2023 Illinois Compiled Statutes › Chapter 735 - CIVIL PROCEDURE › 735 ILCS 5/ - Code of Civil Procedure. › Article II - Civil Practice

(735 ILCS 5/Art. II heading)
ARTICLE II
CIVIL PRACTICE
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 1 heading)
Part 1.  
		Venue
(735 ILCS 5/2-101) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-101)
Sec. 2-101. 
		Generally. 
		Except as otherwise provided in this Act, every action must be
commenced (1) in the county of residence of any defendant who is joined
in good faith and with probable cause for the purpose of obtaining a
judgment against him or her and not solely for the purpose of fixing venue in
that county, or (2) in the county in which the transaction or some part
thereof occurred out of which the cause of action arose.
If a check, draft, money order, or other instrument for the payment of
child support payable to or delivered to the State Disbursement Unit
established under Section 10-26 of the Illinois Public Aid Code is returned by
the bank or depository for any reason, venue for the enforcement of any
criminal proceedings or civil cause of action for recovery and attorney fees
shall be in the county where the principal office of the State Disbursement
Unit is located.
If all defendants are nonresidents of the State, an action may be
commenced in any county.
If the corporate limits of a city, village or town extend into more
than one county, then the venue of an action or proceeding
instituted by that
municipality to enforce any fine, imprisonment, penalty or forfeiture
for violation of any ordinance of that municipality,
regardless of the county in which the violation was committed or occurred, may
be in the appropriate court (i) in the county
wherein the office of the clerk of the municipality is located
or (ii) in any county
in which at least 35% of the territory within the municipality's corporate
limits is located.
(Source: P.A. 91-212, eff. 7-20-99.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-101.5)
Sec. 2-101.5. Venue in actions asserting constitutional claims against the State.
(a) Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Code, if an action is brought against the State or any of its officers, employees, or agents acting in an official capacity on or after the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 103rd General Assembly seeking declaratory or injunctive relief against any State statute, rule, or executive order based on an alleged violation of the Constitution of the State of Illinois or the Constitution of the United States, venue in that action is proper only  in the County of Sangamon and the County of Cook.
(b) The doctrine of forum non conveniens does not apply to actions subject to this Section.
(c) As used in this Section, "State" has the meaning given to that term in Section 1 of the State Employee Indemnification Act.
(d) The provisions of this Section do not apply to claims arising out of collective bargaining disputes between the State of Illinois and the representatives of its employees.
(Source: P.A. 103-5, eff. 6-6-23.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-102) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-102)
Sec. 2-102. 
		
		Residence of corporations, voluntary unincorporated associations
and partnerships defined.
For purposes of venue, the following definitions apply:
(a) Any private corporation or railroad or bridge company, organized
under the laws of this State, and any foreign corporation authorized to
transact business in this State is a resident of any county in which it
has its registered office or other office or is doing business. A
foreign corporation not authorized to transact business in this State is
a nonresident of this State.
(b) A partnership sued in its firm name is a resident of any county
in which any partner resides or in which the partnership has an office
or is doing business. A partnership sued in its firm name, of which all
partners are nonresidents of this State and which does not have an
office or do business in this State, is a nonresident of this State.
(c) A voluntary unincorporated association sued in its own name is a
resident of any county in which the association has an office or, if on
due inquiry no office can be found, in which any officer of the association
resides.  A voluntary unincorporated association sued in its own name, of
which all its members are nonresidents of this State and which does not
have an office or do business
in this State, is a nonresident of this State.
(Source: P.A. 83-901.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-103) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-103)
Sec. 2-103. 
		
		Public corporations - Local actions - Libel - Insurance
companies.
(a) Actions must be brought against a public, municipal,
governmental or quasi-municipal corporation in the county in which its
principal office is located or in the county in which the transaction or
some part thereof occurred out of which the cause of action arose.
Except as otherwise provided in Section 7-102 of this Code, if the cause of
action is
related to an airport owned by a unit of local government or the property or
aircraft
operations thereof, however, including an action challenging the
constitutionality of
this amendatory
Act of the 93rd General Assembly, the action must be brought in the county in
which the
unit of local government's principal office is located.
Actions to recover damage to real estate
which may be overflowed or otherwise damaged by reason of any act of the
corporation may be brought in the county where the real estate or some
part of it is situated, or in the county where the corporation is
located, at the option of the party claiming to be injured.
Except as otherwise provided in Section 7-102 of this Code, any cause of
action
that is related to an airport owned by a unit of local government, and that is
pending on or after the effective date of
this amendatory Act of the 93rd General Assembly in a county other than the
county in which the
unit of local government's principal office is located, shall be transferred,
upon motion of any
party under Section 2-106 of this Code, to the county in which the unit of
local government's
principal office is located.
(b) Any action to quiet title to real estate, or to partition or
recover possession thereof or to foreclose a mortgage or other lien
thereon, must be brought in the county in which the real estate or some
part of it is situated.
(c) Any action which is made local by any statute must be brought in
the county designated in the statute.
(d) Every action against any owner, publisher, editor, author or
printer of a newspaper or magazine of general circulation for libel
contained in that newspaper or magazine may be commenced only in the
county in which the defendant resides or has his, her or its principal office
or in which the article was composed or printed, except when the
defendant resides or the article was printed without this State, in
either of which cases the action may be commenced in any county in which
the libel was circulated or published.
(e) Actions against any insurance company incorporated under the law
of this State or doing business in this State may also be brought in any
county in which the plaintiff or one of the plaintiffs may reside.
(Source: P.A. 93-450, eff. 8-6-03.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-104) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-104)
Sec. 2-104. 
		Wrong venue - Waiver - Motion to transfer. 
		(a) No order or
judgment is void because rendered in the wrong venue, except in case of
judgment by confession as provided in subsection (c) of Section 2-1301 of
this Act.  No action shall abate or be dismissed because commenced in
the wrong venue if there is a proper venue to which the cause may be
transferred.
(b) All objections of improper venue are waived by a defendant
unless a motion to transfer to a proper venue is made by the defendant on or
before the date upon which he or she is required to appear or within any
further time that may be granted him or her to answer or move with respect to
the complaint, except that if a defendant upon whose residence venue
depends is dismissed upon motion of plaintiff, a remaining defendant may
promptly move for transfer as though the dismissed defendant had not
been a party.
(c) Motions for transfer to a proper venue may be supported and
opposed by affidavit.  In determining issues of fact raised by
affidavits, any competent evidence adduced by the parties shall also be
considered.  The determination of any issue of fact in connection with a
motion to transfer does not constitute a determination of the merits of
the case or any aspect thereof.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-105) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-105)
Sec. 2-105. 
		Defendants in different counties - Review. 
		In any action involving defendants residing in different counties in
which venue is based on residence and an appropriate and timely motion
to transfer is made by a defendant not residing in the county, the
overruling of the motion is not ground for reversal if he or she proceeds to
trial on the merits, unless he or she renews the motion at the close of all the
evidence and it appears from the record or the evidence that the
defendant residing within the county was joined without probable cause
and not in good faith for the purpose of obtaining a judgment against
him or her but solely for the purpose of fixing venue in that county.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-106) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-106)
Sec. 2-106. 
		Transfer. 
		(a) Transfer for wrong venue.  If a motion to
transfer is allowed on the ground that the action was commenced in a
wrong venue, the cause shall be transferred to the court in a  proper
venue, subject to any equitable terms and conditions that may be
prescribed.
(b) Method of transfer.  The clerk of the court from which a
transfer is granted shall immediately certify and transmit to the clerk
of the court to which the transfer is ordered the originals of all
papers filed in the case together with copies of all orders entered
therein.  In the event of a severance, certified copies of papers filed
and orders entered shall be transmitted.  The clerk of the court to
which the transfer is ordered shall file the papers and transcript
transmitted to him or her and docket the case, and the action shall proceed and
be determined as if it had originated in that court.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-107) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-107)
Sec. 2-107. 
		Costs and expenses of transfer. 
		The costs attending a transfer shall be taxed by the clerk of the
court from which the transfer is granted, and, together with the filing
fee in the transferee court, shall be paid by plaintiff. If the court
granting the transfer finds that venue was fixed by plaintiff in bad
faith and without probable cause, then it may order the reasonable
expenses of defendant in attending and obtaining a transfer to a proper
venue, including a reasonable attorney's fee, to be paid by plaintiff.
If the costs and expenses are not paid within a reasonable time, the
transferring court shall on motion dismiss the action.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-108) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-108)
Sec. 2-108. 
		Place of trial. 
		All actions shall be tried in the county in which they are commenced,
except as otherwise provided by law.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-109) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-109)
Sec. 2-109. 
		Malicious prosecution - medical malpractice. 
		In all cases alleging malicious prosecution arising out of proceedings
which sought damages for injuries or death by reason of medical,
hospital, or
other healing art malpractice, the plaintiff need not plead or prove
special injury to sustain his or her cause of action. In all such cases
alleging malicious prosecution, no exemplary or punitive damages shall be
allowed.
(Source: P.A. 91-357, eff. 7-29-99.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 2 heading)
Part 2.  
		Process
(735 ILCS 5/2-201) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-201)
Sec. 2-201. Commencement of actions - Forms of process.
(a) Every action, unless otherwise expressly provided by statute,
shall be commenced by the filing of a complaint. The clerk shall issue
summons upon request of the plaintiff. The form and substance of the
summons, and of all other process, and the issuance of alias process,
and the service of copies of pleadings shall be according to
rules.
(b) One or more duplicate original summonses may be issued, marked
"First Duplicate," "Second Duplicate," etc., as the case may be,
whenever it will facilitate the service of summons in any one or more
counties, including the county of venue.
(c) A court's jurisdiction is not affected by a technical error in format of a summons if the summons has been issued by a clerk of the court, the person or entity to be served is identified as a defendant on the summons, and the summons is properly served.  This subsection is declarative of existing law.
(Source: P.A. 100-1048, eff. 8-23-18.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-202) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-202)
Sec. 2-202. Persons authorized to serve process; place of
service; failure to make return.
(a) Process shall be served by a
sheriff, or if the sheriff is disqualified, by a coroner of some county of the
State. In matters where the county or State is an interested party, process may be served by a special investigator appointed by the State's Attorney of the county, as defined in Section 3-9005 of the Counties Code.  A sheriff of a county with a population of less than 2,000,000
may employ civilian personnel to serve process.  In
counties with a population of less than 2,000,000, process may
be served, without special appointment, by a person who is licensed or
registered as a private detective under the Private Detective, Private
Alarm,  Private
Security, Fingerprint Vendor, and Locksmith Act of 2004 or by a registered
employee of a private detective
agency certified under that Act as defined in Section (a-5).  A private detective or licensed
employee must supply the sheriff of any county in which he serves process
with a copy of his license or certificate; however, the failure of a person
to supply the copy shall not in any way impair the validity of process
served by the person. The court may, in its discretion upon motion, order
service to be made by a private person over 18 years of age and not a party
to the action.
It is not necessary that service be made by a sheriff or
coroner of the county in which service is made. If served or sought to be
served by a sheriff or coroner, he or she shall endorse his or her return
thereon, and if by a private person the return shall be by affidavit.
(a-5) Upon motion and in its discretion, the court may appoint as a
special process
server a
private detective agency certified under the Private Detective, Private Alarm,
Private
Security, Fingerprint Vendor, and Locksmith Act of 2004.  Under the appointment,
any employee of
the
private detective agency who is registered under that Act may serve the
process.  The
motion and the order of appointment must contain the number of the certificate
issued to
the private detective agency by the Department of Professional Regulation under
the
Private Detective, Private Alarm, Private Security, Fingerprint Vendor, and Locksmith Act of
2004. A private detective or private detective agency shall send, one time only, a copy of his, her, or its individual private detective license or private detective agency certificate to the county sheriff in each county in which the detective or detective agency or his, her, or its employees serve process, regardless of the size of the population of the county. As long as the license or certificate is valid and meets the requirements of the Department of Financial and Professional Regulation, a new copy of the current license or certificate need not be sent to the sheriff.  A private detective agency shall maintain a list of its registered employees.  Registered employees shall consist of:
(1) an employee who works for the agency holding a     valid Permanent Employee Registration Card;
(2) a person who has applied for a Permanent Employee     Registration Card, has had his or her fingerprints processed and cleared by the Illinois State Police and the FBI, and as to whom the Department of Financial and Professional Regulation website shows that the person's application for a Permanent Employee Registration Card is pending;
(3) a person employed by a private detective agency     who is exempt from a Permanent Employee Registration Card requirement because the person is a current peace officer; and
(4) a private detective who works for a private     detective agency as an employee.
A detective agency shall maintain this list and forward it to any sheriff's department that requests this list within 5 business days after the receipt of the request.
(b) Summons may be served upon the defendants wherever they may be
found in the State, by any person authorized to serve process. An officer
may serve summons in his or her official capacity outside his or her county,
but fees for mileage outside the county of the officer cannot be taxed
as costs. The person serving the process in a foreign county may make
return by mail.
(c) If any sheriff, coroner, or other person to whom any process is
delivered, neglects or refuses to make return of the same, the plaintiff
may petition the court to enter a rule requiring the sheriff, coroner,
or other person, to make return of the process on a day to be fixed by
the court, or to show cause on that day why that person should not be attached
for contempt of the court. The plaintiff shall then cause a written
notice of the rule to be served on the sheriff, coroner, or other
person. If good and sufficient cause be not shown to excuse the officer
or other person, the court shall adjudge him or her guilty of a contempt, and
shall impose punishment as in other cases of contempt.
(d) Except as provided in Sections 1-19, 3-17, 4-14, and 5-252 of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987, if process is served by a sheriff, coroner, or special investigator appointed by the State's Attorney, the court may tax
the fee of the sheriff, coroner, or State's Attorney's special investigator as costs in the proceeding.  If process
is served by a private person or entity, the court may establish a fee
therefor and tax such fee as costs in the proceedings.
(e) In addition to the powers stated in Section 8.1a of the Housing
Authorities Act, in counties with a population of 3,000,000 or more
inhabitants,
members of a housing authority police force may serve process for eviction actions commenced by that housing authority and may execute eviction
orders for that housing authority.
(f) In counties with a population of 3,000,000 or more, process may be
served, with special appointment by the court,
by a private process server or
a law enforcement agency other than the county sheriff
in proceedings instituted under Article IX of this Code as a result of a lessor or
lessor's assignee declaring a lease void pursuant to Section 11 of the
Controlled Substance and Cannabis Nuisance Act.
(Source: P.A. 102-538, eff. 8-20-21; 103-379, eff. 7-28-23.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-203) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-203)
Sec. 2-203. Service on individuals.
(a) Except as otherwise expressly provided, service of summons upon
an individual defendant shall be made (1) by leaving a copy of the summons with
the defendant personally, (2) by leaving a copy at the defendant's
usual place of
abode, with some person of the family or a person residing there, of the
age of 13 years or
upwards, and informing that person of the contents of the summons, provided the
officer or other person making service shall also send a copy of the
summons in a sealed envelope with postage fully prepaid, addressed to
the defendant at his or her usual place of abode, or (3) as provided in
Section 1-2-9.2 of the Illinois Municipal Code with respect to violation of an ordinance governing parking or
standing of vehicles in cities with a population over 500,000.
The certificate of the
officer or affidavit of the person that he or she has sent the copy in
pursuance of this Section is evidence that he or she has done so. No employee of a facility licensed under the Nursing Home Care Act, the Specialized Mental Health Rehabilitation Act of 2013, the ID/DD Community Care Act, or the MC/DD Act shall obstruct an officer or other person making service in compliance with this Section. An employee of a gated residential community shall grant entry into the community, including its common areas and common elements, to a process server authorized under Section 2-202 of this Code who is attempting to serve process on a defendant or witness who resides within or is known to be within the community. As used in this Section, "gated residential community" includes a condominium association, housing cooperative, or private community.
(b) The officer, in his or her certificate or in a record filed and
maintained in the Sheriff's office, or other person making service, in
his or her affidavit or in a record filed and maintained in his or her
employer's
office, shall (1) identify as to sex, race, and approximate age the
defendant or other person with whom the summons was left and (2) state
the place where (whenever possible in terms of an exact street address)
and the date and time of the day when the summons was left with the
defendant or other person.
(c) Any person who knowingly sets forth in the certificate or
affidavit any false statement, shall be liable in civil contempt. When
the court holds a person in civil contempt under this Section, it shall
award such damages as it determines to be just and, when the
contempt is
prosecuted by a private attorney, may award reasonable attorney's fees.
(Source: P.A. 98-104, eff. 7-22-13; 98-966, eff. 1-1-15; 99-180, eff. 7-29-15.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-203.1) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-203.1)
Sec. 2-203.1. 
		Service by special order of court. 
		If service upon an
individual defendant is impractical under items (1) and (2) of subsection
(a) of Section 2-203, the plaintiff may move, without notice, that the
court enter an order directing a comparable method of service.  The motion
shall be accompanied with an affidavit stating the nature and extent of the
investigation made to determine the whereabouts of the defendant and the
reasons why service is impractical under items (1) and (2) of subsection
(a) of Section 2-203, including a specific statement showing that
a diligent inquiry as to the location of the individual defendant was made and
reasonable efforts to make service have been unsuccessful.  The court may
order service to be made in any manner
consistent with due process.
(Source: P.A. 87-1165.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-203.2)
Sec. 2-203.2. Service on an inmate. For the security of a correctional institution
or facility or jail, a process server may be refused entry into that correctional institution
or facility or jail. Each correctional institution or facility or jail shall designate a
representative to accept service from a licensed or registered private detective or agency for
purposes of effectuating service upon an inmate in the custody of the institution, facility,
or jail. With respect to an inmate incarcerated in an Illinois Department of Corrections
facility, the process server shall contact the chief administrative officer in
advance to arrange and designate the time and date, during regularly scheduled business
hours, that the facility representative will meet with and accept service from the process
server. Service upon a warden's or sheriff's representative shall constitute substitute
service and a mailing to the inmate of the process shall be completed by the server in
accordance with Section 2-202. A warden's or sheriff's representative accepting
substitute service shall forward the process to the inmate, but if for any reason the process
is not forwarded to the inmate, the sheriff, sheriff's representative, warden, or warden's
representative shall not be responsible for any civil fine or penalty, or have other liability.
If for any reason an inmate is not in the correctional institution or facility or jail at the
time of the service of process, a warden's or sheriff's representative may refuse to accept
service for the inmate. If it is determined after the process has been left with the
designated representative, that the inmate is not present at that institution or facility or
jail, the designated representative shall promptly return it to the licensed or registered
private detective or agency, indicating that the substitute service could not be effectuated.
The process server shall promptly notify the court of the unsuccessful service.
(Source: P.A. 96-1451, eff. 8-20-10.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-204) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-204)
Sec. 2-204. 
		Service on private corporations. 
		A private corporation may be served (1) by leaving a copy of the
process with its registered agent or any officer or agent of the
corporation found anywhere in the State; or (2) in any other manner now
or hereafter permitted by law. A private corporation may also be
notified by publication and mail in like manner and with like effect as
individuals.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-205) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-205)
Sec. 2-205. 
		Service on partnership and partners. 
		(a) A partnership sued
in its firm name may be served by
leaving a copy of the process with any partner personally or with any agent
of the partnership found
anywhere in the State. A partnership sued in its firm name may also be
notified by publication and mail in like manner and with like effect as
individuals.
(b) When a personal judgment is sought against a known partner for a
partnership liability the partner may be served (1) in any manner
provided for service on individuals or (2) by leaving a copy of the
summons for him or her with any other partner and mailing a copy of the summons
in a sealed envelope with postage prepaid, addressed to the partner
against whom the judgment is sought at his or her usual place of abode as shown
by an affidavit filed in the cause. The certificate of the officer or
the affidavit of the other person making service that he or she has mailed the
copy in pursuance of this section is evidence that he or she has done so.
Service on a nonresident partner against whom a personal judgment is
sought may be made by leaving a copy with any other partner, and
mailing, as provided herein, only if the cause of action sued on is a
partnership liability arising out of the transaction of business within
the State.
(c) When a personal judgment is sought against an unknown owner in an
action authorized under Section 6 of "An Act in relation to the use of an
assumed name in the conduct or transaction of business in this State",
approved July 17, 1941, as amended, service may
be made by leaving a copy of the summons with any agent of the business
and publishing notice in the manner provided by Section 2-206 of this Act.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-205.1) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-205.1)
Sec. 2-205.1. 
		Service on voluntary unincorporated associations. 
		A voluntary
unincorporated association sued in its own name may be served by leaving
a copy of the process with any officer of the association personally or
by leaving a copy of the process at the office of the association with an
agent of the association.  A voluntary unincorporated association sued in
its own name may also be notified by publication and mail in like manner
and with like effect as individuals.
(Source: P.A. 83-901.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-206) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-206)
Sec. 2-206. Service by publication; affidavit; mailing;
certificate.
(a) Whenever, in any action affecting property or status within the
jurisdiction of the court, including an action to obtain the specific
performance, reformation, or rescission of a contract for the conveyance
of land, except for an action brought under Part 15 of Article XV of this Code that is subject to subsection (a-5), the plaintiff or his or her
attorney shall file, at the office of the clerk of the court in which
the action is pending, an affidavit showing that the defendant resides
or has gone out of this State, or on due inquiry cannot be found, or is
concealed within this State, so that process cannot be served upon him or her,
and stating the place of residence of the defendant, if known, or that
upon diligent inquiry his or her place of residence cannot be ascertained, the
clerk shall cause publication to be made in some newspaper published in
the county in which the action is pending.  If there is no newspaper
published in that county, then the publication shall be in a newspaper
published in an adjoining county in this State, having a circulation in
the county in which action is pending.  The publication shall contain
notice of the pendency of the action, the title of the court, the title
of the case, showing the names of the first named plaintiff and the
first named defendant, the number of the case, the names of the parties
to be served by publication, and the date on or after which default may
be entered against such party.  The clerk shall also, within 10 days of the
first publication of the notice, send a copy thereof by mail, addressed
to each defendant whose place of residence is stated in such affidavit.
The certificate of the clerk that he or she has sent the copy in pursuance of
this Section is evidence that he or she has done so.
(a-5) If, in any action brought under Part 15 of Article XV of this Code, the plaintiff, or his or her attorney, shall file, at the office of the clerk of the court in which the action is pending, an affidavit showing that the defendant resides outside of or has left this State, or on due inquiry cannot be found, or is concealed within this State so that process cannot be served upon him or her, and stating the place of residence of the defendant, if known, or that upon diligent inquiry his or her place of residence cannot be ascertained, the plaintiff, or his or her attorney, shall cause publication to be made in some newspaper published in the county in which the action is pending. If there is no newspaper published in that county, then the publication shall be in a newspaper published in an adjoining county in this State, having a circulation in the county in which action is pending. The publication shall contain notice of the pendency of the action, the title of the court, the title of the case, showing the names of the first named plaintiff and the first named defendant, the number of the case, the names of the parties to be served by publication, and the date on or after which default may be entered against such party. It shall be the non-delegable duty of the plaintiff, or his or her attorney, within 10 days of the first publication of the notice, to send a copy thereof by mail, addressed to each defendant whose place of residence is stated in such affidavit. The certificate of the plaintiff, or his or her attorney, that he or she has sent the copy in pursuance of this Section is evidence that he or she has done so. A copy of the certificate shall be filed at the office of the clerk of the court where the action is pending.
(b) In any action brought by a unit of local government to cause the
demolition, repair, or enclosure of a dangerous and unsafe or uncompleted
or abandoned building, notice by publication under this Section may be
commenced during the time during which attempts are made to locate the
defendant for personal service.  In that case, the unit of local government
shall file with the clerk an affidavit stating that the action meets the
requirements of this subsection and that all required attempts are being
made to locate the defendant.  Upon the filing of the affidavit, the clerk
shall cause publication to be made under this Section.  Upon completing the
attempts to locate the defendant required by this Section, the municipality
shall file with the clerk an affidavit meeting the requirements of
subsection (a).  Service under this subsection shall not be deemed to have
been made until the affidavit is filed and service by publication in the
manner prescribed in subsection (a) is completed.
(Source: P.A. 101-539, eff. 1-1-20; 102-156, eff. 1-1-22; 102-558, eff. 8-20-21.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-207) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-207)
Sec. 2-207. 
		Period of Publication - Default. 
		The notice required in the preceding section may be given at any time
after the commencement of the action, and shall be published at least
once in each week for 3 successive weeks. No default or proceeding shall
be taken against any defendant not served with summons, or a copy of the
complaint, and not appearing, unless the first publication be at least
30 days prior to the time when the default or other proceeding is sought
to be taken.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-208) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-208)
Sec. 2-208. 
		Personal service outside State. 
		(a) Personal service of
summons may be made upon any party outside the State. If upon a citizen
or resident of this State or upon a person who has submitted to the
jurisdiction of the courts of this State, it shall have the force and
effect of personal service of summons within this State; otherwise it
shall have the force and effect of service by publication.
(b) The service of summons shall be made in like manner as service
within this State, by any person over 18 years of age not a party to the
action. No order of court is required. An affidavit of the server shall
be filed stating the time, manner and place of service. The court may
consider the affidavit, or any other competent proofs, in determining
whether service has been properly made.
(c) No default shall be entered until the expiration of at least 30
days after service. A default judgment entered on such service may be
set aside only on a showing which would be timely and sufficient to set
aside a default judgment entered on personal service within this State.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-209) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-209)
Sec. 2-209. Act submitting to jurisdiction - Process.
(a) Any person,
whether or not a citizen or resident of this State, who in person or
through an agent does any of the acts hereinafter enumerated, thereby
submits such person, and, if an individual, his or her personal
representative, to the jurisdiction of the courts of this State as to any
cause of action arising from the doing of any of such acts:
(1) The transaction of any business within this State;
(2) The commission of a tortious act within this     State;
(3) The ownership, use, or possession of any real     estate situated in this State;
(4) Contracting to insure any person, property or     risk located within this State at the time of contracting;
(5) With respect to actions of dissolution of     marriage, declaration of invalidity of marriage and legal separation, the maintenance in this State of a matrimonial domicile at the time this cause of action arose or the commission in this State of any act giving rise to the cause of action;
(6) With respect to actions brought under the     Illinois Parentage Act of 1984, as now or hereafter amended, or under the Illinois Parentage Act of 2015 on and after the effective date of that Act, the performance of an act of sexual intercourse within this State during the possible period of conception;
(7) The making or performance of any contract or     promise substantially connected with this State;
(8) The performance of sexual intercourse within this     State which is claimed to have resulted in the conception of a child who resides in this State;
(9) The failure to support a child, spouse or former     spouse who has continued to reside in this State since the person either formerly resided with them in this State or directed them to reside in this State;
(10) The acquisition of ownership, possession or     control of any asset or thing of value present within this State when ownership, possession or control was acquired;
(11) The breach of any fiduciary duty within this     State;
(12) The performance of duties as a director or     officer of a corporation organized under the laws of this State or having its principal place of business within this State;
(13) The ownership of an interest in any trust     administered within this State; or
(14) The exercise of powers granted under the     authority of this State as a fiduciary.
(b) A court may exercise jurisdiction in any action arising within or
without this State against any person who:
(1) Is a natural person present within this State     when served;
(2) Is a natural person domiciled or resident within     this State when the cause of action arose, the action was commenced, or process was served;
(3) Is a corporation organized under the laws of this     State; or
(4) Is a natural person or corporation doing business     within this State.
(b-5)  Foreign defamation judgment.  The courts of this State shall have personal jurisdiction over any person who obtains a judgment in a  defamation  proceeding outside the United States against any person who is a resident of Illinois or, if not a  natural  person,  has  its  principal place of business in Illinois, for the purposes of rendering declaratory relief  with  respect  to  that  resident's  liability for the judgment, or for the purpose of determining whether said  judgment  should  be deemed  non-recognizable pursuant to this Code, to the fullest  extent  permitted  by  the  United  States Constitution, provided:
(1) the publication at issue was published in           Illinois, and
(2)  that  resident  (i)  has assets in Illinois     which might be used to satisfy the foreign defamation  judgment,  or  (ii)  may  have  to  take actions  in Illinois to comply with the foreign defamation judgment.
The provisions of this subsection (b-5) shall apply to persons who obtained judgments in defamation proceedings  outside  the  United  States  prior  to, on, or after the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 95th General Assembly.
(c) A court may also exercise jurisdiction on any other basis now or
hereafter permitted by the Illinois Constitution and the Constitution
of the United States.
(d) Service of process upon any person who is subject to the
jurisdiction of the courts of this State, as provided in this Section,
may be made by personally serving the summons upon the defendant outside
this State, as provided in this Act, with the same force and effect as
though summons had been personally served within this State.
(e) Service of process upon any person who resides or whose business
address is outside the United States and who is subject to the jurisdiction
of the courts of this State, as provided in this Section, in any action based
upon product liability may be made by serving a copy of the summons with a copy
of the complaint attached upon the Secretary of State.  The summons shall be
accompanied by a $5 fee payable to the Secretary of State.  The plaintiff
shall forthwith mail a copy of the summons, upon which the date of service
upon the Secretary is clearly shown, together with a copy of the complaint
to the defendant at his or her last known place of residence or business
address.  Plaintiff shall file with the circuit clerk an affidavit of the
plaintiff or his or her attorney stating the last known place of residence
or the last known business address of the defendant and a certificate of
mailing a copy of the summons and complaint to the defendant at such
address as required by this subsection (e).  The certificate of mailing
shall be prima facie evidence that the plaintiff or his or her attorney
mailed a copy of the summons and complaint to the defendant as required.
Service of the summons shall be deemed to have been made upon the defendant
on the date it is served upon the Secretary and shall have the same force
and effect as though summons had been personally served upon the defendant
within this State.
(f) Only causes of action arising from acts enumerated herein may be
asserted against a defendant in an action in which jurisdiction over him or
her is based upon subsection (a).
(g) Nothing herein contained limits or affects the right to
serve any process in any other manner now or hereafter provided by law.
(Source: P.A. 99-85, eff. 1-1-16.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-209.1) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-209.1)
Sec. 2-209.1. 
		Actions by and against voluntary associations. 
		A
voluntary unincorporated association may sue and be
sued in its own name, and may complain and defend in all actions.  For the
purposes of this Code, "voluntary unincorporated association" means any
organization of 2 or more individuals formed for a common purpose, excluding
a partnership or corporation.
(Source: P.A. 84-1043.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-210) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-210)
Sec. 2-210. 
		Aircraft and Watercraft. 
		(a) For the purposes of this Section:
"aircraft" means any contrivance now known, or hereafter invented,
used or designed for flight in the air;
"watercraft" means any boat, vessel, craft or floating thing designed
for navigation in the water; and
"waters of this State" means the Illinois portion of all boundary
lakes and rivers, and all lakes, rivers, streams, ponds and canals
within the State of Illinois.
(b) The use and operation by any person of an aircraft on the
land of or in the air over this State or the use and operation by any
person of a watercraft in the waters of this State, shall be deemed an
appointment by such person of the Secretary of State, to be his or her true and
lawful attorney upon whom may be served all legal process in any action
or proceeding against him or her, growing out of such use or resulting in
damage or loss to person or property, and such use or operation shall be
signification of his or her agreement that any such process against him or her which
is so served, shall be of the same legal force and validity as though
served upon him or her personally if such person is a nonresident of this State
or at the time a cause of action arises is a resident of this State but
subsequently becomes a nonresident of this State. Service of such
process shall be made by serving a copy upon the Secretary of State, or
by filing such copy in his or her office, together with a fee of $2.00, and
such service shall be sufficient service upon such person; if notice of
such service and a copy of the process are, within 10 days thereafter,
sent by registered mail by the plaintiff to the defendant, at the last
known address of the defendant, and the plaintiff's affidavit of
compliance herewith is appended to the summons. The court in which the
action is pending may order such continuances as may be necessary to
afford the defendant reasonable opportunity to defend the action. The
fee of $2.00 paid by the plaintiff to the Secretary of State at the time
of the service shall be taxed in his or her costs, if he or she prevails in the action.
The Secretary of State shall keep a record of all such processes, which
shall show the day and hours of such services.
(c) When a final judgment is entered against any non-resident
defendant who has not received notice of service and a copy of
the process by registered mail, required to be sent to him or her as above
provided, and such person, his or her heirs, legatees,
executor, administrator
or other legal representatives, as the case may require, shall within
one year after the written notice is given to
him or her of such judgment, or
within 5 years after such judgment, if no such notice has been given,
as above stated, appear and petition the court to be
heard regarding such judgment, and shall pay such costs as the court may deem
reasonable in that behalf, the person so petitioning may appear and
answer the plaintiff's allegations, and thereupon such proceeding shall
be had as if the defendant had appeared in due time and no judgment
had been entered. If it appears upon the hearing that
the judgment
ought not to have been entered against the
defendant, the judgment may be set
aside, altered or amended as shall appear just; otherwise, it shall be
ordered that the judgment stands confirmed against such defendant.
The judgment shall
after 5 years from the entry thereof, if not set aside in the manner
stated above, be deemed and adjudged confirmed against such defendant, and
all persons claiming under him or her by virtue of any act done subsequent to
the commencement of such action, and at the end of the 5 years,
the court may enter such further orders as shall be
required for the enforcement of the judgment.
(Source: P.A. 84-549.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-211) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-211)
Sec. 2-211. 
		
		Service on public, municipal, governmental and
quasi-municipal corporations.
In actions against public, municipal, governmental or quasi-municipal
corporations, summons may be served by leaving a copy with the chairperson
of the county board or county clerk in the case of a county, with the
mayor or city clerk in the case of a city, with the president of the
board of trustees or village clerk in the case of a village, with the
supervisor or town clerk in the case of a town, and with the president
or clerk or other officer corresponding thereto in the case of any other
public, municipal, governmental or quasi-municipal corporation or body.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-212) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-212)
Sec. 2-212. 
		Service on trustee of corporation or receiver. 
		Any trustee of a corporation or its property or any receiver may be
served with summons (1) in any manner provided for service on
individuals or corporations, as is appropriate, or (2) by leaving a copy
thereof with any agent in the employ of the trustee or receiver anywhere
in the State. The trustee or receiver may also be notified by
publication and mail in like manner and with like effect as individuals.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-213) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-213)
Sec. 2-213. 
		Waiver of service.
(a) Notice and request for waiver.  A plaintiff may notify a defendant
of the commencement of an action and request that the defendant waive
service of a summons.  The notice and request shall be in writing in a form
prescribed by Supreme Court rule.  The notice and request shall:
(1) be addressed to an individual who is the     defendant or who could be served as representative of an entity that is the defendant;
(2) be dispatched through first class U.S. mail or     other equally reliable means;
(3) contain a copy of the complaint and identify the     court in which it has been filed;
(4) inform the defendant of the consequences of     compliance and of a failure to comply with the request;
(5) allow the defendant a reasonable time to return     the waiver, which shall be at least (i) 30 days from the date on which the request is sent or (ii) 60 days if the defendant is addressed outside the United States; and
(6) provide the defendant with an extra copy of the     notice and request and prepaid means of compliance in writing.
(b) Limits on waiver.  A defendant who waives service of a summons in
the manner provided in subsection (a) does not thereby waive any objection
to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the
defendant.
(c) Time to appear or answer.  A defendant who returns a timely waiver
of service is not required to appear or serve an answer to the complaint
until (i) 60 days from the date on which the request for waiver of service
was sent or (ii) 90 days if the defendant was addressed outside of the
United States.
(d) Effect of filing.  When a waiver of service is filed by the
plaintiff with the court, the action shall proceed as if a summons and
complaint had been served at the time of filing of the waiver, and no proof
of service shall be required.
(e) Right to refuse to waive service; effect of refusal.  A defendant
may refuse to waive service of a summons.  If a defendant does not return the
waiver provided for in subsection (a), the plaintiff must serve summons on
that defendant as otherwise provided by this Code and Supreme Court rules.
(Source: P.A. 87-352.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 3 heading)
Part 3.  
		Appearance
(735 ILCS 5/2-301) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-301)
Sec. 2-301. Objections to jurisdiction over the person.
(a) Prior to the filing of any other pleading or motion
other than as set forth in subsection (a-6), a
party may
object to the court's jurisdiction over the party's person, either on the
ground
that
the party is not
amenable to process of a court of this State or on the ground of insufficiency
of process
or insufficiency of service of process, by filing a motion to dismiss the
entire
proceeding
or any cause of action involved in the proceeding or by filing a motion to
quash service of
process.  Such a motion may be made singly or included with others in a
combined
motion, but the parts of a combined motion must be identified in the manner
described in
Section 2-619.1.  Unless the facts that constitute the basis for the objection
are apparent
from papers already on file in the case, the motion must be supported by an
affidavit
setting forth those facts.
(a-5) (Blank).
(a-6) A party filing any other pleading  or motion prior to the filing of a motion objecting to the court's jurisdiction over the party's person as set forth in subsection (a) waives all objections to the court's jurisdiction over the party's person prospectively, unless the initial motion filed is one of the following:
(1) A motion for an extension of time to answer or     otherwise plead.
(2) A motion filed under Section 2-1301, 2-1401, or     2-1401.1.     Any motion objecting to the court's jurisdiction over the party's person as set forth in subsection (a) shall be filed within 60 days of the court's order disposing of the initial motion filed under Section 2-1301, 2-1401, or 2-1401.1. Nothing in this subsection precludes a party from filing a motion under subsection (a) combined with a motion under Section 2-1301, 2-1401, or 2-1401.1. If such a combined motion is filed, any objection to the court's jurisdiction over the party's person is not waived.
(b) In disposing of a motion objecting to the
court's jurisdiction over the person
of the objecting
party,  the court shall
consider all matters apparent from the papers on file in the case,
affidavits submitted by any party, and any evidence adduced upon
contested issues of fact.
The court shall enter an appropriate order sustaining or overruling the
objection.
No determination of any issue of fact in
connection with the objection is a determination of the merits of the
case or any aspect thereof. A decision adverse to the objector does not
preclude the objector from making any motion or defense which he or she might
otherwise
have made.
(c) Error in ruling against the objecting party on
the objection is
waived by the party's taking part in further proceedings unless the objection
is on the ground that the party
is not
amenable to process issued by a court of this State.
(Source: P.A. 100-291, eff. 1-1-18.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 4 heading)
Part 4.  
		Parties
(735 ILCS 5/2-401) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-401)
Sec. 2-401. 
		Designation of parties - Misnomer. 
		(a) The party commencing an action shall be called the plaintiff.
The adverse party shall be called the defendant.
(b) Misnomer of a party is not a ground for dismissal but the name
of any party may be corrected at any time, before or after judgment, on
motion, upon any terms and proof that the court requires.
(c) A party shall set forth in the body of his or her pleading the names of
all parties for and against whom relief is sought thereby.
(d) Unless a contrary meaning is indicated, wherever used in this
Act and in rules adopted pursuant hereto the term "plaintiff" includes
counterclaimants and third-party plaintiffs, and the term "defendant"
includes third-party defendants and parties against whom relief is
sought by counterclaim.
(e) Upon application and for good cause shown the parties may
appear under fictitious names.
(Source: P.A. 85-907.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-402) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-402)
Sec. 2-402. Respondents in discovery. The plaintiff
in any civil action may designate as
respondents in discovery in his or her pleading those individuals or
other entities, other than
the named defendants, believed by the plaintiff to have information essential
to the determination of who should properly be named as additional
defendants in the action.
Persons or entities so named as respondents in discovery shall be required
to respond to discovery by the plaintiff in the same manner as are
defendants and may, on motion of the plaintiff, be added as defendants
if the evidence discloses the existence of probable cause for such
action.
A person or entity named a respondent in discovery may upon his or
her own motion be
made a defendant in the action, in which case the provisions of this
Section are no longer applicable to that person.
A copy of the complaint shall be served on each person or entity named as a
respondent in discovery.
Each respondent in discovery shall be paid expenses and fees as
provided for witnesses.
A person or entity named as a respondent in discovery in any civil action may
be made a defendant in the same action at any time within 6 months after
being named as a respondent in discovery, even though the time during
which an action may otherwise be initiated against him or her may have expired
during such 6 month period.
An extension from the original 6-month period for good cause may be granted only once for up to 90 days for (i) withdrawal of plaintiff's counsel or (ii) good cause.  Notwithstanding the limitations in this Section, the court may grant additional reasonable extensions from this 6-month period for a failure or refusal on the part of the respondent to comply with timely filed discovery.
The plaintiff shall serve upon the respondent or respondents a copy of the complaint together with a summons in a form substantially as follows:
"STATE OF ILLINOIS
COUNTY OF ..................
IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ................ COUNTY, ILLINOIS
COUNTY DEPARTMENT, LAW DIVISION
(or, In the Circuit Court of the ............ Judicial Circuit)
...................
Plaintiff(s),
v.
No.
.................
.................,
Defendant(s),
and
PLEASE SERVE:
.................
.................,
Respondent(s) in Discovery.
SUMMONS FOR DISCOVERY
TO RESPONDENT IN DISCOVERY:
YOU ARE HEREBY NOTIFIED that on ................, 20..... ,   a complaint, a copy of which is attached, was filed in the above Court naming you as a Respondent in Discovery. Pursuant to the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure Section 2-402 and Supreme Court Rules 201 et. seq., and/or Court Order entered on .................................., the above named Plaintiff(s) are authorized to proceed with the discovery of the named Respondent(s) in Discovery.
YOU ARE SUMMONED AND COMMANDED to appear for deposition, before a notary public (answer the attached written interrogatories), (respond to the attached request to produce), (or other appropriate discovery tool).
We are scheduled to take the oral discovery deposition of the above named Respondent, .................................., on ........................, 20..., at the hour of .....  a.m./p.m., at the office ..........................................., Illinois, in accordance with the rules and provisions of this Court. Witness and mileage fees in the amount of ....................... are attached (or)
(serve the following interrogatories, request to produce, or other appropriate discovery tool upon Respondent, ....................... to be answered under oath by Respondent, ............................, and delivered to the office of ................................., Illinois, within 28 days from date of service).
TO THE OFFICER/SPECIAL PROCESS SERVER:
This summons must be returned by the officer or other person to whom it was given for service, with endorsement or affidavit of service and fees and an endorsement or affidavit of payment to the Respondent of witness and mileage fees, if any, immediately after service. If service cannot be made, this summons shall be returned so endorsed.
WITNESS, .....................
..............................
Clerk of Court
Date of Service: .........., 20...
(To be inserted by officer on copy left
with Respondent or other person)
Attorney No.
Name:
Attorney for:
Address:
City/State/Zip:
Telephone:".
This amendatory Act of the 94th General Assembly applies to causes of action pending on or after its effective date.
(Source: P.A. 94-582, eff. 1-1-06.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-403) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-403)
Sec. 2-403. 
		Who may be plaintiff - Assignments - Subrogation. 
		(a) The assignee and owner of a non-negotiable chose in action may
sue thereon in his or her own name. Such person shall in his or her pleading
on oath allege
that he or she is the actual bona fide owner thereof, and set forth how and
when he or she acquired title. The action is subject to any defense or
set-off
existing before notice of the assignment.
(b) In all cases in which the chose in action consists of wages due
or to become due to the assignor thereof from the defendant in the
action, at least 5 days' written notice of the pendency of the action
shall be served upon the assignor, before the trial of the same. Upon
application of the assignor of the chose in action the court shall allow
him or her to intervene and be made a party to the action.
 The assignor, or the
defendant to the action on behalf of the assignor, shall be allowed to set
up or affirmatively maintain any just setoff, discount or defense which
the assignor may have to the assignment of the chose in action, or to the
indebtedness, the payment of which is secured by the assignment of the chose
in action.  The
court, by jury or otherwise, shall ascertain the amount of the
indebtedness remaining due and unpaid from the assignor to the assignee
of the chose in action. The judgment, if any, against the defendant
shall not exceed the amount so found to be due and unpaid from the
assignor to the assignee of the chose in action. Judgment for the
balance, if any, remaining due from the defendant, upon the assigned
chose in action, shall be rendered in favor of the assignor and against
the defendant in the action or proceeding. The court may
enter any order
as to costs in the proceeding that may be equitable.
(c) Any action hereafter brought by virtue of the subrogation
provision of any contract or by virtue of subrogation by operation of
law shall be brought either in the name or for the use of the subrogee;
and the subrogee shall in his or her pleading on oath,
or by his or her
affidavit if pleading is not required, allege that he or she is the actual bona
fide subrogee and set forth how and when he or she became subrogee.
(d) A judgment in an action brought and conducted by a subrogee by
virtue of the subrogation provision of any contract or by virtue of any
subrogation by operation of law, whether in the name of the subrogor or
otherwise, is not a bar or a determination on the merits of the case or
any aspect thereof in an action by the subrogor to recover upon any
other cause of action arising out of the same transaction or series of
transactions.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-404) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-404)
Sec. 2-404. 
		Joinder of plaintiffs. 
		All persons may join in one action as plaintiffs,
in whom any right to relief in respect of or arising out of the same
transaction or series of transactions is alleged to exist, whether
jointly, severally or in the alternative, whenever if those persons had
brought separate actions any common question of law or fact would arise.
If upon the application of any party it shall appear that
joinder may embarrass or delay the trial of the action, the court may
order separate trials or enter any other order that may be expedient.
Judgment may be entered for any one or more of the plaintiffs who may be
found to be entitled to relief, for the relief to which he or she or they may
be entitled.
If any one who is a necessary plaintiff, counterclaimant or
third-party plaintiff declines to join, he or she may be made a defendant,
cross defendant or third-party defendant, as the case may be, the reason
therefor being stated in the complaint, counterclaim or third-party
complaint.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-405) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-405)
Sec. 2-405. 
		Joinder of defendants. 
		(a) Any person may be made a defendant who, either jointly,
severally or in the alternative, is alleged to have or claim an interest
in the controversy, or in any part thereof, or in the transaction or
series of transactions out of which the controversy arose, or whom it is
necessary to make a party for the complete determination or settlement
of any question involved therein, or against whom a liability is
asserted either jointly, severally or in the alternative arising out of
the same transaction or series of transactions, regardless of the number
of causes of action joined.
(b) It is not necessary that each defendant be interested as to all
the relief prayed for, or as to every cause of action included in any
proceeding against him or her; but the court may make any order that may be
just to prevent any defendant from being embarrassed or put to expense
by being required to attend any proceedings in which such defendant may have no
interest.
(c) If the plaintiff is in doubt as to the person from whom he or she is
entitled to redress, he or she may join two or more defendants, and state his or her
claim against them in the alternative in the same count or plead
separate counts in the alternative against different defendants, to the
intent that the question which, if any, of the defendants is liable, and
to what extent, may be determined as between the parties.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-406) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-406)
Sec. 2-406. 
		Bringing in new parties - Third-party proceedings. 
		(a) If a complete determination of a controversy cannot be had
without the presence of other parties, the court may direct them to be
brought in. If a person, not a party, has an interest or title which the
judgment may affect, the court, on application, shall direct such person to be
made a party.
(b) Within the time for filing his or her answer or thereafter by leave of
court, a defendant may by third-party complaint bring in as a defendant
a person not a party to the action who is or may be liable to him or her for
all or part of the plaintiff's claim against him or her. Subsequent pleadings
shall be filed as in the case of a complaint and with like designation
and effect. The third-party defendant may assert any defenses which he or she
has to the third-party complaint or which the third-party plaintiff has
to the plaintiff's claim and shall have the same right to file a
counterclaim or third-party complaint as any other defendant. If the
plaintiff desires to assert against the third-party defendant any claim
which the plaintiff might have asserted against the third-party
defendant had he or she been joined originally as a defendant, the plaintiff shall do so
by an appropriate pleading. When a counterclaim is filed against a
party, the party may in like manner proceed against third parties.  Nothing
herein applies to liability insurers.
(c) An action is commenced against a new party by the filing of an
appropriate pleading or the entry of an order naming him or her a party.
Service of process shall be had upon a new party in like manner as is
provided for service on a defendant.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-407) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-407)
Sec. 2-407. 
		Nonjoinder and misjoinder of parties - Change of parties. 
		No action shall be dismissed for misjoinder of parties, or dismissed
for nonjoinder of necessary parties without first affording reasonable
opportunity to add them as parties. New parties may be added and parties
misjoined may be dropped by order of the court, at any stage of the
cause, before or after judgment, as the ends of justice may require and
on terms which the court may fix.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-408) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-408)
Sec. 2-408. 
		Intervention. 
		(a) Upon timely application anyone shall be
permitted as of right to intervene in an action: (1) when a statute
confers an unconditional right to intervene; or (2) when the
representation of the applicant's interest by existing parties is or may
be inadequate and the applicant will or may be bound by an order or
judgment in the action; or (3) when the applicant is so situated as to
be adversely affected by a distribution or other disposition of property
in the custody or subject to the control or disposition of the court or
a court officer.
(b) Upon timely application anyone may in the discretion of the
court be permitted to intervene in an action: (1) when a statute confers
a conditional right to intervene; or (2) when an applicant's claim or
defense and the main action have a question of law or fact in common.
(c) In all cases involving the validity of a constitutional
provision, statute or regulation of this State and affecting the public
interest, the State upon timely application may in the discretion of the
court be permitted to intervene.
(d) In all cases involving the validity of an ordinance or
regulation of a municipality or governmental subdivision of this State
and affecting the public interest, the municipality or governmental
subdivision upon timely application may in the discretion of the court
be permitted to intervene.
(e) A person desiring to intervene shall present a petition setting
forth the grounds for intervention, accompanied by the initial pleading
or motion which he or she proposes to file.  In cases in which the allowance of
intervention is discretionary, the court shall consider whether the
intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the
rights of the original parties.
(f) An intervenor shall have all the rights of an original party,
except that the court may in its order allowing intervention, whether
discretionary or a matter of right, provide that the applicant shall be
bound by orders or judgments, theretofore entered or by evidence
theretofore received, that the applicant shall not raise issues which
might more properly have been raised at an earlier stage of the
proceeding, that the applicant shall not raise new issues or add new
parties, or that in other respects the applicant shall not interfere
with the control of the litigation, as justice and the avoidance of
undue delay may require.
(Source: P.A. 82-783.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-409) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-409)
Sec. 2-409. 
		Interpleader. 
		Persons having claims against the plaintiff arising out of the same
or related subject matter may be joined as defendants and required to
interplead when their claims may expose plaintiff to double or multiple
liability. It is not a ground for objection to interpleader that the
claims of the several claimants or the titles upon which their claims
depend do not have a common origin or are not identical, or are adverse
to or independent of one another, or that the plaintiff avers that he or she is
not liable in whole or in part to any of or all the claimants. A
defendant under similar circumstances may obtain like relief by
counterclaim. The provisions hereof are not a limitation upon the
joinder of parties or causes of action.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-410) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-410)
Sec. 2-410. 
		Actions against joint debtors or partners. 
		All parties to a joint obligation, including a partnership
obligation, may be sued jointly, or separate actions may be brought
against one or more of them. A judgment against fewer than all the
parties to a joint or partnership obligation does not bar an action
against those not included in the judgment or not sued. Nothing herein
permits more than one satisfaction.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-411) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-411)
Sec. 2-411. 
		Actions by or against partnerships. 
		(a) A partnership may sue or be sued in the names of the partners as
individuals doing business as the partnership, or in the firm name, or
both.
(b) An unsatisfied judgment against a partnership in its firm name
does not bar an action to enforce the individual liability of any
partner.
(Source: P.A. 86-483.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-412) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-412)
Sec. 2-412. 
		Saving clause as to change of parties. 
		No change in parties, made by order of court or otherwise, impairs
any previous attachment of the estate or body of any person remaining a
defendant in the action, or bonds or recognizances of any person
remaining a party, either as against such person or his or her sureties, or
receipts to an officer for property attached; and, when parties are
changed, the court may order new bonds if new bonds are necessary.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-413) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-413)
Sec. 2-413. 
		Unknown parties. 
		If in any action there are persons interested therein whose names are
unknown, it shall be lawful to make them parties to the action by the
name and description of unknown owners, or unknown heirs or legatees of
any deceased person, who may have been interested in the subject matter
of the action previous to his or her death; but an affidavit shall be
filed by the party desiring to make those persons parties stating that
their names are unknown. Process may then issue and publication may be
had against those persons by the name and description so given, and
judgments entered in respect to them shall be of the same effect as
though they had been designated by their proper names. If there has been
a person who may have been interested in the action, and upon diligent
inquiry it cannot be ascertained whether the person is living or dead,
it shall be lawful to make those persons who would be his or her heirs and
legatees parties defendant as unknown owners, the same
as if he or she were
known to be dead, but in all those cases an affidavit shall be filed by
the party desiring to make any unknown persons who would be the heirs or
legatees of the person not known to be living or dead parties, stating
that upon due and diligent inquiry it cannot be ascertained whether or
not the person is living or dead and further stating that the names of
the persons who would be his or her heirs or legatees are
unknown. Process may
then issue and publication may be had against all parties by the name
and description of unknown owners, and judgments entered in respect to
the unknown parties shall be of the same effect as though they had been
designated by their proper names. Only one affidavit is necessary under
the provisions of this section for the purpose of making persons
described herein parties to the action.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-414) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-414)
Sec. 2-414. 
		Joint or consolidated affidavits - validation of judgments. 
		(a) If in any action or proceeding the
affidavits required by Section 2-206 and Section 2-413 of this Act are joined
and submitted as a single affidavit, or as two affidavits on one sheet,
the fact of joinder or of consolidation of the two affidavits into one
shall not deprive the court of the jurisdiction it would have had if the
affidavits had been filed as two distinct affidavits; however, the facts
with reference to the nonresident defendants required by Section 2-206 of
this Act, and the facts relative to the unknown parties required by
Section 2-413 of this Act, are otherwise correctly set forth and properly
related in the one affidavit.
(b) Any judgment heretofore entered by the court based upon joint
affidavits or a consolidated affidavit which is regular in other
respects is validated as though the affidavits were separate and
distinct.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-415) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-415)
Sec. 2-415. 
		Appointment of and actions against receivers. 
		(a) Before
any receiver shall be appointed the party making the application shall give
bond to the adverse party in such penalty as the court may order and with
security to be approved by the court conditioned to pay all damages including
reasonable attorney's fees sustained by reason of the
appointment and acts of such receiver, in case the appointment of such receiver
is revoked or set aside. Bond need not be required, when for good cause
shown, and upon notice and full hearing, the court is of the
opinion that a receiver ought to be appointed without such bond.
(b) On an application for the appointment of a receiver, the court may,
in lieu of appointing a receiver, permit the party in possession to retain
such possession upon giving bond with such penalty and with such security
and upon such condition as the court may order and approve; and the court
may remove a receiver and restore the property to the possession of the
party from whom it was taken upon the giving of a like bond.
(c) Every receiver of any property
appointed by any court of this State may be sued in respect of any act
or transaction of the receiver in carrying on the business connected with the
property, without the previous leave of the court in which the receiver
was appointed; but the action shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the
court in which the receiver was appointed, so far as the same is
necessary to the ends of justice.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-416) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-416)
Sec. 2-416. 
		Representation of corporations in small claims. 
		A
corporation may prosecute as plaintiff or defend as defendant
any small claims proceeding in any court of this State through any officer,
director, manager, department manager or supervisor of the corporation,
as though such corporation were appearing in its proper person.
No corporation may appear as assignee or subrogee in a small claims proceeding.
For the purposes of this Section, the term "officer" means the president,
vice-president, registered agent or other person vested with the responsibility
of managing the affairs of the corporation, and "small claims proceeding"
means a civil action based on either tort or contract for money not in excess
of $2,500, exclusive of interests and costs, or for collection of taxes
not in excess of that amount.
(Source: P.A. 84-1043.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-417) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-417)
Sec. 2-417. 
		Actions under Illinois Educational Labor Relations Act. 
		
Whenever the Illinois Educational Labor Relations Board commences an action
under subsection (b) of Section 16 of the Illinois Educational Labor
Relations Act seeking to enforce a final order of the Board or alleging a
violation of a final order, such action shall be commenced by petition
filed in the name of the people of the State of Illinois as Petitioner and
any persons charged with alleged violation of such final order shall be
designated Respondents.  Persons charged with alleged violation of such
final order may not raise as defenses in such action any matters that such
persons could have raised by initiating judicial review of such final order
in accordance with subsection (a) of Section 16 of the Illinois Educational
Labor Relations Act and Section 3-104 of the Administrative Review Law.
(Source: P.A. 84-123.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 5 heading)
Part 5.  
		Appointment of Guardians
(735 ILCS 5/2-501) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-501)
Sec. 2-501. 
		Guardian for persons not in being. 
		In any action, whether
a trust is involved or not, any person or persons not in being are or may
become entitled to, or may upon coming into being claim to be entitled to,
any future interest, legal or equitable, whether arising by way of remainder,
reversion, possibility of reverter, executory devise, upon the happening
of a condition subsequent, or otherwise, in any property, real or personal,
involved in such action, the court may, whenever it may deem it necessary
for the proper and complete determination of such cause, appoint some  competent
and disinterested person as guardian ad litem of such person or persons
not in being; and any judgment or order entered in such action shall be
as binding and effectual for all purposes as though such person or persons
were in being and were parties to such action.  By such appointment, the
person so appointed guardian ad litem, shall not be rendered liable to pay
costs of the action; and shall be allowed a reasonable fee for the services
as such guardian, to be fixed by the court.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-502) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-502)
Sec. 2-502. 
		Guardians for minors. 
		Guardianships for minors shall be
governed by Section 11-13 of the "Probate Act of 1975", as amended.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 6 heading)
Part 6.  
		Pleading
(735 ILCS 5/2-601) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-601)
Sec. 2-601. 
		Substance of pleadings. 
		In all actions, pleadings shall be
as specified in Article II of this Act and the rules. This section does not affect in
any way the substantial allegations of fact necessary to state any cause
of action.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-602) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-602)
Sec. 2-602. 
		Designation and order of pleadings. 
		The first pleading by the plaintiff shall be designated a complaint.
The first pleading by the defendant shall be designated an answer. If
new matter by way of defense is pleaded in the answer, a reply shall be
filed by the plaintiff, but the filing of a reply is not an admission of
the legal sufficiency of the new matter. Further pleadings may be
permitted as required by the court.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-603) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-603)
Sec. 2-603. 
		Form of pleadings. 
		(a) All pleadings shall contain a plain and concise statement of the
pleader's cause of action, counterclaim, defense, or reply.
(b) Each separate cause of action upon which a separate
recovery might be had shall be stated in a separate count or
counterclaim, as the case may be and each count, counterclaim, defense
or reply, shall be separately pleaded, designated and numbered, and each
shall be divided into paragraphs numbered consecutively, each paragraph
containing, as nearly as may be, a separate allegation.
(c) Pleadings shall be liberally construed with a view to doing
substantial justice between the parties.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-604) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-604)
Sec. 2-604. 
		(Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 93-387, eff. 7-25-03. Repealed by P.A. 101-403, eff. 1-1-20.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-604.1) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-604.1)
(Text of Section WITH the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-604.1. 
		Pleading of punitive damages. 
		In all actions
on account of bodily injury or physical damage  to property, based on
negligence, or product liability based on any theory or doctrine,
where punitive damages are permitted
no complaint shall be filed containing a prayer for relief
seeking punitive damages. However, a
plaintiff may, pursuant to a pretrial motion and after a hearing before the
court, amend the complaint to include a prayer for relief seeking punitive
damages. The court shall allow the motion to amend the complaint if the
plaintiff establishes at such hearing a reasonable
likelihood of proving
facts at trial sufficient to support an award of punitive damages. Any
motion to amend the complaint to include a prayer for relief seeking
punitive damages shall be made not later than 30 days after the close of
discovery.
A prayer for relief added pursuant to this Section shall not be
barred by lapse of time under any statute prescribing or limiting the time
within which an action may be brought or right asserted if the time
prescribed or limited had not expired when the original pleading was filed.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(Text of Section WITHOUT the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-604.1. 
		Pleading of punitive damages. 
		In all actions
on account of bodily injury or physical damage  to property, based on
negligence, or product liability based on strict
tort liability,
where punitive damages are permitted
no complaint shall be filed containing a prayer for relief
seeking punitive damages. However, a
plaintiff may, pursuant to a pretrial motion and after a hearing before the
court, amend the complaint to include a prayer for relief seeking punitive
damages. The court shall allow the motion to amend the complaint if the
plaintiff establishes at such hearing a reasonable
likelihood of proving
facts at trial sufficient to support an award of punitive damages. Any
motion to amend the complaint to include a prayer for relief seeking
punitive damages shall be made not later than 30 days after the close of
discovery.
A prayer for relief added pursuant to this Section shall not be
barred by lapse of time under any statute prescribing or limiting the time
within which an action may be brought or right asserted if the time
prescribed or limited had not expired when the original pleading was filed.
(Source: P.A. 84-1431.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-604.2)
Sec. 2-604.2. Requesting remedies from the court.
(a) Except in personal injury actions, every count in every complaint and counterclaim must request specific remedies the party believes it should receive from the court.
In a personal injury action, a party may not claim an amount of money unless necessary to comply with the circuit court rules about where a case is assigned. In a personal injury action, if a complaint is filed that contains an amount claimed and the claim is not necessary to comply with the circuit court rules about where a case is assigned, the complaint shall be dismissed without prejudice on the defendant's motion or on the court's own motion.
(b) A party may request remedies from the court in the alternative. A request for a remedy from the court that is not supported by allegations in the complaint or counterclaim may be objected to by motion or in the answering pleading.
(c) Except in the case of default, the remedies requested from the court do not limit the remedies available. Except in the case of default, if a party seeks remedies other than those listed in the complaint or counterclaim, the court may, by proper order, and upon terms that may be just, protect the adverse party against prejudice by reason of surprise.
In the case of default, if a remedy is sought in the pleading, whether by amendment, counterclaim, or otherwise, that is beyond what the defaulted party requested, notice shall be given to the defaulted party as provided by Illinois Supreme Court Rule 105.
(d) The defendant is not prohibited from requesting from the plaintiff, by interrogatory, the amount of damages sought.
(Source: P.A. 101-403, eff. 1-1-20.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-605) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-605)
Sec. 2-605. 
		Verification of pleadings. 
		(a) Any pleading, although not required to be sworn to, may be
verified by the oath of the party filing it or of any other person or
persons having knowledge of the facts pleaded. Corporations may verify
by the oath of any officer or agent having knowledge of the facts. If
any pleading is so verified, every subsequent pleading must also be
verified, unless verification is excused by the court. In pleadings
which are so verified, the several matters stated shall be stated
positively or upon information and belief only, according to the fact.
Verified allegations do not constitute evidence except by way of
admission.
(b) The allegation of the execution or assignment of any written
instrument is admitted unless denied in a pleading verified by oath,
except in cases in which verification is excused by the court. If the
party making the denial is not the person alleged to have executed or
assigned the instrument, the denial may be made on the information and
belief of that party.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-606) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-606)
Sec. 2-606. 
		Exhibits. 
		If a claim or defense is founded upon a written instrument, a copy
thereof, or of so much of the same as is relevant, must be attached to
the pleading as an exhibit or recited therein, unless the pleader
attaches to his or her pleading an affidavit stating facts showing that the
instrument is not accessible to him or her. In pleading any written instrument
a copy thereof may be attached to the pleading as an exhibit. In either
case the exhibit constitutes a part of the pleading for all purposes.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-607) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-607)
Sec. 2-607. 
		Bills of particulars. 
		(a) Within the time a party is to
respond to a pleading, that party may, if allegations are so wanting in
details that the responding party should be entitled to a bill of
particulars, file and serve a notice demanding it. The notice shall point out
specifically the defects complained of or the details desired.  The
pleader shall have 28 days to file and serve the bill of particulars, and
the party who requested the bill shall have 28 days to plead after being
served with the bill.
(b) If the pleader does not file and serve a bill of particulars within
28 days of the demand, or if the bill of particulars delivered is
insufficient, the court may, on motion and in its discretion, strike the
pleading, allow further time to furnish the bill of particulars or require
a more particular bill to be filed and served.
(c) If a bill of particulars, in an action based on a contract,
contains the statement of items of indebtedness and is verified by oath,
the items thereof are admitted except in so far as the opposite party
files an affidavit specifically denying them, and as to each item denied
states the facts upon which the denial is based, unless the affidavit is
excused by the court.
(d) If the party on whom a demand for a bill of particulars has been
made believes that the party demanding it is not entitled to the
particulars asked for, he or she may move the court that the demand be denied
or modified.
(Source: P.A. 86-646.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-608) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-608)
Sec. 2-608. 
		Counterclaims. 
		(a) Any claim by one or
more defendants against one or more plaintiffs, or against one or more
codefendants, whether in the nature of setoff, recoupment, cross claim
or otherwise, and whether in tort or contract, for liquidated or
unliquidated damages, or for other relief, may be pleaded as a cross
claim in any action, and when so pleaded shall be called a
counterclaim.
(b) The counterclaim shall be a part of the answer, and shall be
designated as a counterclaim.  Service of process on parties already
before the court is not necessary.
(c) Every counterclaim shall be pleaded in the same manner and with
the same particularity as a complaint, and shall be complete in itself,
but allegations set forth in other parts of the answer may be
incorporated by specific reference instead of being repeated.
(d) An answer to a counterclaim and pleadings subsequent thereto
shall be filed as in the case of a complaint and with like designation
and effect.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-609) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-609)
Sec. 2-609. 
		Supplemental pleadings. 
		Supplemental pleadings, setting up matters which
arise after the original pleadings are filed, may be filed within a
reasonable time by either party by leave of court and upon terms.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-610) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-610)
Sec. 2-610. 
		Pleadings to be specific. 
		(a)   Every answer and
subsequent pleading shall contain an explicit admission or denial of
each allegation of the pleading to which it relates.
(b) Every allegation, except allegations of damages, not explicitly
denied is admitted, unless the party states in his or her pleading that he or she has
no knowledge thereof sufficient to form a belief, and attaches an
affidavit of the truth of the statement of want of knowledge, or unless
the party
has had no
opportunity to deny.
(c) Denials must not be evasive, but must fairly answer the
substance of the allegation denied.
(d) If a party wishes to raise an issue as to the amount of damages
only, he or she may do so by stating in his or her pleading that he or she
desires to contest
only the amount of the damages.
(Source: P.A. 83-354.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-612) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-612)
Sec. 2-612. 
		Insufficient pleadings. 
		(a) If any pleading is insufficient in substance or form the court
may order a fuller or more particular statement. If the pleadings do not
sufficiently define the issues the court may order other pleadings
prepared.
(b) No pleading is bad in substance which contains such information
as reasonably informs the opposite party of the nature of the claim or
defense which he or she is called upon to meet.
(c) All defects in pleadings, either in form or substance, not
objected to in the trial court are waived.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-613) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-613)
Sec. 2-613. 
		Separate counts and defenses. 
		(a) Parties may plead as
many causes of action, counterclaims, defenses, and matters in reply
as they may have, and each shall be separately designated and
numbered.
(b) When a party is in doubt as to which of two or more statements
of fact is true, he or she may, regardless of consistency, state them in the
alternative or hypothetically in the same or different counts or
defenses. A bad alternative does not affect a good one.
(c) Defenses to jurisdiction of the subject matter or in abatement
or in bar may be pleaded together, without waiving any defense so
pleaded, but the court may order defenses to jurisdiction of the subject
matter or in abatement to be tried first.  An answer containing only
defenses to jurisdiction of the subject matter or in abatement does not
constitute an admission of the facts alleged in the complaint,
counterclaim or third-party complaint.
(d) The facts constituting any affirmative defense, such as payment,
release, satisfaction, discharge, license, fraud, duress, estoppel,
laches, statute of frauds, illegality, that the negligence of a
complaining party contributed in whole or in part to the injury of which he
complains, that an
instrument or transaction
is either void or voidable in point of law, or cannot be recovered upon
by reason of any statute or by reason of nondelivery, want or failure of
consideration in whole or in part, and any defense which by other
affirmative matter seeks to avoid the legal effect of or defeat the
cause of action set forth in the complaint, counterclaim, or third-party
complaint, in whole or in part, and any ground or defense, whether
affirmative or not, which, if not expressly stated in the pleading,
would be likely to take the opposite party by surprise, must be plainly
set forth in the answer or reply.
(Source: P.A. 84-624.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-614) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-614)
Sec. 2-614. 
		Joinder of causes of action and use of counterclaims. 
		(a)
Any plaintiff or plaintiffs may join any causes of
action, against any defendant or  defendants; and the
defendant may set up in his or her answer any and all cross claims whatever,
whether in the nature of recoupment, setoff or otherwise, which shall be
designated counterclaims.
(b) The court may, in its discretion, order separate trial of any
causes of action, counterclaim or third-party claim if it cannot be
conveniently disposed of with the other issues in the case.  Legal and
equitable issues may be tried together if no jury is employed.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-615) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-615)
Sec. 2-615. 
		Motions with respect to pleadings. 
		(a) All objections to pleadings shall be raised by motion. The
motion shall point out specifically the defects complained of, and shall
ask for appropriate relief, such as: that a pleading or portion thereof
be stricken because substantially insufficient in law, or that the
action be dismissed, or that a pleading be made more definite and
certain in a specified particular, or that designated immaterial matter
be stricken out, or that necessary parties be added, or that designated
misjoined parties be dismissed, and so forth.
(b) If a pleading or a division thereof is objected to by a motion
to dismiss or for judgment or to strike out the pleading, because it is
substantially insufficient in law, the motion must specify wherein the
pleading or division thereof is insufficient.
(c) Upon motions based upon defects in pleadings, substantial
defects in prior pleadings may be considered.
(d) After rulings on motions, the court may enter appropriate orders
either to permit or require pleading over or amending or to terminate
the litigation in whole or in part.
(e) Any party may seasonably move for judgment on the pleadings.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-616) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-616)
Sec. 2-616. 
		Amendments.
(a) At any time before final judgment amendments may be allowed on
just and reasonable terms, introducing any party who ought to have been
joined as plaintiff or defendant, dismissing any party,
changing the cause of action or defense or adding new causes
of action or defenses, and in any matter, either of form or substance,
in any process, pleading, bill of particulars or proceedings, which may
enable the plaintiff to sustain the claim for which it was intended to
be brought or the defendant to make a defense or assert a cross claim.
(b) The cause of action, cross claim or defense set up in any
amended pleading shall not be barred by lapse of time under any statute
or contract prescribing or limiting the time within which an action may
be brought or right asserted, if the time prescribed or limited had not
expired when the original pleading was filed, and if it shall appear
from the original and amended pleadings that the cause of action
asserted, or the defense or cross claim interposed in the amended
pleading grew out of the same transaction or occurrence set up in the
original pleading, even though the original pleading was defective in
that it failed to allege the performance of some act or the existence of
some fact or some other matter which is a necessary condition precedent
to the right of recovery or defense asserted, if the condition precedent
has in fact been performed, and for the purpose of preserving
the cause of action, cross claim or defense set up in the
amended pleading, and for that purpose only, an amendment to any
pleading shall be held to relate back to the date of the filing of the
original pleading so amended.
(c) A pleading may be amended at any time, before or after judgment,
to conform the pleadings to the proofs, upon terms as to costs and
continuance that may be just.
(d) A cause of action against a person not originally named a
defendant is not barred by lapse of time under any statute or contract
prescribing or limiting the time within which an action may be brought
or right asserted, if all the following terms and conditions are met:
(1) the time prescribed or limited had not expired when the original
action was commenced; (2) the person, within the time that the action might
have
been brought or the right asserted against him or her plus the time for
service permitted under Supreme Court Rule 103(b),
received such notice of the commencement
of the action that the person will not be prejudiced in maintaining a defense
on the merits and knew or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning
the identity of the proper party, the action would have been brought against
him or her; and (3) it appears
from the original and
amended pleadings that the cause of action asserted in the amended
pleading grew out of the same transaction or occurrence set up in the
original pleading, even though the original pleading was defective in
that it failed to allege the performance of some act or the existence of
some fact or some other matter which is a necessary condition precedent
to the right of recovery when the condition precedent has in fact been
performed, and even though the person was not named originally as a
defendant. For the purpose of preserving the cause of action under those
conditions, an amendment adding the person as a defendant relates back
to the date of the filing of the original pleading so amended.
(e) A cause of action against a beneficiary of a land trust not
originally named a defendant is not barred by lapse of time under any
statute or contract prescribing or limiting the time within which an action
may be brought or right asserted, if all the following terms and conditions
are met: (1) the cause of action arises from the ownership, use or
possession of real estate, record title whereto is held by a land trustee;
(2) the time prescribed or limited had not expired when the original action
was commenced; (3) the land trustee of record is named as a defendant; and
(4) the plaintiff proceeds with reasonable diligence subsequent to the
commencement of the action to serve process upon the land trustee, to
determine the identity of the beneficiary, and to amend the complaint to
name the beneficiary as a defendant.
(f) The changes made by this amendatory Act of the 92nd General Assembly
apply to all complaints filed on or after the effective date of this amendatory
Act, and to complaints filed before the effective date of this amendatory Act
if the limitation period has not ended before the effective date.
(Source: P.A. 92-116, eff. 1-1-02.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-617) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-617)
Sec. 2-617. 
		Seeking wrong remedy not fatal. 
		Where relief is sought
and the court determines, on motion directed to the pleadings, or on motion
for summary judgment or upon trial, that the plaintiff has pleaded or established
facts which entitled the plaintiff to relief but that the plaintiff has
sought the wrong remedy, the
court shall permit the pleadings to be amended, on just and reasonable terms,
and the court shall grant the relief to which the plaintiff is entitled
on the amended pleadings or upon the evidence.  In considering whether a
proposed amendment is just and reasonable, the court
shall consider the right of the defendant to assert additional defenses,
to demand a trial by jury, to plead a counterclaim or third party complaint,
and to order the plaintiff to take additional steps which were not required
under the pleadings as previously filed.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-618) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-618)
Sec. 2-618. 
		Lost pleadings. 
		If any pleading or paper filed in a cause has been lost or mislaid,
the court may permit the filing of a copy authenticated by such
affidavits as the court may require.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-619) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-619)
Sec. 2-619. 
		
		Involuntary dismissal based upon certain defects or
defenses.   (a) Defendant may, within the time for pleading, file a
motion for dismissal of the action or for other appropriate relief upon
any of the following grounds.  If the grounds do not appear on the face
of the pleading attacked the motion shall be supported by affidavit:
(1) That the court does not have jurisdiction of the subject matter
of the action, provided the defect cannot be removed by a transfer of
the case to a court having jurisdiction.
(2) That the plaintiff does not have legal capacity to sue or that
the defendant does not have legal capacity to be sued.
(3) That there is another action pending between the same parties
for the same cause.
(4) That the cause of action is barred by a prior judgment.
(5) That the action was not commenced within the time limited by
law.
(6) That the claim set forth in the plaintiff's pleading
has been released, satisfied of record, or discharged in bankruptcy.
(7) That the claim asserted is unenforceable under the
provisions of the Statute of Frauds.
(8) That the claim asserted against defendant is
unenforceable because of his or her minority or other disability.
(9) That the claim asserted against defendant is barred by
other affirmative matter avoiding the legal effect of or defeating the
claim.
(b) A similar motion may be made by any other party against whom a
claim is asserted.
(c) If, upon the hearing of the motion, the opposite party presents
affidavits or other proof denying the facts alleged or establishing
facts obviating the grounds of defect, the court may hear and determine
the same and may grant or deny the motion.  If a material and genuine
disputed question of fact is raised the court may decide the motion upon
the affidavits and evidence offered by the parties, or may deny the
motion without prejudice to the right to raise the subject matter of the
motion by answer and shall so deny it if the action is one in which a
party is entitled to a trial by jury and a jury demand has been filed by
the opposite party in apt time.
(d) The raising of any of the foregoing matters by motion under this
Section does not preclude the raising of them subsequently by answer
unless the court has disposed of the motion on its merits; and a failure
to raise any of them by motion does not preclude raising them by answer.
(e) Pleading over after denial by the court of a motion under this
Section is not a waiver of any error in the decision denying the motion.
(f) The form and contents of and procedure relating to affidavits
under this Section shall be as provided by rule.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-619.1) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-619.1)
Sec. 2-619.1. 
		Combined motions. 
		Motions with respect to
pleadings under Section 2-615, motions for involuntary dismissal
or other relief under Section 2-619, and motions for summary
judgment under Section 2-1005 may be filed together as a single
motion in any combination.  A combined motion, however, shall be
in parts.  Each part shall be limited to and shall specify that
it is made under one of Sections 2-615, 2-619, or 2-1005.  Each
part shall also clearly show the points or grounds relied upon
under the Section upon which it is based.
(Source: P.A. 86-1156.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-620) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-620)
Sec. 2-620. 
		Practice on motions. 
		The form and contents of motions, notices regarding the same,
hearings on motions, and all other matters of procedure relative
thereto, shall be according to rules.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-621) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-621)
(Text of Section WITH the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-621. 
		Product liability actions.
(a) In any product liability
action based on any theory or doctrine commenced or maintained against a
defendant or defendants other than
the manufacturer, that party shall upon answering or otherwise pleading
file an affidavit certifying the correct identity of the manufacturer of
the product allegedly causing injury, death or damage.  The commencement
of a product liability action based on any theory or doctrine against such
defendant or defendants shall toll
the applicable statute of limitation and statute of repose relative to the
defendant or defendants for purposes of asserting a strict liability in
tort cause of action.
(b) Once the plaintiff has filed a complaint against the manufacturer
or manufacturers, and the manufacturer or manufacturers have or are required
to have answered or otherwise pleaded, the court shall order the dismissal
of a product liability action based on any theory or doctrine against the
certifying defendant or
defendants, provided the certifying defendant or defendants are not within
the categories set forth in subsection (c) of this Section.  Due diligence
shall be exercised by the certifying defendant or defendants in providing
the plaintiff with the correct identity of the manufacturer or manufacturers,
and due diligence shall be exercised by the plaintiff in filing an action
and obtaining jurisdiction over the manufacturer or manufacturers.
The plaintiff may at any time subsequent to the dismissal move to vacate
the order of dismissal and reinstate the certifying defendant or defendants,
provided plaintiff can show one or more of the following:
(1) That the applicable period of statute of     limitation or statute of repose bars the assertion of a cause of action against the manufacturer or manufacturers of the product allegedly causing the injury, death or damage; or
(2) That the identity of the manufacturer given to     the plaintiff by the certifying defendant or defendants was incorrect.  Once the correct identity of the manufacturer has been given by the certifying defendant or defendants the court shall again dismiss the certifying defendant or defendants; or
(3) That the manufacturer no longer exists, cannot be     subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of this State, or, despite due diligence, the manufacturer is not amenable to service of process; or
(4) That the manufacturer is unable to satisfy any     judgment as determined by the court; or
(5) That the court determines that the manufacturer     would be unable to satisfy a reasonable settlement or other agreement with plaintiff.
(c) A court shall not enter a dismissal order relative to any certifying
defendant or defendants other than the manufacturer even though full compliance
with subsection (a) of this Section has been made where the plaintiff can
show one or more of the following:
(1) That the defendant has exercised some significant     control over the design or manufacture of the product, or has provided instructions or warnings to the manufacturer relative to the alleged defect in the product which caused the injury, death or damage; or
(2) That the defendant had actual knowledge of the     defect in the product which caused the injury, death or damage; or
(3) That the defendant created the defect in the     product which caused the injury, death or damage.
(d) Nothing contained in this Section shall be construed to grant a cause
of action on any legal theory
or doctrine, or to affect
the right of any person to seek and obtain indemnity or contribution.
(e) This Section applies to all causes of action accruing on or after
September 24, 1979.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(Text of Section WITHOUT the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-621. 
		Product liability actions.
(a) In any product liability action based in whole or in part on the
doctrine of strict liability in
tort commenced or maintained against a defendant or defendants other than
the manufacturer, that party shall upon answering or otherwise pleading
file an affidavit certifying the correct identity of the manufacturer of
the product allegedly causing injury, death or damage.  The commencement
of a product liability action based in whole or
in part on the doctrine
of strict liability in tort against such defendant or defendants shall toll
the applicable statute of limitation and statute of repose relative to the
defendant or defendants for purposes of asserting a strict liability in
tort cause of action.
(b) Once the plaintiff has filed a complaint against the manufacturer
or manufacturers, and the manufacturer or manufacturers have or are required
to have answered or otherwise pleaded, the court shall order the dismissal
of a strict
liability in tort claim against the certifying defendant or
defendants, provided the certifying defendant or defendants are not within
the categories set forth in subsection (c) of this Section.  Due diligence
shall be exercised by the certifying defendant or defendants in providing
the plaintiff with the correct identity of the manufacturer or manufacturers,
and due diligence shall be exercised by the plaintiff in filing an action
and obtaining jurisdiction over the manufacturer or manufacturers.
The plaintiff may at any time subsequent to the dismissal move to vacate
the order of dismissal and reinstate the certifying defendant or defendants,
provided plaintiff can show one or more of the following:
(1) That the applicable period of statute of limitation or statute of
repose bars the assertion of a strict liability in tort cause of action
against the manufacturer or manufacturers of the product allegedly causing
the injury, death or damage; or
(2) That the identity of the manufacturer given to the plaintiff by the
certifying defendant or defendants was incorrect.  Once the correct identity
of the manufacturer has been given by the certifying defendant or defendants
the court shall again dismiss the certifying defendant or defendants; or
(3) That the manufacturer no longer exists, cannot be subject to the
jurisdiction
of the courts of this State, or, despite due diligence, the manufacturer
is not amenable to service of process; or
(4) That the manufacturer is unable to satisfy any judgment as determined
by the court; or
(5) That the court determines that the manufacturer would be unable to
satisfy a reasonable settlement or other agreement with plaintiff.
(c) A court shall not enter a dismissal order relative to any certifying
defendant or defendants other than the manufacturer even though full compliance
with subsection (a) of this Section has been made where the plaintiff can
show one or more of the following:
(1) That the defendant has exercised some significant control over the
design or manufacture of the product, or has provided instructions or warnings
to the manufacturer relative to the alleged defect in the product which
caused the injury, death or damage; or
(2) That the defendant had actual knowledge of the defect in the product
which caused the injury, death or damage; or
(3) That the defendant created the defect in the product which caused
the injury, death or damage.
(d) Nothing contained in this Section shall be construed to grant a cause
of action in strict liability in tort or any other legal theory, or to affect
the right of any person to seek and obtain indemnity or contribution.
(e) This Section applies to all causes of action accruing on or after
September 24, 1979.
(Source: P.A. 84-1043.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-622) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-622)
Sec. 2-622. Healing art malpractice.
(a) In any action, whether in
tort, contract or otherwise, in which the plaintiff seeks damages for
injuries or death by reason of medical, hospital, or other healing art
malpractice, the plaintiff's attorney or the plaintiff, if the plaintiff is
proceeding pro se, shall file an affidavit, attached to the original and
all copies of the complaint, declaring one of the following:
1. That the affiant has consulted and reviewed the     facts of the case with a health professional who the affiant reasonably believes: (i) is knowledgeable in the relevant issues involved in the particular action; (ii) practices or has practiced within the last 6 years or teaches or has taught within the last 6 years in the same area of health care or medicine that is at issue in the particular action; and (iii) is qualified by experience or demonstrated competence in the subject of the case; that the reviewing health professional has determined in a written report, after a review of the medical record and other relevant material involved in the particular action that there is a reasonable and meritorious cause for the filing of such action; and that the affiant has concluded on the basis of the reviewing health professional's review and consultation that there is a reasonable and meritorious cause for filing of such action. If the affidavit is filed as to a defendant who is a physician licensed to treat human ailments without the use of drugs or medicines and without operative surgery, a dentist, a podiatric physician, a psychologist, or a naprapath,  the written report must be from a health professional licensed in the same profession, with the same class of license, as the defendant.  For affidavits filed as to all other defendants, the written report must be from a physician licensed to practice medicine in all its branches.   In either event, the affidavit must identify the profession of the reviewing health professional. A copy of the written report, clearly identifying the plaintiff and the reasons for the reviewing health professional's determination that a reasonable and meritorious cause for the filing of the action exists, must be attached to the affidavit, but information which would identify the reviewing health professional may be deleted from the copy so attached.
2. That the affiant was unable to obtain a     consultation required by paragraph 1 because a statute of limitations would impair the action and the consultation required could not be obtained before the expiration of the statute of limitations.  If an affidavit is executed pursuant to this paragraph, the certificate and written report required by paragraph 1 shall be filed within 90 days after the filing of the complaint.    The defendant shall be excused from answering or otherwise pleading until 30 days after being served with a certificate required by paragraph 1.
3. That a request has been made by the plaintiff or     his attorney for examination and copying of records pursuant to Part 20 of Article VIII of this Code and the party required to comply under those Sections has failed to produce such records within 60 days of the receipt of the request.  If an affidavit is executed pursuant to this paragraph, the certificate and written report required by paragraph 1 shall be filed within 90 days following receipt of the requested records.  All defendants except those whose failure to comply with Part 20 of Article VIII of this Code is the basis for an affidavit under this paragraph shall be excused from answering or otherwise pleading until 30 days after being served with the certificate required by paragraph 1.
(b)
Where
a certificate and written report are required pursuant to this
Section a separate
certificate and written report shall be filed as to each
defendant who has been named in the complaint and shall be filed as to each
defendant named at a later time.
(c)
Where the plaintiff intends to rely on the doctrine of "res ipsa
loquitur", as defined by Section 2-1113 of this Code, the
certificate and
written report must state that, in the opinion of the reviewing health
professional, negligence has occurred in the course of medical treatment.
The affiant shall certify upon filing of the complaint that he is relying
on the doctrine of "res ipsa loquitur".
(d)
When the attorney intends to rely on the doctrine of failure to
inform of the consequences of the procedure, the attorney shall certify
upon the filing of the complaint that the reviewing health professional
has, after reviewing the medical record and other relevant materials involved
in the particular action, concluded that a reasonable health professional
would have informed the patient of the consequences of the procedure.
(e)

Allegations and denials in the affidavit, made without reasonable
cause and found to be untrue, shall subject the party pleading them or his
attorney, or both, to the payment of reasonable expenses, actually incurred
by the other party by reason of the untrue pleading, together with
reasonable attorneys' fees to be summarily taxed by the court upon motion
made within 30 days of the judgment or dismissal. In no event shall the
award for attorneys' fees and expenses exceed those actually paid by the
moving party, including the insurer, if any. In proceedings under this
paragraph (e), the moving party shall have the right to depose and examine
any and all reviewing health professionals who prepared reports used in
conjunction with an affidavit required by this Section.
(f)
A reviewing health professional who in good faith prepares a report
used in conjunction with an affidavit required by this Section shall have
civil immunity from liability which otherwise might result from the
preparation of such report.
(g)
The failure
to file a certificate required by
this Section shall be
grounds for dismissal
under Section 2-619.
(h) (Blank).
(i) (Blank).
(Source: P.A. 97-1145, eff. 1-18-13; 98-214, eff. 8-9-13.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-623)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-623. 
		Certificate of merit; product liability.
(a) In a product liability action, as defined in Section 2-2101, in which
the
plaintiff seeks
damages for harm,
the plaintiff's attorney or the plaintiff, if the plaintiff is proceeding pro
se, shall file an affidavit, attached to the original and all copies of the
complaint, declaring one of the following:
(1) That the affiant has consulted and reviewed the     facts of the case with a qualified expert, as defined in subsection (c), who has completed a written report, after examination of the product or a review of literature pertaining to the product, in accordance with the following requirements:
(A) In an action based on strict liability in         tort or implied warranty, the report must:
(i) identify specific defects in the product             that have a potential for harm beyond that which would be objectively contemplated by the ordinary user of the product; and
(ii) contain a determination that the product             was unreasonably dangerous and in a defective condition when it left the control of the manufacturer.
(B) In any other product liability action, the         report must identify the specific act or omission or other fault, as defined in Section 2-1116, on the part of the defendant.
(C) In any product liability action, the report         must contain a determination that the defective condition of the product or other fault was a proximate cause of the plaintiff's harm.
(2) That the plaintiff has not previously voluntarily     dismissed an action based upon the same or substantially the same acts, omissions, or occurrences and that the affiant was unable to obtain a consultation required by paragraph (1) because either a statute of limitations would impair the action and the consultation required could not be obtained before the expiration of the statute of limitations or despite a good faith effort to comply with this Section, the plaintiff was prevented by another person from inspecting or conducting nondestructive testing of the product.  If an affidavit is executed pursuant to this paragraph, the affidavit required by paragraph (1) shall be filed within 90 days after the filing of the complaint. The defendant shall be excused from answering or otherwise pleading until 30 days after being served with an affidavit required by paragraph (1). No plaintiff shall be afforded the 90-day extension of time provided by this paragraph (2) if he or she has voluntarily dismissed an action for the same harm against the same defendant.
(b) When the defective condition referred to in the written report required
under paragraph (1) of subsection (a) is based on a design defect, the affiant
shall further state that the qualified expert, as defined in subsection (c),
has
identified in the written report required under subsection (a) either: (i) a
feasible alternative design that existed at the time the product left the
manufacturer's control; or (ii) an applicable government or industry standard
to which the product did not conform.
(c) A qualified expert, for the purposes of subsections (a) and (b), is
someone who possesses scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
regarding the product at issue or similar products and who is qualified to
prepare the report required by subsections (a) and (b).
(d) A copy of the written report required by subsections (a) and (b) shall
be attached to the original and all copies of the complaint.  The report shall
include the name and address of the expert.
(e) The failure to file an affidavit required by subsections (a) and (b)
shall be grounds for dismissal under Section 2-619.
(f) Any related allegations concerning healing art malpractice must include
an affidavit under Section 2-622.
(g) This amendatory Act of 1995 applies only to causes of action filed on
or after its effective date.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-624)
Sec. 2-624. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95. Repealed by P.A. 97-1145, eff. 1-18-13.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 7 heading)
Part 7.  
		Action for Declaratory Judgment
(735 ILCS 5/2-701) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-701)
Sec. 2-701. 
		Declaratory judgments. 
		(a) No action or proceeding is
open to objection on the ground that a merely declaratory judgment or
order is sought thereby.  The court may, in cases of actual controversy,
make binding declarations of rights, having the force of final
judgments, whether or not any consequential relief is or could be
claimed, including the determination, at the instance of anyone
interested in the controversy, of the construction of any statute,
municipal ordinance, or other governmental regulation, or of any deed,
will, contract or other written instrument, and a declaration of the
rights of the parties interested.  The foregoing enumeration does not
exclude other cases of actual controversy.  The court shall refuse to
enter a declaratory judgment or order, if it appears that the judgment
or order, would not terminate the controversy or some part thereof,
giving rise to the proceeding.  In no event shall the court entertain
any action or proceeding for a declaratory judgment or order involving
any political question where the defendant is a State officer whose
election is provided for by the Constitution;  however, nothing herein
shall prevent the court from entertaining any such action or proceeding
for a declaratory judgment or order if such question also involves a
constitutional convention or the construction of a statute involving a
constitutional convention.
(b) Declarations of rights, as herein provided
for, may be obtained by means of a pleading seeking that relief alone,
or as incident to or part of a complaint, counterclaim or other pleading
seeking other relief as well, and if a declaration of rights is the only
relief asked, the case may be set for early hearing as in the case of a
motion.
(c) If further relief based upon a declaration of right becomes
necessary or proper after the declaration has been made, application may
be made by petition to any court having jurisdiction for an order
directed to any party or parties whose rights have been determined by
the declaration to show cause why the further relief should not be
granted forthwith, upon reasonable notice prescribed by the court in its
order.
(d) If a proceeding under this Section involves the determination of
issues of fact triable by a jury, they shall be tried and determined in
the same manner as issues of fact are tried and determined in other
civil actions in the court in which the proceeding is pending.
(e) Unless the parties agree by stipulation as to the allowance
thereof, costs in proceedings authorized by this Section shall be
allowed in accordance with rules.  In the absence of rules the practice
in other civil actions shall be followed if applicable, and if not
applicable, the costs may be taxed as to the court seems just.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-702)
Sec. 2-702. Petition for a certificate of innocence that the petitioner was innocent of all offenses for which he or she was incarcerated.
(a) The General Assembly finds and declares that innocent persons who have been wrongly convicted of crimes in Illinois and subsequently imprisoned have been frustrated in seeking legal redress due to a variety of substantive and technical obstacles in the law and that such persons should have an available avenue to obtain a finding of innocence so that they may obtain relief through a petition in the Court of Claims. The General Assembly further finds misleading the current legal nomenclature which compels an innocent person to seek a pardon for being wrongfully incarcerated.   It is the intent of the General Assembly that the court, in exercising its discretion as permitted by law regarding the weight and admissibility of evidence submitted pursuant to this Section, shall, in the interest of justice, give due consideration to difficulties of proof caused by the passage of time, the death or unavailability of witnesses, the destruction of evidence or other factors not caused by such persons or those acting on their behalf.
(b) Any person convicted and subsequently imprisoned for one or more felonies by the State of Illinois which he or she did not commit may, under the conditions hereinafter provided, file a petition for certificate of innocence in the circuit court of the county in which the person was convicted. The petition shall request a certificate of innocence finding that the petitioner was innocent of all offenses for which he or she was incarcerated.
(c) In order to present the claim for certificate of innocence of an unjust conviction and imprisonment, the petitioner must attach to his or her petition documentation demonstrating that:
(1) he or she has been convicted of one or more     felonies by the State of Illinois and subsequently sentenced to a term of imprisonment, and has served all or any part of the sentence; and
(2) his or her judgment of conviction was reversed or     vacated, and the indictment or information dismissed or, if a new trial was ordered, either he or she was found not guilty at the new trial or he or she was not retried and the indictment or information dismissed; or the statute, or application thereof, on which the indictment or information was based violated the Constitution of the United States or the State of Illinois; and
(3) his or her claim is not time barred by the     provisions of subsection (i) of this Section.
(d) The petition shall state facts in sufficient detail to permit the court to find that the petitioner is likely to succeed at trial in proving that the petitioner is innocent of the offenses charged in the indictment or information or his or her acts or omissions charged in the indictment or information did not constitute a felony or misdemeanor against the State of Illinois, and the petitioner did not by his or her own conduct voluntarily cause or bring about his or her conviction. The petition shall be verified by the petitioner.
(e) A copy of the petition shall be served on the Attorney General and the State's Attorney of the county where the conviction was had. The Attorney General and the State's Attorney of the county where the conviction was had shall have the right to intervene as parties.
(f) In any hearing seeking a certificate of innocence, the court may take judicial notice of prior sworn testimony or evidence admitted in the criminal proceedings related to the convictions which resulted in the alleged wrongful incarceration, if the petitioner was either represented by counsel at such prior proceedings or the right to counsel was knowingly waived.
(g) In order to obtain a certificate of innocence the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of evidence that:
(1) the petitioner was convicted of one or more     felonies by the State of Illinois and subsequently sentenced to a term of imprisonment, and has served all or any part of the sentence;
(2)(A) the judgment of conviction was reversed or     vacated, and the indictment or information dismissed or, if a new trial was ordered, either the petitioner was found not guilty at the new trial or the petitioner was not retried and the indictment or information dismissed; or (B) the statute, or application thereof, on which the indictment or information was based violated the Constitution of the United States or the State of Illinois;
(3) the petitioner is innocent of the offenses     charged in the indictment or information or his or her acts or omissions charged in the indictment or information did not constitute a felony or misdemeanor against the State; and
(4) the petitioner did not by his or her own conduct        voluntarily cause or bring about his or her conviction.
(h) If the court finds that the petitioner is entitled to a
judgment, it shall enter a certificate of innocence finding that
the petitioner was innocent of all offenses for which he or she was incarcerated.  Upon entry of the certificate of innocence or pardon from the Governor stating that such pardon was issued on the ground of innocence of the crime for which he or she was imprisoned, (1) the clerk of the court shall transmit a copy of the certificate of innocence to the clerk of the Court of Claims, together with the claimant's current address; and (2) the court shall enter an order expunging the record of arrest from the
official records of the
arresting authority and order that the records of the clerk of the circuit
court and the Illinois State Police be sealed until further order of the court upon good cause shown
or as otherwise provided
herein, and the name of the defendant obliterated from the official index
requested to be kept by the
circuit court clerk under Section 16 of the Clerks of Courts Act in connection
with the arrest and
conviction for the offense but the order shall not affect any index issued by
the circuit court clerk before the entry of the order. The court shall enter the expungement order regardless of whether the petitioner has prior criminal convictions.
All records sealed by the Illinois State Police may be
disseminated by the Department only as required by law or to the arresting
authority, the State's Attorney, the court upon a later arrest for the same or
similar offense, or for the purpose of sentencing for any subsequent felony.
Upon conviction for any subsequent offense, the Department of Corrections shall
have access to all sealed records of the Department
pertaining to that individual.
Upon entry of the order of expungement, the clerk of the circuit court shall
promptly mail a copy of the order to the person whose records were expunged and
sealed.
(i) Any person seeking a certificate of innocence under this
Section based on the dismissal of an indictment or information
or acquittal that occurred before the effective date of this
amendatory Act of the 95th General Assembly shall file his or
her petition within 2 years after the effective date of this
amendatory Act of the 95th General Assembly. Any person seeking
a certificate of innocence under this Section based on the
dismissal of an indictment or information or acquittal that
occurred on or after the effective date of this amendatory Act
of the 95th General Assembly shall file his or her petition
within 2 years after the dismissal.
(j) The decision to grant or deny a certificate of innocence shall be binding only with respect to claims filed in the Court of Claims and shall not have a res judicata effect on any other proceedings.
(Source: P.A. 102-538, eff. 8-20-21.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 8 heading)
Part 8.  
		Class Action
(735 ILCS 5/2-801) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-801)
Sec. 2-801. 
		Prerequisites for the maintenance of a class action. 
		An action may be maintained as a class action in any court of this State
and a party may sue or be sued as a representative party of the class
only if the court finds:
(1) The class is so numerous that joinder of all members is
impracticable.
(2) There are questions of fact or law common to the class, which
common questions predominate over any questions affecting only
individual members.
(3) The representative parties will fairly and adequately protect
the interest of the class.
(4) The class action is an appropriate method for the fair and
efficient adjudication of the controversy.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-802) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-802)
Sec. 2-802. 
		Order and findings relative to the class. 
		(a) Determination of Class.  As soon as practicable after the
commencement of an action brought as a class action, the court shall
determine by order whether it may be so maintained and describe those
whom the court finds to be members of the class.  This order may be
conditional and may be amended before a decision on the merits.
(b) Class Action on Limited Issues and Sub-classes.  When
appropriate, an action may be brought or maintained as a class action
with respect to particular issues, or divided into sub-classes  and each
sub-class treated as a class.  The provisions of this rule shall then be
construed and applied accordingly.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-803) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-803)
Sec. 2-803. 
		Notice in class cases. 
		Upon a determination that an
action may be maintained as a class action, or at any time during the
conduct of the action, the court in its discretion may order such notice
that it deems necessary to protect the interests of the class and the
parties.
An order entered under subsection (a) of Section 2-802
of this Act, determining
that an action may be maintained as a class action, may be conditioned
upon the giving of such notice as the court deems appropriate.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-804) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-804)
Sec. 2-804. 
		Intervention by and exclusion of class members. 
		(a) Intervention.  Any class member seeking to intervene or
otherwise appear in the action may do so with leave of court and such
leave shall be liberally granted except when the court finds that such
intervention will disrupt the conduct of the action or otherwise
prejudice the rights of the parties or the class.
(b) Exclusion.  Any class member seeking to be excluded from a class
action may request such exclusion and any judgment entered in the action
shall not apply to persons who properly request to be excluded.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-805) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-805)
Sec. 2-805. 
		Judgments in class cases. 
		Any judgment entered in a class action brought under Section 2-801
of this Act shall be binding on all class members, as the class is defined by the
court, except those who have been properly excluded from the class under
subsection (b) of Section 2-804 of this Act.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-806) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-806)
Sec. 2-806. 
		Dismissal or compromise of class cases. 
		Any action brought as a class action under Section 2-801 of this Act shall not be
compromised or dismissed except with the approval of the court and,
unless excused for good cause shown, upon notice as the court may
direct.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-807)
Sec. 2-807. Residual funds in a common fund created in a class action.
(a) Definitions. As used in this Section:
"Eligible organization" means a not-for-profit organization that:
(i) has been in existence for no less than 3 years;
(ii) has been tax exempt for no less than 3 years     from the payment of federal taxes under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code;
(iii) is in compliance with registration and filing     requirements applicable pursuant to the Charitable Trust Act and the Solicitation for Charity Act; and
(iv) has a principal purpose of promoting or     providing services that would be eligible for funding under the Illinois Equal Justice Act.
"Residual funds" means all unclaimed funds, including uncashed checks or other unclaimed payments, that remain in a common fund created in a class action after court-approved  payments are made for the following:
(i) class member claims;
(ii) attorney's fees and costs; and
(iii) any reversions to a defendant agreed upon by     the parties.
(b) Settlement. An order approving a proposed settlement of a class action that results in the creation of a common fund for the benefit of the class shall, consistent with the other Sections of this Part, establish a process for the administration of the settlement and shall provide for the distribution of any residual funds to one or more eligible organizations, except that up to 50% of the residual funds may be distributed to one or more other nonprofit charitable organizations or other organizations that serve the public good if the court finds there is good cause to approve such a distribution as part of a settlement.
(c) Judgment. A judgment in favor of the plaintiff in a class action that results in the creation of a common fund for the benefit of the class shall provide for the distribution of any residual funds to one or more eligible organizations.
(d) State and its political subdivisions. This Section does not apply to any class action lawsuit against the State of Illinois or any of its political subdivisions.
(e) Application. This Section applies to all actions commenced on or after the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 95th General Assembly and to all actions pending on the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 95th General Assembly for which no court order has been entered preliminarily approving a proposed settlement for a class of plaintiffs.
(Source: P.A. 95-479, eff. 7-1-08.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 9 heading)
Part 9.  
		Action on Penal Bond
(735 ILCS 5/2-901) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-901)
Sec. 2-901. 
		Actions on penal bonds. 
		In an action on a penal bond the plaintiff may allege as many
breaches as the plaintiff may think fit. Damages shall be assessed for the breaches
which are proved. The judgment for the penalty stands as security for
all other breaches which may occur thereafter. The court may at any
time thereafter, upon motion of plaintiff and 10 days' notice, assess
damages for each subsequent breach. An order shall be entered after each
assessment of damages for the enforcement of the judgment for the amount of
the additional damages assessed, until the full amount of the judgment
is paid.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 10 heading)
Part 10.  
		Pre-trial Steps
(735 ILCS 5/2-1001) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1001)
Sec. 2-1001. Substitution of judge.
(a) A substitution of judge in any civil action may be had in the following
situations:
(1) Involvement of judge.  When the judge is a party     or interested in the action, or his or her testimony is material to either of the parties to the action, or he or she is related to or has been counsel for any party in regard to the matter in controversy. In any such situation a substitution of judge may be awarded by the court with or without the application of either party.
(2) Substitution as of right.  When a party timely     exercises his or her right to a substitution without cause as provided in this paragraph (2).
(i) Each party shall be entitled to one         substitution of judge without cause as a matter of right.
(ii) An application for substitution of judge as         of right shall be made by motion and shall be granted if it is presented before trial or hearing begins and before the judge to whom it is presented has ruled on any substantial issue in the case, or if it is presented by consent of the parties.
(iii) If any party has not entered an appearance         in the case and has not been found in default, rulings in the case by the judge on any substantial issue before the party's appearance shall not be grounds for denying an otherwise timely application for substitution of judge as of right by the party.
(3) Substitution for cause.  When cause exists.
(i) Each party shall be entitled to a         substitution or substitutions of judge for cause.
(ii) Every application for substitution of judge         for cause shall be made by petition, setting forth the specific cause for substitution and praying a substitution of judge.  The petition shall be verified by the affidavit of the applicant.
(iii) Upon the filing of a petition for         substitution of judge for cause, a hearing to determine whether the cause exists shall be conducted as soon as possible by a judge other than the judge named in the petition. The judge named in the petition need not testify but may submit an affidavit if the judge wishes. If the petition is allowed, the case shall be assigned to a judge not named in the petition. If the petition is denied, the case shall be assigned back to the judge named in the petition.
(4) Substitution in contempt proceedings.  When any     defendant in a proceeding for contempt arising from an attack upon the character or conduct of a judge occurring otherwise than in open court, and the proceeding is pending before the judge whose character or conduct was impugned, fears that he or she will not receive a fair and impartial trial before that judge.  In any such situation the application shall be by petition, verified by the applicant, and shall be filed before the trial of the contempt proceeding.
(b) An application for substitution of judge may be made to the court in
which the case is pending, reasonable notice of the application having been
given to the adverse party or his or her attorney.
(c) When a substitution of judge is granted, the case may be assigned to
some other judge in the same county, or in some other convenient county, to
which there is no valid objection.  If the case is assigned to a judge in some
other county, the provisions of subsections (f) through (m) of Section 2-1001.5
shall apply.
(Source: P.A. 94-531, eff. 1-1-06.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1001.5) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1001.5)
Sec. 2-1001.5. 
		Change of venue.
(a) A change of venue in any civil action may be had when the court
determines that any party may not receive a fair trial in the court in
which the action is pending because the inhabitants of the county are
prejudiced against the party, or his or her attorney, or the adverse party
has an undue influence over the minds of the inhabitants.
(b) Every application for a change of venue by a party or his or her
attorney shall be by petition, verified by the affidavit of the applicant.  The
petition shall set forth the facts upon which the petitioner bases his or her
belief of prejudice of the inhabitants of the county or the undue influence of
the adverse party over their minds, and must be supported by the affidavits of
at least 2 other reputable persons residing in the county. The adverse party
may controvert the petition by counter affidavits, and the court may grant or
deny the petition as shall appear to be according to the right of the case.
(c) A petition for change of venue shall not be granted unless it is
presented before trial or hearing begins and before the judge to whom it is
presented has ruled on any substantial issue in the case, but if any ground
for change of venue occurs thereafter, a petition for change of venue
may be presented based upon that ground.
(d) The application may be made to the court in which the case is pending,
reasonable notice thereof having been given to the adverse party or his or her
attorney.
(e) When a change of venue is granted, it shall be to some other
convenient county to which there is no valid objection.
(f) The order for a change of venue may be made subject to such equitable
terms and conditions as safety to the rights of the parties may seem to
require, and the court in its discretion may prescribe.
(g) The expenses attending a change of venue shall be taxed by the clerk
of the court from which the case is certified according to the rates
established by law for like services, and shall be paid by the petitioner and
not allowed as part of the costs in the action.
(h) The order shall be void unless the party obtaining a change of venue
shall, within 15 days, or such shorter time as the court may prescribe,
pay to the clerk the expenses attending the change.
(i) Where the venue is changed without the application of either party,
the costs of such change shall abide the event of the action.
(j) In all cases of change of venue, the clerk of the court from which
the change is granted shall immediately prepare a full transcript of the
record and proceedings in the case, and of the petition, affidavits and
order for the change of venue, and transmit the same, together with all
the papers filed in the case, to the proper court, but when the venue is
changed, on behalf of a part of the defendants in a condemnation proceeding,
it shall not be necessary to transmit the original papers in the case, and
it shall be sufficient to transmit certified copies of so much thereof as
pertains to the case so changed. Such transcript and papers or copies may
be transmitted by mail, or in such other ways as the court may direct.
(k) The clerk of the court to which the change of venue is granted shall
file the transcript and papers transmitted and docket the cause, and such
cause shall be proceeded in and determined before and after judgment, as
if it had originated in such court.
(l) All questions concerning the regularity of the proceedings in a change
of venue, and the right of the court to which the change is made to try
the cause and enforce the judgment, shall be considered as waived after
trial and verdict.
(m) Upon the entry of judgment of any civil cause in which the venue has
been changed, it shall be lawful for the party in whose favor judgment is
entered, to file in the office of the clerk of the court where the action
was instituted a transcript of such judgment, and the clerk shall file the same
of record, and enforcement may be had thereon, and the same shall, from
the time of filing such transcript, have the same operation and effect as
if originally recovered in such court.
(Source: P.A. 87-949.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1003) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1003)
Sec. 2-1003. Discovery and depositions.
(a) Discovery, such as admissions of
fact and of genuineness of documents, physical and mental examinations of parties and other persons, the taking of any depositions, and interrogatories,
shall be in accordance with rules.
(b) (Blank).
(c) (Blank).
(d) Whenever the defendant in any litigation in this State has the right
to demand a physical or mental examination of the plaintiff pursuant to
statute or Supreme Court Rule, relative to the occurrence and extent of
injuries or damages for which claim is made, or in connection with the
plaintiff's capacity to exercise any right plaintiff has, or would have
but for a finding based upon such examination, the plaintiff has the
right to have his or her attorney, or such other person as the plaintiff
may wish, present at such physical or mental examination. The plaintiff also has the right to designate an additional person to be present and video record the examination. The changes to this Section by this amendatory Act of the 103rd General Assembly apply to actions commenced or pending on or after the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 103rd General Assembly.
(e) No person or organization shall be required to furnish claims,
loss or risk management information held or provided by an insurer, which
information is described in Section 143.10a of the "Illinois Insurance Code".
(Source: P.A. 103-388, eff. 7-28-23.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1004) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1004)
Sec. 2-1004. 
		Pretrial procedure. 
		The holding of pretrial conferences shall be in accordance with
rules.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1005) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1005)
Sec. 2-1005. 
		Summary judgments. 
		(a) For plaintiff.  Any time after the
opposite party has appeared or after the time within which he or she is
required to appear has expired, a plaintiff may move with or without
supporting affidavits for a summary judgment in his or her favor for all or any
part of the relief sought.
(b) For defendant.  A defendant may, at any time, move with or
without supporting affidavits for a summary judgment in his or her favor as to
all or any part of the relief sought against him or her.
(c) Procedure.  The opposite party may prior to or at the time of
the hearing on the motion file counteraffidavits.  The judgment sought
shall be rendered without delay if the pleadings, depositions, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.  A summary judgment,
interlocutory in character, may be rendered on the issue of liability
alone although there is a genuine issue as to the amount of damages.
(d) Summary determination of major issues.  If the court determines
that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to one or more of the
major issues in the case, but that substantial controversy exists with
respect to other major issues, or if a party moves for a summary
determination of one or more, but less than all, of the major issues in the
case, and the court finds that there is no genuine issue of material fact
as to that issue or those issues, the court shall thereupon draw an order
specifying the major issue or issues that appear without substantial
controversy, and directing such further proceedings upon the remaining
undetermined issues as are just.  Upon the trial of the case, the facts so
specified shall be deemed established, and the trial shall be conducted accordingly.
(e) Form of affidavits.  The form and contents of and procedure
relating to affidavits under this Section shall be as provided by rule.
(f) Affidavits made in bad faith.  If it appears to the satisfaction
of the court at any time that any affidavit presented pursuant to this
Section is presented in bad faith or solely for the purpose of delay,
the court shall without delay order the party employing it to pay to the
other party the amount of the reasonable expenses which the filing of
the affidavit caused him or her to incur, including reasonable attorney's fees,
and any offending party or attorney may be adjudged guilty of contempt.
(g) Amendment of pleading.  Before or after the entry of a summary
judgment, the court shall permit pleadings to be amended upon just and
reasonable terms.
(Source: P.A. 84-316.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1006) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1006)
Sec. 2-1006. 
		Consolidation and severance of cases. 
		An action may be severed, and actions pending in the same court may
be consolidated, as an aid to convenience, whenever it can be done
without prejudice to a substantial right.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1007) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1007)
Sec. 2-1007. 
		Extension of time and continuances. 
		On good cause shown, in the discretion of the court and on just
terms, additional time may be granted for the doing of any act or the
taking of any step or proceeding prior to judgment.
The circumstances, terms and conditions under which continuances may
be granted, the time and manner in which application therefor shall be
made, and the effect thereof, shall be according to rules.  However, in
actions involving building code violations or violations of municipal ordinances
caused by the failure of a building or structure to conform to the minimum
standards of health and safety, the court shall grant a continuance only
upon a written motion by the party seeking the continuance specifying the
reason why such continuance should be granted.
It is sufficient cause for the continuance of any action that any
party applying therefor or his or her attorney is a member of either house of
the General Assembly during the time the General Assembly is in session,
or if any party's
attorney is a bona fide member of a religious faith that dictates
that the individual refrain from normal business activity or attend
religious services as a part of the observance of a religious holiday and requests
a continuance to observe such religious holiday when the date of a
scheduled court proceeding conflicts with the date of such holiday,
or if any party
applying therefor or his or her attorney is a delegate to a
State Constitutional Convention during the time the Constitutional
Convention is in session, if the presence of such party is necessary for
the full and fair trial of the action and, in the case of his or her attorney,
if such attorney was retained by such party prior to the time the cause
was set for trial.
(Source: P.A. 84-931.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1007.1) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1007.1)
Sec. 2-1007.1. Preference in setting for trial.
(a)  A party who is
an individual or, in the case of a wrongful death action, is the surviving spouse or next of kin and who has
reached the age of 67 years shall, upon motion by that party or the administrator of the estate of the deceased person or special administrator, be entitled
to preference in setting for trial, which shall commence within one year of the hearing on the motion, unless the court finds that the party
does not have a substantial interest in the case as a whole. The trial setting shall apply only to the moving party and to those defendants who have appeared and answered the complaint at the time notice of the motion for preference in setting for trial is served. If any new party is added to a lawsuit after the setting of a trial under this Section, any party may move the court to amend the trial setting to allow for trial to commence up to one year after the date a new defendant appeared and answered the complaint or up to one year after the date a plaintiff was added to the lawsuit.
(b) The court shall grant a motion for preference in
setting for trial where a party or, in the case of a wrongful death action, the surviving spouse or next of kin shows substantial physical or financial hardship or alternatively shows good cause that the interests of
justice will be served by granting a preference in setting for trial within one year of the hearing on the motion.
(c) Any party may move for a trial continuance of up to 6 months for good cause shown.  Any subsequent motions for trial continuance under this Section shall be granted only to the extent necessary for trial to commence as soon as practicable.
(d) The changes to this Section by this amendatory Act of the 103rd General Assembly apply to actions commenced or pending on or after the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 103rd General Assembly.
(Source: P.A. 103-388, eff. 7-28-23.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1008) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1008)
Sec. 2-1008. 
		
		Abatement;
change of interest or liability; substitution of
parties.
(a) Change of interest or liability. If by reason of marriage,
bankruptcy, assignment, or any other event occurring after the
commencement of a cause or proceeding, either before or after judgment,
causing a change or transmission of interest or liability, or by reason
of any person interested coming into existence after commencement of the
action, it becomes necessary or desirable that any person not already a
party be before the court, or that any person already a party be made
party in another capacity, the action does not abate, but on motion an
order may be entered that the proper parties be substituted or added,
and that the cause or proceeding be carried on with the remaining
parties and new parties, with or without a change in the title of the
cause.
(b) Death. If a party to an action dies and the action is one which
survives, the proper party or parties may be substituted by order of
court upon motion as follows:
(1) If no petition for letters of office for the     decedent's estate has been filed, the court may appoint a special representative for the deceased for the purpose of prosecuting the action.  The appointment shall be on verified motion of any party who appears entitled to participate in the deceased's estate, reciting the names and last known addresses of all known heirs and the legatees and executor named in any will that has been filed.  The court's determination that a person appears entitled to participate in the deceased's estate shall be solely for purposes of this Section and not determinative of rights in final disposition.  Within 90 days after appointment, the special representative shall notify the heirs and legatees of the following information by mail: that an appointment has been made, the court in which the case was filed, the caption of the case, and a description of the nature of the case.  The special representative shall publish notice to unknown heirs and legatees as provided in the Probate Act of 1975.  If a will is filed within 90 days after the appointment of the special representative, the same notice shall be given to any additional executors and legatees named in the will.  At any time that an estate is opened with a representative other than the special representative, the court may upon motion substitute the representative for the special representative.  In this case,  the court shall allow disbursements and fees of the special representative and his or her attorney as a claim against any proceeds received.  The proceeds of any judgment or settlement shall be distributed under the provisions of the Probate Act of 1975.  This paragraph (1) does not apply to actions pending under the Wrongful Death Act.
(2) If a person against whom an action has been     brought dies, and the cause of action survives and is not otherwise barred, his or her personal representative shall be substituted as a party.  If no petition has been filed for letters of office for the deceased's estate, the court, upon the motion of a person bringing an action and after the notice to the party's heirs or legatees as the court directs and without opening an estate, may appoint a special representative for the deceased party for the purposes of defending the action.  If a party elects to have a special representative appointed under this paragraph (2), the recovery shall be limited to the proceeds of any liability insurance protecting the estate and shall not bar the estate from enforcing any claims that might have been available to it as counterclaims.
If a motion to substitute is not
filed within 90 days
after the death is suggested of record, the action may be dismissed as
to the deceased party.
In the event of the death of a party in an action in which the right
sought to be enforced survives only as to the remaining parties to the
action, the action does not abate. The death shall be suggested of
record and the action shall proceed in favor of or against the remaining
parties.
No action brought for the use of another abates by reason of the
death of the plaintiff whose name is used but may be maintained by the
party for whose use it was brought in his or her own name upon suggesting the
death of record and the entry of an order of substitution.
(c) Legal disability. If a party is declared to be a person under legal
disability, that fact
shall be suggested of record and the prosecution or defense shall be
maintained by his or her representative, guardian ad litem or next friend, as
may be appropriate.
(d) Trustees; public officers. If any trustee or any public officer
ceases to hold the trust or office and that fact is suggested of record,
the action shall proceed in favor of or against his or her successor.
(e) Service of process. Parties against whom relief is sought,
substituted under subsection (a) hereof, shall be brought in by service
of process. Service of process on parties substituted under subsections
(b), (c), and (d) hereof is not required, but notice shall be given as
the court may direct.
(Source: P.A. 90-111, eff. 7-14-97.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1009) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1009)
Sec. 2-1009. 
		Voluntary dismissal.
(a) The plaintiff may, at any time before trial or hearing begins,
upon notice to each party who has appeared or each such party's attorney, and
upon
payment of costs, dismiss his or her action or any part thereof as to any
defendant, without prejudice, by order filed in the cause.
(b) The court may hear and decide a motion that has been filed prior to a
motion filed under subsection (a) of this Section when that prior filed motion,
if favorably ruled on by the court, could result in a final disposition of the
cause.
(c) After trial or hearing begins, the plaintiff
may dismiss, only on terms fixed by the court (1) upon filing a
stipulation to that effect signed by the defendant, or (2) on motion
specifying the ground for dismissal, which shall be supported by
affidavit or other proof.
(d) A dismissal under subsection (a) of this Section does not dismiss a
pending counterclaim or third party complaint.
(e) Counterclaimants and third-party plaintiffs may dismiss upon
the
same terms and conditions as plaintiffs.
(Source: P.A. 88-157.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1010) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1010)
Sec. 2-1010. 
		
		(a) In any action, whether in tort, contract or otherwise,
in which the plaintiff seeks damages for injuries or death by reason of
medical, hospital, or other healing art malpractice, a party may, in lieu
of answering or otherwise pleading, file an affidavit certifying that he or
she was not directly or indirectly involved in the occurrence or
occurrences alleged in the action. In the event such an affidavit is filed,
the court shall order the dismissal of the claim against the certifying
party, except as provided for in subparagraph (b).
(b) Any party may oppose the dismissal or move to vacate the order of
dismissal and reinstate the certifying party, provided he or she can show
that the certifying party was directly or indirectly involved in the
occurrence or occurrences alleged in the action.
The party opposing the dismissal may, after the filing of an affidavit
under this Section, have discovery with respect to the involvement or
noninvolvement of the party filing the affidavit, provided that such
discovery is completed within 60 days of the filing of such affidavit.
(c) This Section does not apply to or affect any actions pending
at the time of its effective date, but applies to cases filed on or
after its effective date.
(Source: P.A. 84-7.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1011) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1011)
Sec. 2-1011. 
		Deposits with Court.
(a) In any action in which any part of the relief sought is a
judgment for a sum of money or a determination by the court as to the
disposition of a sum of money and a party to the action deposits
all or part of that sum with the clerk of the court, the clerk shall
deposit that money in an interest bearing account as provided in this
Section.  When a judgment is entered as to the disposition of the principal
deposited, the court shall also direct disposition of the interest accrued
to the parties as it deems appropriate.
(b) Unless otherwise ordered by the court as to a specified deposit or
deposits, all funds so deposited with the court may be intermingled.  The
accounts established by the clerk of the circuit court under this
Section shall be in banks or savings and loan associations doing business
in this State.  The accounts must be insured by an agency of the United
States to the full extent of the amounts held in the accounts.  The clerk
shall keep complete and accurate records of the amounts deposited with the
court in each action and of the accounts containing those deposits.  The
records and accounts shall be subject to audit, as provided by law.  The
clerk shall, upon request of any party in an action in which a sum of money
has been deposited with the court under this Section, furnish to that party
a statement showing the condition of the deposit or of the account containing
the deposit.
(c) Payment out of money deposited with the court shall be made only
upon order of the court after a finding that:
(1) the order is consistent with the account records     as to the amount involved; and
(2) the order correctly identifies affected parties     and specifies to whom payments are to be made and the amount each is to receive.
(d) No moneys on deposit under this Section shall be paid out except by a
check of the clerk.
(e) Orders to pay out may be made under terms and conditions as the court
may, in its discretion, deem appropriate, subject to the provisions of this
Section.  The orders may be stayed pending appeal upon application under
Supreme Court Rule 305.
(Source: P.A. 86-1329.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 10A heading)
PART 10A.  
		MANDATORY ARBITRATION SYSTEM
(735 ILCS 5/2-1001A) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1001A)
Sec. 2-1001A. Authorization. The Supreme Court of Illinois, by rule,
may provide for mandatory arbitration of such civil actions as the Court
deems appropriate in order to expedite in a less costly manner any
litigation wherein a party asserts a claim not exceeding $75,000 or any
lesser amount as authorized by the Supreme Court for a particular Circuit,
or a judge of the
circuit court, at a pretrial conference, determines that no greater amount than
that authorized for the Circuit appears to be genuinely in controversy.
(Source: P.A. 102-89, eff. 7-9-21.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1002A) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1002A)
Sec. 2-1002A. 
		Implementation by Supreme Court Rules. 
		The Supreme
Court shall by rule adopt procedures adapted to each judicial circuit to
implement mandatory arbitration under this Act.
(Source: P.A. 84-844.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1003A) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1003A)
Sec. 2-1003A. 
		
		Qualification, Appointment, and Compensation of
Arbitrators. The qualification and the method of appointment of
arbitrators shall be prescribed by rule. Arbitrators shall be entitled to
reasonable compensation for their services. Arbitration hearings shall be
conducted by arbitrators sitting in panels of three or of such lesser number
as may be stipulated by the parties.
(Source: P.A. 84-844.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1004A) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1004A)
Sec. 2-1004A. 
		Decision and Award. 
		Following an arbitration hearing as
prescribed by rule, the arbitrators' decision shall be filed with the
circuit court, together with proof of service on the parties. Within the
time prescribed by rule, any party to the proceeding may file with the
clerk of the court a written notice of the rejection of the award. In case
of such rejection, the parties may, upon payment of appropriate costs and
fees imposed by Supreme Court Rule as a consequence of the rejection,
proceed to trial before a judge or jury.  Costs and fees received by the
clerk of the circuit court pursuant to this Section shall be remitted
within one month after receipt to the State Treasurer for deposit into the
Mandatory Arbitration Fund.
(Source: P.A. 85-408; 85-1007.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1005A) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1005A)
Sec. 2-1005A. 
		Judgment of the Court. 
		If no rejection of the award is
filed, a judge of the circuit court may enter the award as the judgment
of the court.
(Source: P.A. 84-844.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1006A) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1006A)
Sec. 2-1006A. 
		Uniform Arbitration Act. 
		The provisions of the Uniform
Arbitration Act shall not be applicable to the proceedings under this
Part 10A of Article II.
(Source: P.A. 84-1308.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1007A) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1007A)
Sec. 2-1007A. 
		
		The expenses of conducting mandatory arbitration
programs in the circuit court, including arbitrator fees, and the expenses
related to conducting such other alternative dispute resolution programs as may
be authorized by circuit court rule for operation in counties that have
implemented mandatory arbitration, shall be
determined by the Supreme Court and paid from the State Treasury on the
warrant of the Comptroller out of appropriations made for that purpose by
the General Assembly.
(Source: P.A. 89-532, eff. 7-19-96.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1008A)
Sec. 2-1008A. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 85-408. Repealed by P.A. 97-1099, eff. 8-24-12.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1009A) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1009A)
Sec. 2-1009A. Filing Fees. In each county authorized by the Supreme
Court to utilize mandatory arbitration, the clerk of the
circuit court shall charge and collect, in addition to any other fees, an
arbitration fee of $8, except in counties with 3,000,000 or more inhabitants
the fee shall be $10, at the time of filing the first pleading, paper
or
other appearance filed by each party in all civil cases, but no additional
fee shall be required if more than one party is represented in a single
pleading, paper or other appearance.  Arbitration fees received by the
clerk of the circuit court pursuant to this Section shall be remitted within
one month after receipt to the State Treasurer for deposit into the
Mandatory Arbitration Fund, a special fund in the State treasury for the
purpose of funding mandatory arbitration programs and such other alternative
dispute resolution programs as may be authorized by circuit court rule for
operation in counties that have implemented mandatory arbitration, with a
separate account
being maintained for each county.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section to the contrary, the Mandatory Arbitration Fund may be used
for any
other purpose authorized by the Supreme Court.
(Source: P.A. 94-91, eff. 7-1-05; 94-839, eff. 6-6-06; 95-707, eff. 1-11-08.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 11 heading)
Part 11.  
		Trial
(735 ILCS 5/2-1101) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1101)
Sec. 2-1101. Subpoenas. The clerk of any court in which an action is pending shall, from time
to time, issue subpoenas for those witnesses and to those counties in
the State as may be required by either party. Every clerk who shall
refuse so to do shall be guilty of a petty offense and fined any sum not
to exceed $100. An attorney admitted to practice in the State of Illinois, as an officer of the court, may also issue subpoenas on behalf of the court for witnesses and to counties in a pending action. An order of court is not required to obtain the issuance
by the clerk or by an attorney of a subpoena duces tecum. For good cause shown, the court
on motion may quash or modify any subpoena or, in the case of a subpoena
duces tecum, condition the denial of the motion upon payment in advance
by the person in whose behalf the subpoena is issued of the reasonable
expense of producing any item therein specified.
In the event that a party has subpoenaed an expert witness including,
but not limited to physicians or medical providers, and the expert witness
appears in court, and a conflict arises between the party subpoenaing the
expert witness and the expert witness over the fees charged by the expert
witness, the trial court shall be advised of the conflict.  The trial court
shall conduct a hearing subsequent to the testimony of the expert witness
and shall determine the reasonable fee to be paid to the expert witness.
(Source: P.A. 95-1033, eff. 6-1-09.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1102) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1102)
Sec. 2-1102. 
		Examination of adverse party or agent. 
		Upon the trial of any case any party thereto or any person for whose
immediate benefit the action is prosecuted or defended, or the officers,
directors, managing agents or foreman of any party to the action, may be
called and examined as if under cross-examination at the instance of any
adverse party. The party calling for the examination is not concluded
thereby but may rebut the testimony thus given by countertestimony and
may impeach the witness by proof of prior inconsistent statements.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1103) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1103)
Sec. 2-1103. 
		Affidavits. 
		(a) All affidavits presented to the court
shall be filed with the clerk.
(b) If evidence is necessary concerning any fact which according to
law and the practice of the court may now be supplied by affidavit, the
court may, in its discretion, require the evidence to be presented,
wholly or in part, by oral examination of the witnesses in open court
upon notice to all parties not in default, or their attorneys. If the
evidence is presented by oral examination, an adverse party shall have
the right to cross-examination. This Section does not apply to applications
for change of venue on grounds of prejudice.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1104) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1104)
Sec. 2-1104. 
		Party need not submit to lie detector. 
		In the course of
any civil trial or pre-trial proceeding
the court shall not require that the plaintiff or defendant submit to a
polygraphic detection deception test, commonly known as a lie detector
test or require, suggest or request that the plaintiff or defendant
submit to questioning under the effect of thiopental sodium or to any
other test or questioning by means of any chemical substance.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1105) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1105)
(Text of Section WITH the changes made by P.A. 98-1132, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1105. Jury demand.
(a) A plaintiff desirous of a trial by jury must file
a demand therefor with the clerk at the time the action is commenced.  A
defendant desirous of a trial by jury must file a demand therefor not
later than the filing of his or her answer.  Otherwise, the party waives a
jury.  If an action is filed seeking equitable relief and the court
thereafter determines that one or more of the parties is or are entitled
to a trial by jury, the plaintiff, within 3 days from the entry of such
order by the court, or the defendant, within 6 days from the entry of
such order by the court, may file his or her demand for trial by jury with the
clerk of the court.  If the plaintiff files a jury demand and thereafter
waives a jury, any defendant and, in the case of multiple defendants, if
the defendant who filed a jury demand thereafter waives a jury, any
other defendant shall be granted a jury trial upon demand therefor made
promptly after being advised of the waiver and upon payment of the
proper fees, if any, to the clerk.
(b) All jury cases shall be tried by a jury of 6. If alternate jurors are requested, an additional fee established by the county shall be charged for each alternate juror requested. For all cases filed prior to the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 98th General Assembly, if a party has paid for a jury of 12, that party may demand a jury of 12 upon proof of payment.
(Source: P.A. 98-1132, eff. 6-1-15.)
(Text of Section WITHOUT the changes made by P.A. 98-1132, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1105. Jury demand.
(a) A plaintiff desirous of a trial by jury must file
a demand therefor with the clerk at the time the action is commenced.  A
defendant desirous of a trial by jury must file a demand therefor not
later than the filing of his or her answer.  Otherwise, the party waives a
jury.  If an action is filed seeking equitable relief and the court
thereafter determines that one or more of the parties is or are entitled
to a trial by jury, the plaintiff, within 3 days from the entry of such
order by the court, or the defendant, within 6 days from the entry of
such order by the court, may file his or her demand for trial by jury with the
clerk of the court.  If the plaintiff files a jury demand and thereafter
waives a jury, any defendant and, in the case of multiple defendants, if
the defendant who filed a jury demand thereafter waives a jury, any
other defendant shall be granted a jury trial upon demand therefor made
promptly after being advised of the waiver and upon payment of the
proper fees, if any, to the clerk.
(b) All jury cases where the claim for damages is $50,000 or less shall be tried by a jury of 6, unless either party demands a
jury of 12.  If a fee in connection with a jury demand is required by
statute or rule of court, the fee for a jury of 6 shall be 1/2 the
fee for a jury of 12. A party demanding a jury of 12 after another party
has paid the applicable fee for a jury of 6 shall pay the remaining
1/2 of the fee applicable to a jury of 12.
(Source: P.A. 94-206, eff. 1-1-06.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1105.1) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1105.1)
Sec. 2-1105.1. 
		Challenge for cause. 
		Each party may challenge jurors
for cause.  If a prospective juror has a physical impairment, the court
shall consider such prospective juror's ability to perceive and appreciate
the evidence when considering a challenge for cause.
(Source: P.A. 83-461.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1106) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1106)
Sec. 2-1106. 
		Peremptory challenges - Alternate jurors. 
		(a) Each side
shall be entitled to 5 peremptory challenges. If there is more than one
party on any side, the court may allow each side additional peremptory
challenges, not to exceed 3, on account of each additional party on the
side having the greatest number of parties. Each side shall be allowed
an equal number of peremptory challenges. If the parties on a side are
unable to agree upon the allocation of peremptory challenges among
themselves, the allocation shall be determined by the court.
(b) The court may direct that 1 or 2 jurors in addition to the
regular panel be impanelled to serve as alternate jurors. Alternate
jurors, in the sequence in which they are ordered into the jury box,
shall replace jurors who, prior to the time the jury retires to consider
its verdict, become unable to perform their duties. Alternate jurors
shall be drawn in the same manner, have the same qualifications, be
subject to the same examination and challenges, take the same oath, and
have the same functions, powers, facilities, and privileges as the
principal jurors. An alternate juror who does not replace a principal
juror shall be discharged at the time the jury retires to consider its
verdict. If alternate jurors are called each side shall be allowed one
additional peremptory challenge, regardless of the number of alternate
jurors called. The additional peremptory challenge may be used only
against an alternate juror, but any unexercised peremptory challenges
may be used against an alternate juror.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1107) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1107)
Sec. 2-1107. 
		
		Instructing the jury - Taking instructions and papers to the
jury room.
(a) The court shall give instructions to the jury only in writing,
unless the parties agree otherwise, and only as to the law of the case.
An original and one copy of each instruction asked by any party shall be
tendered to the court. The copies shall be numbered and shall indicate
who tendered them. Copies of instructions given on the court's own
motion or modified by the court shall be so identified. When
instructions are asked which the court refuses to give, the
court shall on the
margin of the original and copy write the word "refused" and shall
write the word "given" on the margin of the original and copy of those
given. The court shall in no case, after instructions are given, clarify,
modify or in any manner explain them to the jury, otherwise than in
writing, unless the parties agree otherwise.
(b) The original written instructions given by the court to the jury
shall be taken by the jury to the jury room, and shall be returned by
the jury with its verdict into court. The originals
and copies of all
instructions, whether given, modified or refused, shall be filed as a
part of the proceedings in the cause.
(c) At the close of the evidence or at any earlier time during the
trial that the court reasonably directs, any party may tender
instructions and shall at the same time deliver copies thereof to
counsel for other parties. If the number or length of the instructions
tendered is unreasonable, the court after examining the instructions may
require counsel to reduce the number or length thereof. The court shall
hold a conference with counsel to settle the instructions and shall
inform counsel of the court's proposed action thereon prior to the arguments to
the jury. If as a result of the arguments to the jury the court
determines that additional instructions are desirable, the court may after a
further conference with counsel approve additional instructions. The
court shall instruct the jury after the arguments are completed.
Conferences on instructions must be out of the presence of the jury.
(d) Papers read or received in evidence, other than depositions, may
be taken by the jury to the jury room for use during the jury's deliberation.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1107.1) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1107.1)
(Text of Section WITH the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1107.1. 
		Jury instruction in tort actions. 
		In all actions
on account of bodily injury or death or physical damage to
property based on
negligence, or product liability based on any theory or doctrine, the court
shall
instruct the jury in writing, to the extent that it is true, that any award
of compensatory damages or punitive damages will not be taxable under federal
or State income tax law.  The court shall not inform or instruct the jury
that the
defendant shall be found not liable
if the jury finds that the contributory fault of the plaintiff is more
than 50% of the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which recovery is
sought, but it shall be the duty of the court to deny recovery if the jury
finds that the plaintiff's contributory fault is more than 50% of the proximate
cause of the injury or damage.  The court shall not inform or instruct the jury
concerning any limitations in the amount of non-economic damages or punitive
damages that are recoverable, but it shall be the duty of the trial court upon
entering judgment to reduce any award in excess of such limitation to no more
than the proper limitation.
This amendatory Act of 1995 applies to causes of action filed on or
after its effective date.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(Text of Section WITHOUT the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1107.1. 
		Jury instruction in tort actions. 
		In all actions
on account of bodily injury or death or physical damage to
property based on
negligence, or product liability based on strict tort liability, the court
shall instruct the jury in writing that the defendant shall be found not liable
if the jury finds that the contributory fault of the plaintiff is more
than 50% of the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which recovery is
sought.
(Source: P.A. 84-1431.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1108) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1108)
Sec. 2-1108. Verdict - Special interrogatories. Unless the nature of the case requires otherwise, the jury shall
render a general verdict. Within the discretion of the court, the jury may be asked to find specially upon any
material question or questions of fact submitted to the jury in writing. Any party may request special interrogatories.
Special interrogatories shall be tendered, objected to, ruled upon and
submitted to the jury as in the case of instructions. Submitting or
refusing to submit a question of fact to the jury may be reviewed on
appeal to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion. When any special finding of
fact is inconsistent with the general verdict, the court shall direct the jury to further consider its answers and verdict. If, in the discretion of the trial court, the jury is unable to render a general verdict consistent with any special finding, the trial court shall order a new trial. During closing arguments, the parties shall be allowed to explain to the jury what may result if the general verdict is inconsistent with any special finding.
This amendatory Act of the 101st General Assembly applies only to trials commencing on or after January 1, 2020.
(Source: P.A. 101-184, eff. 8-2-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1109) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1109)
(Text of Section WITH the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1109. 
		Itemized verdicts. 
		In every case where damages for bodily injury or death are
assessed by
the jury the verdict shall be itemized so as to reflect the monetary
distribution, if any, among economic loss and non-economic loss as
defined in Section
2-1115.2 and, in
healing art malpractice cases,
further itemized so as to reflect the distribution of economic loss by
category, such itemization of economic loss by category to include: (a)
amounts intended to compensate for reasonable expenses which have been
incurred, or which will be incurred, for necessary medical, surgical,
x-ray, dental, or other health or rehabilitative services, drugs, and
therapy; (b) amounts intended to compensate for lost wages or loss of
earning capacity; and (c) all other economic losses claimed by the plaintiff
or granted by the jury.  Each category of economic loss shall be further
itemized into amounts intended to compensate for losses which have been
incurred prior to the verdict and amounts intended to compensate for future
losses.
This amendatory Act of 1995 applies to causes of action filed on or
after its effective date.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(Text of Section WITHOUT the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1109. 
		Itemized verdicts. 
		In every case where damages for injury to
the person are assessed by the jury the verdict shall be itemized so as to
reflect the monetary
distribution among economic loss and non-economic loss, if any, and, in medical
malpractice cases,
further itemized so as to reflect the distribution of economic loss by
category, such itemization of economic loss by category to include: (a)
amounts intended to compensate for reasonable expenses which have been
incurred, or which will be incurred, for necessary medical, surgical,
x-ray, dental, or other health or rehabilitative services, drugs, and
therapy; (b) amounts intended to compensate for lost wages or loss of
earning capacity; and (c) all other economic losses claimed by the plaintiff
or granted by the jury.  Each category of economic loss shall be further
itemized into amounts intended to compensate for losses which have been
incurred prior to the verdict and amounts intended to compensate for
losses which will be incurred in the future.
(Source: P.A. 84-7.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1110) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1110)
Sec. 2-1110. 
		
		Motion in non-jury case to find for defendant at close
of plaintiff's evidence.
In all cases tried without a jury, defendant may, at the close
of plaintiff's case, move for a finding or judgment in his or her favor.  In
ruling on the motion the court shall weigh the evidence, considering the
credibility of the witnesses and the weight and quality of the evidence.
If the ruling on the motion is favorable to the defendant, a judgment
dismissing the action shall be entered.  If the ruling on the motion is
adverse to the defendant, the defendant may proceed to adduce evidence in support of
his or her defense, in which event the motion is waived.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1111) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1111)
Sec. 2-1111. 
		Juries in cases seeking equitable relief. 
		The court may in its discretion direct an issue or
issues to be tried by a jury, whenever it is judged necessary in any
action seeking equitable relief.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1112) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1112)
Sec. 2-1112. 
		Oral testimony in actions seeking equitable relief. 
		On
the trial of every action seeking equitable relief, oral testimony shall
be taken when desired by either party.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1113) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1113)
Sec. 2-1113. 
		Medical malpractice - res ipsa loquitur. 
		In all cases
of alleged medical or dental malpractice, where the plaintiff relies upon
the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, the court shall determine whether that
doctrine applies.  In making that determination, the court shall rely upon
either the common knowledge of laymen, if it determines that to be adequate,
or upon expert medical testimony, that the medical result complained of
would not have ordinarily occurred in the absence of negligence on the part
of the defendant.  Proof of an unusual, unexpected or untoward medical result
which ordinarily does not occur in the absence of negligence will suffice
in the application of the doctrine.
(Source: P.A. 82-783.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1114) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1114)
Sec. 2-1114. Contingent fees for attorneys in medical malpractice
actions.
(a) In all medical malpractice actions the total contingent fee
for plaintiff's attorney or attorneys shall not exceed 33 1/3% of all sums recovered.
(b) For purposes of determining any lump sum contingent fee, any future
damages recoverable by the plaintiff in periodic installments shall be
reduced to a lump sum value.
(c) (Blank).
(d) As used in this Section, "contingent fee basis"
includes any fee arrangement under which the compensation is to be
determined in whole or in part on the result obtained.
(Source: P.A. 97-1145, eff. 1-18-13.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1115) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1115)
Sec. 2-1115. 
		
		Punitive damages not recoverable in healing art and legal
malpractice cases.  In all cases, whether in tort, contract or otherwise,
in which the plaintiff seeks damages by reason of
legal, medical, hospital, or other healing art malpractice, no punitive,
exemplary, vindictive or aggravated damages shall be allowed.
(Source: P.A. 84-7.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1115.05)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1115.05. 
		
		Limitations on recovery of punitive damages
in cases other than healing art or legal malpractice cases.
(a) In all cases on account of bodily injury, or physical damage to
property based on negligence, or product liability based on any theory or
doctrine, other than those cases described in Section 2-1115, punitive damages
may
be awarded only if actual damages are awarded.
The amount of punitive damages that may be awarded for a claim in any civil
action subject to this Section shall not exceed 3 times the amount awarded to
the claimant for the economic damages on which such claim is based.
(b) To recover punitive damages in cases described in subsection (a), a
plaintiff must show by clear and
convincing evidence that the defendant's conduct was with evil motive or with a
reckless
and outrageous indifference to a highly unreasonable risk of harm and with a
conscious indifference to the rights and safety of
others.
"Clear and convincing evidence" means that measure or degree of proof that
will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a high degree of certainty as to
the truth of the allegations sought to be established.
This evidence requires
a greater degree of persuasion than is necessary to meet the preponderance of
the evidence standard.
(c) In any action including a claim for punitive
damages, a defendant
may request that the issues relating to punitive damages be
tried separately from the other issues in the action.  If such a request is
made, the trier of fact shall first hear evidence relevant to, and
render a verdict upon, the defendant's
liability for compensatory damages and the amount thereof.  If the trier of
fact makes an award of actual damages, the same trier of fact shall
immediately hear any additional evidence relevant to, and render a verdict
upon, the defendant's liability for punitive damages
and the amount thereof.  If no award of actual damages is made, the claim
for punitive damages shall be dismissed.  If the defendant
requests a separate proceeding concerning liability for punitive
damages pursuant to this Section, and the proceeding is held, evidence
relevant only to the claim of  punitive damages shall be inadmissible in
any proceeding to determine whether compensatory damages are to be awarded.
(d) The limitations of subsection (a) shall not apply in a case in
which a plaintiff seeks damages against an individual on account of death,
bodily injury, or physical damage
to property
based on any theory or
doctrine due to an incident or occurrence for which the
individual has been charged and convicted of a criminal
act for which a period of incarceration is or may be a part of the sentence.
(e) Nothing in this Section shall be construed to create a right
to recover punitive damages.
(f) This amendatory Act of 1995 applies to causes of action accruing
on or after its effective date.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1115.1)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1115.1. Limitations on recovery of non-economic damages.
(a) In all common law, statutory or other actions that seek damages
on account of death, bodily injury, or physical damage
to property based on negligence, or product liability based on any theory or
doctrine, recovery of non-economic damages shall be limited to $500,000 per
plaintiff.  There shall be no recovery for hedonic damages.
(b) Beginning in 1997, every January 20, the liability limit established
in subsection (a) shall automatically be increased or decreased, as applicable,
by a percentage equal to the percentage change in the consumer price index-u
during the preceding 12-month calendar year.  "Consumer price index-u" means
the index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States
Department of Labor that measures the average change in prices of goods and
services purchased by all urban consumers, United States city average, all
items, 1982-84 = 100.  The new amount resulting from each annual adjustment
shall be determined by the Comptroller and made available to the chief judge of
each judicial circuit.
(c) The liability limits at the time at which damages
subject to such limits are awarded by final judgment or settlement shall be
utilized by the courts.
(d) Nothing in this Section shall be construed to create a right to recover
non-economic damages.
(e) This amendatory Act of 1995 applies to causes of action accruing
on or after its effective date.
(Source: P.A. 95-331, eff. 8-21-07.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1115.2)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1115.2. 
		Economic and non-economic loss. 
		In all actions on account
of bodily injury, death, physical damage to property based on
negligence, or a product liability action as defined in Section 2-2101,
the following terms have the following meanings:
(a) "Economic loss" or "economic damages" means all damages which are
tangible,
such as damages for past and future medical
expenses, loss of income or earnings and other property loss.
(b) "Non-economic loss" or "non-economic damages" means damages which are
intangible,
including but not limited to damages for pain and
suffering, disability, disfigurement, loss of consortium, and loss of
society.
(c) "Compensatory damages" or "actual damages" are the sum of economic and
non-economic damages.
This amendatory Act of 1995 applies to causes of action filed on or after
its effective date.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1116) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1116)
(Text of Section WITH the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1116. 
		Limitation on recovery in tort actions; fault.
(a) The purpose of this Section is to allocate the
responsibility of bearing or paying damages in actions brought on account of
death, bodily injury, or physical damage to property according to
the proportionate fault of the persons who proximately caused the damage.
(b) As used in this Section:
"Fault" means any act or omission that (i) is negligent, willful and
wanton,
or
reckless, is a breach of an express or implied warranty, gives rise to strict
liability in tort, or gives rise to liability under the provisions of any State
statute, rule, or local ordinance and (ii) is a proximate cause of death,
bodily injury to person, or physical damage to property for
which recovery is sought.
"Contributory fault" means any fault on the part of the plaintiff
(including but not limited to negligence, assumption of the risk,
or willful and wanton misconduct) which is a
proximate cause of the death, bodily injury to person, or
physical damage to property for which recovery is sought.
"Tortfeasor" means any person, excluding the injured person, whose fault is a
proximate cause of the death, bodily injury to person, or
physical damage to
property for which recovery is sought, regardless of whether that person is the
plaintiff's employer, regardless
of whether that person is joined as a party to the action, and regardless of
whether that person may have settled with the plaintiff.
(c) In all actions on account of death, bodily injury or physical damage to
property in which recovery is predicated upon fault, the contributory fault chargeable to the plaintiff shall be
compared with the
fault of all tortfeasors whose fault was a proximate cause of the death,
injury, loss, or
damage for which recovery is sought.  The plaintiff
shall be barred from recovering damages if the trier of fact finds that the
contributory fault on the part of the plaintiff is more than 50% of
the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which recovery is sought.
The plaintiff shall not be barred from recovering damages if the trier of
fact finds that the contributory fault on the part of the plaintiff is not
more than 50% of the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which recovery
is sought,
but any economic or non-economic damages allowed shall be diminished in the
proportion to the amount
of fault attributable to the plaintiff.
(d) Nothing in this Section shall be construed
to create a cause of action.
(e) This amendatory Act of 1995 applies to causes of action accruing
on or after its effective date.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(Text of Section WITHOUT the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1116. 
		Limitation on recovery in tort actions.
In all actions on account of bodily injury
or death or physical damage to
property, based on negligence,
or product liability based on strict tort
liability, the plaintiff
shall be barred from recovering damages if the trier of fact finds that the
contributory fault on the part of the plaintiff is more than 50% of
the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which recovery is sought.
The plaintiff shall not be barred from recovering damages if the trier of
fact finds that the contributory fault on the part of the plaintiff is not
more than 50% of the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which recovery
is sought, but any damages allowed shall be diminished in the
proportion to the amount
of fault attributable to the plaintiff.
(Source: P.A. 84-1431.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1117) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1117)
Sec. 2-1117. 
		Joint liability. 
		Except as provided in Section 2-1118,
in actions on account of bodily injury or death or physical damage to
property, based on negligence, or product liability based on strict tort
liability, all defendants found liable are jointly and
severally liable for plaintiff's past and future medical and medically
related expenses.  Any defendant whose fault, as determined by the
trier of fact, is less than 25% of the total fault attributable to the
plaintiff, the defendants sued by the plaintiff, and any third party
defendant except the plaintiff's employer, shall be severally
liable for all other damages.  Any defendant whose fault, as
determined by the trier of fact, is 25% or greater of the total fault
attributable to the plaintiff, the defendants sued by the plaintiff, and
any third party defendants except the plaintiff's employer, shall
be jointly and severally liable for all other damages.
(Source: P.A. 93-10, eff. 6-4-03; 93-12, eff. 6-4-03.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1118)
(This Section was repealed by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1118. 
		Exceptions. 
		Notwithstanding the
provisions of Section 2-1117, in
any action in which the trier of fact determines that
the injury or damage for which recovery is sought was caused by an act
involving the discharge into the environment of any pollutant, including
any waste, hazardous
substance, irritant or contaminant, including, but not limited to smoke,
vapor, soot, fumes,
acids, alkalis, asbestos, toxic or corrosive chemicals, radioactive waste
or mine tailings, and including any such material intended to be recycled,
reconditioned or reclaimed, any defendants found liable shall be jointly
and severally liable for
such damage.  However, Section 2-1117 shall apply to a defendant who is a
response
action contractor.  As used in this Section, "response action contractor"
means an individual,
partnership, corporation, association, joint venture or other commercial
entity or an employee, agent, sub-contractor, or consultant thereof which
enters into a contract, for the performance of
remedial or response action, or for the identification, handling, storage,
treatment or disposal of a pollutant, which is entered into between any
person or entity and a response action contractor when such response action
contractor is not liable for the creation or maintenance of the condition to be
ameliorated under the contract.
Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2-1117, in any medical
malpractice action, as defined in Section 2-1704, based upon negligence,
any defendants found liable shall be jointly and severally liable.
(Source: P.A. 84-1431.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1119)
Sec. 2-1119. 
		
		Tampering with anhydrous ammonia equipment, containers, or
storage facilities.
(a) A person
tampering with anhydrous ammonia equipment, containers, or storage facilities
does not have a cause of
action against the owner of the equipment, containers, or
storage facilities, any person
responsible for the installation or operation of the equipment,
containers, or storage facilities,
the person
lawfully selling anhydrous ammonia, the person who lawfully purchases anhydrous
ammonia for agricultural purposes, or the person who operates or uses anhydrous
ammonia equipment, containers, or storage facilities
when lawfully applying anhydrous ammonia for agricultural
purposes.
(b) No person may commence a derivative action against the owner of
anhydrous ammonia equipment, containers, or storage facilities,
any person responsible for the installation or
operation of the equipment, containers, or storage facilities,
the person lawfully selling anhydrous ammonia, the
person who lawfully purchases anhydrous ammonia for agricultural purposes, or
the person who operates or uses anhydrous ammonia equipment, containers, or
storage facilities when lawfully
applying anhydrous ammonia for agricultural purposes when the injured person
has tampered with anhydrous ammonia equipment, containers, or storage
facilities.
(c) Tampering with anhydrous ammonia equipment, containers, or storage
facilities
occurs when any person who is
not authorized by the owner of the anhydrous ammonia or anhydrous ammonia
equipment, containers, or storage facilities
transfers or attempts to transfer anhydrous ammonia to another
container or causes damage to anhydrous ammonia equipment, containers, or
storage facilities.
(d) For purposes of this
Section:
"Anhydrous ammonia"
means the compound
defined in paragraph (d) of Section 3 of the Illinois Fertilizer Act of 1961.
"Anhydrous ammonia equipment", "anhydrous ammonia storage containers", and
"anhydrous ammonia storage facilities" are defined in the rules adopted under
the Illinois Fertilizer Act of 1961.
(e) The immunity to civil liability provided in this Section does not
apply to any act or omission caused by the willful and wanton negligence of any
person.
(Source: P.A. 91-263, eff. 1-1-00.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 12 heading)
Part 12.  
		Post-Trial
(735 ILCS 5/2-1201) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1201)
Sec. 2-1201. 
		
		Return of verdict - Separate counts - Defective or unproved
counts.
(a) It is sufficient for the jury to pronounce its verdict by
its foreman in open court, without reducing it to writing, if it is a
general verdict. The clerk shall enter it in form, under the direction
of the court.
(b) Promptly upon the return of a verdict, the court shall enter
judgment thereon.
(c) If there are several counts in a complaint, counterclaim or
third-party complaint based on different claims upon which separate
recoveries might be had, the court shall, on the motion of any party,
direct the jury to find a separate verdict upon each claim.
(d) If several grounds of recovery are pleaded in support of the
same claim, whether in the same or different counts, an entire verdict
rendered for that claim shall not be set aside or reversed for the
reason that any ground is defective, if one or more of the grounds is
sufficient to sustain the verdict; nor shall the verdict be set aside or
reversed for the reason that the evidence in support of any ground is
insufficient to sustain a recovery thereon, unless before the case was
submitted to the jury a motion was made to withdraw that ground from the
jury on account of insufficient evidence and it appears that the denial
of the motion was prejudicial.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1202) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1202)
Sec. 2-1202. 
		
		Reserved ruling on motion for directed verdict - Post-trial
motions in jury cases.
(a) If at the close of the evidence, and before the case is
submitted to the jury, any party moves for a directed verdict the court
may (1) grant the motion or (2) deny the motion or reserve its ruling
thereon and submit the case to the jury. If the court denies the motion
or reserves its ruling thereon, the motion is waived unless the request
is renewed in the post-trial motion.
(b) Relief desired after trial in jury cases, heretofore sought by
reserved motions for directed verdict or motions
for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, in arrest
of judgment or for new trial, must be sought in a single post-trial
motion. Relief after trial may include the entry of judgment if under
the evidence in the case it would have been the duty of the court to
direct a verdict without submitting the case to the jury, even though no
motion for directed verdict was made or if made was denied or ruling
thereon reserved. The post-trial motion must contain the points relied
upon, particularly specifying the grounds in support thereof, and must
state the relief desired, as for example, the entry of a judgment, the
granting of a new trial or other appropriate relief. Relief sought in
post-trial motions may be in the alternative or may be conditioned upon
the denial of other relief asked in preference thereto, as for example,
a new trial may be requested in the event a request for judgment is
denied.
(c) Post-trial motions must be filed within 30 days after the entry
of judgment or the discharge of the jury, if no verdict is reached, or
within any further time the court may allow within the 30 days or any
extensions thereof. A party against whom judgment is entered pursuant to
post-trial motion shall have like time after the entry of the judgment
within which to file a post-trial motion.
(d) A post-trial motion filed in apt time stays enforcement of the
judgment.
(e) Any party who fails to seek a new trial in his or her post-trial
motion, either conditionally or unconditionally, as herein provided,
waives the right to apply for a new trial, except in cases in which the
jury has failed to reach a verdict.
(f) The court must rule upon all relief sought in all post-trial
motions. Although the ruling on a portion of the relief sought renders
unnecessary a ruling on other relief sought for purposes of further
proceedings in the trial court, the court must nevertheless rule
conditionally on the other relief sought by determining whether it
should be granted if the unconditional rulings are thereafter reversed,
set aside or vacated. The conditional rulings become effective in the
event the unconditional rulings are reversed, set aside or vacated.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1203) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1203)
Sec. 2-1203. Motions after judgment in non-jury cases.
(a) In all
cases tried without a jury, any party may, within 30 days after the
entry of the  judgment or within any further time the court may allow
within the 30 days or any extensions thereof, file a motion for a
rehearing, or a retrial, or modification of the judgment or to vacate
the  judgment or for other relief.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (a) of Section 413 of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act, a motion filed in apt time stays enforcement of the judgment except that a judgment granting injunctive or declaratory relief shall be stayed only by a court order that follows a separate application that sets forth just cause for staying the  enforcement.
(Source: P.A. 95-902, eff. 1-1-09; 96-1072, eff. 1-1-11.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1204) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1204)
Sec. 2-1204. 
		Arrest of judgment. 
		If judgment is arrested pursuant to post-trial motion for any defect
in the record, the plaintiff need not commence his or her action anew. If
appropriate, the court shall order new pleadings.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1205) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1205)
Sec. 2-1205. 
		Reduction in amount of recovery. 
		An amount
equal to the sum of (i) 50% of the benefits provided for lost wages
or private or governmental disability income programs, which
have been paid, or which have become payable to the injured person by any
other person, corporation, insurance company or fund in relation to a
particular injury, and (ii) 100% of the benefits provided for medical
charges, hospital charges, or nursing or caretaking charges, which have been
paid, or which have become payable to the injured person by any other
person, corporation, insurance company or fund in relation to a particular
injury, shall be deducted from any judgment in an action to
recover for that injury based on an allegation of negligence or other
wrongful act, not including intentional torts, on the part of a licensed
hospital or physician; provided, however, that:
(1) Application is made within 30 days to reduce the judgment;
(2) Such reduction shall not apply to the extent that there is a
right of recoupment through subrogation, trust agreement, lien, or otherwise;
(3) The reduction shall not reduce the judgment by more than 50% of
the total amount of the judgment entered on the verdict;
(4) The damages awarded shall be increased by the amount of any
insurance premiums or the direct costs paid by the plaintiff for such
benefits in the 2 years prior to plaintiff's injury or death or to be paid
by the plaintiff in the future for such benefits; and
(5) There shall be no reduction for charges paid for medical expenses
which were directly attributable to the adjudged negligent acts or
omissions of the defendants found liable.
(Source: P.A. 84-7.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1205.1) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1205.1)
(Text of Section WITH the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1205.1. 
		Reduction in amount of recovery. 
		In all cases
on account of bodily injury or death or physical damage to property, based
on negligence, or product liability based on any theory or doctrine,
to which Section 2-1205 does not apply, the amount in excess of $25,000 of the
benefits provided for medical
charges, hospital charges, or nursing or caretaking charges, which have been
paid, or which have become payable by the date of judgment to the injured
person by any other
insurance company or fund in relation to a particular
injury, shall be deducted from any judgment.
Provided, however, that:
(1) Application is made within 30 days to reduce the judgment;
(2) Such reduction shall not apply to the extent that there is a
right of recoupment through subrogation, trust agreement, contract, lien,
operation of law or otherwise;
(3) The reduction shall not reduce the judgment by more than 50% of
the total amount of the judgment entered on the verdict; and
(4) The damages awarded shall be increased by the amount of any
insurance premiums or the direct costs paid by the plaintiff for such
benefits in the 2 years prior to plaintiff's injury or death or to be paid
by the plaintiff in the future for such benefits.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(Text of Section WITHOUT the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1205.1. 
		Reduction in amount of recovery. 
		In all cases
on account of bodily injury or death or physical damage to property, based
on negligence, or product liability based on
strict tort liability,
to which Section 2-1205 does not apply, the amount in excess of $25,000 of the
benefits provided for medical
charges, hospital charges, or nursing or caretaking charges, which have been
paid, or which have become payable by the date of judgment to the injured
person by any other
insurance company or fund in relation to a particular
injury, shall be deducted from any judgment.
Provided, however, that:
(1) Application is made within 30 days to reduce the judgment;
(2) Such reduction shall not apply to the extent that there is a
right of recoupment through subrogation, trust agreement, contract, lien,
operation of law or otherwise;
(3) The reduction shall not reduce the judgment by more than 50% of
the total amount of the judgment entered on the verdict; and
(4) The damages awarded shall be increased by the amount of any
insurance premiums or the direct costs paid by the plaintiff for such
benefits in the 2 years prior to plaintiff's injury or death or to be paid
by the plaintiff in the future for such benefits.
(Source: P.A. 84-1431.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1206) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1206)
Sec. 2-1206. 
		Assessment of damages. 
		(a) Upon default, when the damages
are to be assessed, the court may hear
the evidence and assess the damages without a jury for that purpose. If
interlocutory judgment is entered in an action brought upon a penal bond, or
upon any instrument in writing, for the payment of money only, and the
damages rest in computation, the court may refer the matter to the clerk,
to assess and report the damages, and may enter judgment therefor.
However, either party may have the damages assessed by a jury.
(b) Unless a jury has been waived, the trial court shall empanel a jury to
assess damages: (1) if the ruling on a post-trial motion is in favor of a
party entitled to recover damages and there is no verdict assessing his
or her damages; or (2) the reviewing court remands solely for the purpose of
assessing damages.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1207) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1207)
Sec. 2-1207. 
		Punitive damages. 
		The trial court may, in its discretion, with
respect to punitive damages,
determine whether a jury award for punitive damages is excessive,
and if so, enter a remittitur and a conditional new trial.
The trial court may also in its discretion, apportion the punitive damage
award among the plaintiff, the plaintiff's attorney and the State of Illinois
Department of Human Services. The amount of the award
paid from the punitive damages to the plaintiff's attorney shall be reasonable
and without regard to any contingent fee contract,
except that such amount shall not exceed the amount authorized by the
contingent fee contract. In apportioning punitive damages as provided in
this Section, the court shall consider, among other factors it deems
relevant, whether any special duty was owed by the defendant to the plaintiff.
(Source: P.A. 89-507, eff. 7-1-97.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 13 heading)
Part 13.  
		Judgment
(735 ILCS 5/2-1301) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1301)
Sec. 2-1301. 
		Judgments - Default - Confession. 
		(a) The court shall
determine the rights of the parties and grant to any party any
affirmative relief to which the party may be entitled on the pleadings and
proofs.  Judgments shall be in the form required by the nature of the
case and by the recovery or relief awarded.  More than one judgment  may
be rendered in the same cause.  If relief is granted against a party who
upon satisfying the same in whole or in part will be entitled by
operation of law to be reimbursed by another party to the action, the
court may determine the rights of the parties as between themselves, and
may thereafter upon motion and notice in the cause, and upon a showing
that satisfaction has been made, render a final judgment against the
other party accordingly.
(b) A determination in favor of the plaintiff on an issue as to the truth
or validity of any
defense in abatement shall be that the defendant answer or otherwise plead.
(c) Except as otherwise limited by this subsection (c), any person
for a debt bona fide due may confess judgment by himself or herself or attorney
duly authorized, without process.  The application to confess judgment
shall be made in the county in which the note or obligation was executed
or in the county in which one or more of the defendants reside or in any
county in which is located any property, real or personal, owned by any
one or more of the defendants.  A judgment entered by any court in any
county other than those herein specified has no force or validity,
anything in the power to confess to the contrary notwithstanding.
No power to confess judgment shall be required or given after September
24, 1979 in any instrument used in
a consumer transaction; any power to confess given in violation hereof
is null and void and any judgment entered by a court based on such power
shall be unenforceable. "Consumer transaction" as used in this Section
means a sale, lease, assignment, loan, or other disposition of an item
of goods, a consumer service, or an intangible to an individual for
purposes that are primarily personal, family, or household.
(d) Judgment by default may be entered for want of an appearance, or
for failure to plead, but the court may in either case, require proof of
the allegations of the pleadings upon which relief is sought.
(e) The court may in its discretion, before final order or judgment,
set aside any default, and may on motion filed within 30 days after
entry thereof set aside any final order or judgment upon any terms and
conditions that shall be reasonable.
(f) The fact that any order or judgment is joint does not deprive
the court of power to set it aside as to fewer than all the parties, and
if so set aside it remains in full force and effect as to the other
parties.
(g) If any final judgment is entered against any defendant who has
been served by publication with notice of the commencement of the action
and who has not been served with a copy of the complaint, or received
the notice required to be sent him or her by mail, or otherwise brought into
court, and such defendant or his or her heirs, legatees,
or personal representatives, as the
case may require, shall, within 90 days after notice in writing given
him or her of the judgment, or within 1 year after the judgment, if no notice
has been given, appear in open court and petition to be heard touching
the matter of the judgment, the court shall upon notice being given to
the parties to such action who appeared therein and the purchaser at a
sale made pursuant to the judgment, or their attorneys, set the petition
for hearing and may allow the parties and the purchaser to answer
the petition.  If upon the hearing it appears that the judgment ought
not to have been made against the defendant, it may be set aside,
altered or amended as appears just; otherwise the petition shall be
dismissed at petitioner's costs.  If, however, a sale has been had under
and pursuant to the final judgment, the court, in altering or amending
the judgment may, upon terms just and equitable to the defendant, permit
the sale to stand. If upon the hearing of the petition it appears that
the defendant was entitled under the law to redeem from the sale, the
court shall permit redemption to be made at any time within 90 days
thereafter, upon terms that are equitable and just.
(Source: P.A. 83-707.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1302) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1302)
Sec. 2-1302. 
		Notice of entry of default order. 
		(a) Upon the entry of an order of default, the attorney for the moving party
shall immediately give notice thereof to each
party who has appeared, against whom the order was entered, or such party's
attorney of record. However, the failure of the attorney to give the notice
does not impair the force, validity or effect of the order.
(b) The notice shall contain the title, number, court, date of
entry, name of the judge, and state that the order was one of default.
The notice may be given by postal card or in any manner
provided by rules.
(c) In the case of an action for foreclosure of a mortgage or a deed
in trust, in addition to the information required by subsection (b) of this
Section the notice shall state that the defendant or defendants may redeem
the property within the time and in the manner provided by law.
(d) No notice of the entry of an order of dismissal for want of
prosecution shall be necessary provided plaintiff has been notified in
advance that the court is considering the entry of such an  order, unless
required by local rule.
(Source: P.A. 84-614.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1303) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1303)
Sec. 2-1303. Interest on judgment.
(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), judgments recovered in
any court shall draw interest at the rate of 9% per annum from the date
of the judgment until satisfied or 6% per annum when the judgment debtor is a unit
of local government, as defined in Section 1 of Article VII of the Constitution,
a school district, a community college district, or any other governmental
entity.  When judgment is entered upon any award, report or verdict, interest
shall be computed at the above rate, from the time when made or rendered
to the time of entering judgment upon the same, and included in the judgment.
Interest shall be computed and charged only on the unsatisfied portion of
the judgment as it exists from time to time.  The judgment debtor may by
tender of payment of judgment, costs and interest
accrued to the date of tender, stop the further accrual of interest on such
judgment notwithstanding the prosecution of an appeal, or other steps to
reverse, vacate or modify the judgment.
(b)(1) As used in this Section:
"Consumer debt" means money or property, or the equivalent, due or owing, or alleged to be due or owing, from a natural person by reason of a transaction in which property, services, or money is acquired by that natural person primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.
"Consumer debt judgment" means a judgment recovered in any court against one or more natural persons arising out of consumer debt. "Consumer debt judgment" does not include any compensation for bodily injury or death, nor any judgment entered where the debt is guaranteed by or contains a joint and several liability provision between a natural person and a business, whether or not that business is legally constituted under the laws of this State or any other state.
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (a), consumer debt judgments of $25,000 or less shall draw interest from the date of the judgment until satisfied at the rate of 5% per annum.
(3) The judgment debtor may, by tender of payment of judgment, costs, and interest accrued to the date of tender, stop the further accrual of interest on the consumer debt judgment, notwithstanding the prosecution of an appeal, or other steps to reverse, vacate, or modify the judgment.
(4) This subsection applies to all consumer debt judgments entered into after the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 101st General Assembly.
(c) In all actions brought to recover damages for personal injury or wrongful death resulting from or occasioned by the conduct of any other person or entity, whether by negligence, willful and wanton misconduct, intentional conduct, or strict liability of the other person or entity, the plaintiff shall recover prejudgment interest on all damages, except punitive damages, sanctions, statutory attorney's fees, and statutory costs, set forth in the judgment. Prejudgment interest shall begin to accrue on the date the action is filed. If the plaintiff voluntarily dismisses the action and refiles, the accrual of prejudgment interest shall be tolled from the date the action is voluntarily dismissed to the date the action is refiled.  In entering judgment for the plaintiff in the action, the court shall add to the amount of the judgment interest calculated at the rate of 6% per annum on the amount of the judgment, minus punitive damages, sanctions, statutory attorney's fees, and statutory costs. If the judgment is  greater than the amount of the highest written settlement offer made by  the  defendant within 12 months after the later of the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 102nd General Assembly or the filing of the action and not accepted by the plaintiff within 90 days after the date of the offer or rejected by the plaintiff, interest added to the amount of judgment shall be an amount equal to interest calculated at the rate of 6% per annum on the difference between the amount of the judgment, minus punitive damages, sanctions, statutory attorney's fees, and statutory costs, and the amount of the highest written settlement offer. If the judgment is equal to or less than the amount of the highest written settlement offer made by the defendant within 12 months after the later of the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 102nd General Assembly or the filing of the action and not accepted by the plaintiff within 90 days after the date of the offer or rejected by the plaintiff, no prejudgment interest shall be added to the amount of the judgment. For the purposes of this subsection, withdrawal of a settlement offer by defendant shall not be considered a rejection of the offer by the plaintiff. Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, prejudgment interest shall accrue for no longer than 5 years.
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, neither the State, a unit of local government, a school district, community college district, nor any other governmental entity is liable to pay prejudgment interest in an action brought directly or vicariously against it by the injured party.
For any personal injury or wrongful death occurring before the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 102nd General Assembly, the prejudgment interest shall begin to accrue on the later of the date the action is filed or the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 102nd General Assembly.
(Source: P.A. 101-168, eff. 1-1-20; 102-6, eff. 7-1-21.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1304) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1304)
Sec. 2-1304. 
		Orders for liens and conveyances. 
		(a) Whenever, by any order, any party to an action is required to perform
any act other than the payment of money, or to refrain from performing any
act, the court may, in such order, provide that the same shall be a lien
upon the real or personal estate, or both, of such party until such order
is fully complied with; and such lien shall have the same force and effect,
and be subject to the same limitations and restrictions, as judgments for
the payment of money, including the time and manner when the same shall
take effect and the time and manner when the lien upon a revival thereof
shall take effect.
(b) Whenever an order is entered, directing the execution of any deed
or other writing, it shall be lawful for any judge of the court to execute
or for the court to direct the sheriff to execute such deed or other writing,
in case the parties under no disability fail to execute such deed or other
writing, in a time to be named in the order, or on behalf of minors or persons
under legal disability who have guardians; and the execution thereof shall
be valid in law to pass, release or extinguish the right, title and interest
of the party on whose behalf it is executed, as if executed by the party
in proper person, and he or she were under no disability; and whenever any
property is sold in open court, it shall be lawful for any judge to execute
a deed, certificate of sale or bill of sale or for the court to direct the
sheriff to execute a deed, certificate of sale or bill of sale to the purchaser
thereat and the execution thereof shall be valid in law to pass, release
or extinguish all right, title and interest of the parties to the action
with the same force and effect as though such sale had been held by the
sheriff pursuant to the court's order; and such deed or other writing, if
it relates to land, shall promptly after its execution by a judge or the
sheriff, be recorded in the recorder's office of the county wherein the
land is situated.
(Source: P.A. 83-351.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1305) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1305)
Sec. 2-1305. 
		Motion to stay. 
		A party intending to move to set aside any judgment, bond or
other proceeding may apply to the court or to the judge in chamber for
a certificate (which the judge may, in his or her discretion, grant) that there is
probable cause for staying further proceedings until the order of the court
on the motion. Service of a copy of the certificate at the time of or after
the service of the notice of the motion stays all further proceedings
accordingly. In no case shall the judge grant the certificate if the error
complained of may, by the direction of the judge to the clerk issuing the
process, be corrected, but the judge shall order and the clerk shall make
the correction in the process, nor unless the applicant has given notice of
the motion to the opposite party, or his or her attorney of record, if they or
either of them can be found in the county where the judgment was entered.
(Source: P.A. 82-280.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1306)
Sec. 2-1306. Supersedeas bonds.
(a) In civil litigation under any legal theory involving a signatory, a successor to a signatory, or a parent or an affiliate of a signatory to the Master Settlement Agreement described in Section 6z-43 of the State Finance Act, execution of the judgment shall be stayed during the entire course of appellate review upon the posting of a supersedeas bond or other form of security in accordance with applicable laws or court rules, except that the total amount of the supersedeas bond or other form of security that is required of all appellants collectively shall not exceed $250,000,000, regardless of the amount of the judgment, provided that this limitation shall apply only if appellants file at least 30% of the total amount in the form of cash, a letter of credit, a certificate of deposit, or other cash equivalent with the court. The cash or cash equivalent shall be deposited by the clerk of the court in the account of the court, and any interest earned shall be utilized as provided by law.
(b) Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this Section, if an appellee proves by a preponderance of the evidence that an appellant is dissipating assets outside the ordinary course of business to avoid payment of a judgment, a court may require the appellant to post a supersedeas bond in an amount up to the total amount of the judgment.
(c) This Section applies to pending actions as well as actions commenced on or after its  effective date, and to judgments entered or reinstated on or after its effective date.
(Source: P.A. 97-1145, eff. 1-18-13.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 14 heading)
Part 14.  
		Post-Judgment
(735 ILCS 5/2-1401) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1401)
Sec. 2-1401. Relief from judgments.
(a) Relief from final orders and judgments, after 30 days from the
entry thereof, may be had upon petition as provided in this Section.
Writs of error coram nobis and coram vobis, bills of review, and bills
in the nature of bills of review are abolished.  All relief heretofore
obtainable and the grounds for such relief heretofore available,
whether by any of the foregoing remedies or otherwise, shall be
available in every case, by proceedings hereunder, regardless of the
nature of the order or judgment from which relief is sought or of the
proceedings in which it was entered.  Except as provided in the Illinois Parentage Act of 2015, there shall be no distinction
between actions and other proceedings, statutory or otherwise, as to
availability of relief, grounds for relief, or the relief obtainable.
(b) The petition must be filed in the same proceeding in which the
order or judgment  was entered but is not a continuation thereof. The
petition must be supported by an affidavit or other appropriate showing as
to matters not of record. A petition to reopen a foreclosure proceeding must include as parties to the petition, but is not limited to, all parties in the original action in addition to the current record title holders of the property, current occupants, and any individual or entity that had a recorded interest in the property before the filing of the petition.  All parties to the petition shall be notified
as provided by rule.
(b-5) A movant may present a meritorious claim under this Section if the allegations in the petition establish each of the following by a preponderance of the evidence:
(1) the movant was convicted of a forcible felony;
(2) the movant's participation in the offense was     related to him or her previously having been a victim of domestic violence or gender-based violence;
(3) there is substantial evidence of domestic     violence or gender-based violence against the movant that was not presented at the movant's sentencing hearing;
(4) (blank); and
(5) the evidence of domestic violence or gender-based     violence against the movant is material and noncumulative to other evidence offered at the sentencing hearing, or previous hearing under this Section filed on or after the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 103rd General Assembly, and is of such a conclusive character that it would likely change the sentence imposed by the original trial court.
Nothing in this subsection (b-5) shall prevent a movant from applying for any other relief under this Section or any other law otherwise available to him or her.
As used in this subsection (b-5):
"Domestic violence" means abuse as defined in Section     103 of the Illinois Domestic Violence Act of 1986.
"Forcible felony" has the meaning ascribed to the     term in Section 2-8 of the Criminal Code of 2012.
"Gender-based violence" includes evidence of     victimization as a trafficking victim, as defined by paragraph (10) of subsection (a) of Section 10-9 of the Criminal Code of 2012, evidence of victimization under the Illinois Domestic Violence Act of 1986, evidence of victimization under the Stalking No Contact Order Act, or evidence of victimization of any offense under Article 11 of the Criminal Code of 2012, irrespective of criminal prosecution or conviction.
"Intimate partner" means a spouse or  former spouse,     persons who have or allegedly have had a child in common, or  persons who have or have had a dating or engagement relationship.
"Substantial evidence" means evidence that a     reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.
(b-10) A movant may present a meritorious claim under this Section if the allegations in the petition establish each of the following by a preponderance of the evidence:
(A) she was convicted of a forcible felony;
(B) her participation in the offense was a direct     result of her suffering from post-partum depression or post-partum psychosis;
(C) no evidence of post-partum depression or     post-partum psychosis was presented by a qualified medical person at trial or sentencing, or both;
(D) she was unaware of the mitigating nature of the     evidence or, if aware, was at the time unable to present this defense due to suffering from post-partum depression or post-partum psychosis, or, at the time of trial or sentencing,  neither was a recognized mental illness and as such, she was unable to receive proper treatment; and
(E) evidence of post-partum depression or post-partum     psychosis as suffered by the person is material and noncumulative to other evidence offered at the time of trial or sentencing, and it is of such a conclusive character that it would likely change the sentence imposed by the original court.
Nothing in this subsection (b-10) prevents a person from applying for any other relief under this Article or any other law otherwise available to her.
As used in this subsection (b-10):
"Post-partum depression" means a mood disorder which     strikes many women during and after pregnancy and usually occurs during pregnancy and up to 12 months after delivery. This depression can include anxiety disorders.
"Post-partum psychosis" means an extreme form of     post-partum depression which can occur during pregnancy and up to 12 months after delivery. This can include losing touch with reality, distorted thinking, delusions, auditory and visual hallucinations, paranoia, hyperactivity and rapid speech, or mania.
(c) Except as provided in Section 20b of the Adoption Act and Section
2-32 of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987, in a petition based
upon Section 116-3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 or subsection (b-5) or (b-10) of this Section, or in a motion to vacate and expunge convictions under the Cannabis Control Act as provided by subsection (i) of Section 5.2 of the Criminal Identification Act, the petition
must be filed not later than 2 years after the entry of the order or judgment.
Time during which the person seeking relief is under legal disability or
duress or the ground for relief is fraudulently concealed shall be excluded
in computing the period of 2 years.
(c-5) Any individual may at any time file a petition and institute proceedings under this Section if his or her final order or judgment, which was entered based on a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, has potential consequences under federal immigration law.
(d) The filing of a petition under this Section does not affect the
order or judgment, or suspend its operation.
(e) Unless lack of jurisdiction affirmatively appears from the
record proper, the vacation or modification of an order or judgment
pursuant to the provisions of this Section does not affect the right,
title, or interest in or to any real or personal property of any person,
not a party to the original action, acquired for value after the entry
of the order or judgment  but before the filing of the petition, nor
affect any right of any person not a party to the original action under
any certificate of sale issued before the filing of the petition,
pursuant to a sale based on the order or judgment. When a petition is filed pursuant to this Section to reopen a foreclosure proceeding, notwithstanding the provisions of Section 15-1701 of this Code, the purchaser or successor purchaser of real property subject to a foreclosure sale who was not a party to the mortgage foreclosure proceedings is entitled to remain in possession of the property until the foreclosure action is defeated or the previously foreclosed defendant redeems from the foreclosure sale if the purchaser has been in possession of the property for more than 6 months.
(f) Nothing contained in this Section affects any existing right to
relief from a void order or judgment, or to employ any existing method
to procure that relief.
(Source: P.A. 102-639, eff. 8-27-21; 102-813, eff. 5-13-22; 103-403, eff. 1-1-24.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1401.1)
Sec. 2-1401.1. Relief from default judgment; military personnel in military service.
(a) In this Section:
"Military service" means any full-time training or duty, no matter how described under federal or State law, for which a service member is ordered to report by the President, Governor of a state, commonwealth, or territory of the United States, or other appropriate military authority.
"Service member" means a resident of Illinois who is a member of any component of the U.S. Armed Forces or the National Guard of any state, the District of Columbia, or commonwealth, or a territory of the United States.
(b) Relief from and vacation of final orders and judgments after 30 days from the entry thereof entered by default against a service member that has entered military service may be had upon petition as provided in this Section. All relief heretofore obtainable and the grounds for such relief heretofore available shall be available in every case, by proceedings commenced pursuant to this Section, regardless of the nature of the order or judgment from which relief is sought or of the proceedings in which it was entered. Except as provided in Section 6 of the Illinois Parentage Act of 1984, there shall be no distinction between actions and other proceedings, statutory or otherwise, as to availability of relief, grounds for relief or the relief obtainable.
(c) The petition must be filed in the same proceeding in which the order or judgment was entered but is not a continuation thereof. The petition must be supported by affidavit or other appropriate showing as to matters not of record and show that the service member did not appear in the proceeding, the person's military service materially affected the service member's ability to defend the case, the person has a meritorious or legal defense to the action, and the petition must be filed within 90 days after the service member's date of release from military service.  All parties to the petition shall be notified as provided by rule.
(d) Except as provided in Section 20b of the Adoption Act and Section 2-32 of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 or in a petition based upon Section 116-3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, the petition must be filed not later than 90 days after the service member's release from military service. Time during which the person seeking relief is under legal disability or duress or the ground for relief is fraudulently concealed shall be excluded in computing the period for filing.
(e) The filing of a petition under this Section does not affect the order or judgment, or suspend its operation.
(f) Unless lack of jurisdiction affirmatively appears from the record proper, the vacation or modification of an order or judgment pursuant to the provisions of this Section does not affect the right, title or interest in or to any real or personal property of any person, not a party to the original action, acquired for value after the entry of the order or judgment but before the filing of the petition, nor affect any right of any person not a party to the original action under any certificate of sale issued before the filing of the petition, pursuant to a sale based on the order or judgment.
(g) Nothing contained in this Section affects any existing right to relief from a void order or judgment, or to employ any existing method to procure that relief.
(Source: P.A. 97-913, eff. 1-1-13.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1402) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1402)
Sec. 2-1402. Citations to discover assets.
(a) A judgment creditor, or his or her successor in interest when that
interest is made to appear of record, is entitled to prosecute citations to discover assets for the purposes of examining the judgment debtor or any other
person to discover assets or income of the debtor not exempt from the
enforcement of the judgment, a deduction order or garnishment, and of
compelling the application of non-exempt assets or income discovered toward the
payment of the amount due under the judgment.  A citation proceeding shall
be commenced by the service of a citation issued by the clerk.  The procedure
for conducting citation proceedings shall be prescribed by rules.  
All citations issued by the clerk shall have the following language, or
language substantially similar thereto, stated prominently on the front, in
capital letters: "IF YOU FAIL TO APPEAR IN COURT AS DIRECTED IN THIS NOTICE, YOU MAY BE ARRESTED AND BROUGHT BEFORE THE COURT TO ANSWER TO A CHARGE OF
CONTEMPT OF COURT, WHICH MAY BE PUNISHABLE BY IMPRISONMENT IN THE COUNTY JAIL."
The court shall not grant a continuance of the citation proceeding except
upon good cause shown.
(b) Any citation served upon a judgment debtor or any other person shall
include a certification by the attorney for the judgment creditor or the
judgment creditor setting forth the amount of the judgment, the date of the
judgment, or its revival date, the balance due thereon, the name of the court,
and the number of the case, and a copy of the citation notice required by this
subsection.  Whenever a citation is served upon a person or party other than
the judgment debtor, the officer or person serving the citation shall send to
the judgment debtor, within three business days of the service upon the cited
party, a copy of the citation and the citation notice, which may be sent
by regular first-class mail to the judgment debtor's last known address.  In no
event shall a citation hearing be held sooner than five business days after the
mailing of the citation and citation notice to the judgment debtor, except by
agreement of the parties.  The citation notice need not be mailed to a
corporation, partnership, or association.  The citation notice shall be in
substantially the following form:
"CITATION NOTICE
(Name and address of Court)
Name of Case: (Name of Judgment Creditor),
Judgment Creditor v.
(Name of Judgment Debtor),
Judgment Debtor.
Address of Judgment Debtor: (Insert last known
address)
Name and address of Attorney for Judgment
Creditor or of Judgment Creditor (If no
attorney is listed): (Insert name and address)
Amount of Judgment: $ (Insert amount)
Name of Person Receiving Citation: (Insert name)
Court Date and Time: (Insert return date and time
specified in citation)
NOTICE: The court has issued a citation against the person named above.  The
citation directs that person to appear in court to be examined for the purpose
of allowing the judgment creditor to discover income and assets belonging to
the judgment debtor or in which the judgment debtor has an interest.  The
citation was issued on the basis of a judgment against the judgment debtor in
favor of the judgment creditor in the amount stated above.  On or after the
court date stated above, the court may compel the application of any
discovered income or assets toward payment on the judgment.
The amount of income or assets that may be applied toward the judgment is
limited by federal and Illinois law.  The JUDGMENT DEBTOR HAS THE RIGHT TO
ASSERT STATUTORY EXEMPTIONS AGAINST CERTAIN INCOME OR ASSETS OF THE JUDGMENT
DEBTOR WHICH MAY NOT BE USED TO SATISFY THE JUDGMENT IN THE AMOUNT STATED
ABOVE:
(1) Under Illinois or federal law, the exemptions of     personal property owned by the debtor include the debtor's equity interest, not to exceed $4,000 in value, in any personal property as chosen by the debtor; Social Security and SSI benefits; public assistance benefits; unemployment compensation benefits; worker's compensation benefits; veteran's benefits; circuit breaker property tax relief benefits; the debtor's equity interest, not to exceed $2,400 in value, in any one motor vehicle, and the debtor's equity interest, not to exceed $1,500 in value, in any implements, professional books, or tools of the trade of the debtor.
(2) Under Illinois law, every person is entitled to     an estate in homestead, when it is owned and occupied as a residence, to the extent in value of $15,000, which homestead is exempt from judgment.
(3) Under Illinois law, the amount of wages that may     be applied toward a judgment is limited to the lesser of (i) 15% of gross weekly wages or (ii) the amount by which disposable earnings for a week exceed the total of 45 times the federal minimum hourly wage or, under a wage deduction summons served on or after January 1, 2006, the Illinois minimum hourly wage, whichever is greater.
(4) Under federal law, the amount of wages that may     be applied toward a judgment is limited to the lesser of (i) 25% of disposable earnings for a week or (ii) the amount by which disposable earnings for a week exceed 30 times the federal minimum hourly wage.
(5) Pension and retirement benefits and refunds may     be claimed as exempt under Illinois law.
The judgment debtor may have other possible exemptions under the law.
THE JUDGMENT DEBTOR HAS THE RIGHT AT THE CITATION HEARING TO DECLARE EXEMPT
CERTAIN INCOME OR ASSETS OR BOTH. The judgment debtor also has the right to
seek a declaration at an earlier date, by notifying the clerk in writing at
(insert address of clerk).  When so notified, the Clerk of the Court will
obtain a prompt hearing date from the court and will
provide the necessary forms that must be prepared by the judgment debtor or the
attorney for the judgment debtor and sent to the judgment creditor and the
judgment creditor's attorney regarding the time and location of the hearing.
This notice may be sent by regular first class mail."
(b-1) Any citation served upon a judgment debtor who is a natural person shall be served by personal service or abode service as provided in Supreme Court Rule 105 and shall include a copy of the Income and Asset Form set forth in subsection (b-5).
(b-5) The Income and Asset Form required to be served by the judgment creditor in subsection (b-1) shall be in substantially the following form:
INCOME AND ASSET FORM
To Judgment Debtor: Please complete this form and     bring it with you to the hearing referenced in the enclosed citation notice. You should also bring to the hearing any documents you have to support the information you provide in this form, such as pay stubs and account statements.  The information you provide will help the court determine whether you have any property or income that can be used to satisfy the judgment entered against you in this matter.  The information you provide must be accurate to the best of your knowledge.
If you fail to appear at this hearing, you could be     held in contempt of court and possibly arrested.
In answer to the citation proceedings served upon the     judgment debtor, he or she answers as follows:
Name:.....................
Home Phone Number:.................
Home Address:....................
Date of Birth:......................
Marital Status:.....................
I have.........dependents.
Do you have a job?   YES    NO
Company's name I work for:......................
Company's address:..............................
Job:
I earn $.......                      per.......
If self employed, list here your business name         and address:
..................................................
Income from self employment is $......... per         year.
I have the following benefits with my employer:
..................................................
I do not have a job, but I support myself through:
Government Assistance $........
per month
Unemployment $........                       per         month
Social Security $........
per month
SSI $........
per month
Pension $........
per month
Other $........
per month
Real Estate:
Do you own any real estate?   YES  NO
I own real estate at.........., with names of other     owners
......................................................
Additional real estate I own:.........................
I have a beneficial interest in a land trust.  The     name and address of the trustee is:.............  The beneficial interest is listed in my name and.
There is a mortgage on my real estate.  State the     mortgage company's name and address for each parcel of real estate owned:
......................................................
An assignment of beneficial interest in the land     trust was signed to secure a loan from........................
I have the following accounts:
Checking account at ..........;
account balance $......
Savings account at ..........;
account balance $......
Money market or certificate of deposit at.........
Safe deposit box at...............................
Other accounts (please identify):.................
I own:
A vehicle (state year, make, model, and VIN):.....
Jewelry (please specify):.........................
Other property described as:......................
Stocks/Bonds.....................
Personal computer................
DVD player.......................
Television.......................
Stove.......................
Microwave.......................
Work tools.......................
Business equipment.......................
Farm equipment.......................
Other property (please specify):
..................................................
Signature:....................
(b-10) Any action properly initiated under this Section may proceed notwithstanding an
absent or incomplete Income and Asset Form, and a judgment debtor may be examined for the purpose of allowing the judgment creditor to discover income and assets belonging to the judgment debtor or in which the judgment debtor has an interest.
(c) When assets or income of the judgment debtor not exempt from
the satisfaction of a judgment, a deduction order or garnishment are
discovered, the court may, by appropriate order or judgment:
(1) Compel the judgment debtor to deliver up, to be     applied in satisfaction of the judgment, in whole or in part, money, choses in action, property or effects in his or her possession or control, so discovered, capable of delivery and to which his or her title or right of possession is not substantially disputed.
(2) Compel the judgment debtor to pay to the judgment     creditor or apply on the judgment, in installments, a portion of his or her income, however or whenever earned or acquired, as the court may deem proper, having due regard for the reasonable requirements of the judgment debtor and his or her family, if dependent upon him or her, as well as any payments required to be made by prior order of court or under wage assignments outstanding; provided that the judgment debtor shall not be compelled to pay income which would be considered exempt as wages under the Wage Deduction Statute. The court may modify an order for installment payments, from time to time, upon application of either party upon notice to the other.
(3) Compel any person cited, other than the judgment     debtor, to deliver up any assets so discovered, to be applied in satisfaction of the judgment, in whole or in part, when those assets are held under such circumstances that in an action by the judgment debtor he or she could recover them in specie or obtain a judgment for the proceeds or value thereof as for conversion or embezzlement. A judgment creditor may recover a corporate judgment debtor's property on behalf of the judgment debtor for use of the judgment creditor by filing an appropriate petition within the citation proceedings.
(4) Enter any order upon or judgment against the     person cited that could be entered in any garnishment proceeding.
(5) Compel any person cited to execute an assignment     of any chose in action or a conveyance of title to real or personal property or resign memberships in exchanges, clubs, or other entities in the same manner and to the same extent as a court could do in any proceeding by a judgment creditor to enforce payment of a judgment or in aid of the enforcement of a judgment.
(6) Authorize the judgment creditor to maintain an     action against any person or corporation that, it appears upon proof satisfactory to the court, is indebted to the judgment debtor, for the recovery of the debt, forbid the transfer or other disposition of the debt until an action can be commenced and prosecuted to judgment, direct that the papers or proof in the possession or control of the debtor and necessary in the prosecution of the action be delivered to the creditor or impounded in court, and provide for the disposition of any moneys in excess of the sum required to pay the judgment creditor's judgment and costs allowed by the court.
(c-5) If a citation is directed to a judgment debtor who is a natural person, no payment
order shall be entered under subsection (c) unless the Income and Asset Form was served upon the judgment debtor as required by subsection (b-1), the judgment debtor has had an opportunity to assert exemptions, and the payments are from non-exempt sources.
(d) No order or judgment shall be entered under subsection (c) in favor of
the judgment creditor unless there appears of record a certification of
mailing showing that a copy of the citation and a copy of the citation notice was mailed to the judgment debtor as required by subsection (b).
(d-5) If upon examination the court determines that the judgment debtor does not possess any non-exempt income or assets, then the citation shall be dismissed.
(e) All property ordered to be delivered up shall, except as
otherwise provided in this Section, be delivered to the sheriff to be
collected by the sheriff or sold at public sale and the proceeds thereof
applied towards the payment of costs and the satisfaction of the judgment. If the judgment debtor's property is of such a nature that it is not readily delivered up to the sheriff for public sale or if another method of sale is more appropriate to liquidate the property or enhance its value at sale, the court may order the sale of such property by the debtor, third party respondent, or by a selling agent other than the sheriff upon such terms as are just and equitable. The proceeds of sale, after deducting reasonable and necessary expenses, are to be turned over to the creditor and applied to the balance due on the judgment.
(f)(1) The citation may prohibit the party to whom it is directed from
making or allowing any transfer or other disposition of, or interfering with,
any property not exempt from the enforcement of a judgment therefrom, a
deduction order or garnishment, belonging to the judgment debtor or to which he
or she may be entitled or which may thereafter be acquired by or become due to
him or her, and from paying over or otherwise disposing of any moneys not so
exempt which are due or to become due to the judgment debtor, until the further
order of the court or the termination of the proceeding, whichever occurs
first.  The third party may not be obliged to withhold the payment of any
moneys beyond double the amount of the balance due sought to be enforced by the
judgment creditor.  The court may punish any party who violates the restraining
provision of a citation as and for a contempt, or if the party is a third party
may enter judgment against him or her in the amount of the unpaid portion of
the judgment and costs allowable under this Section, or in the amount of the
value of the property transferred, whichever is lesser.
(2) The court may enjoin any person, whether or not a party to the citation
 proceeding, from making or allowing any transfer or other
disposition of, or interference with, the property of the judgment
debtor not exempt from the enforcement of a judgment, a deduction order or
garnishment, or the property or debt not so exempt concerning which any
person is required to attend and be examined until further direction in the
premises.  The injunction order shall remain in effect until vacated by the
court or until the proceeding is terminated, whichever first occurs.
(g) If it appears that any property, chose in action, credit or
effect discovered, or any interest therein, is claimed by any person, the court
shall, as in garnishment proceedings, permit or require the claimant to appear
and maintain his or her right.  The rights of the person cited
and the rights of any adverse claimant shall be asserted and determined
pursuant to the law relating to garnishment proceedings.
(h) Costs in proceedings authorized by this Section shall be
allowed, assessed and paid in accordance with rules, provided that if the
court determines, in its discretion, that costs incurred by the judgment
creditor were improperly incurred, those costs shall be paid by the judgment
creditor.
(i) This Section is in addition to and does not affect
enforcement of judgments or citation proceedings thereto, by any other
methods now or hereafter provided by law.
(j) This Section does not grant the power to any court to order
installment or other payments from, or compel the sale, delivery,
surrender, assignment or conveyance of any property exempt by statute
from the enforcement of a judgment thereon, a deduction order, garnishment,
attachment, sequestration, process or other levy or seizure.
(k) (Blank).
(k-3) The court may enter any order upon or judgment against the respondent cited that could be entered in any garnishment proceeding under Part 7 of Article XII of this Code. This subsection (k-3) shall be construed as being declarative of existing law and not as a new enactment.
(k-5) If the court determines that any property held by a third party respondent is wages pursuant to Section 12-801, the court shall proceed as if a wage deduction proceeding had been filed and proceed to enter such necessary and proper orders as would have been entered in a wage deduction proceeding including but not limited to the granting of the statutory exemptions allowed by Section 12-803 and all other remedies allowed plaintiff and defendant pursuant to Part 8 of Article 12 of this Act.
(k-10)  If a creditor discovers personal property of the judgment debtor that is subject to the lien of a citation to discover assets, the creditor may have the court impress a lien against a specific item of personal property, including a beneficial interest in a land trust.  The lien survives the termination of the citation proceedings and remains as a lien against the personal property in the same manner that a judgment lien recorded against real property pursuant to Section 12-101 remains a lien on real property. If the judgment is revived before dormancy, the lien shall remain. A lien against personal property may, but need not, be recorded in the office of the recorder or filed as an informational filing pursuant to the Uniform Commercial Code.
(l) At any citation hearing at which the judgment debtor appears and seeks
a declaration that certain of his or her income or assets are exempt, the court
shall proceed to determine whether the property which the judgment debtor
declares to be exempt is exempt from judgment.  At any time before the return
date specified on the citation, the judgment debtor may request, in writing, a
hearing to declare exempt certain income and assets by notifying the clerk of
the court before that time, using forms as may be provided by the clerk of the
court.  The clerk of the court will obtain a prompt hearing date from the
court and will provide the necessary forms that must be prepared by the
judgment debtor or the attorney for the judgment debtor and sent to the
judgment creditor, or the judgment creditor's attorney, regarding the time and
location of the hearing.  This notice may be sent by regular first class mail.
At the hearing, the court shall immediately, unless for good cause shown that
the hearing is to be continued, shall proceed to determine whether the property
which the judgment debtor declares to be exempt is exempt from judgment.  The
restraining provisions of subsection (f) shall not apply to any property
determined by the court to be exempt.
(m) The judgment or balance due on the judgment becomes a lien when a
citation is served in accordance with subsection (a) of this Section.  The lien
binds nonexempt personal property, including money, choses in action, and
effects of the judgment debtor as follows:
(1) When the citation is directed against the     judgment debtor, upon all personal property belonging to the judgment debtor in the possession or control of the judgment debtor or which may thereafter be acquired or come due to the judgment debtor to the time of the disposition of the citation.
(2) When the citation is directed against a third     party, upon all personal property belonging to the judgment debtor in the possession or control of the third party or which thereafter may be acquired or come due the judgment debtor and comes into the possession or control of the third party to the time of the disposition of the citation.
The lien established under this Section does not affect the rights of
citation respondents in property prior to the service of the citation upon them
and does not affect the rights of bona fide purchasers or lenders without
notice of the citation. The lien is effective for the period specified by
Supreme Court Rule.
This subsection (m), as added by Public Act 88-48, is a declaration of
existing law.
(n) If any provision of this Act or its application to any person or
circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity of that provision or application
does not affect the provisions or applications of the Act that can be given
effect without the invalid provision or application.
(o) The changes to this Section made by this amendatory Act of the 97th General Assembly apply only to citation proceedings commenced under this Section on or after the effective date of this amendatory Act of the 97th General Assembly. The requirements or limitations set forth in subsections (b-1), (b-5), (b-10), (c-5), and (d-5) do not apply to the enforcement of any order or judgment resulting from an adjudication of a municipal ordinance violation that is subject to Supreme Court Rules 570 through 579, or from an administrative adjudication of such an ordinance violation.
(Source: P.A. 101-191, eff. 8-2-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1403) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1403)
Sec. 2-1403. 
		Judgment debtor as beneficiary of trust. 
		No court, except as otherwise provided in this Section, shall order
the satisfaction of a judgment out of any property
held in trust for the judgment debtor if such trust has, in good faith,
been created by, or the fund so held in trust has proceeded from, a person
other than the judgment debtor.
The income or principal of a trust shall
be subject to withholding for the purpose of securing collection of unpaid
child support obligations owed by the beneficiary as provided in Section
4.1 of the "Non-Support of Spouse and Children Act", Section 22 of the
Non-Support Punishment Act, and similar Sections of
other Acts which provide for support of a child as follows:
(1) income may be withheld if the beneficiary is     entitled to a specified dollar amount or percentage of the income of the trust, or is the sole income beneficiary; and
(2) principal may be withheld if the beneficiary has     a right to withdraw principal, but not in excess of the amount subject to withdrawal under the instrument, or if the beneficiary is the only beneficiary to whom discretionary payments of principal may be made by the trustee.
(Source: P.A. 91-613, eff. 10-1-99.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1404) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1404)
Sec. 2-1404. 
		Preservation of trust estates. 
		In all cases where a
trustee has been or shall be appointed by order of a circuit court, such
court has authority
to authorize the payment of interest on any mortgage which is a lien upon
the trust estate, to authorize the payment of taxes and assessments levied
upon or assessed against the trust estate, to authorize the payment of
the insurance premiums on any policy of insurance on the buildings and personal
property of the trust estate, and to authorize the making of repairs and
the payment therefor, when it appears for the best interests of the estate;
and where a trustee has paid any such interest, taxes, assessments,
insurance premiums, or for repairs, and it appears that such payments
were for the best interests of the estate and the protection and
preservation thereof, the court, on application or by report, has authority
to approve such payments.
(Source: P.A. 84-621.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 15 heading)
Part 15.  
		Abolition of Writs
(735 ILCS 5/2-1501) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1501)
Sec. 2-1501. Writs abolished. The function which was, prior to January
1, 1979, performed by a writ of execution to enforce a judgment or order
for the payment of money, or by the writs of mandamus, injunction, prohibition,
sequestration, habeas corpus, replevin, ne exeat or attachment, or by the
writ of possession
in an action of ejectment, or by the writ of restitution in an eviction action, or by the writ of assistance for the possession
of real estate, or by a temporary restraining order, shall hereafter be
performed by a copy of the order or judgment to be enforced, certified by
the clerk of the court which entered the judgment or order.
The clerk's certification shall bear a legend substantially as follows:
I hereby certify the above to be correct.
Dated ..........................
(Seal of Clerk of Circuit Court)
................................
Clerk of the Circuit Court of .............. Illinois.
This order is the command of the Circuit Court and violation thereof is
subject to the penalty of the law.
(Source: P.A. 100-173, eff. 1-1-18.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 16 heading)
Part 16.  
		Revival of Judgment
(735 ILCS 5/2-1601) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1601)
Sec. 2-1601. 
		Scire facias abolished. 
		Any relief which heretofore might
have been obtained by scire facias may be had by employing a petition
filed in the case in which the original judgment was entered in accordance
with Section 2-1602.
(Source: P.A. 92-817, eff. 8-21-02.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1602)
Sec. 2-1602. Revival of judgment.
(a) Except as provided in subsection (a-5), a judgment may be revived by filing a petition to revive the judgment in the seventh year after its
entry, or in the seventh year after its last revival, or in the twentieth year after its entry, or at any other
time within 20 years after its entry if the judgment becomes dormant and by serving the petition and entering a court order for revival as provided in the following subsections. The provisions of this amendatory Act of the 96th General Assembly are declarative of existing law.
(a-5) A consumer debt judgment as defined in subsection (b) of Section 2-1303 may be revived by filing  a petition to revive the consumer debt judgment no later than 10 years after its entry and by serving the petition and entering a court order for revival as provided in this Section.
(b) A petition to revive a judgment shall be filed in the original
case in which the judgment was entered. The petition shall include a
statement as to the original date and amount of the judgment, court
costs expended, accrued interest, and credits to the judgment, if any.
(c) Service of notice of the petition to revive a judgment shall
be made in accordance with Supreme Court Rule 106.
(d) An order reviving a judgment shall be for the original amount
of the judgment. The plaintiff may recover interest and court costs from
the date of the original judgment. Credits to the judgment shall be
reflected by the plaintiff in supplemental proceedings or execution.
(e) If a judgment debtor has filed for protection under the United
States Bankruptcy Code and failed to successfully adjudicate and remove
a lien filed by a judgment creditor, then the judgment may be revived
only as to the property to which a lien attached before the filing of
the bankruptcy action.
(f) A judgment may be revived as to fewer than all judgment
debtors, and such order for revival of judgment shall be final,
appealable, and enforceable.
(g) This Section does not apply to a child support judgment or to a judgment
recovered in an action for damages for an injury described in Section 13-214.1,
which
need not be revived as provided in this Section and which may be enforced at
any time as
provided in Section 12-108.
(h) If a judgment becomes dormant during the pendency of an enforcement proceeding against wages under Part 14 of this Article or under Article XII, the enforcement may continue to conclusion without revival of the underlying judgment so long as the enforcement is done under court supervision and includes a wage deduction order or turn over order and is against an employer, garnishee, or other third party respondent.
(Source: P.A. 101-168, eff. 1-1-20.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 17 heading)
Part 17.  
		Healing Art Malpractice
(735 ILCS 5/2-1701) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1701)
Sec. 2-1701. 
		Application. 
		Subject to the provisions of Section
2-1705, in all medical malpractice actions the provisions of this Act shall
be applicable.
(Source: P.A. 84-7.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1702) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1702)
(Text of Section WITH the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1702. 
		Economic/Non-Economic Loss. 
		As used in this Part, "economic
loss" and "non-economic loss" are defined as in Section 2-1115.2.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(Text of Section WITHOUT the changes made by P.A. 89-7, which has been held
unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-1702. 
		Economic/Non-Economic Loss. 
		As used in this Part:
(a) "Economic loss" means all pecuniary harm for which damages
are recoverable.
(b) "Non-economic loss" means loss of consortium and all nonpecuniary
harm for which damages are recoverable, including, without limitation,
damages for pain and suffering, inconvenience, disfigurement, and
physical impairment.
(Source: P.A. 84-7.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1703) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1703)
Sec. 2-1703. 
		Past/Future Damages. 
		As used in this Part:
(a) "Past damages" means damages that have accrued when the damages
findings are made.
(b) "Future damages" includes all damages which the trier of fact finds
will accrue after the damages findings are made, including, without
limitation, damages for future medical or health treatment, care or
custody, loss of future earnings, loss of bodily function, future pain and
suffering, and future physical impairment and inconvenience.
(Source: P.A. 84-7.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1704) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1704)
Sec. 2-1704. 
		Medical Malpractice Action. 
		As used in this Part,
"medical malpractice action" means any action, whether in tort, contract or
otherwise, in which the plaintiff seeks damages for injuries or death by
reason of medical, hospital, or other healing art malpractice.
The term "healing art" shall not include care and
treatment by spiritual means through prayer in accord with the tenets and
practices of a recognized church or religious denomination.
(Source: P.A. 84-7.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1704.5)
Sec. 2-1704.5. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 94-677, eff. 8-25-05. Repealed by P.A. 97-1145, eff. 1-18-13.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1705)
Sec. 2-1705. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1706)
Sec. 2-1706. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1706.5)
Sec. 2-1706.5. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 94-677, eff. 8-25-05. Repealed by P.A. 97-1145, eff. 1-18-13.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1707)
Sec. 2-1707. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1708)
Sec. 2-1708. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1709)
Sec. 2-1709. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1710)
Sec. 2-1710. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1711)
Sec. 2-1711. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1712)
Sec. 2-1712. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1713)
Sec. 2-1713. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1714)
Sec. 2-1714. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1715)
Sec. 2-1715. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1716)
Sec. 2-1716. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1717)
Sec. 2-1717. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1718)
Sec. 2-1718. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1719)
Sec. 2-1719. (Repealed).
(Source: P.A. 84-7. Repealed by P.A. 101-404, eff. 8-16-19.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 18 heading)
Part 18.  
		Mittimus
(735 ILCS 5/2-1801) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1801)
Sec. 2-1801. 
		Mittimus. 
		(a) In all cases, including criminal,
quasi-criminal and civil, when a person is imprisoned, incarcerated,
confined or committed to the custody of a sheriff, warden, Department of
Corrections or other executive officer by virtue of a judgment or order
which is signed by a judge, a copy of such judgment or order shall, in each
case, constitute the mittimus, and no separate mittimus need be issued.
(b) Where no written judgment or order was signed by a judge, the practice
heretofore prevailing in such cases in the courts of this State shall be followed.
(Source: P.A. 84-622.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 19 heading)
Part 19.  
		Lis Pendens
(735 ILCS 5/2-1901) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1901)
Sec. 2-1901. 
		Lis Pendens - Operative date of notice. 
		Except as
otherwise provided in Section 15-1503, every
condemnation proceeding, proceeding to sell real estate of decedent to pay
debts, or other action seeking equitable relief, affecting or involving real
property shall, from the time of the filing in the office of the recorder
in the county where the real estate is located, of a notice signed by any party
to the action or his attorney of record or attorney in fact, on his or her
behalf, setting forth the title of the action, the parties to it, the court
where it was brought and a description of the real estate, be constructive
notice to every person subsequently acquiring an interest in or a lien on
the property affected thereby, and every such person and every person
acquiring an interest or lien as above stated, not in possession of the
property and whose interest or lien is not shown of record at the time of
filing such notice, shall, for the purposes of this Section, be deemed a
subsequent purchaser and shall be bound by the proceedings to the same extent
and in the same manner as if he or she were a party thereto.  If in any
such action plaintiff or petitioner neglects or fails for the period of 6
months after the filing of the complaint or petition to cause notice to be
given the defendant or defendants, either by service of summons or
publication as required by law, then such notice shall cease to be such
constructive notice until service of summons or publication as required by law is had.
This Section authorizes a notice of any of these actions concerning real
property pending in any United States district court to be recorded and
indexed in the same manner and in the same place as herein provided with
respect to notices of such actions pending in courts of this State.
However, no such action or proceeding shall be constructive notice,
either before or after service of summons or publication, as to property
subject to the provisions of "An Act concerning land titles", approved May
1, 1897, as amended, until the provisions of Section 84
of that Act are complied with.
At any time during the pendency of an action or proceeding initiated
after July 1, 1959, which is constructive notice, the court, upon motion,
may for good cause shown, provided a finding of specific performance is not
necessary for final judgment in the action or proceeding, and upon such
terms and conditions, including the posting of suitable bond, if any, as it
may deem equitable, authorize the making of a deed, mortgage, lease or
other conveyance of any or all of the real estate affected or involved, in
which event the party to whom the deed, mortgage, lease or other conveyance
of the real estate is made and those claiming under him or her shall not be
bound by such action or proceeding.
(Source: P.A. 85-907.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1902) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1902)
Sec. 2-1902. 
		Lis Pendens - Bankruptcy. 
		A certified copy of a
petition, with schedules omitted, commencing a proceeding under the
Bankruptcy Act of the United States or of the order of adjudication in such
proceeding, or of the order approving the bond of the trustee appointed in
the proceedings, may be filed, indexed and recorded in the office of the
recorder where conveyances of real estate are recorded in the same manner
as deeds.  It shall be the duty of the recorder to file, index under
the name of the bankrupt, and record such certified copies filed for record
in the same manner as deeds, for which services the recorder shall be
entitled to the same fees as are provided by law for filing, indexing and
recording deeds.
(Source: P.A. 84-1308.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-1903) (from Ch. 110, par. 2-1903)
Sec. 2-1903. 
		Lis Pendens - Limitation as to Public Officers. 
		In the
absence of a permanent or preliminary injunction or temporary restraining
order of a court, the bringing or pendency of any action alone, heretofore,
or hereafter brought, to defeat or enjoin the disbursement by public
officers of public funds to the persons, uses, or purposes for which they
are appropriated or set apart, including the payment of the salaries and
wages of all officers and employees of the State, or of any county, city,
village, town or other municipality of the State, shall in no way change
the liability of any public officer in the disbursement of public funds on
account of any notice of matters contained in the pleadings in any action,
but such liability shall remain the same, insofar as the bringing or
pendency of any such action alone is concerned, as if no such action had been brought.
(Source: P.A. 84-1308.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 20 heading)
Part 20.  
		Crime Victims
(735 ILCS 5/2-2001)
Sec. 2-2001. 
		Crime victims. 
		A victim of crime as defined in Section 2.3
of the Criminal Victims' Asset Discovery Act shall have a cause of action
against a defendant who has been convicted of a crime, or found not guilty by
reason of insanity or guilty but mentally ill of a crime, to recover damages
suffered by the victim of the crime.
The Civil
Practice Law shall apply in the proceedings, and the case shall be tried as in
other civil cases.  If the victim is deceased, the next of kin may maintain the
action.
(Source: P.A. 88-378.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 21 heading)
Part 21.  
		Product Liability
(735 ILCS 5/2-2101)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-2101. 
		Definitions. 
		For purposes of this Part, the terms listed
have
the following meanings:
"Clear and convincing evidence" means that measure or degree of proof that
will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a high degree of certainty as to
the truth of the allegations sought to be established.
This evidence requires
a greater degree of persuasion than is necessary to meet the preponderance of
the evidence standard.
"Harm" means (i) damage to property other than the product itself; (ii)
personal physical injury, illness, or death; (iii) mental anguish or emotional
harm to
the extent recognized by applicable law; (iv) any loss of consortium or
services; or (v) other loss deriving from any type of harm described in item
(i), (ii), (iii), or (iv).
"Manufacturer" means (i) any person who is engaged in a business to design or
formulate and to produce, create, make, or construct any product or component
part of a product; (ii) a product seller with respect to all component parts of
a product or a component part of a product that is created or affected when,
before placing the product in the stream of commerce, the product seller
designs
or formulates and produces, creates, makes, or constructs an aspect of a
product or a component part of a product made by another; or (iii) any product
seller not described in (ii) that holds itself out as a manufacturer to the
user of the product.
"Product liability action" means a civil action brought on any theory against
a manufacturer or product seller for harm caused by a product.
"Product seller" means a person who, in the course of a business conducted
for that purpose, sells, distributes, leases, installs, prepares, blends,
packages, labels, markets, repairs, maintains, or otherwise is involved in
placing a product in the stream of commerce.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-2102)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-2102. 
		Effect on other laws. 
		Except as may be provided by other
laws, any civil action that conforms to the definition of a product liability
action as defined in Section 2-2101 of this Part shall be governed by the
provisions of this Part.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-2103)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-2103. 
		Federal and State standards; presumption. 
		In a product
liability action, a product or product component shall be presumed to be
reasonably safe if the aspect of the product or product component that
allegedly caused the harm was specified or required, or if the aspect is
specifically exempted for particular applications or users, by a federal or
State statute or regulation promulgated by an agency of the federal or State
government responsible for the safety or use of the product before the product
was distributed into the stream of commerce.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-2104)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-2104. 
		No practical and feasible alternative design; presumption. 
		
If the design of a product or product component is in issue in a product
liability action, the design shall be presumed to be  reasonably safe
unless, at the time the product left the control of the manufacturer, a
practical and technically feasible alternative design was available that would
have prevented the harm without significantly impairing the usefulness,
desirability, or marketability of the product.  An alternative design is
practical and feasible if the technical, medical, or scientific knowledge
relating to safety of the alternative design was, at the time the product left
the control of the manufacturer, available and developed for commercial use and
acceptable in the marketplace.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-2105)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-2105. 
		Changes in design or warning; inadmissibility. 
		When measures
are taken which, if taken previously, would have made an event
less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is not admissible to
prove a defect in a product, negligence, or culpable conduct in connection with
the event.  In a product liability action brought under any theory or doctrine,
if the feasibility of a design change or change in warnings is not
controverted, then a subsequent design change or change in warnings shall not
be admissible into evidence.  This rule does not require the exclusion of
evidence of subsequent measures when offered for another purpose such as
proving ownership, control, or impeachment.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-2106)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-2106. 
		
		Provision of written warnings to users of product;
nonliability.
(a) The warning, instructing, or labeling of a product or specific product
component shall be deemed to be adequate if pamphlets, booklets, labels,
or other written warnings were provided that gave adequate notice to reasonably
anticipated users or knowledgeable intermediaries of the material risks of
injury, death, or property damage connected with the reasonably anticipated use
of the product and instructions as to the reasonably anticipated uses,
applications, or limitations of the product
anticipated by the defendant.
(b) In the defense of a product liability action, warnings, instructions or
labeling shall be deemed to be adequate if the warnings, instructions or labels
furnished with the product were in conformity with the generally recognized
standards in the industry at the time the product was distributed into the
stream of commerce.
(c) Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b), a defendant shall not be liable
for failure to warn of material risks that were obvious to a reasonably prudent
product user and material risks that were a matter of common knowledge to
persons in the same position as or similar positions to that of the plaintiff
in a product liability action.
(d) In any product liability action brought against a manufacturer or
product seller for harm allegedly caused by a failure to provide adequate
warnings or instructions, a defendant manufacturer or product seller shall not
be liable if, at the time the product left the control of the manufacturer, the
knowledge of the danger that caused the harm was not reasonably available or
obtainable in light of existing scientific, technical, or medical
information.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-2106.5)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-2106.5. 
		Inherent characteristics of products; nonliability. 
		In a
product liability action, a manufacturer or product seller shall not be liable
for harm allegedly caused by a product if the alleged harm was caused by an
inherent characteristic of the product which is a generic aspect of the product
that cannot be eliminated without substantially compromising the product's
usefulness or desirability and which is recognized by the ordinary person with
the ordinary knowledge common to the community.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-2107)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-2107. 
		Punitive damages. 
		In a product liability action, punitive damages shall not be awarded
against a manufacturer or product seller if the conduct of the defendant
manufacturer, seller, or reseller that allegedly caused the harm was approved
by or was in compliance with standards set forth in an applicable federal or
State statute or in a regulation or other administrative action promulgated by
an agency of the federal or State government responsible for the safety or use
of the
product, which statute or regulation was in effect at the time of the
manufacturer's or product seller's alleged misconduct, unless the plaintiff
proves by clear and convincing evidence that the manufacturer or product seller
intentionally withheld from or misrepresented to Congress, the State
legislature, or the relevant federal or State agency material information
relative to the safety or use of the product that would or could have resulted
in a
changed decision relative to the law, standard, or other administrative
action.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-2108)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-2108. 
		No cause of action created. 
		Nothing in this Part shall be
construed to create a cause of action.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-2109)
(This Section was added by P.A. 89-7, which has been held unconstitutional)
Sec. 2-2109. 
		
		This amendatory Act of 1995 adding Part 21 to the Code
 of Civil Procedure applies to causes of action accruing on or after its
effective date.
(Source: P.A. 89-7, eff. 3-9-95.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 22 heading)
Part 22.  
		Insurance Placement Liability
(735 ILCS 5/2-2201)
Sec. 2-2201. 
		Ordinary care; civil liability.
(a) An insurance producer, registered firm, and limited insurance
representative shall exercise ordinary care and skill in
renewing, procuring, binding, or placing the coverage requested by the insured
or proposed insured.
(b) No cause of action brought by any person or entity against any insurance
producer, registered firm, or limited insurance representative concerning the
sale, placement, procurement, renewal, binding, cancellation of, or failure to
procure any policy of insurance shall subject the insurance producer,
registered firm, or limited insurance representative to civil liability under
standards governing the conduct of a fiduciary or a fiduciary relationship
except when the conduct upon which the cause of action is based involves the
wrongful retention or misappropriation by the insurance producer, registered
firm, or limited insurance representative of any money that was received as
premiums, as a premium deposit, or as payment of a claim.
(c) The provisions of this Section are not meant to impair or invalidate
any of the terms or conditions of a contractual agreement between an insurance
producer, registered firm, or limited insurance representative and a company
that has authority to transact the kinds of insurance
defined in Class 1 or clause (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (h), (i), or (k) of
Class 2 of
Section 4 of
the Illinois Insurance Code.
(d) While limiting the scope of liability of an insurance producer,
registered firm, or limited insurance representative under standards governing
the conduct of a fiduciary or a fiduciary relationship, the provisions of this
Section do not limit or release an insurance producer, registered firm, or
limited insurance representative from liability for negligence concerning the
sale, placement, procurement, renewal, binding, cancellation of, or failure to
procure any policy of insurance.
(Source: P.A. 89-638, eff. 1-1-97.)
(735 ILCS 5/Art. II Pt. 23 heading)
Part 23.  Settlement
(Source: P.A. 98-548, eff. 1-1-14.)
(735 ILCS 5/2-2301)
Sec. 2-2301. Settlement of claims; payment.
(a)  In a personal injury, property damage, wrongful death, or tort action involving a claim for money damages, a  release must be tendered to the plaintiff by the settling defendant within 14 days of written confirmation of the settlement. Written confirmation includes all communication by written means.
(b) In a personal injury, property damage, wrongful death, or tort action involving a claim for money damages in which the law requires court approval of a settlement,  the  plaintiff  shall tender to  the defendant a  copy  of  the  court order  approving  the  settlement.
(c) In a personal injury, property damage, wrongful death, or tort action involving a claim for money damages in which there is a known third-party right of recovery or subrogation interest (including attorney's liens, healthcare provider liens, or rights of recovery claimed by Medicare, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services, or private health insurance companies), the plaintiff may protect the third-party's right of recovery or subrogation interest, where applicable, by tendering to the defendant:
(1) A signed release of the attorney's lien.
(2) Either:
(i)  a signed release of a healthcare provider         lien; or
(ii) a letter from the plaintiff's attorney         agreeing to hold the full amount of the claimed lien in the plaintiff's attorney's client fund account pending final resolution of the lien amount; or
(iii) an offer that the defendant hold the full         amount of the claimed right to recovery pending final resolution of the amount of the right of recovery; or
(iv) documentation of any other method of         resolution of the liens as agreed by the parties.
(3) Either:
(i) documentation of the agreement between the         plaintiff and Medicare, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services, or the private health insurance company as to the amount of the settlement that will be accepted in satisfaction of right of recovery; or
(ii)  a letter from the plaintiff's attorney         agreeing to hold the full amount of the claimed right to recovery in the plaintiff's attorney's client fund account pending final resolution of the amount of the right to recovery; or
(iii) an offer that the defendant hold the full         amount of the claimed right to recovery pending final resolution of the amount of the right of recovery; or
(iv) documentation of any other method of         resolution of the liens as agreed by the parties.
(d) A settling defendant shall pay all sums due to the plaintiff within 30 days of tender by the plaintiff of the executed release and all applicable documents in  compliance with subsections (a), (b), and (c) of this Section.
(e) If, after a hearing, the court having jurisdiction over the parties finds that timely payment has not been made by a defendant pursuant to subsection (d) of this   Section, judgment shall be entered against that defendant for the amount set forth in the executed release, plus  costs incurred in obtaining the judgment and  interest at the rate specified under Section 2-1303 of this Code, calculated from the date of the tender by the plaintiff under subsection (d) of this Section.
(f) As used in this Section, "tender" means personal delivery or delivery by a means providing a return receipt.
(g) This Section applies to all personal injury, property damage, wrongful death, and tort actions involving a claim for money damages, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. This Section does not apply to:
(1) the State of Illinois;
(2) any State agency, board, or Commission, as     defined in Section 1-7 of the Illinois State Auditing Act;
(3) any State officer or employee sued in his or her     official capacity;
(4) any person or entity that is being represented by     the Attorney General and provided indemnification by the State pursuant to the State Employee Indemnification Act;
(5) any municipality or unit of local government as     defined under Article VII of the Illinois Constitution; and
(6) class action lawsuits.
(Source: P.A. 98-548, eff. 1-1-14.)