reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.461 - Trailers and towed vehicles.

321.461 Trailers and towed vehicles.
1. When one vehicle is towing another the drawbar or other connection shall not exceed fifteen feet from one vehicle to the other except the connection between any two vehicles transporting poles, pipe, machinery, or other objects of structural nature which cannot readily be dismembered.
2. If the towing vehicle is a motor truck and the towed vehicle is a single trailer with a single point of articulation at the hitch connection, the drawbar or other connection shall not exceed twenty-one feet. The length of the drawbar or other connection shall be measured from the centerline of the hitch assembly on the towing vehicle to the front of the body of the towed vehicle. A vehicle which has a drawbar or other connection which measures between fifteen and twenty-one feet in length shall have at least one yellow reflector visible on each vertical face of the drawbar or other connection, located near the midpoint between the towing and the towed vehicle. A vehicle which has a drawbar or other connection which measures between fifteen and twenty-one feet in length shall have affixed to the rear of the towed vehicle a sign indicating that the vehicle is a towed vehicle.
[C39, §5035.10; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.461]
91 Acts, ch 31, §3
Referred to in §321E.2, 805.8A(12)(a)
For applicable scheduled fines, see §805.8A, subsection 12, paragraph a
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.462 - Drawbars and safety chains.

321.462 Drawbars and safety chains.
When one vehicle is towing or pulling another vehicle the drawbar or other connection shall be of sufficient strength to pull all weight towed thereby and shall be fastened to the frame of the towing vehicle in such manner as to prevent sidesway, and in addition to such principal connection there shall be a safety chain which shall be so fastened as to be capable of holding the towed vehicle should the principal connection for any reason fail.
[C39, §5035.11; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.462]
88 Acts, ch 1278, §33; 97 Acts, ch 108, §29
Referred to in §321E.2, 805.8A(12)(a)
For applicable scheduled fines, see §805.8A, subsection 12, paragraph a
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.464 - Investigation as to safety.

321.464 Investigation as to safety.
The director upon registering any vehicle under the laws of this state which vehicle is designed and used primarily for the transportation of property or for the transportation of ten or more persons, may require such information and may make such investigation or test as necessary to enable the director to determine whether such vehicle may safely be operated upon the highways in compliance with all the provisions of this chapter. The director shall register every such vehicle for a permissible gross weight not exceeding the limitations set forth in this chapter. Every such vehicle shall meet the following requirements:
1. It shall be equipped with brakes as required in sections 321.430 and 321.431.
2. Every motor vehicle to be operated outside of business and residence districts shall have motive power adequate to propel at a reasonable speed such vehicle and any load thereon or to be drawn thereby.
[C39, §5035.13; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.464]
Referred to in §321E.2
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.465 - Weighing vehicles and removal of excess.

321.465 Weighing vehicles and removal of excess.
1. Any peace officer having reason to believe that the weight of a vehicle and load is unlawful is authorized to require the driver to stop and submit to a weighing of the same either by means of portable or stationary scales and may require that such vehicle be driven to the nearest public scales.
2. If an officer upon weighing a vehicle and load determines that the weight is unlawful, the officer may require the driver to stop the vehicle in a suitable place until such portion of the load is removed as may be necessary to reduce the gross weight of the vehicle to the limit as permitted under this chapter. All material so unloaded shall be cared for by the owner or operator of the vehicle at the risk of the owner or operator. The owner or operator of an overweight vehicle, designed to transport solid waste and domiciled within the state, which is transporting solid waste, shall not be required to unload any portion of the load, if the load is indivisible, in a place other than a facility which is permitted to handle solid waste disposal, processing, or recycling. For purposes of this section, “solid waste” means waste which is acceptable at a local sanitary landfill and the solid waste shall be considered to be an indivisible load.
3. A driver of a vehicle who fails or refuses to stop and submit the vehicle and load to a weighing, or who fails or refuses when directed by an officer upon a weighing of the vehicle to stop the vehicle and otherwise comply with this section, is guilty of a simple misdemeanor.
4. Upon weighing a vehicle and load, as above provided, if such load is a sealed load, the weight officer shall issue a certificate setting forth the weights as determined by the weight officer and the seal number or numbers, if requested by the operator.
[C31, 35, §4921-d1; C39, §5035.14; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.465]
83 Acts, ch 101, §71; 92 Acts, ch 1170, §1; 94 Acts, ch 1087, §8; 2017 Acts, ch 54, §76
Referred to in §321E.2
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.467 - Retractable axles.

321.467 Retractable axles.
1. A vehicle which is a model year 1999 or later vehicle shall not operate on a highway of this state with a retractable axle unless the weight on the retractable axle can only be adjusted by means of a manual device located on the vehicle that is not accessible to the operator of the vehicle during operation of the vehicle. However, the controls for raising and lowering the retractable axle may be accessible to the operator of the vehicle while the vehicle is in operation.
2. A person who violates this section commits a simple misdemeanor.
97 Acts, ch 100, §6; 2010 Acts, ch 1140, §18
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.472 - Signs posted.

321.472 Signs posted.
The local authority enacting any ordinance or resolution authorized under section 321.471 shall erect and maintain signs designating the ordinance or resolution at each end of that portion of any highway or at the location of any bridge or culvert affected thereby, and the ordinance or resolution shall not be effective unless and until the signs are erected and maintained.
[C31, 35, §4686-c1; C39, §5035.21; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.472]
87 Acts, ch 162, §2
Referred to in §321.236, 321.463, 331.362
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.473 - Limitations on trucks by local authorities.

321.473 Limitations on trucks by local authorities.
1. Local authorities with respect to highways under their jurisdiction may also, by ordinance or resolution, prohibit the operation of trucks or other commercial vehicles, or may impose limitations as to the weight thereof, on designated highways, which prohibitions and limitations shall be designated by appropriate signs placed on such highways.
2. Local authorities may issue special permits, during periods such restrictions are in effect, to permit limited operation of vehicles upon specified routes with loads in excess of any restrictions imposed under this section, but not in excess of load restrictions imposed by any other provision of this chapter, and such authorities shall issue such permits upon a showing that there is a need to move to market farm produce or to move to any farm, feeds or fuel for home heating purposes.
3. a. A person who violates the provisions of an ordinance or resolution adopted pursuant to subsection 1 shall, upon conviction or a plea of guilty, be subject to a fine determined by dividing the difference between the actual weight and the maximum weight established by the ordinance or resolution by one hundred, and multiplying the quotient by two dollars.
b. The fine for violation of a special permit issued pursuant to subsection 2 shall be based upon the difference between the actual weight of the vehicle and load and the maximum weight allowed by the permit in accordance with section 321.463.
[C39, §5035.22; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.473]
83 Acts, ch 131, §1; 98 Acts, ch 1178, §8; 2010 Acts, ch 1061, §180; 2013 Acts, ch 49, §1
Referred to in §321.236, 331.362
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.475 - Liability for damage — rules.

321.475 Liability for damage — rules.
1. a. Any person driving any vehicle, object, or contrivance upon any highway or highway structure shall be liable for all damage which said highway or structure may sustain as a result of any illegal operation, driving, or moving of such vehicle, object, or contrivance, or as a result of operation, driving, or moving any vehicle, object, or contrivance weighing in excess of the maximum weight in this chapter but authorized by a special permit issued as provided in this chapter.
b. Whenever such driver is not the owner of such vehicle, object, or contrivance, but is so operating, driving, or moving the same with the express or implied permission of said owner, then said owner and driver shall be jointly and severally liable for any such damage. Such damage may be recovered in a civil action brought by the authorities in control of such highway or highway structure.
2. The department shall adopt rules pursuant to chapter 17A, stating the department’s policy for recovery of damages to highways or highway structures pursuant to this section. The policy shall exclude from recoverable damages the costs of traffic control at the scene of an accident.
[C39, §5035.24; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.475]
91 Acts, ch 67, §1; 2010 Acts, ch 1061, §180
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.476 - Weighing vehicles by department.

321.476 Weighing vehicles by department.
1. a. Authority is hereby given to the department to stop any motor vehicle or trailer on the highways for the purposes of weighing and inspection, to weigh and inspect the same and to enforce the provisions of the motor vehicle laws relating to the registration, size, weight, and load of motor vehicles and trailers.
b. Authority is also hereby granted to subject to weighing and inspection, vehicles which have moved from a highway onto private property under circumstances which indicate that the load of the vehicle, if any, is substantially the same as the load which the vehicle carried before moving onto the private property.
2. Any person who prevents or in any manner obstructs an officer attempting to carry out the provisions of this section is guilty of a simple misdemeanor.
[C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.476]
2010 Acts, ch 1061, §180
Referred to in §321.480, 321.481
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.477 - Employees as peace officers — maximum age.

321.477 Employees as peace officers — maximum age.
1. The department may designate by resolution certain of its employees upon each of whom there is conferred the authority of a peace officer to enforce all laws of the state including but not limited to the rules and regulations of the department. Employees designated as peace officers pursuant to this section shall have the same powers conferred by law on peace officers for the enforcement of all laws of this state and the apprehension of violators.
2. Employees designated as peace officers pursuant to this section who are assigned to the supervision of the highways of this state shall spend the preponderance of their time conducting enforcement activities that assure the safe and lawful movement and operation of commercial motor vehicles and vehicles transporting loads, including but not limited to the enforcement of motor vehicle laws relating to the operating authority, registration, size, weight, and load of motor vehicles and trailers, and registration of a motor carrier’s interstate transportation service with the department.
3. Employees designated as peace officers pursuant to this section shall not exercise the general powers of a peace officer within the limits of any city, except as follows:
a. When so ordered by the direction of the governor.
b. When request is made by the mayor of any city, with the approval of the director.
c. When request is made by the sheriff or county attorney of any county, with the approval of the director.
d. While in the pursuit of law violators or in investigating law violations.
e. While making any inspection provided by this chapter, or any additional inspection ordered by the director.
f. When engaged in the investigation and enforcement of laws relating to narcotic, counterfeit, stimulant, and depressant drugs.
4. The limitations specified in subsection 3 shall in no way be construed as a limitation on the power of employees designated as peace officers pursuant to this section when a public offense is being committed in their presence.
5. The department shall submit a report to the general assembly on or before December 1 of each year that details the nature and scope of enforcement activities conducted in the previous fiscal year by employees designated as peace officers pursuant to this section who are assigned to the supervision of the highways of this state. The report shall include a comparison of commercial and noncommercial motor vehicle enforcement activities conducted by such employees.
6. The maximum age for a person employed as a peace officer pursuant to this section is sixty-five years of age.
[C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.477]
98 Acts, ch 1183, §110; 2017 Acts, ch 149, §3, 5
Referred to in §20.3, 97B.49B, 152C.5B, 157.4A, 321.480, 321.481, 801.4
For future repeal of 2017 amendments to this section, effective July 1, 2023, see 2017 Acts, ch 149, §4; 2018 Acts, ch 1170, §3, 4; 2019 Acts, ch 7, §1, 2; 2022 Acts, ch 1082, §1, 2
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.478 - Bond.

321.478 Bond.
Prior to entering upon the discharge of the employee’s duties as such peace officer, each of said designated employees shall furnish to the department a surety bond to the state in the sum of five hundred dollars, conditioned upon the faithful discharge of the peace officer’s duties.
[C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.478]
Referred to in §321.480, 321.481
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.479 - Badge of authority.

321.479 Badge of authority.
The department shall supply each of said employees so designated with a badge of authority, bearing a serial number, which shall be conspicuously displayed by the employee while in the performance of the employee’s duties as such peace officer.
[C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.479]
Referred to in §321.480, 321.481
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.480 - Limitation on expense.

321.480 Limitation on expense.
For the purposes of sections 321.476 through 321.479, this section, and section 321.481 and the enforcement of the provisions of the motor vehicle laws relating to the size, weight, and load of motor vehicles and trailers the department is hereby authorized to expend from the primary road fund only the amount appropriated for each biennium.
[C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.480]
2020 Acts, ch 1063, §153
Referred to in §321.481
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.481 - No impairment of other authority.

321.481 No impairment of other authority.
Nothing in sections 321.476 through 321.480 shall be so construed as to limit or impair the authority or duties of other peace officers in the enforcement of the motor vehicle laws or any portion thereof.
[C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.481]
2020 Acts, ch 1063, §154
Referred to in §321.480
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.482 - Violations — simple misdemeanors unless otherwise provided.

321.482 Violations — simple misdemeanors unless otherwise provided.
It is a simple misdemeanor for a person to do an act forbidden or to fail to perform an act required by this chapter unless the violation is by this chapter or other law of this state declared to be a serious or aggravated misdemeanor or a felony. Chapter 232 has no application in the prosecution of offenses committed in violation of this chapter which are simple misdemeanors.
[S13, §1569, 1571-2a, -m21, -m22, -m26, -m27, -m29, 4808-b; SS15, §1571-m12a; C24, §4903, 5081, 5089, 13119; C27, §4903, 5055-b4, 5081, 5089, 13119; C31, §4686-c2, 4903, 5055-b4, 5079-d6, 5081, 5089, 13119; C35, §4686-c2, 4903, 4991-f5, 5024-e3, 5055-b4, 5067-e2, 5079-d6, 5081, 5089, 13119; C39, §5036.01; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.482]
84 Acts, ch 1067, §33
Referred to in §321.182, 321.482A
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.482A - Violations resulting in injury or death — additional penalties.

321.482A Violations resulting in injury or death — additional penalties.
Notwithstanding section 321.482, a person who is convicted of operating a motor vehicle in violation of section 321.178, subsection 2, paragraph “a”, subparagraph (2), section 321.180B, subsection 6, section 321.194, subsection 2, paragraph “b”, subparagraph (2), section 321.256, 321.257, section 321.275, subsection 4, section 321.276, 321.297, 321.298, 321.299, 321.302, 321.303, 321.304, 321.305, 321.306, 321.307, 321.311, 321.319, 321.320, 321.321, 321.322, 321.323, 321.324, 321.324A, 321.327, 321.329, 321.333, section 321.372, subsection 3, or section 321.449B, causing serious injury to or the death of another person may be subject to the following penalties in addition to the penalty provided for a scheduled violation in section 805.8A or any other penalty provided by law:
1. For a violation causing serious injury, a fine of five hundred dollars or suspension of the violator’s driver’s license or operating privileges for not more than ninety days, or both. For purposes of this subsection, “serious injury” means the same as defined in section 702.18.
2. For a violation causing death, a fine of one thousand dollars or suspension of the violator’s driver’s license or operating privileges for not more than one hundred eighty days, or both.
2006 Acts, ch 1021, §2; 2010 Acts, ch 1105, §7; 2010 Acts, ch 1193, §123; 2012 Acts, ch 1015, §3; 2012 Acts, ch 1083, §4; 2016 Acts, ch 1098, §34; 2018 Acts, ch 1017, §1; 2019 Acts, ch 79, §2
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.483 - Felony penalty — class “D” felony.

321.483 Felony penalty — class “D” felony.
Any person who is convicted of a violation of this chapter which constitutes a felony, and for which another punishment is not otherwise provided, is guilty of a class “D” felony.
[C24, 27, 31, 35, §5081; C39, §5036.02; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.483]
2022 Acts, ch 1021, §73
Referred to in §321.92
Section amended
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.484 - Offenses by owners.

321.484 Offenses by owners.
1. It is unlawful for the owner, or any other person, employing or otherwise directing the driver of any vehicle to require or knowingly to permit the operation of such vehicle upon a highway in any manner contrary to law.
2. The owner of a vehicle shall not be held responsible for a violation of a provision regulating the stopping, standing, or parking of a vehicle, whether the provision is contained in this chapter, or chapter 321L, or an ordinance or other regulation or rule, if the owner establishes that at the time of the violation the vehicle was in the custody of an identified person other than the owner pursuant to a lease as defined in chapter 321F or pursuant to a rental agreement as defined in section 516D.3. The furnishing to the county attorney where the charge is pending of a copy of the lease prescribed by section 321F.6 or rental agreement that was in effect for the vehicle at the time of the alleged violation shall be prima facie evidence that the vehicle was in the custody of an identified person other than the owner within the meaning of this subsection. Upon receipt of such evidence, the appropriate authority shall dismiss as against the owner of the vehicle any citation issued for a violation within the meaning of this subsection that occurred while the vehicle was in the custody of the identified person.
3. If a peace officer as defined in section 801.4 has reasonable cause to believe the driver of a motor vehicle has violated section 321.261, 321.262, 321.264, 321.341, 321.342, 321.343, 321.344, or 321.372, the officer may request any owner of the motor vehicle to supply information identifying the driver. When requested, the owner of the vehicle shall identify the driver to the best of the owner’s ability. However, the owner of the vehicle is not required to supply identification information to the officer if the owner believes the information is self-incriminating.
4. A person who violates this section commits a simple misdemeanor.
[C24, 27, 31, 35, §5085; C39, §5037.01; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.484; 81 Acts, ch 49, §3; 82 Acts, ch 1144, §1]
89 Acts, ch 247, §8; 92 Acts, ch 1152, §2; 95 Acts, ch 118, §27; 96 Acts, ch 1034, §24; 2000 Acts, ch 1061, §1; 2003 Acts, ch 151, §26; 2005 Acts, ch 54, §5, 12; 2010 Acts, ch 1140, §19
Referred to in §321.40, 321.344A, 321.372A
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.485 - Notice to appear — promise to appear.

321.485 Notice to appear — promise to appear.
1. Whenever a peace officer has reasonable cause to believe that a person has violated any provision of this chapter punishable as a simple, serious, or aggravated misdemeanor, such officer may:
a. Immediately arrest such person and take the person before a magistrate; or
b. Without arresting the person, either
(1) Prepare a written citation to appear in court containing the name and address of such person, the driver’s license number, if any, the registration number, if any, of the person’s vehicle, the offense charged, and the time and place the person shall appear in court; or
(2) Prepare a memorandum of the alleged traffic violation containing the name and address of such person, the registration number, if any, of the person’s vehicle, the offense alleged to have been committed, and such other information as may be prescribed by the commissioner of public safety with the concurrence of the director of transportation.
2. If the officer prepares either a citation or a memorandum as provided in this section, the alleged offender shall be requested to sign it. If the person signs, the person may be released without arrest. In case a citation is issued, the signing shall constitute a written promise to appear as stated in the citation. A copy of the citation shall be presented to the person named therein. If a memorandum is prepared, the original shall be retained by the officer, and a copy shall be sent to the department, and a copy shall be presented to the person named therein.
3. For preparing the summons or memorandum referred to in this section, there shall be charged to the person named in the summons or memorandum, upon conviction, a fee of two dollars. The fee shall be assessed as part of the court costs.
4. The number of copies and the form of the citations and memorandums authorized by this section shall be as prescribed by the commissioner of public safety with the concurrence of the director of transportation.
5. This section shall not apply to a traffic offense which must be charged upon a uniform citation and complaint as provided in section 805.6.
[C24, 27, 31, 35, §5082; C39, §5037.02, 5037.03; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §321.485, 321.486; C79, 81, §321.485]
83 Acts, ch 123, §130, 209; 90 Acts, ch 1230, §72; 98 Acts, ch 1073, §9
Referred to in §805.15
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.486 - Authorized bond forms.

321.486 Authorized bond forms.
When bond or bail is required under section 811.2 to guarantee appearance for any offense charged under this chapter, the following nonexclusive forms shall be permitted subject to the following limitations:
1. A current guaranteed arrest bond certificate as defined in section 321.1, subsection 30, shall be considered sufficient surety if the defendant is charged with an offense where the penalty does not exceed one thousand dollars.
2. A valid credit card, as defined in section 537.1301, subsection 17, may be used and is sufficient surety when the defendant is charged with a scheduled offense under section 805.8A, 805.8B, or 805.8C. The defendant may use a credit card for bail purposes only in accordance with rules of the department of public safety adopted pursuant to chapter 17A.
[C39, §5037.03; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.486]
83 Acts, ch 101, §72; 2001 Acts, ch 137, §5; 2003 Acts, ch 6, §3
Referred to in §805.15
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.487 - Violation of promise to appear.

321.487 Violation of promise to appear.
1. Any person willfully violating a citation to appear in court given as provided in this chapter, is guilty of a simple misdemeanor, regardless of the disposition of the charge upon which the person was cited. Venue shall be in the county where the defendant was to appear or in the county where the person resides.
2. An appearance in response to such citation may be made either in person or by counsel.
[C39, §5037.04; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.487]
2010 Acts, ch 1140, §20
Referred to in §805.9, 805.15
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.488 - Procedure not exclusive.

321.488 Procedure not exclusive.
The provisions of this chapter shall govern all peace officers in making arrests without a warrant for violations of this chapter for offenses committed in their presence, but the procedure prescribed in this chapter shall not be exclusive of any other method prescribed by law for the arrest and prosecution of a person.
[C39, §5037.05; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.488]
2009 Acts, ch 133, §122; 2020 Acts, ch 1063, §155
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.489 - Record inadmissible in a civil action.

321.489 Record inadmissible in a civil action.
No record of the conviction of any person for any violation of this chapter shall be admissible as evidence in any court in any civil action.
[C39, §5037.06; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.489]
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.490 - Conviction not to affect credibility.

321.490 Conviction not to affect credibility.
The conviction of a person upon a charge of violating any provision of this chapter or other traffic regulation less than a felony shall not affect or impair the credibility of such person as a witness in any civil or criminal proceeding.
[C39, §5037.07; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.490]
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.492 - Peace officers’ authority.

321.492 Peace officers’ authority.
1. A peace officer is authorized to stop a vehicle to require exhibition of the driver’s license of the driver, to serve a summons or memorandum of traffic violation, to inspect the condition of the vehicle, to inspect the vehicle with reference to size, weight, cargo, log book, bills of lading or other manifest of employment, tires, and safety equipment, or to inspect the registration certificate, the compensation certificate, travel order, or permit of the vehicle.
2. A peace officer having probable cause to stop a vehicle may require exhibition of the proof of financial liability coverage card issued for the vehicle if the vehicle is a motor vehicle registered in this state.
3. a. All peace officers as defined in section 801.4, subsection 11, paragraphs “a”, “b”, “c”, and “h” may, having reasonable grounds that equipment violations exist, conduct spot inspections.
b. The department may designate employees under the supervision of the department’s administrator of motor vehicles to conduct spot inspections.
[C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.492]
84 Acts, ch 1305, §69; 86 Acts, ch 1245, §1936; 97 Acts, ch 139, §6, 7, 17, 18; 98 Acts, ch 1073, §8, 9; 98 Acts, ch 1100, §48; 98 Acts, ch 1121, §8; 2016 Acts, ch 1011, §51
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.492A - Quotas on citations prohibited.

321.492A Quotas on citations prohibited.
A political subdivision or agency of the state shall not order, mandate, require, or in any other manner, directly or indirectly, suggest to a peace officer employed by the political subdivision or agency that the peace officer shall issue a certain number of traffic citations, police citations, memorandums of traffic violations, or memorandums of faulty equipment on a daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or yearly basis.
85 Acts, ch 226, §1; 96 Acts, ch 1034, §25
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.492B - Use of unmanned aerial vehicle for traffic law enforcement prohibited.

321.492B Use of unmanned aerial vehicle for traffic law enforcement prohibited.
The state or a political subdivision of the state shall not use an unmanned aerial vehicle for traffic law enforcement.
2014 Acts, ch 1111, §1
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.493 - Liability for damages.

321.493 Liability for damages.
1. For purposes of this section:
a. “Owner” means the person to whom the certificate of title for the vehicle has been issued or assigned or to whom a manufacturer’s or importer’s certificate of origin for the vehicle has been delivered or assigned. However, if the vehicle is leased, “owner” means the person to whom the vehicle is leased, not the person to whom the certificate of title for the vehicle has been issued or assigned or to whom the manufacturer’s or importer’s certificate of origin for the vehicle has been delivered or assigned.
b. “Leased” means the transfer of the possession or right to possession of a vehicle to a lessee for a valuable consideration for a continuous period of twelve months or more, pursuant to a written agreement.
2. a. Subject to paragraph “b”, in all cases where damage is done by any motor vehicle by reason of negligence of the driver, and driven with the consent of the owner, the owner of the motor vehicle shall be liable for such damage.
b. The owner of a vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of seven thousand five hundred pounds or more who rents the vehicle for less than a year under an agreement which requires an insurance policy covering at least the minimum levels of financial responsibility prescribed by law, shall not be deemed to be the owner of the vehicle for the purpose of determining financial responsibility for the operation of the vehicle or for the acts of the operator in connection with the vehicle’s operation.
3. A person who has made a bona fide sale or transfer of the person’s right, title, or interest in or to a motor vehicle and who has delivered possession of the motor vehicle to the purchaser or transferee shall not be liable for any damage thereafter resulting from negligent operation of the motor vehicle by another, but the purchaser or transferee to whom possession was delivered shall be deemed the owner. The provisions of section 321.45, subsection 2, shall not apply in determining, for the purpose of fixing liability under this subsection, whether such sale or transfer was made.
[C24, 27, 31, 35, §4964, 5026; C39, §5002.07, 5037.09; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, §321.51, 321.493; C66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.493]
95 Acts, ch 136, §1; 97 Acts, ch 108, §30; 2010 Acts, ch 1069, §101
Referred to in §321.45, 321.344A, 321.372A, 321A.1
Exemption from execution denied, §627.7
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.498 - Legal effect of use and operation.

321.498 Legal effect of use and operation.
1. The acceptance by any nonresident of this state of the privileges extended by the laws of this state to nonresident operators or owners of operating a motor vehicle, or having the same operated, within this state shall be deemed to be all of the following:
a. An agreement by the nonresident that the nonresident shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the district court of this state over all civil actions and proceedings against the nonresident for damages to person or property growing or arising out of such use and operation.
b. An appointment by such nonresident of the director of this state as the nonresident’s lawful attorney upon whom may be served all original notices of suit pertaining to such actions and proceedings.
c. An agreement by such nonresident that any original notice of suit so served shall be of the same legal force and validity as if personally served on the nonresident in this state.
2. a. “Nonresident” shall include any person who was, at the time of the accident or event, a resident of the state of Iowa but who removed from the state before the commencement of such action or proceedings.
b. “Person” shall mean:
(1) The owner of the vehicle whether it is being used and operated personally by the owner, or by the owner’s agent.
(2) An agent using and operating the vehicle for the agent’s principal.
(3) Any person who is in charge of the vehicle and of the use and operation thereof with the express or implied consent of the owner.
[C31, 35, §5079-d11; C39, §5038.01; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.498]
2010 Acts, ch 1069, §102; 2013 Acts, ch 90, §84; 2014 Acts, ch 1092, §78
Referred to in §321.507, 321.511, 321.556
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.500 - Original notice — form.

321.500 Original notice — form.
The original notice of suit filed with the director of transportation against a nonresident shall be in form and substance the same as provided in
rule of civil procedure 1.1901
, form 2, Iowa court rules.
[C31, 35, §5079-d13; C39, §5038.03; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.500]
83 Acts, ch 101, §73; 2002 Acts, ch 1119, §106
Referred to in §321.507, 321.511, 321.556
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.501 - Manner of service.

321.501 Manner of service.
The plaintiff in any action against a nonresident shall cause the original notice of suit to be served by doing all of the following:
1. By filing a copy of the original notice of suit with the director, together with a fee of two dollars.
2. By mailing to the defendant, and to each of the defendants if there are more than one, within ten days after said filing with the director, by restricted certified mail addressed to the defendant at the defendant’s last known residence or place of abode, a notification of the filing with the director.
[C31, 35, §5079-d14; C39, §5038.04; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.501]
2021 Acts, ch 80, §178; 2022 Acts, ch 1021, §74
Referred to in §321.502, 321.507, 321.511, 321.556
Section amended
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.502 - Notification to nonresident — form.

321.502 Notification to nonresident — form.
The notification, provided for in section 321.501, shall be in substantially the following form, to wit:
To ........................ (Here insert the name of each defendant and the defendant’s residence or last known place of abode as definitely as known.)
You will take notice that an original notice of suit against you, a copy of which is hereto attached, was duly served upon you at Des Moines, Iowa, by filing a copy of said notice on the ............ day of ................, ............, with the director of transportation of the state of Iowa.
Dated at ........................, Iowa, this ............ day of ................, ............
....................................
Plaintiff.
By............................
Attorney for plaintiff.
[C31, 35, §5079-d15; C39, §5038.05; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.502]
2001 Acts, ch 24, §46
Referred to in §321.504, 321.507, 321.511, 321.556
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.504 - Optional notification.

321.504 Optional notification.
In lieu of mailing the notification described in section 321.502 to the defendant in a foreign state, the plaintiff may cause the notification to be personally served in the foreign state on the defendant by any adult person not a party to the suit, by delivering the notification to the defendant or by offering to make such delivery in case the defendant refuses to accept delivery.
[C31, 35, §5079-d17; C39, §5038.07; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.504]
2020 Acts, ch 1063, §156; 2021 Acts, ch 76, §59
Referred to in §321.507, 321.511, 321.556
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.505 - Proof of service.

321.505 Proof of service.
Proof of the filing of a copy of said original notice of suit with the director, and proof of the mailing or personal delivery of said notification to said nonresident shall be made by affidavit of the party doing said acts. All affidavits of service shall be endorsed upon or attached to the originals of the papers to which they relate. All proofs of service, including the restricted certified mail return receipt, shall be forthwith filed with the clerk of the district court.
[C31, 35, §5079-d18; C39, §5038.08; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.505]
Referred to in §321.507, 321.511, 321.556
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.506 - Actual service within this state.

321.506 Actual service within this state.
The provisions of this chapter relative to service of original notice of suit on nonresidents shall not be deemed to prevent actual personal service in this state upon the nonresident in the time, manner, form, and under the conditions provided for service on residents.
[C31, 35, §5079-d19; C39, §5038.09; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.506]
2009 Acts, ch 133, §123
Referred to in §321.507, 321.511, 321.556
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.507 - Venue of actions.

321.507 Venue of actions.
Actions against nonresidents as contemplated by sections 321.498, 321.500 through 321.502, 321.504 through 321.506, and 321.508 through 321.512 may be brought in the county of which plaintiff is a resident, or in the county in which the injury was received, or damage done.
[C31, 35, §5079-d20; C39, §5038.10; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.507]
2021 Acts, ch 80, §179
Referred to in §321.511
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.508 - Continuances.

321.508 Continuances.
The court in which such action is pending shall grant such continuances to a nonresident defendant as may be necessary to afford the nonresident defendant reasonable opportunity to defend said action.
[C31, 35, §5079-d21; C39, §5038.11; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.508]
Referred to in §321.507, 321.511
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.509 - Duty of director.

321.509 Duty of director.
The director shall keep a record of all notices of suit filed with the director, shall not permit said filed notices to be taken from the director’s office except on an order of court, and shall, on request, and without fee, furnish any defendant with a certified copy of the notice in which the person is defendant.
[C31, 35, §5079-d22; C39, §5038.12; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.509]
Referred to in §321.507, 321.511
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.510 - Expenses and attorney fees.

321.510 Expenses and attorney fees.
If judgment is rendered against the plaintiff, upon the trial of said action, said judgment shall include the reasonable expenses incurred by the defendant and the defendant’s attorney in appearing to and defending against said action, provided that in the judgment of the trial court said action was commenced maliciously or without probable cause.
[C31, 35, §5079-d23; C39, §5038.13; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.510]
Referred to in §321.507, 321.511
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.511 - Dismissal — effect.

321.511 Dismissal — effect.
The dismissal of an action after the nonresident has entered a general appearance under the substituted service authorized in section 321.498, sections 321.500 through 321.502, and sections 321.504 through 321.510, shall bar the recommencement of the same action against the same defendant unless the recommenced action is accompanied by actual personal service of the original notice of suit on the defendant in this state.
[C31, 35, §5079-d24; C39, §5038.14; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.511]
2020 Acts, ch 1063, §157
Referred to in §321.507
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.512 - Action against insurance.

321.512 Action against insurance.
Any contract insuring the liability of a nonresident motorist in Iowa shall, in the event of the death of said nonresident, be considered an asset of the nonresident’s estate having a situs in Iowa in any civil action arising out of a motor vehicle accident in which said nonresident may be liable.
[C54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, §321.512]
Referred to in §321.507
2023 Iowa Code › Title VIII - TRANSPORTATION › Chapter 321 - MOTOR VEHICLES AND LAW OF THE ROAD › Section 321.514 - Definitions.

321.514 Definitions.
As used in this section and sections 321.515 through 321.519, unless the context otherwise requires:
1. “Automated driving system” means the hardware and software collectively capable of performing the entire dynamic driving task on a sustained basis, regardless of whether the system is limited to a specific operational design domain, if any.
2. “Conventional human driver” means a natural person who manually controls the in-vehicle accelerating, braking, steering, and transmission gear selection input devices in order to operate a motor vehicle.
3. “Driverless-capable vehicle” means a system-equipped vehicle capable of performing the entire dynamic driving task within the automated driving system’s operational design domain, if any, including but not limited to achievement of a minimal risk condition without intervention or supervision by a conventional human driver.
4. “Dynamic driving task” means all real-time operational and tactical functions required to operate a motor vehicle on a highway in traffic within an automated driving system’s specific operational design domain, if any. “Dynamic driving task” does not include any strategic function such as trip scheduling or the selection of destinations and waypoints.
5. “Minimal risk condition” means a reasonably safe state to which an automated driving system brings a system-equipped vehicle upon experiencing a performance-relevant failure of the system that renders the system unable to perform the entire dynamic driving task, including but not limited to removing the vehicle to the nearest shoulder if the vehicle is capable of doing so, bringing the vehicle to a complete stop, and activating the vehicle’s emergency signal lamps.
6. “On-demand driverless-capable vehicle network” means a transportation service network that uses a software application or other digital means to dispatch driverless-capable vehicles for the purposes of transporting persons or goods, including transportation for hire as defined in section 325A.1, and public transportation.
7. “Operational design domain” means a set of constraints used to define the domain under which an automated driving system is designed to properly operate, including but not limited to types of highways, speed ranges, environmental conditions such as weather or time of day, and other constraints.
8. “System-equipped vehicle” means a motor vehicle equipped with an automated driving system.
2019 Acts, ch 75, §1
Referred to in §321.519