendments thereto, shall be confidential communications. No admission, representation or statement made in the proceeding shall be admissible as evidence or subject to discovery. A neutral person shall not be subject to process requiring the disclosure of any matter discussed during the proceedings unless all the parties consent to a waiver. Any party and the neutral person or staff of an approved program conducting the proceeding, participating in the proceeding has a privilege in any action to refuse to disclose, and to prevent a witness from disclosing, any communication made in the course of the proceeding. The privilege may be claimed by the party or the neutral person or anyone the party or the neutral person authorizes to claim the privilege.
(b) The confidentiality and privilege requirements of this section shall not apply to:
(1) Information that is reasonably necessary to allow investigation of or action for ethical violations against the neutral person conducting the proceeding or for the defense of the neutral person or staff of an approved program conducting the proceeding in an action against the neutral person or staff of an approved program if the action is filed by a party to the proceeding;
(2) any information that the neutral person is required to report under K.S.A. 38-2223, and amendments thereto;
(3) any information that is reasonably necessary to stop the commission of an ongoing crime or fraud or to prevent the commission of a crime or fraud in the future for which there was an expressed intent to commit such crime or fraud;
(4) any information that the neutral person is required to report or communicate under the specific provisions of any statute or in order to comply with orders of the court; or
(5) any report to the court that a party has issued a threat of physical violence against a party, a party's dependent or family member, the mediator or an officer or employee of the court with the apparent intention of carrying out such threat.
History: L. 1984, ch. 212, § 1; L. 1996, ch. 129, § 4; L. 1999, ch. 157, § 3; L. 2006, ch. 200, § 106; January 1, 2007.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-453 Offer to discount claim, not evidence of invalidity.

60-453.
Offer to discount claim, not evidence of invalidity.
Evidence that a person has accepted or offered or promised to accept a sum of money or any other thing, act or service in satisfaction of a claim, is inadmissible to prove the invalidity of the claim or any part of it.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-453; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-454 Liability insurance.

60-454.
Liability insurance.
Evidence that a person was, at the time a harm was suffered by another, insured wholly or partially against loss arising from liability for that harm is inadmissible as tending to prove negligence or other wrongdoing.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-454; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-456 Testimony in form of opinion or inferences.

60-456. Testimony in form of opinion or inferences.
(a) If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to such opinions or inferences as the judge finds: (1) Are rationally based on the perception of the witness; (2) are helpful to a clearer understanding of the testimony of the witness; and (3) are not based on scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge within the scope of subsection (b).
(b) If scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (1) The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (3) the witness has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
(c) Unless the judge excludes the testimony, the judge shall be deemed to have made the finding requisite to its admission.
(d) Testimony in the form of opinions or inferences otherwise admissible under this article is not objectionable because it embraces the ultimate issue or issues to be decided by the trier of the fact.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-456; L. 2014, ch. 84, § 2; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-457 Preliminary examination for non-expert witness; pre-trial hearing for expert witness.

60-457. Preliminary examination for non-expert witness; pre-trial hearing for expert witness.
(a) If a witness is not testifying as an expert, the judge may require that a witness before testifying in terms of opinion or inference be first examined concerning the facts or data upon which the opinion or inference is founded.
(b) If a witness is testifying as an expert, upon motion of a party, the court may hold a pretrial hearing to determine whether the witness qualifies as an expert and whether the witness's testimony satisfies the requirements of subsection (b) of K.S.A. 60-456, and amendments thereto. The court shall allow sufficient time for a hearing. The court shall rule on the qualifications of the witness to testify as an expert and whether or not the testimony satisfies the requirements of subsection (b) of K.S.A. 60-456, and amendments thereto. Such hearing and ruling shall be completed no later than the final pretrial conference contemplated under subsection (d) of K.S.A. 60-216, and amendments thereto.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-457; L. 2014, ch. 84, § 3; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-458 Expert opinion or inference; facts or data relied upon, admissibility.

60-458. Expert opinion or inference; facts or data relied upon, admissibility.
The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible into evidence in order for the opinion or inference to be admitted. Facts or data that are otherwise inadmissible shall not be disclosed to the jury by the proponent of the opinion or inference unless the court determines that the probative value of such facts or data in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert's opinion substantially outweighs any prejudicial effect.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-458; L. 2014, ch. 84, § 4; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-459 Definitions.

60-459.
Definitions.
As used in K.S.A. 60-460, its exceptions and in this section:
(a) "Statement" means not only an oral or written expression but also nonverbal conduct of a person intended by him or her as a substitute for words in expressing the matter stated.
(b) "Declarant" is a person who makes a statement.
(c) "Perceive" means acquire knowledge through one's own senses.
(d) "Public official" of a state or territory of the United States includes an official of a political subdivision of such state or territory and of a municipality.
(e) "State" includes the District of Columbia.
(f) "A business" as used in exception K.S.A. 60-460 (m) shall include every kind of business, profession, occupation, calling or operation of institutions, whether carried on for profit or not.
(g) "Unavailable as a witness" includes situations where the witness is (1) exempted on the ground of privilege from testifying concerning the matter to which his or her statement is relevant, or (2) disqualified from testifying to the matter, or (3) unable to be present or to testify at the hearing because of death or then existing physical or mental illness, or (4) absent beyond the jurisdiction of the court to compel appearance by its process, or (5) absent from the place of hearing because the proponent of his or her statement does not know and with diligence has been unable to ascertain his or her whereabouts.
But a witness is not unavailable (1) if the judge finds that his or her exemption, disqualification, inability or absence is due to procurement or wrongdoing of the proponent of his or her statement for the purpose of preventing the witness from attending or testifying, or to the culpable neglect of such party, or (2) if unavailability is claimed under clause (4) of the preceding paragraph and the judge finds that the deposition of the declarant could have been taken by the exercise of reasonable diligence and without undue hardship, and that the probable importance of the testimony is such as to justify the expense of taking such deposition.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-459; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-461 Discretion of judge under exception to exclude evidence.

60-461.
Discretion of judge under exception to exclude evidence.
Any writing admissible under exceptions (o), (p), (q) and (ee) of K.S.A. 60-460, and amendments thereto, shall be received only if the party offering such writing has delivered a copy of it or so much as may relate to the controversy, to each adverse party a reasonable time before trial unless the judge finds that such adverse party has not been unfairly surprised by the failure to deliver such copy.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-461; L. 1988, ch. 211, § 10; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-462 Credibility of declarant.

60-462.
Credibility of declarant.
Evidence of a statement or other conduct by a declarant inconsistent with a statement received in evidence under an exception to K.S.A. 60-460, is admissible for the purpose of discrediting the declarant, though he or she had no opportunity to deny or explain such inconsistent statement. Any other evidence tending to impair or support the credibility of the declarant is admissible if it would have been admissible had the declarant been a witness.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-462; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-463 Multiple hearsay.

60-463.
Multiple hearsay.
A statement within the scope of an exception to K.S.A. 60-460 shall not be inadmissible on the ground that it includes a statement made by another declarant and is offered to prove the truth of the included statement if such included statement itself meets the requirements of an exception.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-463; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-464 Authentication or identification of evidence; examples.

60-464. Authentication or identification of evidence; examples.
(a) In general. To satisfy the requirement of authenticating or identifying an item of evidence, the proponent must produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is.
(b) Examples. The following are examples only, not a complete list, of evidence that satisfies the requirement:
(1) Testimony of a witness with knowledge. Testimony that an item is what it is claimed to be.
(2) Nonexpert opinion about handwriting. A nonexpert's opinion that handwriting is genuine, based on a familiarity with it that was not acquired for the current litigation.
(3) Comparison by an expert witness or the trier of fact. A comparison with an authenticated specimen by an expert witness or the trier of fact.
(4) Distinctive characteristics and the like. The appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns or other distinctive characteristics of the item, taken together with all the circumstances.
(5) Opinion about a voice. An opinion identifying a person's voice, whether heard firsthand or through mechanical or electronic transmission or recording, based on hearing the voice at any time under circumstances that connect it with the alleged speaker.
(6) Evidence about a telephone conversation. For a telephone conversation, evidence that a call was made to the number assigned at the time to:
(A) A particular person, if circumstances, including self-identification, show that the person answering was the one called; or
(B) a particular business, if the call was made to a business and the call related to business reasonably transacted over the telephone.
(7) Evidence about public records. Evidence that:
(A) A document was recorded or filed in a public office as authorized by law; or
(B) a purported public record or statement is from the office where items of this kind are kept.
(8) Evidence about ancient documents or data compilations. For a document or data compilation, evidence that it:
(A) Is in a condition that creates no suspicion about its authenticity;
(B) was in a place where, if authentic, it would likely be; and
(C) is at least 30 years old when offered.
(9) Evidence about a process or system. Evidence describing a process or system and showing that it produces an accurate result.
(10) Methods provided by a statute or rule. Any method of authentication or identification allowed by law or a rule prescribed by the supreme court.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-464; L. 2021, ch. 65, § 2; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-465a Reproductions of original court records deemed same as original record; certified copy as evidence.

60-465a.
Reproductions of original court records deemed same as original record; certified copy as evidence.
The photographs, microphotographs or photographic film or prints or reproductions of the original records as authorized in K.S.A. 20-159 and amendments thereto shall be deemed to be an original record for all purposes, and may be used as evidence in all courts or administrative agencies. A copy thereof, certified in writing by the person designated by the chief judge of the judicial district as having custody of such reproduction, may be used as evidence in all courts or administrative agencies.
History:
L. 1977, ch. 104, § 3; L. 1999, ch. 57, § 53; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-466 Certificate of lack of record.

60-466.
Certificate of lack of record.
A writing admissible under exception (o) (2) of K.S.A. 60-460 is authenticated in the same manner as is provided in K.S.A. 60-465.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-466; L. 1999, ch. 49, § 1; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-468 Proof of attested writings.

60-468.
Proof of attested writings.
When the execution of an attested writing is in issue, whether or not attestation is a statutory requisite of its effective execution, no attester is a necessary witness even though all attesters are available unless the statute requiring attestation specifically provides otherwise.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-468; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-469 Proving content of business and public records.

60-469.
Proving content of business and public records.
The content of any admissible writing made in the regular course of "a business" as defined by K.S.A. 60-459, and amendments thereto, or in the regular course of duty of any "public official" as defined by K.S.A. 60-459, and amendments thereto, may be proved by a nonerasable optical image reproduction provided that additions, deletions or changes to the original document are not permitted by the technology, or a photostatic, microfilm, microcard, miniature photographic or other photographic copy or reproduction or by an enlargement thereof, when duly authenticated, if it was in the regular course of such business or official activity to make and preserve such copies or reproductions as a part of the records of such business or office. The introduction of such copy, reproduction or enlargement does not preclude admission of the original writing if it is still in existence.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-469; L. 1994, ch. 60, § 1; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-472 Photographs of property wrongfully taken.

60-472.
Photographs of property wrongfully taken.
In any prosecution for a crime involving the wrongful taking of property, photographs of the property alleged to have been wrongfully taken may be deemed competent evidence of such property and may be admissible in the prosecution to the same extent as if such property had been introduced as evidence. Such photographs may be admitted into evidence if they meet the foundation requirements under the rules of evidence.
History:
L. 1979, ch. 182, § 1; L. 1980, ch. 173, § 1; L. 2005, ch. 172, § 1; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-480 Journalist privilege; definitions.

60-480.
Journalist privilege; definitions.
As used in K.S.A. 2023 Supp. 60-480 through 60-485, and amendments thereto:
(a) "Journalist" means: (1) A publisher, editor, reporter or other person employed by a newspaper, magazine, news wire service, television station or radio station who gathers, receives or processes information for communication to the public; or (2) an online journal in the regular business of newsgathering and disseminating news or information to the public.
(b) "Information" means any information gathered, received or processed by a journalist, whether or not such information is actually published, and whether or not related information has been disseminated, and includes, but is not limited to, all notes, outtakes, photographs, tapes and other recordings or other data of whatever sort that is gathered by a journalist in the process of gathering, receiving or processing information for communication to the public.
(c) "Acting as a journalist" means a journalist who is engaged in activities that are part of such journalist's gathering, receiving or processing information for communication to the public.
History:
L. 2010, ch. 114, § 1; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-481 Privilege applicable when acting as a journalist; not in contempt in proceedings.

60-481.
Privilege applicable when acting as a journalist; not in contempt in proceedings.
Except as provided in K.S.A. 2023 Supp. 60-482, and amendments thereto, a journalist cannot be adjudged in contempt by a judicial, legislative, administrative body or any other body having the power to issue subpoenas, for refusing to disclose, in any state or local proceeding, any information or the source of any such information procured while acting as a journalist.
History:
L. 2010, ch. 114, § 2; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-482 Compelled disclosure, when.

60-482.
Compelled disclosure, when.
(a) A journalist may not be compelled to disclose any previously undisclosed information or the source of any such information procured while acting as a journalist until the party seeking to compel the disclosure establishes by a preponderance of the evidence in district court that the disclosure sought:
(1) Is material and relevant to the proceeding for which the disclosure is sought;
(2) could not, after a showing of reasonable effort, be obtained by readily available alternative means; and
(3) is of a compelling interest.
(b) For purposes of this section, a "compelling interest" is evidence likely to be admissible and has probative value that is likely to outweigh any harm done to the free dissemination of information to the public through the activities of journalists, which includes, but is not limited to:
(1) The prevention of a certain miscarriage of justice; or
(2) an imminent act that would result in death or great bodily harm.
Interests that are not compelling include, but are not limited to, those of parties whose litigation lacks sufficient grounds, is abusive or is brought in bad faith.
History:
L. 2010, ch. 114, § 3; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-483 Hearing; disclosure.

60-483.
Hearing; disclosure.
The party claiming the privilege and the party seeking to compel disclosure shall be entitled to a hearing. After such hearing, the court may conduct an in camera inspection to determine if such disclosure is admissible. If the court then specifically finds that such disclosure is admissible and that its probative value outweighs any harm to the free dissemination of information to the public through the activities of journalists, then the court shall direct production of such disclosure and such disclosure only.
History:
L. 2010, ch. 114, § 4; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-484 Costs and attorney fees.

60-484.
Costs and attorney fees.
If the court finds that the party seeking to compel disclosure had no reasonable basis to request such disclosure, the court may assess costs and attorney fees against the party seeking to compel disclosure. If the court finds that the party claiming the privilege had no reasonable basis to claim such privilege, the court may assess costs and attorney fees against the party claiming the privilege. If an application for attorney fees is made, the judge shall set forth the reasons for awarding or denying such costs or fees.
History:
L. 2010, ch. 114, § 5; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence › 60-485 Rights and privileges in addition to others.

60-485.
Rights and privileges in addition to others.
The rights and privileges provided by this act are in addition to any other rights guaranteed by the constitutions of the United States or the state of Kansas. The provisions of K.S.A. 2023 Supp. 60-480 through 60-485, and amendments thereto, shall not be construed to create or imply any limitation on or to otherwise affect a privilege guaranteed by the constitutions of the United States or the state of Kansas.
History:
L. 2010, ch. 114, § 6; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-501 Scope.

60-501.
Scope.
The provisions of this article govern the limitation of time for commencing civil actions, except where a different limitation is specifically provided by statute.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-501; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-503 Adverse possession.

60-503.
Adverse possession.
No action shall be maintained against any person for the recovery of real property who has been in open, exclusive and continuous possession of such real property, either under a claim knowingly adverse or under a belief of ownership, for a period of fifteen (15) years. This section shall not apply to any action commenced within one (1) year after the effective date of this act.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-503; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-504 Execution sale.

60-504.
Execution sale.
No action shall be maintained for the recovery of real property, by the execution debtor, his or her heirs, or any person claiming under him or her by title acquired after the date of judgment, after five (5) years from the date of the recording of the deed made in pursuance of the sale.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-504; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-505 Sales by executors, administrators or conservators.

60-505.
Sales by executors, administrators or conservators.
No action shall be maintained for recovery of real property sold by executors, administrators or conservators, upon an order or judgment of a court directing such sale, brought by the heirs or devisees of the deceased person, or the conservatee or his or her conservator, or any person claiming under any or either of them by after acquired title, after five (5) years from the date of the recording of the deed made in pursuance of the sale.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-505; L. 1965, ch. 354, § 10; January 1, 1966.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-506 Forcible entry and detention.

60-506.
Forcible entry and detention.
No action shall be maintained for forcible entry and detention, or for forcible detention only, of real property, after two (2) years from the time the cause of action accrued.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-506; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-507 Unspecified real property actions.

60-507.
Unspecified real property actions.
No action shall be maintained for the recovery of real property or for the determination of any adverse claim or interest therein, not provided for in this article, after fifteen (15) years from the time the cause of action accrued.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-507; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-508 Persons under legal disabilities.

60-508.
Persons under legal disabilities.
(a) Effect. If any person entitled to bring an action for the recovery of real property or for the determination of any adverse claim or interest therein be, at the time the cause of action accrued, or at any time during the period the statute of limitations is running, within the age of eighteen (18) years, or an incapacitated person, or imprisoned for a term less than his or her natural life, such person shall be entitled to bring such action within two (2) years after the disability is removed; but no such action shall be maintained by or on behalf of any person under the disabilities specified after twenty-three (23) years from the time the cause of action shall have accrued. The provisions of this subsection as it was constituted prior to the effective date of this act shall continue in force and effect with respect to any person who was at least eighteen (18) years of age and not more than twenty-one (21) years of age on the effective date of this act.
(b) Death of person under disability. If any person entitled to bring such action dies during the continuance of any disability specified in subsection (a) of this section and no determination be had of the title, claim, interest, or action to such person accrued, his or her heirs, or any person entitled to claim, from, by or under him or her, may commence such action after the time specified as a limitation, and within two (2) years after his or her death, but not after that period.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-508; L. 1965, ch. 354, § 11; L. 1972, ch. 161, § 14; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-509 Real property actions excepted.

60-509.
Real property actions excepted.
Nothing contained in any statutes of limitations shall be applicable to any real property given, granted, sequestered or appropriated to any public use, or to any lands belonging to this state.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-509; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-510 Effect of limitations prescribed.

60-510.
Effect of limitations prescribed.
Civil actions, other than for the recovery of real property, can only be commenced within the period prescribed in the following sections of this article, after the cause of action shall have accrued.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-510; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-511 Actions limited to five years.

60-511.
Actions limited to five years.
The following actions shall be brought within five (5) years: (1) An action upon any agreement, contract or promise in writing.
(2) An action brought on any covenant of seizin contained in any deed of conveyance of land.
(3) An action brought on a covenant of warranty contained in any deed of conveyance of land, after there shall have been a final decision against the title of the covenantor in such deed.
(4) An action upon the official bond or undertaking of an executor, administrator, conservator, sheriff, or any other officer, or upon the bond or undertaking given in attachment, injunction, arrest, or in any case required by statute.
(5) An action for relief, other than the recovery of real property not provided for in this article.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-511; L. 1965, ch. 354, § 12; January 1, 1966.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-512 Actions limited to three years.

60-512.
Actions limited to three years.
The following actions shall be brought within three (3) years: (1) All actions upon contracts, obligations or liabilities expressed or implied but not in writing. (2) An action upon a liability created by a statute other than a penalty or forfeiture.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-512; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-513a Ionizing radiation defined.

60-513a.
Ionizing radiation defined.
For purposes of this act, "ionizing radiation" means any particulate or electromagnetic radiation capable of producing ions directly or indirectly in its passage through matter.
History:
L. 1968, ch. 6, § 2; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-513b Limitations on actions for ionizing radiation injury.

60-513b.
Limitations on actions for ionizing radiation injury.
No action may be brought to recover for an ionizing radiation injury more than two (2) years after the person suffering such injury had knowledge or ought reasonably to have had knowledge of having suffered the injury and of the cause thereof, but in no event more than ten (10) years from the date of the last occurrence to which the injury is attributed. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section to the contrary, no action may be brought to recover for an ionizing radiation injury arising out of the rendering of or the failure to render professional services by a health care provider more than four (4) years from the date of the last occurrence to which the injury is attributed. The provisions of this section as it was constituted prior to the effective date of this act [*] shall continue in force and effect for a period of two (2) years from the effective date of this act [*] with respect to any act giving rise to a cause of action occurring prior to the effective date of this act [*].
History:
L. 1968, ch. 6, § 3; L. 1976, ch. 254, § 2; July 1.
* "This act," see also 60-513, 60-513d and 60-515.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-513c Action for latent ionizing radiation damage not barred by prior action; exception.

60-513c.
Action for latent ionizing radiation damage not barred by prior action; exception.
No action to recover for latent ionizing radiation damage shall be barred by recovery in any earlier action or proceeding, unless the plaintiff in the earlier action shall actually have been awarded damages for the latent injury, or shall have known or reasonably have been expected to know that such latent damage would occur, and its nature and extent with sufficient particularity to establish entitlement to a specific amount of damages on account thereof.
History:
L. 1968, ch. 6, § 4; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-513d "Health care provider" defined.

60-513d.
"Health care provider" defined.
As used in K.S.A. 60-513 and 60-513b, and amendments to such statutes, the term "health care provider" means a person licensed to practice any branch of the healing arts, a person who holds a temporary permit to practice any branch of the healing arts, a person engaged in a postgraduate training program approved by the state board of healing arts, a licensed medical care facility, a health maintenance organization, a licensed dentist, a licensed professional nurse, a licensed practical nurse, a licensed optometrist, a licensed podiatrist, a professional corporation organized pursuant to the professional corporation law of Kansas by persons who are authorized by such law to form such a corporation and who are health care providers as defined by this section, a licensed pharmacist or a licensed physical therapist.
History:
L. 1976, ch. 254, § 4; L. 1986, ch. 231, § 6; L. 1988, ch. 246, § 13; L. 2003, ch. 128, § 20; April 1, 2004.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-514 Actions limited to one year.

60-514.
Actions limited to one year.
The following actions shall be brought within one year:
(a) An action for libel or slander.
(b) An action for assault, battery, malicious prosecution, or false imprisonment.
(c) An action upon statutory penalty or forfeiture.
(d) An action brought pursuant to K.S.A. 43-173. Such action shall be brought within one year from the date of discharge or threat of discharge from employment.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-514; L. 1993, ch. 44, § 2; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-515 Persons under legal disability.

60-515.
Persons under legal disability.
(a) Effect. Except as provided in K.S.A. 60-523, if any person entitled to bring an action, other than for the recovery of real property or a penalty or a forfeiture, at the time the cause of action accrued or at any time during the period the statute of limitations is running, is less than 18 years of age, an incapacitated person or imprisoned for a term less than such person's natural life, such person shall be entitled to bring such action within one year after the person's disability is removed, except that no such action shall be commenced by or on behalf of any person under the disability more than eight years after the time of the act giving rise to the cause of action.
Notwithstanding the foregoing provision, if a person imprisoned for any term has access to the court for purposes of bringing an action, such person shall not be deemed to be under legal disability.
(b) Death of person under disability. If any person entitled to bring an action dies during the continuance of any disability specified in subsection (a) and no determination is made of the cause of action accrued to the deceased, any person entitled to claim from, by or under the deceased, may commence such action within one year after the deceased's death, but in no event shall any such action be commenced more than eight years beyond the time of the act giving rise to the cause of action.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-515; L. 1965, ch. 354, § 13; L. 1972, ch. 161, § 15; L. 1976, ch. 254, § 3; L. 1981, ch. 234, § 1; L. 1992, ch. 307, § 2; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-516 Actions originating in another state.

60-516.
Actions originating in another state.
Where the cause of action has arisen in another state or country and by the laws of the state or country where the cause of action arose an action cannot be maintained thereon by reason of lapse of time, no action can be maintained thereon in this state except in favor of one who is a resident of this state and who has held the cause of action from the time it accrued.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-516; L. 1970, ch. 236, § 1; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-517 When defendant out of state.

60-517.
When defendant out of state.
If when a cause of action accrues against a person he or she be out of the state, or has absconded or concealed himself or herself, the period limited for the commencement of the action shall not begin to run until such person comes into the state, or while he or she is so absconded or concealed, and if after the cause of action accrues he or she depart from the state, or abscond or conceal himself or herself, the time of the absence or concealment shall not be computed as any part of the period within which the action must be brought. This section shall not apply to extend the period of limitation as to any defendant whose whereabouts are known and upon whom service of summons can be effected under the provisions of article 3 of this chapter.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-517; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-518 New action, when.

60-518.
New action, when.
If any action be commenced within due time, and the plaintiff fail in such action otherwise than upon the merits, and the time limited for the same shall have expired, the plaintiff, or, if the plaintiff die, and the cause of action survive, his or her representatives may commence a new action within six (6) months after such failure.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-518; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-519 Suits stayed by injunction.

60-519.
Suits stayed by injunction.
Whenever the commencement of any action shall be stayed by an injunction of any court, the time during which such injunction shall be in force shall not be deemed any portion of the time limit for the commencement of such action.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-519; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-520 Part payment or acknowledgment of liability.

60-520.
Part payment or acknowledgment of liability.
(a) Effect. In any case founded on contract, when any part of the principal or interest shall have been paid, or an acknowledgment of an existing liability, debt or claim, or any promise to pay the same, shall have been made, an action may be brought in such case within the period prescribed for the same, after such payment, acknowledgment or promise; but such acknowledgment or promise must be in writing, signed by the party to be charged thereby.
(b) Joint debtors. If there be two or more joint contractors, no one of whom is entitled to act as the agent of the others, no such joint contractor shall lose the benefit of the statute of limitations so as to be chargeable by reason of any acknowledgment, promise or payment made by any other or others of them, unless done with the knowledge and consent of, or satisfied [ratified] by the joint contractor sought to be charged.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-520; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-521 Limitations applicable to public bodies.

60-521.
Limitations applicable to public bodies.
As to any cause of action accruing to the state, any political subdivision, or any other public body, which cause of action arises out of any proprietary function or activity, the limitations prescribed in this article shall apply to actions brought in the name or for the benefit of such public body in the same manner as to actions by private parties, except in (1) actions for the recovery of real property or any interest therein, or (2) actions to recover from any former officer or employee for his or her own wrongdoing or default in the performance of his or her duties.
History:
L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-521; January 1, 1964.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-522 Limitations on actions brought by or on behalf of the Kansas public employees retirement system; retroactive application.

60-522.
Limitations on actions brought by or on behalf of the Kansas public employees retirement system; retroactive application.
(a) Notwithstanding any other limitations contained in article 5 of chapter 60 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, any civil action brought by, or on behalf of, the Kansas public employees retirement system shall be brought within 10 years of the time in which such cause of action shall have accrued.
(b) The provisions of this section shall be part of and supplemental to the provisions of article 5 of chapter 60 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated.
(c) The limitations set forth in subsection (a) are to be construed and applied retroactively.
History:
L. 1992, ch. 321, § 21; L. 1993, ch. 227, § 9; July 1.
2023 Kansas Statutes › Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil › Article 5 - Limitations Of Actions › 60-524 Limitations on actions for recovery of damages by Dalkon Shield victims.

60-524.
Limitations on actions for recovery of damages by Dalkon Shield victims.
(a) Except as provided in subsection (c), notwithstanding any other limitation contained in article 5 of chapter 60 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, any civil action, except an action for relief on the ground of fraud, brought by, or on behalf of, any Dalkon Shield victim against the Dalkon Shield claimant's trust, shall be brought in accordance with procedures established by the A.H. Robins company, inc. plan of reorganization, and shall be brought within 10 years of the time in which such cause of action shall have accrued.
(b) Any civil action for relief on the ground of fraud brought by, or on behalf of, any Dalkon Shield victim against the Dalkon Shield claimant's trust, shall not be deemed to have accrued until the fraud of A.H. Robins company, inc. was discovered, without regard to the date any physical injury occurred.
(c) The provisions of this act shall not affect any applicable statute of repose as otherwise provided by law.
(d) The provisions of this section shall be part of and supplemental to the provisions of article 5 of chapter 60 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated.
History:
L. 1994, ch. 278, § 1; July 1.